# A Comprehensive Review of Micronutrients and Their Implications on Vegetable Quality

Swagat Ranjan Behera, Madhuri Bhatt, Arti Gairola, Sheetal Rana, Ankita Mohapatra, Diksha Joshi, Aparna Tripathy

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## To cite this version:

Swagat Ranjan Behera, Madhuri Bhatt, Arti Gairola, Sheetal Rana, Ankita Mohapatra, et al.. A Comprehensive Review of Micronutrients and Their Implications on Vegetable Quality. Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology, 2025, 28 (5), pp.284-299. 10.9734/jabb/2025/v28i52291. hal-05056828

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Submitted on 5 May 2025

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# A Comprehensive Review of Micronutrients and Their Implications on Vegetable Quality

Swagat Ranjan Behera a*, Madhuri Bhatt a, Arti Gairola a, Sheetal Rana b†, Ankita Mohapatra c, Diksha Joshi d and Aparna Tripathy e

## Authors' contributions

This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. Authors SRB and DJ conceptualised the study, performed methodology, wrote, reviewed and edited the manuscript. Authors MB, AG, AM and AT did data validation and wrote the manuscript. Author SR visualised the data and reviewed the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

## Article Information

DOI: https://doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2025/v28i52291

### Open Peer Review History:

This journal follows the Advanced Open Peer Review policy. Identity of the Reviewers, Editor(s) and additional Reviewers, peer review comments, different versions of the manuscript, comments of the editors etc. are available here: https://pr.sdiarticle5.com/review-history/135438

## Review Article

Received: 01/03/2025

Accepted: 01/05/2025

Published: 05/05/2025

<footnote>a Department of Vegetable Science, College of Agriculture, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand-263145, India.</footnote>

<footnote>b Department of Agriculture and Soil Conservation, New Tehri, Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Uttarakhand, India.</footnote>

<footnote>c Department of Vegetable Science, College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha-751003, India.</footnote>

<footnote>d Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand-263145, India.</footnote>

<footnote>e Department of Horticulture (Vegetable Science), College of Agriculture, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam-785013, India.</footnote>

<footnote>†Assistant Agriculture Officer;</footnote>

<footnote>*Corresponding author: E-mail: swgtbehera@gmail.com;</footnote>
# ABSTRACT

This review provides a thorough understanding of the role of micronutrients in vegetable quality. Vegetable quality is crucial because it has a direct impact on consumer preferences, market value, and sustainability in general. Since micronutrients influence crop growth, development and quality, they are of paramount importance for plant nutrition. The properties of micronutrients, their functions in plant/crop growth and development, and the most common micronutrient deficiencies in vegetable crops were examined by this study. The effects of micronutrients on the quality of vegetables are also highlighted, including enhanced nutritional content and bioactive compounds; increased quality parameters like shape, size, colour and flavour; decreased postharvest losses and prolonged shelf-life. Concerns about sustainable and effective micronutrient utilisation, as well as future research objectives, are examined, along with practical implications and suggestions for micronutrient management systems. This review highlights the role of micronutrients in improving the quality of vegetables, as well as the possible impact of further research on this topic.

Keywords: Micronutrients; vegetable quality; nutritional value; hidden hunger; application methods.

# 1. INTRODUCTION

## 1.1 Background

Vegetables are one of the major constituents in terms of providing food and nutritional security to human beings. They are potential sources of vitamins, minerals and dietary fibres and are often regarded as a protective food (Patel et al. 2022). Vegetable crops are essential to the global economy owing to their extensive application and nutritional value. Historically, visible characteristics like shape, size and colour have played a significant role in determining the quality of these crops. However, a transition towards more intrinsic qualities emerged as consumer awareness evolved, highlighting attributes such as texture, flavour and aroma, as well as health-promoting elements, including vitamins, minerals and antioxidants. Characteristics like shape, size, colour and physical damage caused by insect pests and/or diseases are often the first things that customers consider, and can substantially influence their purchase decisions (Petrescu et al., 2020; Ahmed et al.2024). For instance, a brilliant red tomato is usually considered fresh and ripe, whereas a dull or oddly shaped tomato may not be acceptable. The foundation of consumer health lies in the nutritional profile, which extends beyond these sensory aspects (Assunção et al., 2022). Given their intrinsic nature, vegetable crops are susceptible to postharvest degradation. Effective handling procedures including appropriate temperatures, gas ($O_2$ and $CO_2$) ratios, sanitation/disinfection, packaging and physical care are necessary to ensure quality preservation. The quality of vegetables is influenced by a variety of pre-and postharvest

