# Early Copper Age settlement and grave group from Tiszagyenda-Vágott-halom

Eszter Solnay, Anett Gémes

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Eszter Solnay, Anett Gémes. Early Copper Age settlement and grave group from Tiszagyenda-Vágott-halom. Archaeologiai Értesitő, 2025, pp.1-32. 10.1556/0208.2025.00095. hal-05162082

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Submitted on 15 Jul 2025

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RESEARCH ARTICLE

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Eszter SOLNAY<fnref n="1" />,<fnref n="2" />,<fnref n="3" />* and Anett GÉMES<fnref n="4" />,<fnref n="5" />

Received: February 9, 2025 • Accepted: March 11, 2025

ABSTRACT

Four pits and a grave group of nine burials were found at the Early Copper Age Tiszagyenda-Vágott-halom in the Middle Tisza Region (Great Hungarian Plain), which shows similarities to contemporary sites in the region. The aim of the study is the preliminary report and detailed description of the findings of the settlement and the grave group. The pottery vessels were the main finds in the pits and the graves. Some form categories, as well as surface treatment and decoration techniques showed uneven distribution between the graves and the pits. In total of nine deceased were found in the burials, one child (infans II), one juvenile, three females, and four males. The burial rite, grave-goods, and the utilitarian function of the pottery grave-goods probably reflect the social status or gender roles of the deceased individuals. The pathological alterations identified on the skeletons carry important information about their diet and lifestyle.

KEYWORDS

Early Copper Age, Great Hungarian Plain, pottery style, bioanthropology

ABSZTRAKT

A Közép-Tisza-vidékén (Alföldön) található, kora rézkori Tiszagyenda-Vágott-halom lelőhelyen négy gödröt és egy kilenc temetkezésből álló sírcsoportot tártak fel, melyek jól illeszkednek a korabeli alföldi lelőhelyekhez. A cikk célja a település és a sírcsoport leleteinek elsődleges feldolgozása és részletes leírása. A települési gödrökből és a sírok mellékleteként főként kerámiaedények kerültek elő, melyek esetében, néhány formai kategória, valamint felületkezelési és díszítési technika eloszlása egyenletlen volt a temetkezések és a gödrök között. A sírokból összesen kilenc halott került elő, egy gyermek (infans II), egy juvenis korú egyén, három nő és három férfi. A temetkezési szokások, sírmellékletek, és a kerámiamellékletek funkciója valószínűleg összefügg az elhunyt személyek szociális státuszával vagy nemével. A vázakon azonosítható patologikus elváltozások pedig fontos információkat hordoznak az étrendjükről és az életmódjukról.

KULCSSZAVAK

kora rézkor, Alföld, kerámiastílus, bioantropológia

INTRODUCTION

The Early Copper Age on the Great Hungarian Plain (Eastern Hungary) was previously characterised by two archaeological cultures: Tiszapolgár and Bodrogkeresztúr cultures.

<footnote n="1">¹ MTA-ELTE Lendület “Momentum” Innovation Research Group, Institute of Archaeological Sciences, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 4/B Múzeum körút, 1088 Budapest, Hungary</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² ED 112 École doctorale d'archéologie, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, 3 rue Michelet, 75006 Paris, France</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ UMR 8215 Trajectoires, 9 rue Malher, 75004 Paris, France</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴ Department of Biological Anthropology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1/A Pázmány Péter sétány, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; e-mail: anett.gemes@ttk.elte.hu</footnote>

<footnote n="5">⁵ Salisbury Ltd., 14 Tartsay Vilmos utca, 1126 Budapest, Hungary</footnote>
The definition of the two cultures was mainly based on grave-goods, principally pottery forms and decorations<fnref n="1" /> that were also reinforced by radiocarbon dates.<fnref n="2" /> The definition of the Bodrogkeresztúr culture was mainly based on the presence of 'culture-specific' vessels, such as the so-called 'milk jugs' (hereafter jugs), two-handled cups (i.e. depas-cups), or incised net patterns.<fnref n="3" /> At the same time, the Tiszapolgár culture was, among others, described by the presence of numerous vessels with pedestal or a few impressed dots.<fnref n="4" /> Apart from these, however, the pottery style, burial rites, and settlement structures show a high degree of similarity.<fnref n="5" /> Moreover, the recent studies on settlements and burial grounds proved partial contemporaneity between the two cultures. The Tiszapolgár culture appeared earlier in 4435 (68.2%) 4385 cal BC, while the Bodrogkeresztúr culture in 4400 (68.2%) 4325 cal BC. After that, a simultaneity of 130 (68.2%) 230 years can be assumed, then both had disappeared; the Tiszapolgár culture in 4220 (68.2%) 4165 cal BC and the Bodrogkeresztúr culture in 4020 (68.2%) 3930 cal BC.<fnref n="6" /> For these reasons, we would like to avoid cultural labelling in this paper and instead use the Early Copper Age to describe the period.

The site of Tiszagyenda-Vágott-halom (i.e. Nagykunsági Víztározó site 17 or NKT-17) was excavated between 2010 and 2011 by Katalin Sebők and Zoltán Polgár during the construction of the Nagykunság Water Reservoir.<fnref n="7" /> It is located in the Middle Tisza Region, on an elevation next to an old water-course of the Tisza River (Fig. 1). Two trenches were opened in consecutive years: a thinner western and a larger eastern.

The excavated nine burials and four pits dating to the Early Copper Age were mainly located in the southern part of the trenches. Their location suggests that only a part of the Copper Age site was excavated. The settlement features and the burials cannot be clearly separated in space, thus, the latter can be called a grave group rather than a cemetery, similarly to other sites such as Polgár-Király-ér-part,<fnref n="8" /> Körösladány-Bikeri, or Vésztő-Bikeri.<fnref n="9" /> Absolute dates are not yet available for the site.

The site was previously an object of various pottery analyses. Márton Szilágyi previously carried out stylistic examinations of the pottery assemblages of the settlement features.<fnref n="10" /> This was followed by technological analysis of

pottery forming on the entire Early Copper Age assemblage.<fnref n="11" /> The preliminary report of this analysis indicates eight settlement features,<fnref n="12" /> however, four of them were revised and excluded due to the presence of a large number of Bronze Age pottery sherds.<fnref n="13" /> Most recently, an atypical vessel has been the focus of a study, which also included some petrographic results from the site.<fnref n="14" /> Furthermore, the present study was hindered by the incompleteness of the documentation and the recovered material, which caused a slight difference in the number of vessels between this and the previous publications.<fnref n="15" />

The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive description of the Early Copper Age features and its finds, focusing mainly on the pottery assemblage and the bioanthropological analysis. It will explore the similarities and differences among the style of the vessels found on the settlements and in the graves, as well as the characteristics of the burial rite. Besides, this paper aims to give a detailed bioarchaeological description of the deceased individuals.

## DESCRIPTION OF THE SETTLEMENT FEATURES

Mainly pottery vessels (Table 1) and a few animal bones were found in the settlement features. Pit 3/3¹<fnref n="6" /> probably had an elongated shape that had not been fully excavated due to the thinness of the western trench. 23 sherds were found which could have belonged to at least 18 vessels.<fnref n="17" /> Three bowls can be identified (conical, S-profiled, pedestalled), but a tumbler (i.e. beaker) can also be found. Two vessels with knobs, as well as two incised, and two impressed sherds, were recovered.<fnref n="18" />

Rounded-shaped pit 9/9 is situated next to pit 3/3. In total of 227 sherds were found<fnref n="19" /> which could have belonged to at least 218 vessels. The main pottery form was the different types of bowl (Fig. 2): 10 conical, four hemispherical, and 13 S-profiled. Besides, two tumblers, one mug, seven jars, two storage vessels (i. e. amphoras), four barrel-shaped vessels (i.e. flowerpot-like vessels), and nine pedestals were also identified. From the total number of sherds—not only from the diagnostic ones as in our previous article—,<fnref n="20" /> 14 sherds were smoothed (surface with fine shallow parallel

<footnote n="1">¹Banner and Bognár-Kutzián (1961); Bognár-Kutzián (1963, 1972, 1985); Patay (1961, 1974).</footnote>

<footnote n="2">²Raczky (1995).</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³Hillebrand (1927); Bognár-Kutzián (1963) 236–294, (1972) 119–135; Patay (1974) 19–29.</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴Bognár-Kutzián (1963, 1972).</footnote>

<footnote n="5">⁵Szilágyi (2015); Siklósi and Szilágyi (2021); Siklósi et al. (2022).</footnote>

<footnote n="6">⁶Raczky and Siklósi (2013); Szilágyi (2015); Siklósi and Szilágyi (2021); Siklósi et al. (2022).</footnote>

