# A Grid-Connected Wireless Power Transfer System with LCC-Series Compensation, Interleaved Converters, and CC/CV Charging for Wide Power Range Applications

Mohammad Ramezani, Parisa Ranjbaran, Majid Pahlevani, Hossein Iman-Eini

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Mohammad Ramezani, Parisa Ranjbaran, Majid Pahlevani, Hossein Iman-Eini. A Grid-Connected Wireless Power Transfer System with LCC-Series Compensation, Interleaved Converters, and CC/CV Charging for Wide Power Range Applications. The 26th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications, GDR SEEDS France & EPE Association, Mar 2025, Paris, France. 10.34746/epe2025-0283. hal-05082288

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# A Grid-Connected Wireless Power Transfer System with LCC-Series Compensation, Interleaved Converters, and CC/CV Charging for Wide Power Range Applications

Mohammad Ramezani<sup>a, b</sup>, Parisa Ranjbaran<sup>a</sup>, Majid Pahlevani<sup>a</sup>, and Hossein Iman-Eini<sup>b</sup>

E-Mail: m.ramezani@queensu.ca, parisa.ranjbaran@queensu.ca, majid.pahlevani@queensu.ca, imaneini@ut.ac.ir

## Keywords

« Wireless Power Transmission », « Power factor correction », « CC-CV charging », « Interleaved converters ».

## Abstract

A 1 kW grid-connected wireless power transfer (WPT) system integrating LCC-Series (LCC-S) compensation network and interleaved converters at both input and output stages is presented in this paper. This combination achieves excellent voltage regulation and provides high efficiency over a wide range of power levels. An interleaved power factor correction (PFC) boost converter provides high input power quality meeting the IEEE 519 total harmonic distortion (THD) standards while an interleaved buck converter at the output stage minimizes the output current ripple and provides effective battery charging strategy. The constant current/constant voltage (CC/CV) charging scheme is implemented using a single proportional integral (PI) controller. The full analog design and operation reduce costs and improves reliability and noise immunity. Experimental results validate the robust performance of the system, making it suitable for practical applications.

## Introduction

Recent advances in power electronics have made efficient WPT feasible [1]. Attractive applications over a wide range of power, such as wireless charging of electric vehicles (EVs), autonomous drones, and body implant devices, are enabled by this technology [2].

A WPT charger is typically fed from the grid. In the first stage, the voltage is rectified while complying with regulatory standards. In the second stage, an inverter generates the high-

frequency signal required to feed the resonant circuit. Magnetically coupled coils transfer the power over a distance in the form of a magnetic field. The received ac power is rectified and processed on the receiver side to properly charge the battery [3].

A wide range of dc-dc and dc-ac converters are proposed and used for different stages of the WPT system. For the input stage, different control methods and topology variations are proposed in [4]. PFC boost converter is widely used as the ac-dc stage [5]. The input stage must satisfy the grid quality requirements [6]. As for the output stage dc-dc converter, managing the battery charging strategy including providing constant current constant voltage modes for the battery is a requirement. Various topologies and algorithms are proposed in the literature for the battery charging stage [7], [8].

For the dc-ac stage at the primary side of the system, full-bridge and half-bridge topologies can be used as voltage source inverter (VSI) or current source inverter (CSI). At higher power levels, VSIs offer the benefit of easier implementation as they do not require a bulky inductive link [9], [10]. CSIs are often used in lower power applications and applications where an accurate current control is required [11]. The first two stages can be combined using an ac-ac matrix converter [12]. However, matrix converters introduce lower reliability and a higher number of semiconductors.

A resonant tank is essential for an effective WPT. Various compensation networks are studied in the literature including basic and multi-resonant compensation networks. Basic compensation networks such as series-series and series-parallel provide lower cost and higher efficiency compared to the more complex networks with similar quality and coupling factors [13]. However, multi-resonant networks such as primary LCL and LCC provide better voltage

<footnote><sup>a</sup> Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada</footnote>

<footnote><sup>b</sup> School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran</footnote>
regulation and less component stress. In this type of compensation networks, LCL provides a flatter efficiency curve while LCC provides better voltage regulation [14].

The next important stage of a WPT system is the magnetic section that includes the transmitter and receiver coils. Nonpolarized configurations such as circular and square pads generate a symmetric magnetic flux around the center of the coil and generally offer a higher coupling factor and lower-cost implementation. polarized configurations such as double-D (DD) and double-D quadrature (DDQ) configurations offer greater robustness against misalignment [15].

