# Multidisciplinary assessment of nearshore nursery habitat restoration for an exploited population of marine fish

Juliette Champagnat, Jean-Baptiste Lecomte, Etienne Rivot, L Douchet, N

Martin, F Grasso, F Mounier, P Labadie, V Loizeau, N Bacq, et al.

► To cite this version:

Juliette Champagnat, Jean-Baptiste Lecomte, Etienne Rivot, L Douchet, N Martin, et al. Multidisciplinary assessment of nearshore nursery habitat restoration for an exploited population of marine fish. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2021, 680, pp.97-109. 10.3354/meps13881. hal-03686599v2

HAL Id: hal-03686599

https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03686599v2

Submitted on 22 May 2025

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# Supplement 1. Simulation model details

## Life-cycle Model used for simulations

Subscript *y* denotes the years in the time series, *i* denotes the nursery sector (*i* =1,...,5, with 1= UK West, 2=Rye, 3=Somme, 4=Seine, 5=Veys), and *r* denotes the component of the metapopulation (*r* =1,2,3 with 1=West FR, associated with nursery grounds Seine and Veys; 2=UK, associated with nursery grounds UK West and Rye; 3=East FR, associated with nursery ground Somme).

All parameter values are defined in Table S1.

## Eggs and larval drift

The number of settling larvae (i.e., post-larvae) in nursery sector *i* at year *y*, $L_{y,i}$ result from the survival and drift of eggs spawned by adult females:

$$L_{y,i} = \sum_{r=1}^{r=3} \omega_{y,r} \cdot D_{r,i}^{\text{larvae}} \quad (S1)$$

where $\omega_{y,r}$ is the egg pool for the subpopulation *r* at year *y* and $D_{y,r,i}^{\text{larvae}}$ is the probability of success for an egg from the egg pool *r* to reach the nursery sector *i* at year *y*. The egg pool for each year and each subpopulation is calculated from the spawning stock biomass (all fish between age 3 and 15 take part in reproduction, ICES 2010):

$$\omega_{y,r} = \sum_{a \ge 3} N_{a,y,r} \cdot pf_a \cdot fec_a \quad (S2)$$

where $pf_a$ is the proportion of females for age class *a* (known, considered constant over the time series and homogeneous across areas, Rochette et al. 2012), and $fec_{a,y}$ is the number of eggs per female of age *a*, calculated from the weight at age $w_{a,y}$ as (ICES 2010, Rochette et al. 2012):

$$fec_{a,y} = e^{5.6+1.17 * \log(w_{a,y})} \quad (S3)$$

## Post-larvae to juvenile on nursery grounds, from settlement to summer's end

The number of age-0 fish at year *y* in nursery *i*, $N_{0,y,i}$, is defined from a density dependent Beverton-Holt equation parameterized with $\alpha_i$, the nursery-specific maximum survival rate; $K_i$, the nursery-specific carrying capacity per unit of surface (1000 fish km⁻²); and $S_i$, the surface of nursery sector *i* (km²):

Unexplained random variations (environmental stochasticity) are captured by independent lognormal random noise with the same variance $\sigma_{BH}^2$ for all nursery sectors:

$$N_{0,y,i} = \frac{\alpha_i \cdot L_{y,i}}{1 + \frac{\alpha_i}{K_i \cdot S_i} \cdot L_{y,i}} \cdot e^{\varepsilon_{L,y,i} - 0.5 \cdot \sigma_{BH}^2} \quad (S4)$$
## Natural mortality of age 0 from summer's end to December

The number of age-1 fish in nursery *i*, $N_{1,y+1,i}$, is defined as

$$N_{1,y+1,i} = N_{0,y,i} \cdot e^{-1/3 \cdot M_0} \cdot e^{\varepsilon_{0,y,i} - 0.5 \cdot \sigma_0^2} \quad (S5)$$

where $N_{0,y,i}$ is the number of age-0 fish in the nursery *i*, $M_0$ is the annual natural mortality rate at age 0 and $\varepsilon_{0,y,i}$ is normal environmental noise with variance $\sigma_0^2$.

## Natural and fishing mortality at age 1 and emigration from nursery to adult population

The number of age-2 fish in nursery *i* at the very beginning of year *y* + 1, $N_{2,y+1,i}$ is defined as

$$N_{2,y+1,i} = N_{1,y,i} \cdot e^{-Z_{1,i}} \cdot e^{\varepsilon_{1,y,i} - 0.5 \cdot \sigma_p^2} \quad (S6)$$

where $Z_{1,i} = M_1 + F_{1,r}$ is the total mortality, $M_1$ is the annual natural mortality rate at age 1, $F_{1,r}$ is the fishing mortality in subpopulation *r* associated with nursery *i*, and $\varepsilon_{1,y,i}$ is normal environmental noise with variance $\sigma_p^2$.

Age-2 fish leave nurseries at the very beginning of the year and are supposed to contribute directly to the subpopulation *r* adjacent to the nursery. Fish from the Seine and Veys nurseries contribute to subpopulation *r* = 1= West FR; UK West and Rye nurseries contribute to subpopulation *r* = 2= UK; and the Somme nursery contributes to subpopulation *r* = 3= East FR. Starting from $N_{2,y+1,i}$ as defined in Eq. (S6), the number of age-2 fish in each subpopulation *r*, $N_{2,y+1,r}$ (note the subscript *r* and not *i*), is defined as follows:

$$\left\{ \begin{array}{l} N_{2,y+1,r=1} = \sum_{i=4}^{i=5} N_{2,y+1,i} \\ N_{2,y+1,r=2} = \sum_{i=1}^{i=2} N_{2,y+1,i} \quad (S7) \\ N_{2,y+1,r=3} = N_{2,y+1,i=3} \end{array} \right.$$

## Natural and fishing mortality at the adult stage

Prior to any mortality fishes are assumed to move from a region to another according to a connectivity matrix estimated from capture-mark-recapture data (Lecomte et al. 2020), then the number of fish from age 2 to 15 then follows the classical dynamics:

$$N_{a+1,y+1,r} = \left( \sum_{j=1}^{j=3} N_{a,y,r} \cdot D_{r,j}^{\text{adult}} \right) \cdot e^{-Z_{a,r}} \cdot e^{\varepsilon_{a,y,r} - 0.5 \cdot \sigma_p^2} \quad (S8)$$

where $N_{a,y,r}$ is the number of fish of age *a* in component *r* at year *y*, $Z_{a,r}$ is the total mortality rate ($Z_{a,r} = F_{a,r} + M_a$) and $\varepsilon_{a,y,r}$ is a normal environmental noise with variance $\sigma_p^2$. $D_{r,r}^{\text{adult}}$ is the connectivity matrix of size 3*3 (region*region).

