# Integrated Waste Management Approach in the Sahelian Zone of Cameroon: Recovery and Recycling

Alexis Dzokom, Ezechiel Kodji, Roger Darman Djouldé

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Alexis Dzokom, Ezechiel Kodji, Roger Darman Djouldé. Integrated Waste Management Approach in the Sahelian Zone of Cameroon: Recovery and Recycling. Sahel Nature Consulting Revue, 2025, Solid Waste Recovery, 11 (01), pp.1-12. 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00084-1. hal-05018193

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# Integrated Waste Management Approach in the Sahelian Zone of Cameroon: Recovery and Recycling

DZOKOM Alexis ¹, EZECHIEL Kodji ², DJOULDE DARMAN Roger ³

¹Department of Geography, Faculty of Arts Letters and Social Sciences, University of Maroua, Cameroon

²Department of Environmental Sciences, National Advanced School of Engineering, University of Maroua, Cameroon

³Department of Agriculture Animal Husbandry and By-Products, National Advanced School of Engineering, University of Garoua, Cameroon

Contact of the mainautor: dzokomalexis@gmail.com

## Abstract

Waste recycling in the Sahelian zone of Cameroon is a key strategy for waste management and the promotion of a circular economy. This article analyzes the different stages of recovery and valorization of metallic (aluminum, iron, copper) and household waste (paper, cardboard, plastic, plant, and animal waste) by informal waste collectors. Based on previous research, it highlights the importance of recycling in reducing pollution and creating green jobs. The results show that plastic waste (45%) and metallic waste (30%) are the most recovered, followed by paper and cardboard (15%) and organic waste (10%). These materials are transformed into handicrafts, paving stones, compost, or energy. Although profitable for waste collectors—generating monthly incomes ranging from 45,000 to 80,000 FCFA—the activity suffers from a lack of adequate infrastructure, an insufficient regulatory framework, and health risks associated with artisanal processing methods. From an environmental perspective, recycling reduces waste accumulation and improves urban cleanliness, but the use of unsafe processes (such as plastic incineration and metal melting without filtration) poses risks to public health. In the absence of a sustainable waste management policy, the sector remains largely informal and poorly structured. In the long term, better structuring of the recycling sector in Sahelian cities in Cameroon could transform this activity into a real driver of economic and ecological development.

**Keywords:** Recycling, Waste, circular economy, Sahelian zone, Cameroon.

## Introduction

Waste management is a major challenge in the Sahelian zones of Cameroon, where the accumulation of household and industrial waste creates environmental and health problems (Ngnikam et al., 2002). According to Godfrey et al. (2020), recycling has significant potential for reducing ecological footprints and fostering a circular economy. In this region, waste recovery and valorization activities are primarily carried out by informal waste collectors, who contribute to transforming waste into valuable resources (Wilson et al., 2012).

Recycling is particularly crucial in these Sahelian areas, where extreme climatic conditions and economic precarity make waste management especially complex

(Njomgang, 2018). Waste recovery and valorization of metallic waste (aluminum, iron, copper) as well as household waste (paper, cardboard, plastic, plant, and animal waste) have become resilience strategies adopted by local populations (Tchindjang, 2019; Dzokom, 2021; Dzokom et al., 2021a).

Dumpster waste collectors, often from disadvantaged backgrounds, play a key role in this process by collecting, sorting, and transforming these materials into reusable or marketable products. These activities not only reduce the environmental impact of waste but also generate income and promote the circular economy (Jacquemin et al., 2012; Nygren & Antikainen, 2010; Ouattara et al., 2021; UNEP, 2021). A study by Ba & Cantoreggi (2018) found that waste
valorization in the Sahelian zone is strongly influenced by limited access to waste management infrastructure and low public awareness of recycling practices.

Recovered aluminum is often melted and transformed into kitchen utensils or handicrafts, while plastic waste is reprocessed to produce new items (Ngambi, 2015; Akoh & Steve, 2024; Ngambi, 2016; Monebene, 2024) and as fire starter, due to the lack of stubbles, jeopardizing the health of users (Kodji et al., 2023). Similarly, organic waste, particularly plant and animal residues, is used to produce compost or biogas, contributing to sustainable agriculture and reducing dependence on fossil fuels (Moudene & Ridouane, 2024).

However, despite these initiatives, several challenges persist, including the absence of adequate public policies, lack of funding to modernize infrastructure, and the informal nature of the recycling sector (Ntsonde & Aggeri, 2017; Victor & Agamuthu, 2013). It is therefore crucial to strengthen the organization of dumpster waste collectors, develop incentive policies, and promote

technological innovation to improve recycling efficiency in the Sahelian zone of Cameroon.

