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155. Ulaszewska, M.; Vázquez-Manjarrez, N.; Garcia-Aloy, M.; Llorach, R.; Mattivi, F.; Dragsted, L.O.; Praticò, G.; Manach, C. Food intake biomarkers for apple, pear, and stone fruit. *Genes Nutr.* **2018**, *13*, 1-16. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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164. Khan, N.; Mukhtar, H. Tea Polyphenols in Promotion of Human Health. *Nutrients* **2018**, *11*, 39. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

165. Cheng, A.-S.; Cheng, Y.-H.; Chiou, C.-H.; Chang, T.-L. Resveratrol Upregulates Nrf2 Expression To Attenuate Methylglyoxal-Induced Insulin Resistance in Hep G2 Cells. *J. Agric. Food Chem.* **2012**, *60*, 9180-9187. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

166. Daayf, F.; Lattanzio, V. *Recent Advances in Polyphenol Research*; Wiley-Blackwell: Oxford, UK, 2008; ISBN 978-1-4051-5837-4.

167. Luna-Vital, D.A.; De Mejia, E.G. Anthocyanins from purple corn activate free fatty acid-receptor 1 and glucokinase enhancing in vitro insulin secretion and hepatic glucose uptake. *PLoS ONE* **2018**, *13*, e0200449. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

168. Muscarà, C.; Molonia, M.S.; Speciale, A.; Bashllari, R.; Cimino, F.; Occhiuto, C.; Saija, A.; Cristani, M. Anthocyanins ameliorate palmitate-induced inflammation and insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. *Phytother. Res.* **2019**, *33*, 1888-1897. [CrossRef]

169. Na, L.-X.; Zhang, Y.-L.; Li, Y.; Liu, L.-Y.; Li, R.; Kong, T.; Sun, C.-H. Curcumin improves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle of rats. *Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis.* **2011**, *21*, 526-533. [CrossRef]

170. Do, G.-M.; Jung, U.J.; Park, H.-J.; Kwon, E.-Y.; Jeon, S.-M.; McGregor, R.A.; Choi, M.-S. Resveratrol ameliorates diabetes-related metabolic changes via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase and its downstream targets in db/db mice. *Mol. Nutr. Food Res.* **2012**, *56*, 1282-1291. [CrossRef]

171. Lee, Y.-E.; Kim, J.-W.; Lee, E.-M.; Ahn, Y.-B.; Song, K.-H.; Yoon, K.-H.; Kim, H.-W.; Park, C.-W.; Li, G.; Liu, Z.; et al. Chronic Resveratrol Treatment Protects Pancreatic Islets against Oxidative Stress in db/db Mice. *PLoS ONE* **2012**, *7*, e50412. [CrossRef]

172. He, H.-J.; Wang, G.-Y.; Gao, Y.; Ling, W.-H.; Guo-Yu, W.; Jin, T.-R. Curcumin attenuates Nrf2 signaling defect, oxidative stress in muscle and glucose intolerance in high fat diet-fed mice. *World J. Diabetes* **2012**, *3*, 94-104. [CrossRef]

173. Hartogh, D.J.D.; Vlavcheski, F.; Giacca, A.; Tsiani, E. Attenuation of Free Fatty Acid (FFA)-Induced Skeletal Muscle Cell Insulin Resistance by Resveratrol is Linked to Activation of AMPK and Inhibition of mTOR and p70 S6K. *Int. J. Mol. Sci.* **2020**, *21*, 4900. [CrossRef]

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175. Chuengsamarn, S.; Rattanamongkolgul, S.; Luechapudiporn, R.; Phisalaphong, C.; Jirawatnotai, S. Curcumin Extract for Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes. *Diabetes Care* **2012**, *35*, 2121-2127. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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183. Blaut, M.; Clavel, T. Metabolic Diversity of the Intestinal Microbiota: Implications for Health and Disease. *J. Nutr.* **2007**, *137*, 751S–755S. [CrossRef]