<footnote n="7">⁷Sebők et al. (2012).</footnote>

<footnote n="8">⁸Solnay and Szilágyi (2024).</footnote>

<footnote n="9">⁹Gyucha (2015) 219–221; Parkinson et al. (2021).</footnote>

<footnote n="10">¹⁰Szilágyi (2015) 252–258, (2017).</footnote>

<footnote n="11">¹¹Solnay (2021, 2022).</footnote>

<footnote n="12">¹²Solnay (2022) 19.</footnote>

<footnote n="13">¹³Solnay et al. (2023) 4–5.</footnote>

<footnote n="14">¹⁴Solnay et al. (2023).</footnote>

<footnote n="15">¹⁵Solnay (2022, 2021).</footnote>

<footnote n="16">¹⁶The number of the pits and the graves consists of the number of the archaeological feature/stratigraphic layer. The only exception was pit 289, where the number of the stratigraphic layer was unknown.</footnote>

<footnote n="17">¹⁷Szilágyi (2015) 252.</footnote>

<footnote n="18">¹⁸Solnay et al. (2023) 6, Tab. 1; Szilágyi (2015) 255.</footnote>

<footnote n="19">¹⁹Szilágyi (2015) 252.</footnote>

<footnote n="20">²⁰Solnay et al. (2023) 6, Tab. 1.</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 1.** The location of the site and the distribution of the Early Copper Age features</figcaption></figure>

1. kép. A lelőhely elhelyezkedése és a kora rézkori jelenségek eloszlása

strias) and 80 were burnished (often with thin shallow
strias and frequently shining surface). The decoration was
incised in one, dotted impressed in four, and incised in two
cases<fnref n="21" /> and plastic decoration was also known from 29
vessels.

Pit 36/36 was found at the northwestern part of the eastern
trench. Nine sherds were found in the pit that all belonged to
different vessels. Among them, only a conical bowl can be
reconstructed. A dotted impressed and an incised sherd,<fnref n="22" /> as
well as two vessels with knobs were recovered.

<footnote n="21">²¹Solnay et al. (2023) 6, Tab. 1.</footnote>

<footnote n="22">²²Solnay et al. (2023) 6, Tab. 1.</footnote>
<caption>Table 1. Pottery assemblage of the settlement features</caption>

1. táblázat. A települési gödrök kerámiaanyaga

<table><thead><tr><td>Pit Nr.</td><td>MNS/ MNV</td><td>Diagnostic form</td><td>Surface treatment</td><td>Decoration</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Pit 3/3</td><td>23/18</td><td>Conical bowl (Σ = 1), S-profiled bowl (Σ = 1), tumbler (Σ = 1), pedestal (Σ = 2)</td><td>No characteristic surface treatment technique</td><td>Impressed (Σ = 2), incised (Σ = 2)</td></tr><tr><td>Pit 9/9</td><td>227/218</td><td>Conical bowl (Σ = 10), hemispherical bowl (Σ = 4), S-profiled bowl (Σ = 13), tumbler (Σ = 2), mug (Σ = 1), jar (Σ = 7), storage vessel (Σ = 2), barrel-shaped vessel (Σ = 4) and pedestal (Σ = 9)</td><td>Burnishing (Σ = 80)<br>Smoothing (Σ = 14)</td><td>Impressed (Σ = 11), dotted impressed (Σ = 4), incised (Σ = 2)</td></tr><tr><td>Pit 36/36</td><td>9/9</td><td>Conical bowl (Σ = 1)</td><td>No characteristic surface treatment technique</td><td>Dotted impressed (Σ = 1), incised (Σ = 1)</td></tr><tr><td>Pit 289</td><td>440/437</td><td>Conical bowl (Σ = 14), hemispherical bowl (Σ = 9), S-profiled bowl (Σ = 7), tumbler (Σ = 2), mug (Σ = 2), bowl with wavy rim (Σ = 1), jar (Σ = 9), barrel-shaped vessel (Σ = 8), storage vessel (Σ = 5), miniature vessel (Σ = 1) and pedestal (Σ = 9)</td><td>Burnishing (Σ = 95), after Szilágyi (2015) 253.<br>Smoothing (Σ = 11), after Szilágyi (2015) 253.</td><td>Impressed (Σ = 3), dotted impressed (Σ = 2), incised (Σ = 3)</td></tr></tbody></table>

Rounded pit 289 was excavated in the eastern trench. The pottery material was found during the material assessment. Thus, these data were based on the observations of Márton Szilágyi.<fnref n="23" /> 440 sherds were recovered which could have belonged to at least 437 vessels. The main pottery form was the different types of bowl: 14 conical, nine hemispherical, seven S-profiled, and one with a wavy rim. Furthermore, two tumblers, two mugs, nine jars, five storage vessels, eight barrel-shaped vessels, a miniature vessel, and nine pedestals were found. 33 vessels had knobs, three were impressed, two were dotted impressed, and three were incised. Márton Szilágyi could identify 11 smoothed and 95 burnished vessels.

DESCRIPTION OF BURIALS AND THEIR
GRAVE-GOODS

Grave 45/45

The grave pit was roughly oval, 1.35 m long and 0.6–0.9 m wide, the southeastern wall was destroyed by a later disturbance. The orientation of the pit and the skeleton was northwest–southeast. The skeleton belongs to a 15–16-year-old adolescent (juvenile). The deceased was laid on the left side in a flexed position. The arms were bent in front of the chest and the face. The legs were also bent and laid beside each other (Fig. 3; Table 2).

1. Jug (Fig. 3.1) was found near the skull, next to grave-good 2. It has a slightly everted rim, a cylindrical neck, a slightly pronounced body without a sharp break in the profile, and

a flat base. Two ring handles are attached to the shoulder. The outer surface was decorated with an incised net pattern. The outer and inner surfaces were burnished. H.: 15.5 cm, R.d.: 8.5 cm, B.d.: 2 cm. I.n.: 2010.13.045.013, P.n.: 14.<fnref n="24" />

2. A conical bowl (Fig. 3.2) was found near to grave-good 1, near the skull. It was not found during the material assessment. However, based on the excavation photos, it has a slightly inverted rim and a straight profile. Four knobs were attached to the body. I.n.: unknown, P.n.: 15.

3. Carinated bowl with pedestal (Fig. 3.3) was found between the spine and the southern wall of the pit. The bowl has a straight rim with a sharp break in the profile between the rim and the body and a pedestal with everted profile and perforations. H.: 23 cm, R.d.: 19.5 cm, B.d.: 10 cm, P.d.: 15.5 cm. I.n.: 2010.13.045.017, P.n.: 16.

4. Carinated bowl (Fig. 3.4) in heavily fragmented condition was found between the arms and grave-good 2. It has a straight rim and a gentle break in the profile between the rim and the body. The outer surface was burnished. R.d.: 23 cm. I.n.: 2010.13.045.001, P.n.: 17.

5. Ninety-six rounded limestone beads (Fig. 3.5) were found on the pelvis. D.: 0.62–0.71 cm, T.: 0.14–0.31 cm. I.n.: 2010.13.045.014, P.n.: 116.

6. Animal bones were found in the filling of the grave pit, probably from grave-good 3. It was not found during the material assessment. I.n. and P.n.: unknown.

Fine vessel in heavily fragmented condition. Neither the
pottery form nor its exact location in the grave pit could not

<footnote n="23">²³Solnay et al. (2023) 6, Table 1; Szilágyi (2015) 253.</footnote>

<footnote n="24">²⁴Abbreviations: H. = height; R.d. = rim diameter, B.d. = base diameter, P.d. = pedestal diameter, D = diameter, T. = thickness, I.n.: Inventory number, P.n. = packaging number.</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 2. Selection of vessel forms from the settlement (from pit 9/9). A: S-profiled bowl, B: conical bowl, C: hemispherical bowl, D: jar, E: vessel with pedestal, F: jug, G: barrel-shaped vessel, H: storage vessel</figcaption></figure>

