# BioTIME 2.0: Expanding and Improving a Database of Biodiversity Time Series

Maria Dornelas, Laura Antão, Amanda Bates, Viviana Brambilla, Jonathan Chase, Cher Chow, Ada Fontrodona-Eslava, Anne Magurran, Inês Martins, Faye Moyes, et al.

<figure><img src="image_1.png" /></figure>

## To cite this version:

Maria Dornelas, Laura Antão, Amanda Bates, Viviana Brambilla, Jonathan Chase, et al. BioTIME 2.0: Expanding and Improving a Database of Biodiversity Time Series. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2025, 34 (5), 10.1111/geb.70003. hal-05069086

HAL Id: hal-05069086

https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05069086v1

Submitted on 15 May 2025

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<figure><img src="image_2.png" /></figure>
DATA ARTICLE

OPEN ACCESS

BioTIME 2.0: Expanding and Improving a Database of Biodiversity Time Series

Maria Dornelas¹,² ID | Laura H. Antão³ ID | Amanda E. Bates⁴ ID | Viviana Brambilla² ID | Jonathan M. Chase⁵,⁶ ID |
Cher F. Y. Chow¹ ID | Ada Fontrodona-Eslava¹ ID | Anne E. Magurran¹ ID | Inês S. Martins¹,⁷ ID | Faye Moyes¹ ID |
Alban Sagouis⁵,⁶ ID | Samuel Adu-Acheampong⁸ ID | Daniel Acquah-Lamptey⁹ ID | Dušan Adam¹⁰ ID |
Penelope A. Ajani¹¹ ID | Aitor Albaina¹² ID | Pablo Almaraz¹³ ID | Jeongseop An¹⁴ ID | Roger Sigismund Anderson¹⁵ ID |
Madelaine Jean Robertson Anderson¹⁶ ID | Alexsander Z. Antunes¹⁷ ID | Ivan Arismendi¹⁸ ID | Linda Armbrecht¹⁹ ID |
Pedro Aros-Mardones²⁰,²¹ ID | Sreejith Kalpuzha Ashtamoorthy²² ID | Narayanan Ayyappan²³ ID | Gal Badihi²⁴ ID |
Joseph J. Bailey²⁵ ID | Andrew H. Baird²⁶ ID | Mark Edward Baird²⁷ ID | Sreekumar Vadakkethil Balakrishnan²⁸ ID |
José António L. Barão-Nóbrega²⁹ ID | Adi Barash³⁰,³¹ ID | Miguel Barbosa¹,³² ID | Jos Barlow³³ ID | Claus Bässler³⁴,³⁵ ID |
Matthieu Beaumont³⁶ ID | Natalie Beenaerts³⁷ ID | Tiago Octavio Begot³⁸ ID | Wallace Beiroz³⁹,⁴⁰ ID | Ricardo Beldade⁴¹ ID |
David M. Bell⁴² ID | Alecia Bellgrove⁴³ ID | Jonathan Belmaker³¹,⁴⁴ ID | Lisandro Benedetti-Cecchi⁴⁵ ID |
Cassandra E. Benkwitt³³ ID | Pamela Medina-van Berkum⁴⁶,⁴⁷ ID | Brandon T. Bestelmeyer⁴⁸ ID | Matthew G. Betts⁴⁹ ID |
Maxwell Kelvin Billah⁸ ID | Anne D. Bjorkman⁵⁰,⁵¹ ID | Magdalena Blażewicz⁵² ID | Christopher P. Bloch⁵³ ID |
Shane A. Blowes⁵,⁶ ID | Antonio Bode⁵⁴ ID | Juliano A. Bogoni⁵⁵,⁵⁶ ID | Thomas Bolger⁵⁷,⁵⁸ ID | Timothy C. Bonebrake⁵⁹ ID |
Erik Bonsdorff⁶⁰ ID | Roberta Bottarin⁶¹ ID | Luke N. Brokensha⁶² ID | Rob W. Brooker⁶³ ID | Andrew J. Brooks⁶⁴ ID |
Helge Bruelheide⁵,⁶⁵ ID | Thiago Almeida Bueno⁶⁶ ID | Claire Laguionie⁶⁷,⁶⁸ ID | Mariana Lopes Campagnoli⁶⁹ ID |
James Cant¹,⁷⁰ ID | Erica Pellegrini Caramaschi⁷¹ ID | Alexandre Caron⁷² ID | Tadhg Carroll⁷ ID | Tancredi Caruso⁷⁵ ID |
Juan Carvajal-Quintero⁵,⁷³ ID | Giuseppe Castaldelli⁷⁴ ID | Edward Castañeda-Moya⁷⁵ ID | Pedro V. Castilho⁷⁶ ID |
Sonia Zanini Cechin⁷⁷ ID | Shahar Chaikin⁴⁴,⁷⁸ ID | Uchangi Manjunatha Chandrashekara⁷⁹ ID | Tory J. Chase⁸⁰ ID |
Chaolun Allen Chen⁸¹ ID | Jorge José Cherem⁸² ID | Sei-Woong Choi⁸³ ID | Erica M. Christensen⁸⁴,⁸⁵,⁸⁶ ID |
Alexander V. Christianini⁸⁷ ID | Jackson Wing Four Chu⁸⁸ ID | Peter Coad⁸⁹ ID | Carl Van Colen⁹⁰ ID | Lise Comte⁹¹ ID |
Elisabeth J. Cooper⁹² ID | J. Hans C. Cornelissen⁹³ ID | Eddy Cosson⁹⁴ ID | Unai Cotano⁹⁵ ID | Luc Crevecoeur⁹⁶ ID |
Shannan Kyle Crow⁹⁷ ID | Graeme S. Cumming⁹⁸ ID | Vanessa S. Daga⁹⁶ ID | Gabriella Damasceno⁹⁹ ID |
Gergana N. Daskalova¹⁰⁰ ID | Claire H. Davies²⁷ ID | Robert A. Davis¹⁰¹ ID | Frank P. Day¹⁰² ID | Sussy De-La-Zerda¹⁰³ ID |
Amy Elizabeth Deacon¹⁰⁴ ID | Indradatta de Castro-Arrazola¹⁰⁵,¹⁰⁶ ID | Steven Degraer¹⁰⁷ ID | Kharran Deonarinesingh¹⁰⁴ ID |
Juan C. Diaz-Ricaurte¹⁰⁸,¹⁰⁹ ID | Christopher R. Dickman¹¹⁰ ID | Tara Dirilgen⁵⁷,⁵⁸,¹¹¹ ID | Ciaran John Dolan¹¹²,¹¹³ ID |
J. Emmett Duffy¹¹⁴ ID | Timothy E. Dunn¹¹⁵ ID | Giselda Durigan¹¹⁶ ID | Ciara Dwyer¹¹⁷ ID | Stevan Earl¹¹⁸ ID |
Dor Edelist¹¹⁹ ID | Graham John Edgar¹²⁰ ID | Sally Edmondson¹²¹ ID | Ashley K. Elgin¹²² ID | Kari Elsa Ellingsen¹²³ ID |
Sarah C. Elmendorf¹²⁴,¹²⁵ ID | Ruth S. Eriksen²⁷,¹²⁶,¹²⁷ ID | S. K. Morgan Ernest¹²⁸ ID | Ruben Escribano¹²⁹ ID |
Paula Cabral Eterovick¹³⁰ ID | Brian S. Evans¹³¹ ID | Jason D. Everett¹³²,¹³³,¹³⁴ ID | Vesela Evtimova¹³⁵ ID |
Dan A. Exton⁴⁷ ID | Andrew J. Fairbairn¹³⁶ ID | Felipe Moreli Fantacini¹³⁷ ID | Fabiano Turini Farah¹³⁸ ID |
Fábio Zanella Farneda¹³⁹,¹⁴⁰ ID | Mario E. Favila¹⁴¹ ID | Philippe Fernandez-Fournier¹⁴² ID | Braulio Fernández-Zapata¹⁴³ ID |
Diogo F. Ferreira¹⁴⁴,¹⁴⁵ ID | Carola Ferronato¹⁴⁶ ID | Christopher R. du Feu¹⁴⁷ ID | Alessandra Fidelis¹⁴⁸ ID |
David A. Fifield¹⁴⁹ ID | Vilmar Picinatto Filho¹⁵⁰ ID | Walter Mesquita Filho¹⁵¹ ID | Robert N. L. Fitt¹⁵² ID |
Carlos A. H. Flechtmann¹⁵³ ID | William R. Fraser¹⁵⁴ ID | Donna L. Fraser¹⁵⁴ ID | Lídia Freixas¹⁵⁵ ID | John Fryxell¹⁵⁶ ID |
Garrett J. Fundakowski¹ ID | Scott Stanley Gabara¹⁵⁷ ID | Elise Gallois¹⁵⁸,¹⁵⁹ ID | Mariana García Criado¹⁵⁸ ID |
Emili García-Berthou¹⁶⁰ ID | Joaquim Garrabou¹⁶¹,¹⁶² ID | Andrew R. Gates¹⁶³ ID | Roberto Cazzolla Gatti¹⁶⁴ ID |
Anna Gavioli⁷⁴ ID | Tal Gavriel⁴⁴ ID | Benoit Gendreau-Berthiaume¹⁶⁵ ID | Xingli Giam¹⁶⁶ ID | Carina Gjerdrum¹⁶⁷ ID |
Michael Glemnitz¹⁶⁸ ID | Jasmin Annica Godbold¹⁴³ ID | Daniel Gómez-Gras¹⁶⁹,¹⁷⁰,¹⁷¹ ID | Rodrigo Barbosa Gonçalves³⁸ ID |
Andy Goold¹⁴⁷ ID | Richard R. Gordon¹⁷² ID | Menachem Goren³¹ ID | Fernando Vilas Boas Goulart¹⁷³ ID | William A. Gould¹⁷⁴ ID |
Meagan M. Grabowski¹⁷⁵ ID | Nicholas A. J. Graham³³ ID | Maurício Eduardo Graipel¹⁷⁶ ID | Laura J. Grange¹⁴³,¹⁷⁷ ID |
Aaron C. Greenville¹¹⁰ ID | Gary D. Grossman¹⁷⁸ ID | Valeria A. Guinder¹⁴⁶ ID | Peter Haase¹⁷⁹,¹⁸⁰ ID | Gary N. Haskins¹⁸¹ ID |
Kris Havstad¹⁸² ID | Luise Hermanutz¹⁸³ ID | Michael Julian Hames Hickford¹⁸⁴ ID | Pamela Hidalgo¹⁸⁵ ID |

