# Data and service management of the EPOS Volcano Observations Thematic Core Service by the European volcanological community

Letizia Spampinato, Enrico Indovina, Adelina Geyer, Ríkey Júlíusdóttir, Danilo Reitano, Giuseppe Puglisi, Rosella Nave, Ileana Santangelo, Kristín Vogfjörd, Philippe Labazuy, et al.

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## To cite this version:

Letizia Spampinato, Enrico Indovina, Adelina Geyer, Ríkey Júlíusdóttir, Danilo Reitano, et al. Data and service management of the EPOS Volcano Observations Thematic Core Service by the European volcanological community. Bulletin of Volcanology, 2024, 87, 10.1007/s00445-024-01780-2. hal-04918497

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# Data and service management of the EPOS Volcano Observations Thematic Core Service by the European volcanological community

Letizia Spampinato<fnref n="1" /> Ⓒ · Enrico Indovina<fnref n="1" /> · Adelina Geyer<fnref n="2" /> · Ríkey Júlíusdóttir<fnref n="3" /> · Danilo Reitano<fnref n="1" /> · Giuseppe Puglisi<fnref n="1" /> · Rosella Nave<fnref n="4" /> · Ileana Santangelo<fnref n="4" /> · Kristín Vogfjörd<fnref n="3" /> · Philippe Labazuy<fnref n="5" /> · Lucia Cacciola<fnref n="1" /> · Itahiza Domínguez-Cerdeña<fnref n="6" /> · Yannick Guehenneux<fnref n="5" /> · Jean-Christophe Komorowski<fnref n="7" /> · Jean-Marie Saurel<fnref n="7" />

Received: 6 May 2024 / Accepted: 3 November 2024 / Published online: 5 December 2024
© The Author(s) 2024

## Abstract

The Volcano Observations Thematic Core Service (VOLC-TCS) is one of ten core services forming the European Research Infrastructure Consortium for the European Plate Observing System (EPOS ERIC). The main objective of the VOLC-TCS is the implementation of a technical, financial, and legal framework compliant with EPOS ERIC to (i) strengthen the European volcanology community represented by Volcano Observatories (VOs) and Volcanological Research Institutions (VRIs), and (ii) provide virtual access to the community's data, data products software and services (DDSSs) from volcanoes in Europe and European overseas territories. The efforts of the VOLC-TCS community began prior to the appointment of EPOS as an ERIC and have followed a long-term work plan that started in 2002. One of the main challenges for the management of volcanological data has consisted in their great heterogeneity regarding technical characteristics and also legal aspects (e.g. different data policies among the data providers, different purposes for the use of data, ranging from science to monitoring, early-warning and crisis response, and communication and outreach). Another challenge has derived from the consistency of the VOLC-TCS' products with the overall service provision of EPOS, which merges services from different Earth Science communities (seismology, GNSS, geomagnetic, geochemistry, geology, etc.). Some of the services used in volcanology are in common with the other communities, thus the implementation work was also devoted to harmonising the data and products with standards defined by other TCSs. Yet another important task has been the implementation of the community Gateway to expose and enable access to services not fully compliant with EPOS, or to services implemented by institutions outside the EPOS perimeter, as well as to create a platform that can act as an interface between the VOLC-TCS and data infrastructures operating at a global level (e.g. WOVOdat). Based on the experience gained and the results achieved, we report here on the state of the art of the VOLC-TCS implementation since 2018 and propose future actions to address some of the main technical challenges and measures to ensure mid-to-long term sustainability of the services.

**Keywords** Open Science · Data management · EPOS Research Infrastructure · Volcano community building

Editorial responsibility: S. Massaro

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<footnote>Letizia Spampinato
letizia.spampinato@ingv.it</footnote>

<footnote n="1">¹ Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo-sezione di Catania, Piazza Roma 2, 95125 Catania, Italy</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² Geosciences Barcelona, CSIC, Lluis Solé Sabaris S/N, 08028 Barcelona, Spain</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ Icelandic Meteorological Office, Bústaðavegur 9, 150 Reykjavík, Iceland</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴ Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Vesuviano, Via Diocleziano 328, 80124 Naples, Italy</footnote>

<footnote n="5">⁵ Laboratoire Magmas Et Volcans, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, IRD, OPGC, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France</footnote>

<footnote n="6">⁶ Instituto Geográfico Nacional, C/La Marina 20, -2, 38003 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain</footnote>

<footnote n="7">⁷ Institut de Physique du Globe, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France</footnote>
**Acronyms**