factors. The fundamental characteristics are outlined by genetic factors, particularly cultivar or variety, whereas climate, soil type and composition, and availability of moisture are important environmental factors. Additionally, the quality of produce is profoundly affected by cultural practices, including fertilisation, irrigation, weeding and harvesting methods (Raza et al., 2019).

## 1.2 Economic Implications, Consumer Preferences and Quality Standards

High-quality vegetable crops are essential to the economic well-being of farmers and the success of many farming endeavours and serve as a testament to excellent agricultural practices (Rouphael and Kyriacou, 2018). There is no denying a substantial correlation between vegetable quality and pricing. The direction of vegetable crop production has been greatly influenced by changes in consumer preferences. The current marketplace is changing, with consumers showing a greater inclination towards organic, locally grown and sustainably produced goods (Petrescu et al., 2020). Furthermore, the demand for vegetables rich in vitamins, minerals and bioactive compounds is driven by health-conscious consumers seeking additional health advantages. Many governments and industry coalitions have established strict quality standards for vegetables to streamline these market demands and safeguard consumers. In addition to concentrating on observable traits like size, colour and neatness, these standards also dig deeper to ensure that the produce is perfect and free of contaminants (Walsh, 2022).
**1.3 Global Challenges and Future Strategies**

Amidst urgent global issues like population growth, climate change and evolving consumer demands, efforts have been made to enhance and preserve the quality of vegetables. While cutting-edge tools and techniques ranging from biotechnology, precision farming and vertical farming hold promise, it is crucial to weave them smoothly into our agricultural fabric. Vegetable quality is a dynamic concept that is significantly affected by several factors. A comprehensive assessment of vegetable quality reveals a complex web of interconnected factors, including the external and subtle internal characteristics of produce, postharvest management, shifting consumer preferences and predominant worldwide trends (Petrescu et al., 2020). Finding and developing cutting-edge agricultural techniques and technologies that not only promise increased yield but also consider the sustainability of high-quality vegetables (Jiang et al., 2022) is urgent, given fluctuating consumer dynamics and the impending range of challenges, including global climate change (Dadlani, 2023).

**1.4 Purpose of the Review Article**

The main goal of this review is to provide a thorough explanation of how micronutrients affect vegetable quality. The health effects of micronutrient deficiencies and the complex role of micronutrients in mitigating these effects were the heart of our investigation. We emphasise the significant functions of micronutrients in plants, their synergistic interactions with other nutrients and the resulting effects on vegetable quality. Biofortification, an emerging technique that improves the nutrient density of crops and, consequently, human health, is a major focus and promising solution for global nutritional deficiencies. We highlight how micronutrients can improve the texture, colour, flavour and shelf life of vegetables in addition to their quantity. By navigating the various obstacles that come with micronutrient application, such as different soil types and changing environmental conditions, this review offers new insights into ongoing research and sparks sustainable approaches and advancements for micronutrient management that not only improve the quality of produce but also fortify food sources, opening the door to a healthier population and a transformed future in the realm of vegetables.

**2. MICRONUTRIENTS: AN OVERVIEW**

**2.1 Definition, Classification and Role of Micronutrients**

Micronutrients are essential elements that are required by plants in trace amounts for optimal growth, development and reproduction. Although these quantities are relatively small, they are indispensable for several metabolic and physiological processes. The term "micronutrient" refers to the quantity or amount of these elements in plant nutrition rather than their importance. Essential elements classified as micronutrients include iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), boron (B), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni) and chlorine (Cl).

