# Developing a Knowledge Base on Climate Change for Metropolitan cities

Eric Thivant, Eunika Mercier-Laurent, Guilaine Talens

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Eric Thivant, Eunika Mercier-Laurent, Guilaine Talens. Developing a Knowledge Base on Climate Change for Metropolitan cities. IFIP International Workshop on Artificial Intelligence for Knowledge Management (AI4KM), 2021, Yokohama, Japan. pp.130-143, 10.1007/978-3-030-80847-1_9. hal-03123682

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DEVELOPING A KNOWLEDGE BASE ON CLIMATE CHANGE FOR METROPOLITAN CITIES

Eric Thivant, Eunika Mercier-Laurent, Guilaine Talens Centre de Recherche Magellan, Université Jean Moulin Lyon 3

Abstract

Studying climate change requires taking into consideration multiple factors that influence it. Finding and understanding the degree of importance of these factors as well as their inter-influences could provide indicators on how to apply these principles among others in growing metropolitan cities. Public, semi-public & private actors (research laboratories, government agencies, etc.), associations, NGOs, mobilize and participate in new discoveries in related fields and experiment; some of them involve citizens (Smart Cities, Enoll, Triple Helix, etc.).

French Metropolitan Cities have developed their PCETs program (Territorial Climate and Energy Plan) to meet the objectives set by the European Union for 2020 and the National Climate Plan, set out in the Grenelle I and Grenelle II laws in France. In 2007, as part of its Climate Energy Plan, the Lyon metropolitan area made a commitment to reduce CO2 emissions by 20% by 2020 (75% by 2050), to cut energy consumption by 20% and to consume 20% of renewable energies.

This article propose defining and initiate a knowledge base on climate change starting from WEEE (waste electrical and electronic equipment) in large Metropolitan cities such as Metropole of Lyon and Metropole of Montpellier. This Knowledge base will contain best (and bad) practices, experiences, suited metrics, collaborative measures, projects, etc., using the Knowledge Management approach exploring artificial intelligence techniques. For our methodology we work on the state of the art for building such a knowledge base, taking into account the works of D. Boulanger (2005), E. Mercier-Laurent (2015, 2018) or G. Kayakutlu & E. Mercier-Laurent (2016) on that particular field, and we begin to list existing materials in order to implement in a near future a little knowledge base, on the recycling of products, particularly electronic products for these metropolitan cities.

Keywords
# 1. Introduction

Studying climate change requires to take into consideration multiple factors that influence it. Finding and understanding the degree of importance of these factors as well as their inter-influences could provide indicators on how to apply these principles in growing metropolitan cities. Public, semi-public & private actors (research laboratories, government agencies, etc.), associations, NGOs, mobilize and participate in new discoveries in related fields and experiment; some of them involve citizens (Smart Cities, Enoll, Triple Helix, etc.).

## The Metropolis of Lyon case Study:

French Metropolitan Cities have developed their PCETs program (Territorial Climate and Energy Plan) to meet the objectives set by the European Union for 2020 and the National Climate Plan, set out in the Grenelle I and Grenelle II laws in France. In 2007, as part of its Climate Energy Plan, the Metropolis of Lyon made a commitment to reduce CO2 emissions by 20% by 2020 (75% by 2050), to cut energy consumption by 20% and to consume 20% of renewable energies.

The Metropolis of Lyon has launched a "territorial climate-energy plan" (PCET), i.e. a territorial sustainable development project, whose primary purpose is to combat climate change in 2007. The first plan was designed for the period 2010-2020. Then Lyon Metropole has voted a new plan in December 2019, called "Plan climate air energy territorial" (PCAET) for the period 2020-2030.

"The metropolis of Lyon is working with its 145 partners to take effective action throughout its territory: the Climate and Territorial Energy Plan, which brings together local authorities, industrial and energy producers, companies in the tertiary sector, research laboratories and associations. »

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Transports de passagers</th><th>Transports de marchandises</th><th>Habitat</th><th>Tertiaire</th><th>Industries</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th scope="row">Tendanciel</th><td>Évolution démographique : + 12,3%</td><td>Évolution des performances des moteurs : - 15%</td><td>Rénovation tendancielle des logements : - 6%</td><td>Augmentation de la population, du taux d'emploi et de la part du tertiaire dans l'emploi : + 16%</td><td>Efficacité énergétique, substitution bois et crise économique : - 15%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Actions du Plan Climat Energie</th><td>Transports en commun : - 10% (ACTION 4.3)<br>Modes doux : - 9% (ACTION 2.1)<br>Covoiturage : - 4,5% (ACTION 3.2)<br>Densification et limitation de l'usage de la voiture : - 10% (ACTION 2.4)</td><td>Optimisation de la logistique : - 5% (ACTION 2.7)</td><td>Sobriété : - 7% (ACTION 3.3)<br>Rénovation BBC du parc existant : - 14% (ACTION 4.4 et 4.5)<br>Constructions neuves performantes : - 1% (ACTION 4.2)<br>Fort raccordement au réseau de chaleur : - 1% (ACTION 2.2)</td><td>Densification : - 2% (ACTION 2.3)<br>Efficacité des équipements : - 2% (ACTION 4.7)<br>Sobriété : - 7% (ACTION 3.3)<br>Rénovation BBC : - 11% (ACTION 6.1)<br>Constructions neuves performantes : - 5% (ACTION 4.2)</td><td>Poursuite des actions d'efficacité énergétique : - 3,2% (ACTION 2.2)<br>Substitution bois sur les réseaux de chaleur urbains : - 2,4% (ACTION 4.9)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Objectif en 2020</th><td>- 21%</td><td>- 20%</td><td>- 28%</td><td>- 11%</td><td>- 20,6%</td></tr></tbody></table>

