# The role of hydrological measuring devices in monitoring changes in the flow rate of the Boudraa River during the year 2023 (sub-watershed of Oued M'hasser, Morocco).

Abdellah Elouiazzani, Abdellatif Lagni, Emad Bouyzillan, Mohamed El Ghachi

► To cite this version:

Abdellah Elouiazzani, Abdellatif Lagni, Emad Bouyzillan, Mohamed El Ghachi. The role of hydrological measuring devices in monitoring changes in the flow rate of the Boudraa River during the year 2023 (sub-watershed of Oued M'hasser, Morocco). IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2024, 1398 (1), pp.012016. 10.1088/1755-1315/1398/1/012016. [hal-04880911](https://hal.science/hal-04880911v1)

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PAPER • OPEN ACCESS

The role of hydrological measuring devices in
monitoring changes in the flow rate of the Boudraa
River during the year 2023 (sub-watershed of
Oued M'hasser, Morocco).

To cite this article: Abdellah Elouiazzani et al 2024 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 1398 012016

View the [article online](#) for updates and enhancements.

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# The role of hydrological measuring devices in monitoring changes in the flow rate of the Boudraa River during the year 2023 (sub-watershed of Oued M'hasser, Morocco).

Abdellah Elouiazzani¹, Abdellatif Lagni², Emad Bouyzillan³, Mohamed El Ghachi⁴

¹Phd student Laboratory of Landscape Dynamics, Risks, and Heritage, Sultan Moulay Sliman University /Beni-Mellal-Morocco, abdollah.elouiazzani@gmail.com

²Phd student Laboratory of Landscape Dynamics, Risks, and Heritage, Sultan Moulay Sliman University/ Beni-Mellal-Morocco.

³Phd student Laboratory of Landscape Dynamics, Risks, and Heritage, Sultan Moulay Sliman University/Beni-Mellal-Morocco.

⁴ Research professor Laboratory of Landscape Dynamics, Risks, and Heritage, Sultan Moulay Sliman University/Beni-Mellal-Morocco.

**Abstract:** Tracking the water flow and surface runoff is of utmost importance in light of the climate changes experienced globally and specifically in Morocco. In recent years, Morocco has been facing a significant water deficit due to declining rainfall and prolonged drought periods, which affects various water uses. As the Atlas and Rif regions serve as the natural water reservoirs for Morocco, it has become essential to track the water flow and valleys in these areas to study their hydrological behavior. This understanding is crucial for determining their functioning mechanisms and making appropriate decisions to ensure the sustainability of these resources. In this context, we have monitored the changes in the flow of Ain Boudraa in the basin of Wadi Mhasser in the Central High Atlas. We have studied the impact of climatic factors on the water flow and water levels, employing a methodology that involves statistical analysis of precipitation data from the nearby station, along with conducting hydrological measurements of the flow and construction a calibration curve.

**Keywords:** hydrological behavior, Ain Boudraa, flow rate, rating curve.

## 1.Introduction

The climate of Morocco is characterized by Mediterranean influences in the north, oceanic influences in the west, and continental influences in the east and south [1]. Indeed, most of the country's territory remains subjected to a predominantly semi-arid to arid climate.

Monitoring flow rate variations in water systems plays a crucial role in water resource management, environmental conservation, and sustainable development. The ability to track and understand changes in flow rates is essential for effective decision-making, water allocation, and the preservation of ecosystems. This introductory overview aims to highlight the importance of monitoring flow rate variations and provide relevant references to support the discussion. In this context, hydrological measurement data can help characterize the available water resources at the river level and enhance knowledge of the water resources within the basin to estimate current and future water resource needs.

## 2. Presentation of the study area

The basin of Oued M'hasser is located in the middle of the High Atlas Mountains. Administratively, it extends from southwestern part of the Beni Mellal-Khenifra region, reaching the borders of the Marrakesh-Safi region. Its main course runs through the territories of six communities: Tifni, Demnate, Tidili Fatouaka, Sour El Aaz, Ouled Khallouf, and Imilil. It is considered a part of the water drainage system of the Oued Lakhder basin, which is one of the most important basins formed within the Oued Um Er-Rbia basin. It is the second largest water basin in Morocco in terms of potential and water resources (Figure 1).

