(1)Caillavet, Françoise; (2)Darmon, Nicole; (3)Létoile, Flavie; (1)Nichèle, Véronique.

(1)PhD. Economist. Alimentation et Sciences Sociales. National Institute for Agronomic Research. France; (2)PhD. Nutritionist. MOISA. National Institute for Agronomic Research. France; (3)MSc. Statistician. Alimentation et Sciences Sociales. National Institute for Agronomic Research. France.

**Background and objectives:** The evidence of a social gradient in health and food-related diseases shows the crucial role of nutritional quality of diets. However socioeconomic disparities in diet quality have seldom been studied on the long-term. The aim of this study was to analyse the evolution of the nutritional quality of food purchases of French households from 1969 to 2010 and to assess the disparities in nutritional quality according to income and education.

**Methods:** Time series of food purchases for food-at-home were built based on two representative household surveys: INSEE and Kantar. The average quantities purchased per capita each year were calculated for each food item and aggregated into 80 groups. Food quantities were converted in energy and nutrients using CIQUAL food composition database. The nutritional quality of purchases was estimated by the Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR), i.e. the mean percentage of daily recommended intakes for 15 key nutrients calculated on a 2000kcal basis. Socioeconomic disparities were measured by disaggregating the above computations according to the household income quartiles from 1969, and to four educational levels of the household head from 1978. We also computed the MAR by income and education level.

**Results:** All income quartiles showed a similar trend of improvement of the MAR from purchases between 1969 and 2010. However the MAR remains higher for the richest income quartile (75.3 to 86.0) than for the lowest one (66.4 to 80.1) throughout the whole period. By education levels from 1978, we found a higher MAR for higher education level than for lower one (82.5 vs 71.9) but with closer values at the end of the period (83.5 vs 81.5).

**Conclusions:** During the last four decades, households with higher income or higher education have food purchases of better nutritional quality. Disparities of nutritional quality have decreased according to education but not according to income.

**Keywords:** Socioeconomic disparities, Food purchases, Nutritional quality.

(1)Zotor, Francis; (2)Egbi, Godfred; (3)Gbogbo, Samuel; (4)Ofosu, Winfred; (5)Agbozo, Faith; (6)Harrison, Eric.

(1)PhD. Nutritionist. School of Public Health. University of Health and Allied Sciences. Ho. Ghana; (2)PHD. Nutritionist. Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research. College of Health Sciences. University of Ghana. P.O. Box LG 581. Legon. Accra. Ghana.; (3)MPhil. Nutritionist. Department of Nutrition and Food Science. College of Applied and Basic Sciences. University of Ghana. P.O. Box LG 134. Legon. Accra. Ghana.; (4)MD. MPH. Public Health. Regional Health Directorate. Ghana Health Services. P.O. Box 298. Wa. Upper Region. Ghana.; (5)MPhil. Nutritionist. University of Health and Allied Sciences. School of Public Health. PMB 31. Ho. Volta Region. Ghana.; (6)MPhil. Nutritionist. Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research. College of Health Sciences. University of Ghana. P.O. Box LG 581. Legon. Accra. Ghana.

**Background and objectives:** Anaemia is a public health problem among Ghanaian school children. Green Leafy Vegetables are the cheapest and most readily available sources of micro-nutrients and can potentially contribute to reduction of deficiencies and improve human health. This study assessed the effect of Mixed Green Leafy Vegetables Powder (MGLVP) on anaemia status of School Children in Adaklu District in Volta Region.

**Methods:** The study was cross-sectional at baseline and a three month intervention phase. Study participants; school children 4 - 9 years of age were randomised into intervention group (given MGLVP soup or stew) + school lunch) and Control group (school lunch only). Participants were fed five consecutive week days for three months. Data collected at baseline and end-line involved the use of appropriate standard procedures for the following: height and weight measurements; dietary data collected by 24-hour recall and haemoglobin concentrations, by HemoCue Haemoglobinometer. Participants' blood samples were examined for malaria parasitemia and stools for helminthes using Giemsa stain and Kato-Katz techniques. Changes in baseline and end-line within and between groups were compared using paired and independent sample t-tests. Binary logistic regression was used to identify predictors of anaemia.

**Results:** At the end of the study, although the mean haemoglobin concentration increased in both groups, the between group difference (0.3g/dl) was significant, p = 0.021. The prevalence of anaemia at baseline was 41.5 % in the intervention group and 37.3 % in the control group. By the end of the study the intervention group registered 28.3% compared to 36.1% in the control group; p = 0.011. Malaria prevalence increased among both study groups by the close of the study; 35.7% at baseline and 40 % at end-line. The mean prevalence of stunting was 12.3% and 14.7 % in the intervention and control respectively. The control group who consumed no MGLVP were 2.8 times at higher risk of being anaemic than the intervention group (p = 0.036).
**Conclusions:** Mixed Green Leafy Vegetables Powder (stew or soup) improved haemoglobin concentration and minimized the prevalence of anaemia among study participants.

**Keywords:** Anaemia, Mixed green leafy vegetable powder, Micronutrients, Malaria.

144/427

EFFECT OF RED PALM OIL BEANS STEW ON SE-
RUM VITAMIN A AND HAEMOGLOBIN CONCEN-
TRATIONS OF SCHOOL CHILDREN IN GHANA

(1)Zotor, Francis; (2)Egbi, Godfred; (3)Alatiah, Gabriel; (4)Steiner-Asiedu, Matilda.

(1)PhD. Nutritionist. School of Public Health. University of Health and Allied Sciences. Ho. Ghana; (2)PHD. Nutritionist. Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research. College of Health Sciences. University of Ghana. P.O. Box LG 581. Legon. Accra. Ghana.; (3)MPhil. Nutritionist. Department of Nutrition and Food Science. College of Applied and Basic Sciences. University of Ghana. P.O. Box LG 134. Legon. Accra. Ghana.; (4)PhD. Nutritionist. Department of Nutrition and Food Science. College of Applied and Basic Sciences. University of Ghana. P.O. Box LG 134. Legon. Accra. Ghana..

**Background and objectives:** Vitamin A deficiency, anaemia and parasitic infections are among the major nutritional and health problems confronting Ghanaian school children. The study assessed the impact of red palm oil beans stew consumption on the serum retinol and haemoglobin levels of Ghanaian school children in a malaria endemic setting.

**Methods:** This was a pre-post nutrition intervention study. It involved 142 children, six to 12 years old. Participants were selected by simple random sampling. Data was collected at baseline after which participants consumed red palm oil beans stew three times a week for a period of six months and data collection repeated. Dietary data was collected using Food Frequency Questionnaires and 24 hour recall. Serum retinol and haemoglobin were measured with High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Haemocue Haemoglobinomter respectively. Malaria parasitaemia and hookworms were examined by microscopy from blood films and stool samples using the Giemsa-staining and Kato-Katz techniques. Data was analyzed with Statistical Package for Social Sciences version-23. Mean values for outcome variables were compared between baseline and endline using paired t-test.

**Results:** Majority of the participants (82.4%) consumed cereals. Many of them also (98.6%) never consumed dairy or dairy products. Mean serum retinol concentration at baseline and end-line were 12.1 ± 6.6µg/dl and 16.2 ± 6.4µg/dl, respectively. The mean change in retinol concentration within intervention periods at baseline and endline (4.1 µg/dl) was significant at p<0.05. The mean haemoglobin concentration at baseline was 119.4 ± 10.6 g/l and 126.0 ± 9.3 g/l at endline, significant at p<0.05. A reduction of prevalence between baseline and endline with significance of p<0.05 were as follows: vitamin A deficiency (VAD) from 93.6% to

76.2% and anaemia from 30.3% to 11.3% whilst malaria parasitaemia was from 67.6% to 62.7%. The prevalence of anaemia among VAD participants was 36.2% at baseline and 12.1% at endline.

**Conclusions:** Red palm oil beans stew consumption increased the haemoglobin and serum retinol concentrations and minimized prevalence of anaemia and vitamin A deficiency (especially severe vitamin A deficiency) among the study participants.

**Keywords:** Vitamin A deficiency, Anaemia, parasitic infections, School children, Malaria.

144/437

VITAMIN D INSUFFICIENCY AND RISK OF MET-
ABOLIC SYNDROME IN ELDERLY ADULTS WITH
TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS

(1)Ferro, Leticia; (2)Yamaguchi, Analía Verónica; (2)Pieniazek, Diana;

(2)Lerner, Mirta; (2)Stolarza, Zulema.

(1)PhD. Nutritionist.; (2)PhD. Nutritionist. Cesar Milstein Hospital. Buenos Aires' University.

**Background and objectives:** An increase in the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (VD) in the elderly adults (AM) has recently been observed. Various risk factors have been described such as inadequate sun exposure and insufficient calcium intake. This deficiency causes secondary hyperparathyroidism, accelerated bone turnover, bone loss, osteoporosis, and osteomalacia if it is a long-term and severe shortage. Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of VD in neuromuscular function, and its deficiency has been related to functional alterations and risk of falls in the elderly.

**Objective:** to determine the prevalence of deficiency (ID) of VD in the elderly population of the Hospital and its relationship with the Metabolic Syndrome (MS).

**Methods:** We included patients who attended the nutrition service of César Milstein Hospital between March and May of 2016, with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) who were not known their VD value. VD deficiency was defined as values ranging from 20.1 to 29.9 ng/ml, mild deficiency 20 to 10.1 ng/ml, severe deficiency at <10 ng/ml. Overweight was defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 28 kg/m2 and obesity ≥ 32 kg/m2. P <0.05 statistically significant.

**Results:** The sample size was 175 patients, 56% women, the median age was 71 years. The prevalence of VD deficit was 80%, of these 38.6% (N=54) had insufficiency, 47.85% (N=67) mild deficiency and 13.33% (N=19) severe deficit. The sample was divided into 2 subgroups: normal weight and overweight-obesity. Among patients with BMI <27.9, the ID was 32.85% (N=46) and 67.15% (N=94) in the subgroup with BMI> 28 (p of 0.014). No significant differences were found associated with age, sex, or glycosylated hemoglobin.

**Conclusions:** The results suggest that ID of VD would be a prevalent factor in AM, even more in those with overweight and obesity. It would be of fundamental importance the opportune diagnosis and the supplementation of VD, thus we would be pre-
venting the risk of falls and all the complications that this deficit
brings for AM.

**Keywords:** Vitamin D, Metabolic Syndrome, Elderly Adults, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

144/442

VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY IN CHILDREN (6-18
YEARS) RESIDING AT HIGH ALTITUDE REGIONS
OF HIMACHAL PRADESH, INDIA

Kapil, Umesh.

Professor, Public Health Nutrition, Department of Human
Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi,
India.

**Background and objectives:** High prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency (VDD) has been documented from different plain regions of India. Limited data is available on VDD amongst children residing at high altitude region of country. Hence, the present study was undertaken with an objective to assess the prevalence of VDD and associated risk factors amongst children in the age group of 6-18 years residing at an altitude of 1000mts and above.

**Methods:** A community based cross-sectional study was conducted in the year 2015-2016. Three districts (namely: Kangra, Kullu and Shimla) of Himachal Pradesh state, India was selected for the present study. In each district thirty clusters/schools were identified using Population Proportionate to Size (PPS) sampling methodology. In the identified school, all the children in schools were enlisted. Twenty children per school were selected by using random number tables. A total of 1848 children (Kangra: 610; Kullu: 612; Shimla: 626) in the age group of 6-18 years were enrolled. The data on socio economic status, physical activity, sunlight exposure was collected. The blood samples were undertaken and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, intact parathyroid hormone, serum calcium, phosphorous, albumin and alkaline phosphate were assessed using standard procedures.

**Results:** Eighty one percent (Kangra), 80.0% (Kullu) and 93.0% (Shimla) of school age children were found vitamin D deficient as per serum 25(OH) D levels (less than 20ng/ml).

**Conclusions:** A high prevalence of VDD was also found in children residing in high altitude regions of Himachal Pradesh, India.

**Keywords:** Vitamin D deficiency, Parathyroid hormone, Children, India.

**Conflict of Interest Disclosure:** The author whose name is listed, certify that he has NO affiliation with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers' bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest; and expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements), or non-financial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.

144/476

SODIUM BENZOATE IN SOFT DRINKS, A HEALTH
THREAT FOR CHILDREN

(1)Posadas, Marta; (2)Elías, Héctor; (3)Rigalli, Alfredo; (4)Olguin, María Catalina.

(1)PhD. Biochemist. Cátedra de Biología. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Argentina.; (2)BSc. Biochemist. Área Bromatología y Nutrición. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Argentina;

(3)PhD. Laboratorio de Biología Ósea. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Argentina.; (4)MSc. Biochemist. Área Bromatología y Nutrición. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Argentina.

**Background and objectives:** The association between dietary habits –including sugary soft drinks intake- and the increasing obesity epidemics and its co-morbidities has been established worldwide. Argentina has been among the top ten countries with the largest daily intake of both regular and low calorie soft drinks in the last 10 years. The scenario completes with the data that nearly 60% of the adult Argentine population is overweight or obese; 11% presents T2DM and the number of overweight and obese children is constantly growing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence and level of preservatives employed in these beverages since sodium benzoate –present in most of them- has a very low Adequate Daily Intake (ADI), thus representing a serious health risk, particularly for those children who habitually replace water by these products.

**Methods:** The levels of sodium benzoate (INS 211) and potassium sorbate (INS 202) by high performance liquid chromatography and pH (Methrom E 632) were determined in the most frequently regular and low/zero calories consumed drinks (n=30).

**Results:** The concentration of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate ranked from 120 to 450 mg/l and 80 to 460 mg/l respectively and the rank of pH from 2.29 to 3.93. The preservatives were not detected in the two regular cola drinks in which the values of pH were the lowest neither in the pasteurized fruit juices.

**Conclusions:** Beverages with sodium benzoate as preservative present the risk that children (20-30 kg body weight) may exceed the ADI for sodium benzoate (0-5mg/kg bw) with a daily intake of only two portions (200ml/portion) of the drink.

We conclude that a habitual consumption of soft drinks represents a serious health menace, not only due to the high sugar concentration in the regular ones, the very low acidic pH determined in all of them, but also due to the frequent or daily intake of sodium benzoate present in most of them.

**Keywords:** Sodium benzoate. Soft drinks. ADI.
ANEMIA PREVALENCE ESTIMATES IN CAMBO-
DIAN WOMEN VARY WIDELY BY METHOD OF
HEMOGLOBIN MEASUREMENT AND TYPE OF
BLOOD SAMPLE COLLECTED

(1)Karakochuk, Crystal; (2)Rappaport, Aviva; (3)Barr, Susan I; (4)Green, Tim.

(1)PhD. RD. Assistant Professor. Food, Nutrition, and Health.
University of British Columbia. Canada.; (2)MSc. Food, Nutrition and Health. University of British Columbia. Canada.; (3)PhD. Food, Nutrition and Health. University of British Columbia. Canada.; (4)PhD. South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute. Australia.

**Background and objectives:** Hemoglobin (Hb) concentra-
tion is often measured in field settings using a portable hemo-
globinometer, or in laboratories using a hematology analyzer.
Discrepancies in measurement between these methods have been
reported, which may be the result of the sample collection method
typically employed (capillary vs. venous blood, respectively). Our
aims were to compare Hb concentrations in fasting venous blood
of Cambodian women using a hemoglobinometer and a hematol-
ogy analyzer, and further, to non-fasting capillary blood from the
same women using the same hemoglobinometer.

**Methods:** Blood was collected in July 2015 from n=28 Cambodian women (18-45 years) in Kampong Chhnang province who were recruited to an iron supplementation trial. Enrolled women had a Hb ≤117 g/L based on a HemoCue® 301. Hb was measured in fasting venous blood using a HemoCue® 301 and a Sysmex XN-1000 hematology analyzer, and in non-fasting capillary blood using the same HemoCue®.

**Results:** Mean Hb concentrations in fasting venous blood were significantly higher with the HemoCue® as compared to the Sysmex analyzer (123 vs. 118 g/L, respectively, P<0.05); and both were higher than mean Hb concentrations in non-fasting capillary blood from the same women using the same HemoCue® (110 g/L, P<0.05, repeated measures ANOVA). Anemia prevalence estimates (Hb <120 g/L) varied widely across methods: 39%, 64%, and 100%, respectively.

**Conclusions:** The 5 g/L bias in Hb concentration in fasting venous blood resulted in a substantial and clinically relevant difference in anemia prevalence (39% vs. 64%). Further, mean Hb concentrations in non-fasting capillary blood from the same women using the same HemoCue® were significantly lower as compared to fasting venous blood (using both methods). Overall, there are three sources of potential variability (capillary vs. venous, hemoglobinometer vs. hematology analyzer, and fasting vs. non-fasting); all may have contributed the observed discrepancy in Hb concentrations in our study. These findings are important for the determination of appropriate recommendations of blood collection procedures for Hb measurement. More research is warranted to investigate the possible discrepancies between hemoglobinometers and automated analyzers, and to examine the extent to which a fasting or non-fasting state can influence Hb concentrations.

**Keywords:** Anemia, Capillary, Hemoglobin, Point-of-care, Venous.

NUTRITIONAL HEALTH OF UNIVERSITY ADMIN-
ISTRATIVE STAFF: RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES

(1)Swart, Elizabeth Catherina; (2)Kunneke, Ernesta.

(1)PhD. Dietitian. Nutritionist. Department of Dietetics and Nutrition. University of the Western Cape. South Africa; (2)PhD. Dietitian. Department of Dietetics and Nutrition. University of the Western Cape.

**Background and objectives:** Health is a complex state influ-
enced by dynamic individual, social and organizational systems.
Non-communicable diseases are leading causes of death among
adults and have been increasing in the adult population since 1999
but no information is currently available on the nutritional health
status of university employees in South Africa.

The aim of this research was to describe the nutritional health status of university administrative staff.

**Methods:** A descriptive study conducted among all permanent administrative staff of UWC. Participants were recruited via email invitation. Following approval from the Senate Research Ethics Committee, informed written consent was obtained from participants with assurance of anonymity, safe clinical practice and strict confidentiality. Feedback on measurements was given to individual participants and referrals for treatment made were necessary. All interviews and anthropometric assessments were conducted by dietitians trained as fieldworkers. Clinical assessments were obtained by a nurse practitioner with phlebotomist training following standardised operating procedures. SPSS was used for data analysis.

**Results:** Seventy eight staff members participated during the two week period of data collection (52% response rate). Eighty five percent of men and 80% of women were overweight or obese with 28% of men and 67% of women presenting with a waist circumference indicative of a high risk for chronic diseases of lifestyle. Twenty-eight percent men and 15% had a blood pressure greater than 140/90. Only two of the men have been previously diagnosed with hypertension. Thirty-four percent of men and 22% of women reported daily cigarette smoking whilst more than 40% reported that they never do moderate intensity exercise whilst 83% of men and 59% of women watched between 1-3hours television daily. Not surprisingly only 40% of men and women regarded themselves as having optimum health.

**Conclusions:** Risk factors for chronic diseases of lifestyle are highly prevalent. Investment in comprehensive health promotion could be beneficial to individual staff members and the university at large.

**Keywords:** Administrative staff, Obesity, Chronic diseases of lifestyle, Hypertension, Health promotion.
# HYPOCALORIC DIET- A GOOD THING OR A BAD THING?

(1)Mihaela Camelia, Posea; (2)Dragomir, Andreea Diana; (3)Radulian, Gabriela.

(1)1- MD. PhD. Diabetes Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases. Smart Nutrition Clinic. Bucharest. Romania; (2)MD. Diabetes Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases. University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila". Bucharest. Romania; (3)MD. PhD. Diabetes Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases. National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases "N. C. Paulescu". Bucharest. Romania.

**Background and objectives:** Obesity is associated with highly elevated risks of adverse health outcomes. We evaluated obese patients during a hypocaloric diet to see the nutritional impact assessment regarding macro and micro nutrients and the impact on the health.

**Methods:** A sample of 126 overweight and obese subjects were investigated. Using a 7-day food self-recorded questionnaire, we evaluated the nutritional content of food intake before and after the program: total kilocalories, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, cholesterol, vitamins A, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B12, C, D, E, folic acid, and minerals like calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, and sodium. We assessed anthropometric data, laboratory data and resting metabolic rate.

**Results:** Data analysis at the end of nutritional intervention program showed significant changes in all parameters except for metabolic rate estimated. 91.18% of men and 85.87% of women recorded overall improved weight while fat percentage decreased. The prevalence of normal intake of protein and carbohydrates decreased significantly after the intervention: 67.95% and 15.38% of patients had adequate protein intake (p <0.001) and, respectively, carbohydrates (p = 0.006).

At the end, only 12 to 30% of patients had recommended nutritional intake, depending on the vitamin evaluated.

80% of patients consumed excessive vitamins B12, B2, B3 and B6. More than 80% of patients had deficient intake of vitamin D and E.

At the end of the intervention we observed to be significantly fewer patients covering the recommended daily allowance for calcium and magnesium.

Although there have been deficient intake of minerals, laboratory parameters such as magnesium, calcium and plasma iron were not significant changed at the end of nutritional intervention.

**Conclusions:** Because of the results regarding anthropometric data which get improved, we can say that hypocaloric diet is a good thing. Considering that the participants in this study were compliant in terms of nutritional recommendations, it can be said that, due to the inefficiency to correct the deficiency and excessive intake of vitamins and minerals, we need to pay more attention to the nutritional recommendations during an interventional program.

**Keywords:** Obese, Diet, Vitamins, Minerals, Overweight.

# EVALUATION OF THE MENUS OFFERED TO PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN IN THE CITY OF BOTUCATU. SP

(1)Aranha, Flávia; (2)Carvalho, Sandra; (3)Gêa, Meire.

(1)PhD. Department of Education. Institute of Biosciences. UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista. Câmpus Botucatu. Brazil.; (2)BSc. Graduation Course in Nutrition. Institute of Biosciences. UNESP. Univ Estadual Paulista. Brazil.; (3)Nutritionist responsible for the Pilot Kitchen. City Hall of Botucatu.SP. Brazil.

**Background and objectives:** In infancy, children need to receive adequate amounts of nutrients for proper development. The National School Feeding Program (PNAE) aims to collaborate for the development, biopsychosocial growth, income, learning and formation of healthy eating practices of the school. The present study aims to evaluate the supply of nutrients to preschool children, comparing with the parameters established by the PNAE (2009).

