# A 187Re-187Os, 87Rb-86Sr, highly siderophile and incompatible trace element study of some carbonaceous, ordinary and enstatite chondrite meteorites

Nicole Phelan, James M. D. Day, Jasmeet K. Dhaliwal, Yang Liu, Christopher

A. Corder, Caleb Strom, Emily Pringle, Nelly Assayag, Pierre Cartigny, Kurt
Marti, et al.

► To cite this version:

Nicole Phelan, James M. D. Day, Jasmeet K. Dhaliwal, Yang Liu, Christopher A. Corder, et al. A 187Re-187Os, 87Rb-86Sr, highly siderophile and incompatible trace element study of some carbonaceous, ordinary and enstatite chondrite meteorites. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2022, 318, pp.19-54. 10.1016/j.gca.2021.11.020. insu-03647306

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# A ¹⁸⁷Re-¹⁸⁷Os, ⁸⁷Rb-⁸⁷Sr, highly siderophile and incompatible trace element study of some carbonaceous, ordinary and enstatite chondrite meteorites

Nicole Phelan<sup>a,*</sup>, James M.D. Day<sup>a</sup>, Jasmeet K. Dhaliwal<sup>a</sup>, Yang Liu<sup>b</sup>, Christopher A. Corder<sup>a</sup>, Caleb Strom<sup>a</sup>, Emily Pringle<sup>a</sup>, Nelly Assayag<sup>c</sup>, Pierre Cartigny<sup>c</sup>, Kurt Marti<sup>a</sup>, Frédéric Moynier<sup>d</sup>

Received 14 June 2021; accepted in revised form 14 November 2021; available online 19 November 2021

## Abstract

New ¹⁸⁷Re-¹⁸⁷Os, ⁸⁷Rb-⁸⁷Sr, triple O-isotope isotope, bulk rock highly siderophile- (HSE: Os, Ir, Ru, Pt, Pd, Re), major- and trace-element abundance data are reported for a variety of carbonaceous, ordinary and enstatite chondrite meteorites. In addition, new mineral chemical data are reported for the Chelyabinsk LL5 ordinary chondrite fall for comparison with existing chondrite data and to investigate element sequestration into metal and mineral phases within some chondrites. The focus of the study is to link the variations observed in the HSE abundances and Re-Os isotopes with other isotopic and elemental data to explore the relative roles of sample sizes, terrestrial alteration and parent body processes more fully on chondrite meteorite compositions. Trace element variations in Chelyabinsk silicate, oxide and metal grains highlight the importance of geochemical heterogeneity imparted by mineralogical variations and mode effects, as well as sample size. Using a range of sample powder aliquot sizes, it is possible to show that this becomes significant for the HSE at <0.1 g. Variations in high field strength elements relative abundances (HFSE: Ti, Zr, Nb, Ta, Hf) are also identified within individual aliquots of carbonaceous chondrite Ivuna, emphasizing the importance of complete dissolution of refractory phases. The range of fall and find meteorites examined here demonstrates that terrestrial alteration effects revealed for trace elements (e.g., Ba, U, Sr) do not correlate particularly well with Re/Os variations. Instead, the Re/Os ratios of carbonaceous chondrites are susceptible to disturbance, more so than indicated by incompatible trace element systematics, with the Murchison CM2 carbonaceous chondrite showing significant Re/Os fractionation between sample aliquots. For sample aliquots measured that do not show significant mode or terrestrial alteration effects, parent body processes appear to be largely restricted to thermal metamorphism and dehydration. Including data for this study, the combined published dataset for Re-Os isotope and HSE abundances now extends to 33 ordinary, 39 carbonaceous, 27 enstatite and 6 Rumuruti chondrites. The range in absolute HSE abundances among these meteorite groups is ~30%, with all chondrites having, within uncertainties, the same average Os, Ir, Ru, Pt and Pd abundances. Notably, carbonaceous chondrites have long-term Re/Os ~8% lower than for the other chondrite groups. If chondrite groups are representative of early planetary feedstocks, then the measured ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os of ordinary chondrites make them a close match to the composition of the bulk silicate Earth. Assuming ~0.5% late accretion of ordinary chondrites to Earth, this

<footnote><sup>a</sup> Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0244, USA</footnote>

<footnote><sup>b</sup>Jet Propulsion Laboratory, MIS 183-301, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA</footnote>

<footnote><sup>c</sup>Université de Paris, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France</footnote>

<footnote><sup>d</sup>Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Univ. Paris Diderot, UMR 7154 CNRS, 1 rue Jussieu, 75238 Paris, France</footnote>

<footnote>* Corresponding author.</footnote>

<footnote>E-mail address: ndphelan@ucsd.edu (N. Phelan).</footnote>
would result in a long-term Rb/Sr ratio ~0.6% higher than from late accretion of carbonaceous chondrites, indicating that ordinary chondrites are a potentially attractive source for moderately volatile enrichment.
© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

**Keywords:** Carbonaceous; Ordinary; Enstatite; Chondrites; Highly siderophile elements; Incompatible trace elements; Strontium isotopes; Osmium isotopes

# 1. INTRODUCTION

Meteorites offer unique insights into the chronology of our Solar System, as well as a fundamental understanding as to how planetary bodies formed and evolved (e.g., Anders, 1971; Lauretta and McSween, 2006; Day, 2015). The study of chondrite meteorites has provided the foundations for understanding the constituent materials supplied to the Solar System, as well as the building blocks for planet formation (e.g., Anders and Grevesse, 1989; McDonough and Sun, 1995; Righter and Drake, 1997; Warren, 2011; Heck et al., 2020). In particular, studies of the highly siderophile elements (HSE: Os, Ir, Ru, Rh, Pt, Pd, Re, Au) and Os isotopic variations in chondrites carry information on the materials involved in the formation of the Solar System (e.g., Brandon et al., 2005a,b; Yokoyama and Walker, 2016), condensation processes inherent in the early solar nebula (Palme and Wlotzka, 1976), and the bulk compositional variations in chondrites and their components (e.g., Walker et al., 2002; Horan et al., 2003; Fischer-Gödde et al., 2010; Archer et al., 2014). Some of these studies have also demonstrated the susceptibility of the HSE and Re-Os isotope system to parent body processes, complicating interpretation of this data in certain instances. While focused analysis of geochemical compositions allows in-depth understanding of individual chemical attributes, combined isotope and elemental studies (mineral chemistry, strontium isotopes, trace- and major-element abundances etc.) in individual sample aliquots hold promise for distinguishing processes and event timings that modify compositions in chondrites.

Another critical issue in chondrite meteorite studies is appropriate sample size to address small-scale features and individual components versus bulk compositions. While smaller sample sizes can give indications of heterogeneities within chondrites (e.g., Kadlag and Becker, 2015; Kadlag and Becker, 2017), enabling assessment of nucleosynthetic components and constituent mineral phases (e.g., Palme and Wlotzka, 1976; Daly et al., 2017), bulk samples are likely to be more helpful for understanding parental asteroid and reservoir characteristics. Both sample types are therefore useful for understanding chondrites and their components, with prior studies of the HSE and Re-Os isotopes in chondrites revealing important heterogeneities in chondrite components (Walker et al., 2002; Horan et al., 2003; Fischer-Gödde et al., 2010). Untangling the effects of sample size and representativeness, in conjunction with a fuller understanding of chemical components and isotope systems in chondrites, remain important areas of investigation for a fuller understanding of chondrite parent body processes.

Motivated by the need for further work on chondrite components (c.f., Fremlindge, Calcium-Aluminum Inclusions (CAI's), chondrules, matrix materials) and on chondrite meteorite falls and finds (Day, 2016), this study explores a combined ⁸⁷Rb-⁸⁷Sr, ¹⁸⁷Re-¹⁸⁷Os, O-isotope, major-, trace- and HSE abundance approach to individual aliquots of chondrite meteorites. In some instances, this is partly forced by available sample sizes, but also enables us to address the issue of representative sample size. This is particularly important for existing and future missions to asteroidal bodies with compositions similar to chondrites. Our examination is also valuable for assessing what can be learned from approaching different scales of investigation within chondrites. The goals of the work are two-fold. In the first instance, it aims to expand available HSE and Re-Os isotope data to a wider range of chondrite compositions than hitherto examined. As part of this goal, the first Re-Os isotope and HSE abundance data for the Chelyabinsk ordinary chondrite fall are presented, along with new data for a range of carbonaceous, ordinary and enstatite falls and finds. In addition to the new data for Chelyabinsk, a detailed description of the samples analyzed in this study and the mineralogical compositions are also presented. The second goal is to examine the relative roles of terrestrial alteration, mode-effects, and parent body processes, particularly regarding the HSE distribution within and among the chondrite classes.

# 2. SAMPLES

A range of compositional and metamorphic types of carbonaceous, ordinary and enstatite chondrites were analyzed to understand, more fully, the geochemical variations in these meteorites. Non-analytical characteristics of examined samples, including distinction between falls and finds, are given in Table 1. Falls refer to samples collected immediately or soon after the meteorite was seen falling to Earth, whereas finds refer to samples that have spent an unknown amount of time in the terrestrial surface environment prior to collection. Carbonaceous chondrites analyzed in this study consist of two CI, one CB, one CK, five CM, three CV and two C2-ungrouped chondrites. These analyses increase the number of individual carbonaceous chondrite meteorites analyzed for HSE abundances and Os isotopes to 39, spanning CI1, CR2, CM2, CO3, CV3, CK3-4, CB and C2 types (see Walker et al., 2002; Horan et al., 2003; Fischer-Gödde et al., 2010; van Acken et al., 2011; Archer et al., 2014; Goderis et al., 2017). The ordinary chondrites in this study include four H, eight L and two LL chondrites. These analyses increase the total number of ordinary chondrites measured for HSE abundances
<table><caption>Table 1
Non-analytical characteristics of chondrite meteorites analyzed in this study.</caption><thead><tr><th>Chondrite</th><th>Sample ID</th><th>Classification</th><th>Fall/ Find</th><th>Mass of original chondrite</th><th>Mass powdered (g)</th><th>Year</th><th>Fall Area</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="8"><strong>Carbonaceous</strong></td></tr><tr><td>NWA 5958</td><td></td><td>C2<sub>ung</sub></td><td>Find</td><td>286 g</td><td>0.030</td><td>2009</td><td>Morocco</td></tr><tr><td>Tagish Lake</td><td>MS 2292C</td><td>C2<sub>ung</sub></td><td>Fall</td><td>10 kg</td><td>0.191</td><td>2000</td><td>British Columbia, Canada</td></tr><tr><td>Gujba</td><td></td><td>CBa</td><td>Fall</td><td>100 kg</td><td>0.024</td><td>1984</td><td>Yobe, Nigeria</td></tr><tr><td>Ivuna</td><td></td><td>CI1</td><td>Fall</td><td>705 g</td><td>0.002</td><td>1938</td><td>Mbeya, Tanzania</td></tr><tr><td>Orgueil</td><td></td><td>CI1</td><td>Fall</td><td>14 kg</td><td>0.007</td><td>1864</td><td>Midi-Pyrenees, France</td></tr><tr><td>Maralinga</td><td></td><td>CK4<sub>an</sub></td><td>Find</td><td>3.39 kg</td><td>0.100</td><td>1974</td><td>South Australia</td></tr><tr><td>Banten</td><td></td><td>CM2</td><td>Fall</td><td>629 g</td><td>0.157</td><td>1933</td><td>Jawa Barat, Indonesia</td></tr><tr><td>Cold</td><td></td><td>CM2</td><td>Fall</td><td>5.3 kg</td><td>0.009</td><td>1838</td><td>Western Cape, South Africa</td></tr><tr><td>Bokkeveld</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Murchison</td><td>Main SIGL<br>MTF 2005</td><td>CM2<br>CM2</td><td>Fall</td><td>100 kg</td><td>0.119<br>0.101</td><td>1969</td><td>Victoria, Australia</td></tr><tr><td>Murray</td><td></td><td>CM2</td><td>Fall</td><td>12.6 kg</td><td>0.126</td><td>1950</td><td>Kentucky, USA</td></tr><tr><td>Allende</td><td>USNM 3529</td><td>CV3</td><td>Fall</td><td>2 t</td><td>0.586</td><td>1969</td><td>Chihuahua, Mexico</td></tr><tr><td>GRA 06101</td><td></td><td>CV3</td><td>Find</td><td>3.56 kg</td><td>0.022</td><td>2006</td><td>Antarctica</td></tr><tr><td>Vigarano</td><td></td><td>CV3</td><td>Fall</td><td>15 kg</td><td></td><td>1910</td><td>Emilia-Romagna, Italy</td></tr><tr><td>NWA 4502</td><td></td><td>CV3</td><td>Find</td><td>100 kg</td><td>0.030</td><td>2005</td><td>Algeria</td></tr><tr><td colspan="8"><strong>Ordinary</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Fayetteville</td><td></td><td>H4</td><td>Fall</td><td>2.36 kg</td><td>0.159</td><td>1934</td><td>Arkansas, USA</td></tr><tr><td>Forest City</td><td>AMNH 2421</td><td>H5</td><td>Fall</td><td>152 kg</td><td>0.096</td><td>1890</td><td>Iowa, USA</td></tr><tr><td>Pultusk</td><td></td><td>H5</td><td>Fall</td><td>250 kg</td><td>0.094</td><td>1868</td><td>Ostroleka, Poland</td></tr><tr><td>Richardton</td><td></td><td>H5</td><td>Fall</td><td>90 kg</td><td>0.055</td><td>1918</td><td>North Dakota, USA</td></tr><tr><td>NWA 869</td><td></td><td>L3-6</td><td>Find</td><td>2 t</td><td>0.098</td><td>2000</td><td>Northwest Africa</td></tr><tr><td>Khohar</td><td></td><td>L3.6</td><td>Fall</td><td>9.7 kg</td><td>0.015</td><td>1910</td><td>Madhya Pradesh, India</td></tr><tr><td>Saratov</td><td></td><td>L4</td><td>Fall</td><td>200 kg</td><td>0.125</td><td>1918</td><td>Saratovkaya, Russia</td></tr><tr><td>Air</td><td></td><td>L6</td><td>Fall</td><td>24 kg</td><td>0.146</td><td>1925</td><td>Agadez, Niger</td></tr><tr><td>Kunashak</td><td>Lg Slice<br>LAT</td><td>L6<br>L6</td><td>Fall</td><td>200 kg</td><td>0.200</td><td>1949</td><td>Chelyabinskaya, Russia</td></tr><tr><td>Kyle</td><td></td><td>L6</td><td>Find</td><td>7.78 kg</td><td>0.171</td><td>1965</td><td>Texas, USA</td></tr><tr><td>Peace River</td><td>MTF 2116, Main<br>Mass</td><td>L6</td><td>Fall</td><td>45.76 kg</td><td>0.097</td><td>1963</td><td>Alberta, Canada</td></tr><tr><td>Chelyabinsk</td><td></td><td>LL5</td><td>Fall</td><td>1 t</td><td>0.208</td><td>2013</td><td>Chelyabinskaya, Russia</td></tr><tr><td>Olivenza</td><td></td><td>LL5</td><td>Fall</td><td>150 kg</td><td>0.005</td><td>1924</td><td>Extremadura, Spain</td></tr><tr><td colspan="8"><strong>Enstatite</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Atlanta</td><td></td><td>EL6</td><td>Find</td><td>5.5 kg</td><td>0.035</td><td>1938</td><td>Louisiana, USA</td></tr><tr><td>Eagle</td><td>USNM 16441</td><td>EL6</td><td>Fall</td><td>10 kg</td><td>0.035</td><td>1946</td><td>Nebraska, USA</td></tr><tr><td>Khairpur</td><td></td><td>EL6</td><td>Fall</td><td>13.6 kg</td><td>0.029</td><td>1873</td><td>Punjab, Pakistan</td></tr><tr><td>LON94100</td><td></td><td>EL6</td><td>Find</td><td>1947 g</td><td>0.050</td><td>1994</td><td>Antarctica</td></tr></tbody></table>

and Os isotopes to 33, spanning H3 to H6, L3 to L6 and LL3 to LL6 types. The enstatite group measured in this study are all EL chondrites expanding the total number of these chondrites to 27 individual samples spanning EH3 and EL3 to EH5 to EL6. Combined with six individual Rumuruti chondrites, the total number of chondrite meteorites now studied for HSE abundances is > 100, with several of these samples analyzed multiple times, and in different laboratories (Table S1). The ordinary chondrite Chelyabinsk (LL5) was the only sample from this study to be measured for mineral chemistry (trace-, major-element, HSE), as well as bulk measurements, providing a point of comparison with mineral chemical data from other chondrite meteorites.

# 3. ANALYTICAL METHODS

## 3.1. Mineral chemistry of the Chelyabinsk meteorite

Thick sections of Chelyabinsk were prepared and polished from fragments of the meteorite delivered to L.A. Taylor in 2013. Major- and minor-element mineral compositions were measured using a *Cameca SX-100* electron probe micro analyzer at the University of Tennessee. Analyses were made using a beam size of 1 µm and an accelerating potential of 15 keV. Standards were used in the calibration of the instrument as well as throughout the analysis to confirm data quality. See Day et al., (2015) for further detail on methods and techniques used during analysis.
Silicate, phosphate, sulfide and metal phases in a pol-
ished thin section of Chelyabinsk were measured at the
Scripps Isotope Geochemistry Laboratory (SIGL) using a
*New Wave Research* UP213 laser ablation system coupled
to a *Thermo Fisher Scientific* iCAP Qc inductively coupled
plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). A 150 µm beam
diameter was used for analysis spots with a laser repetition
rate of 5 Hz. Within the 3 cm³ ablation cell in which the
analysis took place, He-gas was flushed to enhance the
transport and production of a fine aerosol which was then
mixed with an Ar carrier-gas (~1 L/min) before reaching
the plasma. Data collection occurred over a period of
~60 s with a washout time of > 120 s between each analysis.
Time-resolved mode was used to account for mineral zon-
ing, inclusions and possible underlying phases in the pol-
ished thin section. Standardization for silicates and
phosphates was done relative to NIST 612, with measure-
ment of BHVO-2g, BCR-2g and NIST 610 as unknowns.
Standardization for metal and sulfide phases was per-
formed using the iron meteorite in-house standards Filom-
ena (North Chile), Hoba and Coahuila, the compositions of
which are reported in Day et al., (2018), as well as sulfide
standard MASS-1, in order to determine siderophile ele-
ment abundances.

**3.2. Major- and trace element abundance determination**

Fragments of individual chondrites were powdered with
limited force using an agate mortar and pestle. Care was
taken to avoid fusion crust except in the deliberate case
of analysis for a fragment of the Chelyabinsk meteorite.
For large metal portions (>1 mm), no attempt was made
to disaggregate these materials, due to the potential for
metal smearing, so some ‘nugget heterogeneity’ is inevitable
in prepared powders. These metal incorporations are espe-
cially visible in samples with limited mass and/or high ini-
tial metal content (e.g., CB chondrite, Gujba).

Bulk sample trace- and major-element abundance mea-
surements (including blanks and terrestrial standards
BHVO-2, BCR-2, AGV-2) were done by digesting sample
powders using Teflon Paar bombs or Teflon vials at the
SIGL (Table 4). Powders were precisely weighed, and those
placed in Teflon Paar bombs were digested at 180 °C in
Optima grade HF (4 mL) and HNO₃ (1 mL) for ~72 hours
in a processing oven, before being dried down. Powders
placed in Teflon beakers were digested in concentrated
Teflon-distilled HF (4 mL) and HNO₃ (1 mL) for ~72
hours on a hotplate at 140 °C. Resulting solutions from
both digestion methods were then sequentially dried and
taken up in concentrated HNO₃ and HCl to destroy fluo-
ride complexes over the course of several days. Sample
stock solutions were prepared by adding 1 ml of Teflon dis-
tilled nitric acid (HNO₃), 1 ml of 1 ppm indium (In) spike
and 3 ml of 18.2 Ω MQ water to each sample. For trace-
element analysis, 500 µl of the prepared solution was added
to clean centrifuge tubes. 10 ml of 2% nitric acid was then
added to each of the centrifuge tubes to dilute the sample.
Trace element abundances were measured using a
*ThermoScientific* iCAP Qc ICP-MS, using established
methods (Day et al., 2015).

For major element measurements, 1 ml of solution was
aliquoted from each of the centrifuge tubes after trace ele-
ments analyses were completed. After discarding the remain-
ing liquid in the centrifuge tube, the 1 ml was returned to the
tube and 9 ml of 2% nitric acid was added to dilute the sample
to appropriate count rates on major element isotopes (e.g.,
<10⁸ cps on ⁵⁴Fe). Samples were then measured using the
iCAP Qc ICP-MS, with Si derived by difference, assuming
no total volatile content (see Tait and Day, 2018 for discus-
sion). The reproducibility of trace elements in the reference
material BHVO-2 was generally better than 4 to 9% (RSD)
excluding Pb (17%), Te (15%), Mo (24%), and Se (11%).
For major elements, the reproducibility of the reference
material was better than 2 to 3% (RSD), except for P (7%).

**3.3. Strontium isotope analysis**

Strontium isotope compositions and Rb and Sr abundances were obtained using stock solutions from the major- and trace-element analysis. Calibrated Sr-specification resins loaded in home-made Teflon columns were used to separate Sr from other elements, using the method described in Tait and Day (2018). The separated Sr-cuts were loaded onto outgassed rhodium filaments and measured on the SIGL *ThermoScientific* Triton TIMS in positive ion mode. The quantitative recovery of Sr after column chemistry was 100 ± 1%, while the blank (<5 ng Sr) was negligible compared to the sample loads (typically > 0.5 µg Sr). The Sr standard solution SRM 987 (390 ng load size), gave an average ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr value of 0.710241 ± 2 (n = 5). Four separate digestions of the BHVO-2 terrestrial standard gave 0.703472 ± 3 (n = 8). USGS standards AGV-2 (0.703983 ± 12, n = 3, 2SE) and BCR-2 (0.704999 ± 5, n = 2, 2SE) were also measured; the values are in good agreement with recommended values from the GEOREM database (Jochum et al., 2005) of 0.703478 ± 34 (BHVO-2), 0.703992 ± 33 (AGV-2), and 0.70492 ± 55 (BCR-2), respectively. Multiple analyses of Rb and Sr abundances were made using the iCAP Qc ICP-MS, with reliable determination of the ⁸⁷Rb/⁸⁶Sr ratio of aliquots with ~0.05 ppm total Rb at 6% (2SD).

**3.4. Oxygen isotope analysis**

Oxygen isotope analysis was performed at the Institut de
Physique du Globe-Paris using identical methods to those
described in Rumble et al., (1997). Oxygen isotopic ratios
($^{x}$O/$^{16}$O, where x = 18 or 17) are measured versus
international standard, V-SMOW, and expressed in δ
notation, according to the following equation:
δ$^{x}$O = 1000 × (($^{x}$O/$^{16}$O)/($^{x}$O/$^{16}$O$_{std}$) − 1). From the delta
notation values, $\Delta^{17}$O (in per mil, representing
deviation from the terrestrial fractionation line:
$\Delta^{17}$O = δ$^{17}$O − ((δ$^{18}$O/1000 + 1) ^ 0.5305 − 1) × 1000)
was calculated (Criss and Farquhar, 2008). Measurement
of the San Carlos olivine and UWG-2 garnet standard
aliots gave (in per mil) uncertainties of ± 0.09 on δ$^{17}$O,
± 0.17 on δ$^{18}$O, and an average of $\Delta^{17}$O = −0.004 ± 0.01
8 (2 SD; n = 18). In-run uncertainties for individual mea-
surements were < 0.06‰ for δ$^{17}$O and < 0.03‰ for δ$^{18}$O.
### 3.5. Highly siderophile element abundances and Os isotopes

For highly siderophile element (HSE) abundance and osmium isotope analysis, 10 cm long borosilicate Carius tubes were used for sample digestion. Precise masses of powdered sample were transferred into Carius tubes with an appropriate amount of an isotopically enriched spike ($^{99}$Ru, $^{106}$Pd, $^{185}$Re, $^{190}$Os, $^{191}$Ir, $^{194}$Pt) and ~6 mL of double Teflon distilled 12 N HCl (2.5 mL) and 15.7 N of HNO$_3$ (3.5 mL) purged of Os and double Teflon distilled, before sealing the Carius tubes. Samples were digested for 72 hours at ~240 °C in a convection oven. Osmium was separated from the other HSE in samples using solvent extraction in CCl$_4$ and then back extraction into HBr (Cohen and Waters, 1996). The fraction of HCl-HNO$_3$ solution remaining from the samples was then dried down and re-dissolved in 1 M HCl. The HSE were separated from bulk samples using a solvent extraction and anion exchange column procedure outlined in Day et al., (2016a). Each of these fractions were then dried down before analysis using a Cetac Aridus II Desolvating Nebulizer coupled to a ThermoScientific iCAPq C ICP-MS at the SIGL. Iridium, Ru, Pt, Pd and Re total procedural blanks prepared with

the samples had contents lower than those of the loaded sample masses by a factor of ~10,000 on average, resulting in negligible blank corrections. The osmium fractions were purified by micro-distillation into HBr from a dichromate solution in H$_2$SO$_4$ (Roy-Barman, 1993). Purified Os cuts were then measured using negative ions on the Thermo Scientific Triton thermal ionization mass spectrometer (TIMS) at the SIGL using established methods (Day, 2016). Total analytical blanks (TAB) for Os isotope analysis had $^{187}$Os/$^{188}$Os ratios of 0.28 ± 0.11 (n = 3) and 0.2 ± 0.2 pg Os, with 1.0 ± 0.5 pg Re, 10 ± 4 pg Pd, 10 ± 5 pg Pt, 5 ± 5 pg Ru, 2 ± 2 pg Ir. These blanks represent < 1% of the total analyte in all cases and blank corrections are negligible.

