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# Experimental Evidence that Positive Ions Ascend and Negative Ions Descend Towards the Center of Earth

Shlomo Barak, Yair Neve-Oz, Arie Zigler

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## To cite this version:

Shlomo Barak, Yair Neve-Oz, Arie Zigler. Experimental Evidence that Positive Ions Ascend and Negative Ions Descend Towards the Center of Earth. 2024. hal-04664992

HAL Id: hal-04664992

https://hal.science/hal-04664992v1

Preprint submitted on 30 Jul 2024

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# Experimental Evidence that Positive Ions Ascend and Negative Ions Descend Towards the Center of Earth

Shlomo Barak¹ Yair Neve-Oz² Arie Zigler²

16 Jun 2024

1 Taga Innovations 16 Beit Hillel St. Tel Aviv 6701716 Israel

2 Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel

Corresponding author: shlomo@tagapro.com

## Abstract

In our experiment, conducted at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJI), we show that positively charged ions **go upwards** and negatively charged ions **go downward** towards the center of the earth.

These ions are accelerated up and down by more than three to four times the rate of free fall acceleration.

Our results are in contrast to the current understanding of physics.

Keywords: Gravitation; Electromagnetism; Geometrodynamics; Ion; charge
# 1. Our Experiment and the Free Fall of an Electron

In the current paradigm in physics charged particles are supposed to follow Galileo Universality Free Fall law, since they have mass. Their charge, however, is not regarded. It is understood that gravitation and electromagnetism do not interact.

Neutrons fall freely in the gravitational field [1]. Electrons, however, fall with an acceleration of 0.1g rather than g. This result was predicted [2] and demonstrated experimentally [3]. This result is explained by the presence of an electric field, created by the gravitational field and opposing it. This electric field is the gravitational “polarization” of the metallic tube used in the experiment. To date, this is the only free-fall experiment that has been performed on an elementary particle and non on ions.

We found that experimentally it is easier to examine the “free fall” of ions. We used a vacuum chamber that served also as a Faraday Cage, to isolate the ions from the electric field of earth [4]. We distanced our device from the walls of the chamber to avoid polarization effects. The results of our experiment presented below show that the ions move contra the earth electric field and contra any possible polarization effect of the chamber’s wall.

Gravitation, according to General Relativity, is a deformation of space (curving). We were motivated to conduct this experiment by our wonder whether electrical charges and their fields are also deformations of space – the idea that reality is merely the GeometroDynamics of Space [6]. Hence our effort to verify experimentally the motion of Positive and Negative Ions in the “Gravitational Field”.

**Note**, that a Faraday Cage isolates the inside of it from outside electrical fields. Gravitation (space deformation), however, penetrates the inside and creates due to its gradient the motion up
and down of the ions as if an inner electrical field (space deformation) is present. This
phenomenon is discussed elsewhere but is out of the scope of this paper.

The relevant details of the experiment are presented. Physicists are encouraged to replicate it and
to conduct similar experiments with electrons and protons.

The Experiment Device

A rectangular plastic frame olds an upper metallic plate of 18 by 18 cm and a similar lower Plate
30 cm apart, see Fig (1). Two ionizers, of positive ions and that of negative ions, are attached to
the frame, Fig (1). The ionizers (Brown arrows) are at equal distances from the metallic plates
(Blue arrows).

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /><figcaption>Fig. (1) The Device</figcaption></figure>

The device is placed in a metallic vacuum chamber with a diameter of 120 cm and height of 45 cm. This chamber serves also as a Faraday Cage and the distance of the devise from the cylindrical wall allows us to neglect the influence of induced electrical fields due to gravitation [1].
The ionizers are commercial Bipolar Ionizers (see below) modified by us to become single ion
ionizers one for positive ions and the other for negative ions. These ionizers produce at
atmospheric pressure concentrations of up to 7 million positively charged ions, and 8 million
negatively charged ions at 15cm from the carbon tips. The positive tip voltage is +3.0±0.5KV
and that of the negative tip is -4.0±0.5KV. These tips are equal-distance from the plates; hence
the ions are not deflected by a residual field toward one of the plates. This was checked and is
reported in one of the following sections.

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>Fig. (2) The Device Inside the Vacuum Chamber</figcaption></figure>

**2. The Experimental Method**

In all the steps we take we measure the voltage of the upper plate relative to ground versus the
voltage of the lower plate relative to ground.
The going up of positive ions results a **positive volage** of the upper plate compared to a lower volage of the lower plate

The going down of negative ions results a **more negative volage** of the lower plate compared to the negative volage of the upper plate

"Spraying" both positive and negative ions results a positive voltage of the upper plate and a negative voltage of the lower plate. We, however, preferred to conduct separate experiments with the two types of ions.