**Methods:** Micronutrients and macronutrients were evaluated for 29 days and compared to the values recommended by PNAE, for preschoolers between 4 and 5 years of age who receive two or more meals per day. To evaluate the composition of the meals, each item present in the cooking in kilos and the quantity in kilos of prepared vegetables, already considering the correction factor, was noted. The calculation of calories, macronutrients and micronutrients of the menu was done with the help of the Microsoft Office Excel 2007 program, following the nutritional composition of the Food Composition Chart (UNICAMP, 2011), the Food Composition Chart (UNIFESP, 2016) and the nutritional label of foods used in the preparations.

**Results:** The average results were: 450.9 Kcal; Carbohydrate 68.9g; 19.9g proteins; Lipids 10.0g; Fibers 15.2mg; Ca 774.9mg; Fe 10.0mg; Mg 195.3mg; Zn 5.9mg; Vit A 405.2µg and vitamin C 34.4mg. With respect to macro or micronutrients, all have met the needs proposed by the PNAE. This is due to compliance with the regular supply of fruits and vegetables, milk sources and variation of the menu.

**Conclusions:** It was concluded in this evaluation that the supply of nutrients to preschool children, provided by the Pilucatu Pilot Kitchen, meets the parameters established by the PNAE.

**Keywords:** Legislation; School Feeding; Nutritional needs; Childhood.
## URINARY CALCIUM IN MOROCCAN SCHOOL-CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

(1)Bouziani, Amina; (1)Saeid, Naima; (1)Qandoussi, Latifa; (2)Elmzibri, Mohamed; (2)Taboz, Youness; (3)Elkari, Khalid; (1)Bajit, Habiba; (4)Barkat, Amina; (3)Benkirane, Hasnae; (2)Aguenaou, Hassan.

(1)PhD Student. Joint Research Unit in Nutrition and Food. Ibn Tofail University. National Center of Energy Sciences and Nuclear Techniques. Regional Designated Center of Nutrition (AFRA. IAEA). Rabat. Kenitra. Morocco; (2)PhD. Joint Research Unit in Nutrition and Food. Ibn Tofail University. National Center of Energy Sciences and Nuclear Techniques. Regional Designated Center of Nutrition (AFRA.IAEA). Rabat. Kenitra. Morocco; (3)PhD. Joint Research Unit in Nutrition and Food. Ibn Tofail University. National Center of Energy Sciences and Nuclear Techniques. Regional Designated Center of Nutrition (AFRA.IAEA). Rabat. Kenitra. Morocco; (4)PhD. Health and Nutrition Research Team of the Mother Child Couple. Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy. Mohammed V University of Rabat. Morocco.

**Background and objectives:** Worldwide, deficiency in calcium increases the risk of developing diseases like osteoporosis and fracture risk at the later life. Depending on the World health organization reports, calcium deficiency is one of the most important deficiencies compared to other micronutrients deficiencies. In Morocco, data on calcium deficiency is limited because there are no specific studies in National level that identified the risks associated to this deficiency Thus; the aim of this study is to evaluate the nutritional profile of calcium in a representative sample of Moroccan children and adolescents.

**Methods:** 131 children and adolescents aged between 6 and 18 years were recruited from public schools at Rabat and its regions in the framework of descriptive cross-sectional study. For each participant, socio-economic and morbidity status were assessed, and anthropometric parameters were measured. Calcium assessment was estimated through 24 hour urine measurements by ICP-MS.

**Results:** The findings of this study showed that the mean of urinary calcium was 72.48mg/day. About 73% of children and adolescents present a urinary calcium deficiency. There were no significant differences related to sex towards calcium excretion and its correlation with nutritional status was shown negative.

**Conclusions:** The present study show that children and adolescents in Rabat and regions present serious calcium deficiency. That leads us to reflect on the various tools needed to remedy this deficit and to response to objectives of the national strategy to combat micronutrient deficiencies.

**Keywords:** Calcium deficiency. Children. Adolescents. urinary calcium excretion. Morocco

## PREDICTING STANDING HEIGHT FROM HEIGHT PROXIES FOR THE DETERMINATION OF BODY MASS INDEX (BMI) OF OLDER PERSONS IN ABIA STATE, NIGERIA

(1)Nzeagwu, Ogechi; (2)Eluwa, Austin; (3)Nkwoala, Chiaka Charles.

(1)PhD. Community and Applied Nutrition. Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. Michael Okpara University of Agriculture. Abia State. Nigeria; (2)PGD. Human Nutrition and Dietetics. Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike. Abia State. Nigeria; (3)MSc. Community Nutrition. Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike. Abia State. Nigeria.

**Background and objectives:** Use of BMI to determine nutritional status is limited by height (Ht) measurement, which is often unreliable because of spinal deformities. The study aimed at predicting standing height of older persons using height proxies of arm span, knee and sitting heights and comparing the BMI calculated from the actual standing and predicted standing heights.

**Methods:** This cross sectional study used multi-stage random technique to select 200 older persons aged ≥ 60years living in two Local Government Areas of Abia state, Nigeria. Persons with spinal deformities and osteoporosis were excluded. Weight (kg), standing height, arm span, knee and sitting heights (m) were measured using standard procedures. Linear regression analysis was used to obtain regression equation for predicting standing Ht from each of the Ht proxies. BMI (kg/m2) was calculated using actual standing Ht and the predicted heights. Pearson correlation was used to compare actual standing Ht and BMI from actual standing Ht with predicted standing Hts. Results were expressed as mean and standard deviations. Statistical analyses were done using IBM SPSS Statistics (version 20) and significance judged at P<0.05.

**Results:** Regression equations were obtained for men: standing Ht = 1.23±0.25(arm span); 1.36±0.52(knee Ht); 1.47±0.23(sitting Ht) and for women: standing Ht = 1.35±0.14(arm span); 1.43±0.29(knee Ht); 1.48±0.15(sitting Ht); revealing that in predicting standing height from arm span for men, the expected value of the standing height when the arm span is zero is 1.23 and for every additional meter in arm span, standing height is expected to increase by 0.25m. Standing Ht estimated from arm span in men had the highest correlation value (r= 0.296). Significant relationship (p<0.05) existed between actual standing Ht and the predicted Hts. BMI from actual standing Ht correlated significantly (P<0.05) with those predicted from height proxies in both men and women.

**Conclusions:** Standing heights predicted from height proxies using the regression equation obtained in this study can be used to estimate actual standing height of older persons who may have problem standing for height assessment. BMI calculated from actual standing height significantly and positively correlated with those obtained from predicted heights proxies.

**Keywords:** Height, BMI, Older persons, Prediction, height proxies
DIETARY INTAKE AND NUTRITION KNOWLEDGE
OF COMPETITIVE TABLE TENNIS PLAYERS

**Background and objectives:** A proper diet is important for improving sports performance and health. Athletes may have poor nutrition knowledge, which may negatively impact food behavior. The analysis of athlete's dietary intake may help in the elaboration of nutrition interventions. The objective of the present study was to evaluate and compare the dietary intake and nutrition knowledge between adult and adolescent table tennis players. To our knowledge, this is the first study that assessed the food behavior and nutrition knowledge of table tennis players.

**Methods:** Forty two competitive athletes responded a three-day food diary and a validated nutrition knowledge questionnaire. Body weight and height were also measured. Nutrient and food portions were adjusted for misreporting using the residual method and compared to athletic guidelines. Pearson correlations were performed between nutrition knowledge and dietary intake for each nutrient.

**Results:** Athletes of both groups showed a high prevalence of inadequacy in the ingestion of cereals, vegetables, dairy and sweets and more than a half of the adolescents were inadequate in fruits and legumes. Adolescents showed a lower ingestion of vitamins A, C, B5, B6, calcium, zinc and phosphorus. Both groups showed a high prevalence of inadequacy in the ingestion of nutrients, however, adolescents showed a higher inadequacy in vitamin C, B6, B9 and phosphorus. Between group analysis showed that adults had higher nutrition knowledge than adolescents. Statistical analysis in adults showed significantly negative correlations between basic nutrition knowledge and the ingestion of cereals (r= -577), legumes (r= -796) and vitamin b2 (r= -770). Negative correlations were also found between total nutrition knowledge and sodium intake (r= -485). In adolescents, there was a positive moderate correlation between sports nutrition knowledge and the ingestion of vitamin B5 (r= 0,436).

**Conclusions:** Adolescents showed a higher prevalence of nutrient inadequacies and a lower nutrition knowledge than adults.

**Keywords:** Table tennis, nutrition knowledge, sports nutrition

ANALYSIS OF DIETARY COMPONENTS OF PREGNANT WOMEN WITH UNCOMPLICATED GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION AND GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION COMPLICATED BY HYPOTHYROIDISM

**Background and objectives:** A woman's diet is said to be the most important factor in determining intrauterine growth. In the case of improper diet the hormonal and/or circulation disorders may lead to intrauterine growth restriction. The aim of the study was to determine differences in average daily intake of selected nutrients in women diagnosed with hypertension during pregnancy and women who, in addition to being diagnosed with hypertension, had also been diagnosed with hypothyroidism before pregnancy.

**Methods:** The test subjects were divided into two groups. Group I - women diagnosed with hypertension in the first trimester of pregnancy. Group II - women diagnosed with hypertension in the first tri-mester of pregnancy and diagnosed with hypothyroidism before pregnancy. The women's eating habits and dietary composition were analyzed based on a dietary questionnaire. Portion sizes were verified using "The Album of Photographs of Food Products and Dishes. The questionnaire allowed the researchers to determine daily consumption of each particular dietary component over a one-week period. The DIETA FAO program was used to estimate the quantity of the aforementioned components.

**Results:** Hypertensive women have been observed to have higher BMI values both before pregnancy and during pregnancy, as well as higher daily intake of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids. There was also a significantly higher intake of vitamin A and nearly twice as high intake of tyrosine in the group of women with hypertension. In both groups folate, iodine and vitamin D intake below daily demand was observed.

**Conclusions:** The pregnant women's intake of the dietary components which are important for the fetus was higher in mothers with gestational hypertension without complicated pre-existing hypothyroidism. Women with uncomplicated hypertension or complicated pre-existing hypothyroidism were characterized by lower iodine and vitamin D intake compared to daily requirements. Women with pre-existing hypothyroidism were characterized by lower intake of essential fatty acids which are also important for the nervous system during development of fetus and also in many other metabolic and energy processes. In the group of women with pre-existing hypothyroidism, lower intake of tyrosine, the fatty acid necessary as a substrate in thyroid hormone biosynthesis, was observed.

**Keywords:** pregnancy, hypertension, hypothyroidism

<footnote><sup>(1)</sup>Nascimento, Marcus; <sup>(2)</sup>Argólo, Dayane; <sup>(2)</sup>Borges, Josefa;</footnote>

<footnote><sup>(2)</sup>Cavalcante, Andressa; <sup>(2)</sup>Silva, Gilvana; <sup>(2)</sup>Souza, Matheus.</footnote>

<footnote><sup>(1)</sup>Tiradentes University; <sup>(2)</sup>BSc in Nutrition. Department of Nutrition. Tiradentes University. Brazil.</footnote>

<footnote><sup>(1)</sup>Bobiński, Rafał; <sup>(2)</sup>Pollok-Waksmańska, Wioletta; <sup>(3)</sup>Ulman-Włodarz, Izabela; <sup>(4)</sup>Turbiarz, Agnieszka.</footnote>

<footnote><sup>(1)</sup>Prof. University of Bielsko-Biała, Faculty of Health Sciences, Poland; <sup>(2)</sup>PhD. University of Bielsko-Biała, Faculty of Health Sciences, Poland.; <sup>(3)</sup>Prof. MD. University of Bielsko-Biała, Faculty of Health Sciences, Poland.; <sup>(4)</sup>PhD, University of Bielsko-Biała, Faculty of Health Sciences, Poland.</footnote>
COMPARISON OF DIETARY DIVERSITY SCORE (DDS) ACCORDING TO THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS AMONG RURAL MIDDLE SCHOOL CHILDREN IN THE NORTHWEST OF MOROCCO

(1)Sbaibi, Rachid; (2)Aboussaleh, Youssef; (2)Zeghari, Lotfi; (2)Agoutim, Naima.

(1)PhD.Laboratory of Nutrition Health and Environment.
Department of Biology. Faculty of Sciences. University Ibn Tofail.
Kénitra. Morocco; (2)PhD. Nutritionist. Laboratory of Nutrition
Health and Environment. Department of Biology. Faculty of
Sciences. University Ibn Tofail.Kénitra. Morocco.

**Background and objectives:** Diversity score (DDS) is not associated with the staturo-ponderal status or gender among the rural middle school children (12.3 to 19.74 years), in the north-west of Morocco. The purpose of the present study was to compare the dietary diversity score (DDS) according to the Socio-economic status among these adolescents.

**Methods:** The DDS represents the number of the 11 most frequented food groups (grains, sweet tea, fatty substances, dairy products, vegetables, sweets, poultry, fruits, legumes, red meat, fish) consumed during the preceding 7 days by 300 middle school children (15.45 years± 1.64) of the only middle school in the rural commune of Sidi El Kamel in northwestern Morocco. The general survey was used to record demographic and socio-economic characteristics of subject (age, gender, sibling rank, household size, function of parents, their educational level). The comparison of averages of DDS by socio-economic status, is done by the Mann-Whitney test and the Kruskal-Wallis test at 5% error.

**Results:** 9% of students haven't a diversified feeding (with DDS less than or equal to 7 of 11 food groups), against 91% had DDS strictly greater than 7 of 11 food groups, in average (9.3; ± 1.33) food groups on 11 groups consumed during the preceding 7 days. the diversification of food is only related to the paternal function. (χ² = 2.25; df = 5; P = 0.033 <0.05). The children whose parents are farmers or workers, have a high rate of food diversification of 60% and 13% respectively.

**Conclusions:** The good dietary diversity among adolescents in rural areas is linked to easy access to cereals, vegetables, dairy products via agricultural function of the father.

**Keywords:** Dietary Diversity Scores, socio-economic status, rural middle school children, Morocco.

COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING PRACTICES AND STUNTING AMONG INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN IN THE NORTHERN PROVINCE OF RWANDA

(1)Uwiringiyimana, Vestine; (2)Veldkamp, Antonie; (3)C. Ocké, Marga;

(4)Amer, Sherif.

(1)MSc. PhD Candidate. Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC). University of Twente. The Netherlands/ 2MSc. Assistant Lecturer. School of Food Science and Technology. College of Agriculture Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine. U; (2)PhD. Dean. Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC). University of Twente. The Netherlands.; (3)PhD. Senior Nutritionist. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM). The Netherlands.; (4)PhD. Assistant Professor. Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC). University of Twente. The Netherlands.

**Background and objectives:** Stunting remains a serious challenge in Rwanda despite the success achieved at reducing acute malnutrition. The aim of this research was to study the factors associated with stunting in Musanje District in the Northern Province of Rwanda, with particular focus on assessing anthropometric, dietary intake and the overall complementary feeding practices.

**Methods:** A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2015 with 138 children aged 5 to 30 months. Anthropometric status of children and mothers was assessed using z-scores for height-for-age (HAZ) and body mass index (BMI) respectively. Dietary intakes were estimated using a 24hr recall questionnaire. Multiple linear and logistic regression models were performed to study the predictors and risk factors of stunting respectively.

**Results:** The stunting prevalence in children was 42%. Among children, only half had been exclusively breastfed. Most of the children fell into the low dietary diversity score group (62%) with the majority of children consuming plant-based diet with little to no animal source foods. Overall the nutrient intake was below the dietary recommendations for breastfeeding children. Higher BMI of caregivers and higher intake of dietary zinc positively predicted height-for-age. Age increased the risk of stunting while exclusive breastfeeding and the use of deworming tablets were protective.

**Conclusions:** Encouraging exclusive breastfeeding, the use of deworming tablets and timely introduction of complementary foods rich in bioavailable nutrients can contribute in reducing the risk of stunting in children in the Northern Province of Rwanda. Dietary diversification by including locally available and nutritious products can greatly contribute in increasing the micronutrient intakes in children.

**Keywords:** stunting, dietary intake, complementary feeding practices, exclusive breastfeeding, Rwanda
# PREVALENCE OF ANAEMIA AND ITS ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG ADOLESCENT FEMALES IN OKRIKA, RIVERS STATE, NIGERIA

(1)Aderibigbe, Olaide R.; (2)Ukegbu, Patricia.

(1)PhD Nutrition. Product Development Programme. National Horticultural Research Institute Ibadan. Nigeria.; (2)PhD Experimental Nutrition. Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike. Nigeria.

**Background and objectives:** Unlike children and women of reproductive age, adolescents have not been the focus of anaemia research in sub-Saharan Africa. Adolescence is a vulnerable period in the human life cycle for the development of nutritional anaemia. Girls are more likely to be victims due to added burden of menstrual loss. The study examined the prevalence of anaemia and its associated factors among adolescent females in Okrika, Rivers State, Nigeria.

**Methods:** In a cross-sectional design, 400 adolescent females in secondary schools were recruited using a multistage sampling technique. Validated questionnaires were used to collect data on sociodemographic characteristics and other factors associated with anaemia (malaria occurrence, use of mosquito nets, sources of helminthic infection such as unsafe drinking water and poor toilet facilities and menstrual history). A food frequency questionnaire was used to collect data on food intake. Haemoglobin and packed cell volume were analysed in blood samples of the girls using standard procedures.

**Results:** Mild-moderate anaemia (Hb=7-11.9 g/dl) and severe anaemia (Hb<7g/dl) was found in 77.5% and 1.3% of the girls, respectively. Malaria was reported by 59.3%, 44.8% do not use mosquito nets, 42.2% drink unsafe/untreated water and 67.5% do not have good toilet facility. About 20% of the girls were experiencing irregular menses. More than half of the girls consumed at least one animal source of iron foods daily (meat-67.5%, fish-62.5%, periwinkle-51.5%). Family size correlated negatively (r=-0.336, P<0.05) and mother's occupation correlated positively (r=0.606, P<0.01) with haemoglobin levels of the girls.

**Conclusions:** Anaemia and its associated factors are prevalent among adolescent females in Okrika. Though, the adolescent females consumed adequate representation of iron rich foods, other risk factors of anaemia such as malaria and irregular menses were prevalent. The significant association of family size and mother's occupation with haemoglobin levels suggest a significant effect of these factors on the risk of anaemia in the girls. The results indicate that adolescent females are as vulnerable as under-five children. Therefore, special attention is needed to meet the iron requirement of this group. A holistic intervention is necessary to address these risk factors.

**Keywords:** Anaemia, adolescent females, risk factors, haemoglobin

**Further collaborators:**

Staff of the Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Michael and the school heads and teachers who facilitated our access to their students

# USUAL MICRONUTRIENT INTAKES OF YOUNG CHILDREN IN THE PHILIPPINES ARE SEVERELY INADEQUATE

(1)Denney, Liya; (2)Angeles-Agdeppa, Imelda; (3)Gironella, Glen Melvin; (4)Toledo, Marvim; (5)Carriquiry, Alicia.

(1)PhD, Senior Research Scientist, Institute of Nutritional Science, Nestlé Research Center, Switzerland; (2)PhD, Assistant Scientist, Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Gen. Taguig City, Philippines; (3)Senior Research Specialist, Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Gen. Taguig City, Philippines; (4)Research assistant, Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Gen. Taguig City, Philippines; (5)PhD, Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, United States.

**Background and objectives:** The prevalence of stunting, underweight and micronutrient deficiencies are persistently high among Filipino children. Up to now, age-specific assessments of micronutrient intakes in this population are scarce. The objective of this study was to evaluate usual intakes of selected micronutrients of young children from the 2013 National Nutrition Survey in the Philippines.

**Methods:** Trained interviewers collected 24-hour dietary recalls from caregivers of a nationally representative sample of 2427 children aged 3 to 5 years. A second 24-hour recall was collected from 50% of the sample. Micronutrient intakes were estimated using data from the food composition tables developed by Food and Nutrition Research Institute and usual intake distributions of micronutrients were calculated using the PC-side program from Iowa State University (version 1.0). The distributions were compared with estimated average requirements (EAR) recommended by the Philippine Dietary Reference Intakes 2015. Usual intakes from the following nutrients were estimated: vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C, iron, calcium and phosphorus.

**Results:** High prevalence of inadequate micronutrient intakes defined as the percentage of children with intakes less than EARs were found for all the vitamins and minerals except for niacin. In an ascending order, the prevalence of inadequate nutrient intakes were 11.3% for niacin, 38.2% for phosphorus, 43.9% for vitamin A, 45.2% for riboflavin, 45.2% for thiamine, 56.7% for vitamin C, 76.7% for iron and 82.8% for calcium.

**Conclusions:** This study demonstrated that usual micronutrient intakes of young children aged 3-5 years in the Philippines were severely inadequate. To gain insights behind the inadequate nutrient intakes and form effective measures to combat the inadequacies, further studies understanding the food sources of nutrients and the regional and socioeconomic disparities in this Filipino population are underway.

**Keywords:** Usual intake, micronutrients, infants, young children, the Philippines

**Conflict of Interest Disclosure:** Liya Denney is an employee of Nestec, S.A. (Nestlé Research Center), Lausanne.

**Further collaborators:**

Alison L Eldridge
# DIETARY INTAKE OF ADOLESCENT SOCCER PLAYERS

(1)Carvalho, Felipe; (2)Seabra, Lara; (2)Brit, Layla; (3)Gomes, Luis;

(4)Nascimento, Marcus; (2)Almeida, Monique; (2)Santos, Rafaela;

(2)Santos, Ronyclay; (2)Santos, Valdice.

(1)BSc in Nutrition and physical education. Department of Nutrition. Tiradentes University. Brazil; (2)BSc in Nutrition. Department of Nutrition. Tiradentes University. Brazil; (3)MSc in Nutrition. Department of Physical Education. Tiradentes University. Brazil; (4)MSc in Physical Education. Department of Nutrition. Tiradentes University. Brazil.

**Background and objectives:** A proper diet is important for improving sports performance. However, athletes may have nutritional inadequacies related to the adoption of erroneous feeding strategies. The analysis of athlete's dietary intake may help on the elaboration of nutrition interventions. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the dietary intake of adolescent soccer players.

**Methods:** Fifty-four teenage athletes from three professional clubs answered to a three-day food record. The nutrient intake was estimated and compared with the recommendations for athletes. Body composition was obtained by skin folds.