## 4. RESULTS

### 4.1. Chelyabinsk meteorite fall petrography and mineral chemistry

Fragments of Chelyabinsk studied in this work are similar to the light lithology reported in other studies (Brown et al., 2013; Righter et al., 2015). The dark lithology in

<figure><img src="image_2.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 1. a) Plane-polarised light and (b) cross-polarised light images of the Chelyabinsk ordinary chondrite, illustrating regions of metal and sulfide (rusty regions), presence of chondrules and highly equilibrated matrix material. Scale bars are 1 mm.</figcaption></figure>
<table><caption>Table 2
Major-element mineral chemistry (wt%) for the Chelyabinsk chondrite meteorite fall, February 15th, 2013.</caption><thead><tr><th>Phase</th><th>Olivine</th><th>Plagioclase</th><th>Orthoclase</th><th>Low-Ca<br>Pyroxene</th><th>High-Ca<br>Pyroxene</th><th>Cr-<br>Spinel</th><th>Ilmenite</th><th>Apatite</th><th>Merrillite</th><th>Troilite</th><th>Kamacite</th><th>Taenite</th><th>Taenite</th></tr><tr><th>n</th><th>[128]</th><th>ISD</th><th>[60]</th><th>ISD</th><th>[1]</th><th>ISD</th><th>[35]</th><th>ISD</th><th>[6]</th><th>ISD</th><th>[79]</th><th>ISD</th><th>[32]</th><th>ISD</th><th>[12]</th><th>ISD</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>SiO<sub>2</sub></td><td>37.5</td><td>0.6</td><td>65.4</td><td>0.9</td><td>64.8</td><td>54.9</td><td>0.4</td><td>53.6</td><td>0.5</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.10</td><td>0.25</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.00</td></tr><tr><td>TiO<sub>2</sub></td><td>0.01</td><td>0.01</td><td></td><td></td><td>0.04</td><td>0.19</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.40</td><td>0.06</td><td>3.01</td><td>0.38</td><td>53.2</td><td>0.4</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>36.1</td><td>0.22</td><td>0.00</td></tr><tr><td>Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td><td>0.01</td><td>0.04</td><td>21.9</td><td>0.7</td><td>19.7</td><td>0.15</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.45</td><td>0.05</td><td>5.84</td><td>0.21</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.01</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>62.8</td><td>0.27</td><td>92.1</td><td>50.8</td></tr><tr><td>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td><td>0.04</td><td>0.08</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>0.16</td><td>0.35</td><td>0.70</td><td>0.10</td><td>56.1</td><td>1.0</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.08</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>0.00</td><td>0.01</td><td>2.03</td><td>0.33</td><td>1.12</td></tr><tr><td>MgO</td><td>35.8</td><td>0.6</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.17</td><td>0.01</td><td>27.6</td><td>0.3</td><td>16.3</td><td>0.3</td><td>1.87</td><td>0.32</td><td>2.45</td><td>0.29</td><td>0.19</td><td></td><td>3.61</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.07</td><td>5.67</td><td>48.8</td></tr><tr><td>CaO</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.68</td><td>2.21</td><td>0.27</td><td>1.44</td><td>0.72</td><td>0.13</td><td>21.96</td><td>0.56</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.01</td><td>53.9</td><td>0.9</td><td>46.7</td><td>0.2</td><td>0.00</td><td>0.00</td><td></td><td>0.01</td></tr><tr><td>MnO</td><td>0.45</td><td>0.02</td><td></td><td></td><td>0.02</td><td>0.45</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.21</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.53</td><td>0.03</td><td>1.17</td><td>0.26</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>0.00</td><td>0.00</td><td>0.01</td><td></td><td>0.00</td></tr><tr><td>FeO</td><td>26.1</td><td>0.6</td><td>0.49</td><td>0.31</td><td>0.18</td><td>15.8</td><td>0.2</td><td>5.3</td><td>0.4</td><td>31.8</td><td>0.4</td><td>42.5</td><td>0.6</td><td>0.38</td><td>0.38</td><td>0.64</td><td>0.26</td><td>0.00</td><td>0.00</td><td>0.00</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.01</td></tr><tr><td>NiO</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.02</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>0.02</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.01</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>0.00</td><td>0.00</td><td></td><td>0.01</td><td>0.00</td></tr><tr><td>Na<sub>2</sub>O</td><td></td><td></td><td>8.96</td><td>0.89</td><td>1.02</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.49</td><td>0.04</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>0.05</td><td>0.04</td><td>2.37</td><td>0.11</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>K<sub>2</sub>O</td><td></td><td></td><td>0.97</td><td>0.52</td><td>14.1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub></td><td>0.03</td><td>0.05</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>41.4</td><td>0.6</td><td>46.2</td><td>0.4</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>0.66</td><td>0.06</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cl</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>5.35</td><td>0.40</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>F</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>0.18</td><td>0.14</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SO<sub>3</sub></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>0.02</td><td>0.02</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>100.0</td><td>0.7</td><td>99.9</td><td>1.0</td><td>101.3</td><td>100.0</td><td>0.6</td><td>99.3</td><td>1.0</td><td>99.9</td><td>1.03</td><td>99.5</td><td>0.48</td><td>101.6</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>O = Cl</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1.21</td><td>0.09</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>O = F</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>0.07</td><td>0.06</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>F<sub>o</sub></td><td>71.0</td><td>0.4</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Or</td><td></td><td></td><td>6</td><td>3</td><td>84</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>An</td><td></td><td></td><td>11</td><td>2</td><td>7</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ab</td><td></td><td></td><td>83</td><td>4</td><td>9</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>En</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>74.6</td><td>0.4</td><td>46.4</td><td>0.5</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Wo</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1.4</td><td>0.3</td><td>45.1</td><td>0.9</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>F<sub>s</sub></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>24.0</td><td>0.4</td><td>8.5</td><td>0.9</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mg#</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>76</td><td></td><td>85</td><td></td><td>9.5</td><td></td><td>9.3</td><td></td><td>82</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cr#</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>79.5</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

An = Ca/(Ca + Na + K)*100, Ab = Na/(Ca + Na + K)*100, Wo = Ca/(Ca + Mg + Fe)*100, En = Mg/(Ca + Mg + Fe)*100, Mg# = Mg/(Mg + Fe)*100, Cr# = Cr/(Cr + Al)*100
the studied sample juxtaposes the fusion crust and exhibits infilling of cracks in minerals by Fe-metal veinlets. The groundmass is crystallized, but chondrules are still discernable (Fig. 1), showing variable chondrule textures. Although shock veins are present, the shock degree has not generated maskelynite or planar deformations in the examined sample. Minerals are remarkably homogenous (Table 2), and major phases are 44–49 vol% pyroxenes (mainly Fs<sub>24</sub>Wo<sub>1.4</sub>, with minor Fs<sub>8.5</sub>Wo<sub>45.1</sub>; 43–46 vol% olivine (Fa<sub>29</sub>); ~10 vol% feldspars (mainly Ab<sub>83</sub>Or<sub>6</sub> with minor Ab<sub>9</sub>Or<sub>84</sub>), ~4 vol% troilite (FeS), and 2–3 vol% FeNi metal. Cobalt and Ni contents of kamacite and taenite are consistent with Chelyabinsk falling in the LL field (Fig. 2). Mafic minerals are more Fe-rich than the Kunashak (L6) chondrite that fell in the same region 56 years earlier (Dunaway et al., 2006). In conjunction with the fayalite content of the olivine, which falls in the range of LL3.8-6 (Rubin, 1990), Chelyabinsk can be classified as an LL5 ordinary chondrite. The presence of sanidine (Ab<sub>12</sub>Or<sub>81</sub>) in the sample is unusual for an ordinary chondrite. It occurs as exsolution lamellae (1–2 µm thick) in albite. Minor phases include chromite, ilmenite, merrillite [Na<sub>0.82</sub>(Fe<sub>0.97</sub>, Mg<sub>0.97</sub>,Ca<sub>9</sub>)(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>7</sub>], and chlorapatite [Fe<sub>0.02</sub>Ca<sub>4.97</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> (Cl<sub>0.78</sub> ±0.06)F<sub>0.05</sub> ±0.04)]. Rust in the sample indicates the possible presence of lawrencite (FeCl<sub>2</sub>), and its rapid oxyhydrolation during or after sample preparation to an iron oxyhydroxide, probably akaganéite. Energy dispersive spectroscopy of this alteration product verifies the presence of Cl, Fe, and traces of Ni. With the notable exceptions outlined above, the petrology and mineral chemistry of the sample that we examined is similar to other reported studies (Brown et al., 2013; Righter et al., 2015).

The mineral trace element data are shown in Fig. 3 and are given in Table 3. Normalized to the CI Orgueil measurements from Barrat et al., (2012), the low-Ca pyroxene (n = 8) has trace element abundances close to that of the fusion crust excluding minor anomalies for Eu and Th. The fusion crust is relatively depleted in the rare earth elements (REE), Rb, Sr, Y, Th and U compared with the bulk rock measurement aliquot without fusion crust, showing that it is not a strong representation of the bulk sample. Olivine (n = 4) generally shows a value ~0.1 × FC for trace elements, excluding Li and Sc. Both the chondrules (n = 4) and plagioclase (n = 1) are enriched in trace elements relative to fusion crust, the latter also showing a positive Eu anomaly. These lines of evidence suggest the fusion crust composition is strongly dominated by olivine and low-Ca pyroxene in the fractions measured in this study. The phosphate (n = 1) that was measured from Chelyabinsk is REE enriched (~500–1000 × fusion crust), and has high U, Th, Pb and Y, and includes a negative Eu anomaly. There are notable high field strength element (HFSE; Ti, Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf) variations in olivine, phosphate and chondrules. Abundances of the HSE in the sample metals highlight two populations where type-2 metals show a depletion in Pd and Au (<10 × CI-chondrite) compared to type-1 (> 10 × CI-chondrite), being similar to some metals in aca-pulcoites and lodranites (Fig. 4). Previous studies have shown that high Ni-metals tend to contain high Cu, Pd and Au relative to low-Ni metals while refractory platinum

group elements remain nearly unfractionated between high and low-Ni metal groups in both chondrites and partially melted achondrites (Campbell and Humayun, 2003; Dhaliwal et al., 2017), consistent with that observed for Chelyabinsk metals.

## 4.2. Major elements and representativeness of studied chondrites

The major-element compositions for bulk chondrites are reported in Table 4 and shown in Fig. 5. Compared with average major-element compositional data for different chondrite meteorite groups (Alexander, 2019a,b), the new data either show good correspondence, as is the case for the enstatite chondrites, or reveal fractionation effects likely related to the small sample aliquot size used in some cases (see Table 1). For example, the new data falls along trends of variable Mg/Si for higher Al/Si in carbonaceous chondrites compared with ordinary chondrites. On the other hand, a small aliquot of Graves Nunatak (GRA) 06101 was analyzed (0.022 mg), and this sample has the highest reported Al/Si and Mg/Si of the dataset. Examining small aliquots, such as GRA 06101 has both advantages and disadvantages for examining chemical variation in chondrites. The disadvantage is that small aliquot sizes mean that the reported data in this study should not be considered as representative of the bulk meteorite. Advantages are that the sampling procedure employed enables identification of heterogeneities within the chondrites to explore the likely range of incompatible trace element and HSE variations in their components; issues that are explored in the discussion.

## 4.3. Trace element abundance variations in chondrite components

Trace element variations in the chondrite components examined are presented in Table 4 and Figs. 6–8. Incompatible trace element patterns for different groups of carbonaceous chondrites are shown in Fig. 6. In general, most samples within each group (C2<sub>ung</sub>, CK4<sub>an</sub>, CV3, CM2) show a depletion in Rb while the remaining incompatible trace elements are slightly enriched relative to CI-chondrite Orgueil (Friedrich et al., 2002). Large variations of Ba and U exist amongst the samples, most notably in the Allende aliquots. Northwest Africa (NWA) 5958 shows enrichments in Ba, U and Sr relative to CI-chondrite Orgueil (Fig. 6a). Two separate sample aliquots of Maralinga follow similar patterns excluding the Ba measurements, which vary by a factor of ~1000 (Fig. 6b). GRA 06101 is enriched in Th and the REE relative to other CV3 chondrites measured in this study, although, as noted previously, we analyzed a small aliquot of this sample (Fig. 6c). In addition to the Ba and U variations in the Allende aliquots, sample Allende UCSD 142 also shows a relatively high enrichment of La and Ce (Fig. 6c). From the CM2 samples, Murray shows the most significant enrichment of incompatible elements of all the carbonaceous chondrites measured. Both Murchison samples show an enrichment in Th, however, the Murchison fragment
<figure><img src="image_3.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 2. Cobalt versus nickel (mg/g) in taenite and kamacite mineral phases for equilibrated H, L and LL chondrites from Afiattalab and Wasson, 1980, with Chelyabinsk data from this study shown for comparison. Compositions for taenite are on the right of the plot and kamacite compositions are on the left. The kamacite and taenite grains in Chelyabinsk fall in the range of LL ordinary chondrites. Figure after Brearley and Jones (1998).</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 3. (a) Incompatible trace element patterns in Chelyabinsk mineral phases, fusion crust (n = 4), chondrules (n = 4), olivine (n = 4), low-Ca pyroxene (Px) (n = 8), plagioclase (n = 1) and phosphate (n = 1). b. The rare earth element patterns for the same mineral phases mentioned above. Data are normalized to CI-chondrite Orgueil from Barrat et al., (2012).</figcaption></figure>
<table><caption>Table 3
Trace-element mineral chemistry (ppm) for the Chelyabinsk chondrite meteorite fall, February 15th, 2013.</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">n</th><th colspan="2">Fusion Crust</th><th colspan="2">Chondrule</th><th colspan="2">Olivine</th><th colspan="2">Low-Ca Px</th><th colspan="2">Plagioclase</th><th colspan="2">Phosphate</th><th colspan="2">Metal 1</th><th colspan="2">Metal 2</th></tr><tr><th>[4]</th><th></th><th>[4]</th><th></th><th>[4]</th><th></th><th>[4]</th><th>[8]</th><th></th><th>[1]</th><th></th><th>[1]</th><th></th><th>[5]</th><th></th><th>[3]</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Li</td><td>1.7</td><td>0.2</td><td>0.9</td><td>0.7</td><td>1.7</td><td>0.9</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.6</td><td>1.6</td><td>0.2</td><td></td><td></td><td>Re</td><td>0.99</td><td>0.15</td><td>0.90</td><td>0.35</td></tr><tr><td>Sc</td><td>10.1</td><td>3.3</td><td>27.4</td><td>2.3</td><td>13.6</td><td>4.3</td><td>13.6</td><td>5.5</td><td>8.6</td><td>1.2</td><td></td><td></td><td>Os</td><td>9.48</td><td>1.70</td><td>6.40</td><td>3.56</td></tr><tr><td>Rb</td><td>0.65</td><td>0.96</td><td>2.71</td><td>0.38</td><td>0.051</td><td>0.003</td><td>1.32</td><td>1.30</td><td>5.40</td><td>0.69</td><td></td><td></td><td>Ir</td><td>7.40</td><td>1.03</td><td>5.54</td><td>2.90</td></tr><tr><td>Sr</td><td>2.7</td><td>4.1</td><td>8.9</td><td>1.6</td><td>0.2</td><td>0.0</td><td>3.2</td><td>3.2</td><td>62.7</td><td>17.8</td><td></td><td></td><td>Ru</td><td>8.50</td><td>1.81</td><td>6.35</td><td>0.88</td></tr><tr><td>Y</td><td>0.2</td><td>0.2</td><td>1.5</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.1</td><td>9.3</td><td>209.8</td><td></td><td></td><td>Rh</td><td>2.60</td><td>0.45</td><td>2.47</td><td>0.63</td></tr><tr><td>Zr</td><td>4.2</td><td>5.8</td><td>17.5</td><td>3.9</td><td>0.8</td><td>0.3</td><td>4.0</td><td>3.7</td><td>39.9</td><td>1.8</td><td></td><td></td><td>Pt</td><td>11.84</td><td>1.97</td><td>12.13</td><td>4.14</td></tr><tr><td>Nb</td><td>0.2</td><td>0.1</td><td>1.4</td><td>0.2</td><td>0.10</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.2</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.0</td><td></td><td></td><td>Pd</td><td>12.10</td><td>2.24</td><td>1.47</td><td>0.35</td></tr><tr><td>Cs</td><td>0.032</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.46</td><td>0.28</td><td>0.006</td><td>0.015</td><td>0.014</td><td>0.006</td><td></td><td>0.46</td><td></td><td></td><td>Au</td><td>2.90</td><td>0.68</td><td>0.74</td><td>0.23</td></tr><tr><td>Ba</td><td>1.7</td><td>2.4</td><td>3.8</td><td>1.0</td><td>0.2</td><td>0.1</td><td>1.6</td><td>1.6</td><td>13.5</td><td>0.2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>La</td><td>0.16</td><td>0.22</td><td>0.15</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.010</td><td>0.015</td><td>0.096</td><td>0.124</td><td>8.21</td><td>39.6</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ce</td><td>0.31</td><td>0.41</td><td>0.86</td><td>0.59</td><td>0.024</td><td>0.030</td><td>0.188</td><td>0.148</td><td>23.38</td><td>117.7</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pr</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.020</td><td>0.015</td><td>2.16</td><td>16.4</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nd</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.19</td><td>0.40</td><td>0.24</td><td>0.009</td><td>0.009</td><td>0.150</td><td>0.222</td><td>7.10</td><td>75.5</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sm</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.16</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.005</td><td>0.005</td><td>0.019</td><td>0.020</td><td>1.64</td><td>22.8</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Eu</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.025</td><td>0.031</td><td>2.72</td><td>1.0</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gd</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.17</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.006</td><td>0.007</td><td>0.031</td><td>0.033</td><td>1.69</td><td>31.6</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tb</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.00</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.002</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.008</td><td>0.007</td><td>0.30</td><td>5.4</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dy</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.34</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.010</td><td>0.010</td><td>0.036</td><td>0.016</td><td>2.76</td><td>36.0</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ho</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.002</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.013</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.59</td><td>7.6</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Er</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.20</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.006</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.032</td><td>1.16</td><td>22.0</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tm</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.00</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.009</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.20</td><td>2.9</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Yb</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.31</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.013</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.093</td><td>0.033</td><td>2.75</td><td>16.7</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lu</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.00</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.002</td><td>0.002</td><td>0.019</td><td>0.007</td><td>0.21</td><td>2.2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hf</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.12</td><td>0.39</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.007</td><td>0.005</td><td>0.094</td><td>0.090</td><td>0.89</td><td>0.2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ta</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.005</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.011</td><td>0.005</td><td>0.08</td><td>BDL</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pb</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.19</td><td>0.02</td><td>BDL</td><td>BDL</td><td>0.053</td><td>0.063</td><td>BDL</td><td>0.30</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Th</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.00</td><td>0.25</td><td>0.10</td><td>0.005</td><td>0.006</td><td>0.047</td><td>0.027</td><td>BDL</td><td>0.94</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>U</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.02</td><td>1.02</td><td>1.40</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.013</td><td>0.012</td><td>BDL</td><td>0.22</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 4. Highly siderophile element abundances in Chelyabinsk metals, Type-1 (n = 5) in blue and Type-2 (n = 3) in red. Acapulco, MET01195, GRA95209 and NWA7474 metal and FeS abundances from Dhaliwal et al., (2017). CI-chondrite normalization from compilation in Day et al., (2016a). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)</figcaption></figure>

shows far more variability in its measurements of incompatible elements; enrichments also occur in Ba, U, Zr, Hf, Ti and Lu (Fig. 6d).

Incompatible trace element variability between different groups of ordinary chondrites are shown in Fig. 7. Both the Chelyabinsk samples (LL5) - one containing fusion crust