Micronutrients are crucial for maintaining the overall health of the plants. They are involved in a variety of biochemical and physiological processes, each of which uniquely contributes to plant growth and yield (Aftab and Hakeem, 2020). These micronutrient imbalances or deficiencies can result in physiological disturbances, stunted growth and development, reduced yield, and poor quality of produce (Fig. 1). Understanding these functions is crucial for crop nutrition and ensuring the production of high-quality vegetable crops. These elements, although present and required in small amounts, are essential for activating several enzymes that regulate vital metabolic reactions (Gomes et al., 2021). For example, Fe is the backbone of numerous enzymatic reactions such as respiration, photosynthesis, chlorophyll production, DNA synthesis, energy transmission and nitrogen metabolism (Li et al., 2021; Ning et al., 2023; Rai et al., 2021). Zn is another player in this arena, and it plays a crucial role in many physiological processes, from glucose metabolism to the synthesis of RNA, DNA and proteins, as well as the production of chlorophyll (Costa et al., 2023; Hamzah Saleem et al., 2022). It is actively involved in the production of auxins, the plant hormones that influence stem elongation, root branching and timing of flower initiation (Otiende et al., 2021; Tripathi et al., 2022). It also improves the endurance of plants to frigid temperatures (Kudo et al., 2023). The production of abscisic acid (ABA), a crucial hormone in stress response, is influenced by Mo, another important micronutrient (Bajguz and Piotrowska-Niczyporuk, 2023). Plants require Mo to convert nitrate (NO3-) into ammonia (NH4+), a form that can be assimilated (Liu et al., 2022). It is indispensable for microbes like rhizobia, which form a symbiotic relationship with and contribute
to biological N₂ fixation (BNF) in legumes (Bursakov et al., 2023). It plays a critical role, especially during drought or high-salinity conditions (Weber et al., 2023; Zhao et al., 2023). Finally, Ni plays an important role in BNF in legumes and N metabolism in plants (Mendes et al., 2023). Additionally, it is involved in Fe assimilation, senescence and disease resistance in plants (Begum et al., 2022). Thus, these micronutrients influence how plants grow and respond to their environment.

Upon further exploration in the cellular realm, micronutrients have become both architects and protectors. For instance, B has a variety of functions, ranging from aiding Ca²⁺ absorption to directing pollen tube development. It plays an essential role in the synthesis of cell walls and ensures that plant cells have strong structural walls that offer rigidity and protection (Shireen et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2022). Mn is essential for the synthesis of molecules that provide cells with their structure. Additionally, it is a pioneer in strengthening the antioxidant defences of plants against specific environmental stressors like drought, salinity and ozone damage, as well as specific soil-borne diseases (Alejandro et al., 2020; Ye et al., 2019). Furthermore, it is essential for photosynthesis and respiration and facilitates pollen tube development and pollen germination (Sawidis et al., 2021). It also enhances the availability of N, P and Ca to plants (Yang et al., 2021).

Micronutrients have a profound influence on the reproductive stages of plants. The quantity and quality of seeds produced can be greatly influenced by their presence at optimal levels during the flowering period. According to Shireen et al. (2018), B plays a specific role in pollen germination and pollen tube expansion, both of which are essential for successful fertilisation. Poor seed set and, in extreme situations, crop failure can result from an inadequate supply of B. Cu is also involved in seed production and formation (Chen et al., 2022). Additionally, Mo is required for legume N₂-fixation, which can affect the protein content of seeds (Weber et al., 2023; Zhao et al., 2023). Likewise, Zn is essential for the synthesis of tryptophan, an amino acid that promotes auxin synthesis and affects seed viability and development (Otiende et al., 2021; Suganya et al., 2020; Tripathi et al., 2022). Elements like Cu and Mn are necessary for enzymatic reactions in the antioxidant defence system of plants (La Torre et al., 2018; Ye et al., 2019). Under stressful conditions, these systems aid in reducing the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can cause cellular damage. Furthermore, Zn controls the production of enzymes and proteins that defend against a range of environmental stressors (Hassan et al., 2020; Stanton et al., 2022). Therefore, maintaining adequate levels of these micronutrients is necessary to enhance the natural capacity of plants to withstand and/or recover from stress.