All remaining fish are assumed to die at age 15.
Bayesian fitting of the population dynamic model

A Bayesian hierarchical framework using Monte Carlo Markov Chain methods is used to estimate all model parameters by assimilating an extensive data set. The details of the Bayesian methods used to fit the model are given in Archambault et al. (2016). The data assimilated in the model are summarized in the Table S1. This includes:

(i) the outputs of a biophysical model which provide larval survival and dispersal from spawning areas to the five nursery sectors (Savina et al. 2016);

(ii) annual juvenile (ages 0 and 1) abundance indices over the five nursery sectors. Those data were updated from Archambault et al. (2016) by adding 7 years of data in the Somme and Seine sectors, and two years in the Veys sector;

(iii) annual catch-at age and abundance indices (ages 2 to 15) directly derived from the stock assessment working groups (ICES 2020), available at the scale of the EEC and also spatially desegregated for the three subpopulations of adult fish. Those data were updated from Archambault et al. (2016) with 8 and 7 years of recent data, respectively;

(iv) a connectivity matrix to disperse age 2 to 15 individuals between the three subpopulations but parameterized so that only low connectivity between the three sub-populations occurs in the model. Extreme a priori hypotheses on meta-population structure on adult-mediated connectivity (i.e., no inter-regional connectivity after larval drift / full mixture) previously made by Archambault et al., (2016) were replaced by a connectivity matrix estimated from mark-recapture data (Lecomte et al. 2020) to disperse age 2 to 15 individuals between the three subpopulations with a low, but non null, mixing rate.

Bayesian posterior distributions were approximated via Monte Carlo Markov Chain (MCMC) methods using the Nimble package (https://r-nimble.org; release 0.9.0). The same procedure than the one detailed in Archambault et al. (2016) was used for model fitting. Convergence of the MCMC chains was assessed using the Gelman-Rubin (Brooks & Gelman 1998) and the Heidelberg and Welch tests as implemented in the R Coda package (gelman.diag() and heidel.diag() function, respectively).

Bayesian uncertainties around estimated parameters were not considered in simulations. Values of all parameters were fixed to the mode of their posterior distributions (see Table S2).
<table><caption>Table S1. Synthesis of data and results of previous models used as inputs for the Bayesian integrated life cycle model (updated from Archambault et al. 2016).</caption><thead><tr><th>Stage</th><th>Details</th><th>Nature of the information</th><th>Source</th><th>Time series</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Eggs &amp; larvae</td><td>Survival and allocation from spawning areas to the five nursery sectors</td><td>Outputs of biophysical IBM model</td><td>Updated run of Rochette et al. (2012): Savina et al. (2016)</td><td>1982-2007</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5">Juveniles</td><td>Abundance indices available for each nursery sector</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>West UK</td><td></td><td></td><td>1982-1999</td></tr><tr><td>Rye</td><td></td><td></td><td>1982-2006</td></tr><tr><td>Somme</td><td></td><td></td><td>1982-1983; 1987-2018</td></tr><tr><td>Seine</td><td>Outputs of a habitat suitability model</td><td>Updated from Rochette et al. (2010)</td><td>1995-2002; 2006; 2008-2018</td></tr><tr><td>Veys</td><td></td><td></td><td>2006. 2010-2011. 2016-2017</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5">Adults</td><td>Available at EEC scale</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Catches at age</td><td></td><td></td><td>1982-2019</td></tr><tr><td>UK commercial CPUE (UKCBT)</td><td></td><td></td><td>1986-2017</td></tr><tr><td>Belgium commercial CPUE (BECBT)</td><td>Data</td><td>ICES</td><td>2004-2017</td></tr><tr><td>French commercial CPUE (FRCOT)</td><td></td><td></td><td>2002-2017</td></tr><tr><td>Available for the three subpopulations</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Spatial repartition of catches (total weights, no age structure) among the three areas (East FR, UK, West FR)</td><td>Data</td><td>ICES (2003–2019) Vermard, Pers. comm. (1982–2002)</td><td>1982-2019</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Spatial Scientific Abundance Index (UKSBT)</td><td>Data</td><td>Vermard, Pers. comm.</td><td>1990-2018</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Movement of adult between the three populations</td><td>Output of a mark-recapture model</td><td>Lecomte et al. (2020)</td><td>X</td></tr></tbody></table>

<table><caption>Table S2. Fixed values for the parameters of the spatially and age-structured life-cycle simulation model.</caption><thead><tr><th>Parameters</th><th>Value</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><i>M</i><sub>a</sub></td><td>Age 0: 1.5; Age 1: 2.6; Age 3-11: 0.1; Age 12: 0.2; Age 13: 0.3; Age 14: 0.4; Age 15: 0.5</td><td>Natural mortality at age <i>a</i> (y<sup>-1</sup>)</td></tr><tr><td><i>σ</i><sup>2</sup><sub>p</sub></td><td>0.001</td><td>Variance of process errors on the dynamics of adult stages</td></tr><tr><td><i>W</i><sub>a</sub></td><td>Age 1: 0.094; Age 2: 0.122; Age 3: 0.169; Age 4: 0.208; Age 5: 0.236; Age 6: 0.287; Age 7: 0.288; Age 8: 0.335; Age 9: 0.381; Age 10: 0.416; Age 11-15: 0.566.</td><td>Weight at age <i>a</i> (kg)</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tr><td>F<sub>a,r</sub></td><td>In region 1 (West FR)<br>Age 1: 0.00248; Age 2: 0.107; Age 3: 0.181; Age 4-10: 0.183; Age 11-15: 0.182.<br>In region 2 (UK)<br>Age 1: 0.00357; Age 2: 0.154; Age 3: 0.261; Age 4-15: 0.262<br>In region 3 (East FR)<br>Age 1: 0.00431; Age 2: 0.186; Age 3: 0.315; Age 4-10: 0.317; Age 11-15: 0.316</td><td>Fishing mortality at age a (y<sup>-1</sup>)</td></tr><tr><td>a<sub>i</sub></td><td>West UK: 0.885; Rye: 0.961; Somme: 0.861; Seine: 0.882; Veys: 0.893.</td><td>Nursery-specific maximum survival rates.</td></tr><tr><td>K<sub>i</sub></td><td>West UK: 61.2; Rye: 229.4; Somme: 127.7; Seine: 78.9; Veys:122</td><td>Nursery-specific carrying capacity per unit of surface (1000 fish × km<sup>-2</sup>).</td></tr><tr><td>S<sub>i</sub></td><td>West UK: 2407.8; Rye: 661.6; Somme: 2185.8; Seine: 1424.1; Veys:312.7.</td><td>Nursery-specific surface (km<sup>2</sup>).</td></tr><tr><td>σ<sup>2</sup><sub>BH</sub></td><td>0.323</td><td>Variance of process errors on the post-larvae to juvenile BH relationship</td></tr><tr><td>σ<sup>2</sup><sub>0</sub></td><td>0.137</td><td>Variance of process errors from age-0 to age-1 fish</td></tr><tr><td>fec<sub>a</sub></td><td>Age 0-2: 0; Age 3: 1.1 × 10<sup>5</sup>; Age 4: 1.4 × 10<sup>5</sup>; Age 5: 1.6×10<sup>5</sup>; Age 6-7: 2.1 × 10<sup>5</sup>; Age 8: 2.5× 10<sup>5</sup>; Age 9: 2.9 × 10<sup>5</sup>; Age 10: 3.1 × 10<sup>5</sup>; Age 11-15: 4.5 × 10<sup>5</sup></td><td>The number of eggs per female of age a</td></tr><tr><td>D<sup>larvae</sup><sub>r,i</sub></td><td>From region West FR to<br>West UK: 6.295 × 10<sup>-8</sup>; Rye: 1.519 × 10<sup>-8</sup>; Somme: 3.113 × 10<sup>-6</sup>; Seine: 2.621× 10<sup>-3</sup>; Veys: 2.788 × 10<sup>-3</sup>.<br>From region UK to<br>West UK: 9.299 × 10<sup>-4</sup>; Rye: 2.511 × 10<sup>-4</sup>; Somme: 2.062 × 10<sup>-5</sup>; Seine: 1.510 × 10<sup>-6</sup>; Veys: 8.942 × 10<sup>-9</sup>.<br>From region East FR to<br>West UK: 2.921 × 10<sup>-5</sup>; Rye: 2.236 × 10<sup>-5</sup>; Somme: 5.577 × 10<sup>-3</sup>; Seine: 2.115 × 10<sup>-5</sup>; Veys: 7.199 × 10<sup>-9</sup>.</td><td>Larval drift matrix</td></tr><tr><td>D<sup>adult</sup><sub>r,r</sub></td><td>From region West FR to<br>West FR: 0.96; UK: 0.01; East FR: 0.03<br>From region UK to<br>West FR: 0.02; UK: 0.97; East FR: 0.01<br>From region East FR to<br>West FR: 0.01; UK: 0.01; East FR: 0.98</td><td>Adult movement matrix</td></tr><tr><td>pf<sub>a</sub></td><td>Age 1: 0.436715, Age 2: 0.473897, Age 3: 0.509978, Age 4: 0.544574, Age 5: 0.577386, Age 6: 0.608202, Age 7: 0.636891, Age 8: 0.663395, Age 9: 0.687714, Age 10: 0.709895, Age 11: 0.73002, Age 12: 0.748194, Age 13: 0.764535, Age 14: 0.779171, Age 15: 0.792227</td><td>Proportion of female in the class of age a.</td></tr></table>
# Supplement 2. Systematic literature review