<table><tr><td>DDSS</td><td>Data, Data products, Services, Software</td></tr><tr><td>DP</td><td>Data Provider</td></tr><tr><td>EPOS</td><td>European Plate Observing System</td></tr><tr><td>EPOS-IP</td><td>European Plate Observing System-Implementation Phase</td></tr><tr><td>EPOS-PP</td><td>European Plate Observing System-Preparatory Phase</td></tr><tr><td>ERIC</td><td>European Research Infrastructure Consortium</td></tr><tr><td>ESFRI</td><td>European STRategy Forum on Research Infrastructures</td></tr><tr><td>GLASS</td><td>Geodetic Linkage Advance Software System</td></tr><tr><td>GNSS</td><td>Global Navigation Satellite Systems</td></tr><tr><td>ICS</td><td>Integrated Core Services</td></tr><tr><td>JRU</td><td>Joint Research Unit</td></tr><tr><td>NRI</td><td>National Research Infrastructure</td></tr><tr><td>RI</td><td>Research Infrastructure</td></tr><tr><td>SP</td><td>Service Provider</td></tr><tr><td>TCS</td><td>Thematic Core Services</td></tr><tr><td>TNA</td><td>TransNational Access</td></tr><tr><td>VA</td><td>Virtual access</td></tr><tr><td>VO</td><td>Volcano Observatories</td></tr><tr><td>VOLC-TCS</td><td>VOLcano Observations-Thematic Core Service</td></tr><tr><td>VRI</td><td>Volcanology Research Institutions</td></tr></table>

**Introduction**

The VOLC-TCS is one of ten thematic core services of the distributed research infrastructure EPOS (epos-eu.org). The aim of EPOS is to provide access to DDSSs, entailing creation of new e-science tools to unravel the dynamics and complexity of the Earth system. The scientific scope of EPOS is to advance the Earth Science community toward

more multidisciplinary research of frontiers and development of new models that are crucial for answering scientific and socio-economic questions concerning geo-hazards and geo-resources by applying the paradigm of Open Science. Figure 1 shows the EPOS architecture in which the main connected technical and structural elements are identified, i.e. National Research Infrastructures (NRIs), Thematic Core Services (TCSs), and Integrated Core Service (ICS) (see Puglisi et al. 2022 and epos-eu.org for details). EPOS became an ERIC late in 2018; however, the community has been working on this long-term project since 2002 within four main phases: the EPOS Conception Phase (2002–2008), EPOS Preparatory Phase (2010–2014), EPOS Implementation Phase (2015–2019), and EPOS Sustainability Phase (2019–2022). Each of these phases was funded by a European Strategic Forum for Research Infrastructure (ESFRI) project (Puglisi et al. 2022).

The VOLC-TCS aims to promote volcanology research in Europe by fostering knowledge sharing and scientific collaboration through provision of long-term sustainable access to the DDSSs of European Volcano Observatories (VOs) and Volcanological Research Institutions (VRIs). Thus, VOLC-TCS is working to support the European VOs and VRI's community; implement interoperable services to ensure long-term and sustainable access to its DDSSs; and promote good practices within the volcanology community through EPOS (Puglisi et al. 2022; Wessels et al. 2022).

The VOLC-TCS technical architecture is organised in a layered structure and connected to the EPOS infrastructure as shown in Fig. 2. The main role in the VOLC-TCS is played by the VOs and VRIs, which are the service providers (SPs) for the TCS. The lowermost layer of the structure includes the data providers (DPs; other national RIs) that give access to their DDSSs through the VOLC-TCS' SPs, whereas the uppermost layer consists of the Governance and Coordination bodies of the TCS (Puglisi et al. 2022). At the beginning of 2024, the VOLC-TCS' SPs are Istituto

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 1** Key elements of the EPOS Functional Architecture. From left to right: The National Research Infrastructures (NRIs) provide data and services to the Thematic Core Services (TCSs) that in turn give access to users through the Integrated Core Service Central Hub (ICS-C). The Integrated Core Service – Distributed (ICS-D) takes data from ICS-C to produce higher-level data and provide visualization services or high-performance computing (taken from epos-eu.org/)</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 2** General architecture of the VOLC-TCS and its position in the overall EPOS framework. The lower level refers to the source of the VOLC-DDSSs available through the DPs and SPs and coordinated by National Consortia (if they exist). The medium level refers to the technical management of the services (Virtual and Transnational Access; VA and TNA) services; all managed by SPs and the third overarching level refers to the management of the governance,</figcaption></figure>

legal and financial issues of the TCS and the coordination activity of the community. The figure shows the SPs already activated in 2023. CB, Consortium Board; ExC, Executive Committee; TeC, Technical Board; TC, Transnational Access Committee; AB, Advisory Board; ICS-C, Integrated Core Services Central Hub system; ICS-S, Integrated Core Services Central Distributed

Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV, Italy), which is also the VOLC-TCS coordinator, Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO, Iceland), Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC, Spain), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS, France). The SPs are committed to the VOLC-TCS via a Consortium Agreement in which different governance bodies with diverse roles are identified (Puglisi et al. 2022).

