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Application of Information Technology on Traceability
System for Agro-Food Quality and Safety

Xue Xia, Yun Qiu, Lin Hu, Guomin Zhou

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Xue Xia, Yun Qiu, Lin Hu, Guomin Zhou. Application of Information Technology on Traceability System for Agro-Food Quality and Safety. 8th International Conference on Computer and Computing Technologies in Agriculture (CCTA), Sep 2014, Beijing, China. pp.257-269, 10.1007/978-3-319-19620-6_32. hal-01420242

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# Application of Information Technology on Traceability System for Agro-food Quality and Safety

Xue Xia, Yun Qiu, Lin Hu, Guomin Zhou

Agricultural Information Institute (AII) of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing
100081, China

**Abstract:** In the near past, the increasing demand of produce supply and the frequent foodborne disease have turned the issue of agro-food quality and safety into the key point of concerned all over the world. The approach of agro-food traceability is being under the exploration in lots of communities in the world for controlling the occurrence of quality and safety accidents, restoring consumer confidence. In this paper, we first introduce the implication of the traceability system for agro-food quality and safety, and the development situation of the system in China and overseas have been described. Then, the application of information techniques for agro-food traceability has been elaborated base on the summary of key techniques in recent produce traceability. At last, the existence problem in the construction of traceability system for agro-food quality and safety is pointed out so as to provide a reference to optimize and improve the traceability system of produce quality and safety.

**Key words:** Traceability System; Information Technology; Agro-Food; Quality and Safety

## 1. Introduction

Since the inception of the new century, quality and safety incidents of agro-food were frequently exposed both in China and abroad. Many foodborne diseases caused by agricultural products are emerging in an endless (as shown in Table 1 and Table 2).

These agro-food safety incidents not only cause a great loss to the customer and the country, but led to national consumption panic. There is a certain worrying from the consumers for agro-food safety. Meanwhile, constant exposure of agro-food safety

issues attracts extensive attention socially as well.

Achieving traceability for the Agro-food is an irresistible trend of developing agriculture in the world. The establishment of the traceability system has become an important direction for the world's agricultural development. This article mainly introduces the development of the traceability system for the agro-food safety, and focused on the research and application of the information technology in the traceability system for agro-food safety.

<table><caption>**Table.1** The quality and safety incidents of agro-food in abroad over the years</caption><thead><tr><td>Year</td><td>Country</td><td>Incidents</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>2006</td><td>United Kingdom</td><td>Cadburys' contaminated chocolate events led to 42 people poisoning</td></tr><tr><td>2008</td><td>Canada</td><td>The listeria infection events cause 23 people death</td></tr><tr><td>2009</td><td>United States</td><td>The tainted peanut butter events sickens 636 people</td></tr><tr><td>2011</td><td>Germany</td><td>The poison cucumbers events give rise to at least 16 people death</td></tr><tr><td>2012</td><td>Japan</td><td>The raw meats poisoning events cause at lowest 4 people death</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>**Table.2** The quality and safety incidents of agro-food in China over the years</caption><thead><tr><td>Year</td><td>Incidents</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>2003</td><td>The ham dichlorvos events brought negative influences on society</td></tr><tr><td>2006</td><td>The clenobuterol hydrochloride poison events sickened 336 people in Shanghai</td></tr><tr><td>2008</td><td>The melamine milk events sickened hundreds of thousands of children</td></tr><tr><td>2011</td><td>The Shanghai "lean" events undermine the whole meat industry in China</td></tr><tr><td>2013</td><td>The dead pig floating events in Shanghai influences domestic pork consumption</td></tr></tbody></table>

## 2. Implication of the Traceability System for Agro-Food

So far, there is no uniform recognition on the concept of food traceability in the world. The definition of food traceability given by International Standard Organization (ISO) is the capacity that can trace the produce in terms of the history, the usage and the location by using the recorded markers. The Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) defines the traceability as the ability of food tracing at every designated section in the producing, processing and circulating. According to the EU General Food Law (Regulation 178/2002), the definition of traceability is the ability to trace and follow a food, feed, food-producing animal or substance intended to be, or expected to be incorporated into a food or feed, through all stages of production, processing and distribution[1].