The Lyon Metropole has 3 objectives to achieve:

- 17% renewable energy in 2030

- 43% CO2 emissions compared to 2000

- 30% &energy consumption compared to 2000
This article propose defining and initiate an knowledge base on climate change and more specifically on the WEEE (waste electrical and electronic equipment). We focus on large Metropolitan cities such as Metropole of Lyon or Metropole of Montpellier in order to develop such a Knowledge base. It will contain best (and bad) practices, experiences, suited metrics, collaborative measures, projects, etc., using the Knowledge Management approach based on artificial intelligence techniques.

## 2. State of Art or related works on KM & Ontology

Concerning our state of art, we first define what is an ontology and then we concentrate on the SCO (Smart City Ontology).. Since 90s some researchers in "ingénierie des connaissances" field want to develop new SCB system and propose to use ontology to resolve SCB problems.

[GRUB 93:199] explains to us that "A body of formally represented knowledge is based on a conceptualization: the objects, concepts and other entities that are presumed to exist in some area of interest and the relationships that hold among them (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987). A conceptualization is an abstract, simplified view of the world that we wish to represent for some purpose. Every knowledge base, knowledge-based system or knowledge-level agent is committed to some conceptualization, explicitly or implicitly".

[GRUB 93:199] continue his thinking and define the concept of ontology: "An ontology is an explicit specification of a conceptualization. The term is borrowed from philosophy, where an ontology is a systematic account of Existence. For Knowledge-based systems, what exists is exactly that which can be represented. When the knowledge of a domain is represented in a declarative formalism, the set of objects, that can be represented is called the universe of discourse. This set of objects and the formalized relationships among them, are reflected in the representational vocabulary with which a knowledge-based program represents knowledge. Thus we can describe the ontology of a program by defining a set of representational terms."

Inside the ontology, "definitions associate the names of entities in the universe of discourse (e.g. classes, relations, functions, or other objects) with human readable text describing what the names are meant to denote, and formal axioms that constrain the interpretation and well-formed use of these terms."

The definition of Studer [13] based on Gruber [14] is: "An ontology is a formal, explicit specification of a shared conceptualization". 'Formal' refers to the fact that the ontology should be machine understandable, excludes natural language. 'Shared' reflects the notion, an ontology captures consensual knowledge, that is, it is not private to some individual, but accepted by a group".
### 3. Methodology

For our methodology we work on the state of the art for building such a knowledge base, taking into account the works of D. Boulanger (2005), E. Mercier-Laurent (2015, 2018) or DG. Kayakutlu & E. Mercier-Laurent (2016) on that particular field, and we begin to list existing materials in order to implement in a near future a little knowledge base, on the recycling of products, particularly electronic products for these metropolitan cities.

For example, [MER 11] has developed the concept of ontology of innovation... innovation has

<figure><img src="image_2.png" /><figcaption>Figure 1: Ontology of Innovation [MER 11]</figcaption></figure>

In order to build our ontology, we can use the following set of 5 criteria proposed by Gruber [15] : Clarity, Coherence, Extendibility, minimal encoding bias, Minimal ontological commitment. Clarity means that "... Coherence means "An ontology should effectively communicate the intended meaning of defined terms. Definitions should be objective."; For Coherence: "An ontology should be coherent: that is, it should sanction inferences that are consistent with the definitions. At the least, the defining axioms should be logically consistent".; Extendibility: "An ontology should be designed to anticipate the uses of the shared vocabulary. It should offer a conceptual foundation for a range of anticipated tasks, and the representation should be crafted so that one can extend and specialize the ontology monotonically". Minimal encoding bias "The conceptualization should be specified at the knowledge level without depending on a particular symbol-level encoding. An encoding bias results when a representation choice are made purely for the convenience of notation or implementation."; Minimal ontological commitment: "An ontology should require the minimal ontological commitment sufficient to support the intended knowledge sharing activities. An ontology should make as few claims as possible about the world being modeled, allowing the parties committed to the ontology freedom to specialize and instantiate the ontology as needed".
## 4. Presentation of the SCO (smart city Ontology)