**Results:** The athletes presented a percentage of fat of 14.5 (5) percent. The analysis of energy and macronutrients showed that athletes had a low intake of calories, carbohydrate, fiber, mono-unsaturated fat and poly-unsaturated. About vitamins, vitamin A, C, E and B6 had the highest percentage of inadequacy. Among the minerals, who stood out on the nutritional inadequacy were calcium, folate and magnesium.

**Conclusions:** The athletes presented a proper body composition, however showed inadequacies both in intake of macronutrients as well as vitamins and minerals.

**Keywords:** Dietary intake, adolescents, soccer

# ONE YEAR ADMINISTRATION OF OMEGA-3 SUPPLEMENTS REDUCES ATHEROSCLEROSIS PROGRESSION AND OXIDATIVE STRESS IN OBESE PATIENTS

(1)Dragomir, Andreea Diana; (2)Rusu, Emilia; (3)Pietrisi, Nicoleta;

(4)Alexescu, Alexandra; (5)Radulian, Gabriela.

(1)MD Nutrition and Diabetes. PhD Student Nutrition. University of Medicine Bucharest. Romania. Nutrislim Nutrition Clinic Bucharest. Romania; (2)MD Nutrition and Diabetes. PhD. University of Medicine Bucharest. Romania; (3)MD Nutrition and Diabetes. Nutrislim Nutrition Clinic Bucharest. Romania; (4)MD Nutrition and Diabetes. PhD student. University of Medicine Bucharest. Romania. Nutrislim Nutrition Clinic Bucharest. Romania; (5)MD. PhD. Professor of Nutrition and Diabetes. University of Medicine Bucharest. Romania.

**Background and objectives:** According to studies, obesity and inflammation are related to important cardiovascular and metabolic complications. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of omega-3 supplements on the progression of atherosclerosis and oxidative stress.

**Methods:** 290 obese patients, without clinical evidence of atherosclerosis, aged 65 ± 8.4 years, were assigned to 2 groups: group A (140 patients) received only diet according to American Heart Association recommendations; group B (150 patients) received the same diet plus omega-3 fatty acids supplements (1 g eicosapentanoic acid, 1 g docosahexanoic acid, 0,1 g α-tocopherol acetate). BMI > 30 kg/m2 was used as criteria for obesity. Body fat mass (BFM) and body fat percent (%BF) were measured using bioimpedance analysis (BIA). Oxidative stress was determined using FormOx monitor tests on a blood drop. Intima-media thickness (IMT) was measured for atherosclerosis progression. Patients were evaluated at baseline, after 6 and 12 months.

**Results:** After 12 months, all parameters were significantly improved in group B (diet plus omega-3 supplements) than in group A: LDL-cholesterol was 158 ± 17.4 mg/dl versus 172 ± 18.9 mg/dl (p<0.002), HDL-cholesterol was 59 ± 11 mg/dl versus 50 ± 12 (p<0.05), triglycerides were 121 ± 46 mg/dl versus 136 ± 56 mg/dl (p=0.002) and fasting plasma glucose was 104 ± 12 mg/dl versus 112 ± 14 mg/dl (p<0.0001). FormOx monitor registered decreased Fort units in group B patients 248 ± 48 Fort units versus 270 ± 78 Fort units in group A (p<0.0001).

Progression of atherosclerosis was more delayed in group B, comparative with group A: IMT on left commune carotid artery was 0.608 ± 0.04 versus 0.622 ± 0.068 mm (p=0.001) and IMT on right commune carotid artery was 0.590 ± 0.048 mm vs. 0.611 ± 0.056 mm (p<0.0001). IMT was also correlated with %BF (p<0.001), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (p=0.002), leptin levels (p<0.001), adiponectin levels (p<0.05), leptin to adiponectin ratio (p<0.001) and oxidative stress (p<0.001).

**Conclusions:** One year administration of omega-3 fatty acids supplements improves cardiovascular and metabolic parameters, decreases oxidative stress and delays progression of atherosclerosis.
**Background and objectives:** The most prevalent micronutrient deficiencies in Sub-Saharan Africa are iron, zinc and vitamin A. Information on food sources rich in provitamin A is readily available, however the efficacy of specific plant foods, used to complement cereal-based diets, to address iron and zinc deficiencies is seriously lacking. The objective was to evaluate the effect of plant foods high in iron and zinc, combined with provitamin A, on the mineral nutritive value of pearl millet instant porridge.

**Methods:** Dried plant crops (moringa leaves, baobab fruit pulp, hibiscus calyces, mango fruit pulp, and carrots) were analysed for mineral, total phenolics, condensed tannin and phytate contents. The effects of adding 30% provitamin A source (49% carrot and 51% mango blend) and 5% & 15% moringa, hibiscus or baobab to whole pearl millet instant porridges on iron and zinc bioaccessibilities (in vitro dialysability) was determined. The iron and zinc contents and bioaccessibilities were compared to the RDA and absolute (physiological) requirements (AR) of children aged 2-5 years, respectively.

**Results:** Instant pearl millet porridge fortified with 15% moringa had the highest iron content and could provide approximately 33% and 15% of the iron and zinc RDA, respectively of 2-5 year old children. However, all plant crops had phytate:iron and phytate:zinc molar ratios above the critical levels (1:1 and 15:1, respectively). Despite the high iron contents of moringa (58.4 ± 4.5 mg/100 g, db), 15% addition to pearl millet decreased the percentage bioaccessible iron. Compared to pearl millet porridge alone, moringa addition (5%) roughly doubled the iron and zinc AR, whereas moringa (15%) had the same contribution to iron and zinc AR of 2-5 year olds. Addition of 15% baobab resulted in the greatest significant (p ≤0.05) increase in percentages and amounts of bioaccessible iron (129% and 225%, respectively) and zinc (154% and 181%, respectively), despite the substantial amounts of condensed tannins (228 ± 270 mg CE/100 g). The addition of baobab increased the contribution towards iron and zinc AR approximately 3 fold, probably due to the high organic acid content.

**Conclusions:** Including baobab in a cereal based diet, shows potential to increase the iron and zinc nutritive values.

**Keywords:** Dialysability Iron Zinc Bioavailability

**Background and objectives:** Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended during the first six months of an infant's life. There is evidence that the early introduction of formula or complementary foods reduce levels of breast milk (BM) intake. The aims of this study were to determine the intake of BM and water from non-breast milk sources (W non-BM) in exclusive breastfed (EBF) and partial breastfed (PBF) infants, and to estimate macronutrient intake in these groups.

**Methods:** This study was performed in 18 mother-infant pairs at 4 months to birth from Entre Ríos and Buenos Aires provinces. Dose- to the mother deuterium-oxide turnover technique (DM-DOT) was used to measure breast milk intake. Mothers received an oral dose of deuterated water and 6 samples of saliva were collected from mother and baby during a period of 15 days. Deuterium enrichment was determined in a Shimadzu FTIR-spectrometer-Affinity to obtain the intake of BM (mL/d) and W non-BM (mL/d). Infants were classified into EBF (n = 11) or PBF (n = 7) categories based on a 24-hour recall to the mother. Macronutrient intake from BM was calculated using WHO data on breast milk composition. We considered that the volume of W non-BM, obtained from the DMDOT technique, was from formula so intake of energy (kcal/day), protein (g/day), fat (g/day), and carbohydrates (g/day) was estimated using the nutritional composition of the commercial infant formula that mothers referred. Energy and protein requirements were calculated according FAO recommendations.

**Results:** Results are expressed as Mean (IC95%). BM intake was significantly different between groups (EBF: 950.2 (818.2-1082.2) vs PBF: 710.0 (570.6-849.4), p<0.05). W non-BM was significantly higher in PBF compare to EBF (170.0 (-17.0-357.0) vs 15.2 (3.1-27.3), p<0.001). Taking into account only BM intake, all EBF infants met their energy and protein requirements as well as 57% of PBF infants.

**Conclusions:** Knowing breast milk intake, obtained by DM-DOT as the reference method, is relevant to investigate the extent to which the breast milk is being replaced by the consumption of other foods and for evaluating infant feeding pattern and nutritional adequacy. Supported by PB04 and OIEA RLA 6071.
**Keywords:** Breast milk intake, deuterium-oxide turnover technique, infant feeding pattern.

144/680

ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN FAT FREE MASS AND MUSCLE STRENGTH AND PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE IN A GROUP OF OLDER WOMEN FROM ARGENTINA

(1)Zarza, Laura; (2)Nápoli, Cristián; (3)Tarducci, Gabriel; (4)Paganini, Amalia; (4)Gargano, Sofía; (4)Gandini, Agustina; (5)Fernandez, Inés; (5)Vidueiros, Silvina Mariela; (5)Pallaro, Anabel N.

(1)Pharmacist. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Cátedra de Nutrición. Argentina.; (2)Pharmacist and biochemical. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Cátedra de Nutrición. Argentina.; (3)PhD. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación. Cátedra de Actividad Física para la Salud. IdHICS CONICET. Argentina.; (4)Lic. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación. Cátedra de Actividad Física para la Salud. IdHICS CONICET. Argentina.; (5)PhD. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Cátedra de Nutrición. Argentina.

**Background and objectives:** Low muscle mass and physical performances occur with advancing age. The aim of this study was to analyze the association between the fat free mass (FFM) and muscle strength and physical performance in older individuals.

**Methods:** 23 older women (60 - 84 years old), who attended recreational centers for elderly in Buenos Aires province, Argentina, were assessed. Body weight (kg) and height (m) were determined and body mass index (BMI) was calculated (kg/m2). %FFM and %Fat mass (FM) were evaluated by deuterium dilution technique. Handgrip strength (HS, kg) was measured using a Jamar * Hydraulic Hand Dynamometer. Physical performance was evaluated by Gait speed (GS, m/s) and Timed get up and go test (TGUG, s).

**Results:** 30% overweight and 50% obesity were observed with %FM = 43.1 ± 4.7 (IC95% = 41.1-45.1). BMI and %FM were associated (r=0.87; p<0.0001). HS, GS and TGUG (mean ± DS (IC95%)) were 20.07 ± 3.50 (18.56-21.59); 1.42 ± 0.33 (1.23-1.57) and 8.73 ± 2.16 (8.01-9.38), respectively. HS significantly decreased with age (p<0.0279) but no significant differences were found neither in GS (p<0.8052) nor TGUG (p< 0.7332); however, TGUG tended to increase in older women. %FFM was associated to GS (r=0.58, p<0.0046) and it was inversely associated to TUGT (r=-0.51, p<0.0163).

**Conclusions:** In this preliminary report, it was found a high obesity degree and associations between FFM and muscle strength and physical performance tests in older women who participate in recreational activities. At present, adult women with greater physical deterioration are being evaluated as these associations could be important risk factors for adverse events like falls, fractures, daily living disabilities and independence loss. Supported by PB04 and IAEA RLA 6073.

**Keywords:** Sarcopenia, fat free mass, deuterium dilution technique, muscle strength, physical performance.

144/687

EFFECT OF MILK ADDED WITH COCOA POWDER ON APPARENT CALCIUM ABSORPTION IN AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL IN RATS

(1)Weisstaub, Adriana Ruth; (1)Vidueiros, Silvina Mariela;

(2)Fleischman, Silvana; (1)PERRIS, PAULA; (1)Langini, Silvia; (1)Pallaro, Anabel N.

(1)PhD. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Cátedra de Nutrición. Argentina.; (2)Pharmacist. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Cátedra de Nutrición. Argentina.

**Background and objectives:** Calcium (Ca) absorption from foods varies between 30-40%, and is conditioned by the presence of components that stimulate or inhibit it. Low intakes of Ca during childhood and adolescence could condition the subsequent loss of bone mass in adulthood, resulting in a high incidence of osteoporosis. Therefore, Ca bioavailability becomes a key factor to reach or maintain a critical peak bone mass. The addition of chocolate or cocoa powder to milk is a popular nutrition habit. Cocoa powder contains oxalic acid (450-480 mg/100g), an inhibitor of calcium absorption. However, calcium bioavailability studies regarding oxalate impaired effect are contradictory. Therefore, the effect of milk added with cocoa powder on the apparent calcium absorption (ACaA%) was studied in an animal model including young and adult rats.

**Methods:** Thirty-six Wistar rats at weaning (6/group) were fed:1)a control diet prepared according to the American Institute of Nutrition (C); 2) a semisynthetic diet prepared with whole milk powder reduced in lactose (77 mg lactose/g milk) (M), and 3) the milk diet added with cocoa powder (MC). The three diets were isocaloric (4.1 kcal/100g diet) and supplied the same amount of Ca (0.5 g/100g diet). Three groups of rats received control or experimental diet from weaning (age=23 days) up to 33 days old (T1); other three groups of young adult rats (age=49 days) were fed the same diets up to 66 days old (T2). At T1 and T2, food intake was recorded and feces were collected during the last three experimental days to determinate ACaA% = [(CaI - CaF)/CaI] x100. Ca intake (CaI) (mg/d) was calculated from Ca concentration in diets. Microwave acid digestion for Ca diets and Ca feces (CaF, mg/d) was done in Parr Bombs (Parr Instrument Company). Ca concentration was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (Perkin Elmer AA400).

**Results:** At T1, MC had lower ACaA% than M and C: 45.0±3.9 vs 82.9±6.4 vs 69.0±3.3, respectively; at T2 ACaA% was: 21.1±5.5 vs 54.5±9.1 vs 71.1±3.0, respectively (p<0.0001).
**Conclusions:** These results suggest that the addition of cocoa powder to milk may result in a decrease apparent calcium absorption in rats, either earlier or later in life.

**Keywords:** Calcium absorption, milk, cocoa powder, rats.

144/717

DIETARY SUPPLEMENT INTAKES AMONG HIGH SCHOOL MALE ATHLETES

(1)Kanbe, Kinuyo; (2)Muto, Shimako; (3)Koyama, Yuzou; (4)Musha, Yoshiyuki.

(1) PhD. Nihon University; (2) PhD. Kagawa Nutrition University;

(3) PhD. Nihon University; (4) Director at track and field club.

**Background and objectives:** Dietary supplements are intended to make up for nutrient deficiency in daily life and to improve sports performances. We clarified the status of supplement usage, comprehension, and nutrient intakes for high school male athletes from the questionnaires.

**Methods:** In total, we surveyed 239 people with a football club (64 members), a tennis club (75), a baseball club (45) and track-and-field club (55) belonging to the male athletic clubs of N University Highschool. The self-administered questionnaires on supplements and nutrient intakes (food frequency questionnaire) were distributed and collected later.

**Results:** The rate of supplement intake was 35% overall. The track-and-field club was significantly higher with 65.5% than the others and were the same level as top athletes. The main purpose of intake for 60% of all subjects was "increasing muscle and weight", and 40% for "fatigue recovery". 80% of baseball members took supplements for "increasing muscle and weight", and 70% of track-and-field for "fatigue recovery" which was significantly high. The breakdown of "no reason" was 30% for "enough in the usual diet", 20% for "seems to be bad for health" and "bothers to use", and 10% for "expensive", 50% for "not interested in". As for the nutrients, protein intake was 70%, carbohydrates 30%, both amino acids and vitamins were 10%. The track-and-field was significantly high in 30% of amino acids. The timing of intake was "before going to bed" "after exercise" and "during exercise" which were high. 80% of subjects answered "read" or "read and understand" of nutritional labeling of supplements and 50% were careful with "usage quantity" or "intake time". The sources of information are "at a sports store" 40%, "from the Internet" and "from friends or parents" were 30%.

**Conclusions:** In contrast to team play, individual competitive edge is directly connected with the high intake rate of the track-and-field club. Some members took supplements despite the fact that they didn't understand the suitable amount of nutrient intake. Since supplement intake is ultimately based on athletes' self-control, supervisors, and coaches must understand the need of athletes and cooperate with registered dietitians, including correct knowledge for legally prohibited additives or doping substances.

**Keywords:** dietary supplements, high school male athletes, sports performances, nutrient intakes

144/722

DETERMINATION OF NIACIN ACTIVITY IN WHEAT GERM USING QUINOLINATE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE DEFICIENT MICE

(1)Fukuwatari, Tsutomu; (2)Ohara, Chihiro; (3)Miyoshi, Asami.

(1)PhD. Department of Nutrition. The University of Shiga Prefecture. Japan.; (2)Department of Nutrition. The University of Shiga Prefecture. Japan.

**Background and objectives:** Taking enough niacin and tryptophan is important to prevent pellagra and maintain niacin nutrition. Although wheat germ contains tryptophan and high amount of niacin, matured cereal grains generally show low bioavailability of niacin. This is because several factors such as food matrix, chemical structure and presence of bound form affect bioavailability of B-group vitamins in foods. In the present study, we investigated niacin activity including bioavailability of niacin and conversion of tryptophan to nicotinamide in wheat germ using quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase deficient (QPRT-KO) mice, which lack tryptophan-nicotinamide pathway.

**Methods:** Wild type (WT) and QPRT-KO mice were fed a control diet containing 0-30 mg/kg nicotinic acid or 60% wheat germ diet for 28 days. Urine nicotinamide metabolites, and blood and liver NAD and total nicotinamide were measured. These biomarkers were compared between mice fed control diets and wheat germ diets, and niacin activity in wheat germ was determined.

**Results:** Urinary nicotinamide metabolites strongly correlated with nicotinic acid intake in both WT and QPRT-KO mice fed control diets, and the linear regression equation was determined. Bioavailability of niacin in wheat germ was calculated to be 79 ± 10% using the equation and urinary nicotinamide metabolites in QPRT-KO mice fed wheat germ diet. Conversion ratio of tryptophan to nicotinamide was also determined in mice fed wheat germ diet, and was 1.3 ± 0.2%, same ratio as mice fed 20% casein diet. NAD and total nicotinamide in the liver and blood were same in mice fed control diets and 60% wheat germ diet.

**Conclusions:** Wheat germ shows high niacin activity both in bioavailability of niacin and conversion ratio of tryptophan to nicotinamide. When present results apply to human, wheat germ may contain 8 mgNE/100 g of bioavailable niacin which corresponds to 50% of RDA for adult men. Wheat germ can be a good niacin source to prevent pellagra and maintain niacin nutrition.

**Keywords:** vitamin, bioavailability, biomarker, nutritional assessment.
# ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN INTRA-ABDOMINAL FAT, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, DIET, AND BLOOD PRESSURE IN OBESE CHILDREN

(1)PhD. Researcher. Biodynamic and Body Composition Laboratory. University of Malaga. Spain.; (2)PhD. Researcher. Biodynamic and Body Composition Laboratory, University of Malaga. Spain.; (3)PhD. Professor. Department of Family & Community Medicine. Wake Forest School of Medicine. United States of America.; (4)BS. Technician. Internal medicine department. Institute of biomedical researcher in Málaga (IBIMA). Regional University Hospital of Málaga. Spain.; (5)BS. Nurse. Internal medicine department. Institute of biomedical researcher in Málaga (IBIMA). Regional University Hospital of Málaga. Spain.; (6)BS. Nutritionist. Internal medicine department. Institute of biomedical researcher in Málaga (IBIMA). Regional University Hospital of Málaga. Spain.; (7)MD. Doctor. Medical team orientation north Málaga. Spain.; (8)MD. Doctor. Cartama station health center. Spain.; (9)MS. Professor. Internal medicine department. Institute of biomedical researcher in Málaga (IBIMA). Regional University Hospital of Málaga. Spain.; (10)PhD. Researcher. Internal medicine department. Institute of biomedical researcher in Málaga (IBIMA). Regional University Hospital of Málaga. Spain.

**Background and objectives:** Obesity is thought to be an important contributing factor to the development of elevated blood pressure (BP) in children, and intra-abdominal fat (IAF) has been identified as the main determinant of several metabolic disorders. Changes in central adiposity and BP can occur in response to physical activity (PA) and a balanced diet. The aim of this study was to examine the associations among PA, fat distribution, mainly abdominal fat, nutrition and BP in obese children.

**Methods:** Seventy-eight obese children (n = 43 boys, age = 7.8±1.3 years, weight = 46.9±10.3 kg, FMP = 40.8%, BMI = 25.1±3.4 kg/m2) participated. Total body fat and IAF were assessed by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The abdominal region was delineated by an upper horizontal border located at half of the distance between acromion and external end of iliac crests, a lower border determined by the external end of iliac crests and laterally to any trunk soft tissue. PA was objectively assessed on 7 consecutive days by accelerometry (Actigraph TM GT3X). BP was measured using an automated BP monitor. Adherence to a Mediterranean diet was estimated by a modified version of the Trichopoulou questionnaire (removing item 8). Spearman rank correlation coefficient were used to explore associations between variables.

**Results:** No child met PA recommendations (≥60 minutes daily of moderate-to-vigorous PA). The prevalence of elevated systolic BP and diastolic BP was 1.3% and 13.2%, respectively. There were significant associations between systolic BP and IAF (rho =

0.324, p<0.01); MVPA and %IAF (rho = -0.526, p<0.001); and the nutrition questionnaire score and %IAF (rho = -0.298, p<0.01). There was no association between PA and BP.

**Conclusions:** There is a positive relationship between IAF and blood pressure, and a strong negative relationship among PA, diet and IAF in obese children. Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and the performance of MVPA could help to reduce visceral abdominal fat in obese children.

**Keywords:** obesity, childhood, DXA, exercise, nutrition.

**Further collaborators:**

Granted by University of Málaga (Campus of International Excellence Andalucía Tech) and Institute of Health Carlos III, cofinancial by the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional-FEDER (Miguel Servet Type 1 program CP15/00028).

# ANTHROPOMETRIC STUDY BY SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS IN SEMI-URBAN SCHOOLCHILDREN IN KENITRA CITY IN NORTH-WEST MOROCCO

(1)PhD Nutrition, Health and environment. University IBN TOFAIL KENITRA/MOROCCO; (2)Pr.PhD Nutrition, Laboratory of Nutrition. Health and Environment. Department of Biology. Faculty of Sciences. University Ibn Tofail. BPa; (3)Pr.PhD Neurosciences, Behavioral and Cognitive. Laboratory of Neurosciences, Behavioral and Cognitive. University Ibn Tofail, Kénitra, Morocco; (4)PhD Nutrition, Laboratory of Nutrition. Health and Environment. Department of Biology. Faculty of Sciences. University Ibn Tofail. BPa.