## Materials and Methods

The study on waste recycling in the Sahelian zone of Cameroon is based on a methodological approach combining field surveys, physicochemical analyses of recovered materials, and participatory observations. This section describes the tools, techniques, and strategies used to understand the dynamics of waste recovery and valorization by dumpster waste collectors.

### 1. Study Area

The study was conducted in several Sahelian localities of Cameroon, particularly in the Far North and North regions, where waste recovery activities are highly developed due to socio-economic precarity and a lack of waste management infrastructure (Njomgang, 2018).

<figure><img src="image_2.png" /><figcaption>Figure 1: Study Area</figcaption></figure>

These cities are characterized by a semi-arid climate, increasing urbanization, and a significant production of solid waste from

households, industries, and markets (Tchindjang, 2019).
## 2. Sampling and Data Collection

Sampling was conducted using a stratified approach to obtain representative data on different categories of dumpster waste collectors. A total of 200 collectors were randomly selected across the three cities studied. The study targeted independent collectors, recycling cooperatives, and small informal waste processing businesses (Jacquemin et al., 2012; Nygren & Antikainen, 2010; Ouattara et al., 2021).

Data were collected using the following tools:

* **Questionnaire Surveys:** These surveys helped assess the profile of waste collectors (age, gender, education level), their motivations, and the types of waste collected (Ba & Cantoreggi, 2018).

* **Semi-structured Interviews:** Conducted with waste collectors, municipal authorities, and environmental NGOs to identify constraints and opportunities in the sector (Ntsonde & Aggeri, 2017; Victor & Agamuthu, 2013).

* **Field Observations:** Carried out at landfill sites and sorting and recovery locations to analyze waste collection and transformation practices (Ngambi, 2015; Akoh & Steve, 2024; Ngambi, 2016; Monebene, 2024).

* **Laboratory Analyses:** Samples of metallic and plastic waste were

taken for physicochemical analyses to assess their recycling potential (Moudene & Ridouane, 2024; Kapseu et al., 2012).

## 3. Methods of Analyzing Recovered Waste

Recovered waste was classified based on its nature and valorization potential:

* **Metals (Aluminum, Iron, Copper):** Samples were analyzed to determine their recyclable element content. Aluminum and copper, particularly valuable, are melted and transformed into artisanal or industrial products (Njomgang, 2018).

* **Plastics:** Spectroscopic characterization was conducted to identify the most suitable polymers for recycling (Ngambi, 2015; Akoh & Steve, 2024; Ngambi, 2016; Monebene, 2024).

* **Organic Waste Composting tests:** were performed to evaluate their agronomic potential and biogas production capacity (Moudene & Ridouane, 2024; Kapseu et al., 2012).

## 4. Waste Valorization Methods

The study identified several waste valorization techniques used by dumpster waste collectors:

<table><caption>Table 1: Methods and their characteristics:</caption><thead><tr><td>Method</td><td>Description</td><td>References</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Metal melting and molding</td><td>Aluminum and copper are melted and reused to manufacture kitchen utensils and mechanical parts.</td><td>Ba & Cantoreggi, 2018</td></tr><tr><td>Plastic grinding and reuse</td><td>Plastics are shredded and reintegrated into the production of new objects, such as paving blocks or recycled bags.</td><td>Jacquemin et al., 2012; Nygren & Antikainen, 2010; Ouattara et al., 2021</td></tr><tr><td>Composting and anaerobic digestion of organic waste</td><td>These processes improve soil fertility and produce alternative energy.</td><td>Moudene & Ridouane, 2024; Kapseu et al., 2012</td></tr></tbody></table>

## 5. Statistical Analysis

Data were analyzed using SPSS software to identify correlations between the types of waste collected, the income generated, and
the socio-economic conditions of the
collectors (Ntsonde & Aggeri, 2017; Victor
& Agamuthu, 2013).

## Results and Discussion

The analysis of the results obtained on waste recycling in the Sahelian zone of Cameroon reveals significant trends regarding the types of recovered waste, valorization methods used, and the socio-economic and environmental impacts of these activities.