For affiliations refer to page 8.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2025 The Author(s). *Global Ecology and Biogeography* published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
<table>
  <tr>
    <td>Pedro Higuchi<sup>186</sup></td>
    <td>Andrew S. Hoey<sup>26</sup></td>
    <td>Gert Van Hoey<sup>187</sup></td>
    <td>Annika Hofgaard<sup>188</sup></td>
    <td>Kristen T. Holeck<sup>189</sup></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Robert D. Hollister<sup>190</sup></td>
    <td>Richard T. Holmes<sup>191</sup></td>
    <td>Mia Odell Hoogenboom<sup>192</sup></td>
    <td>Joaquín Hortal<sup>193</sup></td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Tammy Horton<sup>163</sup></td>
    <td>Chih-hao Hsieh<sup>194</sup></td>
    <td>Christine L. Huffard<sup>195</sup></td>
    <td>Ida-Maria Huikkonen<sup>196</sup></td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Allen H. Hurlbert<sup>197,198</sup></td>
    <td>Julian Hynes<sup>199</sup></td>
    <td>Pascal Irz<sup>200</sup></td>
    <td>Natalia Macedo Ivanauskas<sup>201</sup></td>
    <td>Akemi Iwayama<sup>202</sup></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Darren K. James<sup>48</sup></td>
    <td>Ute Jandt<sup>5,65</sup></td>
    <td>Anna M. Jazdźewska<sup>52</sup></td>
    <td>Merlijn Jocque<sup>47,107,203</sup></td>
    <td>Sophie T. Johnston<sup>96</sup></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Samuel E. I. Jones<sup>47,204</sup></td>
    <td>Faith A. M. Jones<sup>205</sup></td>
    <td>Julia A. Jones<sup>206</sup></td>
    <td>Edite Jucevica<sup>207</sup></td>
    <td>Ugis Kagainis<sup>208,209</sup></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Maiko Kagami<sup>210</sup></td>
    <td>Jungwon Kang<sup>96</sup></td>
    <td>Xuejia Ke<sup>1</sup></td>
    <td>Erin Colleen Keeley<sup>211</sup></td>
    <td>Rebecca Kinnear<sup>1,212,213</sup></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Kari Klanderud<sup>214</sup></td>
    <td>Uwe Klinck<sup>215</sup></td>
    <td>Roel van Klink<sup>5,6</sup></td>
    <td>Stefan Klotz<sup>216</sup></td>
    <td>Carolien Knockaert<sup>217</sup></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Halvor Knutsen<sup>218,219</sup></td>
    <td>Matti Koivula<sup>220</sup></td>
    <td>Alessandra Kortz<sup>221</sup></td>
    <td>Peter Kriegel<sup>222</sup></td>
    <td>Chao-Yang Kuo<sup>223,224</sup></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>David J. Kushner<sup>225</sup></td>
    <td>Rosina Kyerematen<sup>8</sup></td>
    <td>Raphaël Lagarde<sup>226</sup></td>
    <td>Lesley T. Lancaster<sup>227</sup></td>
    <td>Ori Frid Landau<sup>228</sup></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Wouter Van Landuyt<sup>203</sup></td>
    <td>Eric R. Larson<sup>229</sup></td>
    <td>Mai Lazarus<sup>44</sup></td>
    <td>Cheol Min Lee<sup>230</sup></td>
    <td>Jonathan S. Lefcheck<sup>231</sup></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Jonas J. Lembrechts<sup>232,233</sup></td>
    <td>Renato A. Ferreira de Lima<sup>234</sup></td>
    <td>Romullo Guimarães Lima<sup>235</sup></td>
    <td>Nathália G. S. Lima<sup>236</sup></td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Cristina Linares<sup>170,171</sup></td>
    <td>Sandra C. Lindstrom<sup>237</sup></td>
    <td>Francisco Lloret<sup>238</sup></td>
    <td>John David Lloyd<sup>239</sup></td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Cleonice Maria Cardoso Lobato<sup>240</sup></td>
    <td>David M. Lodge<sup>241</sup></td>
    <td>Peter Richard Long<sup>242</sup></td>
    <td>Celeste López-Abbate<sup>146</sup></td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Adrià López-Baucells<sup>243</sup></td>
    <td>Julio Louzada<sup>244</sup></td>
    <td>Maite Louzao<sup>245</sup></td>
    <td>Antonella Lugliè<sup>246,247</sup></td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Micheli Ribeiro Luiz<sup>248</sup></td>
    <td>S. Ellen Macdonald<sup>249</sup></td>
    <td>Joshua S. Madin<sup>169</sup></td>
    <td>André Lincoln Barroso Magalhães<sup>250</sup></td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Rajindra Mahabir<sup>104</sup></td>
    <td>David Maphisa<sup>251,252,253,254</sup></td>
    <td>Thomas Edward Martin<sup>47,255</sup></td>
    <td>Marcio Martins<sup>109</sup></td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Patrick T. Martone<sup>256</sup></td>
    <td>Silvia Matesanz<sup>257,258</sup></td>
    <td>Shin-ichiro S. Matsuzaki<sup>259</sup></td>
    <td>Thomas J. Matthews<sup>260,261,262</sup></td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Iain McCombe Matthews<sup>1</sup></td>
    <td>Connie J. Maxwell<sup>48</sup></td>
    <td>Kent P. McFarland<sup>263</sup></td>
    <td>Brian J. McGill<sup>264,265</sup></td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Diane Marie McKnight<sup>266</sup></td>
    <td>Michael J. McWilliam<sup>1</sup></td>
    <td>Jason Meador<sup>267</sup></td>
    <td>Henning Meesenburg<sup>215</sup></td>
    <td>Kristin Meier<sup>168</sup></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Viesturs Melecis<sup>268</sup></td>
    <td>Peter L. Meserve<sup>269</sup></td>
    <td>Christoph F. J. Meyer<sup>270</sup></td>
    <td>Anders Michelsen<sup>271</sup></td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Natali Oliva Roman Miiller<sup>272</sup></td>
    <td>Marco Milardi<sup>273</sup></td>
    <td>Nataliya Milchakova<sup>274</sup></td>
    <td>Robert J. Miller<sup>275</sup></td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Jonathan Millett<sup>276</sup></td>
    <td>Tom Moens<sup>277</sup></td>
    <td>Luciano F. A. Montag<sup>278</sup></td>
    <td>Jon Moore<sup>279,280</sup></td>
    <td>Jörg Müller<sup>281,282</sup></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Akhil Murali<sup>22</sup></td>
    <td>Shauna Ann Murray<sup>11</sup></td>
    <td>Isla H. Myers-Smith<sup>158,237</sup></td>
    <td>Randall W. Myster<sup>283</sup></td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Masahiro Nakamura<sup>284</sup></td>
    <td>Sasi Nayar<sup>285</sup></td>
    <td>Francis Neat<sup>286</sup></td>
    <td>James A. Nelson<sup>287</sup></td>
    <td>Michael Paul Nelson<sup>49</sup></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Boris P. Nikolov<sup>135</sup></td>
    <td>Rym Nouioua<sup>288</sup></td>
    <td>Collins Ayine Nsor<sup>289</sup></td>
    <td>Michael O'Connor<sup>290</sup></td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Edward Adzesiwor Obodai<sup>96</sup></td>
    <td>Amy Marie Offland<sup>147</sup></td>
    <td>Romà Ogaya<sup>291</sup></td>
    <td>Hisako Ogura<sup>292</sup></td>
    <td>Thomas A. Okey<sup>293,294</sup></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Julian D. Olden<sup>295</sup></td>
    <td>Luiz Gustavo Rodrigues Oliveira-Santos<sup>296</sup></td>
    <td>Jeffrey C. Oliver<sup>297</sup></td>
    <td>Esben Moland Olsen<sup>218,219</sup></td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Vladimir G. Onipchenko<sup>298</sup></td>
    <td>Daniel Oro<sup>299</sup></td>
    <td>Davis Ozilens<sup>208</sup></td>
    <td>Krzysztof Pabis<sup>52</sup></td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Bachisio Mario Padedda<sup>246,247</sup></td>
    <td>Facundo X. Palacio<sup>300</sup></td>
    <td>Alain Paquette<sup>301</sup></td>
    <td>Sinta Trilestari Pardede<sup>302</sup></td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>David M. Paterson<sup>212</sup></td>
    <td>Sarah Pausina<sup>132,134</sup></td>
    <td>Raphaël Pélissier<sup>303,304</sup></td>
    <td>Steven C. Pennings<sup>305</sup></td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Josep Penuelas<sup>306</sup></td>
    <td>Felipe Walter Pereira<sup>307</sup></td>
    <td>Nivaldo Peroni<sup>55</sup></td>
    <td>Sergio Picó<sup>308</sup></td>
    <td>Francesca Pilotto<sup>309</sup></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hudson Tercio Pinheiro<sup>310</sup></td>
    <td>Oscar Pizarro<sup>311,312</sup></td>
    <td>Roberto Pizzolotto<sup>313</sup></td>
    <td>Francesco Pomati<sup>314</sup></td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Paulo Santos Pompeu<sup>315</sup></td>
    <td>Dominique Ponton<sup>316</sup></td>
    <td>Eric Post<sup>317</sup></td>
    <td>Nicolas Poulet<sup>318</sup></td>
    <td>Juha Pöyry<sup>196</sup></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Steven J. Presley<sup>319</sup></td>
    <td>Herbert H. T. Prins<sup>320</sup></td>
    <td>Pieter Provoost<sup>321</sup></td>
    <td>Kathleen L. Prudic<sup>322,323,324</sup></td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Vignesh Punjayil<sup>22</sup></td>
    <td>Petr Pyšek<sup>221,325</sup></td>
    <td>Pascal Querner<sup>326</sup></td>
    <td>Juan Pablo Quimbayo<sup>327</sup></td>
    <td>Indar W. Ramnarine<sup>104</sup></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Daniel C. Reed<sup>275</sup></td>
    <td>Peter Bernard Reich<sup>328,329</sup></td>
    <td>Suzanne M. Remillard<sup>49</sup></td>
    <td>Cerren Richards<sup>330</sup></td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Anthony James Richardson<sup>132,331,332</sup></td>
    <td>Itai van Rijn<sup>44</sup></td>
    <td>Victor H. Rivera-Monroy<sup>333</sup></td>
    <td>Christian Rixen<sup>334,335</sup></td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Kevin Peter Robinson<sup>112,113</sup></td>
    <td>Ricardo Rocha<sup>70</sup></td>
    <td>Ricardo R. Rodrigues<sup>336,337</sup></td>
    <td>Cassy Rodrigues<sup>148</sup></td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Bjørn de Roos<sup>338</sup></td>
    <td>Denise de C. de Rossa-Feres<sup>339</sup></td>
    <td>Loreta Rosselli<sup>340</sup></td>
    <td>Peter Charles Rothlisberg<sup>132</sup></td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Ana Rubio<sup>89</sup></td>
    <td>Lars G. Rudstam<sup>341</sup></td>
    <td>Catalina S. Ruz<sup>342</sup></td>
    <td>Nancy B. Rybicki<sup>343</sup></td>
    <td>Gunther Van Ryckegem<sup>203</sup></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Andrew L. Rypel<sup>344,345</sup></td>
    <td>Jon P. Sadler<sup>260</sup></td>
    <td>Victor Satoru Saito<sup>346</sup></td>
    <td>Sofia Sal<sup>347</sup></td>
    <td>Renato Portela Salomão<sup>348,349</sup></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Nathan J. Sanders<sup>350</sup></td>
    <td>Flavio A. M. Santos<sup>351</sup></td>
    <td>Tiago Gomes dos Santos<sup>352</sup></td>
    <td>Swapan Kumar Sarker<sup>353</sup></td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Sara E. Scanga<sup>354</sup></td>
    <td>Marcus Schaub<sup>355</sup></td>
    <td>Jochen Schmidt<sup>97</sup></td>
    <td>Inger Kappel Schmidt<sup>356</sup></td>
    <td>Robert L. Schooley<sup>229</sup></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Alfred Schultz<sup>96</sup></td>
    <td>Alberto Scotti<sup>61,357</sup></td>
    <td>Amanda Serpell-Stevens<sup>163</sup></td>
    <td>Filipe C. Serrano<sup>109</sup></td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Elizabeth H. Shadwick<sup>27,358</sup></td>
    <td>Matthew Shaft<sup>359</sup></td>
    <td>Thomas W. Sherry<sup>360</sup></td>
    <td>Erika Mayumi Shimabukuro<sup>361</sup></td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Jacek Siciński<sup>52</sup></td>
    <td>Caya Sievers<sup>212</sup></td>
    <td>Fernando Rodrigues da Silva<sup>362</sup></td>
    <td>Ana Carolina da Silva<sup>186</sup></td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Juliana M. Silveira<sup>363</sup></td>
    <td>Tadeu Siqueira<sup>364,365</sup></td>
    <td>Arunkumar Kavidapadinjattathil Sivadasan<sup>22</sup></td>
    <td></td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Prasad Theruvil Parambil Sivan<sup>22</sup></td>
    <td>Agnija Skuja<sup>208</sup></td>
    <td>Amalia L. Slaughter<sup>48</sup></td>
    <td>Jasper A. Slingsby<sup>366</sup></td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Joseph R. Smith<sup>147</sup></td>
    <td>Bruno Eleres Soares<sup>367</sup></td>
    <td>Martin Solan<sup>143</sup></td>
    <td>Flaviana Maluf Souza<sup>368</sup></td>
    <td>Gabriel B. G. Souza<sup>369</sup></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Joshua L. Sprague<sup>157</sup></td>
    <td>Ulrich Stachow<sup>168</sup></td>
    <td>J. John Stadt<sup>370</sup></td>
    <td>Christopher D. Stallings<sup>371</sup></td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Radoslav Hristov Stanchev<sup>372</sup></td>
    <td>Emily H. Stanley<sup>373</sup></td>
    <td>Brian M. Starzomski<sup>374</sup></td>
    <td>Jose Mauro Sterza<sup>375</sup></td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Maarten Stevens<sup>203</sup></td>
    <td>F. Gary Stiles<sup>376</sup></td>
    <td>Stefan Stoll<sup>377</sup></td>
    <td>Rick D. Stuart-Smith<sup>120,378</sup></td>
    <td>Yzel Rondon Súarez<sup>379</sup></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Laura Super<sup>380</sup></td>
    <td>Sarah R. Supp<sup>381</sup></td>
    <td>Tapio Sutela<sup>382</sup></td>
    <td>Iain M. Suthers<sup>383,384</sup></td>
    <td>Anna Suuronen<sup>196</sup></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Kerrie M. Swadling<sup>385</sup></td>
    <td>Daniel K. Szydlowski<sup>373</sup></td>
    <td>Hisatomo Taki<sup>386</sup></td>
    <td>Sara Jeanne Snell Taylor<sup>197</sup></td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Pablo A. Tedesco<sup>387</sup></td>
    <td>Nils Teichert<sup>388</sup></td>
    <td>Akira Terui<sup>389</sup></td>
    <td>Gary P. Thiede<sup>390</sup></td>
    <td>Anne Thimonier<sup>391</sup></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Oliver Thomas<sup>47</sup></td>
    <td>Peter Allan Thompson<sup>27</sup></td>
    <td>Simon Thorn<sup>9,392,393</sup></td>
    <td>Jeremy S. Tiemann<sup>394</sup></td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Luís Felipe Toledo<sup>395</sup></td>
    <td>Anne Tolvanen<sup>382</sup></td>
    <td>Maria Teresa Zugliani Toniato<sup>396</sup></td>
    <td>Ignasi Torre<sup>155</sup></td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Marcos Adriano Tortato<sup>82</sup></td>
    <td>Kumiko Totsu<sup>259</sup></td>
    <td>Andrew Trant<sup>397</sup></td>
    <td>Robert R. Twilley<sup>333</sup></td>
    <td>Hirokazu Urabe<sup>398</sup></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Pierre Valade<sup>399</sup></td>
    <td>Nelson Valdivia<sup>400,401</sup></td>
    <td>Martha Isabel Vallejo<sup>402</sup></td>
    <td>Thomas J. Valone<sup>403</sup></td>
    <td>Jan Vanaverbeke<sup>107</sup></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Tiago Silveira Vasconcelos<sup>404</sup></td>
    <td>Teppo Vehanen<sup>220</sup></td>
    <td>Fábio Venturoli<sup>405</sup></td>
    <td>Hans M. Verheye<sup>406</sup></td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hendrik Jannes Wietse Vermeulen<sup>338</sup></td>
    <td>Arne Verstraeten<sup>203</sup></td>
    <td>Marcelo Vianna<sup>407</sup></td>
    <td>Rui Vieira<sup>408,409</sup></td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>João Paulo Santos Vieira-Alencar<sup>410</sup></td>
    <td>Marc Vilella<sup>155</sup></td>
    <td>Jean Ricardo Simões Vitule<sup>411</sup></td>
    <td>Lien Van Vu<sup>412,413</sup></td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
</table>
Robert B. Waide414 ID | Paige S. Warren415 ID | Joseph Paul Wayman260 ID | Sara L. Webb416,417 ID | Benjamin Weigel60,418 ID |
Ellen A. R. Welti419 ID | Fritha West359,420 ID | Fulgor Westermann421 ID | Matthew A. Whalen422 ID | Ethan P. White128 ID |
Claire E. Widdicombe423 ID | Richard Williams424 ID | Mark Williamson425 ID | Michael R. Willig319 ID | Sonja Wipf335 ID |
Eric J. Woehler426 ID | Alje Woldering338 ID | Kerry D. Woods427,428 ID | Wu-Bing Xu5,6,429 ID | Ruthy Yahel430 ID | Zeren Yang1 ID |
Kyle J. A. Zawada431 ID | Camila Zornosa-Torres395 ID | Assaf Zvuloni228 ID |

**Correspondence:** BioTIME core Team (biotimeproj@st-andrews.ac.uk)

**Received:** 11 April 2024 | **Revised:** 8 January 2025 | **Accepted:** 20 January 2025

**Handling Editor:** Jonathan Davies

**Funding:** This work was supported by the H2020 European Research Council.

**Keywords:** assemblage | biodiversity | community | database | ecoinformatics | species | taxa | time

## ABSTRACT

**Motivation:** Here, we make available a second version of the BioTIME database, which compiles records of abundance estimates for species in sample events of ecological assemblages through time. The updated version expands version 1.0 of the database by doubling the number of studies and includes substantial additional curation to the taxonomic accuracy of the records, as well as the metadata. Moreover, we now provide an R package (BioTIMEr) to facilitate use of the database.