## Methods

We searched the available literature to assess the effect of pollutant exposure on vital rates of marine juvenile fish in nearshore nursery ground. The analysis of retained papers aimed at pooling these data to estimate a range of values of the effects of pollutants on juvenile on two demographic traits (survival and future fecundity). We also tried to assess the potential drivers of the range of these effects (experiment/observation, species, pollutant level, and time of exposure).

First, a request to the Web of Science database was conducted in November 2018, using a search string designed to link four items: the target of study (fish species), one or several pollutants, the vital rates, and the life stage (juvenile):

Request: fish AND (pollu* OR OHC OR PBDE OR PCB OR DDT OR PFAS OR PAH OR hydrocarbon OR metal* OR xenob* OR organic*) AND (mortality OR growth OR fecundity OR recruitment OR metabol* OR survival OR vulnerability OR reproduction) AND (nursery OR recruitment OR juvenile OR youn*)

The references returned by this search were evaluated for inclusion in our study. To be retained, a publication had to include at least one study (i.e., experimental or *in situ*) that met 4 criteria: (i) focus on marine fish, (ii) reports on pollutant(s) effects, (iii) links between the pollutant(s) and demographic traits, (iv) focus on juveniles. We assessed the publications in a three-stage screening process, according to the set of predefined inclusion criteria: the titles to remove any publications dealing with unrelated topics, then abstracts of the remaining publications, and finally, the full text of the articles.

Second, this collection was increased from searches of the same format using Google Scholar (November 2018) with the same selection procedure, references cited in selected papers, and authors' own literature databases.

## Results summary

From the 1638 studies returned by the search on Web of Science, 106 relevant references that provided a range of values on the effects of pollutants on demographic traits of juvenile fish were finally retained (Table S3). Among these references, a large part focused on growth, metabolism, or behavior. A total of 32 references provided information on survival rate and mortality, while only one addressed the future fecundity of juvenile marine fish.

Regarding survival and mortality, 6 references were added based on the complementary search performed with Google Scholar. After screening references cited in the 38 selected papers and authors' own literature databases, 12 more references were added. As some of these 50 references account for several experiments and/or species, they provide data on 195 individual case study (1 experiment × 1 species; Supp. Mat 1).

These references contained various data types: survival or mortality rates, or lethal concentration LC50 or LC20. They used a large diversity of approaches (i.e., field studies or laboratory-controlled experiments), species (30), pollutants (i.e., metals, organic pollutants or mixtures, cocktail in sediment, microplastics), levels of exposure (from realistic levels of contamination to several orders of magnitude higher to estimate LC50) and durations of exposure (two days to one year). Both the low sample size and its huge heterogeneity did not allow for reliable aggregation nor statistical treatment of these data to estimate a range of change in survival or mortality related to realistic *in situ* exposure to pollutants.
Retained references