and the other without - show similar patterns in their incompatible trace elements, however the Chelyabinsk sample without fusion crust is slightly more enriched in the incompatible trace elements than the sample with fusion crust (Fig. 7a). As noted previously, while the incompatible trace element compositions between the Chelyabinsk sam-
<table><caption>Table 4
Bulk-rock major, minor and trace-element chemistry for the Chelyabinsk chondrite meteorite fall and other chondrites.</caption><thead><tr><th>Sample</th><th>Type</th><th>Method<sup>a</sup></th><th>Na<br>wt.%</th><th>Mg<br>wt.%</th><th>Fe<br>wt.%</th><th>Al<br>wt.%</th><th>P<br>wt.%</th><th>Ca<br>wt.%</th><th>Ti<br>wt.%</th><th>Mn<br>wt.%</th><th>Cr<br>wt.%</th><th>Co<br>wt.%</th><th>Ni<br>wt.%</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="13"><strong>Ordinary</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Chelyabinsk<br>(With FC)</td><td>LL5</td><td>[1]</td><td>0.610</td><td>12.16</td><td>22.85</td><td>0.97</td><td>0.11</td><td>1.08</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.21</td><td>0.34</td><td>0.17</td><td>1.90</td></tr><tr><td>Chelyabinsk<br>(Without<br>FC)</td><td>LL5</td><td>[1]</td><td>0.609</td><td>12.58</td><td>17.11</td><td>0.96</td><td>0.12</td><td>1.30</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.23</td><td>0.30</td><td>0.05</td><td>1.35</td></tr><tr><td>Olivenza</td><td>LL5</td><td>[2]</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>0.05</td><td>0.26</td><td>0.28</td><td>0.05</td><td>1.06</td></tr><tr><td>Saratov</td><td>L4</td><td>[2]</td><td>0.62</td><td>13.63</td><td>16.52</td><td>0.98</td><td>0.09</td><td>1.68</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.31</td><td>0.30</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.79</td></tr><tr><td>Saratov</td><td>L4</td><td>[2]</td><td>0.46</td><td>11.44</td><td>15.45</td><td>0.87</td><td>0.07</td><td>1.02</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.18</td><td>0.28</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.97</td></tr><tr><td>Saratov</td><td>L4</td><td>[2]</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>0.06</td><td>0.26</td><td>0.37</td><td>0.05</td><td>1.27</td></tr><tr><td>NWA869</td><td>L3-6</td><td>[1]</td><td>0.76</td><td>14.09</td><td>19.47</td><td>1.30</td><td>0.28</td><td>1.79</td><td>0.13</td><td>0.24</td><td>0.28</td><td>0.03</td><td>1.12</td></tr><tr><td>NWA869</td><td>L3-6</td><td>[2]</td><td>0.69</td><td>12.61</td><td>19.48</td><td>1.16</td><td>0.09</td><td>1.54</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.23</td><td>0.28</td><td>0.03</td><td>1.25</td></tr><tr><td>Aİr</td><td>L6</td><td>[2]</td><td>0.75</td><td>15.27</td><td>19.45</td><td>1.16</td><td>0.10</td><td>1.90</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.26</td><td>0.33</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.60</td></tr><tr><td>Aİr</td><td>L6</td><td>[2]</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>0.07</td><td>0.25</td><td>0.34</td><td>0.06</td><td>1.36</td></tr><tr><td>Aİr</td><td>L6</td><td>[2]</td><td>0.64</td><td>12.38</td><td>20.15</td><td>0.99</td><td>0.07</td><td>1.12</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.23</td><td>0.30</td><td>0.05</td><td>1.26</td></tr><tr><td>Kunashak<br>(Slice)</td><td>L6</td><td>[1]</td><td>0.65</td><td>13.14</td><td>16.66</td><td>1.05</td><td>0.11</td><td>1.34</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.23</td><td>0.32</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.68</td></tr><tr><td>Kunashak<br>(Fragment)</td><td>L6</td><td>[1]</td><td>0.63</td><td>12.93</td><td>16.79</td><td>1.02</td><td>0.10</td><td>1.27</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.23</td><td>0.30</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.82</td></tr><tr><td>Khohar</td><td>L3.6</td><td>[2]</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>0.05</td><td>0.23</td><td>0.32</td><td>0.09</td><td>1.68</td></tr><tr><td>Kyle</td><td>L6</td><td>[2]</td><td>0.61</td><td>14.19</td><td>19.14</td><td>1.11</td><td>0.10</td><td>1.71</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.25</td><td>0.33</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.75</td></tr><tr><td>Kyle</td><td>L6</td><td>[2]</td><td>0.59</td><td>12.60</td><td>18.36</td><td>1.13</td><td>0.10</td><td>1.23</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.23</td><td>0.32</td><td>0.05</td><td>1.08</td></tr><tr><td>Peace River<br>(Fragment)</td><td>L6</td><td>[1]</td><td>0.74</td><td>15.21</td><td>17.72</td><td>1.25</td><td>0.11</td><td>1.46</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.27</td><td>0.33</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.87</td></tr><tr><td>Fayateville</td><td>H4</td><td>[2]</td><td>0.55</td><td>11.80</td><td>29.64</td><td>0.87</td><td>0.12</td><td>1.12</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.21</td><td>0.34</td><td>0.10</td><td>1.97</td></tr><tr><td>Pultusk</td><td>H5</td><td>[2]</td><td>0.61</td><td>12.64</td><td>32.69</td><td>1.00</td><td>0.12</td><td>1.61</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.21</td><td>0.33</td><td>0.09</td><td>1.49</td></tr><tr><td>Pultusk</td><td>H5</td><td>[2]</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>0.05</td><td>0.22</td><td>0.34</td><td>0.11</td><td>1.98</td></tr><tr><td>Forest City</td><td>H5</td><td>[2]</td><td>0.70</td><td>14.53</td><td>24.34</td><td>1.12</td><td>0.13</td><td>1.80</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.25</td><td>0.33</td><td>0.05</td><td>1.08</td></tr><tr><td>Forest City</td><td>H5</td><td>[2]</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>0.06</td><td>0.26</td><td>0.36</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.98</td></tr><tr><td>Richardton<br>(Fragment)</td><td>H5</td><td>[1]</td><td>0.68</td><td>14.35</td><td>27.90</td><td>1.10</td><td>0.24</td><td>1.31</td><td>0.11</td><td>0.23</td><td>0.36</td><td>0.09</td><td>1.74</td></tr><tr><td colspan="13"><strong>Carbonaceous</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Ivuna</td><td>CI</td><td>[1]</td><td></td><td></td><td>26.90</td><td></td><td>0.26</td><td></td><td>0.04</td><td>0.25</td><td>0.23</td><td>0.06</td><td>1.23</td></tr><tr><td>Ivuna</td><td>CI</td><td>[1]</td><td></td><td></td><td>26.52</td><td></td><td>0.26</td><td></td><td>0.03</td><td>0.25</td><td>0.23</td><td>0.06</td><td>1.19</td></tr><tr><td>Tagish Lake</td><td>C2<sub>ung</sub></td><td>[2]</td><td>0.48</td><td>11.94</td><td>20.90</td><td>1.13</td><td>0.10</td><td>1.70</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.17</td><td>0.27</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.76</td></tr><tr><td>NWA5958</td><td>C2<sub>ung</sub></td><td>[2]</td><td>0.21</td><td>11.10</td><td>20.95</td><td>1.15</td><td>0.11</td><td>1.37</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.21</td><td>0.25</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.83</td></tr><tr><td>NWA5958</td><td>C2<sub>ung</sub></td><td>[1]</td><td></td><td></td><td>28.06</td><td></td><td>0.24</td><td></td><td>0.05</td><td>0.21</td><td>0.25</td><td>0.06</td><td>1.20</td></tr><tr><td>Banten</td><td>CM2</td><td>[2]</td><td>0.45</td><td>11.99</td><td>21.22</td><td>1.14</td><td>0.11</td><td>1.82</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.17</td><td>0.28</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.87</td></tr><tr><td>Banten</td><td>CM2</td><td>[2]</td><td>0.38</td><td>9.54</td><td>18.34</td><td>0.97</td><td>0.10</td><td>1.19</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.26</td><td>0.05</td><td>1.13</td></tr><tr><td>Murray</td><td>CM2</td><td>[2]</td><td>0.31</td><td>11.23</td><td>19.21</td><td>1.36</td><td>0.10</td><td>1.89</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.21</td><td>0.24</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.79</td></tr><tr><td>Murchison<br>(MTF 2005)</td><td>CM2</td><td>[1]</td><td>0.25</td><td>9.78</td><td>16.44</td><td>0.93</td><td>0.10</td><td>1.16</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.13</td><td>0.22</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.82</td></tr><tr><td>Murchison<br>(Fragment)</td><td>CM2</td><td>[1]</td><td>0.42</td><td>11.76</td><td>22.57</td><td>1.25</td><td>0.34</td><td>1.51</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.17</td><td>0.30</td><td>0.06</td><td>1.13</td></tr><tr><td>Allende<br>(UCSD 142)</td><td>CV3</td><td>[1]</td><td>0.32</td><td>12.54</td><td>20.73</td><td>1.38</td><td>0.09</td><td>1.49</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.13</td><td>0.30</td><td>0.06</td><td>1.12</td></tr><tr><td>Allende</td><td>CV3</td><td>[2]</td><td>0.31</td><td>12.83</td><td>21.63</td><td>1.39</td><td>0.10</td><td>1.61</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.12</td><td>0.32</td><td>0.06</td><td>1.35</td></tr><tr><td>Allende<br>(Literature)</td><td>CV3</td><td></td><td>0.34</td><td>15.40</td><td>22.10</td><td>1.74</td><td>0.11</td><td>2.00</td><td>0.10</td><td>0.15</td><td>0.36</td><td>0.06</td><td>1.37</td></tr><tr><td>GRA06101</td><td>CV3</td><td>[2]</td><td>0.53</td><td>15.63</td><td>20.84</td><td>2.17</td><td>0.11</td><td>4.02</td><td>0.11</td><td>0.19</td><td>0.28</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.89</td></tr><tr><td>Maralinga</td><td>CK4<sub>an</sub></td><td>[2]</td><td>0.29</td><td>14.19</td><td>22.95</td><td>1.49</td><td>0.12</td><td>3.75</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.13</td><td>0.31</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.27</td></tr><tr><td>Maralinga</td><td>CK4<sub>an</sub></td><td>[2]</td><td>0.28</td><td>12.45</td><td>22.41</td><td>1.28</td><td>0.12</td><td>3.67</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.12</td><td>0.33</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.41</td></tr><tr><td colspan="13"><strong>Enstatite</strong></td></tr><tr><td>LON91400</td><td>EL6</td><td>[2]</td><td>0.56</td><td>13.92</td><td>24.13</td><td>0.95</td><td>0.14</td><td>1.19</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.11</td><td>0.21</td><td>0.06</td><td>1.01</td></tr><tr><td>Eagle</td><td>EL6</td><td>[2]</td><td>0.62</td><td>13.92</td><td>24.48</td><td>1.05</td><td>0.11</td><td>0.86</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.19</td><td>0.16</td><td>0.06</td><td>1.09</td></tr><tr><td>Atlanta</td><td>EL6</td><td>[2]</td><td>0.68</td><td>14.74</td><td>16.65</td><td>1.25</td><td>0.17</td><td>0.69</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.17</td><td>0.31</td><td>0.06</td><td>1.12</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th>Sample</th><th>Type</th><th>Method<sup>a</sup></th><th>Li<br>µg/g</th><th>Sc<br>µg/g</th><th>V<br>µg/g</th><th>Cu<br>µg/g</th><th>Zn<br>µg/g</th><th>Ga<br>µg/g</th><th>Ge<br>µg/g</th><th>Se<br>µg/g</th><th>Rb<br>µg/g</th><th>Sr<br>µg/g</th><th>Y<br>µg/g</th><th>Zr<br>µg/g</th><th>Nb<br>µg/g</th><th>Mo<br>µg/g</th><th>Sn<br>µg/g</th><th>Cs<br>µg/g</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="18"><strong>Ordinary</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Chelyabinsk<br>(With FC)</td><td>LL5 [1]</td><td></td><td>1.5</td><td>5.7</td><td>56.7</td><td>109.7</td><td>46.8</td><td>4.96</td><td>9.25</td><td>0.50</td><td>2.67</td><td>10.1</td><td>2.62</td><td>4.22</td><td>0.28</td><td>1.32</td><td>0.66</td><td>0.014</td></tr><tr><td>Chelyabinsk<br>(Without FC)</td><td>LL5 [1]</td><td></td><td>1.6</td><td>6.4</td><td>51.7</td><td>85.7</td><td>38.5</td><td>4.40</td><td>5.01</td><td>0.40</td><td>2.72</td><td>10.0</td><td>3.36</td><td>4.87</td><td>0.41</td><td>0.93</td><td>0.58</td><td>0.015</td></tr><tr><td>Olivenza</td><td>LL5 [2]</td><td></td><td>1.8</td><td>6.9</td><td>54.9</td><td>71.4</td><td>40.3</td><td>4.35</td><td>3.87</td><td>0.36</td><td>2.60</td><td>7.5</td><td>1.80</td><td>3.78</td><td>0.28</td><td>BDL</td><td>3.41</td><td>0.163</td></tr><tr><td>Saratov</td><td>L4 [2]</td><td></td><td>1.5</td><td>6.2</td><td>78.6</td><td>62.8</td><td>49.7</td><td>5.09</td><td>2.10</td><td>0.09</td><td>3.12</td><td>7.9</td><td>1.77</td><td>12.63</td><td>0.31</td><td>0.57</td><td>0.35</td><td>0.188</td></tr><tr><td>Saratov</td><td>L4 [2]</td><td></td><td>1.3</td><td>4.1</td><td>45.4</td><td>43.9</td><td>39.3</td><td>4.08</td><td>1.64</td><td>0.27</td><td>2.00</td><td>8.2</td><td>1.63</td><td>4.59</td><td>0.26</td><td>0.51</td><td>0.22</td><td>0.156</td></tr><tr><td>Saratov</td><td>L4 [2]</td><td></td><td>1.8</td><td>8.3</td><td>65.5</td><td>73.6</td><td>64.3</td><td>6.07</td><td>4.32</td><td>0.41</td><td>3.56</td><td>10.9</td><td>2.11</td><td>5.10</td><td>0.40</td><td>0.45</td><td>0.72</td><td>0.195</td></tr><tr><td>NWA869</td><td>L3-6 [1]</td><td></td><td>3.9</td><td>8.7</td><td>86.6</td><td>84.9</td><td>44.4</td><td>5.30</td><td>1.99</td><td>0.55</td><td>2.65</td><td>60.0</td><td>1.53</td><td>9.27</td><td>0.40</td><td>0.77</td><td>0.24</td><td>0.011</td></tr><tr><td>NWA869</td><td>L3-6 [2]</td><td></td><td>3.3</td><td>6.1</td><td>57.8</td><td>87.2</td><td>39.0</td><td>4.89</td><td>1.65</td><td>0.34</td><td>2.04</td><td>55.2</td><td>1.41</td><td>6.09</td><td>0.38</td><td>0.72</td><td>0.28</td><td>0.010</td></tr><tr><td>Aİr</td><td>L6 [2]</td><td></td><td>1.9</td><td>8.1</td><td>90.4</td><td>66.5</td><td>49.4</td><td>4.94</td><td>2.15</td><td>0.44</td><td>0.65</td><td>10.4</td><td>1.84</td><td>9.67</td><td>0.55</td><td>0.81</td><td>0.31</td><td>0.002</td></tr><tr><td>Aİr</td><td>L6 [2]</td><td></td><td>1.7</td><td>7.8</td><td>61.0</td><td>89.7</td><td>52.4</td><td>5.64</td><td>4.78</td><td>0.70</td><td>0.65</td><td>10.1</td><td>1.66</td><td>4.99</td><td>0.52</td><td>0.61</td><td>0.86</td><td>0.002</td></tr><tr><td>Aİr</td><td>L6 [2]</td><td></td><td>1.6</td><td>5.4</td><td>57.7</td><td>72.3</td><td>41.1</td><td>4.85</td><td>2.14</td><td>0.20</td><td>0.50</td><td>9.6</td><td>1.51</td><td>5.90</td><td>0.48</td><td>0.92</td><td>0.29</td><td>0.002</td></tr><tr><td>Kunashak (Fragment)</td><td>L6 [1]</td><td></td><td>1.7</td><td>7.4</td><td>56.0</td><td>52.2</td><td>29.0</td><td>4.51</td><td>3.27</td><td>0.45</td><td>1.18</td><td>10.8</td><td>1.76</td><td>5.69</td><td>0.40</td><td>0.73</td><td>0.39</td><td>0.006</td></tr><tr><td>Kunashak<br>(Fragment)</td><td>L6 [1]</td><td></td><td>1.6</td><td>7.0</td><td>53.9</td><td>53.7</td><td>28.7</td><td>4.54</td><td>3.64</td><td>0.36</td><td>1.51</td><td>10.5</td><td>2.06</td><td>5.50</td><td>0.38</td><td>1.22</td><td>0.29</td><td>0.008</td></tr><tr><td>Khohar</td><td>L3.6 [2]</td><td></td><td>1.6</td><td>6.5</td><td>486.7</td><td>56.5</td><td>106.1</td><td>40.11</td><td>7.05</td><td>5.89</td><td>0.78</td><td>4.4</td><td>8.47</td><td>3.55</td><td>0.36</td><td>BDL</td><td>2.85</td><td>0.479</td></tr><tr><td>Kyle</td><td>L6 [2]</td><td></td><td>1.8</td><td>7.7</td><td>88.2</td><td>67.6</td><td>53.6</td><td>5.19</td><td>2.38</td><td>0.37</td><td>2.60</td><td>9.1</td><td>2.27</td><td>9.91</td><td>0.43</td><td>0.89</td><td>0.27</td><td>0.059</td></tr><tr><td>Kyle</td><td>L6 [2]</td><td></td><td>0.6</td><td>7.6</td><td>58.1</td><td>61.8</td><td>45.7</td><td>4.69</td><td>2.66</td><td>0.60</td><td>2.12</td><td>8.6</td><td>2.08</td><td>5.31</td><td>0.40</td><td>0.71</td><td>0.25</td><td>0.053</td></tr><tr><td>Peace River<br>(Fragment)</td><td>L6 [1]</td><td></td><td>2.0</td><td>9.0</td><td>68.6</td><td>55.1</td><td>52.1</td><td>4.93</td><td>4.09</td><td>0.29</td><td>2.79</td><td>12.0</td><td>2.03</td><td>6.55</td><td>0.49</td><td>0.79</td><td>0.39</td><td>0.008</td></tr><tr><td>Fayateville</td><td>H4 [2]</td><td></td><td>1.5</td><td>4.4</td><td>57.7</td><td>76.9</td><td>39.6</td><td>5.41</td><td>4.83</td><td>0.55</td><td>1.87</td><td>8.3</td><td>1.66</td><td>4.67</td><td>0.34</td><td>1.25</td><td>0.98</td><td>0.08</td></tr><tr><td>Pultusk</td><td>H5 [2]</td><td></td><td>1.6</td><td>6.8</td><td>85.5</td><td>82.9</td><td>42.4</td><td>6.81</td><td>3.63</td><td>0.37</td><td>2.70</td><td>9.0</td><td>1.85</td><td>6.83</td><td>0.36</td><td>1.72</td><td>0.33</td><td>0.188</td></tr><tr><td>Pultusk</td><td>H5 [2]</td><td></td><td>1.5</td><td>7.0</td><td>59.1</td><td>91.5</td><td>44.7</td><td>6.54</td><td>6.63</td><td>0.60</td><td>2.73</td><td>9.6</td><td>1.80</td><td>4.41</td><td>0.37</td><td>1.16</td><td>0.83</td><td>0.165</td></tr><tr><td>Forest City</td><td>H5 [2]</td><td></td><td>1.9</td><td>7.7</td><td>89.8</td><td>89.9</td><td>46.1</td><td>5.51</td><td>2.64</td><td>0.47</td><td>2.88</td><td>10.1</td><td>2.17</td><td>10.72</td><td>0.42</td><td>1.26</td><td>0.24</td><td>0.101</td></tr><tr><td>Forest City</td><td>H5 [2]</td><td></td><td>1.9</td><td>8.5</td><td>65.5</td><td>87.7</td><td>41.5</td><td>5.00</td><td>2.83</td><td>0.79</td><td>3.08</td><td>11.0</td><td>2.27</td><td>5.53</td><td>0.45</td><td>0.68</td><td>0.66</td><td>0.090</td></tr><tr><td>Richardton<br>(Fragment)</td><td>H5 [1]</td><td></td><td>1.7</td><td>7.8</td><td>69.3</td><td>99.8</td><td>68.4</td><td>6.82</td><td>6.40</td><td>0.48</td><td>2.81</td><td>10.8</td><td>2.04</td><td>5.79</td><td>0.40</td><td>1.43</td><td>0.65</td><td>0.056</td></tr><tr><td colspan="18"><strong>Carbonaceous</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Ivuna</td><td>CI [1]</td><td></td><td>1.4</td><td>6.1</td><td>45.1</td><td>115.4</td><td>408.8</td><td>11.04</td><td>24.38</td><td>1.46</td><td>2.36</td><td>5.6</td><td>1.70</td><td>3.70</td><td>0.30</td><td>1.33</td><td>1.63</td><td>0.251</td></tr><tr><td>Ivuna</td><td>CI [1]</td><td></td><td>1.4</td><td>6.0</td><td>44.1</td><td>113.6</td><td>405.2</td><td>10.72</td><td>23.19</td><td>1.44</td><td>2.37</td><td>5.5</td><td>1.60</td><td>3.52</td><td>0.30</td><td>1.28</td><td>1.66</td><td>0.245</td></tr><tr><td>Tagish Lake</td><td>C2<sub>ung</sub> [2]</td><td></td><td>1.7</td><td>7.2</td><td>82.3</td><td>103.1</td><td>142.3</td><td>8.23</td><td>2.47</td><td>0.58</td><td>1.57</td><td>11.1</td><td>1.97</td><td>9.97</td><td>0.37</td><td>1.11</td><td>0.84</td><td>0.129</td></tr><tr><td>NWA5958</td><td>C2<sub>ung</sub> [2]</td><td></td><td>2.2</td><td>5.9</td><td>83.2</td><td>114.7</td><td>169.5</td><td>7.77</td><td>3.67</td><td>0.35</td><td>0.77</td><td>32.6</td><td>1.89</td><td>7.23</td><td>0.32</td><td>1.41</td><td>0.98</td><td>0.075</td></tr><tr><td>NWA5958</td><td>C2<sub>ung</sub> [1]</td><td></td><td>2.4</td><td>8.0</td><td>58.1</td><td>93.0</td><td>224.3</td><td>8.45</td><td>14.69</td><td>0.52</td><td>0.80</td><td>27.7</td><td>2.25</td><td>4.50</td><td>0.35</td><td>1.47</td><td>0.99</td><td>0.087</td></tr><tr><td>Banten</td><td>CM2 [2]</td><td></td><td>1.6</td><td>7.4</td><td>88.8</td><td>125.0</td><td>149.8</td><td>8.02</td><td>2.32</td><td>0.56</td><td>1.74</td><td>10.1</td><td>2.06</td><td>10.46</td><td>0.39</td><td>1.26</td><td>2.58</td><td>0.136</td></tr><tr><td>Banten</td><td>CM2 [2]</td><td></td><td>1.4</td><td>7.5</td><td>57.9</td><td>109.2</td><td>131.2</td><td>6.91</td><td>2.34</td><td>0.85</td><td>1.31</td><td>9.0</td><td>1.93</td><td>4.85</td><td>0.34</td><td>0.93</td><td>2.21</td><td>0.102</td></tr><tr><td>Murray</td><td>CM2 [2]</td><td></td><td>3.01</td><td>6.4</td><td>87.0</td><td>106.4</td><td>145.8</td><td>7.77</td><td>2.79</td><td>0.43</td><td>5.05</td><td>19.7</td><td>3.60</td><td>37.09</td><td>1.36</td><td>1.11</td><td>0.96</td><td>0.290</td></tr><tr><td>Murchison<br>(MTF 2005)</td><td>CM2 [1]</td><td></td><td>1.3</td><td>5.6</td><td>42.4</td><td>81.7</td><td>115.9</td><td>5.99</td><td>6.63</td><td>0.54</td><td>1.30</td><td>10.8</td><td>1.80</td><td>4.20</td><td>0.29</td><td>0.97</td><td>0.78</td><td>0.104</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tbody><tr><td>Murchison (Fragment)</td><td>CM2 [1]</td><td>1.6</td><td>7.2</td><td>70.0</td><td>115.2</td><td>152.4</td><td>8.00</td><td>8.88</td><td>0.69</td><td>2.33</td><td>10.6</td><td>2.34</td><td>8.05</td><td>0.39</td><td>1.85</td><td>1.11</td><td>0.128</td></tr><tr><td>Allende (UCSD 142)</td><td>CV3 [1]</td><td>1.5</td><td>7.9</td><td>58.9</td><td>88.9</td><td>74.9</td><td>4.85</td><td>5.74</td><td>0.46</td><td>1.16</td><td>13.4</td><td>2.12</td><td>5.60</td><td>0.43</td><td>1.72</td><td>0.64</td><td>0.076</td></tr><tr><td>Allende</td><td>CV3 [2]</td><td>1.5</td><td>6.3</td><td>75.5</td><td>85.2</td><td>77.3</td><td>4.98</td><td>2.53</td><td>0.56</td><td>0.89</td><td>12.6</td><td>2.24</td><td>5.64</td><td>0.46</td><td>1.26</td><td>0.48</td><td>0.072</td></tr><tr><td>Allende (Literature)</td><td>CV3 [2]</td><td>1.40</td><td>11.0</td><td>82.4</td><td>97.0</td><td>106.0</td><td>5.90</td><td>17.90</td><td></td><td>1.32</td><td>15.7</td><td>2.63</td><td>6.77</td><td>0.57</td><td>1.45</td><td>0.30</td><td>0.098</td></tr><tr><td>GRA06101</td><td>CV3 [2]</td><td>1.72</td><td>12.2</td><td>156.9</td><td>70.1</td><td>77.2</td><td>5.08</td><td>2.57</td><td>0.17</td><td>1.18</td><td>21.3</td><td>3.39</td><td>19.58</td><td>0.51</td><td>1.51</td><td>0.58</td><td>0.065</td></tr><tr><td>Maralinga</td><td>CK4<sub>an</sub> [2]</td><td>1.87</td><td>9.3</td><td>110.1</td><td>51.8</td><td>51.7</td><td>4.46</td><td>2.50</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.59</td><td>31.3</td><td>2.47</td><td>10.64</td><td>0.49</td><td>0.67</td><td>0.35</td><td>0.021</td></tr><tr><td>Maralinga</td><td>CK4<sub>an</sub> [2]</td><td>1.57</td><td>5.2</td><td>79.4</td><td>50.7</td><td>45.4</td><td>4.27</td><td>1.79</td><td>0.16</td><td>0.43</td><td>29.8</td><td>2.13</td><td>5.79</td><td>0.46</td><td>0.57</td><td>0.31</td><td>0.109</td></tr></tbody></table>

Enstatite

<table><tbody><tr><td>LON91400</td><td>EL6 [2]</td><td>1.62</td><td>7.1</td><td>53.5</td><td>83.0</td><td>4.9</td><td>12.73</td><td>2.67</td><td>0.57</td><td>2.11</td><td>7.2</td><td>1.27</td><td>7.99</td><td>0.20</td><td>0.95</td><td>0.39</td><td>0.113</td></tr><tr><td>Eagle</td><td>EL6 [2]</td><td>1.23</td><td>6.2</td><td>38.3</td><td>52.6</td><td>164.9</td><td>13.54</td><td>3.48</td><td>0.21</td><td>2.03</td><td>6.7</td><td>1.24</td><td>3.72</td><td>0.11</td><td>0.90</td><td>0.86</td><td>0.154</td></tr><tr><td>Atlanta</td><td>EL6 [2]</td><td>1.26</td><td>6.3</td><td>63.2</td><td>63.8</td><td>50.0</td><td>12.82</td><td>2.01</td><td>0.41</td><td>1.38</td><td>8.5</td><td>1.87</td><td>12.96</td><td>0.26</td><td>1.17</td><td>1.10</td><td>0.052</td></tr><tr><td>Khaipur</td><td>EL6 [2]</td><td>1.62</td><td>4.8</td><td>56.6</td><td>84.1</td><td>12.6</td><td>14.49</td><td>3.67</td><td>0.43</td><td>1.54</td><td>4.9</td><td>1.05</td><td>6.06</td><td>0.20</td><td>1.05</td><td>0.82</td><td>0.079</td></tr><tr><td>Khaipur</td><td>EL6 [2]</td><td>1.65</td><td>6.2</td><td>43.8</td><td>95.6</td><td>0.7</td><td>15.09</td><td>10.91</td><td>0.86</td><td>1.69</td><td>6.3</td><td>1.26</td><td>3.33</td><td>0.24</td><td>0.16</td><td>2.07</td><td>0.077</td></tr></tbody></table>