The power transfer in WPT systems can be adjusted by controlling the variables in the system. Depending on the converters used, the power transfer can be adjusted by controlling frequency, duty cycle, phase shifts, and the dc link voltages [16]. For many of the approaches such as duty cycle and phase shift control, a communication link between primary and secondary side is required as they are physically separated [17]. Maintaining low noise in the digital communication link can be challenging due to strong magnetic field between primary and secondary side coils. Controlling dc links on each side separately provides more reliability but results in less flexibility [18].

At the final stage of a WPT system, where it connects to the battery of an EV, a charging strategy needs to be implemented. Most EVs use Li-ion batteries and charging these batteries using the CC/CV approach is the standard method [19]. Other approaches, such as pulsed voltage and pulsed current charging, are proposed in the literature and can increase the lifespan of the battery but do not necessarily provide the lowest losses [20], [21].

One of the design objectives of WPT systems is to achieve high efficiency over a wide range of power level as in many scenarios the system might not operate at its nominal power level. For example, increased distance or misalignment between transmitter and receiver coils can lead to a drop in the amount of transferred power. Utilizing LCC compensation network results in the best voltage regulation but leads to a more significant efficiency drop at lighter loads.

To address these challenges, this work designs the LCC-S section in accordance with other stages. The power level at which each stage reaches maximum efficiency is optimized to ensure a flat efficiency curve for the whole system over a wide range of power. This design ensures both

consistent voltage regulation and stable efficiency can be achieved consistently.

In this work, a grid-connected 1kW LCC-S WPT system with excellent voltage regulation, a flat efficiency curve, and CC/CV operation is designed and implemented. An interleaved PFC converter at the input stage provides high input power quality, meeting regulatory standards. At the receiver side, a well-regulated voltage is achieved and used for feeding an interleaved buck converter that provides CC/CV charging operation while maintaining low output voltage and current ripple. Stages are designed in coordination to minimize losses and maintain high efficiency across all power levels.

## System Characteristics

The general scheme of a three-stage grid-connected charger is depicted in Fig. 1 (a). In the off-board part of the circuit, low frequency grid voltage is rectified and is processed by a dc-dc converter and a high voltage dc link will be provided. The inverter at the next stage uses this dc link to produce high frequency voltage which is fed to a compensation network. This compensation network is connected to the transmitter coil. The received power on the receiver side will be connected to a secondary compensation circuit and after rectification, the power will be processed to charge the battery. The circuit shown in Fig. 1 (b) demonstrated the combination of converters in the WPT system presented in this work which includes an interleaved PFC, resonant converter with LCC-S compensation and an interleaved buck converter divided with dc links in between. In the following sections, the design and implementation of each stage is presented.

## DC-AC converter and LCC-S compensation

The objective of the second stage of the system in Fig. 1 (b) is to use the dc link at the transmitter side to feed the transmitter coil and assure the rectified voltage at the receiver side is a regulated dc voltage.

A resonant tank compensates for the massive leakage inductance that is created due to the physical distance between primary and secondary coils. The switching frequency is around the resonant frequency, so the impedance of the compensator and the leakage inductance be equal in magnitude. The full-bridge converter at the second stage in Fig. 1 (b) feeds the LCC
<figure><img src="image_2.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 1: WPT system. (a) General scheme of three stage WPT systems. (b) The WPT system used in this research that includes an interleaved PFC, LCC-S compensation and an interleaved buck converter.</figcaption></figure>

compensation network. The LCC network is connected to the power transmitter coil and the receiver coil is connected to the series compensation network as depicted in Fig. 1 (b). An equivalent circuit of the second stage is depicted in Fig. 2 (a), in which $V_s$ represents high frequency voltage generated by full-bridge converter and $L_1$, $C_1$ and $C_p$ construct LCC compensation network. The primary and the secondary coils are modeled as mutual inductances and $C_s$ makes the compensator circuit on the receiver side. $C_1$ and $C_p$ are adjusted to compensate for the reactive power consumed in the leakage and the mutual inductances as shown in equation (1).

$$ \frac{1}{C_1 \omega} + \frac{1}{C_p \omega} = L \omega \quad (1) $$

Also, capacitor $C_1$ resonates with the inductor $L_1$ in the LCC structure according to equation (2).