<caption>2. kép. Edényforma válogatás a településről (9/9. gödörből). A: S-profilú tál, B: kónikus tál, C: gömbszelet alakú tál, D: korsó, E: csőtalpas edény, F: köcsög, G: hordó alakú edény, H: tárolóedény</caption>
<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 3. Plan and grave-goods of the grave 45/45 (the numbering indicates the number of grave-good)
3. kép. A 45/45. sír rajza és mellékletei (a számozás a melléklet számát jelöli)</figcaption></figure>
<table><caption>**Table 2.** Characteristics and inventory of the burials
**2. táblázat.** A sírok jellemzői és leletanyaga</caption><thead><tr><th>Grave<br>Nr.</th><th>Age, gender</th><th>Lying position</th><th>Orientation</th><th>No. of<br>grave-<br>good</th><th>Form</th><th>Surface<br>treatment</th><th>Decoration</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="5">Grave<br>45/45</td><td rowspan="5">15-16-year-old<br>adolescent (juvenile)</td><td rowspan="5">left side,<br>flexed</td><td rowspan="5">northwest-southeast</td><td>1</td><td>Jug</td><td>Burnishing</td><td>Incised</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>Conical bowl</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>Carinated bowl (with<br>animal bones)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>Carinated bowl with<br>pedestal</td><td></td><td>Incised and<br>impressed</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>96 limestone beads</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Grave<br>258/425</td><td rowspan="3">35-year-old female</td><td rowspan="3">probably left<br>side, flexed</td><td rowspan="3">southeast-northwest</td><td>1</td><td>Conical bowl with<br>pedestal</td><td>Burnishing and<br>smoothing</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>Barrel-shaped vessel</td><td>Burnishing</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>Beads</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Grave<br>258/500</td><td rowspan="3">21-23-year-old<br>female</td><td rowspan="3">left side,<br>flexed</td><td rowspan="3">southeast-northwest</td><td>1</td><td>Jug</td><td>Burnishing</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>Conical, deep bowl</td><td>Burnishing</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>Beads</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Grave<br>302/409</td><td rowspan="3">adult male?</td><td rowspan="3">right side,<br>flexed</td><td rowspan="3">east-west</td><td>1</td><td>Pot with everted rim</td><td>Smoothing</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>Conical bowl</td><td>Burnishing</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>Barrel-shaped vessel</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="8">Grave<br>308/426</td><td rowspan="8">23-25-year-old<br>female</td><td rowspan="8">left side,<br>flexed</td><td rowspan="8">southeast-northwest<br>(pit), east-west<br>(skeleton)</td><td>4</td><td>Carinated bowl</td><td>Burnishing</td><td>Incised</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>Jug</td><td>Burnishing</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>Hemispherical bowl</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>Jug</td><td>Burnishing</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>Jug</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>Tumbler</td><td>Burnishing</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>Two-handled cup</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>Barrel-shaped vessel</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>Beads</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Grave<br>311/441</td><td>40-55-year-old male</td><td>right side,<br>flexed</td><td>southeast-northwest</td><td>No grave<br>good</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Grave<br>337/479</td><td>11-12-year-old child<br>(infans II)</td><td>right side,<br>flexed</td><td>southeast-northwest</td><td>1</td><td>Conical bowl</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="8">Grave<br>358/510</td><td rowspan="8">40-55-year-old male</td><td rowspan="8">right side,<br>flexed</td><td rowspan="8">east-west</td><td>1</td><td>Two-handled cup</td><td>Burnishing</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>Carinated bowl</td><td></td><td>Incised</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>Jug</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>Copper awl</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>Bone awl</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>4 chipped stones</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>Large flint</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>Animal bones</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

(continued)
<table><caption>**Table 2. Continued**</caption><thead><tr><th>Grave Nr.</th><th>Age, gender</th><th>Lying position</th><th>Orientation</th><th>No. of grave-good</th><th>Form</th><th>Surface treatment</th><th>Decoration</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="3">Grave 360/513</td><td rowspan="3">35-55-year-old male</td><td rowspan="3">right side, flexed</td><td rowspan="3">southeast-northwest</td><td>1</td><td>Barrel-shaped vessel (secondary burned)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>Carinated bowl</td><td>Burnishing</td><td>Incised</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>S-profiled bowl</td><td>Burnishing</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

be reconstructed. The inner surface was decorated with an incised net pattern, the outer surface had incised lines and impressed points. I.n. and P.n.: unknown.

### Grave 258/425

The shape of the grave pit cannot be reconstructed, it was disturbed by a medieval settlement feature. The orientation of the skeleton was southeast-northwest. The skeleton belongs to a female older than 35-year-old. The deceased was probably laid on the left side in a flexed position. The skull, the upper body, and the arms were destroyed, only the bent legs are known (Fig. 4; Table 2).

1. Conical bowl with pedestal (Fig. 4.1) was found in fragmented condition next to the leg. It has a straight rim and body and a perforated pedestal with everted profile. The upper part of the vessel was burnished on the inside and on the outside, the outer surface of the pedestal was smoothed. R.d.: 24 cm, P.d.: 15 cm. P.n.: 725, 727.<fnref n="25" />

2. Barrel-shaped vessel (Fig. 4.2) was found next to grave-good 1. It has an inverted rim, curved body, and flat base. Four knobs were attached under the rim and another four to the body. The outer and inner surfaces were burnished. H.: 11.5 cm, R.d.: 14.5 cm, B.d.: 8 cm. P.n.: 728.

3. Beads were found near the femur. It was not found during the material assessment. P.n.: unknown.

### Grave 258/500

The grave pit was oval, 0.75-1.3 m wide, the southeastern wall was destroyed by a later disturbance, the length of the pit cannot be therefore defined. The orientation of the pit and the skeleton was southeast-northwest. The skeleton belongs to a 21-23-year-old female. The deceased was laid on the left side in a flexed position. The arms were probably bent in front of the chest. The legs were also bent and laid beside each other. The feet were destroyed (Fig. 5; Table 2).

1. Jug (Fig. 5.1) in heavily fragmented condition was found near the arms. It has a straight rim, cylindrical neck, and flat base. Two ring handles are attached to the shoulder. The inner and outer surfaces were burnished. R.d.: 12 cm, B.d.: 8 cm. P.n.: 732.

2. Conical, deep bowl (Fig. 5.2) was found next to grave-good 1, in front of the face. It has a rim and body with a straight profile and a slightly curved base. Four perforated knobs are attached to the shoulder. The inner and outer surfaces were burnished. H.: 7 cm, R.d.: 10 cm, B.d.: 5 cm. P.n.: unknown.

3. Beads were found near the femur. It was not found during the material assessment. P.n.: unknown.

### Grave 302/409

The grave pit was roughly semicircle, 1.55 m long and 0.65-1.1 m wide. The orientation of the pit and the skeleton was east-west. The skeleton probably belongs to an adult male. The deceased was laid on the right side in a flexed position. The skull was destroyed during the removal of the humus layer. The arms were probably bent in front of the chest. Most of the spinal column and ribs were destroyed. The legs were also bent and laid beside each other (Fig. 6; Table 2).

1. Pot with everted rim (Fig. 6.1) was found next to the arms. It has a slightly everted rim, globular body, and flat base. Two horizontally perforated lugs are attached to the shoulder. The outer surface was smoothed. R.d.: 11 cm, B.d.: 7 cm. P.n.: 721.

2. Conical bowl (Fig. 6.2) was found south of grave-good 1. It has a straight rim, a gently curved body, and a curved base. Four knobs were attached to the body. The inner and outer surfaces were burnished. H.: 5 cm, R.d.: 14 cm, B.d.: 4 cm. P.n.: 722.

3. Barrel-shaped vessel was placed into grave-good 2. It is in heavily fragmented condition, the exact shape and size therefore cannot be reconstructed. P.n.: 720.

4. Carinated bowl (Fig. 6.4) was placed into grave-good 3. It has an everted rim with a gentle break in the profile between the rim and the body and a rounded base. Four knobs were attached to the body. The inner surface was decorated with an incised net pattern and incised dots. The outer surface was also decorated with an incised net pattern. The outer surface was burnished. H.: 6 cm, R.d.: 20 cm, B.d.: 4 cm. P.n.: 719.

### Grave 308/426

The grave pit was probably L-shaped, and it was 0.75-1.2 m wide. The orientation of the pit was southeast-northwest, but

<footnote n="25">²⁵Because of the two packaging numbers and the heavily fragmented condition, it was first referred as two separated vessels: Solnay et al. (2023) 6, Tab. 1.</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_7.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 4. Plan and grave-goods of the grave 258/425 (the numbering indicates the number of grave-good)
4. kép. A 258/425. sír rajza és mellékletei (a számozás a melléklet számát jelöli)</figcaption></figure>

the skeleton was east-west oriented. The southeast corner of
the pit was destroyed, thus, the length of the pit cannot be
reconstructed. The skeleton belongs to a 23–25-year-old
female. The deceased was laid on the left side in a flexed
position. The arms were probably bent in front of the chest

and the skull. The legs were also bent and laid beside each
other (Figs 7 and 8; Table 2).

1. Jug (Fig. 7.1) was found next to the arms, near the skull in a heavily fragmented state. It has a cylindrical neck, a slightly pronounced body without a sharp break in the
<figure><img src="image_8.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 5. Plan and grave-goods of the grave 258/500 (the numbering indicates the number of grave-good)
5. kép. A 258/500. sír rajza és mellékletei (a számozás a melléklet számát jelöli)</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_9.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 6. Plan and grave-goods of the grave 302/409 (the numbering indicates the number of grave-good)
6. kép. A 302/409. sír rajza és mellékletei (a számozás a melléklet számát jelöli)</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_10.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 7. Plan and grave-goods of the grave 308/426 (the numbering indicates the number of grave-good)
7. kép. A 308/426. sír rajza és mellékletei (a számozás a melléklet számát jelöli)</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_11.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 8. Plan and grave-goods of the grave 308/426 (the numbering indicates the number of grave-good)

8. kép. A 308/426. sír rajza és mellékletei (a számozás a melléklet számát jelöli)</figcaption></figure>

profile, and a flat base. The outer surface was burnished.
B.d.: 6 cm. P.n.: 742.