Standards and TPBs

<table><tbody><tr><td>BHVO-2<br>(n = 3)</td><td>[1]</td><td>Av. 4.69</td><td>31.8</td><td>317.4</td><td>128.1</td><td>104.1</td><td>22.10</td><td>1.64</td><td>0.11</td><td>9.95</td><td>403.8</td><td>25.83</td><td>170.3</td><td>18.03</td><td>3.71</td><td>1.84</td><td>0.10</td></tr><tr><td>BHVO-2<br>(n = 4)</td><td>[2]</td><td>RSD 3%</td><td>4%</td><td>6%</td><td>5%</td><td>5%</td><td>5%</td><td>6%</td><td>2%</td><td>3%</td><td>3%</td><td>3%</td><td>3%</td><td>2%</td><td>28%</td><td>6%</td><td>3%</td></tr><tr><td>BCR-2<br>(n = 3)</td><td>[1]</td><td>Av. 4.80</td><td>32</td><td>317</td><td>127.0</td><td>103.0</td><td>22.00</td><td>1.60</td><td>0.17</td><td>9.11</td><td>396.0</td><td>26.00</td><td>172.0</td><td>18.10</td><td>4.00</td><td>1.70</td><td>0.10</td></tr><tr><td>BCR-2<br>(n = 3)</td><td>[2]</td><td>RSD 3%</td><td>3%</td><td>2%</td><td>2%</td><td>7%</td><td>2%</td><td>4%</td><td>11%</td><td>1%</td><td>1%</td><td>1%</td><td>2%</td><td>2%</td><td>24%</td><td>3%</td><td>1%</td></tr><tr><td>BIR-1<br>(n = 3)</td><td>[1]</td><td>Av. 9.11</td><td>31.0</td><td>387.3</td><td>19.2</td><td>122.0</td><td>21.26</td><td>1.66</td><td>0.11</td><td>47.14</td><td>323.1</td><td>33.04</td><td>173.7</td><td>11.49</td><td>232.36</td><td>2.30</td><td>1.07</td></tr><tr><td>TPB (n = 4)</td><td>[1]</td><td>RSD 2%</td><td>4%</td><td>7%</td><td>7%</td><td>5%</td><td>5%</td><td>8%</td><td>4%</td><td>3%</td><td>3%</td><td>3%</td><td>3%</td><td>2%</td><td>7%</td><td>2%</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TPB (n = 3)</td><td>[2]</td><td>Av. 9.78</td><td>32.7</td><td>406.5</td><td>19.5</td><td>119.8</td><td>22.39</td><td>1.82</td><td>0.18</td><td>45.23</td><td>333.7</td><td>34.84</td><td>181.3</td><td>11.84</td><td>242.19</td><td>1.89</td><td>1.16</td></tr><tr><td>Ordinary</td><td>LL5 [1]</td><td>3.36</td><td>0.518</td><td>1.36</td><td>0.176</td><td>0.859</td><td>0.272</td><td>0.073</td><td>0.353</td><td>0.064</td><td>0.446</td><td>0.096</td><td>0.283</td><td>0.042</td><td>0.264</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Chelyabinsk (With FC)</td><td>LL5 [1]</td><td>3.56</td><td>0.595</td><td>1.69</td><td>0.234</td><td>1.167</td><td>0.365</td><td>0.080</td><td>0.472</td><td>0.087</td><td>0.617</td><td>0.132</td><td>0.384</td><td>0.056</td><td>0.351</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Chelyabinsk (Without FC)</td><td>LL5 [1]</td><td>3.89.9</td><td>0.224</td><td>0.58</td><td>0.095</td><td>0.482</td><td>0.183</td><td>0.075</td><td>0.230</td><td>0.041</td><td>0.311</td><td>0.066</td><td>0.213</td><td>0.031</td><td>0.221</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Olivenza</td><td>LL5 [2]</td><td>2.96</td><td>0.272</td><td>0.71</td><td>0.105</td><td>0.539</td><td>0.167</td><td>0.066</td><td>0.226</td><td>0.046</td><td>0.309</td><td>0.067</td><td>0.203</td><td>0.033</td><td>0.206</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Saratov</td><td>L4 [2]</td><td>2.97</td><td>0.267</td><td>0.62</td><td>0.106</td><td>0.522</td><td>0.165</td><td>0.066</td><td>0.227</td><td>0.042</td><td>0.306</td><td>0.066</td><td>0.201</td><td>0.031</td><td>0.206</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Saratov</td><td>L4 [2]</td><td>24.30</td><td>0.331</td><td>0.85</td><td>0.126</td><td>0.636</td><td>0.209</td><td>0.088</td><td>0.270</td><td>0.050</td><td>0.359</td><td>0.081</td><td>0.232</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.259</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NWA869</td><td>L3-6 [1]</td><td>191.92</td><td>0.269</td><td>0.70</td><td>0.099</td><td>0.490</td><td>0.156</td><td>0.121</td><td>0.204</td><td>0.038</td><td>0.272</td><td>0.060</td><td>0.182</td><td>0.028</td><td>0.199</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NWA869</td><td>L3-6 [2]</td><td>187.81</td><td>0.250</td><td>0.62</td><td>0.091</td><td>0.448</td><td>0.154</td><td>0.125</td><td>0.199</td><td>0.035</td><td>0.251</td><td>0.057</td><td>0.174</td><td>0.026</td><td>0.185</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Aİr</td><td>L6 [2]</td><td>4.03</td><td>0.276</td><td>0.73</td><td>0.110</td><td>0.547</td><td>0.179</td><td>0.079</td><td>0.245</td><td>0.045</td><td>0.320</td><td>0.069</td><td>0.207</td><td>0.032</td><td>0.223</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Aİr</td><td>L6 [2]</td><td>3.20</td><td>0.244</td><td>0.64</td><td>0.096</td><td>0.514</td><td>0.170</td><td>0.078</td><td>0.206</td><td>0.042</td><td>0.289</td><td>0.064</td><td>0.193</td><td>0.029</td><td>0.199</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Aİr</td><td>L6 [2]</td><td>4.58</td><td>0.242</td><td>0.62</td><td>0.096</td><td>0.472</td><td>0.145</td><td>0.075</td><td>0.201</td><td>0.038</td><td>0.273</td><td>0.062</td><td>0.181</td><td>0.028</td><td>0.196</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Kunashak (Slice)</td><td>L6 [1]</td><td>3.63</td><td>0.519</td><td>1.40</td><td>0.115</td><td>0.549</td><td>0.176</td><td>0.076</td><td>0.232</td><td>0.044</td><td>0.313</td><td>0.068</td><td>0.209</td><td>0.032</td><td>0.217</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Kunashak (Fragment)</td><td>L6 [1]</td><td>3.79</td><td>0.378</td><td>1.03</td><td>0.135</td><td>0.647</td><td>0.214</td><td>0.075</td><td>0.274</td><td>0.052</td><td>0.365</td><td>0.080</td><td>0.239</td><td>0.036</td><td>0.241</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Khohar</td><td>L3.6 [2]</td><td>1.12</td><td>0.262</td><td>0.69</td><td>0.113</td><td>0.554</td><td>0.189</td><td>0.073</td><td>0.258</td><td>0.049</td><td>0.344</td><td>0.071</td><td>0.213</td><td>0.033</td><td>0.233</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Kyle</td><td>L6 [2]</td><td>4.19</td><td>0.352</td><td>0.94</td><td>0.142</td><td>0.696</td><td>0.228</td><td>0.082</td><td>0.305</td><td>0.055</td><td>0.401</td><td>0.085</td><td>0.257</td><td>0.037</td><td>0.253</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Kyle</td><td>L6 [2]</td><td>3.31</td><td>0.319</td><td>0.84</td><td>0.128</td><td>0.658</td><td>0.219</td><td>0.076</td><td>0.280</td><td>0.050</td><td>0.370</td><td>0.079</td><td>0.235</td><td>0.036</td><td>0.236</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Peace River (Fragment)</td><td>L6 [1]</td><td>8.07</td><td>0.301</td><td>0.81</td><td>0.118</td><td>0.592</td><td>0.193</td><td>0.084</td><td>0.259</td><td>0.048</td><td>0.345</td><td>0.075</td><td>0.229</td><td>0.035</td><td>0.234</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fayateville</td><td>H4 [2]</td><td>3.911</td><td>0.28</td><td>0.719</td><td>0.110</td><td>0.542</td><td>0.178</td><td>0.069</td><td>0.229</td><td>0.043</td><td>0.303</td><td>0.066</td><td>0.197</td><td>0.028</td><td>0.205</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pultusk</td><td>H5 [2]</td><td>3.17</td><td>0.293</td><td>0.77</td><td>0.117</td><td>0.587</td><td>0.182</td><td>0.071</td><td>0.240</td><td>0.044</td><td>0.321</td><td>0.070</td><td>0.212</td><td>0.031</td><td>0.210</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pultusk</td><td>H5 [2]</td><td>3.20</td><td>0.275</td><td>0.73</td><td>0.110</td><td>0.545</td><td>0.181</td><td>0.066</td><td>0.229</td><td>0.043</td><td>0.301</td><td>0.065</td><td>0.202</td><td>0.030</td><td>0.212</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

<table><thead><tr><th>Sample</th><th>Type</th><th>Method<sup>a</sup></th><th>Ba<br>µg/g</th><th>La<br>µg/g</th><th>Ce<br>µg/g</th><th>Pr<br>µg/g</th><th>Nd<br>µg/g</th><th>Sm<br>µg/g</th><th>Eu<br>µg/g</th><th>Gd<br>µg/g</th><th>Tb<br>µg/g</th><th>Dy<br>µg/g</th><th>Ho<br>µg/g</th><th>Er<br>µg/g</th><th>Tm<br>µg/g</th><th>Yb<br>µg/g</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="15"><strong>Ordinary</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Chelyabinsk<br>(With FC)</td><td>LL5 [1]</td><td>3.36</td><td>0.518</td><td>1.36</td><td>0.176</td><td>0.859</td><td>0.272</td><td>0.073</td><td>0.353</td><td>0.064</td><td>0.446</td><td>0.096</td><td>0.283</td><td>0.042</td><td>0.264</td></tr><tr><td>Chelyabinsk<br>(Without FC)</td><td>LL5 [1]</td><td>3.56</td><td>0.595</td><td>1.69</td><td>0.234</td><td>1.167</td><td>0.365</td><td>0.080</td><td>0.472</td><td>0.087</td><td>0.617</td><td>0.132</td><td>0.384</td><td>0.056</td><td>0.351</td></tr><tr><td>Olivenza</td><td>LL5 [2]</td><td>38.99</td><td>0.224</td><td>0.58</td><td>0.095</td><td>0.482</td><td>0.183</td><td>0.075</td><td>0.230</td><td>0.041</td><td>0.311</td><td>0.066</td><td>0.213</td><td>0.031</td><td>0.221</td></tr><tr><td>Saratov</td><td>L4 [2]</td><td>2.96</td><td>0.272</td><td>0.71</td><td>0.105</td><td>0.539</td><td>0.167</td><td>0.066</td><td>0.226</td><td>0.046</td><td>0.309</td><td>0.067</td><td>0.203</td><td>0.033</td><td>0.206</td></tr><tr><td>Saratov</td><td>L4 [2]</td><td>2.97</td><td>0.267</td><td>0.62</td><td>0.106</td><td>0.522</td><td>0.165</td><td>0.066</td><td>0.227</td><td>0.042</td><td>0.306</td><td>0.066</td><td>0.201</td><td>0.031</td><td>0.206</td></tr><tr><td>Saratov</td><td>L4 [2]</td><td>24.30</td><td>0.331</td><td>0.85</td><td>0.126</td><td>0.636</td><td>0.209</td><td>0.088</td><td>0.270</td><td>0.050</td><td>0.359</td><td>0.081</td><td>0.232</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.259</td></tr><tr><td>NWA869</td><td>L3-6 [1]</td><td>191.92</td><td>0.269</td><td>0.70</td><td>0.099</td><td>0.490</td><td>0.156</td><td>0.121</td><td>0.204</td><td>0.038</td><td>0.272</td><td>0.060</td><td>0.182</td><td>0.028</td><td>0.199</td></tr><tr><td>NWA869</td><td>L3-6 [2]</td><td>187.81</td><td>0.250</td><td>0.62</td><td>0.091</td><td>0.448</td><td>0.154</td><td>0.125</td><td>0.199</td><td>0.035</td><td>0.251</td><td>0.057</td><td>0.174</td><td>0.026</td><td>0.185</td></tr><tr><td>Aİr</td><td>L6 [2]</td><td>4.03</td><td>0.276</td><td>0.73</td><td>0.110</td><td>0.547</td><td>0.179</td><td>0.079</td><td>0.245</td><td>0.045</td><td>0.320</td><td>0.069</td><td>0.207</td><td>0.032</td><td>0.223</td></tr><tr><td>Aİr</td><td>L6 [2]</td><td>3.20</td><td>0.244</td><td>0.64</td><td>0.096</td><td>0.514</td><td>0.170</td><td>0.078</td><td>0.206</td><td>0.042</td><td>0.289</td><td>0.064</td><td>0.193</td><td>0.029</td><td>0.199</td></tr><tr><td>Aİr</td><td>L6 [2]</td><td>4.58</td><td>0.242</td><td>0.62</td><td>0.096</td><td>0.472</td><td>0.145</td><td>0.075</td><td>0.201</td><td>0.038</td><td>0.273</td><td>0.062</td><td>0.181</td><td>0.028</td><td>0.196</td></tr><tr><td>Kunashak<br>(Slice)</td><td>L6 [1]</td><td>3.63</td><td>0.519</td><td>1.40</td><td>0.115</td><td>0.549</td><td>0.176</td><td>0.076</td><td>0.232</td><td>0.044</td><td>0.313</td><td>0.068</td><td>0.209</td><td>0.032</td><td>0.217</td></tr><tr><td>Kunashak<br>(Fragment)</td><td>L6 [1]</td><td>3.79</td><td>0.378</td><td>1.03</td><td>0.135</td><td>0.647</td><td>0.214</td><td>0.075</td><td>0.274</td><td>0.052</td><td>0.365</td><td>0.080</td><td>0.239</td><td>0.036</td><td>0.241</td></tr><tr><td>Khohar</td><td>L3.6 [2]</td><td>1.12</td><td>0.262</td><td>0.69</td><td>0.113</td><td>0.554</td><td>0.189</td><td>0.073</td><td>0.258</td><td>0.049</td><td>0.344</td><td>0.071</td><td>0.213</td><td>0.033</td><td>0.233</td></tr><tr><td>Kyle</td><td>L6 [2]</td><td>4.19</td><td>0.352</td><td>0.94</td><td>0.142</td><td>0.696</td><td>0.228</td><td>0.082</td><td>0.305</td><td>0.055</td><td>0.401</td><td>0.085</td><td>0.257</td><td>0.037</td><td>0.253</td></tr><tr><td>Kyle</td><td>L6 [2]</td><td>3.31</td><td>0.319</td><td>0.84</td><td>0.128</td><td>0.658</td><td>0.219</td><td>0.076</td><td>0.280</td><td>0.050</td><td>0.370</td><td>0.079</td><td>0.235</td><td>0.036</td><td>0.236</td></tr><tr><td>Peace River<br>(Fragment)</td><td>L6 [1]</td><td>8.07</td><td>0.301</td><td>0.81</td><td>0.118</td><td>0.592</td><td>0.193</td><td>0.084</td><td>0.259</td><td>0.048</td><td>0.345</td><td>0.075</td><td>0.229</td><td>0.035</td><td>0.234</td></tr><tr><td>Fayateville</td><td>H4 [2]</td><td>3.911</td><td>0.28</td><td>0.719</td><td>0.110</td><td>0.542</td><td>0.178</td><td>0.069</td><td>0.229</td><td>0.043</td><td>0.303</td><td>0.066</td><td>0.197</td><td>0.028</td><td>0.205</td></tr><tr><td>Pultusk</td><td>H5 [2]</td><td>3.17</td><td>0.293</td><td>0.77</td><td>0.117</td><td>0.587</td><td>0.182</td><td>0.071</td><td>0.240</td><td>0.044</td><td>0.321</td><td>0.070</td><td>0.212</td><td>0.031</td><td>0.210</td></tr><tr><td>Pultusk</td><td>H5 [2]</td><td>3.20</td><td>0.275</td><td>0.73</td><td>0.110</td><td>0.545</td><td>0.181</td><td>0.066</td><td>0.229</td><td>0.043</td><td>0.301</td><td>0.065</td><td>0.202</td><td>0.030</td><td>0.212</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tr><td>Forest City</td><td>H5</td><td>[2]</td><td>3.46</td><td>0.334</td><td>0.88</td><td>0.128</td><td>0.657</td><td>0.220</td><td>0.078</td><td>0.286</td><td>0.053</td><td>0.373</td><td>0.082</td><td>0.243</td><td>0.037</td><td>0.244</td></tr><tr><td>Forest City</td><td>H5</td><td>[2]</td><td>3.93</td><td>0.340</td><td>0.90</td><td>0.136</td><td>0.691</td><td>0.226</td><td>0.083</td><td>0.280</td><td>0.055</td><td>0.394</td><td>0.087</td><td>0.255</td><td>0.039</td><td>0.262</td></tr><tr><td>Richardton (Fragment)</td><td>H5</td><td>[1]</td><td>3.64</td><td>0.302</td><td>0.82</td><td>0.123</td><td>0.605</td><td>0.199</td><td>0.074</td><td>0.247</td><td>0.048</td><td>0.342</td><td>0.075</td><td>0.224</td><td>0.033</td><td>0.224</td></tr></table>

Carbonaceous

<table><tr><td>Ivuna</td><td>CI</td><td>[1]</td><td>4.26</td><td>0.226</td><td>0.58</td><td>0.087</td><td>0.470</td><td>0.156</td><td>0.052</td><td>0.231</td><td>0.040</td><td>0.281</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.186</td><td>0.029</td><td>0.186</td></tr><tr><td>Ivuna</td><td>CI</td><td>[1]</td><td>4.23</td><td>0.226</td><td>0.55</td><td>0.084</td><td>0.443</td><td>0.147</td><td>0.050</td><td>0.219</td><td>0.041</td><td>0.271</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.185</td><td>0.028</td><td>0.180</td></tr><tr><td>Tagish Lake</td><td>C2_ung</td><td>[2]</td><td>4.11</td><td>0.317</td><td>0.81</td><td>0.124</td><td>0.628</td><td>0.204</td><td>0.078</td><td>0.261</td><td>0.050</td><td>0.359</td><td>0.076</td><td>0.216</td><td>0.033</td><td>0.234</td></tr><tr><td>NWA5958</td><td>C2_ung</td><td>[2]</td><td>27.28</td><td>0.386</td><td>0.88</td><td>0.146</td><td>0.738</td><td>0.217</td><td>0.083</td><td>0.265</td><td>0.050</td><td>0.342</td><td>0.070</td><td>0.221</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.251</td></tr><tr><td>NWA5958</td><td>C2_ung</td><td>[1]</td><td>35.64</td><td>0.373</td><td>0.85</td><td>0.138</td><td>0.694</td><td>0.225</td><td>0.077</td><td>0.554</td><td>0.056</td><td>0.382</td><td>0.081</td><td>0.250</td><td>0.037</td><td>0.247</td></tr><tr><td>Banten</td><td>CM2</td><td>[2]</td><td>3.29</td><td>0.368</td><td>0.94</td><td>0.139</td><td>0.684</td><td>0.213</td><td>0.083</td><td>0.283</td><td>0.051</td><td>0.357</td><td>0.076</td><td>0.229</td><td>0.036</td><td>0.240</td></tr><tr><td>Banten</td><td>CM2</td><td>[2]</td><td>3.01</td><td>0.749</td><td>1.83</td><td>0.238</td><td>0.944</td><td>0.180</td><td>0.069</td><td>0.279</td><td>0.047</td><td>0.335</td><td>0.073</td><td>0.219</td><td>0.031</td><td>0.200</td></tr><tr><td>Murray</td><td>CM2</td><td>[2]</td><td>40.63</td><td>2.358</td><td>5.59</td><td>0.674</td><td>2.734</td><td>0.632</td><td>0.166</td><td>0.638</td><td>0.099</td><td>0.632</td><td>0.134</td><td>0.409</td><td>0.063</td><td>0.420</td></tr><tr><td>Murchison (MTF 2005)</td><td>CM2</td><td>[1]</td><td>3.03</td><td>0.441</td><td>1.49</td><td>0.120</td><td>0.589</td><td>0.179</td><td>0.069</td><td>0.244</td><td>0.045</td><td>0.313</td><td>0.071</td><td>0.209</td><td>0.031</td><td>0.203</td></tr><tr><td>Murchison (Fragment)</td><td>CM2</td><td>[1]</td><td>34.22</td><td>0.345</td><td>0.89</td><td>0.129</td><td>0.656</td><td>0.203</td><td>0.085</td><td>0.267</td><td>0.049</td><td>0.347</td><td>0.074</td><td>0.231</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.228</td></tr><tr><td>Allende (UCSD 142)</td><td>CV3</td><td>[1]</td><td>4.27</td><td>1.097</td><td>5.44</td><td>0.213</td><td>1.071</td><td>0.281</td><td>0.090</td><td>0.366</td><td>0.062</td><td>0.411</td><td>0.081</td><td>0.241</td><td>0.044</td><td>0.267</td></tr><tr><td>Allende</td><td>CV3</td><td>[2]</td><td>7.59</td><td>0.435</td><td>1.09</td><td>0.175</td><td>0.864</td><td>0.284</td><td>0.109</td><td>0.331</td><td>0.064</td><td>0.428</td><td>0.089</td><td>0.271</td><td>0.047</td><td>0.299</td></tr><tr><td>Allende (Literature)</td><td>CV3</td><td>[2]</td><td>4.74</td><td>0.490</td><td>1.24</td><td>0.192</td><td>0.967</td><td>0.313</td><td>0.115</td><td>0.401</td><td>0.072</td><td>0.479</td><td>0.100</td><td>0.299</td><td>0.053</td><td>0.319</td></tr><tr><td>GRA06101</td><td>CV3</td><td>[2]</td><td>5.00</td><td>0.610</td><td>1.56</td><td>0.243</td><td>1.184</td><td>0.371</td><td>0.160</td><td>0.496</td><td>0.092</td><td>0.612</td><td>0.130</td><td>0.364</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.404</td></tr><tr><td>Maralinga</td><td>CK4_ung</td><td>[2]</td><td>25.71</td><td>0.731</td><td>2.68</td><td>0.240</td><td>1.136</td><td>0.314</td><td>0.110</td><td>0.377</td><td>0.067</td><td>0.460</td><td>0.098</td><td>0.279</td><td>0.046</td><td>0.301</td></tr><tr><td>Maralinga</td><td>CK4_ung</td><td>[2]</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.61</td><td>1.970</td><td>0.202</td><td>0.959</td><td>0.286</td><td>0.103</td><td>0.358</td><td>0.060</td><td>0.403</td><td>0.089</td><td>0.261</td><td>0.042</td><td>0.276</td></tr></table>

Enstatite

<table><tr><td>LON91400</td><td>EL6</td><td>[2]</td><td>1.89</td><td>0.144</td><td>0.39</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.308</td><td>0.104</td><td>0.043</td><td>0.135</td><td>0.027</td><td>0.189</td><td>0.043</td><td>0.130</td><td>0.021</td><td>0.149</td></tr><tr><td>Eagle</td><td>EL6</td><td>[2]</td><td>2.47</td><td>0.117</td><td>0.35</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.282</td><td>0.099</td><td>0.040</td><td>0.143</td><td>0.024</td><td>0.197</td><td>0.046</td><td>0.132</td><td>0.022</td><td>0.153</td></tr><tr><td>Atlanta</td><td>EL6</td><td>[2]</td><td>4.80</td><td>0.227</td><td>0.69</td><td>0.108</td><td>0.599</td><td>0.178</td><td>0.051</td><td>0.242</td><td>0.045</td><td>0.317</td><td>0.066</td><td>0.203</td><td>0.028</td><td>0.195</td></tr><tr><td>Khaipur</td><td>EL6</td><td>[2]</td><td>1.50</td><td>0.121</td><td>0.33</td><td>0.055</td><td>0.274</td><td>0.086</td><td>0.038</td><td>0.133</td><td>0.023</td><td>0.174</td><td>0.035</td><td>0.116</td><td>0.016</td><td>0.129</td></tr><tr><td>Khaipur</td><td>EL6</td><td>[2]</td><td>0.27</td><td>0.122</td><td>0.35</td><td>0.063</td><td>0.288</td><td>0.099</td><td>0.039</td><td>0.133</td><td>0.024</td><td>0.199</td><td>0.042</td><td>0.131</td><td>0.020</td><td>0.144</td></tr></table>