$$ L_1 \omega = \frac{1}{C_1 \omega} = L \omega - \frac{1}{C_p \omega} = X \quad (2) $$

The impedance $L\omega - \frac{1}{C_p\omega}$ is considered as X, the equivalent circuit can be redrawn Fig. 2 (b). According to Fig. 2 (b), the transmitter coil current $I_1$ can be written as in equation (3).

$$ I_1 = \frac{V_s}{jL_1 \omega} \quad (3) $$

As can be seen, the transmitter current is independent of load and the changes in the coupling factor due to misalignments does not change the primary coil current. Accordingly, the

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 2: Equivalent circuits of the second stage of WPT system. (a) LLC-S and WPT coils equivalent circuit. (b) Redrawn equivalent circuit considering defined impedance X. (c) Redrawn equivalent circuit for obtaining matrix description of the circuit.</figcaption></figure>

induced voltage on the secondary coil can be found in equation (4).

$$ V_{out} = j\omega MI_1 = \frac{kL}{L_1} V_s \quad (4) $$

According to (4), the induced voltage is only dependent on the input voltage, inductor $L_1$ and the frequency. Therefore, one of the most important characteristics of LCC-S structure is its solid voltage regulation performance in light load conditions where the secondary coil is far or not present. Considering the resistance of the coils, the equivalent circuit of the LCC-S can be redrawn as in Fig. 2 (c) and the matrix description of the circuit is shown in (5).

According to the equations provided and design objectives, the parameters are calculated and summarized in Table I.

## Magnetic section design and implementation

The circular nonpolarized coil structure was chosen for this application due to its high efficiency in cases where there is no misalignment. According to [21] the transmitter and receiver coils are designed with 14 turns and outer radius of 600 mm to ensure the coupling factor of 0.25 and self inductance of 200 µH with

$$ \left( \begin{array}{c} \frac{1}{j\omega C_1} + r_{L_1} + j\omega L_1 \\ -\frac{1}{j\omega C_1} \\ 0 \end{array} \right) + \left( \begin{array}{c} \frac{1}{j\omega C_1} + \frac{1}{j\omega C_p} + j\omega(L-M) + r_{L_0} + j\omega M \\ \frac{1}{j\omega C_1} + \frac{1}{j\omega C_p} + \frac{1}{j\omega C_s} + r_{L_s} + j\omega M \\ -\frac{1}{j\omega C_1} - j\omega M \end{array} \right) = \left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ -j\omega M \\ j\omega(L-M) + r_{L_s} + j\omega M + \frac{1}{j\omega C_s} + R_L \end{array} \right) \quad (5) $$
<table><caption>Table I: Stage 2 design values.</caption><thead><tr><td>Parameter</td><td>Design Value</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Switching frequency (f)</td><td>85 kHz</td></tr><tr><td>Self Inductance (L)</td><td>200 μH</td></tr><tr><td>Coupling Factor (k)</td><td>0.25</td></tr><tr><td>Series Inductor in LCC</td><td>103 μH</td></tr><tr><td>Series Capacitor in LCC (C<sub>1</sub>)</td><td>34 nF</td></tr><tr><td>Parallel Capacitor in LCC (C<sub>p</sub>)</td><td>36.2 nF</td></tr><tr><td>Secondary Series Capacitor (C<sub>s</sub>)</td><td>17.5 nF</td></tr></tbody></table>

the clearance of 200 mm between sides. Ferrite core bars are placed on one side of each coil to channel the magnetic fields.

The configuration of the magnetic section is shown in the finite element simulation snapshot in Fig. 3 (a) and the distribution of the magnetic field in the simulation is shown in Fig. 3 (b). The primary and the secondary coils were constructed with the same design specifications and 1000 strand litz wires were used to ensure small series resistance under high frequency operation. At 85 kHz, resistance of 330 mΩ was measured for both coils. The design values, simulation results and measured values of self inductance and coupling factor are summarized in Table II.

## Interleaved dc-dc converters at the input and output stages

Utilizing interleaved PFC (IPFC) is a popular approach for grid connected systems. IPFC decreases the inductor size, output voltage ripple and input current ripple at the cost of additional components. The power is transferred in two paths with 180 degrees phase difference. This will cause the current ripples in each path to cancel each other out, resulting in a smooth input current. The controller for IPFC is depicted in Fig. 4 where a conventional double loop controller is used for each of the interleaved parts with 180 degrees phase shift in the pulse-width modulation (PWM) signal. The described controller ensures a well-regulated transmitter side dc link and sinusoidal input current in phase with input voltage.