The traceability system for agro-food safety can be defined as a continuous guarantee system for information stream in production, processing and circulation of agricultural products. In other words, it is a quality safeguard system to record and save related information of agricultural products in their entire supply chain [2]. This traceability system aimed at strengthening information transmission of the produce safety, preventing foodborne hazards and protecting consumers' interests.

## 3. Present Development and Conditions of the Agro-Food Traceability System

### 3.1 Present Development and Conditions in Overseas Agro-Food Traceability System

European Union (EU) is the first place to research and apply the agro-food traceability. A series of agro-food safety accidents in Denmark and Scotland make EU pay more attention to the safety of food and produce. In January 2000, the EU Council released "White Paper on food Safety" in which emphasized the responsibilities of food enterprises for food quality and safety. Moreover, The Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) has introduced as a safe manufacture practice. In January 2001, EU officially enacted the law no.178/2002, which stipulate the produce companies and food companies must provide relevant measures and data so that the food safety and traceability can be ensured in the whole supply chain [3-5]. In 2006, EU implemented new legislation- EU legislation for food and feed hygiene. It involves the entire food supply chain, and implemented the whole seamless connection from the production of raw material, the launch of ready-for-sale to the customer service of the produce quality and safety [6]. The Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) has been launched by EU in 2007, which requires establishing the Good Traceability Practice, designing the extensible markup language for produce and food traceability- TraceCoreXML, and the specification of GS1, EPC, RFID, E-barcode label [7].

In the United States, the agro-food traceability system can be divided into three parts: the traceability system for agricultural production; the traceability system for packaging and processing; the traceability system for circulation and sales process [8]. The tracing objects are mainly livestock products. The Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness Response Act (PHSBPRA) had issued by the US government in 2002. It clearly specifies that the government
## 4.1 Marking and Identification Technology

At present, the common data carrier technologies in marking system are Barcode technology and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology. The Barcode can be divided into one-dimension barcode and quick response (QR) barcode. The one-dimension barcode coding produce feature information as a code by using a series of letters and numbers, and obtain the produce information from the Internet through read those codes [14]. The quick response barcode can save information by use of the two-dimensional space with better abilities of disturbance and correction and stronger information capacity and density, which can be serving for the purpose of marking and coding for a large number of products [15].

The RFID technology is an automatic identifying technology with contactless mode. The basic RFID system is composed of the electronic tags, the readers and the antennas. The RFID system transport information by using the space coupling of radio wave and the entity objects attributes can be identified with that information [16]. The RFID technology has a series of advantages which are handy information reading and writing, longer reading distance, higher precision, and less susceptible to the effects of harsh conditions.

## 4.2 Environmental Factors Surveillance Technology

The well growing of crops relies on an appropriate growth environment. Environmental factors, such as air temperature and humidity, soil temperature and moisture, rainfall, wind speed, soil total nitrogen and PH value, play an important role in crop growth. Appropriate transportation and storage environment determine the quality of produce. Through informationize the environmental factors collected by sensors, the crops' environmental conditions can be perceived directly so as to accumulate the essential

environment data for the traceability system for agro-food quality. With the introduction and continuous improvement of the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technology, an Ad Hoc Network System is formed in wireless mode. All sensors are worked with each other, and perception, acquisition and processing, which make the monitoring of environmental factors for crops and produce more efficient, energy saving, safety and eco-friendly[17].

## 4.3 Data Transmission Technology

The data transmission technology is the bridge to link all of produce traceability information from scattered individual famers, collective farms, processing firms, transport firms and dealerships. The data transmission technology contains short-distance transmission technology and long-distance transmission technology. Short-distance transmission technologies, which include Bluetooth, ZigBee and Infrared, have the features of handy transport, lower cost and higher safety despite its inconspicuous transfer rate. The long-distance transmission technology contains GSM technology, GPRS technology and 3G technology that features longer transmission range and faster transmission rate. On the other hand, they have relatively high cost. Therefore, the long-distance transmission technology is fit for data collection and sharing with long distance places. All of these transmission technologies providing a better basis of data exchange for the agro-food traceability system.