Standards and TPBs

<table><tr><td>BHVO-2 (n = 3)</td><td>[1]</td><td>Av.</td><td>139.21</td><td>15.13</td><td>37.20</td><td>5.33</td><td>24.35</td><td>6.04</td><td>2.06</td><td>6.21</td><td>0.92</td><td>5.29</td><td>0.97</td><td>2.53</td><td>0.33</td><td>1.99</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>RSD</td><td>2%</td><td>2%</td><td>2%</td><td>3%</td><td>3%</td><td>3%</td><td>2%</td><td>3%</td><td>3%</td><td>3%</td><td>3%</td><td>3%</td><td>3%</td><td>3%</td></tr><tr><td>BHVO-2 (n = 4)</td><td>[2]</td><td>Av.</td><td>131.00</td><td>15.20</td><td>37.50</td><td>5.35</td><td>24.50</td><td>6.07</td><td>2.07</td><td>6.24</td><td>0.92</td><td>5.31</td><td>0.98</td><td>2.54</td><td>0.33</td><td>2.00</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>RSD</td><td>2%</td><td>1%</td><td>1%</td><td>1%</td><td>1%</td><td>1%</td><td>2%</td><td>2%</td><td>2%</td><td>1%</td><td>1%</td><td>2%</td><td>2%</td><td>2%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>Rec.</td><td>131.00</td><td>15.20</td><td>37.50</td><td>5.35</td><td>24.50</td><td>6.07</td><td>2.07</td><td>6.24</td><td>0.33</td><td>5.31</td><td>0.98</td><td>2.54</td><td>0.33</td><td>2.00</td></tr><tr><td>BCR-2 (n = 3)</td><td>[1]</td><td>Av.</td><td>653.40</td><td>22.96</td><td>48.88</td><td>6.33</td><td>26.46</td><td>6.04</td><td>1.94</td><td>6.38</td><td>0.96</td><td>5.92</td><td>1.19</td><td>3.38</td><td>0.48</td><td>3.10</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>RSD</td><td>2%</td><td>1%</td><td>1%</td><td>1%</td><td>1%</td><td>1%</td><td>2%</td><td>2%</td><td>2%</td><td>2%</td><td>1%</td><td>1%</td><td>2%</td><td>2%</td></tr><tr><td>BCR-2 (n = 3)</td><td>[2]</td><td>Av.</td><td>491.12</td><td>24.27</td><td>48.93</td><td>6.64</td><td>27.95</td><td>6.36</td><td>2.01</td><td>6.71</td><td>1.00</td><td>6.28</td><td>1.26</td><td>3.55</td><td>0.50</td><td>3.26</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>RSD</td><td>4%</td><td>4%</td><td>1%</td><td>4%</td><td>5%</td><td>4%</td><td>3%</td><td>5%</td><td>5%</td><td>5%</td><td>5%</td><td>4%</td><td>6%</td><td>4%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>Rec.</td><td>683.00</td><td>25.00</td><td>53.00</td><td>6.80</td><td>28.00</td><td>6.70</td><td>2.00</td><td>6.80</td><td>1.07</td><td>1.33</td><td>0.54</td><td>0.54</td><td>3.50</td><td>1.60</td></tr><tr><td>BIR-1 (n = 3)</td><td>[1]</td><td>Av.</td><td>6.76</td><td>0.60</td><td>1.93</td><td>0.36</td><td>2.32</td><td>1.06</td><td>0.50</td><td>1.64</td><td>0.33</td><td>2.49</td><td>0.55</td><td>1.64</td><td>0.24</td><td>1.70</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>RSD</td><td>4%</td><td>0.3%</td><td>1%</td><td>3%</td><td>4%</td><td>4%</td><td>5%</td><td>4%</td><td>4%</td><td>4%</td><td>4%</td><td>4%</td><td>4%</td><td>4%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>Rec.</td><td>7.00</td><td>0.63</td><td>1.90</td><td></td><td>2.50</td><td>1.10</td><td>0.55</td><td>1.80</td><td></td><td>4.00</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1.70</td></tr><tr><td>TPB (n = 4)</td><td>[1]</td><td>Av.</td><td>0.033</td><td>0.015</td><td>0.035</td><td>0.0008</td><td>0.0028</td><td>0.0001</td><td>0.0001</td><td>0.0005</td><td>0.0001</td><td>0.0002</td><td>0.00003</td><td>0.0001</td><td>0.00003</td><td>0.0001</td></tr><tr><td>TPB (n = 3)</td><td>[2]</td><td>Av.</td><td>0.042</td><td>0.002</td><td>0.006</td><td>0.0008</td><td>0.0034</td><td>0.0004</td><td>0.0002</td><td>0.0006</td><td>0.0001</td><td>0.0005</td><td>0.00008</td><td>0.0003</td><td>0.00006</td><td>0.0001</td></tr></table>

<table><thead><tr><th>Sample</th><th>Type</th><th>Method<sup>a</sup></th><th>Lu</th><th>Hf</th><th>Ta</th><th>W</th><th>Pb</th><th>Th</th><th>U</th><th>Cd</th></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>μg/g</td><td>μg/g</td><td>μg/g</td><td>μg/g</td><td>μg/g</td><td>μg/g</td><td>μg/g</td><td>ng/g</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="10"><strong>Ordinary</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Chelyabinsk (With FC)</td><td>LL5</td><td>[1]</td><td>0.037</td><td>0.118</td><td>0.018</td><td>0.338</td><td>0.022</td><td>0.033</td><td>0.085</td><td>2.1</td></tr><tr><td>Chelyabinsk (Without FC)</td><td>LL5</td><td>[1]</td><td>0.051</td><td>0.147</td><td>0.032</td><td>0.532</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.049</td><td>0.121</td><td>2.2</td></tr><tr><td>Olivenza</td><td>LL5</td><td>[2]</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.094</td><td>0.018</td><td>0.192</td><td>0.900</td><td>BDL</td><td>0.009</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Saratov</td><td>L4</td><td>[2]</td><td>0.031</td><td>0.242</td><td>0.040</td><td>0.132</td><td>0.055</td><td>0.091</td><td>0.010</td><td>0.026</td></tr><tr><td>Saratov</td><td>L4</td><td>[2]</td><td>0.030</td><td>0.135</td><td>0.014</td><td>0.074</td><td>0.064</td><td>0.040</td><td>0.009</td><td>0.001</td></tr><tr><td>Saratov</td><td>L4</td><td>[2]</td><td>0.037</td><td>0.158</td><td>0.022</td><td>0.110</td><td>0.090</td><td>0.037</td><td>0.013</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NWA869</td><td>L3-6</td><td>[1]</td><td>0.030</td><td>0.193</td><td>0.027</td><td>0.080</td><td>0.077</td><td>0.045</td><td>0.092</td><td>0.07</td></tr><tr><td>NWA869</td><td>L3-6</td><td>[2]</td><td>0.029</td><td>0.189</td><td>0.027</td><td>0.097</td><td>0.069</td><td>0.042</td><td>0.090</td><td>0.04</td></tr><tr><td>Aïr</td><td>L6</td><td>[2]</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.210</td><td>0.032</td><td>0.087</td><td>0.231</td><td>0.055</td><td>0.015</td><td>0.05</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tbody><tr><td>Aïr</td><td>L6</td><td>[2]</td><td>0.030</td><td>0.148</td><td>0.030</td><td>0.142</td><td>0.190</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.013</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Aïr</td><td>L6</td><td>[2]</td><td>0.031</td><td>0.178</td><td>0.028</td><td>0.117</td><td>0.202</td><td>0.040</td><td>0.013</td><td>0.01</td></tr><tr><td>Kunashak (Slice)</td><td>L6</td><td>[1]</td><td>0.033</td><td>0.166</td><td>0.023</td><td>0.121</td><td>0.018</td><td>0.042</td><td>0.140</td><td>2.09</td></tr><tr><td>Kunashak (Fragment)</td><td>L6</td><td>[1]</td><td>0.036</td><td>0.160</td><td>0.029</td><td>0.758</td><td>0.019</td><td>0.042</td><td>0.111</td><td>2.27</td></tr><tr><td>Khohar</td><td>L3.6</td><td>[2]</td><td>0.031</td><td>0.113</td><td>0.033</td><td>0.230</td><td>1.989</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.019</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Kyle</td><td>L6</td><td>[2]</td><td>0.039</td><td>0.213</td><td>0.024</td><td>0.104</td><td>0.103</td><td>0.056</td><td>0.009</td><td>0.06</td></tr><tr><td>Kyle</td><td>L6</td><td>[2]</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.152</td><td>0.023</td><td>0.083</td><td>0.108</td><td>0.041</td><td>0.008</td><td>0.04</td></tr><tr><td>Peace River (Fragment)</td><td>L6</td><td>[1]</td><td>0.038</td><td>0.185</td><td>0.091</td><td>0.129</td><td>0.327</td><td>0.042</td><td>0.095</td><td>24.83</td></tr><tr><td>Fayateville</td><td>H4</td><td>[2]</td><td>0.032</td><td>0.147</td><td>0.020</td><td>0.153</td><td>0.527</td><td>0.041</td><td>0.011</td><td>0.27</td></tr><tr><td>Pultusk</td><td>H5</td><td>[2]</td><td>0.032</td><td>0.149</td><td>0.018</td><td>0.229</td><td>0.191</td><td>0.042</td><td>0.011</td><td>0.07</td></tr><tr><td>Pultusk</td><td>H5</td><td>[2]</td><td>0.031</td><td>0.131</td><td>0.020</td><td>0.195</td><td>0.163</td><td>0.030</td><td>0.012</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Forest City</td><td>H5</td><td>[2]</td><td>0.037</td><td>0.224</td><td>0.023</td><td>0.140</td><td>0.095</td><td>0.063</td><td>0.012</td><td>0.14</td></tr><tr><td>Forest City</td><td>H5</td><td>[2]</td><td>0.037</td><td>0.175</td><td>0.023</td><td>0.083</td><td>0.076</td><td>0.042</td><td>0.012</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Richardton (Fragment)</td><td>H5</td><td>[1]</td><td>0.033</td><td>0.154</td><td>0.027</td><td>0.307</td><td>0.347</td><td>0.041</td><td>0.100</td><td>3.68</td></tr><tr><td colspan="11"><em>Carbonaceous</em></td></tr><tr><td>Ivuna</td><td>CI</td><td>[1]</td><td>0.030</td><td>0.117</td><td>0.024</td><td>0.108</td><td>2.691</td><td>0.033</td><td>0.008</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ivuna</td><td>CI</td><td>[1]</td><td>0.028</td><td>0.117</td><td>0.023</td><td>0.102</td><td>2.676</td><td>0.032</td><td>0.008</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tagish Lake</td><td>C2_ung</td><td>[2]</td><td>0.033</td><td>0.204</td><td>0.022</td><td>0.126</td><td>1.582</td><td>0.065</td><td>0.011</td><td>1.47</td></tr><tr><td>NWA5958</td><td>C2_ung</td><td>[2]</td><td>0.033</td><td>0.161</td><td>0.017</td><td>0.173</td><td>1.709</td><td>0.045</td><td>0.058</td><td>1.79</td></tr><tr><td>NWA5958</td><td>C2_ung</td><td>[1]</td><td>0.039</td><td>0.144</td><td>0.023</td><td>0.106</td><td>1.533</td><td>0.042</td><td>0.090</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Banten</td><td>CM2</td><td>[2]</td><td>0.035</td><td>0.218</td><td>0.021</td><td>0.151</td><td>1.964</td><td>0.068</td><td>0.011</td><td>1.70</td></tr><tr><td>Banten</td><td>CM2</td><td>[2]</td><td>0.031</td><td>0.139</td><td>0.018</td><td>0.125</td><td>1.674</td><td>0.041</td><td>0.009</td><td>1.25</td></tr><tr><td>Murray</td><td>CM2</td><td>[2]</td><td>0.057</td><td>0.736</td><td>0.082</td><td>0.289</td><td>3.347</td><td>0.858</td><td>0.3025</td><td>1.70</td></tr><tr><td>Murchison (MTF 2005)</td><td>CM2</td><td>[1]</td><td>0.032</td><td>0.129</td><td>0.021</td><td>0.272</td><td>1.376</td><td>0.036</td><td>0.081</td><td>154.85</td></tr><tr><td>Murchison (Fragment)</td><td>CM2</td><td>[1]</td><td>0.063</td><td>0.293</td><td>0.033</td><td>0.589</td><td>1.681</td><td>0.048</td><td>0.123</td><td>121.09</td></tr><tr><td>Allende (UCSD 142)</td><td>CV3</td><td>[1]</td><td>0.038</td><td>0.158</td><td>0.027</td><td>0.253</td><td>1.286</td><td>0.057</td><td>0.012</td><td>79.04</td></tr><tr><td>Allende</td><td>CV3</td><td>[2]</td><td>0.039</td><td>0.165</td><td>0.026</td><td>0.202</td><td>1.555</td><td>0.052</td><td>0.013</td><td>0.86</td></tr><tr><td colspan="11"><em>Allende (Literature)</em></td></tr><tr><td>GRA06101</td><td>CV3</td><td>[2]</td><td>0.046</td><td>0.188</td><td>0.033</td><td>0.200</td><td>1.520</td><td>0.078</td><td>0.0174</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Maralinga</td><td>CK4<sub>an</sub></td><td>[2]</td><td>0.059</td><td>0.382</td><td>0.029</td><td>0.183</td><td>1.040</td><td>0.134</td><td>0.0130</td><td>0.55</td></tr><tr><td>Maralinga</td><td>CK4<sub>an</sub></td><td>[2]</td><td>0.044</td><td>0.213</td><td>0.028</td><td>0.156</td><td>0.746</td><td>0.121</td><td>0.0223</td><td>0.60</td></tr><tr><td>Maralinga</td><td>CK4<sub>an</sub></td><td>[2]</td><td>0.040</td><td>0.174</td><td>0.027</td><td>0.150</td><td>0.711</td><td>0.082</td><td>0.0216</td><td>0.48</td></tr><tr><td colspan="11"><em>Enstatite</em></td></tr><tr><td>LON91400</td><td>EL6</td><td>[2]</td><td>0.023</td><td>0.189</td><td>0.013</td><td>0.124</td><td>0.134</td><td>0.040</td><td>0.0048</td><td>0.06</td></tr><tr><td>Eagle</td><td>EL6</td><td>[2]</td><td>0.023</td><td>0.139</td><td>0.009</td><td>0.186</td><td>0.256</td><td>0.027</td><td>0.0039</td><td>0.83</td></tr><tr><td>Atlanta</td><td>EL6</td><td>[2]</td><td>0.030</td><td>0.269</td><td>0.016</td><td>0.170</td><td>0.595</td><td>0.101</td><td>0.0118</td><td>0.11</td></tr><tr><td>Khaipur</td><td>EL6</td><td>[2]</td><td>0.021</td><td>0.129</td><td>0.014</td><td>0.191</td><td>0.335</td><td>0.030</td><td>0.0037</td><td>0.09</td></tr><tr><td>Khaipur</td><td>EL6</td><td>[2]</td><td>0.022</td><td>0.088</td><td>0.015</td><td>0.162</td><td>0.213</td><td>0.002</td><td>0.0038</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="11"><em>Standards and TPBs</em></td></tr><tr><td>BHVO-2<br>(n = 3)</td><td></td><td>[1]</td><td>Av.<br>RSD</td><td>0.27<br>3%</td><td>4.34<br>3%</td><td>1.13<br>2%</td><td>0.21<br>6%</td><td>1.76<br>4%</td><td>1.24<br>5%</td><td>0.41<br>3%</td><td>86.2<br>1%</td></tr><tr><td>BHVO-2<br>(n = 4)</td><td></td><td>[2]</td><td>Av.<br>RSD</td><td>0.27<br>2%</td><td>4.36<br>2%</td><td>1.14<br>3%</td><td>0.21<br>3%</td><td>1.60<br>17%</td><td>1.22<br>2%</td><td>0.40<br>3%</td><td>1.0<br>4%</td></tr><tr><td>BCR-2<br>(n = 3)</td><td></td><td>[1]</td><td>Av.<br>RSD</td><td>0.45<br>1%</td><td>4.49<br>1%</td><td>0.71<br>2%</td><td>0.42<br>3%</td><td>8.95<br>2%</td><td>5.45<br>1%</td><td>1.51<br>2%</td><td>235.9<br>6%</td></tr><tr><td>BCR-2<br>(n = 3)</td><td></td><td>[2]</td><td>Av.<br>RSD</td><td>0.48<br>4%</td><td>4.64<br>5%</td><td>0.72<br>7%</td><td>0.41<br>6%</td><td>9.50<br>5%</td><td>5.69<br>4%</td><td>1.57<br>4%</td><td>3.2<br>7%</td></tr><tr><td>BIR-1<br>(n = 3)</td><td></td><td>[1]</td><td>Av.<br>RSD</td><td>0.24<br>4%</td><td>0.56<br>4%</td><td>0.04<br>4%</td><td>0.10<br>87%</td><td>2.78<br>2%</td><td>0.03<br>1%</td><td>0.10<br>5%</td><td>38.5<br>4%</td></tr><tr><td>TPB (n = 4)</td><td></td><td>[1]</td><td>Av.</td><td>0.00003</td><td>0.0012</td><td>0.0012</td><td>0.070</td><td>0.014</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.1</td></tr><tr><td>TPB (n = 3)</td><td></td><td>[2]</td><td>Av.</td><td>0.00003</td><td>0.0248</td><td>0.0001</td><td>0.014</td><td>0.007</td><td>0.011</td><td>0.0001</td><td>0.0067</td></tr></tbody></table>

Published data for Allende are from Jarosewich et al. (1987) and Stracke et al., 2012; data for BHVO-1, BCR-2 and BIR-1 are from GeoREM. Allende UCSD 142 was previously reported in Day et al. (2015), with the exception of Ag and Cd composition. TPB = Total Procedural Blank.

<footnote>a [1] Paar bombs used for sample digestion; [2] Teflon beakers used for sample digestion.</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 5. CI chondrite normalized Mg/Si versus Al/Si for ordinary (O), enstatite (E), and carbonaceous (C) meteorites. Data have been corrected for excess O and are plotted versus averages of chondrite groups (large symbols with surrounding fields) and their normalization, both of which are from (Alexander, 2019a,b).</figcaption></figure>

ple aliquots with and without fusion crust are similar, the fusion crust composition is not considered to be representative of Chelyabinsk's bulk composition. The Olivenza sam-

ple shows a strong enrichment in Ba, whereas Th was below detection limits (BDL). The “Low Iron” (L) ordinary chondrite group ranging from L3 to L6 are shown in Fig. 7b. Among these, the NWA869 sample has relative Ba, U and Sr enrichments compared with elements of similar incompatibilities in both aliquots measured. One Saratov aliquot shows a minor enrichment in Ba by a factor of 10 compared to the other sample aliquots. Khohar appears to be a distinct sample given its depletions in Rb, Ba, and more significantly, Th, compared to other samples in the group. Khohar also shows a minor enrichment of Y. Kuna-shak (L6) samples show enrichments in U and Peace River shows enrichments of Ba, U, and Ta (Fig. 7c). The “High Iron” (H) ordinary chondrite group displays minor enrichments in all incompatible trace elements relative to CI-chondrite Orgueil (Fig. 7d). The Richardton - fragment (H5), exhibits enrichments in U and Ti compared to the rest of the group. One of the Forest City (H5) aliquots shows a minor enrichment in Zr and Hf.

Incompatible trace element patterns for Enstatite chondrites are shown in Fig. 8. Enstatite chondrites from this study show depletions in most incompatible trace elements compared to CI-chondrite Orgueil. However, for the sample Atlanta, there are slight enrichments in Th, Zr and Hf. Khaipur shows the most significant depletions in

<figure><img src="image_7.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 6. Incompatible trace element compositions for carbonaceous chondrites measured in this study. (a). Incompatible trace elements in C2_ung chondrites. (b). Incompatible trace elements in CK4_an chondrites. (c). Incompatible trace elements in CV3 chondrites. (d). Incompatible trace elements in CM2 chondrites. Elements are ordered from most incompatible (Rb) on the left to least incompatible (Lu) on the right. All samples are normalized to CI chondrite values obtained for Orgueil from Friedrich et al., (2002), with Ta normalization from Barrat et al., (2012).</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_8.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 7. Incompatible trace elements in ordinary chondrites from this study. Plots are separated into “Low metal/Low Iron (LL5)” (A.), “Low Iron (L3-6 and L6)” (B. and C.) and “High Iron (H4-5)” ordinary chondrites (D.). Normalization as in Fig. 6.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_9.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 8. Incompatible trace elements in “Low Enstatite” enstatite chondrites from this study. Normalization as in Fig. 6.</figcaption></figure>

incompatible trace elements out of all the samples measured, although it does have a slight enrichment in Zr and Hf, following the pattern of the other samples in the group.

It should be noted that, for all chondrite classes, small but significant variations are found in Zr and Hf, relative to the normalizing CI chondrite value from Barrat et al., (2012). These variations could be significant from the perspective of the distribution of Zr and Hf in chondrites, or

they may reflect inefficient digestion of phases that contain Zr and Hf (zircon and Zr-rich phases) in prior studies, which we return to in the discussion.

### 4.4. Rubidium-strontium isotope systematics

New <sup>87</sup>Rb-<sup>87</sup>Sr systematics for the meteorites examined in this study are given in Fig. 9 and are reported in Table 5.
<table><caption>Table 5
Rubidium-strontium isotope data for chondrites.</caption><thead><tr><th>Sample</th><th>Type</th><th>Mass (g)</th><th>Rb (ppm)</th><th>Sr (ppm)</th><th><sup>87</sup>Rb/<sup>86</sup>Sr</th><th>2SD</th><th><sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr</th><th>2SE</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="9"><em>Carbonaceous</em></td></tr><tr><td>NWA5958</td><td>C2<sub>ung</sub></td><td>0.00554</td><td>0.77</td><td>34.83</td><td>0.0641</td><td>0.0038</td><td>0.712648</td><td>0.000004</td></tr><tr><td>Murray</td><td>CM2</td><td>0.00542</td><td>5.05</td><td>21.01</td><td>0.6954</td><td>0.0417</td><td>0.722684</td><td>0.000067</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Banten<br>(rerun)</td><td rowspan="3">CM2</td><td>0.04408</td><td>1.31</td><td>9.01</td><td>0.4201</td><td>0.0252</td><td>0.714491</td><td>0.000053</td></tr><tr><td>0.04408</td><td>1.31</td><td>9.01</td><td>0.4201</td><td>0.0252</td><td>0.729962</td><td>0.000007</td></tr><tr><td>0.02045</td><td>1.74</td><td>10.33</td><td>0.4881</td><td>0.0293</td><td>0.729901</td><td>0.000012</td></tr><tr><td>Allende</td><td>CV3</td><td>0.04892</td><td>0.89</td><td>12.62</td><td>0.2034</td><td>0.0122</td><td>0.715343</td><td>0.000003</td></tr><tr><td>GRA06101</td><td>CV3</td><td>0.00492</td><td>1.18</td><td>23.00</td><td>0.1490</td><td>0.0089</td><td>0.712423</td><td>0.000040</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Maralinga</td><td rowspan="2">CK4<sub>an</sub></td><td>0.04925</td><td>0.43</td><td>29.79</td><td>0.0419</td><td>0.0025</td><td>0.708947</td><td>0.000003</td></tr><tr><td>0.02014</td><td>0.59</td><td>31.80</td><td>0.0536</td><td>0.0032</td><td>0.708780</td><td>0.000004</td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><em>Ordinary</em></td></tr><tr><td>Olivenza</td><td>LL5</td><td>0.00540</td><td>2.60</td><td>7.47</td><td>1.0079</td><td>0.0605</td><td>0.755786</td><td>0.000220</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">NWA869</td><td rowspan="2">L3-6</td><td>0.05016</td><td>2.05</td><td>55.22</td><td>0.1072</td><td>0.0064</td><td>0.716653</td><td>0.000002</td></tr><tr><td>0.02002</td><td>2.65</td><td>61.31</td><td>0.1250</td><td>0.0075</td><td>0.716733</td><td>0.000005</td></tr><tr><td>Khohar</td><td>L3-6</td><td>0.00839</td><td>4.38</td><td>8.47</td><td>1.4972</td><td>0.0898</td><td>0.790811</td><td>0.000012</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Saratov</td><td rowspan="3">L4</td><td>0.04268</td><td>3.56</td><td>10.92</td><td>0.9440</td><td>0.0566</td><td>0.762814</td><td>0.000004</td></tr><tr><td>0.05008</td><td>2.00</td><td>8.19</td><td>0.7060</td><td>0.0424</td><td>0.762848</td><td>0.000004</td></tr><tr><td>0.00570</td><td>3.12</td><td>9.09</td><td>0.9944</td><td>0.0597</td><td>0.766298</td><td>0.000016</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Kyle</td><td rowspan="2">L6</td><td>0.05500</td><td>2.12</td><td>8.63</td><td>0.7101</td><td>0.0426</td><td>0.753639</td><td>0.000003</td></tr><tr><td>0.02058</td><td>2.60</td><td>9.51</td><td>0.7906</td><td>0.0474</td><td>0.753714</td><td>0.000007</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Aïr</td><td rowspan="3">L6</td><td>0.04603</td><td>0.65</td><td>10.14</td><td>0.1858</td><td>0.0111</td><td>0.736288</td><td>0.000003</td></tr><tr><td>0.04924</td><td>0.51</td><td>9.58</td><td>0.1525</td><td>0.0091</td><td>0.736056</td><td>0.000005</td></tr><tr><td>0.02044</td><td>0.65</td><td>10.75</td><td>0.1737</td><td>0.0104</td><td>0.735853</td><td>0.000005</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Fayettville</td><td rowspan="2">H4</td><td>0.04540</td><td>1.87</td><td>8.32</td><td>0.6521</td><td>0.0391</td><td>0.750328</td><td>0.000002</td></tr><tr><td>0.02022</td><td>2.75</td><td>10.36</td><td>0.7690</td><td>0.0461</td><td>0.749258</td><td>0.000012</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Forest City<br>(AMNH2421)</td><td rowspan="3">H5</td><td>0.04493</td><td>3.08</td><td>11.04</td><td>0.8080</td><td>0.0485</td><td>0.753416</td><td>0.000003</td></tr><tr><td>0.02075</td><td>2.88</td><td>10.55</td><td>0.7890</td><td>0.0473</td><td>0.752639</td><td>0.000006</td></tr><tr><td>0.04456</td><td>2.73</td><td>9.56</td><td>0.8273</td><td>0.0496</td><td>0.753418</td><td>0.000003</td></tr><tr><td>Pultusk</td><td>H5</td><td>0.02081</td><td>2.70</td><td>9.22</td><td>0.8469</td><td>0.0508</td><td>0.752152</td><td>0.000007</td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><em>Enstatite</em></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Khairpur</td><td rowspan="2">EL6</td><td>0.01329</td><td>1.69</td><td>6.30</td><td>0.7764</td><td>0.0466</td><td>0.746725</td><td>0.000004</td></tr><tr><td>0.00549</td><td>1.54</td><td>6.22</td><td>0.7147</td><td>0.0429</td><td>0.748595</td><td>0.000043</td></tr><tr><td>LON91400</td><td>EL6</td><td>0.02020</td><td>2.11</td><td>7.61</td><td>0.8013</td><td>0.0481</td><td>0.754406</td><td>0.000017</td></tr><tr><td>Eagle</td><td>EL6</td><td>0.00525</td><td>2.03</td><td>8.03</td><td>0.7314</td><td>0.0439</td><td>0.736750</td><td>0.000087</td></tr><tr><td>Atlanta</td><td>EL6</td><td>0.00518</td><td>1.38</td><td>9.81</td><td>0.4067</td><td>0.0244</td><td>0.724527</td><td>0.000008</td></tr></tbody></table>