<table><caption>Table S3. Literature review results: experiments details from selected studies. 1 line = 1 experiment × 1 species. Realism column characterizes the study protocol compared to environmentally relevant condition: from low (0) to high (1) realism</caption><thead><tr><th>Species</th><th>Concentration/Control</th><th>Mortality Δ%</th><th>Control</th><th>Contaminant</th><th>Realism</th><th>Duration</th><th>Study</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2">Areolate grouper<br>(Epinephelus areolatus)</td><td>0.25 µg Benzo[a]Pyrene/g body wt/d</td><td>No mortality</td><td>NA</td><td>PAH</td><td>1 28d</td><td></td><td>Wu et al. (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>12.5 µg/g body wt/d</td><td>No mortality</td><td>NA</td><td>PAH</td><td>1 28d</td><td></td><td>Wu et al. (2003)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="10">Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua )</td><td>produced water till 200ppm</td><td>Not significant</td><td>Control (0ppm)</td><td>PAH</td><td>1 154d</td><td></td><td>Pérez-Casanova et al. (2010)</td></tr><tr><td>0.5µmol/L</td><td>Not significant</td><td>No 4 n-heptyphenol</td><td>4 n-heptylphenol</td><td>1 8d</td><td></td><td>Tollefsen et al. (1998)</td></tr><tr><td>1µmol/L</td><td>No mortality</td><td>No 4 n-heptyphenol</td><td>4 n-heptylphenol</td><td>1 3d</td><td></td><td>Tollefsen et al. (1998)</td></tr><tr><td>2.1µmol/L</td><td>No mortality</td><td>No 4 n-heptyphenol</td><td>4 n-heptylphenol</td><td>1 2d</td><td></td><td>Tollefsen et al. (1998)</td></tr><tr><td>4.2µmol/L</td><td>No mortality</td><td>No 4 n-heptyphenol</td><td>4 n-heptylphenol</td><td>1 3d</td><td></td><td>Tollefsen et al. (1998)</td></tr><tr><td>2.1µmol/L</td><td>0-25</td><td>No 4 n-heptyphenol</td><td>4 n-heptylphenol</td><td>1 6d</td><td></td><td>Tollefsen et al. (1998)</td></tr><tr><td>2.1µmol/L</td><td>0-25</td><td>No 4 n-heptyphenol</td><td>4 n-heptylphenol</td><td>1 7d</td><td></td><td>Tollefsen et al. (1998)</td></tr><tr><td>4.2µmol/L</td><td>50-75</td><td>No 4 n-heptyphenol</td><td>4 n-heptylphenol</td><td>1 3d</td><td></td><td>Tollefsen et al. (1998)</td></tr><tr><td>4.2µmol/L</td><td>75-100</td><td>No 4 n-heptyphenol</td><td>4 n-heptylphenol</td><td>1 4d</td><td></td><td>Tollefsen et al. (1998)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="6">Barred knifejaw<br>(Oplegnathus fasciatus)</td><td>0.30mg/kg</td><td>Not significant</td><td>0.30mg Cd/kg</td><td>Cadmium</td><td>1 112d</td><td></td><td>Okorie et al. (2014)</td></tr><tr><td>21.0mg/kg</td><td>Not significant</td><td>0.30mg Cd/kg</td><td>Cadmium</td><td>1 112d</td><td></td><td>Okorie et al. (2014)</td></tr><tr><td>40.7mg/kg</td><td>Not significant</td><td>0.30mg Cd/kg</td><td>Cadmium</td><td>0 112d</td><td></td><td>Okorie et al. (2014)</td></tr><tr><td>83.5mg/kg</td><td>Not significant</td><td>0.30mg Cd/kg</td><td>Cadmium</td><td>0 112d</td><td></td><td>Okorie et al. (2014)</td></tr><tr><td>162mg/kg</td><td>Not significant</td><td>0.30mg Cd/kg</td><td>Cadmium</td><td>0 112d</td><td></td><td>Okorie et al. (2014)</td></tr><tr><td>1387mg/kg</td><td>Not significant</td><td>0.30mg Cd/kg</td><td>Cadmium</td><td>0 112d</td><td></td><td>Okorie et al. (2014)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Blackhead seabream<br>(Acanthopagrus schlegelii)</td><td>2743mg/kg</td><td>25-50</td><td>0.30mg Cd/kg</td><td>Cadmium</td><td>0 112d</td><td></td><td>Okorie et al. (2014)</td></tr><tr><td>50µg/g</td><td>0-25</td><td>0.6±0.2±gCd/g and<br>nanopure water</td><td>Copper</td><td>1 14d</td><td></td><td>Dang et al. (2012)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>50µg/g</td><td>0-25</td><td>0.6±0.2±gCd/g and<br>nanopure water</td><td>Copper</td><td>1 28d</td><td></td><td>Dang et al. (2012)</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tbody><tr><td></td><td>250µg/g</td><td>0-25</td><td>0.6±0.2±gCd/g and nanopure water</td><td>Copper</td><td>1 14d</td><td>Dang et al. (2012)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>250µg/g</td><td>0-25</td><td>0.6±0.2±gCd/g and nanopure water</td><td>Copper</td><td>1 28d</td><td>Dang et al. (2012)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>1000µg/g</td><td>0-25</td><td>0.6±0.2±gCd/g and nanopure water</td><td>Copper</td><td>1 14d</td><td>Dang et al. (2012)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>1000µg/g</td><td>0-25</td><td>0.6±0.2±gCd/g and nanopure water</td><td>Copper</td><td>1 28d</td><td>Dang et al. (2012)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>100µg/L</td><td>0-25</td><td>0.6±0.2±gCd/g and nanopure water</td><td>Copper</td><td>1 14d</td><td>Dang et al. (2012)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>100µg/L</td><td>0-25</td><td>0.6±0.2±gCd/g and nanopure water</td><td>Copper</td><td>1 28d</td><td>Dang et al. (2012)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>500µg/L</td><td>0-25</td><td>0.6±0.2±gCd/g and nanopure water</td><td>Copper</td><td>1 14d</td><td>Dang et al. (2012)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>500µg/L</td><td>25-50</td><td>0.6±0.2±gCd/g and nanopure water</td><td>Copper</td><td>1 28d</td><td>Dang et al. (2012)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="6">Cobia<br/>(Rachycentron canadum)</td><td>0.31mg Cd/kg</td><td>Not significant</td><td>No Cadmium added<br/>(0.31mg Cd/kg)</td><td>Cadmium</td><td>1 112d</td><td>Liu et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>3.14mg/kg</td><td>Not significant</td><td>No Cadmium added<br/>(0.31mg Cd/kg)</td><td>Cadmium</td><td>1 112d</td><td>Liu et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>3.32mg/kg</td><td>Not significant</td><td>No Cadmium added<br/>(0.31mg Cd/kg)</td><td>Cadmium</td><td>1 112d</td><td>Liu et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>5.576mg/kg</td><td>Not significant</td><td>No Cadmium added<br/>(0.31mg Cd/kg)</td><td>Cadmium</td><td>1 112d</td><td>Liu et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>5.425mg/kg</td><td>Not significant</td><td>No Cadmium added<br/>(0.31mg Cd/kg)</td><td>Cadmium</td><td>1 112d</td><td>Liu et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>10.90 mg/kg</td><td>0-25</td><td>No Cadmium</td><td>Cadmium</td><td>1 112d</td><td>Liu et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Common goby<br/>(Pomatoschistus microps)</td><td>20µg/L</td><td>No mortality</td><td>20µg/L pyrene</td><td>Pyrene</td><td>1 4d</td><td>Oliveira et al. (2013)</td></tr><tr><td>20µg/L + 18.4µg/L</td><td>No mortality</td><td>20µg/L pyrene</td><td>Pyrene + Micro<br/>particule</td><td>1 