**Main Types of Variables Included:** The database is composed of one main data table containing the abundance records and 11 metadata tables. The data are organised in a hierarchy of scales where 11,989,233 records are nested in 1,603,067 sample events, from 553,253 sampling locations, which are nested in 708 studies. A study is defined as a sampling methodology applied to an assemblage for a minimum of 2 years.

**Spatial Location and Grain:** Sampling locations in BioTIME are distributed across the planet, including marine, terrestrial and freshwater realms. Spatial grain size and extent vary across studies depending on sampling methodology. We recommend gridding of sampling locations into areas of consistent size.

**Time Period and Grain:** The earliest time series in BioTIME start in 1874, and the most recent records are from 2023. Temporal grain and duration vary across studies. We recommend doing sample-level rarefaction to ensure consistent sampling effort through time before calculating any diversity metric.

**Major Taxa and Level of Measurement:** The database includes any eukaryotic taxa, with a combined total of 56,400 taxa.

**Software Format:** csv and. SQL.

# 1 | Background

The BioTIME database stores a curated collection of observations that can be used to estimate biodiversity metrics through time. Specifically, the database contains a collection of time series of observations of species abundances within biological assemblages that were sampled with consistent methods. With these data, it is possible to estimate temporal change in most metrics of taxonomic diversity (Magurran 2004), including, for example, species richness, evenness, and compositional change and population trends. We have assembled the database with the aim of facilitating synthesis studies and the re-use of these data by providing it in a standardised and curated format.

Since the publication of BioTIME version 1.0 (Dornelas et al. 2018), the database has been used for many different purposes. The first published analysis of the database revealed ubiquitous change in community composition, underpinned by roughly matched gains and losses of species through time (Dornelas et al. 2014). Other examples included the following: quantification of geographical variation in biodiversity change (Blowes et al. 2019; van Klink et al. 2020); estimation of the effects of temperature change (Antão et al. 2020), forest loss (Daskalova et al. 2020) and protected areas (Nowakowski et al. 2023) on biodiversity change; an estimation of the relationship between range shifts and population trends

(Chaikin et al. 2024); and the quantification of change in organis-
mal body size (Terry et al. 2021; Martins et al. 2023). Analysis of the
BioTIME database also contributed one indicator to the first global
assessment of biodiversity change produced by IPBES (2019).

In parallel with the proliferation of uses of BioTIME, the ex-
pansion and improvement of the database have continued. For
BioTIME 2.0, additional dataset contributors were recruited,
and updates were sourced for existing studies where data col-
lection had continued. User feedback was also critical to flag-
ging and resolving several inconsistencies not detected during
the curation process of version 1.0. Moreover, metadata regard-
ing methodology was updated and curation protocols were
enhanced. In addition, the accuracy of taxonomic classifica-
tion was checked and corrected where necessary. Finally, we
developed a package in R (R Core Team 2023) to facilitate the
usage of the database BioTIMEr (Sagouis 2024). We note that
other databases have also been published with more focused
criteria for inclusion (e.g., RivFishTIME focused on freshwater
fish; Comte et al. 2020; InsectChange focused on insects; van
Klink et al. 2021) or broader scopes (e.g., BioDeepTime which
combines paleo and modern biodiversity time series; Smith
et al. 2023). It is worth noting that there is only partial overlap
between these databases and BioTIME because inclusion crite-
ria differ across databases. For example, BioDeepTime includes
only BioTIME time series longer than 10 years and combines
these with multiple fossil databases. In addition, many studies
in InsectChange did not meet BioTIME criteria for taxonomic
resolution and/or lack of information on sampling methodol-
ogy, which needed to be sourced independently. In summary,
overlap among databases is nuanced, and care should be taken
if combining BioTIME with other databases to avoid duplicate
datasets.

Here, we release the updated version of BioTIME version 2.0.
Given the twofold increase of studies in the database, the mem-
bership of the BioTIME consortium is also appropriately up-
dated, as one of the goals of the database is to give credit to the
data collectors.

## 2 | Database Description

Similar to version 1.0, version 2.0 of the BioTIME database is a relational database composed of one main data table and 11 metadata tables. The data contained in the main table have a hierarchical structure (Figure 1): at which the finest scale is a record showing the observed abundance of a species; records are nested into sampling events, that is, a discrete moment in time and space when an assemblage is observed; a site is a location in space where one or more samples occur; multiple sampling events taken over time at the same site make up a time series; and time series are grouped into studies, which are defined by the sampling methodology, for example a specific type of transect with set length and width, or the trawl of a net of specified mesh size over a certain distance or length of time. Depending on the spatial study extent and the user definition of the grain size required for site, a study can have only one or multiple time series (see below in usage notes about the gridding process to define site).

Metadata are stored in tables for: taxonomy (one table with tax-
onomy as provided and one table with standardised taxonomy),
abundance type, biomass type, sample, study, methods, citation,
contacts and curation. Only minor updates were done to the
structure of the database relative to version 1.0, to accommo-
date additional taxonomic information (see below under Data

curation and quality control and File S1 for a database schema
which includes a description of the tables' fields).

3 | Data Acquisition and Curation

New dataset acquisition for BioTIME 2.0 followed multiple ap-
proaches: active recruitment of data contributors in seminars,
conferences and social media, searches for papers and within
databases (e.g., OBIS [2024], GBIF [2024]), contributor volun-
teering, and through the collaboration networks of current data
contributors. Once a candidate study was identified, it under-
went checks against inclusion criteria and a curation process.
For inclusion in BioTIME, studies must meet four criteria: (1)
sampling methods are constant over time; (2) sampled for a min-
imum of two years, not necessarily consecutive; (3) samples take
place at the assemblage scale rather than population; and (4)
taxonomic resolution is mostly at the species level. We define
a study as a single set of sampling or surveying methodology. If
there are changes in methodology over time, candidate studies
are split into multiple studies to reflect these changes, and split
studies must independently fulfil BioTIME study criteria.

Once a candidate study was identified, available metadata and
methodology information were used to build the metadata re-
cords (see protocol in File S2). Metadata records consist of in-
formation relating to temporal, spatial and taxonomic scope,
habitat, methodology, protected area status, data originators
and data sources. Where manipulation treatments were applied
to some of the data, these were assessed as to whether the treat-
ments were purely experimental manipulations (e.g., the artifi-
cial warming of a section), in which case only control samples
were retained. If treatments were part of normal phenomena
for the ecosystem (e.g., grazing), all samples were retained.
Differences in ecological management practices were also re-
corded in the site metadata table to account for any differences
in human activity/interactions.

Prior to inclusion in the database, data were standardised in our
curation process. Quality control checks included checking for
appropriate data types (e.g., numeric for abundance, string for
species), realistic maximum and minimum values for fields, such

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /><figcaption>**FIGURE 1** | Hierarchical structure of the BioTIME database. (A) Studies are defined by a sampling methodology which is constant over time, and have a minimum of one site and two sampling events in different years, with at least one sampling location each. (B) Study spatial extent was determined by the convex hull of the coordinates of all samples in the study. To facilitate comparisons across studies, we recommend standardising extent of the time series by gridding the data into constant area polygons. (C) Records are nested within sampling events, which are nested within locations. A sampling event is a time when sampling took place. The number of samples may change through time, and we recommend sampling effort standardisation, in addition to spatial scale standardisation prior to analysis.</figcaption></figure>
as date and coordinates, removal of non-organismal records and
correction of taxonomic misspellings, as per the taxonomic stan-
dardisation procedure described below. To store data in long
format, records of null, blank or zeroes for abundances were re-
moved; however, given the criterion that all species in the sample
are recorded, absences can be interpreted as a species not being
detected, and these can be reconstructed for each species in each
time series.

Data standardisation also involved the construction of sam-
pling event identifiers ('SAMPLE_DESC' in the raw data
table). These are concatenated strings based on the provided
study methods and data fields to accurately represent survey
designs across space and time, such as sampling frequency and
grouped observations (e.g., year_month_site_quadrat). The
construction of these identifiers is reported in the metadata
Sample table ('SAMPLE_DESC_NAME'). The wide variety
of sampling methods across the studies included in BioTIME
is reflected in this field, with combinations of latitude, longi-
tude, depth/elevation, date, transect, quadrat or trawl ID being
common identifiers used. For some methods, for example,

research cruise trawls, pitfall traps or camera traps, sampling
was somewhat continuous. To represent the assemblage-level
observations for these types of methods, samples were defined
as constant time intervals (e.g., 1 week or 3 days depending on
the nature of the data, but consistent within the time series).
In the previous version of the database, we included a field to
reflect whether observations took place in exactly the same lo-
cation through time (e.g., in permanent plots), which has been
deleted in this version of the database because of the difficulty
in applying the concept consistently across taxa and methods
(e.g., sessile vs. mobile taxa and destructive vs. observational
data). Observation records are aggregated so that each sam-
pling event contains only one abundance and/or biomass re-
cord per taxon, without any distinctions between life stage or
sex, to ensure consistency across all datasets, and given that
this was the resolution provided by the overwhelming ma-
jority of the studies. For studies added in BioTIME 2.0 where
abundances and biomass are recorded at the individual level,
records are not aggregated (i.e., abundance must be calculated
by adding records of each species, and individual level sizes
are kept within the database).

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>**FIGURE 2** | Map showing BioTIME sampling locations. Each grid cell is approximately 75,000 km². Panel A shows the geographic distribution of studies added to BioTIME version 2.0. Panel B shows the spatial density of sampling events in version 2.0 of the database.</figcaption></figure>
For version 2.0 of the database, records underwent a more rigorous standardisation of taxonomic classification. Specifically, all taxonomic records in the entire database were validated with either the *taxize* (Chamberlain and Szöcs 2013) or the *worrms* R packages (Chamberlain and Vanhoorne 2024). When using the *taxize* package, we used the classification() function and chose the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) database as the first option to update the taxonomy, with the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) as a second option should no matches be found. To ensure better representation of known marine species, we used the *wm_records_names()* function from the *worrms* package. We checked first for matches at the species level, then genus and, finally, family. If no valid names were found, we performed manual checks to the lowest resolution possible. Where species were identified as common names, we first ran them through the comm2Sci() function in *taxize*, before completing the checks as described above. BioTIME 2.0 contains two species tables: one which contains species as provided in the original data, and one with the standardised taxonomic classification, including species, genus, family, order, class, phylum and kingdom. Including the two tables ensures standardisation can be reproduced as taxonomy is updated. Nevertheless, it is worth noting that while lumping species that are synonymised is possible, splitting species beyond the data originally recorded is not.

BioTIME is designed to facilitate biodiversity analyses at the as-
semblage level, and hence any unidentified taxonomic records

were kept to the lowest taxonomic resolution reported in the
raw data. Records of unidentified taxa that were distinguished
by the data collectors were kept separate (e.g., unknown bee-
tle sp1, unknown beetle sp2) and are consistent within studies;
therefore, these records can be used to estimate diversity met-
rics within the study, but cannot contribute to population assess-
ments across studies (i.e., there is no way to determine whether
populations of the same species appear in other studies). The
standardised version of the database has 97% of the taxa identi-
fied to at least family and 74% to species level.

For spatial information, latitudes and longitudes of each study
were mapped to check they matched location descriptions.
Spatial extent was estimated as the area of the convex hull en-
compassing all the spatial coordinates (Figure 1) and grain size
from the reported methods for each study. Changes made during
the curation process were recorded in the curation table and con-
firmed with the data providers. For all studies revised or added
to this database version, code used in data curation is available
from the BioTIME Github repository (https://github.com/bioTI
MEHub/BioTIME). The curated version of the data was shared
with the data providers who agreed to the changes made.

In this version, 16 studies previously included in BioTIME
v1.0 were removed, as additional information revealed they
did not meet some of the criteria for inclusion in the database
(File S4). Additionally, 49 studies included in BioTIME v1.0 were

<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>**FIGURE 3** | Plots illustrating the proportion of studies that fall into the different classifications of: (A) Taxa, (B) Realm and (C) Climate. (D) species richness, (E) total number of records and (E) duration of sampling across time series. Note that time series were defined using the BioTIMEr package, where functions are now available to help users identify, separate and standardise BioTIME data based on location (latitude/longitude); here, we implemented a grain of 75,000 km².</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>**FIGURE 4** | Proportional representation of different taxonomic units in BioTIME 2.0. For each taxon, we provide the number of species included in the database relative to the number of species known to science according to the Catalogue of Life (Bánki et al. 2024) accessed on 17 December 2024. Note how coverage is much higher in some groups (e.g., sharks 37.2%) than others (e.g., insects 0.92%).</figcaption></figure>

recurated as more metadata or new data became available—all
these changes are reported in File S4.

The contact table includes publicly available contact informa-
tion for data contributors (name and/or email) to allow users
to reach out to the original contributors with any queries re-
garding data usage. These data were processed in compliance
with both UK and EU General Data Protection Regulations
(GDPR). A data protection statement explaining the lawful
basis for the use and processing of these data is now available
on the database website: https://biotime.st-andrews.ac.uk/
usageGuidelines.php.