**Background and objectives:** The nutritional problem among schoolchildren, in rural and urban areas has been the subject of several studies, while the semi-urban environment remains to be unveiled. The present study aims to evaluate the nutritional status according to the socio-economic status of schoolchildren aged from 6 to 16 years, from Imam Boukhari school in the Kenitra city in northern Morocco.

**Methods:** The anthropometric survey was conducted among 239 schoolchildren of average age (10.22 ± 2.10), weight and height were measured according to the procedure recommended by WHO (World Health Organization). The anthropometric indices adopted are: weight-for-age, and height-for-age and body mass index (BMI), determined by the Z score calculated according to the WHO growth references 2007 (5-19 years). The socio-economic status of schoolchildren was assessed by a questionnaire that refers to age, gender, household size, parental education, and the job of the parents.

**Results:** The finding showed an underweight of 4.3% (<10 years), stunting (6.3%), thinness (3.8%), a low rate of risk of overweight (4.3%) and obesity (0.9%). The socio-economic status of parents is quite low: The size of the household is 5 persons (42.7% of households have more or equal to 5 persons). The illiteracy

<footnote>(1)Benítez Porres, Javier; (2)Romance, Angel Ramón; (3)Moore, Justin B.; (4)Vargas Candela, Antonio; (5)Moya, Paula; (6)Vilches, Alberto;</footnote>

<footnote>(7)Rosales-Jaime, Antonio; (8)Díaz-Ruiz, Juan; (9)Sanchez Vera, Javier;</footnote>

<footnote>(10)Bernal-López, M. Rosa.</footnote>

<footnote>(1)Agoutim, Naima; (2)Aboussaleh, Youssef; (3)Ahami, Ahmed Ot;</footnote>

<footnote>(4)Sbaibi, Rachid.</footnote>
among parents is high 31.5% (25.1% of fathers, 38% of mothers), 58% of fathers have a low monthly income, as well as 79.1% of mothers are not engage in any paid occupation. In addition, a CH2 test of independence at 5% error revealed an independence between the socio-economic factors and the various anthropometric indicators.

**Conclusions:** The sample studied suffers from moderate malnutrition, with no socio-economic effect on nutritional status. The semi-urban environment showed a slight regressive effect on the prevalence of malnutrition in relation to the rural environment.

**Keywords:** schoolchildren, semi-urban, nutritional status, socio-economic status

DIETARY PATTERNS DESCRIBED BY PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS AND SODIUM INTAKE IN HEALTHY ADULTS

(1)Benítez, Alejandra; (2)Becerril Alarcón, Yizel; (2)Neri Sánchez, Marisol; (3)Valdes-Ramos, Roxana; (3)Martinez-Carrillo, Beatriz Elina;

(3)Vargas Hernández, Joel Alberto.

(1)PhD. Professor researcher. Medicine School. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. México.; (2)Master in Health Science. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. México;

(3)Dr. in Science. Professor researcher. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. México.

**Background and objectives:** Dietary patterns (DP) are widely used to assess nutrients intake. High sodium intake has been described as a modifiable risk factor for hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Identification of risk factors in healthy populations, makes it possible to propose preventive interventions. The propose of this research was to identify dietary patterns in healthy adults describing its relationship with sodium intake.

**Methods:** Longitudinal study in 130 healthy men and women. DP were identified by principal component analysis (PCA); dietary sodium derived from multiple 24 hour recalls and quantified according to the content of sodium in food.

**Results:** Five DP were identified: DP-I characterized by consumption of cereals and sugars, DP-II by meat and canned food; DP-III by fruits, vegetables, oils-fats, and the lowest amount of sodium (prudent), DP-IV by meat; and DP-V by dairy products. In this healthy subjects, consumption of fruits, vegetables, cereals and legumes explains 69% of the variance, and men exceed daily sodium intake recommendations.

**Conclusions:** Prudent DP is practiced only by 20% of participants. Healthy men in this study consume very high amounts of sodium in their diet. Interventions in DP are necessary in disease prevention and health promotion strategies.

**Keywords:** dietary patterns, principal component analysis, sodium.

IRON INTAKE AND STATUS: HOW ARE THE RESIDENTS OF SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL

(1)Hermes Sales, Cristiane; (2)dos Santos Vieira, Diva Aliete; (3)de Mello Fontanelli, Mariane; (4)Fisberg, Regina.

(1)PhD. Postdoctoral researcher. Department of Nutrition. School of Public Health. University of Sao Paulo.; (2)PhD. Department of Nutrition. School of Public Health. University of Sao Paulo. Brazil.; (3)MSc. PhD Student. Department of Nutrition. School of Public Health. University of Sao Paulo. Brazil.; (4)PhD. Assistant Professor. Department of Nutrition. School of Public Health. University of Sao Paulo. Brazil.

**Background and objectives:** Worldwide, iron has been a target of studies, because of the functional consequences related to its deficiency. In Brazil, since 2004 was introduced the policy to fortify wheat and corn flours with iron for all population, which reinforcing the importance of nutritional iron status monitoring. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of dietary iron inadequacy and its blood status.

**Methods:** Data were obtained from the 2015 Health Survey of Sao Paulo (n 880; age range 12 to 93 years), a cross-sectional population-based study developed among residents from urban area of São Paulo, Brazil. Dietary iron intake was measured using two 24-h dietary recalls, and it was assessed in Nutrition Data System for Research programme. The dietary iron content of foods was checked and when necessary corrected using data from Brazilian food composition tables. Usual iron intake was estimated using the Multiple Source Method programme. Probabilistic approach was used to estimate the prevalence of inadequate intake. Haemoglobin concentrations < 120 g/dL (male adolescents with 12 to 14 years); < 130 g/dL (men with 15 years and older), and < 120 g/dL (all non-pregnant women); and low serum ferritin was defined as serum ferritin concentrations < 15 µg/L.

**Results:** The prevalence of iron inadequacies varied from 1.6% to 13.8% in men, and from 7.3% to 40.5% in women. Otherwise, the prevalence of anaemia was from 0.0% to 10.5% in men, and 0.0% to 13.8% in women, and low serum ferritin varied from 0.0% to 3.0% in men and 1.7% to 18.4% in women.

**Conclusions:** Women showed to be more vulnerable to nutritional iron deficiency. Prevalence of iron inadequacy assessed by dietary intake overestimate iron deficiency when compared to blood status.

**Keywords:** Dietary iron. Iron deficiency. Nutrition survey. Nutritional status.
(1)Sobral, Camille; (2)Santos, Monique; (2)Brito, Layla; (2)Barreto, Anna; (2)Noronha, Danilo; (2)Fernandes, Rúbia; (3)Gomes, Luis; (4)Nascimento, Marcus.

(1)Bsc.Nutritionist. Department of Nutrition. Tiradentes University. Brazil.; (2)BSc in Nutrition. Department of Nutrition. Tiradentes University. Brazil; (3)MSc in Nutrition. Department of Physical Education. Tiradentes University. Brazil; (4)MSc in Physical Education. Department of Nutrition. Tiradentes University. Brazil.

**Background and objectives:** Athlete's Nutrition knowledge may improve food choice and dietary ingestion, however, studies have shown that athletes have poor nutrition knowledge. The analysis of athlete's nutrition knowledge and dietary intake may help in the development of specific nutrition intervention strategies. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the nutrition knowledge and food portions intake of adolescent soccer players.

**Methods:** Fifty-four athletes from three professional clubs responded to a three day food record and a validated questionnaire about nutritional knowledge and sources of information on nutrition. The ingestion of food portions was estimated and compared with the recommendations for the Brazilian population.

**Results:** The athletes had a hit percentage of 44.7 (25.6) percent in the test of knowledge in nutrition. The most commonly used source of nutrition information for athletes was the coach, followed by the internet and friends. The athletes presented a low consumption of vegetables, fruits and a high intake of oils and fats. The main difficulties reported by athletes for the adoption of healthy eating were the and the lack of time and willpower. There was no correlation between knowledge in nutrition and the ingestion of food portions.

**Conclusions:** The athletes presented low knowledge in nutrition and reported using sources of nutrition information of low reliability. In addition, they presented an inadequate food intake.

**Keywords:** Nutrition knowledge, teenagers, soccer

participating in a randomized efficacy trial of double-fortified salt in India.

**Methods:** Participants were 244 women (18-55 y) enrolled in a randomized efficacy trial of double-fortified salt in Darjeeling, India. Iron status [hemoglobin (Hb), serum ferritin (SF), soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), and total body iron (TBI)], inflammatory biomarkers [C-reactive protein (CRP) and -1 acid glycoprotein (AGP)], serum vitamin B12, and serum folate were evaluated at enrollment. Anemia was defined as hemoglobin <120 g/L; iron deficiency was defined as serum ferritin <15.0 µg/L (TBI<0.0 mg/kg, sTfR>8.3 mg/L); and inflammation was defined as CRP >5 mg/L or AGP >1 g/L. Vitamin B12 deficiency and insufficiency were defined as <148 pmol/L and <221 pmol/L; and folate deficiency defined as serum folate <6.8 nmol/L. Linear and binomial regression models were used to examine the associations between micronutrient biomarkers and hemoglobin concentrations and anemia, respectively.

**Results:** At baseline, 52.9% of women were anemic (Hb<120 g/L), 44.3% were iron deficient (SF<15.0 µg/L), and 42.6% had iron deficiency anemia (Hb<120 g/L and SF<15.0 µg/L); 25.0% had elevated CRP or AGP (CRP>5 mg/L or AGP>1 g/L). B-vitamin deficiencies were also common at enrollment: 30.3% of women were vitamin B12 deficient (<148 pmol/L), 63.5% were vitamin B12 insufficient (<221 pmol/L), and 83.2% had folate deficiency (<6.8 nmol/L). Increased serum ferritin, sTfR, and TBI levels were associated with significantly higher hemoglobin concentrations at baseline. Higher total body iron was associated with lower risk of anemia at baseline, while iron deficiency (SF<15.0 µg/L) and inflammation (CRP>5.0 mg/L) were associated with increased risk of anemia; B-vitamin deficiencies were not significantly associated with risk of anemia. The risk of anemia at baseline was 1.6 times higher among women with iron deficiency (SF<15.0 µg/L), compared to women with replete iron status (RR: 1.61; 95% CI: 1.29, 2.01; p<0.0001).

**Conclusions:** The prevalence of iron, vitamin B12, and folate deficiencies and anemia were high in this population. Iron deficiency and inflammation were associated with significantly increased risk of anemia.

**Keywords:** Anemia, micronutrient, iron, B-vitamin, fortification

(1)Fothergill, Amy; (2)Haas, Jere D.; (2)Venkatramanan, Sudha; (3)Finkelstein, Julia.

(1)MPH. Department of Nutritional Sciences. Cornell University. USA.; (2)PhD. Division of Nutritional Sciences. Cornell University. USA; (3)ScD. Division of Nutritional Sciences. Cornell University. USA.

**Background and objectives:** The objective of this analysis was to examine the associations between iron, vitamin B12, and folate biomarkers and anemia among women of reproductive age
## ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS, EATING HABITS AND THEIR DETERMINANTS AMONG MAKERERE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS, UGANDA

(1)Ainomugisha, Prudence; (2)Ssenyondo, Muzafaru; (3)Murungi, Solomon; (2)Nyakake, Lynn; (2)Ahumuza, Gracious; (4)Opolot, Phillip.

(1)BSc.Nutritionist. Food Technology And Nutrition. Makerere University. Uganda; (2)BSc.Nutritionist. Food Technology and Nutrition. Makerere University. Uganda.; (3)BSc. information Specialist. Information Technology. Makerere University. Makerere; (4)BSc. Statistician.Statistic and Applied Economics.

**Background and objectives:** Back ground: Eating habits determine the health status of individuals (Walter and willet, 2003). A healthy eating habit involves having at least three main meals a day and healthy snacks in between. WHO recognizes the importance of improving diet and lifestyle for prevention of chronic diseases like diabetes and hypertension. However, increased industrialization, technology and changing lifestyles have led to change in eating habits of students, tending to much lower consumption of vegetables, fruits and whole grains with high consumption of foods high in fats, free sugars or salt that lead to chronic development of diseases. Eating habits and their determinants vary across cultures, while information about these nutrition-related factors would help in the development and implementation of effective nutritional programs in the universities that may act as a deterrent against unhealthy eating habits since universities provide an ideal means for reaching out to a large number of young adults. Objective: To identify the eating habits, their determinants and assess the nutritional status among Makerere university students.

**Methods:** A self-administered questionnaire was filled by 393 students (47.8%) females and (52.2%) males. Eating habits and demographics were recorded while blood pressure, height, weight were measured and BMI calculated. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 16.

**Results:** Most of the respondents had unhealthy eating habits like unhealthy snacking (85% of students) with 42.1% snacking on cookies and very few (1.0%) on vegetables. Their eating habits were mainly influenced by availability of time, accessibility of eating places, availability of food stuffs, tastes and preferences. Most of the students (96.1% and 76.9%) had good nutritional status basing on waist circumference and BMI respectively. According to BMI, 15% of the students were overweight and 8.1% underweight. Basing on WC, 3.9 % of the respondents were obese. Most of the students had high blood pressure (46%). Nutritional status (based on waist circumference) was significantly (p<0.005) associated with eating habits.

**Conclusions:** Most University students had unhealthy eating habits. There is a need of nutrition intervention programs that can improve the eating habits of University students.

**Keywords:** Eating habits, health status, snacking, and nutrition intervention.

## PREDICTORS OF SUB-CLINICAL VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY IN SENEGALESE 6 MONTHS LACTATING WOMEN

(1)Idohou-Dossou, Nicole; (2)Agne-Djigo, Anta; (3)Diouf, Adama;

(4)Wade, Salimata.

(1)PhD. Nutritionist. Laboratoire de Nutrition. Faculté des sciences et techniques. Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar. Senegal. BP 5005, Dakar-Fann, Sénégal; (2)PhD. Nutritionnist. Laboratoire de Nutrition. Faculté des Sciences et Techniques. Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar. Sénégal.; (3)PhD. Nutritionnist. Laboratoire de Nutrition. Faculté des Sciences et Techniques. Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar. Sénégal.; (4)PhD. Nutritionist. Laboratoire de Nutrition. Faculté des Sciences et Techniques. Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar. Sénégal.

**Background and objectives:** Plasma retinol (PR) and breast milk retinol (BMR) were indicators recommended by WHO for assessing vitamin A status of lactating women at subclinical level. PR is homeostatically controlled, and was usually affected by infections/inflammation. BMR may reflect recent dietary intake but it is currently unknown if the level was influenced by systemic infections. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the performance of BMR and PR to detect vitamin A deficiency (VAD) among the Senegalese lactating women, and the relationship between BMR and their inflammatory status.

**Methods:** An experimental study was undertaken in 184 non-pregnant lactating women at 6 months post-partum, randomly selected in suburbs of Dakar (Senegal). The indicators measured were: plasma, casual and full breast milk retinol concentrations by HPLC, fat content of fresh milk by creamatocrit, plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) and alpha 1-acid-glycoprotein (AGP) by immuno-turbidimetry. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis was used to compare the performance of BMR (expressed as µmol/L and µg/g fat) and PR to predict VAD among the Senegalese lactating women.

**Results:** PR detected 3.3% of VAD among the women. BMR, expressed by µmol/L (≤1.05 µmol/L) in casual and full milk, detected 22.7% and 21.6% of VAD, respectively. When expressed by µg/g fat, the prevalence of VAD (BMR<8.8 µg/g fat) were 10.3% and 8.2% using casual and full milk, respectively. ROC-analysis showed that the area under the curve of BMR µg/g fat in full milk (AUC=0.949; 95% CI: 0.917-0.981) was higher than the others indicators to predict VAD. No significant relationship was found between CRP/AGP and BMR.

**Conclusions:** PR detected the lowest prevalence of VAD among the women. However, according to WHO, BMR µmol/L indicated moderate VAD while PR as well as BMR µg/g fat suggested that VAD was not a major concern among the Senegalese 6 months lactating's women living in Dakar. None of the predictors was related to systemic inflammation.

**Keywords:** Vitamin A deficiency, breast milk retinol, plasma retinol, lactating women, Senegal.
(1)Soar, Claudia; (2)Altenburg de Assis, Maria Alice; (3)Biazzi Leal, Danielle; (2)Faria Di Pietro, Patrícia; (4)Engel, Raquel.

(1)PhD - Graduate Program in Nutrition, Health Sciences Center. Federal University of Santa Catarina.; (2)PhD - Graduate and Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Health Sciences Center. Postgraduate Program in Physical Education. Sports Center. Federal University of Santa Catarina.; (3)PhD - Postgraduate Program in Physical Education. Sports Center. Federal University of Santa Catarina.; (4)Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Health Sciences Center. Federal University of Santa Catarina.

**Background and objectives:** Waist circumference (WC) is a sensitive marker for abdominal obesity in the pediatric age group. It has emerged as an index of pediatric adiposity that predicts fat mass as well as or better than body mass index (BMI). The purpose this study was to describe trends of the abdominal adiposity among 7-10-year-old children by investigating changes in the prevalence of the risk of abdominal adiposity.

**Methods:** A school-based sample of 7-10-year-old children participated in three cross-sectional studies in 2002 (n=2,936), 2007 (n=1,232) and 2012/13 (n=1,531) in Florianopolis, southern Brazil. The prevalence of the risk of abdominal adiposity was assessed using the 91st centile of the British reference as cut-off points.

**Results:** In 2012/13, 26,3% of the students were identified in risk of abdominal adiposity, with a substantial increase since 2002 (22,1%) and 2007 (24,6%) (p trends=0,001).

In girls, the prevalence of abdominal adiposity was 21% (2002), 21,8% (2007) and 25,9% (2012/13) (p trends=0,001). In boys the prevalence of abdominal adiposity was 23,2% (2002), 27,3% (2007) and 26,8% (2012/2013) (p=0,056).

**Conclusions:** Over the period studied (2002-2012/13) an increase of the risk of abdominal adiposity among schoolchildren was identified. This finding is a concern because of its association with disease risk including clustering of metabolic and cardiovascular disease risk factors. The prevalence of risk of abdominal obesity among children has become a public health problem, which would arouse special attention and an urgent need for school intervention programs.

**Keywords:** abdominal obesity; children; trends

(1)Marchetti, Beatriz S.; (2)Steluti, Josiane; (3)Castilho, Ana C.;

(4)Crispim, Sandra; (5)Araujo, Marina C.; (6)Pereira, Rosangela A.;

(7)Sichieri, Rosely; (8)Yokoo, Edna; (9)Slimani, Nadia; (2)Marchioni, Dirce.

(1)Department of Nutrition. School of Public Health. University of São Paulo; (2)PhD. Department of Nutrition. School of Public Health. University of São Paulo. SP. Brazil.; (3)Department of Nutrition. School of Public Health. University of São Paulo. SP. Brazil.; (4)PhD. Departament of Nutrition. Federal Universidade University of Federal do Paraná. Curitiba. PR. Brazil; (5)PhD. Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health. Oswaldo Cruz Foundation. Ministry of Health. Rio de Janeiro. RJ. Brazil; (6)PhD. Department of Social and Applied Nutrition. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro. RJ. Brazil; (7)PhD. Department of Epidemiology. Institute of Social Medicine. State University of Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro. RJ. Brazil; (8)PhD. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics. Fluminense Federal University. Niterói. RJ. Brazil; (9)Independent researcher. France.

**Background and objectives:** GloboDiet is a software that conduct the interview of the 24-hour dietary recall (R24h) guided by a standardized routine. The successful experience of adapting this software in different cultural contexts in Europe led to the extension of the project to Latin American countries. Brazil was one of the selected countries to start the LA-DIETA project in collaboration with IARC, and a Brazilian version of the GloboDiet software was developed. Actually, there is a need to evaluate the performance of the Brazilian version of the GloboDiet compared to others software that have being used to estimate the dietary intake in Brazilian studies. The aims of the study were to estimate food consumption using the GloboDiet Brazilian version software and verify the agreement between the estimated intake of energy, carbohydrates, protein, and lipids on the GloboDiet versus Nutrition Data System for Research - NDSR software.

**Methods:** A sub-sample of 100 adult individuals was drawn from a representative sample of the resident population in the urban area of São Paulo - ISA-Capital 2008. A R24h was collected in pencil and paper for all participants and the data obtained was entered using both NDSR and GloboDiet Brazilian version. Bland and Altman analysis and Kappa statistic were used to evaluate the agreement between the software, considering the tertiles of energy and macronutrients.

**Results:** The mean (SD) obtained for energy, protein, carbohydrate and lipids in the NDSR were 2386.47(444.25)kcal, 100.08 (35.33)g, 286.75 (84.02)g, and 87.34(28.32)g, respectively. In comparison, the mean(SD) obtained to GloboDiet of those same variables were 2279.67(655.50)kcal, 92.94(38.35)g, 277.62(93.86)g, and 83.12(33.69)g, respectively. The mean (95%CI) of the differences between two measurements for energy, protein, carbohydrate and lipids were 106.8 (-961.3; 1174.9)kcal, 7.142 (-58.6;72.9)g, 9.1(-128.9;147.2)g and 4.2(-64.0;72.4)g, respectively. From the Kappa
statistic, it is possible to notice a slight and significant agreement(p <0.05) between the data of the software; the obtained values of Kappa were 0.28 for energy and lipids and 0.35 for carbohydrate and protein.

**Conclusions:** The GloboDiet Brazilian version estimated similar dietary intake (energy and macronutrients) compared to NDSR. However, further research is needed to validate the dietary intake assessment obtained using GloboDiet.

**Keywords:** GloboDiet, NDSR, software validation, R24h dietary recall, dietary intake assessment.

## SODIUM EXCRETION IN A GROUP OF YOUNG ADULTS FROM ARGENTINA: RELATIONSHIP TO BODY MASS INDEX AND BLOOD PRESSURE

**Background and objectives:** Elevated sodium intake has been associated with a number of NCDs. To evaluate sodium intake, 24-h urinary sodium excretion (24-h UNa) was estimated using predictive equations from measured sodium concentrations in a spot urine sample.

**Methods:** 470 students (361 women and 109 men), aged 25.5±3.5 years, from Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina, were studied. Anthropometric measurements and supine blood pressure were determined. A spot urine collection was obtained to determine sodium, potassium and creatinine excretion. To estimate 24-h UNa, the INTERSALT equation was used.