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /></figure>

Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 1:** The geographic location of the watershed of the Oued Mhasser at the national and local levels.</figcaption></figure>

The source of Ain Boudraa is located downstream of the watershed of the Mhasser River. It is considered one of the most important sources that supply water to low-lying areas (Figure 2).

<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 2:** Geographic location of Ain Boudraa within the watershed of the Oued Mhasser.</figcaption></figure>

**3. Monitoring flow changes for understanding hydrological behavior**

Tracking changes in the flow rate of water sources contributes to understanding their hydrological behavior in several ways. Firstly, it provides valuable information about the temporal variability of water flow, allowing for the identification of seasonal patterns, trends, and anomalies.
Secondly, tracking flow rate changes helps in assessing the response of water sources to different hydrological events such as rainfall, snowmelt, or drought. It enables the observation of how water flow rates fluctuate in response to these events, providing crucial data for hydrological modelling and forecasting.

In addition, tracking flow rate variations contributes to the assessment and management of water resources. It assists in evaluating the sustainable yield of water sources, designing efficient water infrastructure, and making informed decisions regarding water allocation and management.

# 4. Methods and materials

The methodology followed in this article is based on three main approaches:

1. Analysis of data from hydrometric stations (precipitation).

2. Field visits: we selected sites for measuring streamflow.

3. Utilization of this data to plot the rating curve of the Ain Boudraa and determine the relationship between streamflow and water levels. Microsoft Excel software was used to plot this curve, which enables the derivation of a correlation equation between water levels and streamflow.

We used a limnimetric scale to measure the water level and a micro current meter to calculate changes in the flow rate. In this context, we will use point-by-point measurement. The number of points per vertical profile should consider the depth, vertical variations in velocities, and the measuring equipment. It should, in any case, allow for the most faithful representation of reality.

Again, it is almost impossible to define a rule. Points can be evenly distributed along the vertical profile with more measurements in the lower half. They should be closer together in cases of steep vertical velocity gradients to better capture these variations.

# 5. The devices description and their implementation

## 5.1. Materials description

<figure><img src="image_6.png" /></figure>

### limnimetric scale

Vertical or inclined limnimetric scales are recommended for outdoor visualization of water levels in dams, basins, rivers, and engineered water sources, among others. The base surface, scale, and numbers are manufactured as a single unit with a total width of 15 cm. The sections are delivered in 1-meter elements, graduated in centimeters, and marked with decimal increments. Each section features two elongated holes at the top and bottom, which facilitate installation and on-site adjustments (photo1).

The limnimetric scale is typically constructed from durable materials like metal to withstand weather conditions and provide accurate and reliable readings. The graduations on the scale indicate different water levels, allowing observers to record corresponding measurements [2].

<figure><img src="image_7.png" /><figcaption>**Photo 1:** Example of a limnimetric scale.
[ELOUIAZZANI, 2023]</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_8.png" /></figure>

## micro-water flowmeter

A micro water flowmeter is a device used for measuring and monitoring the flow rate of water in small-scale applications. It is designed to provide accurate and precise measurements of water flow, particularly at low flow rates [3].

Micro water flowmeters utilize various sensing techniques, such as ultrasonic, electromagnetic, or thermal methods, to measure the velocity or volume of water passing through the device. These sensors can detect even minute changes in flow and provide real-time data. The construction of a micro water flowmeter typically includes a compact body, a flow channel or pipe for water to pass through, and sensors or transducers to capture the flow data. Some models may also include a digital display or interface to present the measured flow rate (photo 2).

<figure><img src="image_9.png" /><figcaption>**Photo 2:** micro-water flowmeter [Hydrometry manual]</figcaption></figure>

## 5.2. The criteria for selecting the site for flow measurement

The criteria for selecting the site for flow measurement typically include:

* ✓ Flow characteristics: The site should have a representative flow pattern and be sufficiently straight and uniform to ensure accurate measurement.

* ✓ Accessibility: The site should be easily accessible for installation, maintenance, and data collection purposes.

* ✓ Safety: The site should be safe for personnel to work and operate equipment, taking into consideration factors such as currents, depth, and potential hazards.

* ✓ Stability: The site should be stable and free from excessive sedimentation or vegetation that could interfere with the measurement or affect accuracy.