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 1. The role of micronutrients in plants</figcaption></figure>
## 2.2 Common Micronutrient Deficiency Symptoms in Vegetables

Global food systems and economies rely heavily on vegetable crops, which function within a delicate nutritional framework where even a single micronutrient deficiency can negatively affect plant health and productivity. The effects of these deficiencies extend beyond visible symptoms and affect plant growth, yield and metabolism. The importance of these micronutrients in crop health was emphasised by Langridge (2022), who highlighted how even small imbalances can lead to, or have a ripple effect on, more significant agricultural problems. Hence, it is critical that olericulturists and farmers have both the knowledge and resources to readily identify and rectify micronutrient deficiencies, ensuring that crops not only thrive but also continue to play a crucial role in sustaining global food security.

Many vegetable crops face serious challenges owing to Fe deficiency, which occurs predominantly in alkaline or calcareous soils (Subramani et al., 2021). Interveinal chlorosis, the most prevalent symptom, results in yellowing of leaf tissues while the veins remain green. This visual indication highlights the importance of Fe in chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesis. These processes may be compromised by Fe deficiency, which could result in inefficient energy conversion, stunted growth and decreased production (Li et al., 2021; Vélez-Bermúdez and Schmidt, 2019). These symptoms can be aggravated by factors like high soil pH, waterlogged conditions and/or high P levels (Mahawar et al., 2023; Zang et al., 2023). Therefore, it is essential to adjust soil pH and supplement the soil/crop with Fe. Lignin synthesis and pigment formation are affected by Cu deficiencies, which occur primarily in sandy or heavily weathered soils (Sun et al., 2019). In addition to detrimental effects on photosynthesis and energy production, symptoms include stunted growth, leaf withering and the appearance of twisted leaves (Assunção et al., 2022). Cu deficiency can also result in poor vegetative growth and affect fruit development, quality, colouration and shelf life in common vegetable crops such as tomato and lettuce (Dey et al., 2023; López-Vargas et al., 2018). Chlorosis, stunted growth and leaf deformities are common signs of Zn deficiency in soils with high pH, low organic matter (OM) and/or excessive P (Chhabra and Kumar, 2018). Fruit sets may also be affected by Zn deficiencies,

resulting in reduced yields and less desirable fruits. Tomato, for instance, is particularly vulnerable to Zn deficiency (Alam et al., 2021).

Mn deficiency is predominant in alkaline soils (Alejandro et al., 2020). Beans and other affected plants show severe interveinal chlorosis, which reduces photosynthetic rates and impairs enzymatic activities, resulting in stunted growth. B deficiency is apparent in sandy or B-deprived soils, and its symptoms include brittle stems, thicker leaves and restricted growth of flowers and fruits (Al-Najar, 2018). The significant effect of its deficiency on the yield and quality of cabbage and cauliflower is highlighted by its critical role in carbohydrate transport and amino acid synthesis (Brdar-Jokanović, 2020). Mo exhibits occasional deficiencies, particularly in acidic or heavily leached soils (Adhikari and Missaoui, 2017). Common signs of Mo deficiency include stunted growth, chlorosis of older leaves and poor nodulation (Li et al., 2023; Mayr et al., 2021). Since Mo is necessary for the conversion of $NO_3^-$ into $NH_4^+$, its deficiency can lead to $NO_3^-$ accumulation and potential toxicity. The role of Cl in ionic equilibrium, photosynthesis and osmotic regulation is often underestimated; however, its deficiencies are evident in sandy soils or soils with low OM, resulting in symptoms like leaf necrosis and wilting. Cl deficiency may severely impede the photosynthetic process, owing to its crucial role in the splitting of water molecules during photosynthesis, thereby affecting the overall growth and yield of tomatoes, potatoes and lettuce (Colmenero-Flores et al., 2019; Geilfus, 2018).