4d</td><td>Oliveira et al. (2013)</td></tr><tr><td>20µg/L + 184µg/L</td><td>No mortality</td><td>20µg/L pyrene</td><td>Pyrene + Micro<br/>particule</td><td>1 4d</td><td>Oliveira et al. (2013)</td></tr><tr><td>18.4µg/L</td><td>No mortality</td><td>20µg/L pyrene</td><td>Micro particule</td><td>1 4d</td><td>Oliveira et al. (2013)</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tr><td>184µg/L</td><td>No mortality</td><td>20µg/L pyrene</td><td>Micro particule</td><td>1 4d</td><td>Oliveira et al. (2013)</td></tr><tr><td>200µg/L</td><td>75-100</td><td>20µg/L pyrene</td><td>Pyrene</td><td>1 2d</td><td>Oliveira et al. (2013)</td></tr><tr><td>200µg/L + 18.4 µg/L</td><td>75-100</td><td>20µg/L pyrene</td><td>Pyrene + Micro particule</td><td>1 3d</td><td>Oliveira et al. (2013)</td></tr><tr><td>200µg/L + 184µg/L</td><td>75-100</td><td>20µg/L pyrene</td><td>Pyrene + Micro particule</td><td>1 3d</td><td>Oliveira et al. (2013)</td></tr><tr><td>12.6mg/L</td><td>No mortality</td><td>No Cr(VI). No Microplastic</td><td>Cr(VI) sediment M- est</td><td>1 4d</td><td>de Sá et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>18.9mg/L</td><td>25-50</td><td>No Cr(VI). No Microplastic</td><td>Cr(VI) sediment M- est</td><td>1 4d</td><td>de Sá et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>28.4mg/L</td><td>25-20</td><td>No Cr(VI). No Microplastic</td><td>Cr(VI) sediment M- est</td><td>1 4d</td><td>de Sá et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>12.6mg/L</td><td>25-50</td><td>No Cr(VI). No Microplastic</td><td>Cr(VI) sediment L- est</td><td>1 4d</td><td>de Sá et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>18.9mg/L</td><td>25-50</td><td>No Cr(VI). No Microplastic</td><td>Cr(VI) sediment L- est</td><td>1 4d</td><td>de Sá et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>28.4mg/L</td><td>75-100</td><td>No Cr(VI). No Microplastic</td><td>Cr(VI) sediment L- est</td><td>1 4d</td><td>de Sá et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>1.8mg/L + 0.216mg/L</td><td>No mortality</td><td>No Cr(VI). No Microplastic</td><td>Cr(VI) + Microplastic sediment M- est</td><td>1 4d</td><td>de Sá et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>3.9mg/L + 0.216mg/L</td><td>No mortality</td><td>No Cr(VI). No Microplastic</td><td>Cr(VI) + Microplastic sediment M- est</td><td>1 4d</td><td>de Sá et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>8.0mg/L + 0.216mg/L</td><td>0-25</td><td>No Cr(VI). No Microplastic</td><td>Cr(VI) + Microplastic sediment M- est</td><td>1 4d</td><td>de Sá et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>18.9mg/L + 0.216mg/L</td><td>0-25</td><td>No Cr(VI). No Microplastic</td><td>Cr(VI) + Microplastic sediment M- est</td><td>1 4d</td><td>de Sá et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>28.4mg/L + 0.216mg/L</td><td>50-75</td><td>No Cr(VI). No Microplastic</td><td>Cr(VI) + Microplastic sediment M- est</td><td>1 4d</td><td>de Sá et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>1.8mg/L + 0.216mg/L</td><td>No mortality</td><td>No Cr(VI). No Microplastic</td><td>Cr(VI) + Microplastic sediment L- est</td><td>1 4d</td><td>de Sá et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>3.9mg/L + 0.216mg/L</td><td>0-25</td><td>No Cr(VI). No Microplastic</td><td>Cr(VI) + Microplastic sediment L- est</td><td>1 4d</td><td>de Sá et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>8.0mg/L + 0.216mg/L</td><td>0-25</td><td>No Cr(VI). No Microplastic</td><td>Cr(VI) + Microplastic sediment L- est</td><td>1 4d</td><td>de Sá et al. (2015)</td></tr></table>
<table><tbody><tr><td>18.9mg/L + 0.216mg/L</td><td>0-25</td><td>No Cr(VI). No<br/>Microplastic</td><td>Cr(VI) + Microplastic<br/>sediment L-est</td><td>1 4d</td><td>de Sá et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>28.4mg/L + 0.216mg/L</td><td>75-100</td><td>No Cr(VI). No<br/>Microplastic</td><td>Cr(VI) + Microplastic<br/>sediment L-est</td><td>1 4d</td><td>de Sá et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>0.216mg/L</td><td>25-50</td><td>No Cr(VI). No<br/>Microplastic</td><td>Microplastic sediment<br/>M-est</td><td>1 4d</td><td>de Sá et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>0.216mg/L</td><td>25-50</td><td>No Cr(VI). No<br/>Microplastic</td><td>Microplastic sediment<br/>L-est</td><td>1 4d</td><td>de Sá et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>1.3mg/L</td><td>No mortality</td><td>No Cefalexin</td><td>Cefalexin (25°C)</td><td>0 4d</td><td>Fonte et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>2.5mg/L</td><td>No mortality</td><td>No Cefalexin</td><td>Cefalexin (25°C)</td><td>0 4d</td><td>Fonte et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>5mg/L</td><td>0-25</td><td>No Cefalexin</td><td>Cefalexin (25°C)</td><td>0 4d</td><td>Fonte et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>10mg/L</td><td>0-25</td><td>No Cefalexin</td><td>Cefalexin (25°C)</td><td>0 4d</td><td>Fonte et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>1.3mg/L</td><td>No mortality</td><td>No Cefalexin</td><td>Cefalexin (20°C)</td><td>0 4d</td><td>Fonte et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>2.5mg/L</td><td>No mortality</td><td>No Cefalexin</td><td>Cefalexin (20°C)</td><td>0 4d</td><td>Fonte et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>5mg/L</td><td>0-25</td><td>No Cefalexin</td><td>Cefalexin (20°C)</td><td>0 4d</td><td>Fonte et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>10mg/L</td><td>0-25</td><td>No Cefalexin</td><td>Cefalexin (20°C)</td><td>0 4d</td><td>Fonte et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>0.184mg/L</td><td>0-25</td><td>No Microplastic</td><td>Microplastic (25°C)</td><td>0 4d</td><td>Fonte et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>0.184mg/L</td><td>0-25</td><td>No Microplastic</td><td>Microplastic (20°C)</td><td>0 4d</td><td>Fonte et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>8mg/L + 0.184mg/L</td><td>0-25</td><td>No Cefalexin no<br/>Microplastic</td><td>Cefalexin + MP</td><td>0 4d</td><td>Fonte et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>10mg/L + 0.184mg/L</td><td>0-25</td><td>No Cefalexin no<br/>Microplastic</td><td>Cefalexin + MP</td><td>0 4d</td><td>Fonte et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Common sole (Solea solea)</td><td>fuel-exposed 39ng/L PAH</td><td>25-50</td><td>4ng/L PAH</td><td>PAH</td><td>1 90d</td><td>Claireaux et al. (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>50 ng/L</td><td>0-25</td><td>Control no fuel added</td><td>PAH</td><td>1 90d</td><td>Gilliers et al. (2012)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">BDE-209 = 184.2 ng/g ww.