The VOLC-TCS' DDSSs are intrinsically heterogeneous in nature, and their characteristics have significantly impacted on the service implementation and provision. In fact, the management of such heterogeneity has represented one of the main challenges for the VOLC-TCS, although unquestionably such a peculiarity does represent a great resource for users in terms of the variety of available information. Currently available DDSSs are of geophysical, geochemical, geological, and volcanological kinds and

include data collected by both in situ and remote instruments (ground- and satellite-based) (Table 1 in the Appendix). Moreover, the DDSSs are of diverse processing levels spanning from automatically acquired data (level 0, e.g. seismic waveforms) to more elaborated/integrated data products (level 3, e.g. hazard maps). Indeed, given the location of the VOs and VRIs, the DDSSs also differ geographically, including European volcanoes and volcanoes in overseas European territories (Table 1 in the Appendix).

To successfully provide virtual access (VA) to the VOLC-TCS' DDSSs through the EPOS Data Portal, the main effort has been in defining the metadata according to the standards of the EPOS ICS (https://epos-eu.github.io/EPOS-DCAT-AP/v3/). Thus, as the first step, a metadata definition process was carried out associating a conceptual model used to create a database structure, in which the information is stored, managed, and updated. During this phase, a catalogue for
VOLC-TCS' facility discovery available for physical or remote access was also implemented based on what was learnt from the ENVRI PLUS (2015–2019; envriplus.eu) and EUROVOLC (2018–2021; eurovolc.eu) EU projects (Puglisi et al. 2022; Wessels et al. 2022). Concerning the legal aspects related to DDSS provision, VOLC-TCS adopts the Open Access criteria and the Licences defined in the EPOS Data Policy (epos-eu.org/data-policy-2018). At the time of writing, the VOLC-TCS has already exposed part of its services via the EPOS Data Portal (epos-eu.org/data-portal), officially launched in Spring 2023. The EPOS Data Portal enables users to discover, visualise, and download Earth Science data in an integrated way. The portal is the result of collective work by an international team of about 600 experts working in synergy on the integration and harmonisation of over 60 different kinds of data and metadata from various disciplines, made available as EPOS data and services to the users (Bailo et al. 2023).

In addition, the VOLC-TCS is developing the Volcano Observations Gateway (/vo-tcs.ct.ingv.it/gateway/), which aims to overcome the fragmentation of the volcanology community and the widely distributed infrastructures by developing dynamic connections and collaborations within the community and between the community and its stakeholders. The VOLC-TCS envisages implementation of other services in order to offer a wider portfolio of volcanological DDSSs. Thus the Gateway (whose final name will be EUROVOLC, as an acronym for EUROpean VOLcanological Community) deals with European Volcanoes and proposes a unique access point for volcanological DDSSs both for the EPOS compliant services and for those services that are not fully compliant with EPOS standards but are of significant importance for the volcano community.

Following this brief introduction, we aim to provide an update of the VOLC-TCS activities in terms of governance and coordination, data provision and technical service implementation, as well as in terms of dissemination and outreach activities carried out to better engage and enlarge the identified stakeholder community.

## Technical aspects

### Implementation of the EPOS Data Portal

The implementation of the VOLC-TCS services in the EPOS Data Portal was carried out in cooperation with, and under the overarching guide, of the EPOS ICS team (Puglisi et al. 2022). At the time of writing the implemented services have been classified into two categories. The first includes those DDSSs, which are in common with other EPOS communities, such as the Seismology-TCS or the GNSS-TCS. The second category includes all the DDSSs specific to the

volcanology community, such as volcano activity reports, volcanic rock samples, and volcano hazard maps.

For services included in the first category, the VOLC-TCS community adopted the standards defined by the other communities to share the information. This was relatively simple, for example, for the seismological services, because the adopted data and metadata models are well established and have long been used to manage seismological data and products (Haslinger et al. 2022), so results can be easily included in the VOLC-TCS roadmap as “achieved.” However, in the case of GNSS data, products, and services, EPOS has implemented a specific standard, named GLASS (Fernandes et al. 2022). This standard is not always compliant with the technical solutions adopted by VOs managing GNSS networks; solutions which might be sensible for surveillance purposes. Thus, in some cases, these institutions had to define specific work plans to share GNSS data in accordance with the EPOS standards. For this reason and with the goal to be operational before the end of the year, the VOLC-TCS is still working to solve this issue to provide GNSS services in the required standard.