Carbonaceous chondrite $^{87}$Rb/$^{86}$Sr and $^{87}$Sr/$^{86}$Sr ratios range between 0.042 to 0.695 and 0.708824 to 0.730008, respectively. Data from this study in both CM2 and CV3 groupings agree well with previous studies (Kaushal and Wetherill, 1970; Murthy and Compston, 1965; Mittlefehldt and Wetherill, 1979), although the fragment of Murray (CM2) that we measured has a higher $^{87}$Rb/$^{86}$Sr ratio for a given $^{87}$Sr/$^{86}$Sr composition. Ordinary chondrites show $^{87}$Rb/$^{86}$Sr and $^{87}$Sr/$^{86}$Sr ratios ranging between 0.107 to 1.50 and 0.716698 to 0.790860 respectively. In general, H and L chondrites measured in this study agree well with previous studies (Minster and Allegre, 1981; Minster and Allegre, 1979a,b). Khohar (L3-6) has a $^{87}$Rb/$^{86}$Sr ratio that is two-times the average value for other L chondrites. Northwest Africa 869 and Saratov have measurements of $^{87}$Sr/$^{86}$Sr that are higher than most other L chondrites, pulling them away from the trendline in Fig. 9B. Finally, the Olivenza $^{87}$Rb/$^{86}$Sr ratio value from this study (1.0079) differs from previous measurements (0.7790: Minster and Allegre, 1981); this difference is likely due to the small sample size used in this study and non-representativeness.

Enstatite chondrites measured in this study have $^{87}$Rb/$^{86}$Sr and $^{87}$Sr/$^{86}$Sr ratios ranging between 0.407 to 0.801 and 0.724572 to 0.754453. Measurements done on the EL6 chondrites of this study are similar to those from previous studies (Minster et al., 1979; Gopalan and Wetherill, 1970), although Eagle (EL6) falls slightly off the trendline (Fig. 9C).

### 4.5. Oxygen isotopes

Oxygen isotopes were measured for seven chondrites from the studied sample suite and are reported in Table 6 and shown in Fig. 10. Multiple measurements were run on all samples except NWA 869. Comparisons are made to the terrestrial fractionation line (TFL), which has a slope of 0.5305 (Criss and Farquhar, 2008). Ordinary chondrites from this study fall within the LL, L and H grouping from previous studies (Yurimoto et al., 2008; Clayton and Mayeda, 1999; Clayton et al., 1984). Two results from Chelyabinsk (LL5) fall outside of the LL grouping but within the H grouping. These variable results for Chelyabinsk
<figure><img src="image_10.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 9. ${}^{87}\text{Rb}/{}^{86}\text{Sr}$ versus ${}^{87}\text{Sr}/{}^{86}\text{Sr}$ isotopic ratios for the carbonaceous, ordinary and enstatite chondritic meteorites examined in this study versus literature values for the same groups. Symbols in red are from this study, symbols in gray are from previous studies. Regression lines calculated from all data are included in each plot. (Carbonaceous sources: Kaushal and Wetherill (1970); Murthy and Compston (1965); Mittlefehldt and Wetherill (1979); Ordinary sources: Minster and Allegre (1981); Minster and Allegre (1979a,b); Enstatite sources: Minster and Allegre (1982); Gopalan and Wetherill (1970)).</figcaption></figure>

may be evidence of H-chondrite nuggets or remelted mate-
rial. Carbonaceous chondrites from this study fall within
the groupings represented in previous studies (Brown
et al., 2013). Among all the samples measured in this study,
Allende shows the most variation in oxygen isotopic
composition.

To examine O isotope relationships, regression lines
were fitted to the data. The regression line for ordinary
chondrites measured in previous studies (OC₁) differs to
that of the ordinary chondrites measured in this study
(OC₂) (Yurimoto et al., 2008, Clayton and Mayeda,
1999). From this study, Peace River (L6), NWA 869 (L3-

6) and Chelyabinsk (LL5) all fall along both regression lines (OC₁, OC₂), however, Richardton (H5) and Kunashak (L6) show a slight depletion in both δ¹⁸O and δ¹⁷O relative to the measurements from Yurimoto et al., 2008, offsetting the regression lines of the two separate sample sets. The data collected from this study on the carbonaceous chondrites, Allende and Murchison, falls along the regression line from data collected in Yurimoto et al., 2008. Measurements on Murchison, however, showed variable results between the two studies; the δ¹⁸O = 1.41 and δ¹⁷O = -3.52 from this study and δ¹⁸O = 7.3 and δ¹⁷O = 1.196 from Yurimoto et al., 2008 giving a Δ¹⁷O value different by a factor of ~2 (Table 6). These results are consistent with the aliquot sampling approach in this study, likely reflecting oxygen heterogeneities resulting from heterogeneous materials (i.e., chondrules and CAIs) forming at different times and experiencing variable conditions in the solar nebula and alteration events on their parent bodies (Krot et al., 1998).

4.6. Highly siderophile element abundances of chondrites

New HSE abundance and Re-Os isotope data are
reported in Table 7, with all similar and previously pub-
lished data (until 2021) for chondrites given in Table S1
for comparison. The new dataset includes six, four and
three individual analyses of powders of Allende (CV3),
Chelyabinsk (LL5) and Tagish Lake (C2), respectively;
Fig. 11 presents data from this and prior studies for Tagish
Lake and Allende. Tagish Lake has previously been exam-
ined for HSE abundances and Os isotopes by Brandon
et al., (2005a) and Allende has been measured for HSE
abundances by over half-a-dozen studies using a range of
analytical methods. The new data for Tagish Lake are sim-
ilar to the highest concentration measurements by Brandon
et al., (2005a), but measurements from this study show sys-
tematically higher Ir and Pt. Excellent reproducibility is
found in the aliquots of Allende measured in this study ver-
sus published literature (Horan et al., 2003; Fischer-Gödde
et al., 2010; Walker et al., 2002; Brandon et al., 2005a), with
the exception of one aliquot that had higher Re and Os con-
tents (Fig. 11). In general, HSE absolute abundances within
individual aliquots of samples can vary due to metal inclu-
sions, calcium aluminum inclusions (CAIs) or uneven dis-
tributions of various mineral phases. However, the
correspondence between data from this study and published
values for chondrites (Horan et al., 2003; Fischer-Gödde
et al., 2010; Morgan et al., 1985; McDonald et al., 2001;
Walker et al., 2002; van Acken et al., 2011; Goderis et al.,
2017) indicates that, in general, homogenization of pow-
dered samples leads to similar relative and absolute HSE
abundances. There are a few exceptions, such as, where
metal rich components were preferentially measured in
CB chondrites (e.g., Gujba, this study; Hammafah al
Hamra (Hah) 237 (CB<sub>b</sub>), Walker et al., 2002).

The new HSE abundance data for all measured chon-
drites are presented with published data (Horan et al.,
2003; Fischer-Gödde et al., 2010; Walker et al., 2002;
Brandon et al., 2005a; van Acken et al., 2011; Goderis
et al., 2017) (Table S1) in Fig. 12. The abundance data from
<table><caption>Table 6
Oxygen isotope compositions of selected chondrite meteorites.</caption><thead><tr><th>Sample</th><th>Type</th><th>δ<sup>18</sup>O</th><th>2SD</th><th>δ<sup>17</sup>O</th><th>2SD</th><th>Δ<sup>17</sup>O</th><th>2SD</th><th>n</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="9"><em>Ordinary</em></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Chelyabinsk</td><td rowspan="3">LL5</td><td>4.43</td><td>0.01</td><td>3.57</td><td>0.03</td><td>1.25</td><td rowspan="3">0.16</td><td rowspan="3">3</td></tr><tr><td>2.66</td><td>0.03</td><td>2.79</td><td>0.04</td><td>1.40</td></tr><tr><td>2.76</td><td>0.01</td><td>2.70</td><td>0.03</td><td>1.26</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Chelyabinsk (FC)</td><td rowspan="3">LL5</td><td>4.59</td><td>0.03</td><td>3.65</td><td>0.04</td><td>1.25</td><td rowspan="3">0.11</td><td rowspan="3">3</td></tr><tr><td>4.57</td><td>0.02</td><td>3.72</td><td>0.06</td><td>1.33</td></tr><tr><td>4.63</td><td>0.02</td><td>3.65</td><td>0.03</td><td>1.22</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5">Kunashak</td><td rowspan="5">L6</td><td>4.15</td><td>0.02</td><td>3.45</td><td>0.12</td><td>1.28</td><td rowspan="5">0.13</td><td rowspan="5">4</td></tr><tr><td>4.12</td><td>0.03</td><td>3.29</td><td>0.06</td><td>1.13</td></tr><tr><td>4.01</td><td>0.02</td><td>3.29</td><td>0.02</td><td>1.19</td></tr><tr><td>4.02</td><td>0.02</td><td>3.26</td><td>0.01</td><td>1.15</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><strong>1.19</strong></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Peace River</td><td rowspan="4">L6</td><td>4.32</td><td>0.02</td><td>3.78</td><td>0.17</td><td>1.52</td><td rowspan="4">0.28</td><td rowspan="4">4</td></tr><tr><td>4.29</td><td>0.01</td><td>3.50</td><td>0.02</td><td>1.25</td></tr><tr><td>4.15</td><td>0.04</td><td>3.60</td><td>0.07</td><td>1.43</td></tr><tr><td>4.15</td><td>0.02</td><td>3.42</td><td>0.07</td><td>1.24</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">NWA 869</td><td rowspan="3">L3-6</td><td>4.56</td><td>0.01</td><td>3.80</td><td>0.05</td><td>1.42</td><td rowspan="3">0.39</td><td rowspan="3">1</td></tr><tr><td>4.40</td><td>0.01</td><td>3.30</td><td>0.04</td><td>1.00</td></tr><tr><td>4.10</td><td>0.02</td><td>2.96</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.81</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Richardton</td><td rowspan="2">H5</td><td>4.38</td><td>0.03</td><td>2.87</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.58</td><td rowspan="2">0.43</td><td rowspan="2">4</td></tr><tr><td>4.04</td><td>0.01</td><td>3.11</td><td>0.04</td><td>1.00</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Carbonaceous Murchison</td><td rowspan="2">CM2</td><td>1.92</td><td>0.05</td><td>-3.30</td><td>0.07</td><td>-4.31</td><td rowspan="2">0.29</td><td rowspan="2">2</td></tr><tr><td>1.87</td><td>0.03</td><td>-3.63</td><td>0.05</td><td>-4.61</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Allende</td><td rowspan="4">CV3</td><td>-1.95</td><td>0.02</td><td>-5.49</td><td>0.02</td><td>-4.47</td><td rowspan="4">0.29</td><td rowspan="4">2</td></tr><tr><td>-3.04</td><td>0.04</td><td>-5.78</td><td>0.02</td><td>-4.18</td></tr><tr><td>-2.98</td><td>0.03</td><td>-5.85</td><td>0.05</td><td>-4.29</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><strong>-4.31</strong></td></tr></tbody></table>

<figure><img src="image_11.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 10. δ<sup>18</sup>O versus δ<sup>17</sup>O in per mil (‰). OC<sub>1</sub>-ordinary chondrite regression line using data from previous studies (references below). OC<sub>2</sub> – ordinary chondrite regression line for data from this study. CC-carbonaceous chondrite regression line. TFL-Terrestrial Fractionation Line (slope: 0.5241). All grey symbols are from Yurimoto et al., 2008; Clayton and Mayeda, (1999) and Clayton et al., (1984).</figcaption></figure>
<table><caption>Table 7
Rhenium-osmium isotope and highly-siderophile element abundances (ppb) for Chelyabinsk and other chondrite meteorites.</caption><thead><tr><th>Sample</th><th>Type</th><th>Mass (g)</th><th>Os</th><th>Ir</th><th>Ru</th><th>Pt</th><th>Pd</th><th>Re</th><th><sup>187</sup>Re/<sup>188</sup>Os</th><th>2SD</th><th><sup>187</sup>Os/<sup>188</sup>Os</th><th>2SD</th><th><sup>187</sup>Os/<sup>188</sup>Os<sub>i</sub></th><th>2SD</th><th>ΔOs<sup>i</sup></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="17"><em>Ordinary</em></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Chelyabinsk</td><td rowspan="2">LL5</td><td>0.0328</td><td>655.4</td><td>614.5</td><td>961.9</td><td>1344.6</td><td>1237.5</td><td>65.9</td><td>0.485</td><td>0.033</td><td>0.13269</td><td>0.00013</td><td>0.0944</td><td>0.0038</td><td>-8</td></tr><tr><td>0.0322</td><td>351.7</td><td>343.2</td><td>463.7</td><td>633.5</td><td>398.0</td><td>28.0</td><td>0.383</td><td>0.018</td><td>0.12457</td><td>0.00017</td><td>0.0943</td><td>0.0021</td><td>-9</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Chelyabinsk (with FC)</td><td rowspan="2">LL5</td><td>0.049</td><td>503.7</td><td>441.3</td><td>715.4</td><td>816.7</td><td>504.0</td><td>39.5</td><td>0.378</td><td>0.025</td><td>0.12526</td><td>0.00008</td><td>0.0954</td><td>0.0029</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>0.094</td><td>445.9</td><td>445.9</td><td>727.4</td><td>907.9</td><td>588.4</td><td>38.7</td><td>0.418</td><td>0.022</td><td>0.12835</td><td>0.00007</td><td>0.0953</td><td>0.0026</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Saratov</td><td>L4</td><td>0.027</td><td>647.6</td><td>632.3</td><td>954.4</td><td>1507.2</td><td>786.8</td><td>66.1</td><td>0.493</td><td>0.032</td><td>0.13312</td><td>0.00012</td><td>0.0942</td><td>0.0037</td><td>-10</td></tr><tr><td>NWA869</td><td>L3-6</td><td>0.028</td><td>551.8</td><td>548.1</td><td>748.4</td><td>990.4</td><td>610.6</td><td>101.8</td><td>0.889</td><td>0.028</td><td>0.12672</td><td>0.00011</td><td>0.0564</td><td>0.0034</td><td>-386</td></tr><tr><td>Khohar</td><td>L3-6</td><td>0.007</td><td>743.0</td><td>751.8</td><td>1097.9</td><td>1479.5</td><td>874.1</td><td>66.6</td><td>0.432</td><td>0.037</td><td>0.12844</td><td>0.00013</td><td>0.0943</td><td>0.0042</td><td>-9</td></tr><tr><td>Aïr</td><td>L6</td><td>0.030</td><td>730.7</td><td>676.4</td><td>1049.0</td><td>1467.5</td><td>849.0</td><td>70.9</td><td>0.468</td><td>0.037</td><td>0.12997</td><td>0.00007</td><td>0.0930</td><td>0.0042</td><td>-22</td></tr><tr><td>Kunashak</td><td>L6</td><td>0.100</td><td>440.6</td><td>414.7</td><td>693.3</td><td>925.8</td><td>447.1</td><td>37.0</td><td>0.404</td><td>0.022</td><td>0.12567</td><td>0.00007</td><td>0.0937</td><td>0.0026</td><td>-15</td></tr><tr><td>Kunashak</td><td>L6</td><td>0.100</td><td>499.6</td><td>499.0</td><td>856.0</td><td>1160</td><td>546.6</td><td>40.3</td><td>0.388</td><td>0.025</td><td>0.12572</td><td>0.00006</td><td>0.0950</td><td>0.0029</td><td>-1</td></tr><tr><td>Peace River</td><td>L6</td><td>0.097</td><td>570.4</td><td>507.6</td><td>926.9</td><td>1221</td><td>494.2</td><td>49.5</td><td>0.418</td><td>0.029</td><td>0.12836</td><td>0.00009</td><td>0.0953</td><td>0.0033</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Kyle</td><td>L6</td><td>0.095</td><td>451.2</td><td>438.9</td><td>620.6</td><td>835.4</td><td>531.2</td><td>43.0</td><td>0.459</td><td>0.023</td><td>0.12749</td><td>0.00009</td><td>0.0912</td><td>0.0026</td><td>-40</td></tr><tr><td>Fayetteville</td><td>H4</td><td>0.094</td><td>763.4</td><td>726.3</td><td>1062.8</td><td>1459</td><td>809.2</td><td>66.0</td><td>0.417</td><td>0.038</td><td>0.12880</td><td>0.00003</td><td>0.0958</td><td>0.0043</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>Pultusk</td><td>H5</td><td>0.029</td><td>1070</td><td>1045</td><td>1483</td><td>2082</td><td>1188</td><td>100.8</td><td>0.455</td><td>0.053</td><td>0.13177</td><td>0.00013</td><td>0.0958</td><td>0.0060</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>Forest City</td><td>H5</td><td>0.030</td><td>842.7</td><td>1023</td><td>808.3</td><td>1489</td><td>770.8</td><td>74.1</td><td>0.424</td><td>0.042</td><td>0.12765</td><td>0.00013</td><td>0.0942</td><td>0.0048</td><td>-10</td></tr><tr><td>Richardton</td><td>H5</td><td>0.055</td><td>1114</td><td>1010</td><td>1770</td><td>2180</td><td>958.7</td><td>105.1</td><td>0.455</td><td>0.056</td><td>0.12829</td><td>0.00009</td><td>0.0923</td><td>0.0063</td><td>-28</td></tr><tr><td colspan="17"><em>Carbonaceous</em></td></tr><tr><td>Ivuna</td><td>CI</td><td>0.002</td><td>434.0</td><td>453.1</td><td>625.0</td><td>774.4</td><td>568.8</td><td>40.5</td><td>0.450</td><td>0.022</td><td>0.12632</td><td>0.00012</td><td>0.0907</td><td>0.0025</td><td>-44</td></tr><tr><td>Orgueil</td><td>CI</td><td>0.007</td><td>472.6</td><td>500.9</td><td>689.2</td><td>940.2</td><td>637.5</td><td>40.3</td><td>0.411</td><td>0.024</td><td>0.12654</td><td>0.00011</td><td>0.0940</td><td>0.0027</td><td>-11</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Tagish Lake</td><td rowspan="2">C2-ugr</td><td>0.030</td><td>548.9</td><td>572.4</td><td>845.3</td><td>1083</td><td>624.5</td><td>41.7</td><td>0.366</td><td>0.027</td><td>0.12630</td><td>0.00012</td><td>0.0974</td><td>0.0031</td><td>22</td></tr><tr><td>0.029</td><td>533.6</td><td>571.5</td><td>774.5</td><td>1007</td><td>622.3</td><td>43.0</td><td>0.388</td><td>0.027</td><td>0.12669</td><td>0.00009</td><td>0.0960</td><td>0.0031</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">NWA 5958</td><td rowspan="2">C2</td><td>0.131</td><td>566.1</td><td>578.2</td><td>837.1</td><td>1107</td><td>592.6</td><td>46.9</td><td>0.400</td><td>0.028</td><td>0.12803</td><td>0.00017</td><td>0.0964</td><td>0.0032</td><td>13</td></tr><tr><td>0.025</td><td>482.7</td><td>575.8</td><td>703.8</td><td>510.2</td><td>540.1</td><td>18.8</td><td>0.188</td><td>0.024</td><td>0.12985</td><td>0.00014</td><td>0.1150</td><td>0.0027</td><td>198</td></tr><tr><td>Gujba</td><td>CBa</td><td>0.024</td><td>333.7</td><td>305.9</td><td>504.0</td><td>664.8</td><td>336.3</td><td>295.0</td><td>0.426</td><td>0.167</td><td>0.12566</td><td>0.00014</td><td>0.0920</td><td>0.0187</td><td>-32</td></tr><tr><td>Banten</td><td>CM2</td><td>0.092</td><td>616.8</td><td>615.0</td><td>845.5</td><td>1063</td><td>654.2</td><td>55.2</td><td>0.432</td><td>0.031</td><td>0.12697</td><td>0.00007</td><td>0.0928</td><td>0.0035</td><td>-23</td></tr><tr><td>Cold Bokkeveld</td><td>CM2</td><td>0.009</td><td>556.0</td><td>572.0</td><td>829.7</td><td>1117</td><td>685.2</td><td>45.8</td><td>0.397</td><td>0.028</td><td>0.12549</td><td>0.00029</td><td>0.0941</td><td>0.0032</td><td>-10</td></tr><tr><td>Murray</td><td>CM2</td><td>0.120</td><td>525.6</td><td>553.3</td><td>773.7</td><td>1024</td><td>615.9</td><td>42.9</td><td>0.393</td><td>0.026</td><td>0.12691</td><td>0.00036</td><td>0.0958</td><td>0.0030</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>Murchison MTF</td><td>CM2</td><td>0.101</td><td>557.9</td><td>570.9</td><td>990.1</td><td>1266</td><td>600.1</td><td>48.1</td><td>0.416</td><td>0.028</td><td>0.12649</td><td>0.00007</td><td>0.0936</td><td>0.0032</td><td>-15</td></tr><tr><td>Murchison SIGL</td><td>CM2</td><td>0.119</td><td>572.4</td><td>525.2</td><td>847.1</td><td>1135</td><td>537.8</td><td>85.8</td><td>0.722</td><td>0.029</td><td>0.12484</td><td>0.00006</td><td>0.0677</td><td>0.0034</td><td>-274</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5">Allende</td><td rowspan="5">CV3</td><td>0.101</td><td>737.6</td><td>717.7</td><td>1031</td><td>1503</td><td>637.7</td><td>64.3</td><td>0.420</td><td>0.037</td><td>0.12586</td><td>0.00007</td><td>0.0926</td><td>0.0042</td><td>-25</td></tr><tr><td>0.101</td><td>666.4</td><td>657.4</td><td>994.9</td><td>1385</td><td>627.2</td><td>55.4</td><td>0.400</td><td>0.033</td><td>0.12588</td><td>0.00007</td><td>0.0942</td><td>0.0038</td><td>-9</td></tr><tr><td>0.100</td><td>711.3</td><td>723.6</td><td>1033</td><td>1378</td><td>758.4</td><td>63.5</td><td>0.430</td><td>0.036</td><td>0.12643</td><td>0.00014</td><td>0.0924</td><td>0.0040</td><td>-27</td></tr><tr><td>0.100</td><td>871.0</td><td>698.0</td><td>1017</td><td>1344</td><td>738.7</td><td>75.7</td><td>0.419</td><td>0.044</td><td>0.12540</td><td>0.00017</td><td>0.0923</td><td>0.0049</td><td>-29</td></tr><tr><td>0.101</td><td>701.4</td><td>663.2</td><td>1026</td><td>1354</td><td>739.3</td><td>60.3</td><td>0.414</td><td>0.035</td><td>0.12631</td><td>0.00033</td><td>0.0935</td><td>0.0040</td><td>-16</td></tr><tr><td>0.034</td><td>764.3</td><td>762.7</td><td>1091</td><td>1447</td><td>593.3</td><td>64.3</td><td>0.406</td><td>0.038</td><td>0.12659</td><td>0.00009</td><td>0.0945</td><td>0.0043</td><td>-7</td></tr><tr><td>Graves Nunataks 06101</td><td>CV3</td><td>0.018</td><td>847.8</td><td>937.6</td><td>1322</td><td>1681</td><td>805.6</td><td>74.6</td><td>0.424</td><td>0.042</td><td>0.12795</td><td>0.00009</td><td>0.0944</td><td>0.0048</td><td>-8</td></tr><tr><td>NWA 4502</td><td>CV3</td><td>0.030</td><td>880.9</td><td>941.8</td><td>1215</td><td>1487</td><td>888.7</td><td>47.5</td><td>0.260</td><td>0.044</td><td>0.12565</td><td>0.00016</td><td>0.1051</td><td>0.0049</td><td>99</td></tr><tr><td>Maralinga</td><td>CK4-an</td><td>0.031</td><td>692.1</td><td>710.4</td><td>920.4</td><td>1576</td><td>98.7</td><td>21.8</td><td>0.152</td><td>0.035</td><td>0.11351</td><td>0.00007</td><td>0.1015</td><td>0.0039</td><td>63</td></tr><tr><td colspan="17"><em>Enstatite</em></td></tr><tr><td>Eagle</td><td>EL6</td><td>0.030</td><td>940.3</td><td>904.0</td><td>1131</td><td>1551</td><td>1229</td><td>75.9</td><td>0.389</td><td>0.047</td><td>0.12522</td><td>0.00010</td><td>0.0945</td><td>0.0053</td><td>-7</td></tr><tr><td>Atlanta</td><td>EL6</td><td>0.030</td><td>663.9</td><td>653.9</td><td>930.4</td><td>1254</td><td>708.3</td><td>64.6</td><td>0.469</td><td>0.033</td><td>0.12767</td><td>0.00010</td><td>0.0906</td><td>0.0038</td><td>-46</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>LON91400</td><td>EL6</td><td>0.030</td><td>788.1</td><td>765.7</td><td>1060</td><td>1482</td><td>921.2</td><td>70.9</td><td>0.434</td><td>0.039</td><td>0.12782</td><td>0.00011</td><td>0.0935</td><td>0.0045</td><td>-16</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>EL6</td><td>0.010</td><td>1257</td><td>1178</td><td>1660</td><td>2323</td><td>1389</td><td>110.7</td><td>0.424</td><td>0.063</td><td>0.12808</td><td>0.00012</td><td>0.0945</td><td>0.0071</td><td>-6</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>EL6</td><td>0.010</td><td>1257</td><td>1660</td><td>1178</td><td>2323</td><td>1389</td><td>110.7</td><td>0.424</td><td>0.063</td><td>0.12808</td><td>0.00012</td><td>0.0945</td><td>0.0071</td><td>-6</td></tr><tr><td colspan="18">Literature data<sup>2</sup></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Allende<sup>a</sup></td><td></td><td>729</td><td>684</td><td>1007</td><td>1357</td><td>674</td><td>60.5</td><td>0.393</td><td></td><td>0.12595</td><td></td><td></td><td>-3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Allende<sup>b</sup></td><td></td><td>763</td><td>700</td><td>1140</td><td>1379</td><td>786</td><td>61.2</td><td>0.386</td><td></td><td>0.12638</td><td></td><td></td><td>7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Allende<sup>c</sup></td><td></td><td>785</td><td>720</td><td>1118</td><td>1421</td><td>682</td><td>63.5</td><td>0.390</td><td></td><td>0.12596</td><td></td><td></td><td>0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Allende<sup>d</sup></td><td></td><td>758</td><td>712</td><td>1016</td><td>1348</td><td>674</td><td>60.9</td><td>0.387</td><td></td><td>0.12615</td><td></td><td></td><td>4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Allende<sup>e</sup></td><td></td><td>746</td><td>730</td><td>843</td><td>1290</td><td>598</td><td>60.2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Allende<sup>f</sup></td><td></td><td></td><td>694</td><td>1058</td><td>1395</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Allende<sup>g</sup></td><td></td><td></td><td>776</td><td></td><td></td><td>705</td><td>68.4</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Allende<sup>h</sup></td><td></td><td>833</td><td>740</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Murchison<sup>d</sup></td><td></td><td>580</td><td>558</td><td>741</td><td>1043</td><td>629</td><td>46.0</td><td>0.393</td><td></td><td>0.12526</td><td></td><td></td><td>-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Murchison<sup>a</sup></td><td></td><td>572</td><td>569</td><td>843</td><td>1127</td><td>151</td><td>46.7</td><td>0.382</td><td></td><td>0.12609</td><td></td><td></td><td>7</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