## 2.3 Human Health Implications and Importance of Micronutrient Fertilisation

Even though they are found in trace amounts, micronutrients are essential for human growth, metabolism and physiology, and their deficiencies may lead to a plethora of health issues. Although many crops do not naturally contain sufficient nutrients to meet human nutritional needs, plants remain the main dietary source of these vital nutrients (Nieder et al., 2018). Biofortification is a technique that increases phytochemical richness and micronutrient content in crops (Behera et al., 2024). Understanding the negative health effects of micronutrient deficiencies and the revolutionary potential of biofortification is crucial, especially considering the global problem of micronutrient malnutrition.
Nearly one-third of the global population suffers from Fe deficiency, which manifests as anaemia with symptoms like pale complexion, dizziness and persistent fatigue. Vulnerable populations, including pregnant women, children and newborns, are at an increased risk due to Fe deficiency (Mahadea et al., 2021; Rehman et al., 2021). The global problem of “hidden hunger”, which is mostly caused by Fe and Zn deficiencies, has been effectively addressed by biofortification (Behera et al., 2024). The nutritional quality of tomatoes, particularly their elemental and carotenoid concentrations, was significantly influenced by Fe-HBED chelate [N, N'-bis(2-hydroxybenzyl) ethylenediamine-N,N'-diacetic acid, a type of chelate used to provide Fe in a form that is more easily absorbed by plants], although with caution regarding over-application (Wala et al., 2022). Likewise, cherry tomatoes showed a substantial increase in their Fe content when treated with Fe-HBED chelate (Buturi et al., 2022). Cu deficiency is associated with an array of illnesses including neurological disorders, anaemia, cardiovascular problems and Alzheimer's disease (Bagheri et al., 2022). Tomatoes and melons exhibited increased levels of lycopene and vitamin C, and enhanced antioxidant qualities, respectively, when treated with Cu nanoparticles (Cu NPs) (Fortis-Hernández et al., 2022; López-Vargas et al., 2018). About two billion people worldwide suffer from Zn deficiency, which can lead to a variety of health issues, from organ failure to DNA damage (Hussain et al., 2022; Kiran et al., 2022). A variety of biofortification programmes have been started to increase the zinc content of vegetable crops in recognition of the seriousness of this situation. Owing to its naturally high Zn concentration, the lettuce cv. Thaís stands out as a good candidate for Zn biofortification in the world of vegetables (Graciano et al., 2020). The hydroponically grown lettuce cv. Saladela has also demonstrated promise for Zn enrichment (de Lima et al., 2023). Recently, microgreens have emerged as a promising superfood in the battle against Zn deficiency. Priming pea seeds in ZnSO₄ solutions resulted in microgreens with impressive Zn enrichment (Poudel et al., 2023).

Despite being frequently disregarded, Mn is vital to many physiological processes in humans. According to Chao et al. (2023), Mn is an essential mineral, with lower concentrations supporting sperm motility, fertilisation and the healthy operation of the human reproductive system. At the same time, conditions like skeletal

deformities, poor glucose tolerance and even epilepsy may result from Mn deficiency (Li and Yang, 2018; Sande et al., 2023). Mo, a crucial micronutrient, is often overlooked in discussions on nutrition. Although uncommon, its shortage has serious health implications, particularly during crucial stages like pregnancy (Marini et al., 2023). Mo is involved in enzymatic reactions as well as human metabolism, and its deficiency can result in dangerous situations such as toxic sulphite (SO₃²⁻) buildup and central nervous system (CNS) malfunction (Johannes et al., 2022). With spinach exhibiting increased production and nutrition following treatment with *Ecklonia maxima* (brown seaweed) extract in conjugation with Mo, support for Mo biofortification is gaining momentum (La Bella et al., 2021). Although B is less well known, its importance in human health is incomprehensible. A deficiency of B can lead to various diseases, from hormonal imbalances to skeletal abnormalities and growth retardation. The realm of olericulture has increasingly acknowledged the potential of B. Tomatoes, for example, benefited from B fortification and showed improved nutritional characteristics, including lycopene and minerals like Ca (Alam et al., 2021). Ni has a well-established function in humans: it acts on the endocrine system and affects the release and regulation of endocrine hormones (Yang and Ma, 2021). Ni deficiency results in decreased intrauterine development and reduced Fe absorption which indeed causes anaemia. It constitutes an important part of enzymes like urease, hydrogenase, acetyl-CoA synthase, Ni-superoxide dismutase and *cis-trans* isomerase (Begum et al., 2022). Last, but not the least, the essential electrolyte Cl⁻ has a variety of functions in digestion, neuronal transmission and cellular activities. Chloride (Cl⁻) enrichment has been successfully explored in the field of biofortification. For example, a foliar spray of calcium chloride (CaCl₂) on potatoes improved the nutritional value of tubers while maintaining their inherent characteristics (Coelho et al., 2021). Furthermore, snap beans exhibited increased nutraceutical qualities following magnesium chloride (MgCl₂) treatment (Ciscomani-Larios et al., 2021). In conclusion, it is impossible to underestimate the importance of micronutrients, which are often overlooked in favour of macronutrients in discussions on conventional nutrition. Exploring and utilising the potential of biofortification is crucial as the world struggles with the dual challenges of malnutrition and food security.
## 2.4 Factors Affecting Micronutrient Availability in Soil, and their Application in Vegetable Crops