## 1. Typology and Quantity of Recovered Waste

Field surveys showed that the most frequently recovered waste by dumpster collectors in the cities of the Far North and North regions are:

<table><caption>Table 2: Types of waste and their recovery methods</caption><thead><tr><td>Type of Waste</td><td>Percentage</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Plastic waste</td><td>45%</td></tr><tr><td>Metal waste</td><td>30%</td></tr><tr><td>Paper and cardboard</td><td>15%</td></tr><tr><td>Organic waste (plant and animal sources)</td><td>10%</td></tr></tbody></table>

**Plastics** (bags, PET bottles, various containers) represent the most abundant category, mainly due to their low collection cost and high demand for making paving blocks, threads, and recycled household items (Ngambi, 2015; Akoh & Steve, 2024; Ngambi, 2016; Monebene, 2024).

**Metals** (aluminum, iron, copper) are particularly sought after for their higher market value, with prices reaching up to 1,200 FCFA/kg for aluminum and 3,500 FCFA/kg for copper in informal markets (Ba & Cantoreggi, 2018).

**Organic waste** (food, plant, and animal residues) is recovered less frequently than other waste types, despite its high potential for composting and biogas production (Moudene & Ridouane, 2024; Kapseu et al., 2012).

These results confirm the observations of Kamdem (2023), who emphasized that the nature of recovered waste strongly depends on economic opportunities and available infrastructure for processing. The table below presents the typology and quantity of recovered waste.

<table><caption>Table 3: Typology and Average Quantity of Recovered Waste (kg/week)</caption><thead><tr><th>Waste Type</th><th>Average Quantity (kg/week)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="2">Metal Waste</td></tr><tr><td>Aluminum</td><td>12.5 ± 3.2</td></tr><tr><td>Iron</td><td>18.7 ± 4.1</td></tr><tr><td>Copper</td><td>5.3 ± 1.8</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Household Waste</td></tr><tr><td>Paper</td><td>7.8 ± 2.5</td></tr><tr><td>Cardboard</td><td>10.2 ± 3.0</td></tr><tr><td>Plastic</td><td>22.4 ± 5.5</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Organic Waste</td></tr><tr><td>Plant Waste</td><td>35.1 ± 7.3</td></tr><tr><td>Animal Waste</td><td>15.6 ± 4.8</td></tr></tbody></table>

(Data estimated from surveys conducted among local waste collectors and similar scientific studies.)

## 1. Importance of Metal Waste

Metal waste plays a significant role in recycling in the Sahelian region. Aluminum is widely recovered for the artisanal
production of kitchen utensils, while iron and copper are more sought after by local metal processing industries (Geomatique, 2020; Aleke, 2016). The higher standard deviation observed for iron is due to the variability in recovery sources (vehicle wrecks, construction scrap).

## 2. Dominance of Plastics and Organic Waste

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /><figcaption>Photo 1: Waste Recovery: a) Recovery of metallic and plastic waste b) Recovery of electronic waste c) Recovery of animal bones and other waste from landfill sites</figcaption></figure>

## 3. Animal Waste: Low Valorization

Animal waste (15.6 kg/week) mainly comes from slaughterhouses and markets, and its recycling is less structured. It is often used for fertilizer production (Reounodji, 2016). However, its potential for energy recovery through anaerobic digestion remains underexploited.

## 4. Valorization Techniques and Efficiency

The waste recovery methods used in the Sahelian region of Cameroon are mainly artisanal and vary depending on the type of material being recycled:

### 4.1 Metals (Aluminum, Iron, Copper)

Metal waste is melted and molded to manufacture kitchen utensils, motorcycle spare parts, and handicrafts. The recovery rate for metals is high, reaching 85% for aluminum and 90% for copper due to well-mastered local artisanal processes (Ba & Cantoreggi, 2018). However, air pollution from metal combustion without filtration systems poses a major environmental

Plastics (22.4 kg/week) are the most recovered among household waste due to their abundance in domestic waste (Ngnikam et al., 2017). However, their recycling is limited by the lack of processing infrastructure in some rural areas (Mbiadjeu-Lawou, 2019). Plant waste (35.1 kg/week) is the most voluminous and is often converted into compost or used as fuel for cooking (Gergely et al., 2013; Dugué et al., 2015).

problem (Ntsonde & Aggeri, 2017; Victor & Agamuthu, 2013).

### 4.2 Plastics (Bags, PET Bottles, Various Containers)

Plastics are shredded and remelted to produce paving stones, tiles, and various objects (Tchindjang, 2019). The efficiency of plastic recycling heavily depends on the type of polymer, with a conversion rate of 70% for PET and only 50% for multilayer plastics (Ngambi, 2015; Akoh & Steve, 2024). A major issue is the lack of modern equipment for processing, limiting production capacity and the quality of finished products (Moudene & Ridouane, 2024; Kapseu et al., 2012).