A further case of a service, in common with other EPOS TCSs, is the provision of Transnational Access (TNA, e.g. Wessels et al. 2022) currently under implementation, which provides either physical or remote access to facilities, resources, and services available among the participating institutions.

The second service category shows how the harmonisation of the heterogeneous volcanological data and products is complex, either among the volcanological institutions or across the VOLC-TCS community and other EPOS communities. The adopted strategy was to define specific needs to overcome the gaps for specific types of data or products. Defining proper data and/or metadata models to adapt the current services to EPOS is an achieved result. In particular, for some domains the developers started from scratch: it is the case of the GeoChem database under development, which is a comprehensive conceptual framework for a geochemical database compatible with the wide range of fluid and rock geochemical data, obtained through in situ measurements and/or laboratory analysis.

Currently, the ICS and TCSs are working together on solving technical issues related to the data and metadata harmonisation by using a collaborative method based on the “GitLab” environment shared among the ICS-TCS IT team. It allows, at the same time, a work programme and a workflow on specific service issues, containing details on each problem to be solved.

### The VOLC-TCS Gateway: conceptual model

To provide access to DDSSs produced by either institutions outside the EPOS perimeter (the VOLC-TCS does not include all European institutions dealing with volcanology) or to

<figure><img src="image_6.png" /></figure>
DDSSs not yet compliant with EPOS belonging to the VOLC-TCS' DPs and SPs, a proper Gateway has been implemented. The Gateway is thus complementary to the EPOS Data Portal as it allows for discovery of new not yet EPOS compliant services. In developing the Gateway, and in order to improve its usefulness to the users of the Data Portal, the VOLC-TCS decided to follow the same data and metadata model adopted within EPOS. The strategy includes the following: (i) collecting datasets from different domains (e.g. geochemistry, rock samples, volcanic numerical models, hazard maps) and characterised by heterogeneous fields of applications, (ii) evaluating their level of maturity (i.e. their level of compliance with the EPOS standards), and (iii) connecting them to the wider environment of existing e-infrastructures and RIs. This solution to managing non-EPOS compliant DDSSs has also been successfully adopted by other TCSs.

To guarantee the long-term sustainability of a service, EPOS needs a specific and mandatory work plan to develop and/or adapt a generic DDSS into an EPOS service (technical, governance, legal, and financial issues must be defined). The VOLC-TCS' Gateway, on the other hand, can be independent from the EPOS implementation strategy and defines its own strategies. In fact, although the Gateway cannot guarantee long-term sustainability, it allows increased access to the data or information and testing of their suitability for the volcanology community. The Gateway can therefore be used to test the usefulness or importance of a specific service and then to evaluate the possibility of upgrading it into a proper EPOS compliant DDSS.

## The VOLC-TCS Gateway: state of the art

At the time of writing, the beta version of the VOLC-TCS Gateway, planned and developed within the EU project EUROVOLC, is up and running (vo-tcs.ct.ingv.it/gateway/). The Gateway is organised into three sections, internally connected (Figs. 3 and 4):

* Service List, a detailed list of services in the form of a table, describing all the EPOS VOLC-TCS' DDSSs, both EPOS compliant and non-compliant. Each of these services can be easily accessed by using a dedicated landing page.

* EduBoX, representing research outputs, references, tutorials (i.e. videos, summer school reports, outreach material, references with DOI, and link to specific repositories).

* TNA list, a list of TNA projects providing access to volcanological RIs executed in the EUROVOLC project.

Behind the website a server-side development software (the back-end side) ensures that the website performs correctly; it uses a relational database (e.g. MySQL), back-end logic, application programming interfaces (APIs), and in terms of hardware development, server architecture, and security. The front-end solution is a data portal, able to expose web services (in the form of machine-readable tools like API RESTful services) that allow a generic user to move between main data categories (i.e. satellite

<figure><img src="image_7.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 3** Actual version of the VOLC-TCS Gateway showing the three layers, i.e. the Service list, EduBoX, and the TNA list</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_8.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 4** Here, the VOLC-TCS 'Gateway service list web page, which is actually in development, is shown. Services are grouped into different categories and for each service, a link leads the user to a proper landing page (right panel) that reports details in terms of description, usage of the available queries, and other useful information</figcaption></figure>

data and geodetic data), and filter the datasets by using advanced discovery features. The details of a single service are presented in the form of a landing page, which provides general information, the web service URLs, and relevant guidelines (Fig. 4).

At the end of the EUROVOLC project, a decision was made to put the whole Gateway structure under an extensive renewal action since it would be used for more than just the project purposes. A new website version is under development and new tools have been planned and proposed (Fig. 5). Starting from the lesson learnt during the EUROVOLC project, the new version of the Gateway (now in an advanced stage of development) contains the following:

* All the general information about the VOLC-TCS community.