4 | Description of Data

BioTIME 2.0 includes 708 studies distributed across 553,253
locations, with almost twice as many studies and 11.3% more
locations relative to the previous version (Figure 2). The da-
tabase now includes 11,989,233 records from 56,400 taxa

(36.7% and 26.7% increase from version 1.0, respectively)
from across the tree of life, collected over 1,603,067 sampling
events across the marine, freshwater and terrestrial realms
(Figure 3). Temporally, the database spans 1874 to 2023, with
median time series length being 7 years. With a grid resolution
of 75,000 km², the database currently includes 4,301 time se-
ries in total, of which, 2390 have durations longer than 5 years,
1,745 longer than 10, 893 longer than 20, and 37 longer than
50 years (Figure 3). Despite efforts to improve representation,
both spatial and taxonomic biases persist (Figures 2 and 4,
File S5). Spatial biases persist in the database and are espe-
cially evident in the terrestrial realm, despite targeted searches
having improved spatial representation. The marine realm
has better representation, both spatial (in terms of latitudes
and longitudes) and regarding global change space (Daskalova
et al. 2020). However, as inherently more three-dimensional
and given the features of sampling in marine habitats, it
is likely that a smaller proportion of the marine realm is
represented in our database compared with the terres-
trial realm.
This version of the database is made publicly available in a SQL version and as a .csv query through Zenodo (10.5281/ zenodo.10932823) and BioTIME's website (https://biotime. st-andrews.ac.uk) under a CC-BY licence (https://creativco mmons.org/). The data are, hence, free to use with attribution via citation of this paper. In addition, each study has a licence as- sociated with a spectrum of governmental, Creative Commons and Data Commons licences. The database is also GDPR compli- ant. Citations for data sources of individual studies are provided in the metadata table citation and are also listed in File S3.

To facilitate comparisons across studies, we recommend stan- dardising the spatial extent of the time series by gridding the data into constant area polygons prior to analysis. In addition, as the number of samples may change through time, we recom- mend sampling effort standardisation. To facilitate the use of the database, the release of BioTIME 2.0 is accompanied by an R package, BioTIMEr (Sagouis 2024). The package provides func- tions to deal with these spatial and temporal issues—namely to spatially grid the studies into constant extent cells and subsa- mple time-series so that sampling effort (specifically number of samples) is constant through time. In addition, the package includes functions to calculate several metrics of alpha diversity and compositional change over time. A vignette is supplied to illustrate the use of each function.

The extended efforts in data standardisation aimed to facilitate integration with other databases. For example, the taxonomic standardisation should streamline integration with trait or phy- logenetic data, and for this purpose, the standardised species name is preferable. In contrast, to reflect the species names as recognised by the observers at the time of observation, or to update as taxonomy changes, the original species names are preferable.

Affiliations

¹Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Fife, UK | ²MARE—Centro de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal | ³Research Centre for Ecological Change, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland | ⁴Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada | ⁵German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany | ⁶Department of Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany | ⁷Leverhulme Centre for Anthropocene Biodiversity, Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK | ⁸Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana | ⁹Philips Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany | ¹⁰Department of Forest Ecology, Silva Tarouca Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic | ¹¹School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia | ¹²Zoology and Animal Cell Biology Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain | ¹³Grupo de Oceanografia de Ecosistemas, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía, CSIC, Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, Puerto Real, Spain | ¹⁴National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon, Republic of Korea | ¹⁵African Regional Postgraduate Programme in Insect Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana | ¹⁶Département de

Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada | ¹⁷Núcleo de Conservação da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais, Secretaria de Meio Ambiente, Infraestrutura e Logística do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil | ¹⁸Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA | ¹⁹Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Ecology & Biodiversity Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia | ²⁰Graduate Program in Oceanography, Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile | ²¹Millennium Institute of Oceanography (IMO), Concepción, Chile | ²²Forest Ecology Department, KSCSTE-Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Kerala, India | ²³Department of Ecology, French Institute of Pondicherry, Pondicherry, India | ²⁴School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, Fife, UK | ²⁵School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science & Engineering, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK | ²⁶College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia | ²⁷CSIRO Environment, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia | ²⁸Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Kerala, India | ²⁹Operarion Wallacea—Wallace House, Lincolnshire, UK | ³⁰Sharks in Israel, NGO, Israel | ³¹The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel | ³²Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal | ³³Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK | ³⁴Ecology of Fungi, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany | ³⁵Bavarian Forest National Park, Grafenau, Germany | ³⁶Environnement et Changement Climatique Canada, Quebec, Québec, Canada | ³⁷Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium | ³⁸Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil | ³⁹Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Monitoramento Ambiental, Departamento de Engenharia e Meio Ambiente, Centro de Ciências Aplicadas e Educação, Universidade Federal da Paraíba—Campus IV, Rio Tinto, Paraíba, Brazil | ⁴⁰Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil | ⁴¹Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile | ⁴²USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon, USA | ⁴³School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin Marine Research and Innovation Centre, Deakin University, Warrnambool, Victoria, Australia | ⁴⁴School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel | ⁴⁵Department of Biology, University of Pisa, URL CoNISMa, Pisa, Italy | ⁴⁶Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany | ⁴⁷Operation Wallacea, Wallace House, Spilsby, UK | ⁴⁸USDA-ARS Range Management Research Unit, Jornada Experimental Range, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA | ⁴⁹Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA | ⁵⁰Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden | ⁵¹Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden | ⁵²Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland | ⁵³Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts, USA | ⁵⁴Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Centro Oceanográfico de A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain | ⁵⁵Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil | ⁵⁶Universidade Do Estado de Mato Grosso, Cáceres, Brazil | ⁵⁷School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland | ⁵⁸Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland | ⁵⁹School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China | ⁶⁰Environmental and Marine Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Åbo, Finland | ⁶¹Institute for Alpine Environment, EURAC Research, Bozen, Italy | ⁶²Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Australian Antarctic Partnership Program, Australian Antarctic Division, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia | ⁶³The James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen, UK | ⁶⁴Coastal Research Center, Marine Science Institute, University of California,
Santa Barbara, California, USA | ⁶⁵Martin Luther University Halle-
Wittenberg, Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden,
Halle (Saale), Germany | ⁶⁶ESALQ University of São Paulo, LERF
(Laboratório de Ecologia e Restauração Florestal), Piracicaba,
Brazil | ⁶⁷Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris,
France | ⁶⁸CNAM Intechmer, LUSAC, Tourlaville,
France | ⁶⁹Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Recursos
Naturais—UFSCar, São Paulo, Brazil | ⁷⁰Department of Biology,
University of Oxford, Oxford, UK | ⁷¹Universidade Federal do Rio de
Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia, Laboratório de Ecologia de Peixes, Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil | ⁷²ASTRE, CIRAD, INRA, MUSE, University of
Montpellier, Montpellier, France, Forêts et Sociétés, Univ Montpellier,
CIRAD, Montpellier, France | ⁷³Department of Biology, Dalhousie
University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada | ⁷⁴Department of
Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara,
Italy | ⁷⁵Institute of Environment, Florida International University,
Miami, Florida, USA | ⁷⁶Santa Catarina State University—UDESC,
Florianópolis, Brazil | ⁷⁷Programa de Pós Graduação em Biodiversidade
Animal: Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria,
Brazil | ⁷⁸Biogeography and Global Change Department, National
Museum of Natural Sciences, CSIC, Madrid, Spain | ⁷⁹Kerala Forest
Research Institute, Peechi, Kerala, India | ⁸⁰Department of
Environmental Studies and Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga
Springs, New York, USA | ⁸¹Biodiversity Research Center, Academia
Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan | ⁸²Instituto Tabuleiro, Florianópolis, Santa
Catarina, Brazil | ⁸³Mokpo National University, Muan, Jeonnam,
South Korea | ⁸⁴New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico,
USA | ⁸⁵USDA-ARS-Jornada Experimental Range, Las Cruces, New
Mexico, USA | ⁸⁶U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center,
Fort Collins, Colorado, USA | ⁸⁷Department of Environmental
Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Sorocaba, Brazil | ⁸⁸St.
Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews,
New Brunswick, Canada | ⁸⁹Hornsby Shire Council, Hornsby, New
South Wales, Australia | ⁹⁰Marine Biology Research Group, Ghent
University, Gent, Belgium | ⁹¹Conservation Science Partners, Truckee,
California, USA | ⁹²Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UIT-
The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway | ⁹³Systems
Ecology, A-LIFE, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the
Netherlands | ⁹⁴Office Français de la Biodiversité (OFB), DSUED,
France | ⁹⁵AZTI Marine Research Division, Basque Research and
Technology Alliance (BRTA), Sukarrieta, Spain | ⁹⁶Unaffiliated | ⁹⁷N
ational Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA),
Auckland, New Zealand | ⁹⁸Oceans Institute, University of Western
Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia | ⁹⁹Universidade
Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Instituto de Biociências, Rio Claro,
Brazil | ¹⁰⁰Department of Conservation Biology, University of
Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany | ¹⁰¹School of Science, Edith Cowan
University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia | ¹⁰²Department
of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia,
USA | ¹⁰³Asociacion Bogotana de Ornitologia,
Colombia | ¹⁰⁴Department of Life Sciences, The University of the West
Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago | ¹⁰⁵Department of
Biogeography and Global Change, Museo Nacional de Ciencias
Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain | ¹⁰⁶Departamento de
Zoologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada,
Spain | ¹⁰⁷Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS),
Brussels, Belgium | ¹⁰⁸Semillero de Investigación en Ecosiología y
Biogeografía de Vertebrados, Grupo de investigación en Biodiversidad y
Desarrollo Amazónico (BYDA), Centro de Investigaciones Amazónicas
Macagual—César Augusto Estrada González, Universidad de la
Amazonia, Florencia, Caquetá, Colombia | ¹⁰⁹Departamento de
Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São
Paulo, Brazil | ¹¹⁰School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The
University of Sydney, Darlington, New South Wales,
Australia | ¹¹¹Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Co.
Kildare, Ireland | ¹¹²Cetacean Research & Rescue Unit, Banff,
UK | ¹¹³Centre for Ecology & Conservation, University of Exeter,
Cornwall, UK | ¹¹⁴Smithsonian MarineGEO, Smithsonian
Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, USA | ¹¹⁵Joint
Nature Conservation Committee, Aberdeen, UK | ¹¹⁶Instituto de

Pesquisas Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil | ¹¹⁷Centre for Environmental and Climate Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden | ¹¹⁸Arizona State University, Central Arizona-Phoenix Long-Term Ecological Research, Tempe, Arizona, USA | ¹¹⁹Ruppin Academic Center, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel | ¹²⁰Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia | ¹²¹Geography and Environment, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK | ¹²²National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Muskegon, Michigan, USA | ¹²³Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Tromsø, Norway | ¹²⁴Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA | ¹²⁵Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA | ¹²⁶Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), Battery Point, Tasmania, Australia | ¹²⁷Australian Antarctic Program Partnership (AAPP), Hobart, Tasmania, Australia | ¹²⁸Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA | ¹²⁹Instituto Milenio de Oceanografía, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile | ¹³⁰Universität Hamburg Fachbereich Biologie Institut für Zell-Und Systembiologie der Tiere Martin-Luther-King-Platz, Hamburg, Germany | ¹³¹Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Institute, Washington, DC, USA | ¹³²CSIRO Environment, Queensland Biosciences Precinct, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia | ¹³³Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia | ¹³⁴School of Environment, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia | ¹³⁵Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria | ¹³⁶Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Life Science Systems, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany | ¹³⁷Instituto Ambiental Brüderthal, Brusque, Brazil | ¹³⁸Re.Green, Piracicaba, Brazil | ¹³⁹Center of Biological Sciences, Department of Animal and Plant Biology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil | ¹⁴⁰Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, National Institute for Amazonian Research and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Manaus, Brazil | ¹⁴¹Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Red de Ecoetología, Mexico | ¹⁴²Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada | ¹⁴³School of Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK | ¹⁴⁴CIBIO-InBIO, Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal | ¹⁴⁵BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal | ¹⁴⁶Instituto Argentino de Oceanografia (IADO-CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina | ¹⁴⁷Treswell Wood Integrated Population Monitoring Group (TWIG), Retford, United Kingdom | ¹⁴⁸Lab of Vegetation Ecology, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Rio Claro, Brazil | ¹⁴⁹Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada | ¹⁵⁰SUMATRA Inteligência Ambiental, Lages, Brazil | ¹⁵¹Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Brazil | ¹⁵²Liverpool John Moores University, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool, UK | ¹⁵³Department of Plant Protection, UNESP, Ilha Solteira, Brazil | ¹⁵⁴Polar Oceans Research Group, Sheridan, Montana, USA | ¹⁵⁵BioResearch Group, Natural Sciences Museum of Granollers, Granollers, Spain | ¹⁵⁶Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada | ¹⁵⁷Channel Islands National Park, Ventura, California, USA | ¹⁵⁸School of Geosciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK | ¹⁵⁹Natural History Museum, London, UK | ¹⁶⁰GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain | ¹⁶¹Institut de Ciències del Mar-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain | ¹⁶²CNRS, IRD, MIO, Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Univ, Marseille, France | ¹⁶³National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK | ¹⁶⁴Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy | ¹⁶⁵Université
du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, Québec, Canada | ¹⁶⁶University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA | ¹⁷⁶Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment and Climate Change, Sackville, Canada | ¹⁶⁸Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (Germany), Müncheberg, Germany | ¹⁶⁹Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA | ¹⁷⁰Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain | ¹⁷¹Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain | ¹⁷²Department of Environment, Yukon Parks, Inuvik, Northwest Territories, Canada | ¹⁷³Sefaz/SP, São Paulo, Brazil | ¹⁷⁴USDA Forest Service Research and Development, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico | ¹⁷⁵MG Consulting, Yukon, Northwest Territories, Canada | ¹⁷⁶Ecology and Zoology Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil | ¹⁷⁷School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK | ¹⁷⁸Warnell School of Forestry & Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA | ¹⁷⁹Department of River Ecology and Conservation, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany | ¹⁸⁰Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany | ¹⁸¹Cetacean Research and Rescue Unit, Banff, UK | ¹⁸²USDA-ARS, Jornada Experimental Range, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA | ¹⁸³Depth of Biology Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada | ¹⁸⁴National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Christchurch, New Zealand | ¹⁸⁵Departamento de Oceanografia, Instituto Milenio de Oceanografia (IMO), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepcion, Chile | ¹⁸⁶Universidade Do Estado de Santa Catarina, Lages, Brazil | ¹⁸⁷Department of Aquatic Environment and Quality, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Oostende, Belgium | ¹⁸⁸Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway | ¹⁸⁹Cornell Biological Field Station, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA | ¹⁹⁰Biology Department, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan, USA | ¹⁹¹Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA | ¹⁹²James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia | ¹⁹³Department of Biogeography and Global Change, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain | ¹⁹⁴Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan | ¹⁹⁵Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California, USA | ¹⁹⁶Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Nature Solutions, Helsinki, Finland | ¹⁹⁷Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA | ¹⁹⁸Environment, Energy and Ecology Program, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA | ¹⁹⁹University of Ghana, Hynes & Associates International, Western University, London, Canada | ²⁰⁰Office Français de la Biodiversité, Direction Régionale Bretagne, Cesson-Sévigné, France | ²⁰¹Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais, São Paulo, Brazil | ²⁰²Chiba Prefectural Environmental Research Center, Tokyo Bay, Japan | ²⁰³Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Brussels, Belgium | ²⁰⁴School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA | ²⁰⁵Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden | ²⁰⁶Geography, College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA | ²⁰⁷Institute of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia | ²⁰⁸Institute of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia | ²⁰⁹Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia | ²¹⁰Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan | ²¹¹National Science Foundation's McMurdo Dry Valley's Long-Term Ecological Research Project (NSF McMurdo Dry Valley LTER), Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), College of Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA | ²¹²Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St Andrews, UK | ²¹³Shetland Oil Terminal Environmental Advisory Group (SOTEAG), St Andrews, UK | ²¹⁴Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway | ²¹⁵Northwest