¹ ΔOs (after Fischer-Gödde et al. 2010) refers to the combined deviation in the determined ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os and ¹⁸⁷Re/¹⁸⁸Os for a given chondrite sample from the IIIA iron meteorite reference isochron. ΔOs = 10⁴ (¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os$_{chondrite}$ (0.09524 + 0.07887 × ¹⁸⁷Re/¹⁸⁸Os$_{chondrite}$)). ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os$_{chondrite}$ and ¹⁸⁷Re/¹⁸⁸Os$_{chondrite}$ are the values determined for chondrites, 0.09524 is the initial ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os and 0.07887 is the slope of the IIIA iron meteorite isochron (Smolier et al., 1996).

² a = [ID CT/HPA] Fischer-Gödde et al. (2010); b = [ID CT] Becker et al. (2006); c = [ID CT] Brandon et al. (2005a,b); d = [ID CT] Walker et al. (2002) and Horan et al. (2003); e = [Spark source mass spectrometry] Jochum (1996); f = [NiS] Tagle and Berlin (2008); g = [RNAA] Takahashi et al., 1978; h = [Recommended Values] Jarosewich et al. (1987); i = [Average NAA] Swindle et al. (1998).

this study are broadly consistent with the published data, expanding the range of absolute abundances measured in the groups. Enstatite chondrites show the greatest spread of HSE abundances (~0.2 to ~2.8 × CI-chondrite) compared to carbonaceous or ordinary chondrites. The Richardton H5 chondrite shows a notable relative enrichment in Ru compared to CI chondrites. Most HSE abundances measured in the various chondrite classes are higher relative to CI-chondrite Orgueil, to which their abundances are normalized (based on compiled data from Day et al., 2016b). This deviation is likely to be due to dilution effects due to the presence of higher volatile components within CI-chondrites (Day et al., 2016b), from potential modification by later impact processes (Norman and Mittlefehldt, 2001), and possibly due to preferential sampling of HSE-rich components in the meteorites from the limited aliquot sizes prepared.

As expected, absolute HSE abundances in ordinary chondrites increase with metal abundances, where LL < L < H. Similar to previous studies, data from this study on ordinary chondrites show no correlation between the petrologic type and HSE abundance (Fig. 13B.), suggesting that thermal metamorphism has no control on HSE abundances in the parent bodies of ordinary chondrites (Fischer-Gödde et al., 2010; Kallemeyn et al., 1989; Day et al., 2016b). Carbonaceous chondrites show increasing HSE abundances between the groups in the order CI < CM2 < CV3. Maralinga (CK4an) has a significant relative depletion of Pd and NWA 5958 has a depletion in Pt and an enrichment in Pd, relative to CI chondrite (Fig. 12B.). In carbonaceous chondrites, there is a trend for both Os and Pd in association with petrologic type (Fig. 12), where Os shows an increasing abundance relative to increasing petrologic grade, while a similar, but weaker, correlation is observed for Pd. Generally, most carbonaceous chondrites show a minor depletion of Pd relative to the other HSE and have CI-like HSE abundance patterns, excluding the few mentioned above. Gujba (CBa) has been excluded from figures due to the high HSE content measured for this sample aliquot. The high HSE content is caused by the high metal content and, in this sense, is like Re and Os contents previously reported for CBo Hah 237 (Walker et al., 2002).

Four enstatite chondrites were measured for HSE abundances in this study, all of which are from the EL group petrologic type 6. Khairpur shows the highest HSE abundances, most notably in its Re abundance (Fig. 12C.). Eagle, Atlanta and LON91400 have similar HSE abundances to enstatite chondrites measured in previous studies (Horan et al., 2003; Fischer-Gödde et al., 2010), although Eagle is comparatively enriched in Ir and Pd. Excluding Khairpur, the enstatite chondrites show a limited spread in HSE abundance. Similar to the ordinary chondrites, the enstatite chondrites do not have strong trends associated with petrologic type (Fig. 13C); it is important to note, however, that the amount of enstatite samples available to measure is far less than carbonaceous or ordinary chondrites. When all chondrites are plotted for both Re and Pd abundances relative to petrologic grade, the variability in concentrations of these elements expands with increasing petrologic type (Fig. 13D).
<figure><img src="image_12.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 11. Linear CI-chondrite normalized HSE patterns for duplicate measurements of Tagish Lake (A.) and Allende (B.) versus analyses from prior studies. Grey lines are measurements from Brandon et al., (2005a); Fischer-Gödde et al., (2010); Becker et al., (2006) and Walker et al., (2002). All samples are normalized to CI-chondrite Orgueil from the compilation in Day et al., (2016b).</figcaption></figure>

Taking the average of the HSE contents for all published chondrites, with the exception of Gujba (CBa), yields the following HSE abundances for ordinary chondrites (n = 41): 599 ng g⁻¹ Ir, 902 ng g⁻¹ Ru, 1322 ng g⁻¹ Pt, 696 ng g⁻¹ Pd, with a total of 36% variation in HSE abundances (1 standard deviation); carbonaceous chondrites (n = 89): 646 ng g⁻¹ Ir, 946 ng g⁻¹ Ru, 1230 ng g⁻¹ Pt, 686 ng g⁻¹ Pd, with a total of 13% variation in HSE abundances (excluding Hah237 – Walker et al., 2002); enstatite chondrites (n = 50): 564 ng g⁻¹ Ir, 897 ng g⁻¹ Ru, 1152 ng g⁻¹ Pt, 838 ng g⁻¹ Pd, with a total of 28% variation in HSE abundances. These average Ir, Ru, Pt and Pd contents and the total variability in HSE abundances indicates that ordinary, carbonaceous and enstatite chondrite reservoirs had identical initial HSE abundances, within uncertainties, consistent with prior work (e.g., Horan et al., 2003; Fischer-Gödde et al., 2010).

## 4.7. Rhenium-osmium isotope systematics

Data obtained for Re and Os abundances, ¹⁸⁷Re/¹⁸⁸Os and ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os, including calculated ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Osᵢ at 4568 Ma (assumed time of Solar System formation) are listed in Table 7. In this study, concentrations for Re spanned from 18.8 ng g⁻¹ to 295 ng g⁻¹ and concentrations of Os spanned from 351 ng g⁻¹ to 3337 ng g⁻¹. Aliquots of

Chelyabinsk (LL5) and NWA 5958 (C2) had the lowest Os and Re respectively, whereas Gujba (CBa) was the highest for both Re and Os concentrations. As noted previously, it is likely that the reason for Gujba’s anomalously high concentrations of Re, Os and other HSE is due to incorporation of metal fractions in the measured sample. As shown by prior studies (Walker et al., 2002), ordinary chondrites tend to have the highest concentrations of Re and Os, most likely due to the greater proportions of metal within sample aliquots (Fig. 14). While carbonaceous chondrites do not vary as greatly in Os concentrations as ordinary or enstatite chondrites, they do have a tendency towards greater offset in Re concentrations and so elevated Re/Os, with respect to ordinary or enstatite chondrites.

Ratios of ¹⁸⁷Re/¹⁸⁸Os versus ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os for most samples in this study lie along the 4.568 Ga iron meteorite isochron, as has also been observed for chondrite classes previously (Fig. 15; Walker et al., 2002; Brandon et al., 2005a; Fischer-Gödde et al., 2010; van Acken et al., 2011; Goderis et al., 2017). Samples with low Re/Os (NWA 5958, NWA 4502, Maralinga) and high Re/Os (NWA 869, Murchison (SIGL) lie to the left and the right of the isochron, respectively, strongly implicating recent disturbance (Fig. 15). For ordinary chondrites in this study, the ¹⁸⁷Re/¹⁸⁸Os ratios span from 0.378 (Chelyabinsk LL5) to 0.889 (NWA869 L3-6). Excluding NWA869, the range for
<figure><img src="image_13.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 12. CI-chondrite normalized HSE abundance patterns between chondrite classes (note Y-axis is as a linear scale). Data from this study (excluding Gujba) are in black, with Chelyabinsk aliquots in red; data from Horan et al., (2003); Fischer-Gödde et al., (2010); Walker et al., (2002); Brandon et al., (2005a); van Acken et al., (2011); Goderis et al., (2017) are in grey. Normalization scheme is the same as for Fig. 11.</figcaption></figure>

ordinary chondrites tapers to 0.378–0.493, with an average
of 0.434 ± 0.068 (n = 59, 1 st. dev.), close to the average
ratio from Walker et al., (2002) of 0.422 ± 0.025. Carbona-
ceous chondrites exhibit a range of ¹⁸⁷Re/¹⁸⁸Os ratios, from
0.152 (Maralinga CK4-an) to 0.722 (Murchison CM2);
excluding NWA 4502 (0.260), and NWA 5958 (0.188), the
range from carbonaceous chondrites narrows to 0.366–
0.450, with an average of 0.3965 ± 0.0573 (n = 72, 1 st.
dev.). For comparison, the average for carbonaceous chon-
drites in Walker et al., 2002 was 0.389 ± 0.021. The ensta-
tite chondrites show a range from ¹⁸⁷Re/¹⁸⁸Os = 0.389
Eagle (EL6) to 0.469 Atlanta (EL6), with an average of 0.

427 ± 0.020 (n = 39, 1 st. dev.); Walker et al., (2002)
showed an average of 0.421 ± 0.013 for enstatite chon-
drites. In general, the measurements from this sample set
correlate closely to those of Walker et al., (2002) but
expand upon it.

For carbonaceous chondrites, the ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratios
range from 0.10929 to 0.13032, with an average of 0.1252
4 ± 0.0035 (n = 83, 1 st. dev.); for ordinary the range of
¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratios is 0.12526 to 0.13312, with an average
of 0.1284 ± 0.0021 (n = 59, 1 st. dev.) and for enstatite,
¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratios range from 0.12520 to 0.13029 with an
average of 0.1281 ± 0.0009 (n = 57, 1 st. dev.). The ranges
<figure><img src="image_14.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 13. Plots of normalized HSE abundances versus petrologic type in each class of chondrite, and for all chondrite classes. Teal symbols are representative of data from this study, grey symbols are from previous studies. 2nd order regression lines of the literature (Lit.) data have been plotted for carbonaceous chondrites (A) and for all classes of chondrites (D). Literature data included is sourced from Walker et al., (2002); Horan et al., (2003); Brandon et al., (2005a); Fischer-Gödde et al., (2010); van Acken et al., (2011); Goderis et al., (2017). Figure modified after Day et al., (2016b). Normalization scheme is the same as for Fig. 11.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_15.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 14. Plot of rhenium versus osmium (in ppb) for ordinary, carbonaceous and enstatite chondrites (excluding Gujba). Colored symbols are from this study. Samples with suspected terrestrial alteration are labeled with their sample ID. Grey symbols are data from Horan et al., (2003); Fischer-Gödde et al., (2010); Walker et al., (2002); Brandon et al., (2005a); Walker et al., (2018); van Acken et al., (2011); Goderis et al., (2017).</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_16.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 15. $^{187}$Re/$^{188}$Os versus $^{187}$Os/$^{188}$Os for bulk chondrite samples. Colored symbols show data from this study. Grey symbols represent data from Horan et al., (2003); Fischer-Gödde et al., (2010); Walker et al., (2002); Brandon et al. (2005a,b); Walker et al., (2018); van Acken et al., (2011); Goderis et al., (2017). The 4.558 IIIA iron isochron is from Smoliar et al., (1996). Samples of interest from this study are labeled. Note that samples which fall off the 4.558 IIA iron isochron in this figure are also displaced from the grouping of samples in Fig. 14.</figcaption></figure>

for each class vary, where the carbonaceous chondrites show the most significant range. However, when the lowest $^{187}$Os/$^{188}$Os ratios are excluded (Maralinga CK4-an (from this study)), the ordinary chondrite class shows the greatest variance between samples (Fig. 18).

# 5. DISCUSSION

## 5.1. Nugget heterogeneity and implications for asteroid sampling

For this study, a diversity of chondrite meteorites were examined, mainly to complement those already studied by previous works. For some of these samples only limited initial masses were available for study. For the bulk rock analyses, on average ~0.1 g of sample powder was prepared, with some available sample masses being significantly more limited (<0.02 g) (Table 1). This small sampling method enables evaluation of nugget heterogeneities, such as high HSE contents from metal-rich chondrites, including Gujba. The approach can also enable evaluation of elemental distribution in chondrites. For example, the new HSE results presented here show a similar range of absolute abundance variability – between 28% and 36% - for individual chondrite groups as observed in prior studies that may have examined larger sample powder aliquots. These results suggest a relatively even distribution of the HSE at subcentimeter to sub-millimeter scales in chondrite meteorites.

While nugget heterogeneity is well known for the HSE in planetary materials (e.g., Day, 2016), it may also occur for other trace and major elements, such as in GRA 06101, as noted above. This effect has the advantage that the results can help to express the degree of trace element fractionation at small scales, but a disadvantage that the compositions of such fragments cannot be taken as the ‘bulk composition’ of the chondrite. Collectively, the variable sample masses analyzed strongly suggest that variability in elemental abundances in chondrites broadly occurs at masses less

than 0.1 g. This information is important for understanding elemental distributions from fine-grained particles accreting to the Earth as well as for sample-return missions such as Osiris-Rex or Hayabusa and Hayabusa-2, for which sample masses of early nebula materials are likely to be finite. In general, when conducting bulk analysis on planetary materials, great care is taken to homogenize powdered samples, yet when sampling chondrite meteorite aliquots < 0.1 g in size, there strong evidence for a ‘mode effect’, where nonrepresentative fractions of rock samples are measured. This effect may be critical as return sample masses from missions are likely to be finite and curatorial processing may prevent production of homogeneous sample powders. Methods which allow analysis on multiple elemental and isotopic compositions could help aid in discussions revolving around bulk sample or parent body processes which could be misinterpreted if small sample masses produce divergent results.

## 5.2. Role of terrestrial alteration on chondrite meteorite compositions

Many of the studied meteorites are finds and show evidence of terrestrial alteration. For example, samples found in hot desert environments (e.g., “NWA” samples) can exhibit significant terrestrial alteration effects, drastically modifying the primary abundances of elements which can otherwise provide information on parent body processes (e.g., Crozaz et al., 2003). Past studies have shown evidence of terrestrial alteration in chondrites to be correlated with increases in Ca, Ba, Sr, U, Pb and As abundances, as well as higher abundances of the light REE (LREE) compared to the heavy REE (HREE) (e.g., Crozaz et al., 2003; Lee and Bland, 2004; Al-Kathiri et al., 2005). From the samples examined, the Northwest Africa ordinary (NWA 869) and carbonaceous chondrites (NWA 5958) show relative enrichments in Ba, U and Sr and depletions in Rb relative to CI chondrite (Figs. 6 and 7). These can be explained by small
quantities of terrestrial alteration. Critically, several of the ‘non-hot-desert’ carbonaceous and ordinary chondrite falls and finds also have Ba and U enrichments, which are more challenging to explain by long-term residence on Earth. Another unusual feature of the new dataset is the general incompatible trace element enrichment observed in the aliquot of Murray (CM). As Murray is a fall, these features are more difficult to explain by terrestrial alteration. Given the sensitivity of Rb and Sr to terrestrial alteration, the Rb-Sr isotope system could be used to further examine trace element disturbance by examining recent disturbance from the Rb-Sr isochron. In these diagrams, NWA 869 and NWA 5958 do not appear strongly disturbed, whereas Äir and Saratov, as well as Murray are displaced from the regression lines in Fig. 9. From this evidence it is likely that the variation in trace elements observed in Murray, as well as Äir and Saratov likely derive from parent body processes, rather than terrestrial alteration.

All three NWA chondrites analyzed in this study (NWA 4502 [CV2], NWA 5958 [C2] and NWA 869 [L3-6]) have Re-Os isotope systematics that deviate significantly from other chondrites which scatter around the expected ~4.56 Ga IIIA Iron isochron (Fig. 15). As would be expected, these chondrites also depart from the chondrite correlation for bulk sample Re and Os compositions (Fig. 14). It has previously been shown that the Re-Os isotope system is susceptible to modification by terrestrial alteration in both chondrite and primitive achondrite meteorites (e.g., Day et al., 2016b; Hyde et al., 2014; Archer et al., 2014; Rankenburg et al., 2007; Fischer-Gödde et al., 2010). Deviations from the ¹⁸⁷Re/¹⁸⁸Os versus ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os 4.558 IIIA Iron isochron are considered indicators of very recent open-system behavior of Re and/or Os during terrestrial alteration. The greater likelihood is for Re mobilization, rather than that of Os, given the chondritic Os/Ir ratios preserved in these meteorites. For example, the fragment of NWA 869 analyzed experienced apparent Re gain while two carbonaceous chondrites, NWA 4502 and NWA 5958, seem to have experienced Re loss. These behaviors have previously been explained by localized mobilization of Re in sulfides and/or metals in achondrite meteorites (Hyde et al., 2014).

In addition to the NWA chondrites, two other chondrites in this new dataset have strongly disturbed Re-Os isotope systematics. Maralinga is a CK4 find from Australia and has experienced apparent Re-loss, as also observed for NWA 4502 and NWA 5958. Murchison, on the other hand, is a CM2 fall and from Australia, but one of the two fragments that we measured had anomalously high Re (Re – 85.8 µg/g; ¹⁸⁷Re/¹⁸⁸Os – 0.722). A recent study of the Sutter’s Mill carbonaceous chondrite has shown that redistribution of Re, and possibly minor quantities of Os, occurred prior to collection of meteorite fragments, during a timeframe of a few hours to days of rainy weather (Walker et al., 2018). As with achondrites (Hyde et al., 2014), Walker et al., (2018) found that Re is the most vulnerable of the HSE to terrestrial effects. The results from Sutter’s Mill suggest that a fall, including Maralinga, or even finds, such as Murchison, do not require much time, either before collection or perhaps even during curation,

to experience even minor perturbations to elements associated with sulfide or metal phases, or to elements that may also be hydrophilic (e.g., halogens, large ion lithophile elements). Although the cause of the Re enrichment in the Murchison (Lab ID = SIGL) sample remains a mystery, like previous studies, the enrichments seen in this Murchison sample are not always reproducible for other Murchison powders analyzed and therefore it is unclear as to if the results are from heterogeneous distribution on the parent body, or are due to terrestrial weathering (Braukmüller et al., 2018).

### 5.3. High field strength elements in chondrites and the Ivuna composition

New data for mineral phases in the Chelyabinsk chondrite, normalized to CI chondrite Ivuna (Barrat et al., 2012), show relative and absolute abundances of the REE and incompatible trace elements similar to mineral phases normally found in ordinary chondrites. However, anomalous behavior is exhibited for the high field strength elements (HFSE), showing positive anomalies in Zr, Hf, Nb and Ta for the chondrule, pyroxene, olivine and the fusion crust separates, and negative anomalies for Zr, Hf and Nb for the phosphate analyses, when normalized to carbonaceous Ivuna abundances from Barrat et al., (2012). Minor anomalies in the HFSE, relative to the same normalization are also evident in some bulk chondrite measurements (e.g., Allende, Chelyabinsk, Forest City and the enstatite chondrites that were measured). Recently, three studies, including this study, have reported new trace element abundance measurements in Ivuna (this study, Barrat et al., 2012; Braukmüller et al., 2018), expanding on the preferred CI value reported by McDonough and Sun (1995) (Table 8). Comparison of the new Ivuna data with these prior studies shows that the fragments analyzed here have higher P, Ba and Ta, and higher absolute abundances than in Barrat et al., (2012) and Braukmüller et al., (2018) (Fig. 16). In particular, the HFSE in analyses by the prior studies are between ~10 and 30% lower than here, or in the compilation of McDonough and Sun (1995), yet adjacent elements on the comparison plots (U, La, Nd and Sm) are similar.