The pressure of Air in the Vacuum Chamber has been reduced to the range of 40 to 10 Torrs. At these pressures there are enough molecules to become ionized and move relatively "free".

**3. Experimental Results**

Most of the positive ions ascend. It is evident from the ratio of the voltage of the upper plate (relative to ground) to the voltage of the lower plate (relative to ground), which is better than 11 mV/1 mV.

Most of the negative ions descend. It is evident from the ratio of the voltage of the lower plate (relative to ground) to the voltage of the upper plate (relative to ground), which is better than -16 mV/2 mV.

**Left - Positive Ions** 40 Torr (04 Jun 2024)

**Right - Negative Ions** 10 Torr (06 Jun 2024)

Upper Plate Signal - Blue

Lower plate Signal - Brown
<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>Fig. (3) The Experimental results (4 and 6 Jun 2024)</figcaption></figure>

## 4. The Ascend/Descend Rate of Acceleration a

From the rise-time of the signals, less than 0.1 sec, we calculate the rate of acceleration a. We use the known equation: $H = \frac{1}{2} at^2$, $H = 0.15m$ the distance of the ionizer from the plates,

the rise-time $t = 0.1$ sec, as seen from the graphs and hence we need measurement or data for instrumental rise time.

Our calculated acceleration (probably much less than the real one) is:

$a \sim 30 \text{ m/sec}^2$, which is **three times** the gravitational free fall acceleration $9.81 \text{ m/sec}^2$.

## 5. The “Electrical Field” of the Penetrating “Gravitational Field”

The atomic mass of oxygen is 16 and that of nitrogen 14. On the average we can take the mass of an ion in our experiment as: $M \sim 15 \cdot 2000 \cdot 10^{-27} \text{gr} = 3 \cdot 10^{-23} \text{gr} = 3 \cdot 10^{-26} \text{ kg}$
The force on an ion is: $F = M \cdot a \sim 10^{-24} \text{ N}$

The “Electric field” E of the “gravitational Field” is $E = F/Q_e$ where the elementary charge is

$$Q_e = 1.6 \cdot 10^{-19} \text{c. Hence: } E = 10^{-24}/1.6 \cdot 10^{-19} = 6 \cdot 10^{-6} \text{ Volt/m.}$$

This low result is obtained based on the “rise-time” in Section 5.

We have reasons to assume that a much higher “Electric field” will be revealed.

## 6. The Number of Ions that Reached the Plates

The pressure of Air in the Vacuum Chamber has been reduced to the range of 40 to 10 Torrs. At this pressures there are enough molecules to become ionized and relatively “free” motion.

The Number of Ions that reached the Plates is calculated as follows:

We can relate to the two plates of area A and separated by a distance d as a capacitor. The capacitance in this case is: $C = \epsilon_0 A/d$

$$\epsilon_0 = 8.85 \cdot 10^{-12} \text{ F/m} \quad A \sim 4 \cdot 10^{-2} \text{ m}^2 \quad d = 3 \cdot 10^{-1} \text{ m}$$

$C \sim 1 \cdot 10^{-12} \text{ F}$ and the voltage in the experiment is around 10 to 20 mV~$10^{-2} \text{ V}$.

The charge on the plates is therefor: $Q = C \cdot V = 1 \cdot 10^{-12} \cdot 10^{-2} = 10^{-14} \text{c} = 10^5 \text{Q_e}$

The ionizers are supposed to produce ~$7 \cdot 10^6$ ions at atmospheric pressure but we have reduced the pressure to 10 Torrs. Hence, we were left with only $10^5$ ions, as our calculation shows.

## 7. Residual Field due to the Tips High Voltage

The pressure of Air in the Vacuum Chamber was reduced to ~$2 \cdot 10^{-3}$ Torrs. At this pressure there are only very few molecules to become ionized and affect the plates voltages. We measured the voltage between the plates by operating the positive ionizer and then the negative ionizer. The
results are presented in Appendix C

**8. The Results for a Tilted Device**

By tilting the device by 90 degrees (Horizontally - perpendicularly to the vector from the center of earth) Fig (4) the voltages of the plates are becoming equal for both positive and negative ions. Below Fig. (5) are the result taken on 26 Jun 2024.

<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>Fig. (4) The Tilted Device</figcaption></figure>

“Upper” Plate Signal - Blue “Lower” plate Signal - Brown

<figure><img src="image_7.png" /><figcaption>Fig. (5) Results for a Tilted Device 26 Jun 2024</figcaption></figure>

Compare this result to the result in Fig (3).
# 9 Summary

This document presents findings from an experiment conducted at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJI). The key points of the experiment are:

1. **Ion Movement:** The experiment demonstrated that positively charged ions ascend, while negatively charged ions descend towards the center of the Earth.