German Forest Research Institute, Göttingen, Germany | ²¹⁶Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Halle (Saale), Germany | ²¹⁷Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), Oostende, Belgium | ²¹⁸Institute of Marine Research, Flødevigen, Norway | ²¹⁹Centre for Coastal Research (CCR), Department of Natural Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway | ²²⁰Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland | ²²¹Department of Invasion Ecology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Průhonice, Czech Republic | ²²²Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Rauhenebrach, Germany | ²²³Industry-Academy Cooperation Division, National Museum of Marine Science and Technology, Keelung, Taiwan | ²²⁴Taiwan Association for Marine Environmental Education, Taipei, Taiwan | ²²⁵Channel Islands National Park, National Park Service, Ventura, California, USA | ²²⁶Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditerranéens, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia—CNRS, Perpignan, France | ²²⁷University of Aberdeen School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK | ²²⁸Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Jerusalem, Israel | ²²⁹Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA | ²³⁰California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, California, USA | ²³¹University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge, Maryland, USA | ²³²Plants and Ecosystems, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium | ²³³Ecology & Biodiversity, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands | ²³⁴Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, ESALQ, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil | ²³⁵Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Biology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | ²³⁶Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil | ²³⁷University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, USA | ²³⁸CREAF, Univ Autònoma Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain | ²³⁹Western EcoSystems Technology Inc, Cheyenne, Wyoming, USA | ²⁴⁰Pós-doutorado do Programa de pós-graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | ²⁴¹Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell Atkinson Center for Sustainability, Ithaca, New York, USA | ²⁴²Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK | ²⁴³Natural Sciences Museum of Granollers, Granollers, Spain | ²⁴⁴Departamento de Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil | ²⁴⁵AZTI, Marine Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Pasaia, Spain | ²⁴⁶NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy | ²⁴⁷Department of Architecture, Design and Urban Planning, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy | ²⁴⁸Instituto Felinos do Aguiá, Siderópolis, Brazil | ²⁴⁹Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada | ²⁵⁰Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Biomas Tropicais, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil | ²⁵¹South African National Biodiversity Institute, Claremont, South Africa | ²⁵²Statistics in Ecology, Environment and Conservation, Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa | ²⁵³Animal Demography Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa | ²⁵⁴BirdLife South Africa, Parklands, South Africa | ²⁵⁵School of Environmental and Natural Sciences, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Bangor University, Bangor, UK | ²⁵⁶Botany Department and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada | ²⁵⁷Instituto de Investigación en Cambio Global (IICG-URJC), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain | ²⁵⁸Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain | ²⁵⁹Biodiversity Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan | ²⁶⁰School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK | ²⁶¹CE3C—Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group/CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute and Universidade dos Açores—Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Environment, Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal | ²⁶²Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham,
UK | ²⁶³Vermont Center for Ecostudies, Hartford, Vermont, USA | ²⁶⁴School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA | ²⁶⁵Mitchell Center for Sustainability Solutions, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA | ²⁶⁶University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA | ²⁶⁷Mainspring Conservation Trust, Franklin, North Carolina, USA | ²⁶⁸Institute of Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia | ²⁶⁹Northern Illinois University, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA | ²⁷⁰School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Manchester, UK | ²⁷¹Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark | ²⁷²Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação, Parana, Brazil | ²⁷³Southern Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement (SIOFA), Le Port, France | ²⁷⁴Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas (IBSS), Russian Academy of Sciences, Sevastopol, Russia | ²⁷⁵Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA | ²⁷⁶Geography and Environment, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK | ²⁷⁷Biology Department, Marine Biology Lab, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium | ²⁷⁸Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil | ²⁷⁹Aquatic Survey & Monitoring Ltd. (ASML), Durham, UK | ²⁸⁰Shetland Oil Terminal Environmental Advisory Group (SOTEAG), St Andrews, UK | ²⁸¹Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Rauhenebrach, Germany | ²⁸²Bavarian Forest National Park, Grafenau, Germany | ²⁸³Biology Department, Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA | ²⁸⁴Wakayama Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Wakayama, Japan | ²⁸⁵South Australian Research and Development Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia | ²⁸⁶World Maritime University, Malmo, Sweden | ²⁸⁷Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA | ²⁸⁸Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria | ²⁸⁹Department of Forest Resources Technology, Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources, Kwame University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana | ²⁹⁰University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK | ²⁹¹Global Ecology Unit, CSIC-CREAF-UAB, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain, CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain | ²⁹²Chiba Prefectural Environmental Research Center, Tokyo Bay, Japan | ²⁹³Ocean Integrity Research, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada | ²⁹⁴School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada | ²⁹⁵School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA | ²⁹⁶Lab of Movement and Population Ecology, Biosciences Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil | ²⁹⁷University Libraries, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA | ²⁹⁸Moscow Lomonosov State University, Moscow, Russia | ²⁹⁹Centre d'Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Blanes, Spain | ³⁰⁰Sección Ornitológica, Museo de La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina | ³⁰¹Centre for Forest Research, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada | ³⁰²Wildlife Conservation Society Indonesia Marine Program, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia | ³⁰³UMR AMAP, IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, INRA, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France | ³⁰⁴Ecology Department, French Institute of Pondicherry, CNRS, MEAE, Puducherry, India | ³⁰⁵University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA | ³⁰⁶Centro de Investigación Ecológica y Aplicaciones Forestales, CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain | ³⁰⁷Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Departamento de Ecologia, Campus Samambaia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Brazil | ³⁰⁸Instituto de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Departamento de Biologia, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain | ³⁰⁹Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Oslo, Norway | ³¹⁰Center for Marine Biology, University of São Paulo, São Sebastião, Brazil | ³¹¹Department of Marine Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway | ³¹²Australian Centre of Field Robotics,

University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia | ³¹³Università Della Calabria, Dipartimento Biologia Ecologia Scienze Della Terra, Rende, Italy | ³¹⁴Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland | ³¹⁵Department of Ecology and Conservation, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil | ³¹⁶Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR ENTROPIE, Perpignan, France | ³¹⁷Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, California, USA | ³¹⁸Pôle Ecohydraulique, Office Français pour la Biodiversité Institut des Mécaniques des Fluides (OFB-IMFT), Toulouse, France | ³¹⁹Institute of the Environment, Center for Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA | ³²⁰Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands | ³²¹International governmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, Oostende, Belgium | ³²²School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA | ³²³Arizona Institute for Resilience, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA | ³²⁴BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA | ³²⁵Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic | ³²⁶Natural History Museum Vienna, Vienna, Austria | ³²⁷BioScales Lab, Department of Biology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA | ³²⁸Institute for Global Change Biology and School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA | ³²⁹Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA | ³³⁰Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada | ³³¹School of the Environment, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia | ³³²Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science (CBCS), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia | ³³³Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, College of Coast and Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA | ³³⁴Climate Change, Extremes and Natural Hazards in Alpine Regions Research Centre, CERC, Davos Dorf, Switzerland | ³³⁵WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos, Switzerland | ³³⁶Department of Biological Sciences, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil | ³³⁷Re. Green, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | ³³⁸Willem Beijerink Biologisch Station (WBBS) Foundation, Loon, the Netherlands | ³³⁹Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, UNESP—São Paulo State University, Campus São José do Rio Preto, Brazil | ³⁴⁰Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales UDCA, Asociación Bogotana de Ornitológía, Provincia de Cartagena, Colombia | ³⁴¹Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA | ³⁴²Subtidal Ecology Laboratory, Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas, Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile | ³⁴³George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA | ³⁴⁴Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA | ³⁴⁵Center for Watershed Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA | ³⁴⁶Environmental Sciences Department, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Paulo, Brazil | ³⁴⁷Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Berkshire, UK | ³⁴⁸Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Mexico | ³⁴⁹Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil | ³⁵⁰Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA | ³⁵¹Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil | ³⁵²Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil | ³⁵³Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, School of Agriculture and Mineral Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh | ³⁵⁴Biology Department, Utica University, Utica, New York, USA | ³⁵⁵Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland | ³⁵⁶Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark | ³⁵⁷APEM Ltd, Stockport, UK | ³⁵⁸Australian Antarctic Program Partnership, Hobart, Tasmania,
Australia | ³⁵⁹The Whitelands Project CIC, Hampshire, UK | ³⁶⁰Professor Emeritus, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA: Visiting Scholar, Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA | ³⁶¹Biodiversity and Biostatistics Department, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil | ³⁶²Laboratório de Ecologia Teórica: Integrando Tempo, Biologia e Espaço (LET.IT.BE), Departamento de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Sorocaba, Brazil | ³⁶³Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK | ³⁶⁴Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil | ³⁶⁵School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand | ³⁶⁶Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Statistics in Ecology, Environment and Conservation, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Fynbos Node, South African Environmental Observation Network, Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Cape Town, South Africa | ³⁶⁷Institute of Environmental Change and Society, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada | ³⁶⁸Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais, São Paulo, Brazil | ³⁶⁹Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia: Teoria, Aplicação e Valores (EcoTAV), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto e Biologia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil | ³⁷⁰Alberta Forestry and Parks, Forestry Division, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada | ³⁷¹College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA | ³⁷²Executive Environment Agency, Sofia, Bulgaria | ³⁷³Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA | ³⁷⁴School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada | ³⁷⁵Ethica Ambiental, Vila Velha, Brazil | ³⁷⁶Ethica Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá DC, Colombia | ³⁷⁷University of Applied Sciences Trier, Environmental Campus Birkenfeld, Hoppstädten-Weiersbach, Germany | ³⁷⁸Reef Life Survey Foundation, Battery Point, Tasmania, Australia | ³⁷⁹Laboratório de Ecologia/CERNA, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul (UEMS), Dourados, Brazil | ³⁸⁰The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada | ³⁸¹Data Analytics Program, Denison University, Granville, Ohio, USA | ³⁸²Natural Resources Institute Finland, Oulu, Finland | ³⁸³University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia | ³⁸⁴Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia | ³⁸⁵Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Australian Antarctic Program Partnership, Battery Point, Tasmania, Australia | ³⁸⁶Department of Forest Entomology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Ibaraki, Japan | ³⁸⁷Centre de Recherche sur la Biodiversité et l'Environnement (CRBE), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, Toulouse INP, Université Toulouse 3—Paul Sabatier (UT3), Toulouse, France | ³⁸⁸Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Station Marine de Dinard, CRESCO, Dinard, France | ³⁸⁹Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA | ³⁹⁰Department of Watershed Sciences, Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA | ³⁹¹Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland | ³⁹²Hessian Agency for Nature Conservation, Environment and Geology, Biodiversity Center, Giessen, Germany | ³⁹³Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic | ³⁹⁴Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois, USA | ³⁹⁵Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, Brazil | ³⁹⁶Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais, São Paulo, Brazil | ³⁹⁷School of Environment, Resources and Sustainability, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada | ³⁹⁸Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute, Hokkaido Research Organization, Eniwa, Japan | ³⁹⁹Ocea Consult, Saint Pierre, La Réunion, France | ⁴⁰⁰Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile | ⁴⁰¹Centro FONDAP de Investigación de Dinámicas de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL) Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile | ⁴⁰²Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Programa de Biología Aplicada, Grupo de Investigación Diversitas, Bogotá, Colombia | ⁴⁰³Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, Saint

Louis, Missouri, USA | ⁴⁰⁴Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Bauru, Brazil | ⁴⁰⁵Escola de Agronomia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil | ⁴⁰⁶Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa | ⁴⁰⁷Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | ⁴⁰⁸Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft Laboratory, Suffolk, UK | ⁴⁰⁹School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK | ⁴¹⁰Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal Do ABC (UFABC), São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil | ⁴¹¹Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação, Setor de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil | ⁴¹²Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi, Vietnam | ⁴¹³Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi, Vietnam | ⁴¹⁴Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA | ⁴¹⁵Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA | ⁴¹⁶Biology Department, Drew University, Madison, New Jersey, USA | ⁴¹⁷Environmental Studies Department, Drew University, Madison, New Jersey, USA | ⁴¹⁸INRAE, EABX, Cestas, France | ⁴¹⁹Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian's National zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, Virginia, USA | ⁴²⁰School of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK | ⁴²¹Landesamt für Umwelt Rheinland-Pfalz, Mainz, Germany | ⁴²²Virginia State University, Petersburg, Virginia, USA | ⁴²³Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth, UK | ⁴²⁴Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia | ⁴²⁵Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK | ⁴²⁶Australasian Seabird Group, BirdLife Australia, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia | ⁴²⁷Natural Sciences, Bennington College, Bennington, Vermont, USA | ⁴²⁸Huron Mountain Wildlife Foundation, Big Bay, Michigan, USA | ⁴²⁹State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Beijing, China | ⁴³⁰Science Division, Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Yerushalayim, Israel | ⁴³¹School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