Both this study and Braukmüller et al., (2018) performed Paar bomb digestion for Ivuna, which is a highly effective method for complete digestion. Conventional dissolutions in Teflon vials, on the other hand, can be less reliable at digesting refractory mineral phases, such as zircon. These differences in digestion method may be a source of minor discrepancy between the results of this study, Braukmüller et al., (2018) and Barrat et al., (2012), where the latter did not use Paar bomb digestion. Alternatively, there may also be localized heterogeneity in Ivuna fragments. In all cases, using Ivuna values from these studies still leads to minor HFSE anomalies observed in the Chelyabinsk components and in some chondrites. These observations support some variability in HFSE within chondrites and chondrite groups. Absent of obvious terrestrial modification effects, one possibility to explain these small variations are parent body alteration processes wherein HFSE are immobile relative to elements of similar incompatibility
<table><caption>Table 8
Compositional data for Carbonaceous Ivuna chondrite.</caption><thead><tr><th>Sample<br>Method<br>Study</th><th></th><th>Ivuna<br>Paar Bomb<br>This study</th><th>2SD</th><th>CI<br>Compilation<br>[1]</th><th>Ivuna<br>Hotplate<br>[2]</th><th>Ivuna<br>Paar Bomb<br>[3]</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Fe</td><td>wt.%</td><td>26.7</td><td>0.5</td><td>18.1</td><td></td><td>18.2</td></tr><tr><td>P</td><td>wt.%</td><td>0.259</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.108</td><td>0.106</td><td>0.085</td></tr><tr><td>Ti</td><td>wt.%</td><td>0.035</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.044</td><td></td><td>0.038</td></tr><tr><td>Mn</td><td>wt.%</td><td>0.251</td><td>0.006</td><td>0.192</td><td>0.200</td><td>0.204</td></tr><tr><td>Cr</td><td>wt.%</td><td>0.231</td><td>0.002</td><td>0.265</td><td></td><td>0.258</td></tr><tr><td>Co</td><td>wt.%</td><td>0.060</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.050</td><td>0.055</td><td>0.051</td></tr><tr><td>Ni</td><td>wt.%</td><td>1.21</td><td>0.06</td><td>1.05</td><td></td><td>1.12</td></tr><tr><td>Li</td><td>µg/g</td><td>1.36</td><td>0.01</td><td>1.5</td><td>1.44</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sc</td><td>µg/g</td><td>6.08</td><td>0.15</td><td>5.92</td><td>6.08</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>V</td><td>µg/g</td><td>44.6</td><td>1.5</td><td>56</td><td>54.0</td><td>47.5</td></tr><tr><td>Cu</td><td>µg/g</td><td>114.5</td><td>2.6</td><td>120</td><td>138</td><td>136</td></tr><tr><td>Zn</td><td>µg/g</td><td>407.0</td><td>5.1</td><td>310</td><td>330</td><td>321</td></tr><tr><td>Ga</td><td>µg/g</td><td>10.9</td><td>0.5</td><td>9.2</td><td>9.7</td><td>8.7</td></tr><tr><td>Ge</td><td>µg/g</td><td>23.8</td><td>1.7</td><td>31</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Se</td><td>µg/g</td><td>1.45</td><td>0.03</td><td>21</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rb</td><td>µg/g</td><td>2.37</td><td>0.01</td><td>2.30</td><td>2.23</td><td>2.09</td></tr><tr><td>Sr</td><td>µg/g</td><td>5.6</td><td>0.1</td><td>7.3</td><td>8.0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Y</td><td>µg/g</td><td>1.65</td><td>0.15</td><td>1.57</td><td>1.60</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zr</td><td>µg/g</td><td>3.61</td><td>0.25</td><td>3.82</td><td>3.48</td><td>3.27</td></tr><tr><td>Nb</td><td>µg/g</td><td>0.30</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.24</td><td>0.30</td><td>0.25</td></tr><tr><td>Mo</td><td>µg/g</td><td>1.31</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.90</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sn</td><td>µg/g</td><td>1.65</td><td>0.04</td><td>1.65</td><td></td><td>1.48</td></tr><tr><td>Cs</td><td>µg/g</td><td>0.248</td><td>0.008</td><td>0.190</td><td>0.192</td><td>0.173</td></tr><tr><td>Ba</td><td>µg/g</td><td>4.24</td><td>0.03</td><td>2.41</td><td>2.57</td><td>2.20</td></tr><tr><td>La</td><td>µg/g</td><td>0.226</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.237</td><td>0.241</td><td>0.189</td></tr><tr><td>Ce</td><td>µg/g</td><td>0.56</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.61</td><td>0.61</td><td>0.50</td></tr><tr><td>Pr</td><td>µg/g</td><td>0.086</td><td>0.005</td><td>0.093</td><td>0.092</td><td>0.082</td></tr><tr><td>Nd</td><td>µg/g</td><td>0.456</td><td>0.038</td><td>0.457</td><td>0.471</td><td>0.428</td></tr><tr><td>Sm</td><td>µg/g</td><td>0.152</td><td>0.013</td><td>0.148</td><td>0.155</td><td>0.144</td></tr><tr><td>Eu</td><td>µg/g</td><td>0.051</td><td>0.002</td><td>0.056</td><td>0.060</td><td>0.055</td></tr><tr><td>Gd</td><td>µg/g</td><td>0.225</td><td>0.016</td><td>0.199</td><td>0.213</td><td>0.212</td></tr><tr><td>Tb</td><td>µg/g</td><td>0.0406</td><td>0.0011</td><td>0.0361</td><td>0.0388</td><td>0.0356</td></tr><tr><td>Dy</td><td>µg/g</td><td>0.276</td><td>0.014</td><td>0.246</td><td>0.260</td><td>0.243</td></tr><tr><td>Ho</td><td>µg/g</td><td>0.0613</td><td>0.0001</td><td>0.0546</td><td>0.0579</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Er</td><td>µg/g</td><td>0.1857</td><td>0.0014</td><td>0.1600</td><td>0.1700</td><td>0.1580</td></tr><tr><td>Tm</td><td>µg/g</td><td>0.0287</td><td>0.0015</td><td>0.0247</td><td>0.0271</td><td>0.0243</td></tr><tr><td>Yb</td><td>µg/g</td><td>0.183</td><td>0.008</td><td>0.161</td><td>0.171</td><td>0.165</td></tr><tr><td>Lu</td><td>µg/g</td><td>0.0293</td><td>0.0024</td><td>0.0246</td><td>0.0248</td><td>0.0242</td></tr><tr><td>Hf</td><td>µg/g</td><td>0.11692</td><td>0.00002</td><td>0.103</td><td>0.107</td><td>0.096</td></tr><tr><td>Ta</td><td>µg/g</td><td>0.0232</td><td>0.0015</td><td>0.0136</td><td>0.0149</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>W</td><td>µg/g</td><td>0.105</td><td>0.009</td><td>0.093</td><td>0.10</td><td>0.09</td></tr><tr><td>Pb</td><td>µg/g</td><td>2.68</td><td>0.02</td><td>2.47</td><td>2.65</td><td>2.39</td></tr><tr><td>Th</td><td>µg/g</td><td>0.0325</td><td>0.0005</td><td>0.0290</td><td>0.0289</td><td>0.0251</td></tr><tr><td>U</td><td>µg/g</td><td>0.0083</td><td>0.0003</td><td>0.0074</td><td>0.0075</td><td>0.0060</td></tr></tbody></table>

Data are from this study and [1] McDonough and Sun, 1995 [2] Barrat et al., 2012 [3] Braukmüller et al., 2018.

(e.g., REE), leading to minor variability in these elements. The variability in HFSE is particularly evident in enstatite chondrites, or in chondrites measured with limited powdered sample masses, reflecting that any HFSE versus REE mobility in chondrites occurring during thermal metamorphism spanned limited length-scales (Fig. 17).

## 5.4. Role of parent body processes on chemical component distribution in chondrites

Major processes thought to act on chondrite parent bodies after their accretion include thermal metamorphic processes, as well as aqueous and fluid alteration (e.g.,

Brearley and Jones, 1998). Many of these processes are likely to have been operative within the first few million years of the evolution of chondrite parent bodies, whereas metamorphism can continue to occur later due to disruptive collisions between bodies. In this study, samples analyzed span a wide range of apparent alteration states and thermal metamorphic grades (Table S1). Despite this, we find that the trace element abundances for the majority of the carbonaceous chondrites are considered to be similar to those measured in CI-chondrite Ivuna. This data would support the suggestion that secondary processes, such as thermal metamorphism on the parent body, have only had minor effects on the relative abundances of elements and the bulk
<figure><img src="image_17.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 16. Comparisons of Ivuna trace element chemistry. Data from this study, Braukmüller et al., (2018) and Barrat et al., (2012) have been normalized to the CI compilation from McDonough and Sun (1995).</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_18.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 17. Dy/Yb versus Hf/Ta ratios for the chondrite classes. Data are from this study.</figcaption></figure>
composition of carbonaceous chondrites (Braukmüller et al., 2018) and supports the limited spatial distribution at which such processes are likely to be operative.

In contrast to carbonaceous chondrites, EL6 chondrites are considered be strongly affected by brecciation and/or impact melting (e.g., Rubin et al., 2009; Barrat et al., 2014). Trace element abundance data from previous studies have shown negative Sm and Yb anomalies, thought to be a nebular signature in EH3 and EL3 residues. However, no such anomalies are seen in the EL6 sample, indicating that such signatures may have been erased through metamorphism or impact melting processes (Barrat et al., 2014). While previous studies have suggested that all EL chondrites belong to the same metamorphic grade, the lack of diversity among this sample suite for enstatite chondrites does not enable consideration of their relationships. Rubin et al., (2009), suggested that EL6 chondrites could be compositional residues of EL3 chondrites after the extraction of plagioclase- and oldhamite-bearing melt. Calcium-depletion in EL6 chondrites is necessary for this model, but even so, it is difficult to support (Barrat et al., 2014).

Thermal metamorphism does not seem to have a significant effect on the HSE distribution within chondritic parent bodies. Carbonaceous chondrites show an increasing abundance of Os and Pd with an increase in petrologic type; however, as these samples have experienced limited parent body processing, this would seem to reflect a dilutional effect from volatile retention and release rather than HSE mobility (Day, 2016; Fig. 13A.). Enstatite chondrites from this study show that there is more variation in Pt and Pd abundances in the EL group than previously measured (Fig. 13C.). Overall, Re and Pd within all chondrite classes remains constant through parent body processing, suggesting that mobilization of these elements is affected through a subsequent process.

As with past studies, we find major element compositional relationships between different chondrite groups (Fig. 5). C2 and CM2 chondrites from this study fall to the left of the main trend seen in the same samples from past studies (Alexander, 2019a,b). The compositional variations of these carbonaceous chondrite groups are suggestive of Mg-loss from hydration. Past studies have suggested that carbonaceous chondrites hold most of the water in the structural bonds of phyllosilicates that formed during aqueous alteration of anhydrous minerals, such as olivine and pyroxene, on their parent bodies (Greshake, 2014; Brearley, 2006). Given that the samples from this study were of petrologic grade “2” their assumed “lesser” geochemical processing would corroborate with the presence of fewer hydrous materials.

Considering that the above discussion is based on bulk sample analysis, care was taken to consider the various mineral phases of the Chelyabinsk chondrite to reveal further information on potential formational environments of its metals and its parent body processes. The HSE abundances of the various components of the Chelyabinsk chondrite give information on the mobility of these elements during accretionary and parent body processing. Two types of metals were measured in the Chelyabinsk chondrite. The

type-1 metal contained higher concentrations of Pd and Au, previous studies show that high-Ni metals in chondrites contain higher Pd and Au relative to low-Ni metals while the remaining HSE remain nearly unfractionated between the two groups (Campbell and Humayun, 2003) Furthermore, previous studies have shown that this pattern of the HSE is like those observed for kamacite-taenite partitioning from subsolidus reactions in ordinary chondrites and iron meteorites (e.g., Narayan and Goldstein, 1985; Campbell and Humayun, 1999). The refractory HSE are nearly the same for both metals suggesting equilibration, likely between the kamacite and taenite. Slow cooling allows these metal phases to equilibrate, and since Ni partitions more readily into liquid metal, the Ni contents of both phases would have increased (Campbell and Humayun, 2003).

### 5.5. The HSE content and Pt/Os, Re/Os, Pd/Ir and Ru/Ir of chondrites

Carbonaceous chondrites from this study show, on average, ~8% lower Re/Os than those of ordinary or enstatite chondrites, agreeing well with previous studies (Walker et al., 2002; Horan et al., 2003). The lower average $^{187}$Os/$^{188}$Os ratios of this class of meteorites indicates that this difference is a long-term effect (e.g., Walker et al., 2002; Horan et al., 2003) caused during the formation of the meteorite group. An argument has been made that the fractionation is due to early, high-temperature fractionation in the solar nebula (e.g., Horan et al., 2003) and is corroborated by studies such as Sylvester et al., (1990) and (1993), where Fremdlinge from CV3 chondrites showed sub-chondritic Re/Os ratios. These Fremdlinge measurements have been used in thermodynamic modeling, resulting in data consistent with solar nebula processing (Berg et al., 2009), where refractory metal alloys were recovered and measured for Os, W, Mo and Ru to display evidence for nebular condensation formation processes (Fischer-Gödde et al., 2010). These features are consistent with processing within inner and outer Solar System reservoirs held to be responsible for the compositional differences observed in carbonaceous versus ordinary and enstatite meteorite groups (e.g., Warren, 2011; Kruijer et al., 2017).

Maralinga (CK4an) is a unique sample from the suite of carbonaceous chondrites regarding its Re abundance and Re-Os isotopic compositions. Its low Re content (21.8 ng g⁻¹) and $^{187}$Re/$^{188}$Os (0.152) ratio yield one of the lowest $^{187}$Os/$^{188}$Os (0.11351) ratios ever measured for a chondrite meteorite. Maralinga has been described previously as a petrologically anomalous sample. Petrologic observations have shown that Maralinga contains ~50% matrix, ~50% chondrules and 3% CAIs (Keller et al., 1992); this is starkly different to the mean CK chondritic values of ~75% matrix, ~15% chondrules and rare CAIs (0.5%) (Krot et al., 2004). Notably, previous studies have reported Maralinga to have a high Ni content in its olivine, pentlandite, ilmenite, magnetite and pyroxenes when comparing to other CK chondrites (e.g., Noguchi, 1993; Dunn et al., 2016). However, when considering all carbonaceous chondrites from our bulk sample major element analysis, Maralinga has one of the lowest Ni contents. This could be a result of processes
invoked by various studies showing CK chondrites to contain only minor amounts of FeNi metal (Fischer-Gödde et al., 2010). It has been shown that most of the metal in these samples has been oxidized, resulting in the formation of secondary phases like magnetite, FeO-rich silicates and HSE-rich sulfides, tellurides and arsenides (e.g., Geiger and Bischoff, 1989; Kallmeyn et al., 1991; Choi and Wasson, 2003). Overall, the relative enrichment of trace elements in Maralinga could be suggestive of a low degree of parent body thermal metamorphism. This scenario may be further supported from previous studies measurements of Maralinga's high Ni content in many of its minerals, suggesting un-equilibrated fine-grained phases in the matrix compared to those measured in other CK-chondrites (e.g., Geiger and Bischoff, 1989; Huber et al., 2006).

Generally, measurements of HSE in ordinary chondrites show decreasing HSE abundance from $H > L > LL$, which is consistent with increasing HSE partitioning into metal phases and the respective metal content in these meteorite classes. The Re and Os concentrations of ordinary chondrites are generally higher than those of the other groups measured in this study, likely due to their higher metal content than other groups. New HSE data from this study agrees with previous conclusions that petrologic type (Fig. 13B) does correlate to refractory elements in bulk rocks and therefore it is unlikely that isochemical thermal metamorphism had a significant effect on these samples (e.g., Fischer-Gödde et al., 2010; Kallmeyn et al., 1989; van Acken et al., 2011). As suggested by Fischer-Gödde et al., 2010, the process that led to high or low metal abundances within ordinary chondrites did not pointedly fractionate the HSE from each other. It becomes possible then, that the HSE patterns seen in ordinary chondrites were established before the parent bodies of the ordinary chondrites were formed.

The HSE abundance data from the four enstatite chondrite meteorite samples measured in this study agree relatively well with previous studies. Khairpur (EL6) shows anomalously high abundances compared to the other samples and previous measurements on various enstatite chondrites (Fig. 12C.). The HSE abundances in EL chondrites measured from this study show similar compositions to both EL and EH chondrites from previous studies (e.g., Horan et al., 2003; Fischer-Gödde et al., 2010). These data would suggest that the HSE fractionation processes that occurred in EL chondrites were likely occurring in EH chondrites as well.

## 5.6. Implications for planetary feedstocks

The history of planets, such as Earth, can be discussed through the information provided by chondrites. Considering that HSE partition into metal phases during metal-silicate equilibration, it is expected that these elements would be sequestered to the Earth's core. However, measured HSE abundances in the bulk silicate Earth are higher than predicted by metal-silicate partitioning experiments (e.g., Day et al., 2016b; Mann et al., 2012). These elevated abundances of the HSE in the bulk silicate Earth are thought to have occurred through late accretion of primitive material after core formation (e.g., Kimura et al.,

1974; Chou, 1974; Day et al., 2016b; Hopp and Kleine, 2018; Fischer-Gödde and Kleine, 2017; Fischer-Gödde et al., 2020). It has been argued that during late accretion, approximately ~0.5 wt.% of chondritic material was added to the bulk silicate Earth (Day et al., 2016b and references therein). Additionally, a report by Özdemir et al., 2019 documented that HSE were added to Earth in Archean times in the form of chondrites. However, the nature of this late-accreted chondritic material, whether it was carbonaceous, ordinary, enstatite, or compositionally distinct from measured chondrites, remains debated.

Studies including Walker et al., (2002) and Meisel et al., (1996) suggest, based on Os isotopes and HSE abundances that enstatite or ordinary chondrite compositions are likely to be representative of the late accretionary material to the Earth. Platinum- osmium and rhenium-osmium isotope data support similar compositions (e.g., Brandon et al., 2005a, 2005b, Day et al., 2017a, 2017b). Conversely, other studies, that are also based on Os isotopes and HSE abundances, suggest that the source of this late accretionary material is a carbonaceous chondrite-like material with chemically evolved metal components, such as those seen in some iron meteorites (Fischer-Gödde et al., 2012). To further compound this issue, data on lunar impact melt breccias imply an entirely different population of impactors from modern chondrites striking the Moon at 3.8 Ga (e.g., Puchtel et al., 2008; McIntosh et al., 2020). Having a better understanding of the type of late accretionary material that was likely added to Earth is important to understanding, not only the late-stage of planetary formation, but could also to link the source of Earth's water and highly volatile element compositions (Wang and Becker, 2013).

Ordinary chondrites represent approximately 80% of the observed modern chondritic falls (Kallmeyn et al., 1989) and are thought to originate from the inner portion of the asteroid belt (Rubin, 2013). Recent discovery of dozens of ordinary chondrites within 470 Ma sedimentary rocks in Sweden, suggesting that ordinary chondrites have been falling to Earth for more than 10% of the planet's history (Schmitz et al., 2016). It would therefore seem, that the ordinary chondrite class could be one of the more significant sources for HSE abundances in the bulk silicate Earth. The new $^{187}$Os/$^{186}$Os data from this study supports similarities between ordinary chondrites and bulk silicate Earth (Fig. 18).

Carbonaceous chondrites, on the other hand make up approximately 5% of chondritic falls (Kallmeyn and Wasson, 1981). The high abundance of organic compounds often found in this class would suggest an origin further from the Sun than that of the ordinary chondrites (Rubin, 2013). Given the hypothesized regions of the Solar System that these chondrites are sourced from, it is less likely that the carbonaceous chondrite groups contributed significantly to late-accretion addition of the HSE. Marty (2012) demonstrated through stable and noble gas isotopes that the source of Earth's volatiles is likely chondritic. Furthermore, the study noted that the fraction of water and carbon incorporated in the Earth versus the higher noble gas concentrations in the atmosphere, is representative of active exchanges of volatile elements between the mantle
<figure><img src="image_19.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 18. Histogram of ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratios for chondrite classes. Data are from this study, Horan et al., (2003); Fischer-Gödde et al., (2010); Walker et al., (2002); Brandon et al. (2005a,b); Rubin et al., (2018); van Acken et al., (2011) and Goderis et al., (2017).</figcaption></figure>

and the surface of the Earth. This high water and carbon concentration of bulk silicate Earth would suggest that the accretion of volatile elements from wet planetesimals occurred during the main Earth forming event, rather than a contribution of wet late-accretionary material, such as carbonaceous chondrites (Marty, 2012).

Enstatite chondrites make up approximately 2% of the chondritic falls (Rubin, 2013). These rare chondrites are thought to be sourced from the orbit of Mars, considerably closer to the Sun than other chondritic groups (e.g., Kallmeyn and Wasson, 1986; Rubin, 2013). Multiple studies have shown that enstatite chondrites are elementally and isotopically similar to Earth's bulk composition (Javoy et al., 2010; Dauphas, 2017; Fischer-Gödde and Kleine, 2017; Fischer-Gödde et al., 2020). Dauphas (2017) devel-

oped models which determined that the isotopic signatures of lithophile (O, Ca, Ti and Nd), moderately siderophile (Cr, Ni and Mo) and highly siderophile (Ru) elements for bulk Earth were most similar to those of enstatite chondrites. Ruthenium isotope measurements reported by Fischer-Gödde and Kleine (2017) further support these models showing that the magnitude of ε¹⁰⁰Ru anomalies in enstatite chondrites were closest to terrestrial values compared with other chondrite groups. Considering these studies, the contribution of enstatite chondrite feedstocks to the early Earth may have been significant and that the current in fall of chondrite types are not necessarily representative of the earlier planetary feedstocks.

The relationships in Fig. 19 provide insight, as the high ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios in ordinary and enstatite groups indicate

<figure><img src="image_20.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 19. Measured ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr versus ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os for chondrites from this study.</figcaption></figure>
that they have high Rb/Sr compositions. If these groups
are responsible for contributing materials to Earth after
the main phases of core formation, they could also be
responsible for adding, to an extent, the volatile elements
as well. Considering this, if no volatile loss occurred dur-
ing the late accretionary delivery and a 0.5% mass addi-
tion is assumed, the Rb/Sr ratio of the Earth should
have changed by approximately 2.2% by addition of ordi-
nary chondrites, or 2% for enstatite chondrites, versus
only 1.6% by addition of carbonaceous chondrites. This
would make the pre-late accretion ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr composition
of the bulk silicate Earth marginally lower than the esti-
mated bulk silicate Earth based on the modern mantle ⁸⁷-
Sr/⁸⁶Sr estimate of 0.7047 (e.g., Caro and Bourdon, 2010).
These observations are consistent with recent work that
suggest ordinary chondrites could have delivered a signif-
icant volatile fraction to the Earth during late accretion
(e.g., Peslier, 2020).

# 6. CONCLUSIONS

This study reports a combined data set of major-, trace-
and highly siderophile elements, along with Rb-Sr and Re-
Os isotope systematics for 12 ordinary-, 13 carbonaceous-
and four enstatite-chondrites. Along with new O-isotope
data, these results: (i) extend the known range of HSE and
Re-Os isotope data for chondrites; (ii) provide a coherent
suite of combined elemental and isotopic data to examine
chondrites and (iii) reports new mineral-chemical data for
the Chelyabinsk LL5 ordinary chondrite fall for comparison
with these data. The major conclusions of this study are:

(1) Nugget heterogeneity for the HSE, which are partic-
ularly susceptible to uneven distribution in chondrite
components is most significant in powder aliquots
less than 0.1 g. This value provides a useful threshold
for examining chondritic materials from missions
such as Osiris-Rex and Hayabusa-2.

(2) Terrestrial alteration effects in chondrites are pro-
nounced in hot desert samples for certain elements
(Ba, U, Sr), but also occur in carbonaceous chondrite
falls, where Re/Os disturbance can occur either in the
short time between fall and collection, or perhaps
even during curation, supporting recent observations
of similar disturbance in the Sutter's Mill chondrite
fall (Walker et al., 2018).

(3) High field strength element (Ti, Zr, Ta, Nb, Hf) abundances can be quite variable in chondrites, especially in comparison of carbonaceous chondrite Ivuna compositions (this study; Barrat et al., 2012; Braukmüller et al., 2018). Due to the potential for these elements to be within refractory mineral reservoirs in chondrites (e.g., Zr-rich phases), complete digestion is important for examining their variations in chondrites.

(4) Parent-body processes are responsible for many of
the subtle geochemical variations observed in chon-
drites, and dehydration may have an important role
of the relative and absolute abundances of the

HSE. Parent-body processes, however, cannot
explain the distinct Rb-Sr and Re-Os isotope system-
atics of chondrite groups.

(5) The distinct long-term Re/Os ratio of ordinary chon-
drites, ~8% higher than for carbonaceous chondrites,
make them a more likely source for the higher ¹⁸⁷-
Os/¹⁸⁸Os of the bulk silicate Earth. Their long-term
elevated Rb/Sr ratios also make them a potentially
moderately volatile-rich feed-stock during late
accretion.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing
financial interests or personal relationships that could have
appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This work was made possible through support from the NASA Emerging Worlds program (80NSSC19K0932). We acknowledge Larry Taylor for prompting study of the Chelyabinsk meteorite. The review comments of T. Dunn and M. Fischer-Gödde are gratefully acknowledged.

APPENDIX A. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL

Supplementary data to this article can be found online at
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2021.11.020.

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