* A data provider's section.

* The EduBox that will be organised as a service by using a structured database, integrating outreach material as data services. Moreover, it will be connected with an e-learning platform in order to propose tutorials for students and young scientists and/or be used by a single DP to promote new research related to volcano observation matters.

* The European Catalogue of Volcanoes (volcanoes.eurovolc.eu/), an interactive website containing detailed information on key volcanoes and their associated hazards, in both English and the local language (i.e. French, Italian, Spanish, Icelandic, Norwegian, Greek, and Portuguese). Additionally, the Catalogue also shows the location of over 70 active volcanoes within the monitoring territories of Iceland, France, Spain, United Kingdom, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Greece, and Norway. The Catalogue is suitable for a wide range of audience.

## Open Science linked to science communication and outreach activities

Open Science is one of the EPOS pillars, aiming to foster collaboration through an open platform where researchers share data, methodologies, and preliminary findings.
<figure><img src="image_9.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_10.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 5** The new prototype of the VOLC-TCS 'Gateway Home page. In the foreground, users can find the list of the projects in which the VOLC-TCS community is or has been involved</figcaption></figure>

Combining Open Science with science communication and outreach efforts can play a crucial role in making science more accessible, transparent, and impactful. This approach not only benefits the researchers themselves, but also contributes to the broader goal of engaging the public and encouraging a culture of collaboration and openness in

the scientific community. In this context, the VOLC-TCS Communication team is responsible for disseminating and promoting the activities and services of the TCS, as well as their implementation, to both the reference community and a broader «external» multi-stakeholder target audience (e.g. PhD, graduate and master students, and local stakeholders).
The team works in close collaboration with the EPOS ERIC
Communication team, following the communication plan of
EPOS.

As part of the overarching communication goal of EPOS to engage a broader scientific community and encourage greater participation in dissemination efforts within the TCS community, a long-term Communication and Outreach Strategy has been defined. The strategy foresees ten Operational Objectives devoted to:

1. Reinforcement of the EPOS branding and its imple-
   mentation across each TCS group and NRIs

2. Evolve the EPOS website and increase its visibility

3. Provide a variety of informative materials on EPOS and its activities as standardised text resources (e.g. articles and calls for applications) to offer ready to use communication materials

4. Offer engaging video contents about EPOS, its activi-
ties and users

5. Increase and differentiate social media contents and grow EPOS' social media organic followers

6. Organise EPOS community meetings to illustrate the status of the services and their implementation to the community, as well as specific meetings/events with selected stakeholders to show the VOLC-TCS' services and infrastructures

7. Train and engage potential users in using the EPOS Data Portal, with particular attention to PhD students and early career researchers

8. Approach young talents and encourage them to join EPOS through several initiatives (e.g. internships, mentoring programs, summer schools, travel grants, and exchange programs)

9. Position the EPOS Open Source code to promote its reuse, tracking and showcasing relevant use cases

10. Enhance the communication flow with different target audiences, both internal and external to the scientific reference community.

To meet the ten Operational Objectives, the planned VOLC-TCS outreach and communication activities include the following:

* Active participation in training activities, identifying trainer contacts within the VOLC-TCS group for the preparation of training activities (e.g. collection and production of training materials, and design of training paths) in collaboration with the EPOS ERIC Communication team and the provision of resources to train on services and tools

* Making available, and sharing existing informative materials (e.g. photos, videos, articles, quotes, pres-

entations, flyers, and new items), the production of
reusable short video presentations about EPOS, EPOS
Data Portal, and its specific services, as well as the
release of video contents focusing on volcanological
testimonials to be promoted through cross-media cam-
paigns

* Updating and integrating the EPOS website (according to the guidelines proposed from the EPOS ERIC Communication team), producing outreach material about tools and services offered by the VOLC-TCS community

* The implementation, revision, updating, and manage-
  ment of the EduBox tool, aimed to become an outreach
  resources database suitable for multi-query searches

* To structure a custom sub-site in the Gateway allowing sharing outreach and training materials.

Beside this regular communication engagement, notably after the launch of the EPOS Data Portal in April 2023, the VOLC-TCS communication effort was particularly focused on university students and early career researchers. As a first test of this approach, the VOLC-TCS and EPOS Communication teams joined the Italian conference “BeGEO scientists 2023- sustainability and risk: be Geo scientists on the road to the future” held in Naples in October 2023. The meeting, attended by early career researchers and university students, represented a unique opportunity at national level to present the EPOS Data Portal. Overall, the conference represented an opportunity to test the VOLC-TCS communication strategy.