## Acknowledgements

The BioTIME project was funded since conception by the European Research Council grant AdG BioTIME 250189 awarded to A.E.M., European Research Council grant PoC BioCHANGE 727440 awarded to A.E.M. and M.D., European Research Council grant AdG MetaCHANGE 101098020 awarded to J.C. and the Leverhulme Centre for Anthropocene Biodiversity grant RC-2018-021 awarded to M.D. These funds partially supported V.B., C.C., A.F.E. and F.M. A.F.E. was supported by the Fisheries Society of the British Isles Studentship. V.B. and M.D. were partially supported by European Research Council grant CoralINT 101044975. Views and opinions expressed are, however, those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Council. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. We would like to thank Ramon Fallon and Swithun Crowe for their assistance in web maintenance. The BioTIME Core Team would like to thank Amelia Penny, Anokhi Saha and Rowan Stanford for their help in data curation. We would also like to thank the following individuals for contributing and collecting data: Alejandro Pérez Matus, Amir Hosain Chowdhury, Anders Enemar, Andrew Rassweiler, Andy Kirk, Anna Maria Fosaa, Anthony Joern, Anu Valtonen, Anywa Waite, A.P. Savassi-Coutinho, Arik Diamant, Asem A. Akhmetzhanova, Atsuko Fukamachi, B. R. Ramesh, Beatriz Eugenia Salgado Negret, Bella Galil, Bill McLarney, Borgþór Magnússon, Brian J. Bett, Bruno Ferreto Fiorillo, Cameron Eckert, Carol Mathias, Christopher C. Koenig, Conor Waldock, Corinna Gries, Dan Bardsley, Dan Childers, Dan Metcalfe, Dave Watts, David Janik, David Lightfoot, David Rissik, Diego Montalti, Don Henshaw, Douglas Kelt, Dustin Wilgers, Elizabeth Gorgone, Ellen Marshall, Erica M. Sampaio, Esther Levesque, Even Moreland, Fábio Lang da Silveira, Fakhrizal Setiawan, Fernando Carvalho, Fernando Valladares, Fernando Vaz-de-Mello, Francisco Sánchez-Piñero, G. A. D. C. Franco,
Gaius Shaver, Gedas Vaitkus, Grace Frank, Grace Murphy, Haley Arnold, Hannah Ruhl, Hanneline Smit-Robinson, Haydn Thomas, Heather L Bateman, Hernando García, Ian Douglas-Hamilton, J. Y. Tamashiro, James H. Brown, Jan Clavel, Javier Bustamante, Jennifer Wallace, Jenny Owen, Jill Johnstone, Jo Surgey, John C. Priscu, John F. Chamblee, John R. Clark, Jose Manuel Arcos, Josh Silberg, Julio Gutiérrez, Kamil Kral, Kathy Slater, Keith Stedman, Kwang-Tsao Shao, Laura Siegwart Collier, Lenka Kočíková, Lesley Clementson, Linda A. Kuhnz, Loureiro Fernandes, Malva Medina, Marc Estiarte, Marco Moretti, Marion Valeix, Mark Harmon, Mark Ritchie, Mark Watkins, Martin Schuetz, Masato Yoshikawa, Matt Bradford, Michelle Devlin, Mike Brook, Mike Brubaker, Miles Furnas, Nadia Soudzilovskaia, Natalia Norden, Ngoni Chiweshe, Nir Stern, Oliver Beacock, Olivia Mendivil Ramos Or Givan, Orjan Totland, Paul Richardson, Pedro Damião dos Santos Rebelo, Pedro José Sandoval Cortés, Peter Adler, Peter Kirmond, Phaedra Budy, René E. Maragliano, Renee Patten, Res Altwegg, Richard Dufeu, Rita Adrian, Rob Pabst, Robert Fitt, Robin Elahi, Roger Hnatiuk, Sally Sherman, Sandra Angers-Blondin, Shahar Malamud, Sharon Collinge, Shaun Wilson, Sophie Leterme, Stefan Williams, Stephen Hale, Stephen Newton, Steve Hubbell, Steve Wain, Sukmaraharja Aulia Rachman Tarigan, Sultan Areshi, Susan Boyd, Susannah B. Lerman, Susi Pulliainen, Tae-Sung Kwon, Tasrif Kartawijaya, Thomas Wohlgemuth, Tiago Egydio Barreto, Tim S. Doherty, Tomáš Vrška, Tomasz Weslowski, Tomohiro Yoshida, Tore Johannessen, Tracey Smart, Trevor Willis, Tung-Yung Fan, Vinícius Castro Souza, Vu Quang Con, Ward Appeltans, Ya'arit Levitt Barmats, Yoshinobu Hoshino and Yoshiyuki Umatani. The dataset by A. Barash was collected as part of the research activity of Sharks in Israel NGO. AT was supported by JSPS KAKENHI (grant no.: 20H03010). A.F. would like to thank Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq 312689/2021-7) for a productivity grant and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP 2015/06743-0) for a grant. A.K. was supported by EXPRO (grant no.: 19-28807X) (Czech Science Foundation) and a long-term research development project RVO 67985939 (Czech Academy of Sciences). Funding for A.V. Christianini was provided by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP proc. no. 02/12895-8); Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)—Finance Code 001; Neotropical Grassland Conservancy; and Rufford Small Grants. The Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority and the Zimbabwean Veterinary Services kindly granted A. Caron permission to work in areas under their jurisdiction. This work was conducted within the framework of the 'Mesures d'Urgence' and GRIPAVI projects, and the Research Platform 'Production and Conservation in Partnership' (RP-PCP). A.H.H. was funded by the National Science Foundation (grant no.: DEB-1354563). Thanks to Devan Inderlall, Khadija Huggins and Sarah Shageer for assistance processing macroinvertebrate samples, and to Avinash Deonarinesingh for fieldwork assistance. Thanks to Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for granting a research productivity scholarship to Ana Carolina da Silva. The study by A. Michelsen was supported by Independent Research Fund Denmark, D.F.F. Nature and Universe. This manuscript uses data collected by the US National Science Foundation's (NSF) Moore Coral Reef Long-Term Ecological research (MCR LTER) site (grant no. OCE 2224354) (and earlier awards). Research was completed under permits issued by the French Polynesian Government (Délégation à la Recherche) and the Haut-commissariat de la République en Polynésie Française (DTRT) (Protocole d'Accueil 2005-2023). A.L.R. was supported by the California Agricultural Experimental Station of the University of California Davis (grant no.: CA-D-WFB-2467-H). This work was supported by the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), through the Climate Linked Atlantic Sector Science project (NE/R015953/1). M.B., A.M.J., K.P. and J.S. received financial support from internal funds of University of Lodz. Trinidad data from A.E. Magurran and A.E. Deacon were supported by the European Research Council (ERC AdG BioTIME 250189) and by the Leverhulme Trust (RPG-2019-402). A. Thimonier would like to thank these botanists for their assistance in the Swiss LWF data set: Peter Kull, Walter Keller, Thomas Wohlgemuth, Barbara Moser, Martin Schütz. A. Tolvanen would like to thank Natural Resources Institute

Finland. Data on plankton abundance in Australia were sourced from Australia's Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS)—IMOS is enabled by the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS). It is operated by a consortium of institutions as an unincorporated joint venture, with the University of Tasmania as Lead Agent. Funding to A. Bode was provided by projects RADIALES (IEO-CSIC) and QLOCKS (PID2020-115620RB-100 MCIN/AEI/10.13039/50110011033, Spain). The study by A. Verstraeten was funded partially by the UNECE and partly by the Flemish government. A.V. is also grateful to Luc De Geest for assisting with the data collection in the field. The surveys by A. Zvuloni were made possible thanks to funding from the Israel Nature and Park Authority. We wish to thank all those who helped with fieldwork and the Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences in Eilat (IUI) for its support. B.P. Nikolov: Public data provided by the Executive Environment Agency (ExEA), of the Ministry of Environment and Water, Bulgaria. Original data have been provided/collected by Wetlands International, as well as by specialists and experts from ExEA, RIEW, some research organisations and NGOs within the monitoring of wintering waterbirds as a part of the Bulgarian National Monitoring System for the condition of biodiversity. Data collected at the Jornada Experimental Range were supported by the USDA Long-Term Agroecosystem Research network and Jornada Basin Long-Term Ecological Research Program. B.F.-Z. was supported by an Abroad Doctoral Scholarship ANID (National Research and Development Agency), Chile. B.M.S. was supported by the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Hakai Institute, BC Parks. C.Z.T was supported by the Brazilian Federal Agency for Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education (CAPES #001). C. Gjerdrum would like to acknowledge the financial support (2006-2009) of the Environmental Studies Research Funds (ESRF, http://www.esrfunds.org), and grants US NSF 1022472 and 1902595 for ship time support in Davis Strait/Baffin Bay in 2015. Thanks to all the observers who participated in collecting the data, as well as science staff, ships' officers and personnel for support at sea, especially the Department of Fisheries and Oceans in eastern Canada. We thank Jan Wittoeck and other colleagues who assisted in the sampling and compilation of the macrobenthic data and the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office who funded MACROBEL through the programme 'Sustainable management of the North Sea' (SPSD I MN/02/96). C.A.H.F. would like to thank FAPESP for its financial support of part of the data gathering and analysis for a number of years. Funding to C.E.B. was provided by the Bertarelli Foundation as part of the Bertarelli Programme in Marine Science. Funding for C. Rodrigues was provided by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (grant/award no.: 312689/2021-7); Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (grant/award no.: 001); Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (grant/award nos.: 2015/06743-0 and 2020/10333-0); Fundação Grupo o Boticário de Proteção à Natureza (grant/award no.: 0153_2011_PR). Data from microzooplankton from the Bahia Blanca Estuary have been gathered and processed jointly by Dr. Sonia Barría de Cao, Dr. Rosa Pettigrosso and Celeste López-Abbate. C.A.C. would like to thank Academia Sinica, National Science and Technology Council, and Kenting National Park for funding. CHH would like to thank the National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan. Funding to C.L.H. was provided by David and Lucile Packard Foundation. This work was made possible by the RV Western Flyer crew, and pilots of ROVs Tiburon and Doc Ricketts. Funding to C.F.J.M. was provided by a Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia grant (PTDC/BIABIC/111184/2009). Funding to C.D.S. was provided by a grant from the US Fish and Wildlife Service/State Wildlife federal grant number: T-15, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission agreement number: 08007. We thank A. Mickle and B. Hall-Scharf for assistance in the field and the laboratory, and M. McManus for advice on study design. Claire Widdicombe and the L4 phytoplankton time-series are funded by the UK's Natural Environment Research Council's National Capability Long-term Single Centre Science Programme, Climate Linked Atlantic Sector Science (grant no.: NE/R015953/1), and is a contribution to Theme 1.3—Biological Dynamics. Data from C.H.D. were sourced from Australia's Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS)—IMOS is enabled by the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy
(NCRIS). It is operated by a consortium of institutions as an unincorporated joint venture, with the University of Tasmania as Lead Agent. Data from D.A.E. were collected thanks to logistical support and funding from Operation Wallacea. D.C.R. and R.J.M. thank the US National Science Foundation for their ongoing support in funding the Santa Barbara Coastal Long-Term Ecological Research (SBC-LTER) Program. D.K.S. thanks the dozens of researchers who sampled crayfish, macrophytes and snails in northern Wisconsin, USA, throughout the duration of the study, including Timothy A. Kreps, T. Mark Olsen and Sadie K. Rosenthal. D. Oro thanks the Spanish Ministry of Science and Generalitat de Catalunya for funding and support. D.J.K. and colleagues acknowledge Channel Islands National Park, the many park and volunteer divers, as well as the National Park Service Inventory and Monitoring Program for continued support of the long-term Kelp Forest Monitoring Program. D.M.L. thanks the US NSF, Wisconsin DNR, Cornell Atkinson Center for Sustainability. D. Maphisa: The first author was supported in the position of BirdLife South Africa Ingula Project Manager with funding by Eskom through The Ingula Partnership and by The Mazda Wildlife Fund with a vehicle for the duration of the project while employed by BirdLife South Africa. D.C.R.-F. is funded by CNPq #304760/2021-8. Funding for DFF's fieldwork was provided by the Madeira 420 European Regional Development Fund Programme management authority under the Regional Government of Madeira. D.F.F was supported by Scientific Initiation Studentship (RH015). Funding to D.L.F. provided by US NSF, NOAA and NASA. D. Edelist acknowledges the Department of Fisheries, Israel Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. E.C.-M., V.H.R.-M. and R.R.T. thank NSF-Florida Coastal Everglades Long-Term Ecological Research (FCE-LTER) Program (grant nos.: DBI-0620409, DEB-9910514 and DEB-1237517). Funding for E.J.C. came from the Norwegian Research Council ('SnoEco' project, number: 230970), European Commission 'FRAGILE' project (no.: EVK2-2001-00235), UiT—The Arctic University of Norway and The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS). The SOTS observatory is supported by Australia's Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS). IMOS is operated by a consortium of institutions as an unincorporated joint venture, with the University of Tasmania as Lead Agent. Konza Prairie LTER: NSF DEB #2025849. E.G.B. mostly received financial support from Fundació Rivus, Observatori de la Tordera and the Spanish Ministry of Science (MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033) and the European Union (NextGenerationEU/PRTR) (project TED 2021-129889 B–I00). North Temperate Lakes LTER datasets were funded by the National Science Foundation under Cooperative Agreement #DEB-2025982. E.P. acknowledges support from the US National Science Foundation under awards 0217259, 0713994, 0902125, 1107381 and 1525636. This research was supported by appropriated funds to the USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range project 3050-11210-009-00D, the Jornada Basin Long-Term Ecological Research Program DEB-1832194, and is a contribution from the Long-Term Agroecosystem Research (LTAR) network. LTAR is supported by the United States Department of Agriculture. Peter Adler was supported by NSF DEB-0614068 and DEB-1054040 and the Utah Agricultural Experiment Station. E.M.C. also wants to thank the many personnel who contributed to data collection over the Jornada quadrat programme's 100-year history, with special thanks to Kris Havstad for reviving the project in 1995. The data obtained at Sapucú lake are a secondary product of the project Ecological studies in the low-order streams in the National Forest Saraca-Taquera (PA), headed by Francisco de Assis Esteves and Reinaldo Luiz Bozelli, supported by Mineração Rio do Norte. We are grateful to all participants of the monitoring by help with fieldwork and curation of biological samples. E. Bonsdorff thanks The Åbo Akademi University Foundation. The work by E.C.K. was supported by the National Science Foundation's McMurdo LTER project. Support was also supplied by INSTAAR (Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research of the University of Colorado, Boulder) and was directed by Dr. Diane McKnight. The work by E.P.W. was supported by the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Hatch project FLA-WEC-005944. F.V. would like to thank Fazenda Vagafogo, FRdS thanks the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP #2013/50714-0 and #2022/04012-2). F.C.S. was funded by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo—FAPESP