Some regions have soils naturally deficient in essential micronutrients. The texture, pH and OM content of soil play a complex role in determining the availability of micronutrients to plants. For instance, sandy soils may not efficiently retain micronutrients because of their quick drainage. Soil pH has a significant impact on the absorption of micronutrients. Soils that are excessively acidic or alkaline can hinder the ability of plants to absorb essential elements. Additionally, waterlogged or poorly drained soils might prevent effective root activity, which in turn prevents the uptake of nutrients (Langridge, 2022). Micronutrient imbalances may result from an overuse of particular fertilisers, particularly those high in P. To ensure that plants achieve their nutritional needs in the face of such problems, adaptable farming strategies are required. The gradual depletion of nutrients in the soil may not be only because of modern agricultural practices that prioritise high yields. The nutrient reserves of soil are diminished by continuous cultivation, particularly in the absence of proper replenishment. This problem is exacerbated by nutrient extraction during harvest, therefore, it is critical that farmers follow sustainable farming practices that put soil health and fertility first (Rodríguez et al., 2022).

Vegetable crops can be supplied with micronutrients using a variety of methods, including soil application, foliar treatment, hydroponics and fertigation, to ensure their availability to and absorption by the plants (Fig. 2). Besides these approaches, there are a few more techniques for applying micronutrients to vegetables, like seed priming, root priming and drenching. Determination of the best strategy for micronutrient delivery in vegetable crops may be aided by routine soil testing, plant nutrient status monitoring and consultation with agricultural experts.

# 3. EFFECT OF MICRONUTRIENT FERTILISATION ON THE QUALITY OF VEGETABLES

## 3.1 Improvements in Sensory Quality Attributes

The critical functions of micronutrients in improving the sensory qualities of vegetables, including size, colour, flavour and aroma, have

become increasingly important as consumers around the world become more selective in their choices. Micronutrients can significantly enhance these sensory attributes when used cautiously, complementing the appearance, flavour and other qualitative characteristics of vegetables. As reported by Xu et al. (2021) and Yousef and Nasef (2023) for the effects of B, and further supported by studies on Zn by Dixit et al. (2018), Elsayed et al. (2022), García-López et al. (2018) and Tarafder et al. (2023), and on Cu by Fortis-Hernández et al. (2022) and López-Vargas et al. (2018), these micronutrients can significantly impact the market acceptability of vegetables, increasing their economic or commercial value. B is essential for promoting pollen germination, fruit growth and seed development, therefore, maintaining a sufficient supply of B often results in observable improvements in fruit set, shape and size. For example, when treated with B, tomatoes often exhibit increased sugar content, enhanced flavour and more vivid colour (Haleema et al., 2018). Cu plays a significant role in many physiological processes that directly affect vegetable quality parameters like pigment formation and flavour development (Wairich et al., 2022). Fortis-Hernández et al. (2022) and López-Vargas et al. (2018) provided insights into the positive impacts of Cu on the sensory quality characteristics of muskmelon and tomato, respectively. Also, maintaining adequate Zn levels can lead to improved size of the produce, colour development and sugar content (Ahmed et al., 2023).