<br/>BDE-153 = 181.1. BDE-100 =<br/>93.1. BDE-99 = 85.7. BDE-47<br/>= 82.2. BDE-28 = 84.8ng/g ww</td><td colspan="2">Solvent-control<br/>fish.Control fish</td><td>1 84d</td><td>Munsch et al. (2010)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Not significant</td><td colspan="2">PBDE congeners<br/>(BDE-28. -47. -99. -<br/>100. -153. -209)</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2">European seabass<br>(Dicentrarchus labrax)</td><td>Contaminated sediments:<br>Chrome = 50.60±4.56, Nickel =<br>21.65±3.62, Copper =<br>14.99±2.35, Zinc = 57.05±4.38,<br>Arsenic = 5.75±0.88, Cadmium<br>= 0.12±0.02, Lead = 11.21±0.5,<br>Mercury = 17.63±1.7µg/g</td><td>No mortality</td><td>Control (7.73µg/g<br>ww or µg/L)</td><td rowspan="2">Contaminated<br>sediments, especially<br>Mercury</td><td rowspan="2">1 30d</td><td rowspan="2">De Domenico et al. (2013)</td></tr><tr><td>47+/-4 ppb Zinc, 68+/-7ppb<br>benzene<br>75.6mg/L<br>9.60 ± 2.86 mg/L<br>18.6 ± 3.6 mg/L</td><td>No mortality<br>Mortality<br>Not significant<br>Not significant</td><td>Control undosed sea<br>water<br>Not Contaminated<br>No PAH<br>No PAH</td><td>PAH<br>PAH<br>PAH<br>PAH</td><td>1 42d<br>0 4d<br>1 4d<br>1 4d</td><td>Sakanari et al. (1983)<br>Dussauze et al. (2015)<br>Kerambrun et al. (2012)<br>Kerambrun et al. (2012)</td></tr><tr><td>Flathead grey mullet<br>(Mugil cephalus)</td><td>0.007mg/L<br>0.017mg/L<br>0.030mg/L<br>0.070mg/L<br>0.118mg/L</td><td>No mortality<br>No mortality<br>0-25<br>25-50<br>50-75</td><td>No Pb<br>No Pb<br>No Pb<br>No Pb<br>No Pb</td><td>Pb<br>Pb<br>Pb<br>Pb<br>Pb</td><td>1 30d<br>1 30d<br>1 30d<br>0 30d<br>0 30d</td><td>Hariharan et al. (2016)<br>Hariharan et al. (2016)<br>Hariharan et al. (2016)<br>Hariharan et al. (2016)<br>Hariharan et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>Florida pompano<br>(Trachinotus carolinus)</td><td>2.83ppm</td><td>0-25</td><td>Control no<br>Naphtalene</td><td>PAH</td><td>0 12d</td><td>Dos Santos et al. (2006)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Freckled blenny<br>(Hypsoblennius ionthas)</td><td>30mg/kg<br>100mg/kg<br>300mg/kg</td><td>Not significant<br>Not significant<br>Not significant</td><td>Control no TNT<br>Control no TNT<br>Control no TNT</td><td>TNT<br>TNT<br>TNT</td><td>0 7d<br>0 7d<br>0 7d</td><td>Lotufo et al. (2010)<br>Lotufo et al. (2010)<br>Lotufo et al. (2010)</td></tr><tr><td>Spill oil sediment = up to<br>5.10mg/kg dw, Cr = 2mg/kg<br>dw, Zn = 6.45mg/kg dw, Pb =<br>1.26mg/kg dw, Cu = 1.19mg/kg<br>dw, Cd = 0.92mg/kg dw, Ni =<br>1.71mg/kg dw</td><td>No mortality</td><td>Clean sediment<br>No PCDD/FS (fed<br>with dry feed coated<br>with an olive oil)</td><td>Contaminated<br>Sediments<br>PCDD/FS</td><td>1 60d<br>1 390d</td><td>Morales-Caselles et al.<br>(2006)<br>Ábalos et al. (2008)</td></tr><tr><td>Gilthead seabream<br>(Sparus aurata)</td><td>23ng</td><td>Not significant</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tbody><tr><td></td><td>0.02mg/L</td><td>No mortality</td><td>Control no PAH</td><td>PAH</td><td>1 4d</td><td>Correia et al. (2007)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>0.1mg/L</td><td>No mortality</td><td>Control no PAH</td><td>PAH</td><td>1 4d</td><td>Correia et al. (2007)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="10">Jarbua terapon<br/>(Terapon jarbua)</td><td>up to 64.8µg/g dw</td><td>Not significant</td><td>Control fish diet</td><td>Cadmium</td><td>1 28d</td><td>Dang and Wang (2009)</td></tr><tr><td>As(III) 50µg/L</td><td>Not significant</td><td>Control 1.4±0.04µg/L</td><td>Arsenic</td><td>1 10d</td><td>Zhang et al. (2012)</td></tr><tr><td>As(III) 150µg/L</td><td>Not significant</td><td>Control 1.4±0.04µg/L</td><td>Arsenic</td><td>1 10d</td><td>Zhang et al. (2012)</td></tr><tr><td>As(III) 500µg/L</td><td>Not significant</td><td>Control 1.4±0.04µg/L</td><td>Arsenic</td><td>1 10d</td><td>Zhang et al. (2012)</td></tr><tr><td>As(V) 50µg/L</td><td>Not significant</td><td>Control 1.4±0.04µg/L</td><td>Arsenic</td><td>1 10d</td><td>Zhang et al. (2012)</td></tr><tr><td>As(V) 150µg/L</td><td>Not significant</td><td>Control 1.4±0.04µg/L</td><td>Arsenic</td><td>1 10d</td><td>Zhang et al. (2012)</td></tr><tr><td>As(V) 500µg/L</td><td>Not significant</td><td>Control 1.4±0.04µg/L</td><td>Arsenic</td><td>1 10d</td><td>Zhang et al. (2012)</td></tr><tr><td>Waterborne As(III) 100µg/L</td><td>Not significant</td><td>Control 1.4±0.04µg/L</td><td>Arsenic</td><td>1 10d</td><td>Zhang et al. (2012)</td></tr><tr><td>0.008mg/L</td><td>Not significant</td><td>No Pb</td><td>Pb</td><td>1 30d</td><td>Hariharan et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>0.017mg/L</td><td>0-25</td><td>No Pb</td><td>Pb</td><td>1 30d</td><td>Hariharan et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>0.035mg/L</td><td>25-50</td><td>No Pb</td><td>Pb</td><td>1 30d</td><td>Hariharan et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>0.070mg/L</td><td>50-75</td><td>No Pb</td><td>Pb</td><td>0 30d</td><td>Hariharan et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>0.140mg/L</td><td>50-75</td><td>No Pb</td><td>Pb</td><td>0 30d</td><td>Hariharan et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Korean rockfish<br/>(Sebastes schlegelii)</td><td>10^6 microplatic</td><td>No mortality</td><td>No Microplastic</td><td>Microplastic</td><td>1 21d</td><td>Yin et al. (2018)</td></tr><tr><td>120mg/L</td><td>No mortality</td><td>No Pb</td><td>Pb</td><td>1 28d</td><td>Kim et Kang (2017)</td></tr><tr><td>240mg/L</td><td>No mortality</td><td>No Pb</td><td>Pb</td><td>1 28d</td><td>Kim et Kang (2017)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Large yellow croacker<br/>(Larimichthys crocea)</td><td>0.21mg/kg diet</td><td>Not significant</td><td>Control 0.21mg<br/>Cd/kg (No SVM)</td><td>Cadmium</td><td>1 56d</td><td>Li et al. (2009)</td></tr><tr><td>7.26mg/kg diet</td><td>Not significant</td><td>Control 0.21mg<br/>Cd/kg (No SVM)</td><td>Cadmium</td><td>1 56d</td><td>Li et al. (2009)</td></tr><tr><td>12.08 mg/kg diet<br/>PCBs = 80-240ppb, DDTs =<br/>10-34ppb, Chlordanes = 5.89-<br/>20.9</td><td>Not significant</td><td>Control 0.21mg<br/>Cd/kg (No SVM)</td><td>Cadmium</td><td>1 56d</td><td>Li et al. (2009)</td></tr><tr><td>Longjaw mudsucker<br/>(Gillichthys mirabilis)</td><td>0-25</td><td>Reference marsh<br/>(TB)</td><td>Contaminated<br/>Sediments</td><td></td><td>1 NA</td><td>McGourty et al. (2009)</td></tr><tr><td>Meagre<br/>(Argyrosomus regius)</td><td>20µg/L, 160µg/kg</td><td>No mortality</td><td>Control non-<br/>contaminated