* ✓ Hydraulic: The site should have appropriate hydraulic conditions, such as a stable water surface and the absence of backflow or turbulence that could affect the accuracy of the measurement.

Based on these criteria, we have chosen our hydrological measurement site illustrated in photo 3.

<figure><img src="image_10.png" /><figcaption>**Photo 3:** The chosen hydrological measurements website [ELOUIAZZANI, 2023].</figcaption></figure>
## 5.3. Equipment of the site

To conduct accurate hydrological measurements, we will use two instruments employed by hydrologists, namely: limnimetric scale the water level recorder will be installed to record water levels, while the flow meter will be used periodically for measurements (micro water flowmeter), as it cannot be fixed in place.

<figure><img src="image_11.png" /><figcaption>**Photo 4:** Measure the water level using a limnimetric scale. [ELOUIAZZANI, 2023]</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_12.png" /><figcaption>**Photo 5:** Measure the flow rate using a micro-rotational flowmeter. [ELOUIAZZANI, 2023]</figcaption></figure>

## 5.4. Monitoring and measurement network

After selecting the site for hydrological measurements, we chose three different time periods to monitor the variations of streamflow accurately. Each period corresponds to a specific climatic season, characterized by distinct temperature and rainfall properties. Additionally, water usage, especially groundwater recharge, varies between these periods (Table 1). The purpose of this is to study and analysis the hydrological behavior of Ain Boudraa and assess its sensitivity to climatic factors and nearby human activities.

<table><caption>**Table 1:** The flow rates and water levels measured at the source of Ain Boudraa in 2023.</caption><thead><tr><th>Parameter</th><th>10/01/2023</th><th>06/04/2023</th><th>24/06/2023</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Flow rate L/s</td><td>2.2</td><td>1.6</td><td>1.3</td></tr><tr><td>Height (cm)</td><td>4</td><td>2.8</td><td>1.9</td></tr></tbody></table>

## 5.5. Challenges in Hydrological Measurements: Accessibility, Environmental Conditions and Data Quality

Difficulties and challenges encountered in hydrology measurement can include the following:

* Inaccessibility of measurement sites: Hydrological measurements often require access to remote or difficult-to-reach locations, such as mountainous areas. The logistics of reaching these sites can be challenging, making data collection more difficult [4].

* Harsh environmental conditions: Hydrological measurements are often conducted in challenging environmental conditions. These conditions can pose risks to equipment and personnel, affecting the accuracy and reliability of measurements [5].

* Harsh environmental conditions: Hydrological measurements are often conducted in challenging environmental conditions. These conditions can pose risks to equipment and personnel, affecting the accuracy and reliability of measurements.

* Data quality and consistency: Ensuring high-quality data is essential in hydrology. However, factors such as sensor malfunctions, human errors, or data transmission issues can affect data quality and consistency. Proper quality control procedures and data validation techniques are necessary to address these challenges [6].

* Emerging measurement technologies: The field of hydrology is continually evolving, and new measurement technologies and methods are being developed. Incorporating and adopting these
emerging technologies into existing monitoring practices can be challenging, requiring investment in research, training, and infrastructure upgrades [7].

# 6. Results and interpretations

## 6.1. Analysis of data (relationship between water level and flow rate and precipitation)

The fluctuation of water flow in Ain Boudraa is primarily associated with climatic factors, especially rainfall. To highlight this, we will rely on data from the nearby climatic station (Assaka station). We will compare the recorded flow rates during hydrological measurement periods with the rainfall data recorded at the station. All the obtained results are recorded in the following figures 3, 4, and 5:

<figure><img src="image_13.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 3:** Average monthly precipitation in Assaka station (1990-2021).</figcaption></figure>

We observe that the spring period, from May to August, records the lowest amount of precipitation at the Assaka station (Figure 3). This is due to the fact that it coincides with the summer solstice. When comparing the station data with the variations obtained from hydrological measurements, it becomes evident that climatic factors greatly influence the flow rate. There is a rapid hydrological response to precipitation or drought.