184. Rizzo, A.; Bevilacqua, N.; Guida, L.; Annunziata, M.; Carratelli, C.R.; Paolillo, R. Effect of resveratrol and modulation of cytokine production on human periodontal ligament cells. *Cytokine* **2012**, *60*, 197–204. [CrossRef]

185. Le Sage, F.; Meilhac, O.; Gonthier, M.-P. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of polyphenols extracted from Antirhea borbonica medicinal plant on adipocytes exposed to Porphyromonas gingivalis and Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides. *Pharmacol. Res.* **2017**, *119*, 303–312. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

186. Kajiura, Y.; Nishikawa, Y.; Lew, J.H.; Kido, J.-I.; Nagata, T.; Naruishi, K. β-carotene suppresses Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide-mediated cytokine production in THP-1 monocytes cultured with high glucose condition: β-Carotene Suppresses Cytokine Production. *Cell Biol. Int.* **2018**, *42*, 105–111. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

187. Nishigaki, M.; Yamamoto, T.; Ichioka, H.; Honjo, K.-I.; Yamamoto, K.; Oseko, F.; Kita, M.; Mazda, O.; Kanamura, N. β-cryptoxanthin regulates bone resorption related-cytokine production in human periodontal ligament cells. *Arch. Oral Biol.* **2013**, *58*, 880–886. [CrossRef]

188. Kose, O.; Arabaci, T.; Yemenoglu, H.; Kara, A.; Ozkanlar, S.; Kayis, S.; Duymus, Z.Y. Influences of Fucoxanthin on Alveolar Bone Resorption in Induced Periodontitis in Rat Molars. *Mar. Drugs* **2016**, *14*, 70. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

189. Shadisvaaran, S.; Chin, K.-Y.; Shahida, M.-S.; Ima-Nirwana, S.; Leong, X.-F. Effect of vitamin E on periodontitis: Evidence and proposed mechanisms of action. *J. Oral Biosci.* **2021**, *63*, 97–103. [CrossRef]

190. Aytekin, Z.; Arabacı, T.; Toraman, A.; Bayır, Y.; Albayrak, M.; Üstün, K. Immune modulatory and antioxidant effects of locally administrated vitamin C in experimental periodontitis in rats. *Acta Odontol. Scand.* **2020**, *78*, 425–432. [CrossRef]

191. Nakajima, M.; Arimatsu, K.; Kato, T.; Matsuda, Y.; Minagawa, T.; Takahashi, N.; Ohno, H.; Yamazaki, K. Oral Administration of P. gingivalis Induces Dysbiosis of Gut Microbiota and Impaired Barrier Function Leading to Dissemination of Enterobacteria to the Liver. *PLoS ONE* **2015**, *10*, e0134234. [CrossRef]

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194. Borgnakke, W.S.; Poudel, P. Diabetes and Oral Health: Summary of Current Scientific Evidence for Why Transdisciplinary Collaboration Is Needed. *Front. Dent. Med.* **2021**, *2*, 2. [CrossRef]
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179. Tzounis, X.; Vulevic, J.; Kuhnle, G.G.C.; George, T.; Leonczak, J.; Gibson, G.R.; Kwik-Uribe, C.; Spencer, J.P.E. Flavanol monomer-induced changes to the human faecal microflora. *Br. J. Nutr.* **2008**, *99*, 782–792. [CrossRef]

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181. Gibson, G.R.; Hutkins, R.; Sanders, M.E.; Prescott, S.L.; Reimer, R.A.; Salminen, S.J.; Scott, K.; Stanton, C.; Swanson, K.S.; Cani, P.D.; et al. Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics. *Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.* **2017**, *14*, 491–502. [CrossRef]

182. Belda, E.; Voland, L.; Tremaroli, V.; Falony, G.; Adriouch, S.; Assmann, K.E.; Prifiti, E.; Aron-Wisnewsky, J.; Debédat, J.; Le Roy, T.; et al. Impairment of gut microbial biotin metabolism and host biotin status in severe obesity: Effect of biotin and prebiotic supplementation on improved metabolism. *Gut* **2022**, [CrossRef]