Following the BeGEO conference, a preliminary list of the main communication channels and tools has been suggested to enhance effective communication practices. The tools are primarily intended for early career researchers attending upcoming national and international conferences (Fig. 6).

State of the art in VOLC-TCS sustainability

The financial, governance, and technical aspects together ensure the sustainability of the provision of the EPOS services (Puglisi et al. 2022). The SPs and DPs, together with the EPOS ERIC play a fundamental role in guaranteeing the sustainability of the DDSSs. SPs and DPs guarantee the continuous upgrade and update of the techniques and methodologies to collect the data and generate the products, and the SPs also the proper management of the data and facilities according to the EPOS guidelines, including their long term funding and the adoption of proper strategies and technical solutions to access the DDSSs.

<figure><img src="image_11.png" /></figure>
<figure><img src="image_12.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 6** Schematic roadmap summarising the main communication and outreach activities to be addressed mainly to early career researchers in future national and international conferences</figcaption></figure>

EPOS ERIC partially funds the provision of the DDSSs. In particular, it supports the alignment of the provision with the EPOS guidelines as well as the governance, coordination, and outreach activities via formal agreements with the TCSs. The Coordinating institution for the TCS, which is the interface between the TCS and EPOS ERIC, is responsible for managing the funds received and distributing as necessary to the other members of the TCS. Overall, the sustainability of the services of the TCS differs whether dealing with service provision by VA and TNA. In the case of VA, the process from data generation to data provision is mostly supported by the SPs and DPs themselves, as data results from instrumentation already belonging to and maintained by the providers, and the human resources dedicated to data acquisition and analysis are already supported by the institutions. Hence, the phase of data generation is already guaranteed as part of the institutional duties/mission of the individual provider. Over time, the contribution of EPOS has consisted, in fact, in the financial support devoted exclusively to the implementation of the TCSs' services to make them interoperable with its standards. The case of TNAs is quite different from VA services. Obviously, as in the previous case, the SPs play the main role as they institutionally develop and

maintain the infrastructures and facilities to be offered for TNA activities; however, the operational phase of TNAs, i.e. the effective access of the users, is still in charge of the single researchers that can only sustain such activity through external funds (i.e. national and mainly EU projects). This last issue represents a critical point as, while VA services are mostly guaranteed in the long-term, the TNA services are subject to the capability of the providers to get funds. Consequently, the TNAs have quite weak sustainability especially in the long term.

At a national level, the European membership countries of EPOS ERIC are managing the contribution to the implementation of services through the establishment of Joint Research Units (JRUs), National Nodes or National Consortia focused on build-up of Research Infrastructures (EPOS Italy—epos-italia.it/, EPOS Spain—epos-es.org/, EPOS France—epos-france.fr/, and EPOS Iceland—epos-iceland.is/). Some of these national initiatives can also include institutions external to the VOLC-TCS that however provide services through the SPs (Fig. 2). The JRUs, National Nodes, and National Consortia are receiving national funds for coordination and networking, and some also to implement new services as well as to support further development of already existing services.
## The Italian national node

The Italian contribution within EPOS is managed and coordinated by the JRU EPOS-Italy. It is a partnership of Public Research Institutions, Universities, and Consortia established through an agreement signed by ten partners in June 2016. INGV coordinates the Italian participation in EPOS through a formal collaboration agreement between the ten JRU institutions. The EPOS-Italy partners provide EPOS data, services, and products from their infrastructures not only for the Italian territory. The data access services provided by the local thematic portals have been standardised and are made available via the EPOS Data Portal. EPOS-Italy organises its activities through a four-year activity plan and annual executive plans. Within the current activity plan, the JRU EPOS-Italy has identified three main activities, strategic for EPOS, to be carried out under three different strategic objectives: (i) support to the National Nodes recognised in EPOS; (ii) data sharing and development of declared services in TCS with recognised Italian participation; (iii) contribution to international scientific cooperation for the development of strategic infrastructures for EPOS. All activities carried out under the activity plan are proposed by the partners, approved by the General Assembly, and co-funded by the Ministry of Universities and Research (MUR) (up to 50%) through a portion of the annual funding for EPOS European infrastructure activities. For the financing of the activities, the JRU can also use resources from project proposals made directly by the JRU partners. In particular, the current activity plan for 2021–2024 includes within the Strategic Objective 1, a project aimed at supporting the activities of the VOLC-TCS, which scope is the generation of new services to be implemented in the EPOS Data Portal and the harmonisation of existing services that are not EPOS compliant.