2. Hemispherical bowl (Fig. 7.2) was found south of grave-good 1. It has a straight rim, hemispherical body, and curved base. Four knobs were attached to the body. H.: 8.5 cm, R.d.: 13 cm, B.d.: 4.5 cm. P.n.: 740.

3. Jug (Fig. 7.3) was found next to the legs. It has a straight rim, long, cylindrical neck, pronounced body with a sharp break in the profile, and flat base. Two ring handles were attached to the shoulder and two knobs were attached to the body. A rounded perforation was also found

on the body. The inner and outer surfaces were burnis-
hed. H.: 25 cm, R.d.: 12 cm, B.d.: 7 cm. P.n.: 739.

4. Jug (Fig. 8.4) was found near the feet. It has a straight rim, long, cylindrical neck, slightly pronounced body without a sharp break in the profile, and flat base. Two ring handles were attached to the shoulder and two knobs were attached to the body. H.: 16 cm, R.d.: 9 cm, B.d.: 7 cm. P.n.: 741.

5. Tumbler (Fig. 8.5) was found next to grave-good 4. It has an everted rim, a slightly curved body, and a flat base. Two perforated knobs were attached to the body and four
unperforated to the base. The inner and outer surfaces were burnished. H.: 9 cm, R.d.: 8 cm, B.d.: 2.5 cm. P.n.: 749.

6. Two-handled cup (Fig. 8.6) was found between the right femur and the tibias. It has an everted rim, curved body, and rounded base. Two handles were attached from the rim to the body. H.: 5 cm, R.d.: 8.5 cm, B.d.: 2.5 cm. P.n.: 744.

7. Barrel-shaped vessel (Fig. 8.7) was found next to the left femur. It has an inverted rim, curved body, and flat base. Two knobs were attached to the rim and four to the body. H.: 12.5 cm, R.d.: 9.5 cm, B.d.: 7 cm. P.n.: 738.

8. Beads were found near the femur. It was not found during the material assessment. P.n.: 745.

### Grave 311/441

The grave pit was probably oval, 1.4 m long and 0.9–1.15 m wide. The orientation of the pit and the skeleton was south-east-northwest. The skeleton belongs to a 40–55-year-old male. The deceased laid on the right side in a flexed position. The arms were probably bent in front of the chest and the skull. The legs were also bent and laid besides each other (Fig. 9A; Table 2).

Only a fragment of a pottery handle was found next to the feet. P.n.: 712.

### Grave 337/479

The grave pit was probably oval, 1.1 m long and 0.7–0.95 m wide. The orientation of the pit and the skeleton was south-east-northwest. The skeleton belongs to a 11–12-year-old child (infans II). The deceased were laid on the right side in a flexed position. The arms were bent in front of the chest and the skull. The legs were also bent and laid besides each other (Fig. 9B; Table 2).

1. Conical bowl (Fig. 9B.1) was found next to the skull. It has a straight rim, body, and base. H.: 5 cm, R.d.: 8 cm, B.d.: 5 cm. P.n.: 716.

### Grave 358/510

The grave pit was L-shaped, 2.1 m long and 0.95–1.85 m wide, the northwestern wall was destroyed by a later disturbance. The orientation of the pit and the skeleton was east-west. The skeleton belongs to a 40–55-year-old male. The deceased was laid on the right side in a flexed position. The arms were probably bent in front of the chest and the skull. The legs were also bent and laid beside each other, the feet were destroyed (Fig. 10; Table 2).

1. Two-handled cup (Fig. 10.1) was found next to the pelvis and the ribs. It has a straight rim, curved body, and rounded base. Two handles were attached from the rim to the body. The inner and outer surfaces were burnished. H.: 4 cm, R.d.: 6 cm, B.d.: 1.5 cm. P.n.: 746.

2. Carinated bowl (Fig. 10.2) was found next to the skull in a highly fragmented state. It has a straight rim with a sharp break in the profile between the rim and the body, and it

has a curved base. The inner and outer surfaces were decorated with incised net patterns. Two knobs were added to the body. R.d.: 18 cm. P.n.: 747.

3. Jug (Fig. 10.3) was found behind the skull. It has an everted rim, cylindrical neck, pronounced body, and flat base. Two ring handles were attached to the shoulder and two knobs to the body. H.: 23.5 cm, R.d.: 10, B.d.: 6 cm. P.n.: 748.

4. Copper awl was found next to the knee. It was not found during the material assessment. P.n.: 749.

5. Bone awl was found next to grave-good 4. It was not found during the material assessment. P.n.: 750.

6. Four chipped stones were found next to grave-goods 4 and 5. It was not found during the material assessment. P.n.: 751.

7. Large flint was found next to grave-goods 4, 5, and 6. The documentation described it as obsidian flake broken into two pieces. Besides the documentation describes two large flints (grave-good 7 and 9). However, only this one has likely been drawn and packed on a number 754. It was not found during the material assessment.

8. Animal bones were found next to the grave-good 1 and on the tibia. The one next to the grave-good 1 was described as a bovine shoulder blade in the documentation. It was not found during the material assessment. P.n.: 756.

9. Furthermore, a large flint was found under the skull according to the documentation. However, it cannot be reconstructed on the drawing, and it was not found during the material assessment. P.n.: unknown.

### Grave 360/513

The grave pit was probably oval-shaped, and it was 1.05 m wide, the eastern wall was destroyed by a later disturbance, thus, the length of the pit cannot be reconstructed. The orientation of the pit and the skeleton was southeast-northwest. The skeleton belongs to a 35–55-year-old male. The deceased was laid on the right side in a flexed position. The arms were bent in front of the chest and the skull. The chest was disturbed by an animal hole. The legs were also bent and laid beside each other, the feet were destroyed (Fig. 11; Table 2).

1. Barrel-shaped vessel (Fig. 11.1) was found under the arms in a fragmented state, according to the remarks made on the field, it could have been already broken when it was placed into the grave. Its exact location cannot be reconstructed as it was not marked on the drawing. It has a slightly inverted rim, a straight body, and a flat base. Four knobs were attached to the body. The outer surface of the base and part of the body were probably secondary burned. H.: 27 cm, R.d.: 32 cm, B.d.: 17 cm. P.n.: 757.

2. Carinated bowl (Fig. 11.2) was found at the northern part of the pit. It has a straight rim with a slight break in the profile between the rim and the body, and it has a curved base. The outer surface was decorated with an incised net pattern. Two knobs were added to the body. The outer surface was burnished. H.: 5.5 cm, B.d.: 3 cm. P.n.: 758.
<figure><img src="image_12.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 9. A: Plan of the grave 311/441, B: Plan and grave-good of the grave 337/479 (the numbering indicates the number of grave-good)</figcaption></figure>

9. kép. A 311/441. sír rajza, B: A 337/479. sír rajza és melléklete (a számozás a melléklet számát jelöli)
<figure><img src="image_13.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 10. Plan and grave-goods of the grave 358/510 (the numbering indicates the number of grave-good)
10. kép. A 358/510. sír rajza és mellékletei (a számozás a melléklet számát jelöli)</figcaption></figure>

3. S-profiled bowl (Fig. 11.3) was found in the northern part of the pit. It has an everted rim with a slight break in the profile between the rim and the body and a curved base. Two knobs were added to the body. The inner and outer surface was burnished. R.d.: 11 cm, B.d.: 3.5 cm. P.n.: 759.

Anthropological analysis of the human remains

The detailed anthropological investigation of the osteoar-
chaeological series involved macroscopic examination of all
skeletal remains, with age at death and sex estimation
using standard macromorphological methods in biological
<figure><img src="image_14.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 11. Plan and grave-goods of the grave 360/513 (the numbering indicates the number of grave-good)
11. kép. A 360/513. sír rajza és mellékletei (a számozás a melléklet számát jelöli)</figcaption></figure>
anthropology (Supplementary material).<fnref n="26" /> Paleopathological analysis was based on macromorphological observations.<fnref n="27" /> Morphological characteristics of the teeth based on the work of G. Richard Scott and Joel D. Irish.<fnref n="28" /> The identification of cranial anatomical variations followed the methodology of Robert W. Mann and his colleagues.<fnref n="29" /> Stature estimation was conducted according to the methods of Torstein Sjøvold.<fnref n="30" /> Data evaluation was performed using the paleoanthropological software package developed by Zsolt Bernert.<fnref n="31" /> Cranial and long bone measurements were obtained in accordance with the methodology of Rudolf Martin and Karl Saller.<fnref n="32" />

During the anthropological examination, the remains of nine individuals (one child, one juvenile, three females and four males) were identified. Due to the low number of individuals, demographic analysis was not possible.