183. Blaut, M.; Clavel, T. Metabolic Diversity of the Intestinal Microbiota: Implications for Health and Disease. *J. Nutr.* **2007**, *137*, 751S–755S. [CrossRef]

184. Rizzo, A.; Bevilacqua, N.; Guida, L.; Annunziata, M.; Carratelli, C.R.; Paolillo, R. Effect of resveratrol and modulation of cytokine production on human periodontal ligament cells. *Cytokine* **2012**, *60*, 197–204. [CrossRef]

185. Le Sage, F.; Meilhac, O.; Gonthier, M.-P. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of polyphenols extracted from Antirhea borbonica medicinal plant on adipocytes exposed to Porphyromonas gingivalis and Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides. *Pharmacol. Res.* **2017**, *119*, 303–312. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

186. Kajiura, Y.; Nishikawa, Y.; Lew, J.H.; Kido, J.-I.; Nagata, T.; Naruishi, K. β-carotene suppresses Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide-mediated cytokine production in THP-1 monocytes cultured with high glucose condition: β-Carotene Suppresses Cytokine Production. *Cell Biol. Int.* **2018**, *42*, 105–111. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

187. Nishigaki, M.; Yamamoto, T.; Ichioka, H.; Honjo, K.-I.; Yamamoto, K.; Oseko, F.; Kita, M.; Mazda, O.; Kanamura, N. β-cryptoxanthin regulates bone resorption related-cytokine production in human periodontal ligament cells. *Arch. Oral Biol.* **2013**, *58*, 880–886. [CrossRef]

188. Kose, O.; Arabaci, T.; Yemenoglu, H.; Kara, A.; Ozkanlar, S.; Kayis, S.; Duymus, Z.Y. Influences of Fucoxanthin on Alveolar Bone Resorption in Induced Periodontitis in Rat Molars. *Mar. Drugs* **2016**, *14*, 70. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

189. Shadisvaaran, S.; Chin, K.-Y.; Shahida, M.-S.; Ima-Nirwana, S.; Leong, X.-F. Effect of vitamin E on periodontitis: Evidence and proposed mechanisms of action. *J. Oral Biosci.* **2021**, *63*, 97–103. [CrossRef]

190. Aytekin, Z.; Arabacı, T.; Toraman, A.; Bayır, Y.; Albayrak, M.; Üstün, K. Immune modulatory and antioxidant effects of locally administrated vitamin C in experimental periodontitis in rats. *Acta Odontol. Scand.* **2020**, *78*, 425–432. [CrossRef]

191. Nakajima, M.; Arimatsu, K.; Kato, T.; Matsuda, Y.; Minagawa, T.; Takahashi, N.; Ohno, H.; Yamazaki, K. Oral Administration of P. gingivalis Induces Dysbiosis of Gut Microbiota and Impaired Barrier Function Leading to Dissemination of Enterobacteria to the Liver. *PLoS ONE* **2015**, *10*, e0134234. [CrossRef]

192. Iwamoto, Y.; Nishimura, F.; Nakagawa, M.; Sugimoto, H.; Shikata, K.; Makino, H.; Fukuda, T.; Tsuji, T.; Iwamoto, M.; Murayama, Y. The Effect of Antimicrobial Periodontal Treatment on Circulating Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha and Glycated Hemoglobin Level in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. *J. Periodontol.* **2001**, *72*, 774–778. [CrossRef]

193. Demmer, R.T.; Jacobs, D.R.; Desvarieux, M. Periodontal Disease and Incident Type 2 Diabetes: Results from the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and Its Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. *Diabetes Care* **2008**, *31*, 1373–1379. [CrossRef]

194. Borgnakke, W.S.; Poudel, P. Diabetes and Oral Health: Summary of Current Scientific Evidence for Why Transdisciplinary Collaboration Is Needed. *Front. Dent. Med.* **2021**, *2*, 2. [CrossRef]