2. **Acceleration:** These ions are accelerated at a rate, which is **at least** three to four times the rate of free fall acceleration.

3. **GeometroDynamic Model (GDM):** The results align with the GeometroDynamic Model (GDM) of the physical reality proposed by the researchers. This model suggests that gravitation and electromagnetism are unified as manifestations of the geometrodynamics of space, which contrasts with the current understanding of these fields as distinct entities.

4. **Replication and Further Research:** The authors encourage other physicists to replicate the experiment and to conduct similar tests using electrons and protons to validate and expand upon these findings.

# References

[1] L. Koester Physical Rev. D Vol. 14 No, 4 p. 907 (1976)

[2] L.I. Schiff and M.V. Barnhill - Physical Review, 1966 - APS

[3] F. C. Witteborn and W. M. Fairbank: Phys Rev Lett Vol 19 No. 18 p. 1049 (1967)

[4] R. Feynman: Lectures on Physics Volume 2 Addison-Wesley (1963)
[5] Harrison, R. G. ; Aplin, K. L. ; Leblanc, F. ; Yair, Y.: Planetary Atmospheric Electricity
Space Science Reviews, Volume 137, Issue 1-4, pp. 5-10 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-008-9419z

[6] W. Misner K. Thorne J.A. Wheeler: Gravitation Freeman (1970)

# Appendix A The Ionizer

## Bipolar Ion Generator

Brand: HBP

## Product description

Bipolar Ion Generator, Model TFB-YA24146, adopts high output voltage discharging technology, producing millions of positively and negatively charged ions into the environment.

## Specifications

Model: TFB-YA24146

Input Voltage: 24V AC

Negative Ion Concentration: -8 million at 15 cm

Positive Ion Concentration: +7 million at 15 cm

<figure><img src="image_8.png" /><figcaption>Fig (A1) The Ionizer</figcaption></figure>
Negative Voltage Output: -4.0±0.5KV

Positive Voltage Output: +3.0±0.5KV

We modified the ionizers to become unipolar ionizers for positive and negative ions.

**Appendix B** Measurements of the Temporal Fluctuations and Spatial Homogeneity and Isotropy of the Ion Emission

<figure><img src="image_9.png" /><figcaption>Fig. (B1) The Test Matrix</figcaption></figure>

We built a device, Fig. (B1) that enabled us to take voltage measurements on 25 metallic pins, 9 centimeters above the pin of the ionizer and configured as a matrix. The temporal voltages showed +/- 30% fluctuations. The spatial homogeneity and isotropy are about +/- 15%. These results ensure the validity of our assertions, since our plates are large enough to collect a large percentage of the ions.
# Appendix C On Electric and Magnetic Fields that Might Interfere

## Electric Fields

The Vacuum chamber is a Faraday Cage. Yet, one can argue that the electric field of earth, due to its stratospheric positive charge [4] which is ~ 100 V/m, somehow penetrates the chamber. The direction of this field, however, is against the direction of motion of the ions in our experiment.

<figure><img src="image_10.png" /><figcaption>Fig. (C1) The Plates Voltages Without Operating Ionizers</figcaption></figure>

We also took measurements of the potential of the plates of our device at a pressure of about 2 millitorrs and it is about 1 millivolt, Fig (C1). It is known [1] [2] [3] that gravitation induces an electric field in metallic cylindrical tubes perpendicular to the surface of earth. The direction of this field, however, is against the direction of motion of the ions in our experiment.

## Magnetic Field

The magnetic field of earth, and its induced magnetization of the chamber, is perpendicular to the gravitational field and therefor the force applied on the ions in our experiment is also perpendicular to the gravitational field and hence does not affect our results.
# Appendix D Theoretical Background

Some papers that shed light on the motivation to conduct this experiment:

## S. Barak: Electromagnetism is Space Geometrodynamics

Part 1: A Theoretical Derivation of Maxwell Equation of Electrostatics

https://doi.org/10.1364/opticaopen.23659188.

Part 2: Our General Relativity Field Equation that Incorporates Electromagnetism

https://doi.org/10.1364/opticaopen.24278044..

Part 3: Electromagnetism as the Geometrodynamics of Space

https://doi.org/10.1364/opticaopen.24288814

Part 4: The Elementary Charges and Particles

https://doi.org/10.1364/opticaopen.24296221.

S. Barak: The Unification of Gravitation and Electromagnetism

hal-02626064 (Jun. 2020), https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02626064

S. Barak: Attraction and Repulsion of Electrical Charges and Masses are the Result of

Ricci Flow DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.13714.67520