Among the skeletal alterations, three adult males (graves 302/409, 311/441, and 360/513) exhibited signs of healed periostitis, and in one case, early osteomyelitis (grave 311/ 441) also can be identified (Fig. 12). Inflammation affecting the spine and pelvis was observed in the male from grave 360/513 in the form of lytic lesions, new bone formations,

and surface pitting. This combination of pathological changes (spinal inflammation and periostitis observed on the tibia) suggests an infection-related disease.

In the case of one female (grave 258/500), alterations were observed on the articular surface of the pubic bone, potentially indicative of childbirth.

The most commonly observed pathological skeletal alteration was osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis deformans is one of the most frequent conditions encountered in historical series. Degeneration of the articular cartilage, leading to contact between bone surfaces, results in the following osteological symptoms: porosity on the articular surface, joint deformation, marginal osteophytes, and eburnation of the surface (Fig. 13). Its development can be influenced by genetic factors, age, sex, and physical activity.<fnref n="33" /> In this series, increased joint involvement was primarily observed in males (grave 311/441, 358/510, 360/513).

Osteoarthritis, like enthesopathies, can be used as an activity marker, as certain repetitive movements lead to greater strain on specific joints.<fnref n="34" /> The enthesopathies observed in this series (grave 258/425) (Fig. 14) suggest a sedentary lifestyle involving farming or large-scale livestock herding.

In the male from grave 358/510, unilateral spondylolysis was identified on the second lumbar vertebra. Spondylolysis (grave 358/510 and 360/513) primarily affects the lumbar vertebrae, where the vertebral arch separates from the vertebral body (Fig. 15). Its aetiology is linked to chronic, repetitive stress on the spine, bipedal locomotion, genetic factors, and lumbosacral morphological variations. It is possibly caused by a combination of age, sex, physical activity, and genetic predisposition.<fnref n="35" />

The non-metric traits are heritable variations of the normal skeletal system that are not measurable and tend to cluster within populations. Non-metric traits do not represent pathological conditions and do not cause symptoms. Anatomical variations include epigenetic traits.<fnref n="36" /> In this series, the most frequently observed variations were *struc-turae supraorbitales, structurae supratrochleares, foramen zygomaticofacialis, and ossa wormiana*.

Cranial metric data could be recorded for an adult female (grave 258/500) (Fig. 16). These data fit well with the previously reported results of the analysis of Early Copper Age human remains.<fnref n="37" /> The estimated average height, calculated using Zsolt Bernert's method, was 164.91 cm for females and 167.2 cm for males which also aligns with previously published data.<fnref n="38" />

The advanced wear pattern observed on the front teeth of the 11–12-year-old child (grave 337/479) suggests the possibility of crossbite, similarly to a 40–50-year-old male (358/510). Another distinctive dental wear pattern is related to lifestyle,

<figure><img src="image_15.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 12.** Signs of periostitis on the diaphysis of the left tibia in the form of surface pitting and longitudinally striated periosteal new bone formations. Antero-medial view. (grave 311/441, middle adult male)</figcaption></figure>

12. kép. Csonthártyagyulladás jelei a bal sípcsont diaffizisén, felszíni gödörkék és párhuzamos vonalak formájában. Elülső-középső nézet. (311/441. sír, középkorú férfi)

<footnote n="26">²⁶AlQahtani (2014); Boldsen et al. (2002); Buikstra and Ubelaker (1994); Meindl and Lovejoy (1985); Ubelaker (1989); Schinz and Case (1951); Schour and Massler (1941).</footnote>

<footnote n="27">²⁷Buikstra (2019); Nikita (2017); Pedersen (2019); Spekker et al. (2020).</footnote>

<footnote n="28">²⁸Scott and Irish (2017).</footnote>

<footnote n="29">²⁹Mann et al. (2016).</footnote>

<footnote n="30">³⁰Sjøvold (1990).</footnote>

<footnote n="31">³¹Bernert (2005).</footnote>

<footnote n="32">³²Martin and Saller (1957).</footnote>

<footnote n="33">³³Waldron (2008).</footnote>

<footnote n="34">³⁴Waldron (2008).</footnote>

<footnote n="35">³⁵Buikstra (2019).</footnote>

<footnote n="36">³⁶Mann et al. (2016).</footnote>

<footnote n="37">³⁷K. Zoffmann (2011, 2013, 2015).</footnote>

<footnote n="38">³⁸K. Zoffmann (1986, 2011, 2013, 2015).</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_16.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 13.** Formation of osteophytes on the L2-5 and periosteal appositions on the anterior and lateral parts of the L3-4 vertebral bodies. Anterior view. (grave 258/425, adult female)</figcaption></figure>

**13. kép.** Az L2-5 csigolyákon osteophyták, a L3-4 csigolyatestek elülső és oldalsó részein pedig csonthártya-megvastagodás. Elölnézet. (258/425. sír, felnőtt nő)

which was previously highlighted in the Early Copper Age by Zsuzsanna K. Zoffmann.<fnref n="39" /> The frequently observed tooth attrition (grave 258/500, 308/426, 311/441, 358/510, and 360/513) (Figs 17 and 18) is likely related to dietary habits, particularly the consumption of food made from imperfectly ground grains, which could introduce abrasive particles into

<figure><img src="image_17.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 14.** Enthesopathy on the left ischial tuberosity (grave 258/425, adult female)</figcaption></figure>

**14. kép.** Enthesopathia a bal ülógumón (258/425. sír, felnőtt nő)

<figure><img src="image_18.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 15.** Traces of inflammation (*spondylodiscitis*) in the form of surface pitting and extensive bony changes on two adjacent cervical vertebral bodies from the lower neck region. Inferior and superior view. (grave 360/513, middle adult male)</figcaption></figure>

**15. kép.** Gyulladás (*spondylodiscitis*) nyomai felszíni gödörkézettség és kiterjedt csontelváltozások formájában két szomszédos alsó nyaki régióból származó csigolya testén. Alsó és felső nézet. (360/513. sír, középkorú férfi)

<footnote n="39">³⁹K. Zoffmann (1986, 2015).</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_19.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 16. The skull of a young female from grave 258/500
16. kép. Fiatal felnőtt nő koponyája a 258/500. sírból</figcaption></figure>

the diet. Thus, from this perspective, this series fits well with previously reported results.<fnref n="40" /> Besides, oral pathological findings included conditions such as caries, cysts/abscesses, enamel hypoplasia, and premortem tooth loss (grave 360/513). Dental morphological analyses could be conducted for three individuals (grave 258/500, 311/441, and 337/479).

Therefore, the pathological, metric, and non-metric traits observed in this site align well with the results previously described for this period.

DISCUSSION

Comparison of the pottery finds of the settlement and
the graves

It is important to compare the characteristics of the pottery assemblages of the settlement and the graves. Although, presumably, only a part of the settlement was excavated, the

<figure><img src="image_20.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 17. The skull of a middle adult male from grave 311/441
17. kép. Középkorú felnőtt férfi koponyája a 311/441. sírból</figcaption></figure>

recovered pottery assemblage, for example the proportion of
pottery categories, is shows similarities with the entirely or
almost entirely excavated Early Copper Age settlements in the
Middle Tisza Region,<fnref n="41" /> such as Rákóczifalva-Bivaly-tó 1/c.<fnref n="42" />

<footnote n="40">⁴⁰K. Zoffmann (1986, 2005, 2011, 2013, 2015).</footnote>

<footnote n="41">⁴¹Siklósi and Szilágyi (2021) 600–606; Szilágyi (2015).</footnote>

<footnote n="42">⁴²Siklósi et al. (2022) 355–358.</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_21.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 18. The skull of a middle adult male from grave 358/510 18. kép. Középkorú felnőtt férfi koponyája a 358/510. sírból</figcaption></figure>

Bowls were the most common pottery category both in the settlement features and the graves (Table 3). Most of the bowl types were found in both pits and graves, such as conical, hemispherical, S-profiled, or pedestalled bowls but carinated bowls were only recovered from burials. Barrel-shaped vessels were also common in both contexts, as well as a few mugs or tumblers. However, jars, storage vessels,

<table><caption>**Table 3.** Vessel types in the settlement and graves
**3. táblázat. Edénytípusok a településen és a sírokban**</caption><thead><tr><td>Vessel types</td><td>Settlement</td><td>Graves</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Conical bowl</td><td>26</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>Hemispherical bowl</td><td>13</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>S-profiled bowl</td><td>21</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Barrel-shaped vessel</td><td>12</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>Tumbler</td><td>5</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Bowl with wavy rim</td><td>1</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Pedestal</td><td>19</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Jar</td><td>16</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Mug</td><td>3</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Conical bowl with pedestal</td><td>0</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Carinated bowl with pedestal</td><td>0</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Carinated bowl</td><td>0</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>Storage vessel</td><td>7</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Pot with everted rim</td><td>0</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Jug</td><td>0</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Two-handled cup</td><td>0</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Miniature vessel</td><td>1</td><td>0</td></tr></tbody></table>

and miniature vessels were only found on the settlement, while jugs, two-handled cups and pots were only in the graves.