<table><caption>Table II: Design, simulation and measured parameters of the magnetic section.</caption><thead><tr><td></td><td>Design value</td><td>Simulation value</td><td>Measured value</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Transmitter coil self inductance</td><td>200 μH</td><td>205 μH</td><td>197.2 μH</td></tr><tr><td>Receiver coil self inductance</td><td>200 μH</td><td>205 μH</td><td>202.1 μH</td></tr><tr><td>Coupling factor</td><td>0.25</td><td>0.2245</td><td>0.2129</td></tr></tbody></table>

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 3: Magnetic structure in the simulation software. (a) The transmitter and receiver coils with 14 turns, outer radius of 600mm and the clearance of 200 mm. (b) The distribution of the magnetic field in the space between transmitter and receiver coils.</figcaption></figure>

Due to the mentioned superior characteristics, interleaving is also used for the buck converter at the last stage as shown in Fig. 1 (b). Compared to the conventional buck converter, the interleaved topology requires smaller inductors and lower rated semiconductors. Moreover, the current ripples of the parallel paths are 180 degrees out of phase and cancel each other out. This results in a small output current ripples which further reduces the need for huge output capacitors and inductors. Benefiting from the constant voltage provided from the LCC-S network at dc link of the receiver side and the independent control of the last stage, no communication link is needed between transmitter and the receiver sides. Considering the strong magnetic fields present in the WPT system, utilizing a communication link makes the system susceptible to noise. Not using a communication link is this work and utilizing and separately controlled scheme leads to a highly reliable wireless charging for the Li-ion batteries. CC/CV scheme is implemented completely analog using TL 494 IC. Analog implementation assures a high level of reliability and robustness to noise considering the high amount of magnetic filed in a WPT system. As depicted in Fig. 4, the single PI controller is tuned in a way that it can work with both current and voltage feedback. The current and voltage feedback are normalized to be
<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 4: Control scheme for IPFC and interleaved buck converter at the input and output stages.</figcaption></figure>

regulated with a single reference voltage of $V_{ref}$. A feedback selector circuit decides what feedback must be sent to the controller with respect to the state of charge (SoC) of the battery. For SoCs smaller than 70%, the current feedback is sent to the controller and for SoCs between 70% and 100%, voltage feedback is sent to the controller. Reading the output voltage is used as the measure of SoC level.

The design values for IPFC and interleaved buck converter are summarized in Table III.

## Experimental Results

The implemented 1kW grid-connected WPT system is depicted in Fig. 5 (a) is made of three main sections including the transmitter board, the primary and the secondary coils in the magnetic section and the receiver board. The transmitter board includes the IPFC boost converter which is responsible for maintaining input power quality in the standard range and providing dc link for the next stage. Then, the full-bridge converter is connected to the LCC compensation network, and the output of the transmitter circuit is connected to the transmitter coils. With the clearance of 200 mm, the receiver coil connected to the receiver

<table><caption>Table III: IPFC and interleaved buck converter design values.</caption><thead><tr><td>Parameter</td><td>Design Value</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>IPFC inductors</td><td>547 μH</td></tr><tr><td>IPFC output capacitor</td><td>2 × 220 μF</td></tr><tr><td>Interleaved buck input capacitors</td><td>4 × 330 μF</td></tr><tr><td>Interleaved buck inductors</td><td>225 μH</td></tr><tr><td>Interleaved buck output capacitor</td><td>2 × 220 μF</td></tr></tbody></table>

<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>(a)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_7.png" /><figcaption>(b)</figcaption></figure>

<caption>(c)</caption>

<caption>Fig. 5: Circuit boards sections and magnetic sections. (a) Power transmitter circuit board with its different sections. (b) Power receiver circuit board with its different sections. (c) Complete WPS system including transmitter and receiver boards and coils.</caption>

circuit, collects the transferred power. On the receiver circuit, the secondary coil is connected to the series compensation network and the rectifier. The constant dc voltage provided at the secondary side feeds the interleaved buck converter at the output stage to provide charging scheme for the battery.