**Results:** The mean estimated 24-h UNa (mg/d) was 2596 (95%CI: 2534 – 2658) and, as expected, was significantly higher in men than in women (3028.5±862 vs. 2465.4±568; p< 0.0001). The 24-h UNa (mg/d) of overweight/obese students was significantly higher than in the normal weight students (2997±660 vs. 2512±662; p< 0.001). The 24-h UNa (mg/d) of pre/hypertensive students was significantly higher than in the normotensive students (2751±811 vs. 2473±545; p = 0.0003).

**Conclusions:** The highest estimated sodium intake was related to overweight/obesity and hypertension. The estimated 24-h UNa pointed out a sodium dietary intake increased in 81% of women and 85% of men, exceeding the current World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation of 2 g sodium per day.

**Keywords:** Urine Sodium, Salt intake, Blood pressure, Overweight, Hypertension.

## USE OF NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS IN NORMAL ADULTS. NEIGHBORHOOD NEW CITY-ASUNCIÓN-PARAGUAY

**Background and objectives:** When analyzing the diet of the population, nutritional supplements (SN) should be taken into account. Its great free supply, in the market, favors its consumption without Prescription medical, representing risks for the health. There are Evidence that contraindicates its use in normal adults, such as the Preventive Services Task Force, United States, February 24, 2014 (Health Day News); Research by Dr. R. Redondo, Regional Sports Medicine Center, Castilla-León Regional Government. Few scientific studies on the use of NS make it difficult to orientate the problem of its use, misuse and abuse. Paraguay, does not present studies in this regard.

**Objectives:** To know the consumption of nutritional supplements, in adults, Ciudad Nueva-Asunción-Paraguay neighborhood. Knowing age, reason for consumption SN in adults and who indicates.

**Methods:** Method: Observational, descriptive study, transverse cut. Non-probabilistic sampling of consecutive cases, in normal adults, 18 to 70 years, healthy. Research carried out in October, 2016.

Data were collected by self-completed survey, with informed consent of the respondent.

**Results:** Result: Interviews with 220 adults, men and women. 80% of respondents consume SN. Men 40% to increase muscle mass, the elderly to improve quality of life-sexual vitality. Women, 60% to decrease body fat, vitality, rejuvenate, prevent cancer, cholesterol, diabetes.

L-carnitine (10%), protein (15%), amino acids (25%), vitamins-minerals (34%), food substitutes (6%), natural leaf products. They consume NS more than 40 to 60 years, followed by young adults from 18 to 30 years.

60% consume without medical indication; Recommended by friends, coach, media, internet.

Older adults prefer SN in milks, powders, infusions of herbs-seeds or fruits, and the active compounds or their utilities can not be determined.

**Conclusions:**

- The consumption of NS must indicate and supervise a health professional.

- It is not prudent to use them freely, since they are not safe for health.

- People should be educated to get nutrients from a healthy diet, rather than using SN.

**Keywords:** SN :nutritional supplements

<footnote>(1)Felipoff, Ana Lía; (1)Weisstaub, Adriana Ruth; (2)Nápoli, Cristián;</footnote>

<footnote>(3)Fleischman, Silvana; (4)Sanahuja, María del Carmen; (1)Zago, Liliana; (1)Langini, Silvia; (1)Pallaro, Anabel N.</footnote>

<footnote>(1)PhD. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Cátedra de Nutrición. Argentina.; (2)Pharmacist and biochemical. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Cátedra de Nutrición. Argentina.; (3)Pharmacist. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Cátedra de Nutrición. Argentina.; (4)Lic. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Cátedra de Nutrición. Argentina.</footnote>

<footnote>(1)Chirife Fernández, Graciela; (2)Amarilla, Maria Rosa.</footnote>

<footnote>(1)Md. nutritionist; (2)msc.</footnote>
## VALIDITY OF A FOOD-FREQUENCY QUESTIONNAIRE FOR DIETARY INFLAMMATORY INDEX: THE JPHC FFQ VALIDATION STUDY

(1)Sunami, Ayaka; (2)Ishihara, Junko; (3)Sawada, Norie; (3)Iwasaki, Motoki; (4)Shivappa, Nitin; (4)Hebert, James R.; (5)Inoue, Manami; (3)Tsugane, Shoichiro.

(1)PhD. Nutritionist. Epidemiology and Prevention Group. Center for Public Health Sciences. National Cancer Center. Japan.;

(2)PhD. Division of Nutrition Science. Graduate School of Sagami Women's University. Japan.; (3)PhD. Epidemiology and Prevention Group. Center for Public Health Sciences. National Cancer Center. Japan.; (4)PhD. Cancer Prevention and Control Program. University of South Carolina. USA.; (5)PhD. Graduate School of Medicine. The University of Tokyo. Japan.

**Background and objectives:** Inflammation is related to the development of many cancers and diet plays a central role in the regulation of inflammation. The dietary inflammatory index (DII TM) is a literature-derived dietary index designed to assess the impact of diet on people's inflammation status. All studies validating the DII have been conducted exclusively in Western populations, heretofore not in Eastern populations whose dietary habits are very different from those in the West. Therefore, the aim of this study is to validate, in a Japanese population, DII scores derived from a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) with DII scores calculated from 28-day dietary records (DR) in the Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study (JPHC Study).

**Methods:** Validation studies were conducted in 1994 (Cohort I, n=215) and in 1996 (Cohort II, n=350). In each study the DRs were collected over one year. The FFQ was distributed before and after DR collection. DII scores calculated from both dietary assessment tools were compared. Spearman's rank correlation and weighted kappa coefficients were calculated from energy-adjusted DII. Density method was used for energy adjustment.

**Results:** Median (min, max) energy-adjusted DII for men and women from DR were -1.00 (-4.47, 2.02) and -2.15 (-5.43, 1.16) in Cohort I and -1.61 (-4.86, 2.29) and -2.70 (-5.49, 1.62) in Cohort II, respectively. Correlation coefficients for validation analysis for men and women were 0.35 and 0.39 in Cohort I, and 0.48 and 0.47 in Cohort II, respectively. Weighted kappa coefficients in men and women were 0.82 and 0.85 (Cohort I), and 0.86 and 0.86 (Cohort II), respectively. Correlation coefficients for reproducibility analysis for men and women was 0.63 and 0.59 in cohort I, and 0.63 and 0.62 in cohort II, respectively.

**Conclusions:** DII assessed by FFQ was valid when compared to the DII derived from DRs.

**Keywords:** Validation study; FFQ; DII; inflammation

## NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT AND THE INFLUENCE OF BREASTFEEDING IN PATIENTS WITH DOWN SYNDROME

(1)Bagatini Saud Ferro, Élen Lúcia; (2)Manochio Pina, Marina Garcia;

(3)Furlan, Ester Cristina; (1)Haddad Caleiro Pereira, Cláudia.

(1)MD. Nutritionist. Curso de Nutrição. Universidade de Franca. Brasil.; (2)PhD. Nutritionist. Curso de Nutrição. Universidade de Franca. Brasil.; (3)Bel. Nutricionist. Curso de Nutrição. Universidade de Franca. Brasil.

**Background and objectives:** Studies indicate that most of the children and adolescents with Down Syndrome present overweight or obesity due to genetic, environmental and physiologic aspects. Since the nutritional factors can help the improvement in these individuals' quality of life and prevent pathologies related to the bad feeding, the adaptation of the Down Syndrome bearers to a healthy feeding is fundamental, starting from the breast feeding period. Thus, these are the aims of this research: evaluate the difficulties of the breastfeeding and the occurrence of early weaning in children bearers of Down Syndrome and also verify the influence of the breastfeeding on its nutritional state.

**Methods:** The nutritional evaluation was accomplished in APAE children of a municipal district in the countryside of São Paulo and a questionnaire was the period of breastfeeding. The sample was composed by 16 children with age varying from 3 to 6 years old and the anthropometric evaluation was accomplished through weight/age and height/age which were analyzed through the specific growth curves for the population with Down Syndrome by Mustacchie e Cronk.

**Results:** The classification of the nutritional state showed that all the participants turned eutrophic. In agreement with the obtained results, 83,3% of the mothers who received formal orientations were breastfeeding, as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO -OMS), superior result to those mothers who did not receive that orientation type. Factors such as work, age and primiparous mothers have not influenced the breastfeeding time. The main difficulty relate was getting the baby to breast which is a responsible factor for 71,4% of the breast feeding desertion among the mothers who could not breastfeed for six months or over.

**Conclusions:** Qualified professionals' attendance becomes necessary so that the difficulties are resolved, making exclusive mothers' breast feeding desertion a practice less common in this population.

**Keywords:** Down Syndrome, mother breastfeeding, nutritional state
crease compared to girls who were satisfied with their body image (0.5 kg/m², p < 0.05). There was no association between BID and BMI trajectory for girls from public schools and boys from private or public schools.

**Conclusions:** The findings suggest that BID may be related to BMI trajectory in girls from high socioeconomic status and contribute to comprehend the relation of BMI trajectories and BID during adolescence

**Keywords:** body dissatisfaction, body mass index, adolescents, longitudinal study

144/1028

ASSESSMENT OF FASTING BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL OF UNDERGRADUATES IN ABEOKUTA OGUN STATE NIGERIA

(1)Olunusi, Abosede; (2)Sunday, Nupo.

(1)PhD. Senior Lecturer at Department of Home Economics and Hotel Management. Tai Solarin University of Education. Nigeria; (2)PhD. Lecturer. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics. Moshood Abiola Polytechnic. Ojere. Abeokuta. Nigeria.

**Background and objectives:** Impaired Fasting Glucose (IFG) is a condition where Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) is above normal but not high enough to be considered diabetic. Impaired fasting glucose is linked with many co-morbid diseases such as obesity, the prevalence of impaired fasting glucose concentration among undergraduates in Ogun state South-West Nigeria.

**Methods:** A purposive sampling technique was used to select three hundred undergraduate students willing and ready participant. A pretested structured questionnaire was used to obtain the socio-economic information of the undergraduates. Fasting blood glucose, weight, height and blood pressure were determined using glucometer, weighing scale, heightometer and sphygmomanometer respectively.

**Results:** The result of the study showed that the prevalence of IFG among undergraduate in South West Nigeria was 11.0% (n=33) of total participants. A higher prevalence of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) was found with females than males. Body mass index of the subject reviewed that (11.0%, n=33) were underweight, (61.0%, n=183) had normal weight, (27.3%, n=82) were overweight and (0.7%, n=2) were obese.

**Conclusions:** In conclusion, some of the participants had abnormal FBG (11%, n=33). Nutritional program/workshop should be organized by the institutions to enable undergraduates make a healthy, responsible lifestyle choices and consume a well-balanced diet.

**Keywords:** None

144/1037

A BODY SHAPE INDEX (ABSI) AS AN ADIPOSITY MEASURE AND DIET QUALITY IN MEN: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY (MEDISH PROJECT)

(1)Lonnie, Marta; (2)Kowalkowska, Joanna; (3)Wadolowska, Lidia;

(4)Bandurska-Stankiewicz, Elzbieta.

(1)MSc; (2)MSc. Department of Human Nutrition. Faculty of Food Science. University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn. Poland;

(3)Full Professor. Department of Human Nutrition. Faculty of Food Science. University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn. Poland;

(4)Full Professor. Department of Internal Medicine. Faculty of Medical Sciences. University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn. Poland.

**Background and objectives:** Accurate and simple adiposity measures have been in the forefront of research since the controversies around measures utilising only one or two parameters arose. We hypothesised that a new, combined adiposity measure – a body shape index (ABSI) [1] – may be a superior indicator of a diet quality comparing to others. Objective: to assess an association of ABSI and other commonly used adiposity measures with a diet quality in men.

**Methods:** In all, 246 men 19-50 years old participated in the study. Diet quality was assessed using food frequency questionnaire (KomPAN). Two diet quality scores were created: pro-healthy (pHDI) and non-healthy (nHDI) based on KomPAN procedure [2]. Five measures were investigated: ABSI (ABSI=WC/BMI^2/3 multiplied by Height^1/2), body fat percentage (%BF), body mass index (BMI), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and waist circumference (WC). The associations between adiposity measures and diet quality scores were evaluated by multivariate logistic regression, adjusted for age and physical activity.

**Results:** Very high risk (ABSI z-score≥0,798) was found in 18.7% men; obesity (%BF≥25% or BMI>30kg/m^2) in 33.3% or 9.8%, respectively; central obesity (WHtR>0.5 or WC>102cm) in 41.9% or 11.4%, respectively. Men in the upper tertile of pHDI were less likely to be in the top (very high risk) category of ABSI (odds ratio, OR=0.24, 95%CI confidence interval, 95%CI:0.08;0.75; adjusted OR=0.19, 95%CI:0.04;0.90). Men from the upper tertile of nHDI were more likely to be in the obese category of %BF (OR=2.60, 95%CI:1.20;5.62; adjusted OR=3.31, 95%CI:1.32;8.30). No significant associations with diet quality were found in terms of BMI, WHtR and WC.

**Conclusions:** Among all adiposity measures studied, only ABSI and body fat percentage were associated with diet quality, regardless of adjustment for age and physical activity. In the obesity context ABSI can be considered as a good indicator of higher quality diet and body fat percentage as an indicator of a low diet quality in men.

**References:** [1]Krakauer NY, Krakauer JC. A new body shape index predicts mortality hazard independently of body mass index. PLoS One.2012;7(7):e39504. [2]Polish Academy of Sciences: Committee of Human Nutrition Science. KomPAN: Eating Habits and Believes Questionnaire.2016. Available at: http://www.knozc.pan.pl/index.php/wydawnictwa/100-kwestionariusz-do-bada-nia-pogladow-i-zwyczajow-zywieniowych-oraz-procedura-opracowania-danych-kompan. Accessed 21 March 2017.

**Keywords:** ABSI, adiposity, diet quality scores, FFQ, men
# DEUTERIUM COMPARED TO 15N-LABELING TO DETERMINE DIGESTIVE AND METABOLIC FATE OF MILK PROTEINS

(1)Tomé, Daniel; (2)Khodorova, Nadezda; (3)Calvez, Juliane; (4)Tessier, Joseph; (5)Kapel, Romain; (3)Gaudichon, Claire.

(1)Professeur, PhD, AgroParisTech, Paris, France; (2)PhD. Chemist, UMR PNCA, INRA-AgroParisTech-Université Paris Saclay, Paris, France; (3)PhD. Nutritionist, UMR PNCA, INRA-AgroParisTech-Université Paris Saclay, Paris, France; (4)PhD. Nutritionist, UMR MOSAR, INRA-AgroParisTech-Université Paris Saclay, Paris, France; (5)PhD. Chemist, UMR LRGP, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France.

**Background and objectives:** The intrinsic labeling of dietary proteins with 15N is convenient to determine their digestive and metabolic fate. The use of 15N ammonium salts and/or nitric oxide allows the uniform labeling of proteins in ruminant products and plants, but this procedure cannot be used for all protein sources. Deuterated water is an alternative but its accuracy has not been assessed. We aimed to compare the performance of 15N and 2H.

**Methods:** Milk was labelled from 4 goats receiving orally 5g of 15N ammonium sulfate (99%) for 4 consecutive days. Eighty or 160 mL 2H2O (98%) was given in drinking water for 1 or 3 consecutive days. Milk was collected for 5 days. Proteins were purified from milk and their 15N and 2H enrichments determined. Labelled protein digestibility was assessed in twelve rats receiving a single test meal. Rats were sacrificed 4h (n=6) or 6h (n=6) after the meal. Dietary proteins were quantified in gastrointestinal segments (stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum and colon) by elemental analyzer coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometer.

**Results:** The 15N enrichment in milk proteins increased during 3 days to a value of 1%. Whatever the dose of 2H2O, 3 days administration enabled a better 2H enrichment, reaching 0.032 % and 0.051% with 80 and 160 mL, respectively. In rats, the digesta to meal enrichment ratio was strongly correlated between 15N and 2H in the stomach (R=0.94) and in the ileum (R=0.91) but the correlation was lower in the caecum (R=0.64). In the colon, no 2H enrichment was found in contrast to 15N. The recovery of dietary protein was similar with both tracers in the stomach, and tended to be lower in the caecum with 2H (P=0.08). Orofaecal digestibility was slightly higher using 2H than 15N (98.2 ± 0.3% vs 97.6 ±0.1%, P= 0.001) but orocaecal digestibility was similar.

**Conclusions:** Deuterium labeling of dietary protein appears as convenient as 15N to follow the digestive fate of protein sources. The discrepancies between 15N and 2H observed in the colon is probably due to the bacterial metabolism. However, the impact on the determination of digestibility was slight.

**Keywords:** Protein quality, stable isotopes, protein bioavailability, dietary protein, digestibility

# THE EFFECT OF PROTEIN INTAKE AND PROTEIN DISTRIBUTION ON MUSCLE STRENGTH AND MUSCLE FUNCTION IN PHYSICALLY ACTIVE ELDERLY

(1)Ten Haaf, Dominique; (2)Nuijten, Malou; (3)de Vries, Jan; (4)Bongers, Coen; (5)Eijsvogels, Thijs; (6)Hopman, Maria.

(1)PhD. Nutrition scientist. Department of Physiology. Radboud Institute for Health Sciences. Radboud university medical center Nijmegen. The Netherlands.; (2)BSc. Exercise physiologist. Department of Physiology. Radboud Institute for Health Sciences. Radboud university medical center Nijmegen. The Netherlands.; (3)PhD. Nutrition scientist. Division of Human Nutrition. Wageningen University, Wageningen. The Netherlands.; (4)MSc. Exercise physiologist. Department of Physiology. Radboud Institute for Health Sciences. Radboud university medical center Nijmegen. The Netherlands.; (5)PhD. Exercise physiologist. Department of Physiology. Radboud Institute for Health Sciences. Radboud university medical center Nijmegen. The Netherlands. Division of Human Nutrition. Wageningen University, Wageningen. The Netherlands.

**Background and objectives:** The effect of protein intake and protein distribution on muscle strength and functionality has mainly been studied in frail elderly, while physically active elderly show age-related declines in muscle strength as well. Therefore, it is of high interest to study the effects of amount and distribution of protein intake on muscle strength and -function in physically active elderly.

**Methods:** The amount of protein intake and its distribution over the day were assessed using two 24-hr recalls and average values were calculated. Based on protein intake, participants were allocated to a sufficient and non-sufficient protein intake group, based on the cutoff value of ≥1.2 g/kg bw/day or <1.2 g/kg bw/day. Skewness of distribution was calculated as coefficient of variance (CV). Based on the CV participants were divided in tertiles. Muscle strength and function were measured by handgrip strength and the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), respectively.

**Results:** 82 participants (79% male, 84±2 yrs) with a daily physical activity of 11.8±6.5 METhr/day were enrolled in this study. The average SPPB score was 10.3±1.6 and the handgrip strength was 36±8 kg for males and 25±4 kg for females. A sufficient protein intake was associated with higher SPPB score compared to the non-sufficient protein group (11.1±0.9 versus 9.9±1.7, P=0.001). Handgrip strength showed no significant differences between protein intake groups for both sexes (both P>0.05). Regarding protein distribution pattern, no significant differences were found between tertiles for SPPB score or handgrip strength (all P>0.05).

**Conclusions:** Higher protein intake in physically active elderly seems to be related to improved muscle function, but this effect
was not found for muscle strength. Distribution of protein intake had no effect on muscle strength and function in active elderly.

**Keywords:** Protein distribution, physical functionality, muscle mass, sarcopenia.

144/1089

BODY COMPOSITION OF THE POLISH SKI JUMPERS

(1)Ostachowska-Gasior, Agnieszka; (2)Kwiatkowski, Jacek.

(1)PhD. Nutritionist. Department of Hygiene and Dietetics. Dietary Lab Counseling. Medical College. Jagiellonian University of Krakow. Poland.; (2)MSc. computer programmer. Department of Hygiene and Dietetics, Dietary Lab. Counseling. Medical College. Jagiellonian University of Krakow. Poland.

**Background and objectives:** The results of the wind tunnel experiments and simulated ski-jumping models suggest that body weight and body composition of ski jumpers have tremendous impact on performing a long ski jump. Lower Body Mass Index (BMI) correlates with longer jump and in a response to this conclusion, controlling body weight and active weight loss have become popular among ski jumpers. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate body composition and body symmetry of Polish elite male ski jumpers and its comparison with non-athletic Polish male of the same age and body height.

**Methods:** For the research a group of ski jumpers (n=18; mean age: 20.1) and non-athletic male volunteers (n=18; mean age: 20.9) as a control group have been chosen. Body composition was assessed using segmental bioelectrical impedance analyzer InBody S10, Biospace. Differences between control group and ski jumpers were tested with the Student t-test and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for the inter-group differences. Statistical analysis was performed with Statistica 10 software package.

**Results:** Ski jumpers were 13.1 kg lighter than controls (95% CI 6.8 to 19.4, P < 0.001). Body Cell Mass and Bone Mineral Content had greater values in a control group but the differences were not significant. Total fat mass and body fat % were 5.2 kg (P < 0.001) and 4.5% units (P < 0.001) lower in ski jumpers. Lean-to-fat mass ratio was 4.5 units greater in ski jumpers (95% CI 2.6 to 6.4, P < 0.001). Ski jumpers' perfect body symmetry (lack of right or left body side domination) appeared to be a feature significantly differentiating - in control group both right arm and right leg turned out to be dominant.

**Conclusions:** Body composition of polish ski jumpers, despite the lower body weight, indicates healthy proportion between fat tissue and lean tissue. It is very likely that perfect body symmetry observed in ski jumpers is an effect of their training specificity, but the possibility that this symmetry is an individual primary feature, influencing a success rate in this sport discipline cannot be ruled out.

**Keywords:** ski jumpers, body composition, BMI, body symmetry

144/1101

DIETARY SOURCES OF FREE SUGARS IN EUROPEAN CHILDREN'S DIET: THE IDEFICS STUDY

(1)Mesana Graffe, María Isabel; (2)Pala, Valeria; (3)de Henauw, Stefaan;

(4)Eiben, Gabriele; (5)Hadjigeorgiou, Charalampos; (6)Iacovello, Licia;

(7)Molnar, Denes; (8)Russo, Paola; (9)Veidebaum, Toomas; (10)Moreno, Luis A.