feed</td><td>Venlafaxine</td><td>0 28d</td><td>Maulvault et al. (2018)</td></tr><tr><td>Mummichog<br/>(Fundulus heteroclitus)</td><td>1mg/L</td><td>Mortality</td><td>Control Pristine<br/>estuary</td><td>Mercury</td><td>1 4d</td><td>Khan and Weis (1987)</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2">Northern wolfish<br/>(Anarhichas denticulatus)</td><td>14µg/L</td><td>0-25</td><td>Seawater</td><td>TPH</td><td>0 35d</td><td>Sandrini-Neto et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>23µg/L</td><td>0-25</td><td>Seawater with<br/>dispersant</td><td>TPH</td><td>0 35d</td><td>Sandrini-Neto et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Pacific halibut<br/>(Hippoglossus stenolepis)</td><td>1636µg/g</td><td>Not significant</td><td>0µg/g</td><td>TPH</td><td>0 90d</td><td>Moles and Norcross (1998)</td></tr><tr><td>4700µg/g</td><td>75-100</td><td>0µg/g</td><td>TPH</td><td>0 90d</td><td>Moles and Norcross (1998)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5">Pacific herring<br/>(Clupea pallasii)</td><td>9.6±2.5µg/L</td><td>Not significant</td><td>No PAH (0.2<br/>±0.1µg/L)</td><td>PAH</td><td>1 56d</td><td>Kennedy and Farrell (2006)</td></tr><tr><td>96h/1344h 40.7±6.9g/L</td><td>0-25</td><td>No PAH (0.2<br/>±0.1µg/L)</td><td>PAH</td><td>1 56d</td><td>Kennedy and Farrell (2006)</td></tr><tr><td>1344h 120.2 ±11.4g/L</td><td>25-50</td><td>No PAH (0.2<br/>±0.1µg/L)</td><td>PAH</td><td>1 56d</td><td>Kennedy and Farrell (2006)</td></tr><tr><td>9.7 ± 6.5µg/L</td><td>No mortality</td><td>Beads not soaked in<br/>oil</td><td>PAH</td><td>1 58d</td><td>Kennedy and Farrell (2005)</td></tr><tr><td>37.9 ± 8.6µg/L</td><td>No mortality</td><td>Beads not soaked in<br/>oil</td><td>PAH</td><td>1 58d</td><td>Kennedy and Farrell (2005)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Rock sole<br/>(Lepidopsetta bilineata)</td><td>1840µg/g</td><td>Not significant</td><td>0µg/g</td><td>TPH</td><td>0 90d</td><td>Moles and Norcross (1998)</td></tr><tr><td>4711µg/g</td><td>Not significant</td><td>0µg/g</td><td>TPH</td><td>0 90d</td><td>Moles and Norcross (1998)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="7">Senegalese sole<br/>(Solea senegalensis)</td><td>Polluted site 882.37 +/- 150.0<br/>ng/g sediment dw</td><td>0-25</td><td>Sediment reference</td><td>PAH</td><td>1 28d</td><td>Costa et al. (2009)</td></tr><tr><td>High polluted site 1100.48 +/-<br/>187.08 ng/g sediment dw</td><td>25-50</td><td>Sediment reference</td><td>PAH</td><td>1 28d</td><td>Costa et al. (2009)</td></tr><tr><td>0.01mg/L</td><td>No mortality</td><td>Control no Copper</td><td>Copper</td><td>1 4d</td><td>Oliva et al. (2009)</td></tr><tr><td>0.1mg/L</td><td>No mortality</td><td>Control no Copper</td><td>Copper</td><td>1 4d</td><td>Oliva et al. (2009)</td></tr><tr><td>1mg/L</td><td>25-50</td><td>Control no Copper</td><td>Copper</td><td>0 1d</td><td>Oliva et al. (2009)</td></tr><tr><td>1mg/L</td><td>75-100</td><td>Control no Copper</td><td>Copper</td><td>0 2d</td><td>Oliva et al. (2009)</td></tr><tr><td>1mg/L</td><td>75-100</td><td>Control no Copper</td><td>Copper</td><td>0 3d</td><td>Oliva et al. (2009)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>1mg/L</td><td>75-100</td><td>Control no Copper</td><td>Copper</td><td>0 4d</td><td>Oliva et al. (2009)</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Sheepshead minnow<br>(Cyprinodon variegatus)</td><td>Ba = 26.42ppm, Cd = 0.105, U<br>= 0.050, V = 7.92<br>&lt;1 (sediment control). 52.109.<br>199. 358. and 751 mg tPAH/kg<br>sediment</td><td>Not significant</td><td>Uncontaminated<br>sediment</td><td>Solid coal combustion<br>residue (CCR): As,<br>Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Se,<br>V...</td><td>1</td><td>365d</td><td>Rowe (2003)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>52mg tPAH/kg sediment</td><td>No mortality</td><td>Control sediment</td><td>PAH</td><td>1</td><td>133d</td><td>Raimondo et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>109mg tPAH/kg sediment</td><td>No mortality</td><td>Control sediment</td><td>PAH</td><td>1</td><td>133d</td><td>Raimondo et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>199mg tPAH/kg sediment</td><td>No mortality</td><td>Control sediment</td><td>PAH</td><td>1</td><td>133d</td><td>Raimondo et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>358mg tPAH/kg sediment</td><td>No mortality</td><td>Control sediment</td><td>PAH</td><td>1</td><td>133d</td><td>Raimondo et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>751mg tPAH/kg sediment</td><td>No mortality</td><td>Control sediment</td><td>PAH</td><td>1</td><td>133d</td><td>Raimondo et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>7mg/kg</td><td>0-25</td><td>Control no TNT</td><td>TNT</td><td>0</td><td>4d</td><td>Lotufo et al. (2010)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>340mg/kg</td><td>75-100</td><td>Control no TNT</td><td>TNT</td><td>0</td><td>4d</td><td>Lotufo et al. (2010)</td></tr><tr><td>Southern flounder<br>(Paralichthys lethostigma)</td><td>0.247mg/kg</td><td>0-25</td><td>No PAH</td><td>PAH</td><td>1</td><td>28d</td><td>Brown-Peterson et al.<br>(2017)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>0.431mg/kg</td><td>0-25</td><td>No PAH</td><td>PAH</td><td>1</td><td>28d</td><td>Brown-Peterson et al.<br>(2017)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>33.33mg/kg</td><td>0-25</td><td>No PAH</td><td>PAH</td><td>1</td><td>28d</td><td>Brown-Peterson et al.<br>(2017)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>691.85mg/kg</td><td>25-50</td><td>No PAH</td><td>PAH</td><td>1</td><td>28d</td><td>Brown-Peterson et al.<br>(2017)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>3.940mg/kg</td><td>75-100</td><td>No PAH</td><td>PAH</td><td>0</td><td>28d</td><td>Brown-Peterson et al.<br>(2017)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>0.8mg/kg</td><td>No mortality</td><td>No PAH</td><td>PAH</td><td>1</td><td>28d</td><td>Brown-Peterson et al.<br>(2017)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>9.7mg/kg</td><td>No mortality</td><td>No PAH</td><td>PAH</td><td>1</td><td>28d</td><td>Brown-Peterson et al.<br>(2017)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>80mg/kg</td><td>25-50</td><td>No PAH</td><td>PAH</td><td>1</td><td>28d</td><td>Brown-Peterson et al.<br>(2017)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>395mg/kg</td><td>75-100</td><td>No PAH</td><td>PAH</td><td>1</td><td>28d</td><td>Brown-Peterson et al.