## 4.4 Geoscience Information Technology

At present, the technologies of Geographic Information System (GIS) and the General Purpose Radar (GPS) have been widely used in the fields of industry, agriculture, transportation and architecture. GIS refers to the computer system for collection, storage, query, analysis and representation of geography spatial data. It has a top ability in synthetically analysis to administrate the spatial data. GPS can be used as accurately
positioning for field information and operation
equipment. Moreover, combining with the
different distribution of the elements in soil, GPS
can assist with irrigation, fertilization, spraying,
weeding in agricultural field operation [18].

5. Application of Information Technology on the Traceability System of Agro-Food Safety and Quality

To ensure the customers' interests, the
agro-food traceability system is designed to
effectively pinpoint the source of the produce
safety accidents with the help of the original
records of the faulty products and deal with those
faulty products in time in the case of a problem on
the agro-food quality and safety. In recent years,
the related scholars and research institutes take
some particular produces as the major study
objects to explore and research the traceability
system of agro-food quality and safety with
advanced information technology.

5.1 Application of Information Technology on Tracking of livestock safety and quality

In abroad, Fröschle et al. [19] had study on the
barcode of readability and optimal print position.
In the study, some barcodes were printed on the
livestock's mouths and legs with inkjet, then
scanning the barcodes to get information, and
finally obtained the optimal printing and reading
location through statistical analysis. Tomeš et al.
[20] proposed a RFID system combined with
biological traceability databases-"RFID -Biotrack
database system" which kept a lot of livestock's
ID information in each RFID label. Through this
ID information, the original of the animal products
could be recognized accurately. Farag Sallabi et al.
[21] designed and constructed a digital document
system for livestock production process based on
mobile electronics. The system was divided into
four sections: front-end process subsystem; data
transmission subsystem; background process
subsystem and application administration
subsystem. By using the handheld devices like cell

phones and PDAs, the production process of the
livestock could be logged concisely and precisely.
The collected data would be transmitted in real
time to the database system with wireless network
in order to track down the specific source rapidly
by means of the E-documents of production
history during the avian disease outbreak.

In China, synthesizing animal identification
technology, GPRS technology and 3G technology,
Xiong et al. [22-23] developed pork traceability
system with PDA that served as the reader device.
The system established the electronic files in pig
breeding process, and the detailed information of
pock data could be queried. At present the system
had been applied widely in Tianjin city. Based on
the analysis of the key information in breeding
beef cattle, Kanget al. [24] developed the
PDA-based traceability system for beef cattle
quality and safety in feeding process. The data
source of the system consists of both the fattening
processing information collected by PDA and the
feeding information collected by PC. In view of
existence question in meats sales-term, Renet al.
[25] constructed the meat-productions traceability
system by using of RFID technology, EPC
technology, GIS technology and IOT technology.
The application of the system facilitates the quality
and safety tracing in meat-products sales. Panget
al. [26] united with RFID technology and WSN
technology designing a scheme of acquisition and
transmission for dairy traceability information.
Furthermore, the reader module had been
developed to achieve information convergence for
the data fusion problem of the RFID device and
WSN device.

5.2 Application of Information Technology on Tracking of Fisheries Safety and Quality

In abroad, K Seineet al. [27] came up with a
construction method for the traceability system of
marine products by use of QR code and Internet.
In this system, the marine products would be
coded with a unique ID number and saved the ID
number into database, and then the paper or plastic
label that printed with QR code would be covered
directly on the marine products. The producers,
distributors and retailers could record the fishery
operation activities respectively via the Internet,
and the customers would acquire the historical
information of the relevant marine products by
scanning the QR code of the products with their
cell phones. Thompsonet al. [28] proposed a
traceability solution for marine products based on
ERP model. In this case, using EDI and ODBC as
the basis of data interchange, and portable data
collector, label reading device, RFID device,
electronic scale, fish classifier, timer and
thermometer as tools, the traceability system of
seafood had been discussed. Thakuret al. [29]
conducted a method study for building the
traceability system model of the frozen mackerel
which took the framework agreement of EPCIS as
the basis and UML state diagram as a tool.