(1)PhD. MD. GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group. University of Zaragoza. Zaragoza. Spain. Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2). Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón). Red SAMID; (2)PhD. Department of Preventive Medicine. Nutritional Epidemiology Unit. Fondazione IRCSS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori. Milan. Italy; (3)Prof. PhD. Department of Public Health. Ghent University. 9000 Ghent. Belgium; (4)PhD. Department of Public Health and Community Medicine. University of Gothenburg. 40530 Gothenburg. Sweden; (5)PhD. Research and Education Institute of Child Health. Strovolos. Cyprus; (6)Prof. PhD. IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed. Pozzilli. Molise. Italy; (7)Prof. PhD. Department of Paediatrics. Medical Faculty. University of Pécs. Pécs. Hungary; (8)PhD. Unit of Epidemiology & Population Genetics. Institute of Food Sciences. National Research Council. Avellino. Italy.; (9)PhD. National Institute for Health Development. Estonian Centre of Behavioral and Health Sciences. Tallinn. Estonia; (10)GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group. University of Zaragoza. Spain. IA2. IIS Aragón. CIBER-obn.

**Background and objectives:** Introduction: The effects of free sugars on health have received worldwide attention in research and public health. Consistent information on sugar content of foods and sugar intake in children is required.

**Objective:** To report dietary free sugars consumption and their different types and food sources in European children.

**Methods:** Design: The present research are results from a multicenter study in children, the IDEFICS (Identification and prevention of dietary and lifestyle induced health effects in children and infants) Study. A total of 8308 children (50.9 % males) of eight survey centers aged 2-9 years were studied. The participants were a subset of the original sample (n=16228) with complete data on dietary data obtained using at least one 24-h recall. Sugars intake was assessed as total sugars, free sugars and energy intake.

**Results:** Mean total energy intake was 1613.1 (SD 452.8) kcal/d for boys and 1489.4 (SD 390.7) kcal/d for girls. The percentage contribution of total sugars to daily energy intake was 23.7%. Free sugars intake provided 15.1% to daily energy intake. Girls had significantly (p < 0.001) lower intakes of energy, carbohydrates, total sugars and free sugars, compared with boys. When examining by age groups, the intake of free sugars was significantly higher in older boys and girls than in younger ones, for all food groups except for coffee, tea, herbal and similars group. The main contributor to free sugars intake was the group of 'Soft drinks' (23 g/d), followed by 'Fruit juices manufactured' (21.1 g/d) and 'Fruit and fruit juices' (13.7 g/d).

The main food contributors to free sugars intake are shown in Figure 1.
The percentage contribution of free sugars to daily energy intake, per countries, is shown in Figure 2.

**Conclusions:** This study provides important information about the pattern of sugar intake in European children. High intake of sugar remains an important nutritional problem in children of many European countries. Continued and coordinated efforts are required at a national, community and individual level to reduce the intake of total sugars.

**Keywords:** sugars, children, intake, Europe, IDEFICS

**Further collaborators:** PhD. Timm Intemann. Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology. Bremen. Germany
PhD. Hannah Jilani. Research Institute of Child Nutrition. Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn. Dortmund. Germany

82.3% of caregivers used the recall-aid; in 43.6% of these cases, the recall-aid captured at least one food/beverage omitted during recall. The mean number of forgotten foods/beverages captured by the recall-aid was 2, with a range of 1-9. Of caregivers with food/beverage omissions, 47.2% forgot candy/chocolates, 36.8% savory snacks (instant noodles/chips), 36.1% biscuits, 34.7% fruits (apple/banana/grape/ orange/pomegranate), 16.0% milk, and 4.9% porridge.

**Conclusions:** Because snacks may be fed spontaneously and by multiple caregivers, these foods/beverages may be omitted in 24-hour recalls for young children. Capturing these items in dietary assessments is important, as they cover food categories relevant for certain IYCF indicators, and their omission may result in misrepresentation of diet quality. Use of a context-specific recall-aid may assist in capturing consumption of these otherwise missed foods/beverages and further validation of such tools is needed.

**Keywords:** diet assessment, IYCF, Nepal, nutrition, 24-hour recall

## 144/1133

# DEVELOPMENT OF A TOOL TO AID CAREGIVERS' RECALL OF SNACKS AMONG CHILDREN 12-23 MONTHS OF AGE IN KATHMANDU VALLEY, NEPAL

**Background and objectives:** Twenty-four hour recalls are commonly conducted with caregivers to measure dietary intake of children. However, recall bias can result in under-reporting of certain foods. This research assessed the accuracy of caregivers' recall of their child's food/beverage consumption in order to develop a recall-aid for use in a dietary assessment of young children in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal.

**Methods:** Ten children 12-23 months of age were observed for 12-hour periods (7am-7pm), with all feeding episodes noted in detail; the following day, a semi-quantitative 24-hour recall was conducted with the primary caregiver. A pictorial recall-aid tool was developed based on these formative research findings, and piloted among caregivers from varying socio-economic backgrounds. A final version was used in a quantitative 24-hour recall of 401 young children.

**Results:** Comparison of what children consumed during observations and what caregivers reported in subsequent 24-hour recalls found that snacks fed to children between meals were commonly omitted; these included: biscuits, fruits, milk, candy, and porridges. Observations also found that multiple caregivers provided snacks to children. Images of these forgotten foods/beverages were compiled in the recall-aid, which was distributed to survey participants 2-3 days prior to interview. Participants were instructed to keep the aid with their child so that anyone feeding could indicate foods/beverages fed. In the quantitative survey,

## 144/1140

# CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SERUM 25(OH)-VITAMIN D AND FAT MASS, FAT-FREE MASS AND TOTAL BODY WATER IN ADULTS OF BOTH SEXES WITH DIFFERENT BODY MASS INDEX

**Background and objectives:** We assessed the correlations of serum vitamin D with body composition parameters.

**Methods:** 109 men and 155 women (20-60 years) participated. Body composition was recorded by bioelectrical impedance (Tanita BC 420 MA, Tanita Inc., Japan): % body fat (% BF); fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), total body water (TBW). The fat mass index (FMI) and fat-free mass index (FFMI) were calculated. Serum 25(OH)Vitamin D Total was measured by electro-hemi-luminescence on an Elecsys 2010 analyzer (Roche Diagnostics, Switzerland).

**Results:** 27.2 % of the participants had normal weight, 24.6 % - overweight, 29.2 % - class I obesity, and 18.9 % - class II or III. 33.3 % had vitamin D deficiency, 40.2 % - insufficiency. Vitamin D was weakly and inversely correlated to most of the variables except for age, height, FFM, FFMI and bone mass. The FM and FFM were correlated to vitamin D only in obesity class II and III. In men the FFM, the FFMI, the TBW and the BM were not correlated to vitamin D, while in women they were.

**Conclusions:** Serum 25(OH)vitamin D is tightly correlated to FM, % FM and %TBW but not to FFM or TBW.

<footnote>(1)Pries, Alissa; (2)Sharma, Nisha; (3)Upadhyay, Atul; (4)Adhikari, Babita;</footnote>

<footnote>(5)Niraula, Pratik; (6)Filteau, Suzanne; (6)Ferguson, Elaine.</footnote>

<footnote>(1)MPH. Technical Advisor. Helen Keller International. USA.;</footnote>

<footnote>(2)MPH. Helen Keller International. Nepal.; (3)PhD. Helen Keller International. Nepal.; (4)MRD. Helen Keller International. Nepal.;</footnote>

<footnote>(5)BND. Helen Keller International. Nepal.; (6)PhD. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. UK.</footnote>

<footnote>(1)Nikolova, Maria; (2)Boyanov, Mihail; (3)Penkov, Alexandar.</footnote>

<footnote>(1)Medical Doctor. Department of Hygiene, Medical Ecology and Nutrition. Medical University of Sofia. Bulgaria; (2)Professor. MD. Phd. Clinic of Endocrinology. Department Internal Medicine. Alexandrovská University Hospital. Medical University of Sofia. Bulgaria; (3)Assoc.Professor. MD. Phd. Department of Hygiene, Medical Ecology and Nutrition. Medical University of Sofia. Bulgaria.</footnote>
(1)Cominetti, Cristiane; (2)Moraes Lobo, Ana; (3)Cristina de Morais, Carla; (3)Morais Alves Machado, Malaine.

(1)Professor and Researcher. Nutritional Genomics Research Group. Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Goias, Goiania-GO, Brazil; (2)Master student. Nutrition and Health Program, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Goias, Goiania-GO, Brazil; (3)PhD student. Health Science Program, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Goias, Goiania-GO, Brazil.

**Background and objectives:** Dietary and physical activity patterns in Brazil have foment an increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity, which are beginning in the early stages of life. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify dietary patterns of Brazilian adolescents and to determine the associated factors.

**Methods:** It was a cross-sectional study with 446 adolescents aged 10-19 years, enrolled in a public school in Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil. Dietary intake was assessed by a usual food recall. Socioeconomic, anthropometric and lifestyle data were collected through classical protocols. Principal component factor analysis with Varimax rotation was used to identify dietary patterns. Factor scores were calculated and then used in multiple linear regression to evaluate socioeconomic, anthropometric and lifestyle factors associated with the patterns.

**Results:** Four dietary patterns were identified and together explained 38.8% of the food consumption total variance. These patterns were denominated: 1) traditional Brazilian meal (characterized by cereals and roots, legumes, meats, vegetables and sugar-sweetened beverages), 2) traditional snack (which included farinaceous snacks, butter and margarine, dairy and sweets, and was inversely associated with processed meat consumption), 3) processed snacks (processed meat, yellow cheese and farinaceous snacks), and 4) junk food (composed by candies, fatty snacks, sugar-sweetened beverages and pastas, and inversely associated with intake of fruits). The pattern "traditional Brazilian meal" was inversely associated with BMI and female sex. The pattern "traditional snack" was inversely associated with BMI and positively associated with greater time sitting at the weekend. The pattern "junk food" was associated positively with the greater daily time in front of television. Only this latter pattern did not present an inverse association with commuting to school by car.

**Conclusions:** Adolescents' dietary patterns were associated with anthropometric and lifestyle variables, so that a diet based on traditional Brazilian foods is recommended because it seems to favor lower BMI values.

**Keywords:** Factor analysis, Adolescent, Feeding behavior, Food consumption.

(1)Khandelwal, Ritika; (2)Kapil, Umesh.

(1)M Sc. Research Scientist. Department of Human Nutrition Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi, Delhi;

(2)Professor. Human Nutrition Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences.

**Background and objectives:** Nutrition is an important element of health in the geriatric population. Geriatric has an increased risk of malnutrition due to physiological changes such as reduced metabolic rate, loss of appetite, difficulties in chewing, and various co-morbidities. Objective: To assess the nutritional status and its associated risk factors amongst geriatric population aged ≥ 60 years living in high altitude regions of rural Uttarakhand, India.

**Methods:** A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted during 2015-2016 in District Nainital. Thirty clusters were identified using population proportionate to size sampling method; 30 geriatric subjects were selected from each cluster. Study population included 981 geriatric aged 60 years and above. Standard procedures were used to determine the height and weight and the BMI was calculated from the results of the measurements of weight (kg) and height (cm) (kg/m2). Data was entered in MS Excel 2007 and analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Univariate and multivariate analysis was done to identify factors associated with underweight and overweight.

**Results:** About 26.6% geriatric were underweight, 18.0% were overweight and 4.6% were obese. In univariate analysis male gender, low education, low income, chewing problem, less number of meals was found to be associated with underweight, while overweight/obesity was found to be associated with age, female gender, higher level of education and income.

**Conclusions:** In rural India prevalence of underweight and overweight was found to be high amongst geriatric. There is a need for geriatric nutritional intervention in rural population.

**Keywords:** Geriatric, Nutritional Assessment, Underweight, Overweight.
IN HAITIAN WOMEN AND CHILDREN, IRON ABSORPTION FROM WHEAT FLOUR FORTIFIED WITH NAFEEDTA IS HIGHER THAN FROM FLOUR FORTIFIED WITH FERROUS FUMARATE AND IS NOT AFFECTED BY H. PYLORI INFECTION

(¹)Herter-Aeberli, Isabelle; (²)Eliancy, Kerline; (³)Rathon, Yanick;

(⁴)Loechl, Cornelia; (²)Marhone, Joseline; (⁵)Zimmermann, Michael Bruce.

(¹)Senior Scientist. Human Nutrition Laboratory. ETH Zurich. Switzerland; (²)Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population. Port au Prince. Haiti.; (³)Laboratoire Nationale de la Santé. Port au Prince. Haiti.; (⁴)International Atomic Energy Agency. Vienna. Austria.; (⁵)Professor. Human Nutrition Laboratory. ETH Zurich. Switzerland.

**Background and objectives:** The prevalence of iron deficiency in Haiti is high and a program of iron fortification of wheat flour has been proposed; however, there are no data on iron bioavailability from iron fortificants in Haitian women or children, two key target groups. We aimed to investigate the bioavailability of ferrous fumarate (FeFum), NaFeEDTA and their combination from fortified wheat flour.

**Methods:** We recruited 22 healthy mother-child pairs in Port au Prince, Haiti for an iron absorption study. We administered stable iron isotopes as FeFum or NaFeEDTA in low-extraction wheat flour bread rolls consumed by all participants in a randomized, cross-over fashion. In a final meal, consumed only by the women, FeFum+NaFeEDTA was administered. The amount of iron used in the test meal was chosen to simulate the fortification level currently discussed by the Haitian government. We measured iron absorption by using erythrocyte incorporation of stable isotopes 14 days after consumption of each meal, and determined iron status, inflammatory markers and H. pylori infection.

**Results:** Iron absorption (geo mean (95% CI)) was 9.24 (6.35,13.44) and 9.26 (7.00,12.31) from FeFum and 13.06 (9.23,19.10) and 12.99 (9.18,18.39) from NaFeEDTA in mothers and children, respectively (p<0.05 between compounds). Iron absorption from FeFum+NaFeEDTA was 11.09 (7.45,17.34) and did not differ from the other two meals. H. pylori infection did not influence iron absorption in either group or meal.

**Conclusions:** In conclusion, in Haitian women and children consuming low extraction wheat flour, iron absorption from NaFeEDTA was 40% higher than from FeFum, and the combination FeFum+NaFeEDTA did not significantly increase iron absorption compared to FeFum alone. In the context of Haiti, where the high costs of NaFeEDTA may not be affordable, the use of FeFum at 60 mg Fe/kg flour may be a preferable, cost-effective fortification strategy.

**Keywords:** Iron absorption,ferrous fumarate,NaFeEDTA,-Flour fortification,Haiti

BIOFORTIFIED BEANS WITH IRON REGENERATE HEMOGLOBIN VALUES IN ANEMIC RATS

(¹)Bressan, Josefina; (²)Mara Bigonha, Solange; (³)Grzeskowiak, Lukasz; (⁴)Rodrigues da Luz, José Maria; (⁵)Almeida Oliveira, Maria Goreti; (⁶)Duarte Martino, Hércia; (⁷)Reis Honório, Camilla.

(¹)PhD in Physiology and Nutrition. Nutritionist. Department of Nutrition and Health. Federal University of Viçosa. Brazil.; (²)PhD in Agricultural Biochemistry. Nutritionist. Department of Nutrition and Health. Federal University of Viçosa. Brazil.; (³)PhD in Natural Sciences. Biologist. Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry. University of Turku. Finland.; (⁴)PhD in Agricultural Microbiology. Biologist. Department of Microbiology. Federal University of Viçosa. Brazil.; (⁵)PhD in Biochemistry and Immunology. Biochemistry. Department of Biochemistry. Federal University of Viçosa. Brazil.; (⁶)PhD in Food Science and Technology. Nutritionist. Department of Nutrition and Health. Federal University of Viçosa. Brazil.; (⁷)BSc in Nutrition. Nutritionist. Department of Nutrition and Health. Federal University of Viçosa. Brazil.

**Background and objectives:** Iron deficiency affects more than 2 billion people worldwide, being the most common and serious micronutrient deficiency. Some strategies for preventing iron deficiency anemia include food fortification and iron supplementation. Biofortification has the potential to become a sustainable, inexpensive, and effective solution. The goal was to evaluate the iron bioavailability in rats fed with biofortified beans.

**Methods:** The Iron biofortified beans were developed by the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA) and used as flour for preparing experimental diets. Some analyzes such as chemical composition, mineral quantification and antinutritional factors were performed only with the flour; the iron determination with both, flour and prepared experimental diet. Lastly, the depletion-repletion hemoglobin method was used to evaluate in vivo the iron bioavailability, thus the induction of iron deficiency anemia. The test was conducted with 32 anemic wistar rats. The rats were distributed in 4 groups and fed with diets containing 12 mg iron/kg supplied from ferrous sulfate sources, biofortified beans (Pontal and Agreste), except for the fourth group on the iron-free diet. After 14 days of repletion, hematological parameters such as hemoglobin repletion efficiency, hemoglobin gain and relative biological value were analyzed.

**Results:** At the end of the repletion, parameters such as the iron bioavailability, the hemoglobin gain and the iron gain of hemoglobin of group of biofortified grains did not present significant differences when compared to the group that consumed ferrous sulfate, with respective values of 91%, 2.78 (g/dL) and 1.76 mg. Our biofortified cultivars had iron concentrations 50% higher than the common bean varieties, in which 100 grams of cooked biofortified beans provide between 7.6 to 8.5 mg of bioavailable iron, corresponding to 40% of the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) recommendation for women of childbearing age and 80% of DRI's for 4-to-8-years-old children.
**Conclusions:** Our results confirm that biofortification can be considered a promising strategy in the anemia recovery. However, researches involving humans with iron deficiency anemia are necessary to evaluate the efficacy of biofortified beans, since this is a sustainable and low-cost strategy to be implemented in public health programs.

**Keywords:** biofortified beans; biofortification; iron bioavailability; iron deficiency.

**Further collaborators:**

The CAPES Foundation (Coordination of Improvement of Higher Level Personnel) of the Ministry of Higher Education that provided scholarship grants to graduate students at universities and research centers in Brazil and abroad. CAPES did not participate in the study design. The work was supported by the following foundations: the CAPES, the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) and The National Counsel of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq).

144/1175

ENTERAL NUTRITION IN THE PUBLIC CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL OF CORRIENTES: EVALUATION OF THE PRESCRIPTION CHARACTERISTICS

(1) Romero Vidomlansky, Patricia Ruth; (2) Colussi, Narella Antonina;

(3) Cabral, Agostina Ximena; (4) Aguirre, María Victoria; (5) Gorban de Lapertosa, Silvia.

(1) Food Engineer. Nutrition course. Faculty of Medicine. Northeast University. Argentina; (2) MSc. Nutritionist. Medicine career. Biochemical Research Laboratory. Faculty of Medicine. National Northeastern University. Corrientes. Argentina;

(3) Undergraduate student. Kinesiology and Physiatrics career. Faculty of Medicine. National Northeastern University. Corrientes. Argentina.; (4) PhD. Biochemist. Biochemistry Professor. Medicine career. Biochemical Research Laboratory. Faculty of Medicine. National Northeastern University. Corrientes. Argentina.; (5) MD. Nutrition professor. Kinesiology and Physiatrics career. Nutrition Course. Faculty of Medicine. National Northeastern University. Corrientes. Argentina.

**Background and objectives:** In order to achieve an adequate nutritional intervention in hospitalized children, a diagnosis and monitoring of the nutritional status must be performed before and during hospitalization, and this diagnosis must be known by all health staff. However, there is no yet an integrated system of the clinical histories (CH) data storage in Corrientes, especially concerning to Nutrition Service. The creation of this system would favor a consensual analysis and the elaboration of a specific regulation for the provision of pediatric nutritional support in the public health of the province. Objective: To know the characteristics of Enteral Nutrition (EN) prescribed in hospitalized patients at the Children's Hospital (Corrientes, Argentina) in order to improve the pediatric EN provision system.

**Methods:** A descriptive study in patients hospitalized at Children's Hospital, Corrientes, during September/2016. The EN pre-

scription circuit, CH, Lactarium orders and nutrient ingredients purchase worksheets were analyzed. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate relationships between demographic, clinical and economic variables.

**Results:** Of a total of 254 hospitalized patients during the study period, were observed 110 childrens with indication of EN (46 females, 64 males), in Interment Room 58%, ICU 28%, Burns 8%, Hemato-oncology 6%. The age was 3.42±4.02 years. The prevalent diagnosis at admission was respiratory disease (24%), while others included: burns, appendicitis, epilepsy, cancer, congenital malformations and accidents, cuts and fractures. During September, the time of internment was: 8.67±7.97 days and consumption of EN: 8.33±7.12 days. Patients received the different formulations from the powder individual ingredients prepared in Lactarium, orally, by nasogastric tube or gastric button. The CH analyses revealed that the attending physicians indicated EN regarding patient weight percentile and basic disease requirements in 80% of the cases, while only 20% of the children had nutritionist indication of an appropriate diet.

**Conclusions:** The clinical histories failed to reflect the necessary data to decide the nutritional support to be supplied, operating according to daily requirements. This research serves as a basis for the development of a pediatric AE provision Program in the Public Health system of Corrientes.

**Keywords:** Enteral Nutrition, Pediatric Nutrition, Public Health Nutrition

**Further collaborators:**

Marcelo A. Gonzalez. Head of Statistics Service. Children's Hospital. Corrientes. Argentina.

144/1178

HAND DYNAMOMETRY IN ELDER ADULTS LIVING IN AN URBAN DESTITUTE COMMUNITY IN GUAYAQUIL CITY

(1) Alvarez Cordova, Ludwig Roberto; (2) Fonseca Perez, Diana Maria;

(3) Sierra Nieto, Victor Hugo; (4) Icaza Moran, Jose Andres; (5) Fajardo Salmon, Samantha; (4) Bajana Jurado, Gloria Salome; (4) Matamoros Garcia, Mariela Veronica; (5) Garcia Delgado, Priscila Alejandra;

(5) Lara Moscoso, Liliana Alejandra; (5) Landy Mateo, Claudia Melissa.

(1) Medical doctor, Magister. Institute of Biomedicine. Catholic University of Santiago de Guayaquil. Ecuador.; (2) Nutritionist. Magister. Faculty of Medical Sciences. Catholic University of Santiago de Guayaquil. Ecuador.; (3) Magister. Faculty of Medical Sciences. Catholic University of Santiago de Guayaquil. Ecuador.; (4) Nutritionist. Faculty of Science of life. Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral. Ecuador; (5) Nutritionist. Faculty of Medical Sciences. Catholic University of Santiago de Guayaquil. Ecuador.