## 3.2 Enhancement in Nutritional Value and Bioactive Compounds

Micronutrients play a significant and complex role in determining the nutritional makeup of vegetable produce. The accumulation of essential nutrients and bioactive compounds in vegetables is coordinated by a number of metabolic processes powered by micronutrients. For example, the significance of Fe goes beyond its usual function in photosynthesis. It serves as a catalyst for the synthesis of compounds that improve health, like carotene, lycopene, flavonoids and phenolics, which are becoming increasingly popular for their numerous health advantages (Herlihy et al., 2020; Rahman et al., 2023). Another essential element, Zn, sits at the nexus of several enzymatic mechanisms that regulate the synthesis of essential biomolecules. Its function, however, extends beyond promoting the creation of bioactive compounds. Additionally, it guarantees the accumulation of
vital nutrients like vitamins C and E, enhancing the health-promoting qualities of fruit-vegetables like tomatoes (Şahin, 2020). Results showing a better nutritional profile of vegetable produce enriched with Zn (García-López et al. 2018; Pandey et al., 2024; Tarafder et al., 2023) support this opinion. In contrast, Mn is frequently overlooked when talking about nutrients, despite being essential for many physiological functions, including regulation of photosynthesis, glucose metabolism and enhancement of antioxidant defence mechanisms. Mn supplementation is associated with a marked increase in the concentration of vital nutrients in vegetables; research has demonstrated that Mn-treated crops, including tomato and chilli, have higher concentrations of minerals like calcium and magnesium (Thennakoon et al., 2020; Yue et al., 2022). Studies by Bharati et al. (2018) and Ierna et al. (2017) underline the significant impacts of foliar fertilisation of micronutrient mixture on nutritional quality characteristics of bitter gourd and potato, respectively. Likewise, the conjoint application of Zn and B improved the nutritional quality of broccolias compared to their application alone (Mondal and Ghosh, 2023; Sardar et al., 2022). Together, these studies essentially highlight the transformative impact of micronutrients on the nutritional makeup and overall health of vegetables.

## 3.3 Reduction in Postharvest Losses and Shelf Life Extension

The application of micronutrients has become increasingly important in modern agricultural

research as a means of reducing postharvest losses and ensuring the extension of the shelf life of vegetables. According to Islam et al. (2018), Fe, a trace element essential for a number of enzymatic reactions in plants, can significantly reduce postharvest losses and, thereby, improve the postharvest quality of vegetables like cherry tomatoes. In order to maintain postharvest vitality, researchers are now emphasising the strategic supplementation of Fe. Given its diverse involvement in enzymatic processes and carbohydrate metabolism, the Zn application stands out for its transformative effects in the postharvest scenario. Groundbreaking research on the application of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles by Sharifan et al. (2022) highlights the enormous potential of Zn-based treatments and offers insights into improving the postharvest quality of tomatoes. The function of Cu in plant biochemistry, specifically in electron transport and enzyme activation, directly affects postharvest performances. Its exceptional ability to prolong the shelf life of tomatoes was noted by Hernández-Fuentes et al. (2023) and Hernández-Hernández et al. (2019), revealing its potential significance in various horticultural applications. B and Mn are also important. Studies like those by El-Mogy et al. (2019) in broccoli highlight the crucial role of Mn in improving postharvest qualities as it is essential for functions like photosynthesis and glucose metabolism. In conclusion, the comprehensive research landscape clearly shows a connection between micronutrient treatments and the best possible postharvest results.

<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 2. A conceptual figure illustrating the sustainable production of high-quality vegetable crops using different methods of fertiliser application</figcaption></figure>
# 4. CHALLENGES AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

## 4.1 Challenges and Considerations in Micronutrient Application and Availability

Application of micronutrients to vegetable crops is a crucial practice for ensuring the yield and quality of produce. Although the importance of micronutrients for plant health cannot be denied, it is still difficult to ensure their efficient delivery in the face of several internal and external variables. The outcome is significantly influenced by the numerous interactions among soil chemistry, plant physiology, external environmental factors and human intervention. These challenges call for a thorough comprehension of soil-plant dynamics as well as a sharp knowledge of the larger agricultural environment that vegetable crops depend on for their survival.

The cornerstone of agriculture, soil, introduces a number of variables. The availability of micronutrients is largely influenced by the soil pH. Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn are more readily available in acidic soils, while Mo is typically more readily available in alkaline soils. The best conditions for Cu availability are found in soils with pH values close to neutral. However it is important to remember that nutrient availability is also influenced by other soil characteristics. Additionally, there are differences in the mobility of micronutrients–although elements like B and Mo move freely and are easily taken up by plants, Fe and Zn have a restricted range, and must be close to roots in order to be absorbed. The intricacy of their application is further increased by the fact that each crop has different micronutrient requirements due to its unique genetic and developmental profile.