In China, based on TTT (Temperature, Time,
Tolerance) theoretical model, Zhang et al. [30]
unite with RFID technology, GPRS technology
and mobile technology, and developed the
traceability system of frozen tilapia with thermal
management method. The refrigerated storage
temperature of the frozen tilapia in the cold chain
could be real-time monitoring. And the
information technology, such as RF wireless
communication, GPRS, database and multimedia,
could be used to provide the remote support for the
monitoring management of tilapia cold-chain.
Through query the traceability system, the
customers could easily get the temperature
information in the tilapia cold-chain. Ren et al. [31]
unite with the key point of the ACCP system and
the practical experience, analyzed the tilapia
breeding process and the essential information of
the process, and the web-based traceability system
had been structured with .NET platform for the
tilapia breeding quality and safety. The system
could effectively monitor the key link that impacts
the tilapia quality, and provided an appropriate
operating platform to control the quality and safety
in tilapia breeding management. Qi et al. [32]
developed a traceability system for recirculation
aquaculture by means of wireless sensor network.
In the system layer of remote monitoring, the

environmental and operation data collected by
WSN and RFID, and entered those data with
WLAN into the database in the data service layer.
By using the visualized desktop and GUI, the users
of the client application layer could easily get the
information about aquaculture field in order to
exchange information among fisheries managers,
breeders and consumers. Yang et al.[33], using
USB Key as the basis and QR code as the
traceability information carrier of the aquatic
product, constructed an aquatic product
supervisory system with embedded technology
and .NET technology targeted at the enterprise
certificate authority. The system implemented a
new approach of the effective administration
between fishery firms and government agencies.

5.3 Application of Information Technology
on Tracking of Fresh Products Safety and
Quality

In abroad, Arima et al. [34] took strawberry as
the study object, and designed acquisition system
with robotics and traceability technology for
tracing the information in the process of crop
production. The system through automatic logging
the strawberry's production information with
versatile robots in the links of spraying, harvest
and classification, and took this production
information as the source data of traceability
information. Hertog et al. [35] took the Belgium
tomato as the study object, and gathered the
tomato's temperature information from the
planting process to the sales process by using the
RFID label which integrated temperature sensors.
A quality changed model of the tomato would be
made based on the temperature information in
order that the users could identify the origin of
tomatoes with RFID label and the quality change
model. Porto et al. [36] proposed a design method
of the computer-based information systems for
certified plant traceability by analyzing the
production process and specifications of the citrus
nursery. This system was considered to be the
ideal tool to curb the diffusion of the plant diseases
in citrus nursery supply chain.
In China, Yang et al. [37-38], united with the Extensive Markup language and the traceability data model of the vegetables from the aspect of information technology, constructed the Vegetables Traceability Information Markup Language (VTML) and designed the Schema model of the VTML, which enabled seamless traceability information exchange. Moreover, a safe production and quality traceability system for vegetable had been developed with database technology, network technology, product coding technology and early-warning technology. Li et al. [39] took fresh cucumbers as the study object, designed the record-keeping and decision-support system for traceability in cucumber production by utilized PDA device decision support system and geographic information system. The agricultural activities would be better guided by use of the fertilizing reference model and pest warning system. By analyzed the agricultural operations in mango production and mobile capture technology, Liu et al. [40] united with the PDA capture technique and QR code label technique to design a mobile collection system for traceability information, and applied this system to the export system of the Taiwan mango. Based on the original geography codes as index and the production information, Deng et al. [41] constructed a system for safe producing management and product tracking of fresh vegetables with Flex technique, Web GIS technique and Web Services technique, and realized the tracking from the production base to the consumers.