**Background and objectives:** Handgrip strength (HGS) reflects both integrity and functionality of skeletal muscle mass (SMM). HSG has been customarily used for detecting loss of active SMM. SMM loss is associated with disability and mortality in elder subjects. Ageing population is rapidly increasing in Ecuador.
A window of opportunity was opened to document HSG values in Ecuadorian elder subjects.

**Methods:** One-hundred-and-one elder subjects (Females: 74,3%; Average age: 70,5 ± 9,0 years) living in an urban destitute community in the city of Guayaquil (Ecuador). HSG was measured on both hemibodies with a mechanical dynamometer (Lafayette Inc., United States). HGS values were distributed according with age. Additional body composition (BC) measurements were performed with a professional bioimpedance machine (BodyStat Inc., United States).

**Results:** Average BMI was 27,5 ± 5,4 Kg.m-2. BC measurements were influenced by subject's sex. Males sustained higher HGS values, regardless of dominant arm. HGS values decreased with age.

**Conclusions:** HGS depends upon sex, dominant arm, and age.

**Keywords:** Muscle Mass; Hand Grip Strength; Dynamometer; Frailty; Sarcopenia; Geriatric Assessment; Aging.

**Further collaborators:** Sergio Santana Porben. Medical doctor, Profesor of Biochemestry. Ciudad de la Habana

144/1185

THE INFLUENCE OF MINERAL STATUS ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

Assimi, Daniela.

MSc. Teacher. California Prep International School. Saraburi. Thailand.

**Background and objectives:** A balanced nutrition supplying the right amount of minerals is absolutely essential for the development of the brain, a normal cognitive function, and is a major influencing factor of behavior. This fact is even more important in the school-aged children but little has been studied on the actual extent in which mineral deficiencies actually affect the academic performance.

**Methods:** The study used a very simple non-invasive method observing mineral deficiencies in fingernails in 46 boys and 38 girls age 3-11 from Kindergarten and Elementary, and 33 boys and 21 girls age 12-18 from Middle and High School. Pictures were taken and their GPAs were collected for reference.

**Results:** In the age group 3-11, zinc deficiency was found in 26.09% boys and 23.68% girls, while iron deficiency was present in 13.04% boys and 7.89% girls. In the age group 12-18, 47.62% girls and 36.36% boys were zinc deficient, while 24.24% boys and 9.52% girls showed to be iron deficiency. Selenium and calcium deficiencies were found in isolated cases. Observations of the behavior were found to be concordant with the GPA and some previous ITBS scores addressing particularly the attention spans, concentration and comprehension.

**Conclusions:** Overall, this easy way of identifying eventual mineral deficiencies as early as possible by observing the fingernails proved to be a valuable method to trigger the students with problems and help improve academic performance while promoting the general health and improved behavior, through nutrition

**Keywords:** minerals, academic performance, fingernails

144/1197

NUTRITIONAL STATE AND BODY COMPOSITION OF ELDERLY CONSULTANTS IN OUTPATIENT MEDICINE IN CASABLANCA - MOROCCO

(1)El Arabi, Fatine; (2)NEJJAR, BASMA; (3)Bour, Abdellatif.

(1)Fatine El Arabi. MSc. Dietician. Department of Biology. Faculty of Sciences Kenitra. Morocco.; (2)MSc. Department of Biology. Faculty of Sciences Kenitra. Morocco. And. Department of Clinical chemistry. Faculty of medicine of Liège. Belgium.; (3)PhD. Professor. Department of Biology. Faculty of Sciences Kenitra. Morocco.

**Background and objectives:** Senescence represents a public health problem and its management is partly conditioned by assessed nutritional profile of the person. Thus, we have found it useful to conduct a study whose objective is to assess the nutritional state and body composition of the elderly Moroccan consulting in geriatric service in Casablanca region.

**Methods:** This is a cross-sectional survey of 62 elderly subjects: Aged over 60 years, selected from the database of the geriatric service of a Moroccan public hospital, from April to September 2015, in Casablanca. A questionnaire was used to identify socio-demographic characteristics and a grid to identify anthropometric (weight, height, body mass index (BMI), Calf circumference (CC) and brachial (CB)) and body composition indicators (lean mass (LM), fat mass (FM), Total cellular water (TCW), intracellular water (IW) and extracellular water (EW)) for each subject.

**Results:** The 62 subjects in the study represented a sex ratio of 0.5 and mean age, BMI, LM and FM were respectively 65.5 ± 6.8 years, 26.2 ± 4.8 Kg/m2, 64.3 ± 8.6 kg and 34.9 ± 8.7 Kg. 53.2% (n=33) of sample were in overweight (BMI> 18 Kg/m2) affecting women more (p<0.001). Significant differences between male and female subjects were recorded for LM and FM measurements (p <0.001) TCW (p<0.01), and EW (p<0.01). Negatively significant correlations were found between BMI and TCW (r = -0.3, p = 0.003) and EW (r = - 0.3, p = 0.003) and FM (r = -0.6, p<0.001) and positively significant between BMI and CB (r =0.6, p<0.001) and CC (F=0.7, p<0.001) and between TCW and EW (r = 0.7, p <0.001) and LM (r =0.5, p<0.001). The model of the multiple descending linear regression showed that FM is an associated factor with TCW (beta= -0.1, p= 0.05) in the elderly of our study.

**Conclusions:** At the end of this study, we concluded that the evaluation of the nutritional state of elderly was useful to prevent any risk of late complications and to allow early management.

**Keywords:** elderly, nutritional, body composition, Morocco
IRON ABSORPTION FROM BEANS WITH DIFFERENT IRON CONTENTS EVALUATED BY STABLE ISOTOPES

**Background and objectives:** Introduction: Brazil is a major beans producer and consumer and is part of the basic diet of the population. The introduction of biofortified crops such as beans with higher iron content is a useful tool in preventing iron deficiency diseases, as anemia. Thus, the measurement of the absorption of minerals is essential to evaluate the use of biofortified foods. Objective: This study evaluated the iron bioavailability of common beans cultivars BRS Estilo, with low iron content and BRS Pontal, that present intermediate iron content, in man through reliable techniques, not yet used in Brazil. The beans were produced by EMBRAPA.

**Methods:** Subjects and Methods: 29 young adult volunteers were divided into 2 groups: Group CB (13 subjects) received 100g of common beans (BRS Estilo) cooked labeled with iron 58 (58Fe) and Group BB (16 patients) received 100g target to biofortification beans (BRS Pontal), cooked and labeled with iron 58 (58Fe). The next day they receive the reference dose of ferrous sulfate enriched iron-57 (57Fe). After consumption was conducted isotopic evaluation of iron, for measurement of iron incorporation into erythrocyte.

**Results:** The difference between iron absorption from the meal containing common bean and that from the meal containing target to biofortification bean examined by means of a paired t test, were considered significant at P<0.05. The groups CB and BB did not differ in hemoglobin or serum ferritin concentrations. Serum ferritin ranged from 41 to 298 µmol/L. Mean isotopic ratio of iron absorption from the meal with common beans was 0.409% (±0.040%) and mean iron incorporation from the meal with biofortified beans was 0.407% (±0.038%).

**Conclusions:** The iron absorption from the common beans and target to bifortification beans was not significantly different. This study tested a single food; if its results are considered in making programmatic decisions, consideration must be given to the balance between iron absorption enhancers and inhibitors in the whole meal. The multiple meal study is necessary to evaluate the real iron absorption. The challenge for the global health commu-

nity remains how to tackle this efficacious intervention and implement it in a large scale.

**Keywords:** Biofortification, iron bioavailability, beans, iron deficiency.

**Further collaborators:**

Founds Collaborators: This work was supported by grants the National Council of Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq, Brazil) grant #482464/2012-7, FAEPA-HCFMRP-USP, Brazilian company of agricultural research (EMBRAPA) and HarvestPlus for the research financial support; the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personal (CAPES, Brazil)

PSYCHOSOCIAL AND FUNCTIONAL STATUS IN HOSPITALIZED GERIATRIC PATIENTS WITH MALNUTRITION

**Background and objectives:** Malnutrition has been associated with adverse outcomes such as functional disability, morbidity, mortality, and longer stays in the hospital. It is also a risk factor for frailty, particularly in older people. Physical function and psychological factors apparently contribute to dietary condition. Identification of those related status and treatment of malnutrition earlier can lead to improved clinical outcomes. This study was to investigate psychosocial and functional status of hospitalized geriatric patients with malnutrition screened by Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) tool at a regional hospital in Hsinchu, Taiwan.

**Methods:** We screened all hospitalized patients aged 65 years or older by using MNA from April to November of 2014 and excluded patients with confusion, terminal cancer and non-malnutrition caused by hypoalbuminuria. A total of 374 patients were screened and asked for attending the project if they were malnourished from screening. There were 160 patients included and their demographic characteristics, 3-day 24-hour diet recalls, anthropometric and biochemical data, Geriatric Depression Scale Short Form (GDS-SF) and Activities of Daily Living (ADL) scores were collected and analyzed. Statistical analysis for categorical variables was performed by the Chi-Square and t-tests, and Person's correlation test was used for two continuous variables.

**Results:** The mean age of 160 subjects (84 men and 76 women) was 77.0±6.8 years old. According to ADL and GDS-SF results, 43.5% of the patients were functionally dependent and 47.5% of them were with mild to severe depression. The results showed that protein intake was significantly related to body mass index (BMI),

<footnote>(1) Junqueira-Franco, Márcia Varella Morandi; (2) Nutti, Marilia R; (3) de Carvalho, José Luis V; (4) Pereira, Helton Santos; (5) Abrams, Steven A;</footnote>

<footnote>(6) Dutra de Oliveira, José Eduardo; (7) Marchini, Júlio Sérgio.</footnote>

<footnote>(1)PhD. Pharmacyst. Internal Medicine Department, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo; (2) Msc. Food Engenner. Brazilian Company of Agricultural Research (EMBRAPA) Brazil; (3) Food Enginner. Brazilian Company of Agricultural Research (EMBRAPA) Brazil; (4) Agronomist Engineer. Brazilian Company of Agricultural Research (EMBRAPA) Brazil; (5) MD. Dell Medical School –University of Texas Austin, USA;</footnote>

<footnote>(6)PhD. MD Internal Medicine Department, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo. Ribeirão Preto – SP. Brazil; (7) PhD MD Internal Medicine Department, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo. Ribeirão Preto – SP. Brazil.</footnote>

<footnote>(1) Ouyang, Chung-Mei Ouyang; (2) Lin, Yu-Ru; (2) Fan, Ya-Wen; (3) Lai, Hsu-Yun.</footnote>

<footnote>(1)PhD. Dietitian. Department of Dietetics. National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin Chu Branch. Taiwan; (2) MS. Dietitian. Department of Dietetics. National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin Chu Branch. Taiwan; (3) Dr. Department of Family Medicine. National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin Chu Branch. Taiwan.</footnote>
mid-arm circumference (MAC), triceps skinfold (TSF), and grip strength. Patients' GDS-SF and ADL scores were correlated to their age and MNA.

**Conclusions:** About half of the hospitalized geriatric patients had functional and depressive problems and those were related to their nutritional status. Dietary intake especially protein intake was associated with many anthropometric measurements which were positively related to their daily activities.

**Keywords:** geriatric patients, activities of daily living, geriatric depression

**Further collaborators:**

Ai-Ting Lee

with only 1 value (0.5%) below -2 SD. NC was lower than in peers in other countries' reports. HC, NC, and WHtR values were lower in stunting children than non-stunting (p < 0.001). No obesity (BAZ >2 SD) was observed among the sample.

**Conclusions:** In the presence of linear growth retardation and underweight, head circumference is relatively preserved. At this age, obesity is virtually non-existent in preschoolers with widespread short stature, and neither waist nor neck circumferences appear to be increased.

**Keywords:** Stunting; cognitive development; head circumference; obesity; Guatemala

144/1253

## HEAD CIRCUMFERENCES AND BODY MASS INDEX ARE PRESERVED IN THE PRESENCE OF HIGH STUNTING PREVALENCE AMONG 4-7 YEARS OLD CHILDREN FROM WESTERN HIGHLANDS OF GUATEMALA

(1)Liem, Windy Mulia; (2)Shiu, Kimberly; (3)Garcia, Rosario; (4)Melse-Boonstra, Alida; (5)Solomons, Noel W.

(1)MSc.; (2)None; (3)MDS. Center for Studies of Sensory Impairment, Aging and Metabolism, Guatemala.; (4)PhD. Assistant Professor. Division of Human Nutrition. Wageningen University, Netherlands; (5)MD. Executive and Scientific Director. Center for Studies of Sensory Impairment, Aging and Metabolism, Guatemala.

**Background and objectives:** Stunting is suggested to be associated with suboptimal cognitive development, obesity, and chronic degenerative diseases. Researches on physical brain growth, as reflected in head circumference Z-scores, has been focusing on early childhood. Little is known about the brain growth nor how early is the onset of obesity during later childhood. The purpose of this study was to investigate circumferential measurements in preschool children with an extreme degree of linear growth retardation.

**Methods:** Body height, clothing-adjusted body weight, and circumferential measurements were obtained from 212 children, aged 4-7 years, 87 boys and 125 girls, from two rural areas with high prevalence of stunting in Western Guatemala. Conventional Z-scores for height, weight and head circumference, as well as body mass index (BMI), were derived; whereas waist circumference (WC) values were further divided by height to obtain waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and neck circumferences values were compared with findings from other settings.

**Results:** The stunting prevalence was 63.2%, higher than the national under-five average of 46.5%, and similar to the Maya-in-digenous rate of 61.2%, and higher among girls (65.6%) than boys (59.8%). Prevalence of underweight was 33%, with no instance of thinness, defined as < -2 SD in BMI-for-age (BAZ). Despite the highly prevalent stunting, median head circumference Z-scores (HCZ) was within the normal range (-0.65, 95% CI -0.72, -0.55),

144/1260

## MALNUTRITION AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG HOSPITALIZED GERIATRIC PATIENTS

(1)Ouyang, Chung-Mei Ouyang; (2)Lin, Yu-Ru; (2)Fan, Ya-Wen; (2)Yu, Szu-Chieh; (3)Lee, Ai-Ting; (4)Lai, Hsu-Yun.

(1)PhD. Dietitian. Department of Dietetics. National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin Chu Branch. Taiwan; (2)MS. Dietitian. Department of Dietetics. National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin Chu Branch. Taiwan; (3)Dietitian. Department of Dietetics. National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin Chu Branch. Taiwan; (4)Dr. Department of Family Medicine. National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin Chu Branch. Taiwan.

**Background and objectives:** Malnutrition negatively impacts on overall health status, morbidity and mortality. It is also a risk factor for frailty, particularly in older people. Nutritional status has been also shown to relate to many factors in the elderly. Identification and treatment of malnutrition earlier can lead to improved clinical outcomes. This study was to investigate nutritional status of hospitalized geriatric patients and its associated factors if they were malnourished or at risk of being malnourished.

**Methods:** We screened all hospitalized patients aged 65 years or older by Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) and Nutrition Risk Screening 2002 (NRS 2002) from April to November of 2014 and excluded patients with confusion, terminal cancer and non-malnutrition caused by hypoalbuminuria. A total of 374 patients were screened and asked for attending the project if they were malnourished from screening. There were 160 patients included and their demographic characteristics, 3-day 24-hour diet recalls, anthropometric and biochemical data and Activities of Daily Living (ADL) were collected and analyzed.

**Results:** The mean age of 374 subjects (193 men and 181 women) was 77.1±6.8 years. The NRS 2002 categorized 49.7% of patients as being malnutrition, and MNA categorized 19.5% and 52.4% of patients as being malnourished and at risk of being malnourished respectively. The average body mass index (BMI) of patients was 24.0±8.1 and only 9.2% was under 18.5. Weight status of the patients was significantly related to nutritional status. Age was associated with BMI, MNA, NRS 2002, hemoglobin, and total lymphocyte counts.
**Conclusions:** Results of this study identify multiple modifiable factors associated with the problem of malnutrition in hospitalized geriatric patients. Anthropometrical malnutrition as well as inadequate dietary intake at hospital were related to functional impairment and clinical outcomes.

**Keywords:** Malnutrition, geriatric patients, risk factors

**Further collaborators:**

Shu-Li Huang

## 144/1270

### RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF THE MEDITER-RANEAN DIET ADHERENCE SCREENER AMONG THE IRANIAN ADULTS

(1)Mahdavi-Roshan, Marjan; (2)Soltanipour, Soheil Soltanipour;

(3)Salari, Arsalan.

(1)Assistant Professor in Nutrition Sciences, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.; (2)Associate Professor in Community Medicine, Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; (3)Associate Professor in cardiology, Guilan Interventional Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Cardiology, Heshmat Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.

**Background and objectives:** Validated dietary assessment methods specific to population and food habits are needed for dietary assessment. Therefore, the aim of study was to assess the reliability and validity of the 14-point Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS) among the Iranian adults.

**Methods:** Study was carried out on adults aged ≥ 43 who were admitted to a tertiary hospital in Rasht in the North of Iran, for elective angiography. Study was conducted in a country with a Shiite majority with religious restrictions, for this reason we eliminated some items and modified the MEDAS in the Farsi version by backward-forward method. We applied reliability analysis using model alpha, with SPSS to interpret the effects of each item of MEDAS in its internal consistency.

**Results:** After correcting the item scores, coefficients of Kuder-Richardson-20 was calculated 0.598. The mean ±SD of 13 items MEDAS was 5.82 ±1.90. None of Corrected Item-Total Correlation coefficients were negative. According to three categories of adherence to the Mediterranean diet, 42.5%, 50% and 7.5% participants had low, medium and high adherence to a Mediterranean diet respectively.

**Conclusions:** In spite of eliminating and making a few changes in questions due to religious reasons, the coefficients of Kuder-Richardson-20 did not decrease in reliability analysis. The MEDAS was translated and modified for the first time into Farsi. Administering this tool in future researches will help to understand how Iranian adhere to the mediterranean diet, aiming at improving cardiovascular health.

**Keywords:** Reliability, Validity, Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener, Iranian adults

## 144/1279

### ANALYZING PROTEIN OXIDATION PERTURBATIONS AND ITS ROLE IN PROTEIN METABOLISM

(1)Vonk, Roel; (2)Reckman, Gerlof; (3)Koehorst, Martijn.

(1)PhD. Department of Medical Biomics. University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen. The Netherlands; (2)MSc, Department of Internal Medicine. University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen. The Netherlands;

(3)BASc, Department of Pediatrics University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen. The Netherlands.

**Background and objectives:** Protein intake has been suggested to play an important role in development of obesity; on one hand in newborn, where excess protein intake might stimulate development of obesity in later life. On the other hand, protein consumption is promoted for weight management. At present, no formal recommendations for the upper limit of protein intake have been presented. Information about rate-limiting steps in protein catabolism is scarce. We therefore studied the role of protein oxidation in this process.

**Methods:** To monitor protein oxidation we have developed a noninvasive 13C-protein breath test using naturally enriched 13C-milk protein (fractions). We used this technique to analyze the kinetics of protein oxidation and its interfering factors. Breath samples were collected and analyzed by Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry

**Results:** Whey was oxidized for 28.6% ± 6.8% (mean ± sd) during 240 min, compared to 22.9% ± 6.2% for glucose. Maximal milk protein oxidation was measured at a rate of 0.06 g/min, leading to a maximal oxidation capacity of 1.3 g/kg bw/day. Combining 30 g 13C-whey with 30 g glucose resulted in a 49% increase of whey oxidation. A three day low protein diet and/or exercise preceding the breath test resulted in a decrease in protein oxidation of ~20% and ~40% respectively.

**Conclusions:** Oxidation of whey protein is quantitatively of high importance and not down regulated by concomitant administration of glucose. Analyzing biological variations in acute protein oxidation in various target groups, in defining the upper limit of intake, might be relevant.

**Keywords:** protein oxidation, protein metabolism, breath test, naturally enriched 13C-milk proteins,

**Conflict of Interest Disclosure:** The naturally enriched 13C-milk protein has been made available as an in kind contribution by Hanze Nutrition B.V., which is owned by co-author prof. dr. R.J. Vonk. There are no other conflicts of interest.
DIFFERENCES IN ANEMIA DIAGNOSIS OBTAINED USING VENOUS VERSUS CAPILLARY BLOOD: BIOLOGICAL BASIS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS

(1)Neufeld, Lynnette M.; (2)Kurpad, Anura; (3)Mburu, Sheila; (4)Larson, Leila; (5)Martorell, Reynaldo; (6)Brown, Ken.

(1)PhD. Director Monitoring, Learning and Research. Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition. Switzerland.; (2)MD, PhD. Professor and Head of the Divison of Physiology and Nutrition. Department of Physiology. St John's Medical College. India; (3)MSc. Independent researcher. UK.; (4)MPH. PhD Candidate. Nutrition and Health Sciences Doctoral Program. Emory University. USA.; (5)PhD. Robert W. Woodruff Professor of International Nutrition. The Hubert Department of Global Health and the Nutrition and Health Sciences Program. Emory University. USA.; (6)PhD. Senior Program Officer and Initiative Lead, Nutrition, Global Development. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. USA.

**Background and objectives:** Anemia is recognized as a high priority health issue globally. The World Health Assembly (WHA) has set a target for 50% reduction in the prevalence of anemia in women of reproductive age by 2025, and relevant data will be needed to inform progress. However, factors affecting anemia diagnosis need to be considered to ensure accurate and comparable estimates of hemoglobin concentration and anemia prevalence (across countries and within countries over time). Possible sources of variability include: 1) differences between automated laboratory methods and portable devices, 2) differences between individual devices of a given type (e.g., different automated laboratory equipment or individual field instruments), 3) methodological errors due to sample collection technique, particularly for capillary samples and, 4) normal biological differences between venous and capillary blood, and as modified, for example, by age and sex.

**Methods:** In this presentation we will provide an in-depth literature review of the biological basis for differences in venous versus capillary blood and on the potential for systematic differences in hemoglobin concentration from diverse analytical platforms that cannot be attributed to sample collection technique. We will then use data from a recently completed survey in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India, (and other data sets if needed) to illustrate the implications that the choice of such method and the consistency of its use across multiple surveys may have on prevalence estimates and ultimately policy making.