(Filipe C. Serrano, grant no.: 2023/06999-1). F.A.M.S. was supported by CNPq 310168/2018-0; FAPEX 2012/23. The research of F.P.D. was funded by NSF grants DEB-1237733 and NSF 0080381 awarded to the University of Virginia in support of the Virginia Coast Reserve LTER site. F. West would like to acknowledge Jonathan West, late principal of the Whitelands Project, as he was instrumental in gathering this dataset. G.B.G.S. and M.V. thank the staff who assisted in the field and laboratory research from the Laboratory of Fishery Biology and Technology. This study was part of the programme 'Environmental Assessment of Guanabara Bay' coordinated and funded by CENPES—PETROBRAS, which has given permission for the publication of the results. This study was also supported by the Long-Term Ecological Programme (PELD programme—CNPq 403809/2012-6) and by FAPERJ (Thematic Programme, process E-26/110.114/2013). G.B.G.S. was funded by CAPES/Brazil. G. Damasceno was supported by FAPESP (São Paulo Research Foundation) (grant/award nos.: 2015/10714-6, 2015/06743-0). The ILVO data collection was funded through the Bagger project (Biological and chemical ecosystem monitoring at the dredge disposal sites financed by Flemish Authorities, Flanders Maritime Access Division); Zand (Financial support was provided by the continuous monitoring programme ZAGRI, paid from the revenues of marine aggregate extraction in Belgian waters (RD 9/04/2014, Numac: 2014011344) and sampling was possible through the RV Belgica (BELSPO funding). G. Durigan thanks the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico—CNPq (grant no.: 309709/2020-2). The research by G.S.C. was partially supported by The Wildlife Conservation Society through funding provided by US-AID for the Global Avian Influenza Network for Surveillance. Long-term ecosystem research in the Scheldt Estuary (Belgium) by MONEOS programme is supported by 'De Vlaamse Waterweg nv' and 'Maritieme toegang'. Funding to H. Knutsen was provided by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Fisheries. H.M.V. thanks the staff of various South African national government departments historically and currently involved in the collection and analysis of zooplankton samples during routine fisheries and environmental monitoring surveys in the South-East Atlantic along the west coast of South Africa. H. Bruelheide appreciates the support for the strategic project sMon by the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG-FZT 118, 202548816). H.J.W.V. extends thanks to the Dutch nature conservation organisation Natuurmonumenten for contributing to the costs and Saskia Glas for the support. LTER ICP Solling Germany Beech Forest Ground Vegetation, LTER ICP Solling Germany Spruce Forest Vegetation: The execution of the relevés by Bernadett Lambertz is gratefully acknowledged. Funding was provided through the Permanent Soil Monitoring programme of Lower Saxony. The study by H. Taki was partly funded by the Joint Research Program of the Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, the Global Environment Research Fund of the Ministry of Environment of Japan, and the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan. H.T.P. thanks Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (grant nos.: 2019/24215-2 and 2021/07039-6). The Finnish Moth Monitoring scheme (Nocturna) has been supported financially by the Ministry of the Environment (Finland). I. Torre and colleagues are indebted to Diputació de Barcelona and the Collserola Natural Park for providing financial and logistic support throughout the years. The authors thank Antoni Arrizabalaga (laboratory's head) for providing bureaucratic support and guarantee to the SEMICE programme throughout the years. We also acknowledge the volunteers and professionals in charge of the SEMICE stations, who kindly recorded data in the study area: Lídia Freixas, Tomàs Pulido, Dolors Escruela, Òscar Martínez, James Manresa, Cristina Terraza, Joan Manuel Riera, Marçal Pou, Tabea Sunnemann and Alfons Raspall. IdCA and colleagues thank Prof. Guy Chavanon for obtaining the sampling permits, and the Moroccan Direction de la Lutte Contre la Désertification et de la Protection de la Nature for permission to conduct this research (Refs. 01/2013 HCEFLCD/DLCPDN/DPRN/CFF and 01/2014 HCEFLCD/DLCPDN/DPRN/CFF). Several researchers, graduate and postgraduate students helped during field campaigns. I. deCastro-Arrazola was funded by a FPI grant from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (BES-2012-054353). Surveys and data
processing were supported by the Spanish Agency of Innovation (AEI) project SCARPO (grant no.: CGL2011-29317). I.S.M. was funded by Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions Individual Fellowship (MSCA-IF), European Union's Horizon 2020 (grant agreement no.: 894644); Leverhulme Trust through the Leverhulme Centre for Anthropocene Biodiversity (RC-2018-021). The work by I.K.S. was supported by eLTER-PLUS and LTER-DK projects. I.H.M.-S. was supported by the Natural Environment Research Council of the UK (NERC), European Research Council (ERC) and Canada Excellence Research Chairs Program funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). For the ITEX data collected on Herschel Island-Qikiqtaruk, we thank the Herschel Island-Qikiqtaruk Territorial Park management, Catherine Kennedy, Dorothy Cooley and Jill F. Johnstone for establishing and maintaining the plant composition data from Qikiqtaruk. We thank the Inuvialuit People for the opportunity to conduct research on their land. Data and facilities to I. Arismendi and D. Bell were provided by the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest and Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Program, administered cooperatively by the USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, Oregon State University and the Willamette National Forest. This research is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under the LTER Grants: LTER7 DEB-1440409 (2012-2020) and LTER8 DEB-2025755 (2020-2026). Data from J.E.D. are Contribution 141 from the Smithsonian's MarineGEO and Tennenbaum Marine Observatories Network. Field support to J.W.F.C. came from Ocean Networks Canada, captains and crew of the CCGS JP Tully, CCGS Vector, RV Thompson, the RV Falkor, and staff of the Canadian Scientific Submersible Facility and operators of the Oceanic Explorer. Funding came from NSERC and the Canadian Healthy Oceans Network (CHONe). J.A.S. acknowledges funding support from the National Research Foundation of South Africa (grant nos.: 150296, 118593 and 142438). J. R. S. Vitule is especially thankful to the Brazilian Council of Research (CNPq) for continuous funding through Research Productivity Grants. J.P.S.V.A. was supported by FAPESP Processo 2020/12658-4 AND FAPESP Processo 2023/01470-9. R.K., D.P. and J.M. acknowledge and thank SOTEAG (Shetland Oil Terminal Environmental Advisory Group) for providing data from the long-term rocky shore monitoring programme dataset. J.M., D.P. and R.K. would like to acknowledge Christine M. Howson for her considerable contribution to the SOTEAG rocky shore programme over many years. J.J.L. acknowledges funding from the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO, project nos.: G018919N, 12P1819N, W001919N and 1512720N). J.J.L. also acknowledges BiodivERsA project ASICS (G0H6720N) and funding from INTERACT travel grants. J.M.C. acknowledges the support of iDiv funded by the German Research Foundation (grant nos.: DFG-FZT 118, 202548816). Ainsdale Dunes Slacks LTE is hosted by Natural England and received funding from the Ecological Continuity Trust (ECT), the Botanical Society of the Britain and Ireland (BSBI), Loughborough University and the Leverhulme Trust as part of the award of a Royal Society Leverhulme Trust Senior Research Fellowship to Millett. J. Barlow thanks the UK Government Darwin Initiative. J. Penuelas was supported by Spanish government grant PID2022-140808NB-I00. J.C.Q. thanks the German Research Foundation (DFG) granted to the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig (DFG FZT-118, 20254881). Data from J.P.Q. are a contribution of the Research Center for Marine Biodiversity of the University of São Paulo (NPBiomar). The Finnish Moth Monitoring scheme (Nocturna) has been supported financially by the Ministry of the Environment (Finland). Funding for J.A.J. was provided by National Science Foundation grants to the Andrews Forest Long-Term Ecological Research Program. K.E.E. and colleagues acknowledge Offshore Norge for use of data from the MOD-database. K. Klanderud thanks the Norwegian Research Council. Dr. Fiona Scott is acknowledged for her excellent work with the SO-CPR programme. Data collection for K.D.W. assisted by > 30 Bennington College undergraduates; researchers involved in pre-1989 censuses are cited with datasets archived at Environmental Data Initiative. K. Meier was supported by workgroups Research Data Management and Data Infrastructures at ZALF. L.H.A. acknowledges funding from the Academy of Finland (grant no.: 340280). Living data internship was provided by Laura Super, PhD

Candidate, University of British Columbia, with the assistance of the team wrote up the first draft of this Readme file and did data file curation—including making data summary files and completing data cleaning—as part of a Living Data Project (LDP), Canadian Institute of Ecology and Evolution, data rescue paid internship supported by NSERC CREATE (https://www.ciee-icee.ca/ldp.html). In addition to the team, there was cohort support from LDP graduate students and postdocs. See more here about the principles and rationale behind data rescue: Bledsoe, E. K. et al. (2022). Data rescue: saving environmental data from extinction. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 289(1979), 20220938. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2022.0938. Funding to LTT was provided by two UK Natural Environment Research Council PhD studentships (including through the Quadrat Doctoral Training Program) and a PhD studentship funded by the Saudi Royal Embassy. L.V.V. was supported by the Vietnam Ministry of Science and Technology (DTĐL.CN-113/21) and Earthwatch Institute. The dataset by L. Armbrecht originated from PhD research, which was supervised by Leanne Armand, Moninya Roughan and David Raftos. We thank the NMSC for providing RV Circe and the OEH for enabling the use of RV Bombora. We thank P. Ajani and T. Ingleton for support with phytoplankton identification. Throughout the many field campaigns, we thank T. Ingleton, P. Davies, R. Gardiner, A. Cox, B. Morris, D. Kricke, A. Waite, T. Sullivan, V. Rossi, J. Wood, T. Austin, M. Doblin, C. Robinson, A. Mantovanelli, A. Schaeffer, A. Grobler, W. Godinho, A. Wilkins and S. Milburn for assistance. The field work was partially funded by a grant from the Australian Research Council, DP 1093510 (to MR). L.A. was funded by Macquarie University, the Australian Biological Resources Study, the Australian Marine Sciences Association and the Linnean Society of NSW. IMOS is supported by the Australian Government through the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy and the Super Science Initiative. L.B.C. acknowledges the contribution by the European Union's Horizon 2023 Research and Innovation Program under grant agreement no.: 101060072 ACTNOW and grant agreement no.: 101058956 Marine SABRES. RivFishTIME has been developed as part of the international working group SYNGEO—The geography of synchrony in dendritic networks kindly supported by sDiv, the Synthesis Centre of the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, funded by the German Research Foundation (FZT 118). L. Rosselli and colleagues thank the Asociación Bogotana de Ornitología and all observers that participated in the Sabana de Bogotá Christmas Bird Counts. We also thank landowners and institutions that permitted access to the areas during the decades of CBC. Juanita Niño, Julián Pinzón and Stefany Velásquez-Licona of the UDCA helped with organising the data. For the Chingaza study, we are grateful to the Sistema de Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia for help with logistics and fieldwork and for granting permits. The Empresa de Acueducto de Bogota helped with logistics in 1991–1992. For companionship and valuable help in the field, we thank P. Camargo, F. Avellaneda, J. Candil, L. G. Linares, N. Moreno, R. Pulido, L. Tellez and the students of the UDCA. C. Garzon-Sanabria helped with data organisation. We thank G. Castañeda for his enthusiastic support in transportation in the field. The Chingaza project was funded by Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales UDCA, Universidad Nacional de Colombia and resources from Patrimonio Autonomo Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento para la Ciencia, la Tecnología y la Innovación, Francisco Jose de Caldas. L. Crevecoeur thanks Marc Janssen. Research Productivity Grant (CNPq) (process #302881/2022-0). Grants and fellowships were provided to L.F.T. by São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP #2022/11096-8) and the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq #302834/2020-6). We thank ArcticNet, Weston Northern Grants. M. Lazarus and colleagues would like to thank the Israeli Nature and Park Authority and all present and past Belmaker laboratory members who participated in data collection. M. Kagami was funded by JSPS-KAKEN(16H02943). M. Vianna acknowledges FAPERJ (E26/200.934/2022) and CNPq (302398/2022–8) for financial support. Marcio Martins thanks the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (Fapesp) for research grants (#2015/21259-8, #2018/14091-1 and #2020/12658-4) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for research fellowships
(#306961/2015-6 and #309772/2021-4). M. Schaub: Evaluations were based on data from the Swiss Long-term Forest Ecosystem Research programme LWF (www.lwf.ch), which is part of the UNECE Cooperative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests ICP Forests (www.icp-forests.net). We are particularly grateful to Tom Wohlgemuth who helped assess the Swiss data. M.G.C. was funded by the EU Horizon 2020 Research and Innovations Programme through the CHARTER project (grant no.: 869471) and by the NERC Tundra Time project (NE/W006448/1). M.L.C. and colleagues thank the Rufford Foundation, Neotropical Grasslands Conservancy and CAPES for financing our study. We also thank Alexsander Zamorano Antunes for help in bird identification. Instituto Alexander con Humboldt, Reserva Natural La Planada, Smithsonian Institution. M.G.B. was supported by LTER8 NSF-DEB-2025755. Funding to M. Koivula came from the Academy of Finland, the Metsämiesten Säätio Foundation, Metsäteho Ltd. and the Finnish Cultural Foundation. M.K.B. thanks the staff of DABCS, Legon; Environmental Protection Agency (EPA-Ghana), Plant Protection & Regulatory Services Directorate of the Ministry of Food & Agriculture (PPRSD-MoFA, Ghana). Meagan Grabowski was funded by the Yukon Fish and Wildlife Enhancement Trust, Yukon Parks and supported by Yukon University. Partial support for M. Goren's research was provided by the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) for the project Vectors of Change in Oceans and Seas Marine Life, Impact on Economic Sectors (VECTORS) (B.S.G.). M.J.M. was supported by the Leverhulme Trust ECF-2021-512. MRW's research was facilitated by grants BSR-8811902, DEB-9411973, DEB-0080538, DEB-0218039, DEB-0620910, DEB-1239764, DEB-1546686 and DEB-1831952 from the National Science Foundation to the Institute of Tropical Ecosystem Studies, University of Puerto Rico and the International Institute of Tropical Forestry as part of the Long-Term Ecological Research Program. Additional support was provided by the United States Forest Service and the University of Puerto Rico. Although too numerous to recognise individually, a small army of undergraduates, a large number of graduate students and many post-doctoral associates have assisted with field collections over the past three decades. M.R.L. thanks the Instituto Felinos do Aguai. N.A. thanks Karnataka Forest Department and IFP staff Messrs. S. Aravajy, S. Ramalingam, N. Barathan, G. Orukaimani, G. Jayapalan, K. Anthapa Gowda, Obbaya Gowda and Manoj Gowda. Funding for N.M.I. came from grant 99/09635-0, São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP). N. Beenaerts would like to thank Marc Janssens and students for collecting and identifying species. M. Milchakova acknowledges the IBSS State research assignments no.: 1023032000049-6-1.6.21. N. Valdivia was financially supported by the FONDECYT grant no.: 1230286 and FONDAP grant no.: 15150003 (IDEAL). N.A.J.G. thanks the Royal Society, Seychelles Fishing Authority, Seychelles Parks and Gardens Authority, Nature Seychelles. N. Poulet and colleagues wish to pay tribute to the numerous engineers and technicians who perform electrofishing and maintain the ASPE database. The database engineering and administration are funded by the Office Français de la Biodiversité (OFB, https://www.ofb.gouv.fr/). Nivaldo Peroni thanks CNPq for the productivity scholarship. O.F.L. would like to thank the Israeli Nature and Park Authority and all present and past Belmaker laboratory members who participated in data collection. O. Pizarro thanks the Australian Research Council, staff of Lizard Island Research Station. P. Hidalgo thanks ANID-Fondecyt 1191343 and regional Node ESPOBIS. PMvB and colleagues thank Operation Wallacea Ltd., which has supported long-term biodiversity surveys. We are grateful to the several thousand volunteers and scientists, guides, cooks and support staff, whose assistance has been invaluable during this period. We thank Expediciones y Servicios Ambientales Cusuco for providing logistical support and the Instituto de Conservación Forestal for issuing annual research permits allowing research in the Cusuco National Park to be completed. P.C.E. and colleagues thank A.S.B. Gontijo, D. Gontijo, I.S. Mendes, M.J. Correa, H. Kiefer, B. Pardinho, C. Araújo, I.M. Martins, V.S. Borges, J. Espanha, E. Quintana, J. Freitas, R. Viana, C. Moretzsohn and I.S. Barros for help during field work. P.S.P. was supported by the CNPq (302328/2022-0). P.A.-M. was supported by Funding National Doctoral Scholarship ANID (National Research and Development Agency), Chile; no:

IC-120019 (IMO). Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for granting a research productivity scholarship to P. Higuchi. P.B.R. was supported by US NSF-DBI-2021898. P. Haase received funding from the EU Horizon 2020 project eLTER PLUS (grand agreement no.: 871128) and the DFG (German Research Foundation) project CRC 1439 RESIST (SFB 1439/1 2021-426547801). P.L.M. was supported by US National Science Foundation (LTREB), US AID Program, FONDECYT Chile and Northern Illinois University. P. Pysek thanks the long-term research development project RVO 67985939 (Czech Academy of Sciences). P.F.F. was supported by the Canada Graduate Scholarship (CGS D) and Michael Smith Foreign Study Supplement from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). P. Valade acknowledges the DEAL Réunion, DEAL Mayotte, Office de l'eau de La Réunion. R.H.S. acknowledges all Bulgarian ornithologists and volunteers who collect data for birds. São Paulo forest plot data collection by RAFdL was supported by grant no.: 99/09635-0, São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP). For supporting the collection of the French Polynesian dataset, R. Beldade and colleagues would like to thank staff from the Centre de Recherches Insulaires et Observatoire de l'Environnement (CRIOBE). Agence National de la Recherche to R.B (ANR-14-CE02-0005-01/Stay or Go); Millenium Nucleus for the Ecology and Conservation of Temperate Mesophotic Reef Ecosystem (NUTME), Chile to R.B. RRR was funded by the Sao Paulo Research Foundation (Fapesp) grants 2013/50718-5 and 2020/05533-0. Fieldwork for R. Rocha was funded by a National Geographic Society grant EC-64368R-20. R.T.H. was funded by the (US) National Science Foundation. R.A.D. and colleagues are grateful to the Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority for ongoing support and previous funding for this project. Calum Irvine and Marcus Cosentino have assisted with data collections. The data from R.B.W. were upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under grants BSR-8811902, DEB-9411973, DEB-9705814, DEB-0080538, DEB-0218039, DEB-0620910, DEB-1239764, DEB-1546686 and DEB-1831952. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in the material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. We acknowledge the contribution of Jamarys Torres, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Forest Service, for collection of field data. R.D.H. acknowledges the Native Peoples of the North Slope of Alaska and the US National Science Foundation. Funding to R.J.M. was provided by the US National Science Foundation in support of the Santa Barbara Coastal Long-Term Ecological Research Program (award no.: OCE-1831937). The work by R.L.S. was supported by funding from the National Science Foundation to New Mexico State University for the Jornada Basin Long-Term Ecological Research Program (DEB 2025166). The study by R. Bottarin was co-funded by the European Union—NextGenerationEU, in the framework of the consortium iNEST—Interconnected Nord-Est Innovation Ecosystem (PNRR, Missione 4 Componente 2, Investimento 1.5 D.D. 1058 23/06/2022, ECS_00000043—Spoke1, RT3, CUP I43C22000250006) and the Autonomous Province of Bolzano. R. Pizzolotto would like to express sincere gratitude to the Paneveggio Regional Park Administration for their financial support. R.B.G. was supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) fellowship number: 307671/2021-6. RvK was supported by the German Science Foundation (FZT 118). Work by R. Kyerematen was supported by a DAAD scholarship. We thank the Forestry Commission of Ghana and the Boti Falls Management for giving us access to the Study sites for this research. We also thank Mr. Henry Davis for helping with the identification of the specimens. R. Escribano was supported by ANID Chile grant ICN12_019. R.V. was supported by a doctoral grant from Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, Portugal (SFRH/BD/84030/2012). Data for study 354 were sourced from Australia's Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS)—IMOS is enabled by the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS). It is operated by a consortium of institutions as an unincorporated joint venture, with the University of Tasmania as Lead Agent. Marine National Facility acknowledgment: We acknowledge the use of the CSIRO Marine National Facility (https://ror.org/01mae9353) in undertaking part of this research. R.Y. and colleagues would like to thank the Israel Nature and
Park Authority and all present and past Belmaker laboratory members who participated in data collection. R. Nouioua thanks Diogo F. Ferreira and Ricardo Rocha. S.E.M. extends sincere thanks to those involved in collecting the data (especially George LaRoi, Roger Hnatiuk, John Stadt and Benoit Gendreau-Berthiaume) and assisting with the archiving (Ellen Bledsoe, Amelia Hesketh, Justine Karst, Jenna Loesberg and Laura Super). The Portal Project was supported by research grants awarded to SKM Ernest and E.P. White by the US National Science Foundation (NSF DEB-1929730), USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Hatch Project FLA-WEC-005983 (Ernest) and FLA-WEC-005944 (White). S.E.I.J. and colleagues thank Operation Wallacea and the staff and volunteers who have facilitated long-term work in Cusuco National Park, Honduras. SSJT contributed data included in this manuscript. Funding came from the National Science Foundation through grant DEB-1354563 to A.H. Hurlbert and E.P. White and by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation's Data-Driven Discovery Initiative through grant GBMF4563 to E.P. White. Funding for S.C.E. came from the Canadian IPY programme. S.S.G. and colleagues thank the Channel Islands National Park Service and Kelp Forest Monitoring Program div-ers for conducting underwater visual surveys. S.W.C. was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2023-00272745). S. Pico was supported by the Universidad de Cádiz (UCA/R93REC/2019). S.A.B. gratefully acknowledges the support of the German Centre of Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig (funded by the German Research Foundation; FZT 118). Data collection by S.A.M. was funded by Northern Beaches Council, Sydney Australia. S.Z.C. was supported by Bolsa PQ 307135/2020-9. S.K.A. thanks the Director, KFRI for the institutional support and KFRI Plan Fund for funding. The studies by S.V.B. and colleagues were funded by the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ. Stefan Stoll acknowledges the State Environmental Agency of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Data from S. Earl are based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under grant no.: DEB-2224662, Central Arizona-Phoenix Long-Term Ecological Research Program (CAP LTER). Data from S.M.R. were provided by the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest and Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Program, administered co-operatively by Oregon State University, the USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station and the Willamette National Forest. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under the grant LTER8 DEB-2025755. S.K.S. is grateful to the Bangladesh Forest Department for supporting data collection. The surveys by T. Gavriel were made possible thanks to the funding from the Israel Nature and Park Authority. We wish to thank all those who helped with fieldwork and the Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences in Eilat (IUI). T. Horton and colleagues thank the early scien-tific contributors, including David Billett, Tony Rice, Michael Thurston, Olaf Pfannkuche, Monty Priede and others, for their vision. We also thank the many graduate students and colleagues that have contributed to the data collection and analysis at the PAP-SO, and the British Oceanographic Data Centre for hosting and making the data available. The Porcupine Abyssal Plain—Sustained Observatory of the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC, UK) is principally funded through the Climate Linked Atlantic Sector Science (CLASS) project supported by NERC National Capability funding (NE/R015953/1). T. Caruso acknowledges the Latvian National LTER projects. The Treswell Wood Integrated Population Monitoring Group acknowledges the late John Michael McMeeking, MBE usually known as John McMeeking who was founder of the group remaining active in it until his death in 2019 and the late Neil A Taylor, usually known as Neil Taylor, who was a long-standing very active member of the group until his death in 2012. T. A. Bueno thanks FAPESP for grant no.: 2020/05533-0, São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), that made possible the carry-on of this research. T.A.O. acknowledges the Local Environmental Observer Network contributors; M. Brubaker, M. Brook and staff of the Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium; The Pew Charitable Trusts through the Pew Fellows Program in Marine Conservation. T.E.M. and col-leagues thank the Operation Wallacea science teams who helped source data for some datasets. TGdS thanks the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) for financial support and Coordination of Superior Level Staff Improvement (CAPES) for

scholarships. Funding to U. Klinck came from the BDF-F programme Lower Saxony; vegetation assessments by Bernadett Lambertz. Public data by V. Evtimova was provided by the Executive Environment Agency (ExEA), of the Ministry of Environment and Water, Bulgaria. Original data have been provided/collected by Wetlands International, as well as by specialists and experts from ExEA, RIEW and NGOs within the monitoring of wintering waterbirds as a part of the Bulgarian National Monitoring System for the condition of biodiversity. V.H.R.-M. acknowledges the National Science Foundation (NSF) through the Florida Coastal Everglades Long-Term Ecological Research (FCE LTER) program (#DBI-0620409, #DEB-9910514). V.S.S. was supported by the São Paulo Research Foundation, FAPESP (grant/award nos.: 2017/12138- 8, 2018/23111- 6); LTER- Itanhaém project (grant/award no.: 2012/51511-2). W. Beiroz and colleagues thank Grupo Jari for logis-tic support, GIS, soil, rainfall and timber production data. We thank the Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (CNPQ) and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) for funding the project (Site Peld 23—403811/2012-0). W.B. thanks Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) for the PhD scholarship (BEX 3711-14-15). C.A.H.F. would like to thank his UNESP students Alexsander Seleguini, Angelo Luiz Tadeu Ottati, Cid Tacoaoca Muraishi, Fabiana Oikawa and Sérgio Roberto Rodrigues, who worked on the identification of the species over the years, all local Farm employees for making possible the collections throughout all these years, with special thanks to Moacir José Ruela and the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP, process no.: 99/08312-2) for financial support. All research by W.A.G. and colleagues at the USDA Forest Service International Institute of Tropical Forestry is done in collaboration with the University of Puerto Rico. All data from W.R.F. were obtained through financial support from the US National Science Foundation. Y.R.S. thanks the FUNDECT; CNPq; UEMS. The dataset of aerial and waterhole census in the Hwange National Park. Zimbabwe, was provided by the Wildlife and Environment Zimbabwe—Matabeleland Branch. Plankton data from S.P. was collected with support from Healthy Waterways, Queensland ARC LPO88366. JD Everett's research was funded by Australian Research Council Discovery Grant DP0880078.

## Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

## Data Availability Statement

A static stable release of BioTIME version 2.0 can be found in Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10932823). Code used in data cura-tion and standardisation can be found at github.com/bioTIMEHub/BioTIME. The R package BioTIMEr is available in CRAN and can be found at github.com/bioTIMEHub/BioTIMEr.

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**Supporting Information**

Additional supporting information can be found online in the Supporting Information section.