## The Spanish national node

In Spain, the VOLC-TCS community at national level started to meet and coordinate in March 2016, within the EPOS-IP project. Several meetings took place during the duration of this European project aimed at identifying those research groups interested in using and/or contributing to EPOS' DDSSs, in general, and the VOLC-TCS' DDSSs, in particular. The meetings continued until the end of 2019, supported by national funding (Red temática CGL2016-81965-REDT), but were interrupted during 2020–2022 due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the lack of financial endorsement. The activities

of EPOS Spain (https://epos-es.org/) resumed in 2023 thanks to the financial support of CSIC (INFRA20005) and national funding addressed to coordinate the participation of Spain in large European Infrastructures (Red temática RED2022-134516-E). Since then, the different TCSs, including the VOLC-TCS, have been coordinating at national level to identify the research groups interested in providing DDSSs into EPOS and to establish a roadmap for 2024–2025 to enhance the Spanish contribution to the EPOS Data Portal. At the time of writing, EPOS Spain is coordinated by CSIC, together with a Steering Board and a Scientific Committee. The Steering Board is composed of one representative of each of the institutions signing the agreement for the payment of fees and the participation of Spain in the ESFRI EPOS-ERIC. These are the following: Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, CSIC, Centro Nacional de Información Geográfica (CNIG)—Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN), University of Granada, University of Alicante, University of Salamanca, and the University of Barcelona (UB). The Scientific committee also consists of a spokesperson of the listed institutions in addition to representatives of Observatorio del Ebro, Complutense University of Madrid, and the Polytechnic Universities of Madrid and Valencia. All the institutions with representation in the EPOS Spain Scientific Committee have signed a General Action Protocol to prove their commitment to establish a stable framework for collaboration that provides coherence and continuity to the initiatives, actions, programs, and activities carried out to develop and implement the Spanish node of EPOS. Currently, Spain is providing 28 DDSSs to EPOS distributed in five different TCSs which include the following: seismology, GNSS, geological information and modelling, tsunami and volcano observations. DDSSs' providers are research institutions (e.g. CSIC) and universities (e.g. UB, Universidad de Málaga), distributed across Spain.

## The Icelandic national node

Iceland has participated in the build-up of EPOS since 2010 and has been a member of the EPOS ERIC since 2021. From the beginning, the national node has been led by IMO, which operates the main national observation networks monitoring all natural hazards in Iceland. During the first decade, 2010–2022 the focus was on opening access to quality checked and standardised multidisciplinary Earth Science data from Iceland, including GNSS, seismic and geochemical data, and products like volcanic reports, hazard maps, and simulations of

<figure><img src="image_13.png" /></figure>
atmospheric dispersion of volcanic ash. The access was
enabled through API services on IMOs website. Funding
was mainly provided by the EU, through the three EPOS
ESFRI projects and the IMO. Additionally, during this
period significant support to the build-up of the national
volcanological research infrastructure and community
came through two successive EU research and infra-
structure projects, FUTUREVOLC and EUROVOLC, in
which the University of Iceland (UI) was also a major
participant. National funding for research infrastructures
in Iceland is on a competitive basis and from 2020 the RI
roadmap is defined in periods of 5 years. To be included
on the roadmap, project proposals must be submitted to
the Icelandic Infrastructure fund, which selects a handful
of proposals prioritised for funding over the following
5 years. Roadmap projects then need to submit yearly
proposals during this period. The EPOS Iceland project
entered the first periodic RI roadmap from 2021 to 2025,
with a total prospective budget of ~1.2 million Euro. The
project is backed by a consortium of five institutions led
by IMO, including UI, the National Land Survey, the
Institute of Natural History and the Iceland Geosurvey.
At the onset, the consortium formalised the collabora-
tion with a signed memorandum of understanding. All
institutions are DPs to the Icelandic EPOS node, while
IMO is the SP for all. The national funding supports
quality checking and standardization of data and prod-
ucts, update of older services and development of new
API services. Moreover, the national funding also sup-
ports the required hardware for embedding the neces-
sary servers within the IMO IT environment to guarantee
long-term, sustained interoperability with the EPOS Data
Portal and to meet the EPOS operational requirements.
In this period access is opened to more kinds of data and
products, including InSAR, earthquake bulletin, shake-
maps, geological maps, borehole data, volcanic photo-
graphs, tephra isopach maps, and rock samples. In addi-
tion to the national funds, the contracts between EPOS
ERIC and the VOLC-TCS have provided partial support
for the service operation (~10% of the national funding
in 2023). Partial support (~7% of the 5-year national
funding) is also provided by the EU Geo-INQUIRE pro-
ject to implement standardised, EPOS compliant seismic,
and GNSS nodes for Iceland. The first roadmap period is
providing most of the funding required to guarantee con-
struction of the foundation for the Icelandic EPOS node,
but for long-term sustainability, it is vital for the EPOS
Iceland project to succeed in entering the next 5-year
roadmap, after which open access should have been
achieved to the main data archives and most services

should be operational. Costs should then be mainly due
to operation and maintenance.