Surface treatment of the vessels was more frequent in the graves than in the settlement (Table 4), however, both smoothing and burnishing can be found in both contexts. Smoothing was the least common, but their number is probably highly underestimated because their macrotraces often disappear during various post-fabrication processes.<fnref n="43" /> Burnishing was much more frequent, but it was more common in the graves, where almost half of the vessels were burnished. Various pottery forms were burnished, even the typically coarse barrel-shaped vessels. However, bowls were generally burnished in higher proportion than other pottery categories.<fnref n="44" />

The most widespread decoration was knobs, regardless of the context of the pottery. Impressed and incised motifs were also known from both pits (4% of the vessels) and burials (one-quarter of the vessels) (Table 5). However, the impressed patterns mainly occurred in the material of the settlement, similar to the dotted impressed decoration that was only known from pits.

The differences in the distribution of pottery categories and decoration were also observed in the earlier cited

<footnote n="43">⁴³Solnay (2023) 13.</footnote>

<footnote n="44">⁴⁴Solnay (2023) 15.</footnote>
<caption>**Table 4.** Surface treatment techniques in the settlement and graves</caption>

**4. táblázat. Felületkezelési technikák a településen és a sírokban**

<table><caption>**Table 5.** Decoration techniques in the settlement and graves</caption><thead><tr><th>Site types</th><th>Smoothing</th><th>Burnishing</th><th>Not trace of surface treatment</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Settlement</td><td>25</td><td>175</td><td>499</td></tr><tr><td>Graves</td><td>2</td><td>12</td><td>12</td></tr></tbody></table>

**5. táblázat. Díszítési technikák a településeken és a sírokban**

<table><thead><tr><th>Site types</th><th>Impressed</th><th>Incised</th><th>Dotted impressed</th><th>Not decorated</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Settlement</td><td>16</td><td>8</td><td>7</td><td>668</td></tr><tr><td>Graves</td><td>1</td><td>5</td><td>0</td><td>20</td></tr></tbody></table>

Rákóczifalva-Bivaly-tó 1/c.<fnref n="45" /> However, it cannot be excluded that the result is distorted in Tiszagyenda due to the partial excavation of the settlement.

## Characteristics of graves

In total of nine deceased were unearthed, one child (infans II), one adolescent (juvenile), three females, and four males (one of them is uncertain). The newborns and young children are missing. The females were deceased younger, between the ages of 21–23 and 35, while the males were between the ages of 35 and 55.

The burial rite is very similar to the other Early Copper Age site on the Great Hungarian Plain<fnref n="46" /> and in the Middle Tisza Region.<fnref n="47" /> The orientation of the grave pits and skeletons was southeast-northwest or east-west. The females were laid on their left, and the males on their right side in flexed position. The most frequent grave-good was pottery, however, the deceased who laid on their left side, principally females, often had beads (possibly from limestone) around their pelvis, probably as belt or dress accessories. One older male also received other types of grave-goods besides the pottery vessels: flint and chipped stones, as well as a bone and a copper awl. The beads and the stone tools are typical gender-specific grave-goods in the Early Copper Age.<fnref n="48" /> Bone and copper awls were also known

in other Early Copper Age burial grounds, such as from Tiszapolgár-Basatanya<fnref n="49" /> or Tiszavalk-Kenderföld.<fnref n="50" />

However, a duality in the burial rites of graves within the settlement and formal cemeteries can be assumed in the Early Copper Age. Among other things, the burials in settlements do not always have a separate grave pit and often do not have any grave-goods, or only a few vessels, for example in Rákóczifalva-Bagi-föld 8,<fnref n="51" /> Polgár-Király-ér-part,<fnref n="52" /> Körösladány-Bikeri, or Vésztő-Bikeri.<fnref n="53" /> Although pottery vessels also dominate in the graves of Tiszagyenda, most of the burials have grave-goods and none of them were placed in a settlement pit. In this regard, it is similar to the only grave found on the settlement of Rákóczifalva-Bivaly-tó 1/c.<fnref n="54" />

Five of the seven undestroyed graves with pottery grave-goods (grave 45/45, 258/500, 302/409, 308/426, 337/479, 358/510, and 360/513) contained at least one regular-sized vessel with neck (i.e. jug or pot) and one small, shallow neckless vessel (i.e. bowl or cup), that can be called as basic set, similarly to the Early Copper Age Upper Tisza Region.<fnref n="55" /> These jugs and pots are most suitable for transporting liquids, short-term storage, or storage of valuable goods, while the bowls and cups are most suitable for individual use at mealtimes to consume liquids and solid foods. This basic set is often found near the skull, regularly in front of the face,<fnref n="56" /> and it can also be observed in almost all cases at Tiszagyenda. This implies that a highly individualised set of vessels was placed next to numerous deceased, regardless of their age or gender.

Barrel-shaped vessels that have long been associated with cooking were also frequently found in graves.<fnref n="57" /> This assumption was supported by the trace of secondary burning on the base of grave-good 1 in grave 360/513. Besides, the traces of burnishing of grave-good 2 in grave 258/425 also reinforce this hypothesis because an intensive surface treatment highly improves the vessels’ resistance against thermal or mechanic shocks and reduces their permeability.<fnref n="58" /> These vessels were found in male and younger female burials, which does not correspond to the general trend in the Upper Tisza Region, where these vessels were mainly associated with older women.<fnref n="59" />

Wide shallow neckless vessels with pedestals (i.e. pedestalled bowls) were potentially used for communal

<footnote n="45">⁴⁵Siklósi et al. (2022) 355–358.</footnote>

<footnote n="46">⁴⁶Among others Bognár-Kutzián (1963, 1972); Lichter (2001); Patay (1961, 1974); Raczky et al. (2014); Sofaer Derevenski (1997).</footnote>

<footnote n="47">⁴⁷Among others Csányi et al. (2009); Siklósi et al. (2022).</footnote>

<footnote n="48">⁴⁸Meisenheimer (1989) 50; Sofaer Derevenski (1997) 878–879, Tab. 2a–b; Lichter (2001) 284–287; Raczky et al. (2014) 329; Solnay (2018) 192–193.</footnote>

<footnote n="49">⁴⁹Bognár-Kutzián (1963) 333–335.</footnote>

<footnote n="50">⁵⁰Patay (1978) 40–42.</footnote>

<footnote n="51">⁵¹Szilágyi (2015) 198, 204, 208–209, 211.</footnote>

<footnote n="52">⁵²Solnay and Szilágyi (2024).</footnote>

<footnote n="53">⁵³Gyucha (2015) 219–221; Parkinson et al. (2021).</footnote>

<footnote n="54">⁵⁴Szilágyi (2015) 169.</footnote>

<footnote n="55">⁵⁵Solnay (2023) 21–22.</footnote>

<footnote n="56">⁵⁶Solnay (2023) 21.</footnote>

<footnote n="57">⁵⁷Bognár-Kutzián (1963) 242; Solnay (2023) 23.</footnote>

<footnote n="58">⁵⁸Schiffer (1990); Skibo (1992) 23; Lepère (2014) 144–145; Debels (2018) 2–3; Roux (2019) 96; Rueff et al. (2021).</footnote>

<footnote n="59">⁵⁹Bognár-Kutzián (1963) 242; Solnay (2023) 23.</footnote>
consumption as tableware by a few individuals, such as a smaller household.<fnref n="60" /> It can be found only in the grave of a 35-year-old female (grave 258/425) and a 15–16-year-old adolescent (grave 45/45) that were laid on its left side, suggesting its female gender.

## CONCLUSION

Four pits and a grave group of nine burials were found at the Early Copper Age Tiszagyenda-Vágott-halom. Although the entire site has probably not been excavated, the pottery assemblage of the pits is similar to other Early Copper Age settlements in the Middle Tisza Region. The graves also correspond to the Early Copper Age burial rites in the region, although, unlike cemeteries, graves in settlements often had no grave-good or only a few vessels.<fnref n="61" /> The anthropological traits also show similarities with the other analysed inhumations from this period.

The distribution of the pottery categories between the graves and the pits was uneven, many of them were only found in one context. Although, this may be due to the partial excavation of the site. The appearance of the surface treatment and decorative techniques were also frequently uneven. This can be explained by various factors, such as different habits, rules, or vessel functions. Besides, the burial rite, grave-goods, and the utilitarian function of the pottery grave-goods probably reflect the social status or gender roles of the deceased individuals. Furthermore, the pathological traces of the skeletons carry important information about dietary, behavioural, and living conditions.

Therefore, the comprehensive description of the Early Copper Age features and its finds provide valuable information of this period and an essential basis for further, more specific analysis. This includes the examination of the absolute chronology of the site, which can clarify the relationship between the settlement and the grave group, as well as the relationship between the burials.

## ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express my gratitude to Zsuzsanna Siklósi for reviewing the text, Tamás Hajdu for his help in the anthropological analysis of the human remains, and Márton Szilágyi for his comments on the pottery typology. We are grateful to Katalin Sebők and Zoltán Polgár for the opportunity to publish the site, as well as to Norbert Faragó and the archaeologists of the Damjanich János Museum for their help in finding and transporting the material.

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# Kora rézkori település és sírcsoport Tiszagyenda-Vágott-halomról
## (előzetes jelentés)

Solnay Eszter – Gémes Anett

A Tiszagyenda-Vágott-halom (NKT-17) lelőhelyet 2010 és 2011 között tárta fel két fázisban Sebők Katalin és Polgár Zoltán a Nagykunsági Víztározó építése során. A lelőhely az Alföldön, a Közép-Tisza-vidéken, egy régi vízfolyás menti magasparton található. Négy kora rézkori gödröt és egy kilenc temetkezésből álló, szintén kora rézkori sírcsoportot tártak fel, melyek térben nem választhatóak el egyértelműen egymástól (1. kép). A lelőhelyről egyelőre nem állnak rendelkezésre radiokarbon dátumok. A tanulmány célja a leletanyag elsődleges feldolgozása és közlése.

A települési gödrökből (3/3, 9/9, 36/36. és 389. gödrök) főként kerámia és néhány állatcsont került elő (2. kép; 1. táblázat). A leggyakoribbak a különböző típusú tálak voltak, például kónikus, S-profilú, vagy gömbszelet alakú, azonban más edényformák, például virágcserép alakú edények, poharak, korsók, tárolóedények, bögrék, vagy miniatűr edények is előfordultak (3. táblázat). Az edények simítása és csiszolása is megfigyelhető, gyakran az edényformától függetlenül (4. táblázat). A leggyakoribb díszítések a bütykök, de bekarcolt, benyomott vagy bepöttyözött minták is megjelennek (5. táblázat).

A sírokban (45/45, 258/425, 258/500, 302/409, 308/426, 311/441, 337/479, 358/510 és 360/513) (4–11. kép; 2. táblázat) a leggyakoribb melléklettípus a kerámiaedény, de előfordultak más leletek is, mint a pattintott kövek, gyöngyök, állatcsontok, vagy réz- és csontár. A sírgödrök és a vázak tájolása délkelet-északnyugat vagy kelet-nyugat irányú. A férfiakat jobb oldalukra, a nőket pedig bal oldalukra zsugorítva temették el. Így a sírok követik az alföldi kora rézkori temetők, például Tiszapolgár-Basatanya vagy Tiszavalk-Kenderföld, alapján felvázolható általános temetkezési rítust. Azonban fontos megjegyezni, hogy a temetőkkel ellentétben a településeken lévő sírokban gyakran nincs melléklet, vagy csak néhány edény. Így ebben a tekintetben a tiszagyendai sírok eltérnek ezektől a temetkezésektől,

hasonlóan a Rákóczifalva-Bivaly-tó 1/c településén feltárt egyetlen kora rézkori sírhoz.

A temetkezésekben is a különböző típusú tálak voltak a leggyakoribbak, azonban korsók, virágcserép alakú edények, kétfülű csészk és poharak is előkerültek (3. táblázat). Ezek közül néhány forma nem ismert a települési objektumokból, azonban nem lehet kizárni, hogy ez a feltárás kis kiterjedéséből adódik. A temetkezésekben talált edényeken is megjelenik a simítás, csiszolás, illetve a bekarcolt és benyomott díszítés, arányaiban gyakrabban, mint a települési objektumokban (4. táblázat). A bepöttyözött díszítés azonban hiányzik (5. táblázat). A sírkerámiák haszonelvű funkciójában a Felső-Tisza-vidékhez hasonlóan itt is fel lehet fedezni az eltemetett egyének szociális státuszával és nemével kapcsolatos mintázatokat. Megfigyelhető volt az erősen individualizált alapkészlet, valamint főzéssel és közösségi fogyasztással összeköthető edénytípusok.

Összesen kilenc halott került elő a sírokból, egy gyermek (infans II), egy juvenis korú egyén, három nő és három férfi. Az újszülöttek és a kisgyermekek hiányoztak. A nők fiatalabb korban hunytak el, 21–23 és 35 éves koruk között, míg a férfiak 35 és 55 éves koruk között. A leggyakoribb patológiai jegy a különböző ízületi felszíneken megfigyelhető porckopás lenyomata (13. kép), mely genetikai adottságokkal, korral, nemmel és megnövekedett fizikai aktivitással is összefüggésbe hozható, akárcsak a szintén megfigyelhető spondylodiscitis, vagyis a porckorong gyulladásának csontani manifesztációja (15. kép). Emellett megfigyelhetőek többek között szüléssel vagy fertőzéses eredetű megbetegedéssel összeköthető gyulladások. A fogpatológia esetében igen gyakori volt a fogak kopása, melyet feltehetően a nem megfelelően őrölt gabona fogyasztása okozott. Továbbá azonosítható volt fogszuvasodás, tályog vagy ciszta, illetve premortem fogvesztés is.
The recorded anthropological data of the individuals at Tiszagyenda-Vágott-halom: Supplementary material Tiszagyenda-Vágott-halmon vizsgált egyéneken felvett antropológiai adatok (Melléklet)

<caption>**Supplementary Table 1.** Non-metric traits of the skull (NA = not available/missing, -: not present, 1: present)</caption>

1. melléklet táblázat. A koponyák nem metrikus jegyei (NA = nem elérhető/hiányzó, -: nincs jelen, 1: jelen van)

<table><thead><tr><th>non-metric traits</th><th>grave 311/441</th><th>grave 358/510</th><th>grave 360/513</th><th>grave 258/500</th><th>grave 308/426</th><th>grave 337/479</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Sutura metopica</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Fissura metopica</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Sutura supranasalis</td><td>NA</td><td>-</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Structurae supraorbitales</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Structurae supratrochleares</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Foramen infraorbitalis</td><td>NA</td><td>-</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>Sutura infraorbitalis</td><td>NA</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>Tuber zygomaxillare</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>NA</td><td>-</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>Foramen zygomaticofacialis</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Os japonicum</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>NA</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Tuber marginale</td><td>-</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Os bregmaticum</td><td>NA</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Os epiptericum</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>-</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>Ossa suturae coronalis</td><td>NA</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Ossa suturae sagittalis</td><td>NA</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Os lambdae</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Os incae</td><td>NA</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Ossa wormiana</td><td>NA</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Os astericum</td><td>NA</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Ossa incisurae parietalis</td><td>NA</td><td>-</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Os suturae squamosae</td><td>NA</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Foramen parietale</td><td>NA</td><td>-</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Sutura squamomastoidea</td><td>NA</td><td>-</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Torus auditivus</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Torus mandibulae</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Torus maxillaris</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Torus palatinus</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Foramen palatina minor</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>Ponticulus mylohiodeus</td><td>NA</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Foramen mentale</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Tuber praecondylaris</td><td>NA</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>NA</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Condylus occipitalis bipartitum</td><td>NA</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>NA</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Canalis hypoglossi</td><td>NA</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>NA</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Foramen Vesalius</td><td>NA</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>NA</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Foramen ovale incompleta</td><td>NA</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Frontotemporal articulation</td><td>NA</td><td>-</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr></tbody></table>

(continued)
<table><caption>**Supplementary Table 1. Continued**</caption><thead><tr><th>non-metric traits</th><th>grave 311/441</th><th>grave 358/510</th><th>grave 360/513</th><th>grave 258/500</th><th>grave 308/426</th><th>grave 337/479</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Foramen mastoideus</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Occipitomastoid ossicle</td><td>NA</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Foramen Huschke</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr></tbody></table>

**Supplementary Table 2.** Grades of expression of tooth and root non-metric traits (U = upper, L = lower, S = sinister/left, D = dexter/right, I1 = first incisor, P1 = first premolar, P2 = second premolar, M1 = first molar, M2 = second molar, M3 = third molar, NA = not available, m = missing, UE = unerupted)

**2. melléklet táblázat.** A fog és gyökér nem-metrikus jegyeiknek kifejeződési fokozatai (U = felső, L = alsó, S = bal, D = jobb, I1 = első metszőfog, P1 = első kisörlő, P2 = második kisörlő, M1 = első nagyörlő, M2 = második nagyörlő, M3 = harmadik nagyörlő, NA = nem elérhető, m = hiányzó, UE = elő nem tört)