Nicos Komninos*, Charalampos Bratsas, Christina Kakderi and Panagiotis Tsarchopoulos (2015) have developed a Smart City Ontology. This Ontology is specifically built for Smart Cities, because there are a lot of ontologies existing already and they want to propose a new on more clear... The authors have reviewed the existing ontologies for cities such as SOFIA, NOW, SCRIBE, etc. and then they define the buildings blocks of this ontology with respect to the most cited definitions of smart cities and structuring this ontology with the Protégé 5.0 editor, defining entities, class hierarchy and object properties and data type properties. After reviewing also the building blocks of smart or intelligent cities, which allows to define the class and properties of the SCO.

According to the authors: " The first version (v01) contains 10 superclasses, 708 entities, 422 classes, 62 object properties, 190 data properties, and 27 individuals from the software application class. Additionally, widely adopted extra ontologies are used, enriching the SCO, such as the Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS), a W3C recommendation designed for representation of thesauri, classification schemes, taxonomies, subject-heading systems, or any other type of structured controlled vocabulary[21]." You can see below in the graph the structure of the first level of the ontology.

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /><figcaption>Figure 2: An new view of the Smart City Ontology of Professor Nicos Komninos & al. (2020)</figcaption></figure>

In [GYRAR 2018], smart city ontologies are presented and compared in order to be applied to IoT ontologies. The set of criteria are mainly focused on the reusability of the ontologies. The goal is to define a methodology to enrich smart city catalogs with the new ontologies found. It's implemented within the LOV4IoT ontology catalog. The aim of this catalog is to help developers in reusing existing smart city and IoT ontologies to build future applications.

## ONTOLOGIES FOR CLIMATE CHANGE

[Pilegi and Lamia 2020] build an ontology to describe the climate change story from multiple perspectives, including scientific, social, political and technological ones.

In this article, several ontologies for climate are cited, ontologies to measure the impact of a changing climate on food and waterborne diseases, the impacts of agriculture on water resources, ... but there is none ontology to capture the recycling of products.
## 5. Proposal of adding recycling in the SCO

### 5.1. Eco-design a key element for innovation

[Evbuomwan et al., 1996] defined the eco-design like "*the process of establishing requirements based on human needs, transforming them into performance specification and functions, which are then mapped and converted (subject to constraints) into design solutions (using creativity, scientific principles and technical knowledge) that can be economically manufactured and produced*".

[Lindhqvist, 1990] proposes the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) concept and change the classical view of PPP (the polluter pay for the pollution, from the consumer to the economic agent who produce the goods). According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), EPR is "*an environmental policy approach in which a producer's responsibility for a product is extended to the post-consumer stage of a product's life cycle*". (Report of Development of Guidance on Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), European Commission -DG Environment, 2014).

*"The economic reasoning behind the EPR concept is to have producers internalise treatment and disposal cost so that they have an incentive to design products that last longer and are more easily treated after use".*

#### Definitions of the EPR System (Development of Guidance on Extended Producer Responsibility)

**EPR system or EPR scheme:** Any system set up by one or several producers to implement the EPR principle. It can be an individual system (or individual compliance scheme) when a producer organises its own system, or a collective system (collective compliance scheme) when several producers decide to collaborate and thus transfer their responsibility to a specific organisation (a PRO).

**Producer Responsibility Organisation or PRO:** Entity set up in collective EPR schemes to implement the EPR principle in the name of all the adhering companies.

**Fees:** Tariff paid by a producer to have its products dealt with through a PRO.

#### According to the WEEE Directive (2012/19/EU), there are 7 Categories of EEE :

1. Large household appliances

2. Small household appliances

3. IT and telecommunications equipment

4. Consumer equipment and photovoltaic panels

5. Lighting equipment

6. Electrical and electronic tools (with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial tools)

7. Toys, leisure and sports equipment

For each category of EEE, we should develop our own view on WEEE.
## 5.2 Ecosystem of the recycling circuit

Natalia Alonso Movilla presents us the physical and financial flows of the WEEE industry below.

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>Figure 3: Physical flows of WEEE Industry, from Mérot (2014) and modified by Natalia Alonso Movilla</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>Figure 4: Financial Flows of WEEE Industry, from Mérot (2014) modified by Natalia Alonso Movilla's thesis</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>Figure 5: process of dismantling from Natalia Alonso Movilla's thesis</figcaption></figure>
We propose to add the recycling theme to this SCO ontology, with the following classes & proprieties from the WEEE domain, It takes different types of organizations, of products and ways of managing Electronics waste.

<figure><img src="image_7.png" /></figure>

## 6. Conclusion

Our proposal for a new ontology of this domain, with different classes and proprieties is not yet finish.
We need to continue our work with a case-based analysis & application in order to explain better our
classes and the relationships between them.
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