<figure><img src="image_14.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 4:** The flow rates measured at Ain Boudraa.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_15.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 5:** The water levels between January and June 2023.</figcaption></figure>

As for the relationship between runoff and water level, it is observed that high runoff is recorded during the winter season, while the lowest runoff and water level occur during the summer season. Therefore, there is a proportional relationship between them (Figure 4et 5).
## 6.2. creating the rating curve for Ain Boudraa

The rating curve represents the relationship between discharge and water levels. The software excel was used to plot this curve, which subsequently allows obtaining a correlation equation between water levels and discharge [8].

<figure><img src="image_16.png" /><figcaption>Figure 6: The rating curve of Ain Boudraa in 2023.</figcaption></figure>

Figure 7 displays the results of all recorded water levels at Ain Boudraa between 10/01/2023 and 24/06/2023, along with the corresponding measured discharge values for those water levels. The analysis of the distribution of points on the rating curve graph reveals a unique relationship between Q (discharge) and h (water level).

## 7. Feedback on the monitoring of scientific experience

The scientific experience of monitoring source flow rates involves the collection, analysis, and evaluation of data related to source flow rates. This can be done using various instruments and measurement techniques, such as limnimetric scales, micro current meters, or data loggers. The objective of this experiment is to monitor and understand variations in source flow rates, such as streams, rivers, lakes, or underground sources, to better comprehend hydrological processes. This information is crucial for assessing available water resources and making informed decisions regarding water resource management.

The experience of monitoring source flow rates often requires regular data collection over an extended period to capture seasonal and long-term variations. In summary, the scientific experience of monitoring source flow rates aims to gain a comprehensive understanding of water resource behavior, contributing to improved management and sustainable use of these valuable resources.

## 8. Conclusion

The climatic situation of the sub-watershed of Wadi Mhasser is characterized by a decline in precipitation and climatic drought over time, which has a direct impact on runoff and groundwater due to the decrease in precipitation. In short, the analysis of temporal variations in flow rates has led to the conclusion that the hydrological regime of Ain Boudraa has exhibited significant variability. These changes are evident when comparing the amount of flow between the winter season, which experiences significant rainfall and consequently higher flow rates, and the drought period, where the climatic dryness affects the flow, resulting in a noticeable decrease. As a result, the management of water resources will vary between periods of abundance and water scarcity.
## 9. Acknowledgement

I would also like to warmly thank Mr. El khidar Ahmed for his extensive support and assistance, especially during the gauging campaigns. I also express my heartfelt gratitude to my professor, Mr. El Ghachi Mohamed, for his constructive remarks that have contributed to improving the quality of the article.

## 10. References

[1] RIAD, S. (2003). Typologie et analyse hydrologique des eaux superficielles à partir de quelques bassins versants représentatifs du Maroc p 41.

[2] Chow, V. T and Maidment D. R et Mays, L. W. (1988): McGraw-Hill Series in water ressources and environmental engineering.

[3] Berbano, A. E. U., Pengson, H. N. V., Razon, C. G. V., Tungcul, K. C. G., & Prado, S. V. (2017, September). Classification of stress into emotional, mental, physical and no stress using electroencephalogram signal analysis. In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Signal and Image Processing Applications (ICSIPA) (pp. 11-14). IEEE.

[4] Nouvelot, J. F. (1993). Guide des pratiques hydrologiques sur les petits bassins versants ruraux en Afrique tropicale et équatoriale. Rapport CIEH-ORSTOM.

[5] Lagnika, S. B. M. (2009). La gestion des risques environnementaux au sein des entreprises immobilières.

[6] Puechberty, R., Perret, C., Pitsch, S. P., Battaglia, P., Belleville, A., Bompart, P and Rauzy, G. (2017). Charte qualité de l'hydrométrie. Guide de bonnes pratiques (p. 83). Ministère de l'environnement, de l'énergie et de la mer, France.

[7] Hischier, R., Reale, F., Castellani, V., and Sala, S. (2020). Environmental impacts of household appliances in Europe and scenarios for their impact reduction. Journal of cleaner production, 267, 121952.

[8] Elouiazzani, A., Lagni, A., & Elghachi, M. (2023, July). L'importance des mesures hydrométriques dans le suivi du débit de cours d'eau du sous bassin de l'oued Sidi Hamza en 2022 (bassin versant de Ziz-maroc). In climat, eau et société : changements et défis.