Multiple tests over a wide range of power have been conducted to examine the performance of the WPT system. In Fig. 6 (a), the waveforms of the input voltage and the input current from the grid at the nominal power are depicted. The THD for the input current waveform is calculated for a wide range of power and as depicted in the diagram in Fig. 7 (a), THD meets IEEE 519 standard considering the short circuit current and power level. Also, the primary side dc link voltages level in different power levels are shown in Fig. 7 (a). The primary side dc link will remain
<figure><img src="image_8.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 6: Current and voltage waveforms at nominal load. (a) Input voltage and current. (b) Transmitter winding voltage and current. (c) Receiver winding voltage and current. (d) Output current and voltage in CC mode. (e) Output current and voltage in Transition between CC and CV modes. (f) Output current and voltage in CV mode.</figcaption></figure>

almost constant regardless of the level of the input power supplied from the grid.

In Fig. 6 (b) and (c), the voltage and current across the transmitter and receiver coils are shown at full power. As can be seen, a sinusoidal voltage waveform is applied to the transmitter coil due to the resonance created by the LCC network and the inductance of the coils. After compensation and rectification on the receiver side, from Fig. 7 (b), the rectified voltage shows only a slight variation when the power level changes. This is one of the merits of the LCC-S structure used for compensation. On the other hand, it can be seen that with the constant voltage, the dc current increases when the power level is increased.

In Fig. 6 (d), the output voltage and current of last stage connected to the battery in CC mode is depicted. Since the SoC is 55%, the charger is operating in CC mode and the current is set to 19.45 amperes. Battery voltage at this point is 40.73 volts. As the SoC increases, the current remains constant while the voltage increases until the point that it enters the CV mode. This point at SOC of 72% is depicted in Fig. 6 (e), where the current is 19.14 A, and the voltage has reached its peak value which is 49.13 V. As the SoC further increases, the voltage remains constant in the CV mode, while the current decreases as depicted in Fig. 6 (f), where shows the voltage and the current at SoC of 94%. At this point, the voltage has

remained constant at 49.09 V, while the current has dropped to 6.15 A. Fig. 7(c) shows the CC and CV modes over a wider range of changes in SoC. As it can be seen, the current is constant, and the voltage increases until SoC reaches 72%. After this point, the voltage remains constant and current decreases until battery is fully charged.

Fig. 7 (d) demonstrates the efficiency curve of each stage and the whole system with respect to the output power. As it can be seen the total efficiency remains constant and more than 70% over a wide range of power between 620 W and 942 W. The constant efficiency curve is achieved by designing each of the stages in a way that efficiency deficit in one stage is compensated by a higher efficiency in another stage. For example, around full power of 942 W, the efficiency of the full-bridge LCC-S and magnetics section drops to 84.2%. However, this drop is compensated by the higher efficiency of IPFC stage and the interleaved buck converter stage at this power level, offering 95.2% and 92.2% efficiency respectively resulting in 73.9 % total efficiency. Similarly, at 600 W output power, the efficiency drop in the IPFC stage is compensated by a higher efficiency in two other stages resulting in a constant efficiency curve for the whole WPS system.
<figure><img src="image_9.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 7: Experimental results over a wide range of power. (a) THD and primary side dc link voltage versus total input power. (b) Transmitter and receiver side dc link currents and rectified dc link voltage on the secondary side versus total input power. (c) Output current and voltage for charging battery versus estimated SoC of the battery showing CC and CV modes. (d) Efficiency of each stage and the total efficiency of WPT system versus output power.</figcaption></figure>

Conclusion

The design and implementation of a 1 kW grid-
connected WPT system with utilization of LCC-
S compensation network and interleaved
converters at the input and output stages is
discussed in this paper. This combination of
stages for WPS system resulted to a consistent
voltage regulation and high efficiency over a wide
range of power levels. Also, the system meets the
THD requirements and minimizes the current
ripple at both input and output terminals resulting
in high power quality and good battery charging
performance. The experiments demonstrated that
the system could maintain at least 70% of total
efficiency over a significant power range.
Additionally, the CC/CV charging scheme
utilizing only one PI controller at the output stage
ensures battery charging requirements. This work
successfully integrates several topologies,
compensation networks and magnetic structure to
provide a constant and high efficiency, standard

operation with regards to the input and output
waveforms, and robust performance making it
suitable for a range of practical applications such
as small vehicle charging stations.

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