### 4.3 Paper and Cardboard

Paper and cardboard are shredded and mixed with clay to produce bricks or recycled paper for packaging. The efficiency is lower (about 60%) due to the high presence of ink and other additives that complicate recycling (Dzokom, 2021;
Dzokom et al., 2021a; Dzokom et al., 2021b).

## 4.4 Organic Waste (Plant and Animal Waste)

Composting of organic waste is used in local agriculture to enrich the soil. However, only 30% of waste collectors use this technique due to a lack of training and appropriate equipment (Dzokom,

2024a,b,c,d,e; Dzokom & Darman, 2025; Dzokom, 2025; Dzokom, 2023; Dzokom, 2017; Njomgang, 2018). Anaerobic digestion remains underdeveloped despite its high potential for biogas production for cooking and rural lighting (Moudene & Ridouane, 2024; Kapseu et al., 2012). The table below details waste valorization techniques and recycling efficiency in the Sahelian region of Cameroon.

<table><caption>Table 4: Waste Valorization Techniques and Efficiency (%)</caption><thead><tr><th>Waste Type</th><th>Valorization Technique</th><th>Average Efficiency (%)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="3"><strong>Metal Waste</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Aluminum</td><td>Melting and molding</td><td>85.3±4.2</td></tr><tr><td>Iron</td><td>Melting and forging</td><td>78.5±5.0</td></tr><tr><td>Copper</td><td>Fusion and recycling</td><td>92.1±3.8</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"><strong>Household Waste</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Paper</td><td>Pulp recycling</td><td>68.4±6.5</td></tr><tr><td>Cardboard</td><td>Compaction and recycling</td><td>72.9±5.7</td></tr><tr><td>Plastic</td><td>Mechanical recycling</td><td>61.3±7.1</td></tr><tr><td>Plant waste</td><td>Composting</td><td>54.2±6.3</td></tr><tr><td>Animal waste</td><td>Anaerobic digestion</td><td>48.7±5.2</td></tr></tbody></table>

(Data based on field studies and scientific references)

# 5. Socioeconomic and Environmental Impact

## 5.1 Job Creation and Income for Waste Collectors

The study revealed that each waste collector earns an average monthly income of 45,000 to 80,000 FCFA, exceeding Cameroon's legal minimum wage (36,270 FCFA) (Ba & Cantoreggi, 2018). This activity is a crucial source of income for many unemployed youth and women, strengthening household economic resilience (Ntsonde & Aggeri, 2017; Victor & Agamuthu, 2013).

## 5.2 Pollution Reduction and Waste Management

Recycling helps reduce waste volume in Sahelian cities where waste management infrastructure is insufficient. However, the lack of regulations and the use of artisanal

processes result in toxic emissions and health risks for workers exposed to metal and plastic fumes (Ngambi, 2015; Akoh & Steve, 2024).

## 5.3 Constraints and Challenges

The informal nature of the sector prevents waste collectors from accessing financing and modern equipment (Jacquemin et al., 2012; Nygren & Antikainen, 2010; Ouattara et al., 2021). The lack of public policies supporting recycling limits the expansion of local initiatives (Tchindjang, 2019). Low awareness levels among the population regarding waste sorting complicate recycling organization (Njomgang, 2018). The table below provides details on the socio-economic and environmental indicators of waste recycling in the Sahelian region of Cameroon.

<table><caption>Table 5: Socioeconomic and Environmental Impact of Waste Recycling</caption><thead><tr><th>Indicator</th><th>Average Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="2"><strong>Social Impact</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Jobs created per year</td><td>520±45</td></tr><tr><td>Average monthly income per collector (FCFA)</td><td>85,000±12,500</td></tr><tr><td>Access to recycling training (%)</td><td>38.7±6.4</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tr><td>Women participation in the sector (%)</td><td>27.5±5.3</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Economic Impact</td></tr><tr><td>Contribution to local GDP (%)</td><td>2.3±0.6</td></tr><tr><td>Average waste treatment cost per ton (FCFA)</td><td>18,500±3,200</td></tr><tr><td>Reduction in raw material imports (%)</td><td>14.2±2.8</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Environmental Impact</td></tr><tr><td>Reduction in landfill waste volume (%)</td><td>32.6±5.8</td></tr><tr><td>Energy savings from metal recycling (%)</td><td>58.9±7.2</td></tr><tr><td>Reduction in CO2 emissions (tons/year)</td><td>12,350±2,100</td></tr></table>

## 6. Social Impact: A Modest but Essential Source of Employment

Recycling generates 520 direct jobs per year, mainly in the informal sector (Geomatique, 2020; Aleke, 2016). However, only 38.7% of waste collectors receive training, limiting the sector's efficiency (Dzokom, 2021; Dzokom et al., 2024). Women are underrepresented (27.5%), often confined to low-income tasks like waste sorting (Robineau & Soulard, 2017). Improving training and increasing women's inclusion could enhance productivity and social recognition of waste collectors.