The best fertilisation plans can be undermined by environmental factors that accelerate nutrient loss, particularly excessive irrigation and high rainfall. Applying micronutrients is essential, from choosing the right fertilisers and their formulations to applying them at the right time. Careful consideration must be given to factors such as product quality, compatibility with other agrochemicals and possible environmental effects of these products. At the same time, although micronutrient applications increase yields, they also increase production costs and necessitate careful balance. Another issue, especially for smaller enterprises, is the

availability of the necessary labour and equipment, particularly for specialised application techniques. These elements are supported by the need for appropriate instruction and training to ensure the responsible and efficient use of micronutrients. To minimise any possible negative impacts on the environment, micronutrients need to be carefully applied (Mathur et al., 2022). According to Zulfiqar et al. (2019), the over-application of micronutrients can harm aquatic and soil ecosystems, cause nutrient runoff and pollute water bodies. By using the recommended application rates, avoiding drift or over-spraying during foliar application, and implementing the best management practices into effect, environmental problems can be reduced.

## 4.2 Emerging Tools and Technologies for Micronutrient Assessment

Thanks to current technical developments, new advances are being made in the field of micronutrient assessment in crops in the dynamic field of olericulture. According to Marguí et al. (2022), these cutting-edge instruments and methods present enticing possibilities for improved accuracy, effectiveness and speed in determining micronutrient levels, identifying any deficiencies and directing well-informed nutrition management plans. The application of spectroscopic techniques is among the most revolutionary additions to this landscape. The conventional methods of measuring nutrients have been completely transformed by techniques like near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). According to Sabatini et al. (2022), these techniques are essential for ensuring careful nutrient application because, in addition to being rapid and non-invasive, they have the built-in capacity for real-time elemental analysis and detailed mapping and monitoring of micronutrient concentrations. In parallel, there has been a lot of interest in the fields of elemental profiling and ionomics. In order to identify the complex distribution and relative abundance of micronutrients in plants, this field makes use of high-throughput elemental profiling. Pioneers like Krogstad and Zivanovic (2022) and Mabuza et al. (2021) highlight the effectiveness of cutting-edge analytical techniques like inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and microwave-induced plasma with atomic emission spectrometry (MP-AES) in providing a thorough understanding of micronutrient dynamics, interactions and deficiencies in crops.
Apart from these approaches, the field of molecular diagnostics is expanding. This is particularly true when compared to conventional breeding techniques, which frequently appear insufficient for improving the intrinsic quality and nutraceutical content of vegetable crops. With tools like genetic engineering, RNA interference, next-generation sequencing and molecular markers, the modern arsenal has sparked a change in the way that quality breeding is approached, making it more efficient in terms of time, money and effort. All things considered, the future of micronutrient assessment in vegetable crops seems promising, bringing with it a new era of healthy and nutrient-rich vegetables.

## 5. CONCLUSION

The quality, vitality and nutritional content of vegetable crops are largely determined by micronutrients, which are trace elements essential for plant growth and development. In addition to being essential for improving plant development and yield, their balanced doses and proper management also enhance the visual appeal and sensory qualities of the produce. These factors greatly increase resilience and overall yield in addition to improving traits like size, colour and flavour of the produce. Furthermore, characteristics like firmness, colour consistency and antioxidant properties are all preserved because of micronutrients. By reducing postharvest losses and extending shelf-life, these contributions meet the growing demand from consumers for high-quality, nutrient-dense and aesthetically pleasing vegetable products. It is impossible to underestimate the significant importance of micronutrients in light of the growing challenges facing the global community, including food security and climate change. Crop management improvements may result from a better comprehension of these components, their complex relationships and their adaptive functions in changing environments. This could, therefore, result in the creation of plant varieties that are more resilient and adaptable. Moreover, we are on the cusp of fully harnessing the potential of micronutrients by virtue of developments in precision farming and innovative delivery methods. In conclusion, careful and efficient management of these trace elements not only ensures a bountiful harvest but also serves as a calculated step to address environmental and health issues worldwide.

# DISCLAIMER (ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE)

Author(s) hereby declare that NO generative AI technologies such as Large Language Models (ChatGPT, COPILOT etc.) and text-to-image generators have been used during writing or editing of the manuscript.

# COMPETING INTERESTS

Authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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