**Results:** Ongoing

**Conclusions:** Forthcoming

**Keywords:** anemia, hemoglobin, diagnosis, capillary, venous

CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTATION AMONG TARGETED PREGNANCIES: A LIFE SAVING STRATEGY TO REDUCE THE RISK OF ECLAMPSIA AND MATERNAL AND NEWBORN DEATHS

(1)Aminee, Ahmadwali; (2)Safi, Shir Agha; (3)Anwari, Ehsan.

(1)MD.MPH. Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition. Kabul office. Kabul.Afghanistan; (2)MD.Public Nutrition Department.Ministry of Public Health. Kabul.Afghanistan; (3)PU-AMI.Kabul.Afghanistan.

**Background and objectives:** Maternal mortality ratio in Afghanistan is 372 deaths per 100,000 live births, which is the highest in the south Asian region. Hypertension during pregnancy increases the risk of eclampsia, newborn and maternal deaths. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends calcium supplementation for pregnant women after the 20th week of gestation until the end of pregnancy, particularly among those at higher risk of hypertension. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of calcium supplementation to targeted pregnant women reduced the occurrence of eclampsia and related maternal mortality in one province of Afghanistan.

**Methods:** Quantitative methods were used to collect and analyses the data from health facilities including the provincial hospital in 15 districts of Kunar provinces during the life of the calcium supplementation pilot project, and comparison of reported eclampsia cases with the same period in the last year.

**Results:** The pilot project was implemented in Kunar province located in west part of Afghanistan. The project targeted pregnant women (N=785) in 15 districts of the province during a six-month period. They received 1.5-gram calcium tablet per day from the 20th week of gestation onwards through all health facilities. The project was funded by Common Humanitarian Fund and implemented by PU-AMI the main health care implementing Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) in the province. The analysis of data from Kunar provincial hospital register books (which is the only health facility for treatment and follow-up of pregnancy revealed complications including eclampsia in the province) revealed that during the life of the project (from Jun-Nov 2015) total of 50% reduction in the number of eclampsia cases admitted in the hospital compared to the same period in 2014.

**Conclusions:** Calcium supplementation among target pregnant women is associated with a reduction in eclampsia cases, in Kunar province, Afghanistan.

**Keywords:** Calcium supplementation, Pre-eclampsia & Eclampsia, Maternal morbidity
DIETARY INTAKE AND METABOLIC PHENOTYPES IN A COMMUNITY-DWELLING COLOMBIAN COHORT

(1)Corrales-Agudelo, Vanessa; (2)de la Cuesta-Zuluaga, Juan Jacobo;

(1)Pulgarín-Zapata, Isabel Cristina; (3)Carmona-Valencia, Jenny Andrea; (4)Abad-Echeverry, José Miguel; (5)Escobar Restrepo, Juan Sebastián.

(1)MSc. Nutritionist. Vidarium - Nutrition, Health and Wellness Research Center. Grupo Empresarial Nutresa. Colombia.; (2)MSc. Biologist. Vidarium - Nutrition, Health and Wellness Research Center. Grupo Empresarial Nutresa. Colombia.; (3)Research Coordinator. Dinámica IPS Especialista en Ayudas Diagnósticas. Colombia.; (4)MSc. MD. EPS-SURA. Colombia.; (5)PhD. Biologist. Vidarium - Nutrition, Health and Wellness Research Center. Grupo Empresarial Nutresa. Colombia.

**Background and objectives:** The analysis of dietary intake includes different components that individually analyzed are insufficient to explain health risks. The aim of this study was to integrate anthropometric and metabolic indicators to the nutritional analysis to identify the risk prevalence in nutrient intake according to metabolic phenotypes.

**Methods:** Participants were part of an adult community-dwelling cohort, enrolled across five cities of Colombia, South America. Anthropometric and clinical parameters in blood were assessed, as well as blood pressure. Clinical parameters and blood pressure served to classify participants by metabolic status. The metabolic status and the body mass index (BMI) were used to classify participants in six metabolic phenotypes (lean, overweight and obese, crossed by healthy or abnormal metabolic state); dietary intake was assessed in these groups of participants.

**Results:** Independent of BMI, the healthy metabolic phenotypes had greater contribution of proteins from the diet, while the lean abnormal and overweight abnormal phenotypes had excess intake of carbohydrates and sugars. Importantly, healthy lean participants had the lowest prevalence of nutrient deficiency, while abnormal lean, overweight and obese participants showed greater risk of micronutrient intake deficiency, especially calcium, magnesium and zinc. All metabolic phenotypes had low fiber intakes.

**Conclusions:** We report a comprehensive way to analyze dietetic intake that integrates nutritional status and health-related parameters. This analysis let us identify important nutrients in intervention or nutritional therapy that would improve metabolic health. Our analysis makes use of clinical parameters routinely assessed and could be applied to individuals or groups with normal weight or overweight; these results can be useful in the clinical practice to detect early risk factors of disease and to guide dietetic interventions.

**Keywords:** Metabolic phenotype, metabolic status, BMI, nutritional assessment, intake indicators.

DAIRY AND CALCIUM INTAKE BY QUILOMBO-LAS FROM RIO GRANDE DO SUL- BRAZIL

(1)Pacheco, Pauline Müller; (1)Pauli, Silvia; (2)Neutzling, Marilda Borges; (3)Bairros, Fernanda Souza de; (4)Knauth, Daniela Riva;

(5)Drehmer, Michele.

(1)MSc in Epidemiology. Department of Social Medicine. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Brazil.; (2)PhD in Nutrition, Department of Nutrition. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Brazil; (3)PhD in Epidemiology. Department of Social Medicine. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Brasil.; (4)PhD in Ethnology and social anthropology. Departament of Professional Assistance and Guidance. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Brazil.; (5)PhD in Epidemiology. Department of Nutrition. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Brazil.

**Background and objectives:** Milk and derivatives are the main source of calcium and recent studies have shown benefits in reducing risk for diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Quilombola communities are traditional communities of African origin organized from the slavery process and for which food consumption data are scarce. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the consumption of calcium and its source food in quilombola communities of Rio Grande do Sul (RS)- Brazil.

**Methods:** Descriptive, cross-sectional population-based study of quilombola communities in RS developed in 2011. A total of 634 families, from 17 quilombola communities in the state, were selected by size-proportional sampling. Altogether, 589 household heads were interviewed. Calcium intake was assessed through a 24-hour food recall referring to the day before the interview. The data were processed in the ADS Nutri software - which uses the Brazilian Food Composition Table - and analyzed in the SPSS 18.0 software. The recommended calcium recommendation was the RDA for adults. The consumption of milk and dairy products (milk, cheese and yogurt) was evaluated as a dichotomous variable, considering the consumption report or not in the previous day. Ethical approval was received from the Research Ethics Committee of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.

**Results:** About 30.0% of the sample reported having consumed milk or dairy products the previous day, being primarily cows'milk, whole and direct from the producer. The prevalence of dairy products consumption in the previous day varied among the 17 communities studied: in some of them, household consumption was not mentioned by anyone and in others by 63.6% of respondents. In relation to calcium, median consumption was 266.4mg (IQ 161.8-429.4). Considering the daily recommendations of 1000mg for adults, only 2.4% consumed the recommended amount.

**Conclusions:** The quilombolas of RS presented a low consumption of calcium and milk and dairy products, which can be explained by the impoverishment of the communities and consequent limitation for the acquisition of dairy products. These have a high price, besides the difficulty of access to purchase in more isolated rural communities.
**Keywords:** Calcium, Dietary; Food Consumption; Vulnerable Populations.

# THE IMPACT OF IRON SUPPLEMENTATION AND DAILY AEROBIC EXERCISE ON PHYSICAL FITNESS IN NON-ANEMIC CHINESE WOMEN

(1)Pompano, Laura; (2)Haas, Jere D.

(1)Msc. PhD Candidate. Division of Nutritional Sciences. Cornell University. United States of America; (2)PhD. Nancy Meinig Professor Emeritus. Division of Nutritional Sciences. Cornell University. United States of America.

**Background and objectives:** Background: Iron deficiency without anemia has detrimental effects on physical performance. However, the relationship between iron supplementation, daily aerobic training, and changes in fitness in untrained, non-anemic women remains unclear.

**Objective:** To determine whether iron supplementation increases fitness, measured as maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), in trained and untrained women.

**Methods:** This randomized-control trial included 72 iron depleted, non-anemic women, defined as serum ferritin (sFer) < 25 µg/L and hemoglobin (Hb) >110 g/L. A double-blind study was conducted with a 2x2 design including iron supplements (42mg elemental iron/day) or placebo and daily aerobic training (five 25-minute sessions/week at 75-85% maximum heart rate) or no training. General linear models were used to evaluate the relationship between supplement type, training, and changes in fitness after 8 weeks.

**Results:** There were no baseline differences in any variable between groups. Additionally, there were no differences in compliance to training or supplementation. At endline, sFer significantly increased in the iron group (23.6 µg/L, p<0.01), but not the placebo group (6.0 µg/L, NS). Similarly, the trained group showed a significant improvement in VO2max (3.8 mL/min/kg, p<0.01), whereas there was no change in the untrained groups (-0.89 mL/min/kg, NS). There was a significant supplement by training-group interaction in models predicting VO2max (p<0.05). Specifically, the iron-untrained group had a greater change in VO2max than the placebo-untrained group (1.9 mL/min/kg, p=0.01), which remained significant when change in Hb was included in the model. No supplement effect was seen between the trained groups.

**Conclusions:** The data show that iron supplementation alone improves VO2max in untrained women. However, this improvement is masked by changes in fitness gained from regular aerobic exercise. The improvements in VO2max in the iron-untrained group were not affected by Hb concentration, suggesting that this change is independent of oxygen delivery to the muscles. Further analyses could help clarify whether other indicators of fitness such as energetic efficiency or the anaerobic threshold benefit from iron supplementation and whether an interaction exists between training and supplementation in these variables. These findings

indicate that fitness in relatively unfit women could improve from daily iron supplementation, even without regular aerobic training.

**Keywords:** iron deficiency, aerobic exercise, physical performance, VO2max

# CHEMICAL, PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTINUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF ALOE VERA (ALOE BARBADENSIS) SOURCED FROM THREE STATES OF SOUTH-EAST OF NIGERIA

(1)Mbah, Obioma; (2)Eme, Paul; (3)Iredu, Ifeoma.

(1)PhD. Lecturer. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics. University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Nigeria; (2)MSc. School of Public Health. Massey University. New Zealand; (3)B.Sc. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics. University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Nigeria.

**Background and objectives:** Aloe vera contains multitudes of potentially active constituents of essential vitamins and minerals, enzymes, sugar, lignin, saponins and wealth of amino acids. The aim was to analyze quantitatively the Aloe barbadensis for proximate, anti-nutrient and phytochemical composition to find out if location affects their nutritional composition.

**Methods:** The aloe vera was collected from three different eastern regions. The proximate composition involves the moisture content, crude protein, crude fibre, crude fat, ash content and carbohydrate and it was determined using standard methods. The phytochemicals (saponins, alkaloids and flavonoids) and anti-nutrients (oxalate, tannin and phytate) were also obtained using standard methods. Mean, standard deviation and ANOVA was used to separate the means and p<0.05 was set to be a significant.

**Results:** Protein, fibre, fat and carbohydrates contents 1.57%, 0.15%, 0.04% and 1.72% respectively were highest in aloe vera sourced from Enugu State where protein was lowest in aloe vera sourced from Ebonyi State, and fibre did not differ significantly between aloe vera sourced from Anambra and Ebonyi States. Vitamin A (β-carotene RE), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), and vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) content 51.64 µg RE//100g, 46.41mg/100g and 46.60µg/100g respectively were highest in aloe vera from Enugu State while vitamin A (β-carotene RE), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), and vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) content 31.06 µg RE//100g, 36.46mg/100g, and 20.82µg/100g were lowest in aloe vera sourced from Ebonyi. However, iron content was highest (0.21mg/100g) in aloe vera sourced from Ebonyi State. Alkaloid and flavonoid were highest (1.60%, 2.40%) respectively in aloe vera sourced from Enugu State while alkaloid from aloe vera sourced from Anambra was lowest (0.50%) and flavonoid was lowest (0.97%) in aloe vera sourced from Ebonyi State. Saponin was highest (1.13%) in aloe vera in Anambra State but lowest (0.74%) in aloe vera sourced from Enugu State. Phytate, oxalate and tannin were highest in aloe vera sourced from Enugu, although Phytate of aloe vera sourced from Enugu and Anambra were statistically similar.
**Conclusions:** Nutrient contents of the Aloe vera varied in the different studied States which might be due to soil and seasonal differences of cultivation

**Keywords:** Aloe vera; nutrients; phytochemicals; Nigeria

144/1379

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BODY COMPOSITION AND PLAYING LEVEL IN RUGBY UNION PLAYERS

(1)Barale, Adrián; (2)Perovic, Nilda Raquel.

(1)BSc. Nutritionist. School of Nutrition. National University of Córdoba. Argentina.; (2)PhD. Nutritionist. School of Nutrition. National University of Córdoba. Argentina.

**Background and objectives:** Body composition (BC) is a factor that can influence sport performance. Therefore, its assessment, especially with simple methods such as anthropometric measurements, is essential to optimize performance.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between playing level (PL) with BC in rugby union players of the Province of Córdoba (Argentina).

**Methods:** A total of 94 players were grouped according to PL in: a) State Team (ST) (n=24), the highest level, b) 1st Division (D1) (n=52), c) 3rd Division (D3) (n=18), the lowest level of performance. Thirty-three anthropometric variables were measured following the protocol of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). Body composition was assessed using the five-way fractionation method, partitioning the body into anatomically defined adipose, muscle, skeletal, residual, and skin tissue masses.

Descriptive (mean ± SD) and comparative statistics were calculated with Stata 14 software. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Bonferroni post-hoc test for differences was used for the comparison between PL. The statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.

**Results:** The basic characteristics of the sample were: age 25.1 ± 4.2 years, weight 93.5 ± 12.6 kg and height 180.1 ± 7.3 cm. PL was associated with height (D3 players were shorter than the other 2 groups; p = 0.005) and age (D3 players were older than the other 2 groups; p = 0.001), but not with weight (p = 0.35).

BC in absolute terms (kg) was associated with PL; D3 players had significantly less muscle mass (p < 0.01), bone mass (p < 0.05) and residual mass (p < 0.05) than the other 2 groups. As well, BC relative to body mass (%) was associated with PL; D3 players had significantly more adipose mass (p < 0.05) than the other 2 groups, and less muscle mass (p = 0.015) and bone mass (p = 0.001) than D1 players. The residual mass (%) was significantly different (p < 0.01) among all 3 groups (D1 > ST > D3).

**Conclusions:** The PL was associated to height, age and BC in rugby union players.

**Keywords:** Body composition, Anthropometry, Rugby.

ANTHROPOMETRIC PROFILE, SOMATOType AND BODY COMPOSITION OF RUGBY UNION PLAYERS ACCORDING TO PLAYING POSITION

(1)Barale, Adrián; (2)Perovic, Nilda Raquel.

(1)BSc. Nutritionist. School of Nutrition. National University of Córdoba. Argentina.; (2)PhD. Nutritionist. School of Nutrition. National University of Córdoba. Argentina.

**Background and objectives:** The morphology and body composition (BC) are factors that can influence sport performance. Therefore, their assessment, especially with simple methods, such as anthropometric measurements, is essential to optimize performance.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between playing position (PP) with somatotype and BC in rugby players of the Province of Córdoba (Argentina).

**Methods:** The sample were 94 players. Thirty-three anthropometric variables were measured following the protocol of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). The somatotype was assessed with Heath-Carter's method. Body composition was assessed using the five-way fractionation method, partitioning the body into anatomically defined adipose, muscle, skeletal, residual, and skin tissue masses. The players were grouped by PP into forwards (F) and backs (B).

Descriptive (mean ± SD) and comparative statistics were calculated with Stata 14 software. A Student's t-test for independent samples was used for the comparison between F (n=55) and B (n=39), with statistical significance set at P < 0.05.

**Results:** The basic characteristics of the sample were: age 25.1 ± 4.2 years, weight 93.5 ± 12.6 kg and height 180.1 ± 7.3 cm. PP was associated with height (F: 181.4 ± 7.3 cm vs. B: 178.1 ± 7 cm; p = 0.03) and weight (F: 100.0 ± 11.6 kg vs. B: 84.5 ± 7.3 kg; p < 0.0001), but not with age (p = 0.30).

The mean somatotype of the overall players was 4.1-6.9-1.0. With respect to somatotype components, endomorphy was greater (p < 0.0001) in F (4.7 ± 1.8) than in B (3.1 ± 1.1); the same relationship was observed in mesomorphy (F: 7.2 ± 1.3 vs. B: 6.5 ± 0.8; p = 0.004); ectomorphy was greater (p = 0.001) in B (1.3 ± 0.6) than in F (0.8 ± 0.8).

Regarding BC in absolute terms (kg), F had greater values (p < 0.0001) for all fractions of tissue masses than B. Relative to body mass (%), F had greater adiposity (p = 0.0001), but B had greater muscle, bone and skin mass (p<0.01).

**Conclusions:** The PP was associated to physical characteristics, somatotype and BC in rugby union players.

**Keywords:** Body composition, Somatotyp, Anthropometry, Rugby.
# NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF SCHOOL-ADOLESCENTS IN OGUN WEST SENATORIAL DISTRICT, NIGERIA

Olunusi, Abosede.

PhD. Senior Lecturer at Department of Home Economics and Hotel Management. Tai Solarin University of Education. Nigeria.

**Background and objectives:** Adequate nutrition is the pivotal for nutritional development. Promoting good nutrition among school-adolescents will not only enhance excellent academic performances but foster optimal national development. Hence, the thrust of this research was to assess the nutritional status of school- adolescents in Ogun West Senatorial District, Nigeria

**Methods:** A cross-sectional study on nutritional status of 375 school-adolescents drawn from 3 out of 5 Local Governments (LGs) in the district using multistage random sampling was carried out. Twenty-five participants were chosen from 5 schools(1 private and 4 public schools) in each LGA. Validated questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic, daily food intake and anthropometric (height and weight) data. Food intake data were obtained through a 24 hour dietary recall and analyzed using WHO total diet assessment software. Height z-score and body mass index (BMI) were used to evaluate subjects' nutritional status. Descriptive statistics were obtained using SPSS (version 17.0) software. Analysis of variance was used to explore differences in nutrient intake and anthropometric indices at 5% significant level. Male/Female participants were 49.9% /50.1% with 51.2% being younger adolescents (10-14 years) and 48.8% being older adolescents (15-19years).

**Results:** Anthropometric findings revealed 16.3% stunting, 17.4% underweight, 65.6% normal weight, 12.5% overweight and 4.5% obesity. Stunting was significantly (p<0.05) higher in girls and public school-adolescents while underweight was significantly higher (p<0.05) in boys and public school-adolescents. The dietary intake analysis reflected adequacy of energy (77%), protein (85%), though mostly of plant origin), vitamin A (81%), iron (91%) and thiamine (90%). The intake of vitamin C, riboflavin, niacin and calcium were inadequate. Differentials of intake between genders, age-cohorts and school categories were insignificant (p>0.05).

**Conclusions:** There was prevalence of double burden of malnutrition among the adolescents. Consequently, there is need to implement nutritional intervention program in the district.

**Keywords:** Nutritional status, Body mass indices, school-adolescents, Ogun West District.

# NUTRITIONAL STATUS, FOOD SELECTIVITY AND NUTRITIONAL ADEQUACY OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS BETWEEN 6 AND 16 YEARS OLD WITH AUTISTIC SPECTRUM CONDITION

**Background and objectives:** A healthy diet is essential for adequate growth and development. The autistic spectrum condition (ASC) presents some special characteristics, like hypersensitivity or altered sensory processing, that can hinder a feeding that meets all the nutritional requirements. The main objective was to analyze the nutritional status of 16 children between 6 and 16 years old with ASC.

**Methods:** This is an observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study, the nutritional status was assessed by anthropometry, nutritional adequacy through a seven-day prospective registration, and main gastrointestinal disorders and food selectivity by clinical interview.

**Results:** The results showed that 31% of participants had an adequate height and adequate BMI, 38% had an adequate height but their BMI indicated overweight, 6% had an adequate height but their BMI indicated obesity, 6% had an adequate height but his BMI indicated thinness, 13% had a low height and normal BMI and 6% had a low height and his BMI indicated overweight. About muscle mass, 31% of participants had an arm muscle area above average and 19% below average; according to abdominal perimeter only 1 participant presented metabolic risk. Also, age adjusted nutritional requirements indicated that the mean adequacy was: calories 112.5% (sd= 25.19%), protein 213.25% (sd=100%), calcium 38.25% (sd=22.46%), phosphorus 87.06% (sd = 45.12%), iron 86.81% (sd=28.21%), retinol 40.97% (sd=26.92%), thiamine 19.31% (sd=9.44%), riboflavin 34.68% (sd=15.14%), niacin 34.43% (sd=15.99%) and vitamin C 144.43%(sd=87.89%). The main gastrointestinal disorders were diarrhea in 13% of participants, constipation in 19% and flatulence in 13%, however, no food selectivity in number or type was found. It is highlighted that the percentage of adequacy of iron consumption with p = 0.068 was the one that most approached a significant correlation with the height-for-age index.

**Conclusions:** The analysis of the nutritional status of children and adolescents shows the existence of a double burden of malnutrition in 69% of participants, with high consumption of calories and proteins, that cause overweight, and at the same time an insufficient micronutrients consumption.

**Keywords:** autism spectrum condition, nutritional status, food selectivity, nutritional adequacy.

<footnote>(1)Baquerizo Sedano, Luis; (2)Lazo Paúcar, Pabel; (3)Mamani Salinas, Juan; (2)Santillán Gonzáles, Pamela; (2)Simeón Zacarías, Amery;</footnote>

<footnote>(4)Aguilar Mendoza, Luis; (2)Baquerizo Sedano, Marilia.</footnote>

<footnote>(1)MSc. Nutritionist Laboratory of Neuroscience and Behavior. Cayetano Heredia Peruvian University. Peru; (2)BSc. Nutritionist. Laboratory of neuroscience and behavior. Cayetano Heredia Peruvian University. Peru; (3)BSc. Nutritionist. Department of nutrition. Ramiro Priale Priale National Hospital. Peru; (4)PhD. Biologist. Laboratory of neuroscience and behavior. Cayetano Heredia Peruvian University. Peru.</footnote>