## 5.4 Application of Information Technology on tracking of Other Produces Safety and Quality

In abroad, Pérez-Aloe et al. [42] discussed the performances of various electronic labels in different environment in cheese traceability. Papetti et al. [43] took cheese as the study objects as well, proposed an electronic traceability system for nondestructive quality analysis. Serrano et al. [44] discussed how to use the data of the GIS as

references to enhance the efficiency of traceability control for high quality honey, and a web geographical information system had been developed apply to script multiple features. Thakur et al. [45] proposed a relational database model that was used for internal traceability for grain management. The grain relational database model had been designed, which includes necessary basis information such as product information and quality characteristics, circulation information, gathering and distribution information and destroy information. The customers would trace back to details in grain circulation by using the system.

In China, Li et al. [46] united with network technology, GIS technology, GPS technology, universal coding technology to constructed a management information system for bee products traceability by analyzing the factors that influenced the quality and safety of domestic bee products, and realized the forward tracking and reverse tracking for bee products' quality and safety. Zheng et al. [47] took grain and oil products as the object, and studied a hardware terminal for multi-platform traceability. By using of UCC/EAN-128 coding techniques, a traceability platform for the quality and safety of grain and oil products had been constructed with multi-level and multi-role. Zhang et al. [48] gather the information in exploration origin, environment detection and planting process into the data source of traceability in the light of the cultivation standards of pollution-free potato, and a platform system for potato management and traceability had been developed in .NET platform with QR code technology and IOT technology, and realized the traceability barcode remote identifying and querying traceability information.

# 6. Problems in Construction of the Traceability System for Agro-Food Safety and Quality with Its Techniques

## 6.1 Lack a Uniform Traceability Information Platform
Currently, there was lacking a nationwide traceability information platform. The traceability system presents a fragmented state, and the efficient information sharing among systems was not achieved, the diverse traceability systems could track and manage produce just in a given area. In addition, the incompatibility issues among traceability system also had more serious, which could not only cause inconvenience for consumers to query the traceability information of agro-food, but affected the government's demands to supervise the quality and safety of the produce by agro-food traceability system.

## 6.2 Rapid Quality-Checking System Needs to be Urgently Developed

The quality of agricultural products is affected by temperature, humidity, atmospheric environment and soil constituent. Thus, to protect the quality and safety of produce, the relevant studies in sensing technologies are required to be lunched. Meanwhile, the identification technology of low-cost items is one of basic condition in construction of the agro-food traceability system. For adapts to the development demands of agricultural production with scale, precision and installation, the portable hardware systems with good environment adaptability will be researched and developed to rapid detect the produce's quality.

## 6.3 Comprehensive Traceability Information is Difficult to Obtain

Due to a late start of research for agro-food traceability in China, the techniques of package, labeling and traceability are incomplete and the quality management systems are inadequate, which give a rise to the information traceability for agro-food quality just addressed part of the produce safety issues in individual regions. Meantime, since agricultural features in China that decentralized production and independent operation, a situation that separated peasant business have been presented in process of

purchase and sale, which makes it hard to uniform the produce's quality and difficult to acquire traceability information.

## 7. Conclusions

It is an effective way for each country in the world to deal with the food safety by means of the quality and safety traceability for agro-food which is an inevitable trend for the world agriculture and food industry with the sound development. In China, the construction of traceability system for agro-food quality and safety is still in the exploratory stage. Compared with western developed countries, in China, the approaches and techniques of traceability are not mature. The management systems in agriculture and food industry need to be perfected. The recognition of the traceability system for agro-food quality and safety is still obviously insufficient for consumer groups. Therefore, as for pushing the traceability system of agro-food quality and safety, the availability of technology, international compatibility, economic affordability and efficiency of reasonable implementation will be taken into account synthetically based on the experience of agro-food traceability in developed countries [49] and a traceability system of quality and safety for agro-food need be studied according with national situations. Meanwhile, the laws and regulations of produce and food must be enacted and improved to further constrains and regulates the market orders of agricultural products.

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