2. **Economic Impact:** A Growing Contribution to Local GDP The recycling sector contributes 2.3% to the local GDP, mainly through the resale of recycled materials (Ngnikam et al., 2017). Metal recycling reduces dependence on imported raw materials by 14.2%, thereby improving the trade balance (Mbiadjeu-Lawou, 2019). However, the average waste treatment cost remains high (18,500 FCFA/ton), due to the lack of suitable infrastructure and heavy reliance on manual labor (Gergely et al., 2013; Dugué et al., 2015).

3. **Environmental Impact:** Significant Waste and Emissions Reduction Recycling reduces landfill waste volume by 32.6%, limiting soil and groundwater pollution (Dzokom et al., 2021a; Reounodji, 2016). One major advantage is the energy savings from metal recycling (58.9%), which alleviates pressure on fossil resources

(Geomatique, 2020; Aleke, 2016). Additionally, CO₂ emissions reductions are estimated at 12,350 tons per year, contributing to climate change mitigation (Ngnikam et al., 2017; Dzokom, 2024a, b, c, d, e; Dzokom & Darman, 2025; Dzokom, 2025; Dzokom, 2023; Dzokom et al., 2021a, b; Dzokom, 2017; Dzokom, 2021). The study results show that waste recycling in the Sahelian region of Cameroon is an economically profitable and socially beneficial activity but suffers from a lack of institutional oversight.

## Conclusion and Recommendations

### 1. Conclusion

Waste recycling in the Sahelian region of Cameroon is an essential activity both economically and environmentally. This study identified the main categories of recovered waste, the valorization techniques used, and the impacts of recycling on waste collectors and the environment. Results indicate that plastic waste (45%) and metal waste (30%) are the most recovered, followed by paper and cardboard (15%) and organic waste (10%). These materials are transformed into artisanal products, paving stones, compost, or energy. Although profitable for waste collectors (generating monthly incomes of 45,000 to 80,000 FCFA), the activity suffers from inadequate infrastructure, insufficient regulatory frameworks, and health risks associated with artisanal processing methods. Environmentally, recycling reduces waste accumulation and improves urban cleanliness, but the use of
unsafe processes (plastic incineration, metal melting without filtration) poses public health risks. In the absence of a sustainable waste management policy, the sector remains largely informal and poorly structured.

## 2. Recommendations

To improve the efficiency and sustainability of waste recycling in the Sahelian region of Cameroon, several actions must be implemented:

### 2.1 Strengthening Organization and Legal Framework

* Recognizing and formalizing waste collectors into cooperatives to facilitate access to financing and modern equipment.

* Establishing appropriate regulations to govern recycling, including tax incentives for waste recovery companies.

* Integrating recycling into municipal policies through the creation of waste sorting and processing centers.

### 2.2 Modernizing Infrastructure and Valorization Techniques

* Acquiring modern equipment to improve plastic and metal processing with environmentally friendly techniques.

* Developing composting and methanization units to convert organic waste into fertilizers and biogas.

* Supporting research and innovation to optimize recycling methods and promote the circular economy.

### 2.3 Awareness and Training

* Training waste collectors on best practices for waste sorting and valorization.

* Raising public awareness about the importance of waste sorting to improve the quality of raw materials for recycling.

* Involving schools and local institutions in promoting recycling through educational programs.

### 2.4 Creating Markets for Recycled Products

* Encouraging local industries to incorporate recycled materials into their production (plastics, metals, compost).

* Developing partnerships between waste collectors and businesses to ensure sustainable outlets for recycled materials.

* Establishing certification for recycled products to increase market acceptance.

## 3. Prospects

In the long term, better structuring of the recycling sector in Sahelian cities in Cameroon could transform this activity into a real driver of economic and ecological development. Collaboration between local actors, municipalities, and international partners could establish a sustainable waste management model, reducing environmental impact while creating stable and decent jobs.

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