<table><thead><tr><th>Traits</th><th>Tooth</th><th>Side</th><th>Grave 258/500</th><th>Grave 308/426</th><th>Grave 337/479</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2">Winging</td><td>U_I1</td><td>S</td><td>0</td><td>NA</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>U_I1</td><td>D</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>m</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Shoveling</td><td>U_I1</td><td>S</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>U_I1</td><td>D</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>m</td></tr><tr><td>U_I2</td><td>S</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>U_I2</td><td>D</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Double shoveling</td><td>U_I1</td><td>S</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>U_I1</td><td>D</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>m</td></tr><tr><td>U_I2</td><td>S</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>U_I2</td><td>D</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Interruption groove</td><td>U_I1</td><td>S</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>U_I1</td><td>D</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>m</td></tr><tr><td>U_I2</td><td>S</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>U_I2</td><td>D</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5">Tuberculum dentale</td><td>U_I1</td><td>S</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>3/4</td></tr><tr><td>U_I1</td><td>D</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>m</td></tr><tr><td>U_I2</td><td>S</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>U_I2</td><td>D</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>U_C</td><td>S</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Bushmann canine</td><td>U_C</td><td>S</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>U_C</td><td>D</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Distal accessory ridge</td><td>U_C</td><td>S</td><td>NA</td><td>m</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>U_C</td><td>D</td><td>NA</td><td>m</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>L_C</td><td>S</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>m</td></tr><tr><td>L_C</td><td>D</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Premolar accessory ridge</td><td>U_P1</td><td>S</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>U_P1</td><td>D</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>0</td></tr></tbody></table>

(continued)
<table><caption>Supplementary Table 2. Continued</caption><thead><tr><th>Traits</th><th>Tooth</th><th>Side</th><th>Grave 258/500</th><th>Grave 308/426</th><th>Grave 337/479</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="6"></td><td rowspan="2">U_P2</td><td>S</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">L_P1</td><td>S</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">L_P2</td><td>S</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Lingual Cusps</td><td rowspan="2">L_P1</td><td>S</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>2</td><td>m</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">L_P2</td><td>S</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>1</td><td>m</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Uto-Aztecan premolar</td><td rowspan="2">U_P1</td><td>S</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="6">Metacone</td><td rowspan="2">U_M1</td><td>S</td><td>5</td><td>5</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>5</td><td>5</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">U_M2</td><td>S</td><td>4</td><td>4</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>4</td><td>4</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">U_M3</td><td>S</td><td>4</td><td>m</td><td>UE</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>4</td><td>m</td><td>UE</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="6">Hypocone</td><td rowspan="2">U_M1</td><td>S</td><td>5</td><td>5</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>5</td><td>5</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">U_M2</td><td>S</td><td>3</td><td>3</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>3</td><td>4</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">U_M3</td><td>S</td><td>3</td><td>m</td><td>UE</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>3</td><td>m</td><td>UE</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Anterior fovea</td><td rowspan="2">L_M1</td><td>S</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>NA</td><td>m</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="6">Groove pattern</td><td rowspan="2">L_M1</td><td>S</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>Y</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>NA</td><td>m</td><td>Y</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">L_M2</td><td>S</td><td>NA</td><td>+</td><td>X</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>X</td><td>m</td><td>X</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">L_M3</td><td>S</td><td>+</td><td>Y</td><td>UE</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>+</td><td>m</td><td>UE</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Deflecting wrinkle</td><td rowspan="2">L_M1</td><td>S</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>NA</td><td>m</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Cusp5</td><td rowspan="2">U_M1</td><td>S</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">U_M2</td><td>S</td><td>4</td><td>0</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>3</td></tr></tbody></table>

(continued)
<table><caption>Supplementary Table 2. Continued</caption><thead><tr><th>Traits</th><th>Tooth</th><th>Side</th><th>Grave 258/500</th><th>Grave 308/426</th><th>Grave 337/479</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="10"></td><td rowspan="2">U_M3</td><td>S</td><td>5</td><td>m</td><td>UE</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>4</td><td>m</td><td>UE</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">L_M1</td><td>S</td><td>5</td><td>4</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>5</td><td>m</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">L_M2</td><td>S</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">L_M3</td><td>S</td><td>5</td><td>4</td><td>UE</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>5</td><td>m</td><td>UE</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5">Cusp 6</td><td rowspan="2">L_M1</td><td>S</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">L_M2</td><td>S</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">L_M3</td><td>S</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>UE</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>UE</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5">Cusp 7</td><td rowspan="2">L_M1</td><td>S</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">L_M2</td><td>S</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">L_M3</td><td>S</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>UE</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>UE</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5">Carabelli's trait</td><td rowspan="2">U_M1</td><td>S</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">U_M2</td><td>S</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">U_M3</td><td>S</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>UE</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>UE</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5">Parastyle</td><td rowspan="2">U_M1</td><td>S</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">U_M2</td><td>S</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">U_M3</td><td>S</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>UE</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>UE</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5">Distal trigonid crest</td><td rowspan="2">L_M1</td><td>S</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>NA</td><td>m</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">L_M2</td><td>S</td><td>NA</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>NA</td><td>m</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">L_M3</td><td>S</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>U</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>U</td></tr></tbody></table>

(continued)
<table><caption>Supplementary Table 2. Continued</caption><thead><tr><th>Traits</th><th>Tooth</th><th>Side</th><th>Grave 258/500</th><th>Grave 308/426</th><th>Grave 337/479</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="6">Protostylid</td><td rowspan="2">L_M1</td><td>S</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">L_M2</td><td>S</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">L_M3</td><td>S</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>UE</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>UE</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="12">Enamel extension</td><td rowspan="2">U_M1</td><td>S</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">U_M2</td><td>S</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">U_M3</td><td>S</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>UE</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>UE</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">L_M1</td><td>S</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">L_M2</td><td>S</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">L_M3</td><td>S</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>UE</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>UE</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="12">Root number</td><td rowspan="2">U_P1</td><td>S</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>2</td><td>m</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">U_P2</td><td>S</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>1</td><td>m</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">U_M1</td><td>S</td><td>3</td><td>3</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>3</td><td>3</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">U_M2</td><td>S</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">U_M3</td><td>S</td><td>3</td><td>m</td><td>UE</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>3</td><td>m</td><td>UE</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">L_C</td><td>S</td><td>1</td><td>m</td><td>m</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>1</td><td>m</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">L_P1</td><td>S</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>1</td><td>m</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">L_P2</td><td>S</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>1</td><td>m</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">L_M1</td><td>S</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>2</td><td>m</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">L_M2</td><td>S</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>1</td><td>m</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">L_M3</td><td>S</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>UE</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>1</td><td>m</td><td>UE</td></tr></tbody></table>

(continued)
**Supplementary Table 2. Continued**

<table><thead><tr><th>Traits</th><th>Tooth</th><th>Side</th><th>Grave 258/500</th><th>Grave 308/426</th><th>Grave 337/479</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2">Tomes' root</td><td>L_P1</td><td>S</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Peg/Reduce</td><td>U_I2</td><td>S</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>U_M3</td><td>S</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>UE</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>UE</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="8">Odontome</td><td>U_P1</td><td>S</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>U_P2</td><td>S</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>L_P1</td><td>S</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>L_P2</td><td>S</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>0</td><td>m</td><td>0</td></tr></tbody></table>

**Supplementary Table 3. Individual measurements of long bones, females (in millimetres)**

**3. melléklet táblázat.** A hosszú csontok egyedi méretei, nők (milliméterben megadva)

<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Martin No.<br>Graves</th><th colspan="2">Clavicle 1</th><th colspan="2">Humerus 1</th><th colspan="2">Ulna 1</th><th colspan="2">Radius 1</th><th colspan="2">Femur 1</th><th colspan="2">Tibia 1</th></tr><tr><th>left</th><th>right</th><th>left</th><th>right</th><th>left</th><th>right</th><th>left</th><th>right</th><th>left</th><th>right</th><th>left</th><th>right</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>258/425</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>410</td><td>403</td><td>329</td><td>329</td></tr><tr><td>258/500</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>291</td><td>297</td><td>240</td><td>-</td><td>223</td><td>222</td><td>417</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>308/426</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>298</td><td>-</td><td>240</td><td>239</td><td>218</td><td>218</td><td>422</td><td>419</td><td>342</td><td>344</td></tr></tbody></table>

**Supplementary Table 4. Individual measurements of long bones, males (in millimetres)**

**4. melléklet táblázat.** A hosszú csontok egyedi méretei, férfiak (milliméterben megadva)

<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Martin No.<br>Graves</th><th colspan="2">Clavicle 1</th><th colspan="2">Humerus 1</th><th colspan="2">Ulna 1</th><th colspan="2">Radius 1</th><th colspan="2">Femur 1</th><th colspan="2">Tibia 1</th></tr><tr><th>left</th><th>right</th><th>left</th><th>right</th><th>left</th><th>right</th><th>left</th><th>right</th><th>left</th><th>right</th><th>left</th><th>right</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>311/441</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>356</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>302/409</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>377</td></tr><tr><td>358/510</td><td>-</td><td>148</td><td>296</td><td>297</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>428</td><td>424</td><td>353</td><td>350</td></tr><tr><td>360/513</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>260</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>246</td><td>-</td><td>452</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr></tbody></table>