<br>(2017)</td></tr><tr><td>Spot croaker<br>(Leiostomus xanthurus)</td><td>Control</td><td>No mortality</td><td>Control sediment (no<br>PAH)</td><td>PAH</td><td>1</td><td>28d</td><td>Hargis et al. (1984)</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tr><td>2500ppm</td><td>25-50</td><td>Control sediment (no PAH)</td><td>PAH</td><td>1 18d</td><td>Hargis et al. (1984)</td></tr><tr><td>2500ppm</td><td>50-75</td><td>Control sediment (no PAH)</td><td>PAH</td><td>1 28d</td><td>Hargis et al. (1984)</td></tr><tr><td>0.0044</td><td>Not significant</td><td>Control unhalogenated clarifier effluent</td><td>Cl2 Effluent + Cl2</td><td>1 9d</td><td>Roberts (1980)</td></tr><tr><td>0.005mg/L</td><td>Not significant</td><td>Control unhalogenated clarifier effluent</td><td>Cl2 Effluent + Cl2</td><td>1 9d</td><td>Roberts (1980)</td></tr><tr><td>0.0011mg/L</td><td>Not significant</td><td>Control unhalogenated clarifier effluent</td><td>BrCl Effluent + BrCl</td><td>1 9d</td><td>Roberts (1980)</td></tr><tr><td>0.023mg/L</td><td>Not significant</td><td>Control unhalogenated clarifier effluent</td><td>BrCl Effluent + BrCl</td><td>1 9d</td><td>Roberts (1980)</td></tr><tr><td>0.06</td><td>Not significant</td><td>Control unhalogenated clarifier effluent</td><td>Cl2 Effluent + Cl2</td><td>1 9d</td><td>Roberts (1980)</td></tr><tr><td>0.18</td><td>Not significant</td><td>Control unhalogenated clarifier effluent</td><td>Cl2 Effluent + Cl2</td><td>1 9d</td><td>Roberts (1980)</td></tr><tr><td>0.05</td><td>Not significant</td><td>Control unhalogenated clarifier effluent</td><td>BrCl Effluent + BrCl</td><td>1 9d</td><td>Roberts (1980)</td></tr><tr><td>0.13mg/L</td><td>Not significant</td><td>Control unhalogenated clarifier effluent</td><td>BrCl Effluent + BrCl</td><td>1 9d</td><td>Roberts (1980)</td></tr><tr><td>0.208mg/L</td><td>Not significant</td><td>Control unhalogenated clarifier effluent</td><td>Cl2 Effluent + Cl2</td><td>1 9d</td><td>Roberts (1980)</td></tr><tr><td>0.183mg/L</td><td>Not significant</td><td>Control unhalogenated clarifier effluent</td><td>Cl2 Effluent + Cl2</td><td>1 9d</td><td>Roberts (1980)</td></tr><tr><td>0.21mg/L</td><td>0-25</td><td>Control unhalogenated clarifier effluent</td><td>BrCl Effluent + BrCl</td><td>1 6d</td><td>Roberts (1980)</td></tr></table>
<table><tbody><tr><td></td><td>0.32mg/L</td><td>75-100</td><td>Control unhalogenated clarifier effluent</td><td>Cl2 Effluent + Cl2</td><td>0 6d</td><td>Roberts (1980)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>0.41mg/L</td><td>75-100</td><td>Control unhalogenated clarifier effluent</td><td>BrCl Effluent + BrCl</td><td>0 6d</td><td>Roberts (1980)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5">Starry flounder (Platicthys stellatus)</td><td>16µg/L</td><td>No mortality</td><td>No PAH</td><td>PAH</td><td>1 14d</td><td>Sved et al. (1992)</td></tr><tr><td>35µg/L</td><td>No mortality</td><td>No PAH</td><td>PAH</td><td>1 14d</td><td>Sved et al. (1992)</td></tr><tr><td>76µg/L</td><td>Mortality</td><td>No PAH</td><td>PAH</td><td>1 14d</td><td>Sved et al. (1992)</td></tr><tr><td>150µg/L</td><td>Mortality</td><td>No PAH</td><td>PAH</td><td>1 14d</td><td>Sved et al. (1992)</td></tr><tr><td>320µg/L</td><td>Mortality</td><td>No PAH</td><td>PAH</td><td>1 14d</td><td>Sved et al. (1992)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Thinlip grey mullet (Chelon ramada)</td><td>6.91mg/L</td><td>Mortality</td><td>No Control</td><td>PAH</td><td>0 4d</td><td>Rice and al. (1979)</td></tr><tr><td>1.42mg/L</td><td>Mortality</td><td>No Control</td><td>PAH</td><td>0 4d</td><td>Rice and al. (1979)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Turbot (Scophtalmus maximus)</td><td>0.17mg/L</td><td>0-25</td><td>No Atrazine</td><td>Atrazine</td><td>0 20d</td><td>Biagianti-Risbourg et al. (1995)</td></tr><tr><td>0.17mg/L</td><td>25-50</td><td>No Atrazine</td><td>Atrazine</td><td>0 29d</td><td>Biagianti-Risbourg et al. (1995)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Turbot (Scophtalmus maximus)</td><td>2.44 +/-0.95 mg/kg</td><td>No mortality</td><td>No PAH</td><td>Contaminated sediment PAH</td><td>1 21d</td><td>Kerambrun et al. (2012)</td></tr><tr><td>0.001±1% produced water (PW)</td><td>Not significant</td><td>0% produced water</td><td>PAH</td><td>1 42d</td><td>Stephens et al. (2000)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Turbot (Scophtalmus maximus)</td><td>0.5µg/g</td><td>Not significant</td><td>Uncontaminated feed. no fuel added</td><td>PAH</td><td>1 42d</td><td>Saborido-Rey et al. (2007)</td></tr><tr><td>2.5µg/g</td><td>Not significant</td><td>Uncontaminated feed. no fuel added</td><td>PAH</td><td>1 42d</td><td>Saborido-Rey et al. (2007)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Turbot (Scophtalmus maximus)</td><td>49µg/g</td><td>Not significant</td><td>Uncontaminated feed. no fuel added</td><td>PAH</td><td>1 42d</td><td>Saborido-Rey et al. (2007)</td></tr><tr><td>114µg/g</td><td>Not significant</td><td>Uncontaminated feed. no fuel added</td><td>PAH</td><td>0 42d</td><td>Saborido-Rey et al. (2007)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Turbot (Scophtalmus maximus)</td><td>162µg/g</td><td>Not significant</td><td>Uncontaminated feed. no fuel added</td><td>PAH</td><td>0 42d</td><td>Saborido-Rey et al. (2007)</td></tr><tr><td>260µg/g</td><td>Not significant</td><td>Uncontaminated feed. no fuel added</td><td>PAH</td><td>0 42d</td><td>Saborido-Rey et al. (2007)</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tbody><tr><td></td><td>2.24mg/kg</td><td>0-25</td><td>Reference sediment</td><td>Contaminated sediment PAH</td><td>1 26d</td><td>Kerambrun et al. (2014)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>10.2mg/kg</td><td>50-75</td><td>Reference sediment</td><td>Contaminated sediment PAH</td><td>1 26d</td><td>Kerambrun et al. (2014)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>1.27mg/kg</td><td>No mortality</td><td>No PAH</td><td>Contaminated sediment PAH</td><td>1 21d</td><td>Kerambrun et al. (2012)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Recirculating aquaculture systems: Zn = 12mg/L, Fe = 15, Cu = 9 Cu, NO2-N = 10, NO3-N = 9, PO4-P = 9, CO = Mn = 9 µg/L</td><td>No mortality</td><td>Disinfected sea water</td><td>Fe. Zn. Cu. Co. Mn</td><td>1 63d</td><td>van Bussel (2014)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Yellowfin sole (Limanda aspera)</td><td>1840µg/g</td><td>Not significant</td><td>0µg/g</td><td>TPH</td><td>0 90d</td><td>Moles and Norcross (1998)</td></tr><tr><td>4711µg/g</td><td>Not significant</td><td>0µg/g</td><td>TPH</td><td>0 90d</td><td>Moles and Norcross (1998)</td></tr></tbody></table>
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