The French national node

Epos-France is a national research infrastructure listed
in the roadmap of research infrastructures published by
the French Ministry of Higher Education and Research
(MESR). CNRS coordinates the Epos-France consortium,
which comprises the majority of French universities and
organisations involved in geosciences research (https://
www.epos-france.fr/en/about-epos-france/organization/).
Epos-France followed the path of the French seismological
and geodetic network Résif-EPOS, which it succeeded in
October 2023. Résif-EPOS was integrated into EPOS and
played an active role in its development and evolution.
This is why, in Autumn 2023, Résif-EPOS was replaced by
Epos-France, to create a new research infrastructure with
a broader thematic scope in line with that of its European
counterpart, promoting the advancement of knowledge of
the Earth system in all its diversity and complexity. Like
the former Résif-EPOS infrastructure, Epos-France makes
geophysical, geochemical and geological data, as well
as associated products and tools, freely available, both
through its own national distribution channels and via the
EPOS Data Portal. Epos-France partners, through their
own funding, contribute to the construction and opera-
tion of Epos-France. Funds are allocated by MESR and
Ecological Transition (MECT) to support (i) the French
environmental science strategy, (ii) the construction of the
data archiving and distribution system for certain instru-
mental networks, such as the Permanent Accelerometer
Network (RAP), the National Geodesy and Gravimetry
Network and the Permanent Seismic Broadband Network,
and (iii) the maintenance of the RAP equipment, to data
enhancement and knowledge dissemination initiatives, and
to the activities of the transverse thematic action seismic-
ity. Additional services such as the National Service for
Volcanological Observation (SNOV), the Global Seismol-
ogy Service (GEOSCOPE), the Geomagnetism Observa-
tories, and In-situ Fault Observatories, are currently in the
process of being integrated into Epos-France as of 2024.

Certainly, aside from the EPOS and national contri-
butions to the implementation and maintenance of the
VOLC-TCS' services, given the dynamic nature of the
overall service and the broad spectrum of the DDSSs
offered, and that might be offered, further financial sup-
port is needed. In the next future, focusing on the sus-
tainability of the aspects that are not supported at the
national level and for which may be more difficult to find
funding for sure the main challenge is represented by the
harmonisation of high-level products (e.g. models, soft-
ware, and tools) with the EPOS standards. Such products
result from the need at first and the collaboration after,
of all the EU volcanology community. Undeniably, the
broadening of the service portfolio will require further
financial support. For this reason, the VOLC-TCS con-
sortium has extensively worked to establish a strong and
cohesive community able to propose activities and attract
external funds. Over more than 10 years the VOLC-TCS
has coordinated and/or has been involved in several Euro-
pean and national projects under which some SPs have
implemented services to be ingested in the VOLC-TCS
list of DDSSs (FUTUREVOLC-cordis.europa.eu/pro-
ject/id/308377/it; MED-SUV-cordis.europa.eu/project/
id/308665; EUROVOLC -eurovolc.eu/; Geo-INQUIRE-
geo-inquire.eu/; DT-Geo-dtgeo.eu//; PON-GRINT-
rogetti.ingv.it/en/ponprint; MEET-meet.ingv.it/). Indeed,
the participation of the VOLC-TCS in several external
projects and initiatives has also significantly contributed
to reinforcing the community, and networking a number
of European VOs and VRIs, which also have granted
access to their facilities through TNA calls (Wessels
et al. 2022).

What has the VOLC-TCS community learnt
since 2018 and future perspectives

The official establishment of EPOS as an ERIC in 2018
represented the starting point for the implementation
of the operational services in 2023. During this period,
the VOLC-TCS worked hard on adapting the services to
meet the EPOS requirements. The experience gained dur-
ing this period allowed identification of working proce-
dures to improve existing DDSSs, develop new ones, and
guarantee the long-term sustainability of the VOLC-TCS
activities. It is noteworthy that the overarching objective
of VOLC-TCS is to provide the final users (researchers,
students, public authorities, etc.) high-quality data, prod-
ucts and services suitable for generating new knowledge;
thus, besides the technical, governance, and financial
aspects discussed above, the variety of stakeholder envi-
ronments should also be considered. Indeed, since 2018,
the VOLC-TCS has strengthened the community by, not
only, carrying out the TCS activities but also proposing,
participating, and coordinating European projects and ini-
tiatives through which the TCS participants have devel-
oped and implemented some of the DDSS standards and
some of the services, such as the TNAs. The opportunity
to exploit TNAs, thus allowing the discovery and physical

or remote access to the VOs and VRIs' facilities has been
particularly suitable to attract new users and produce new
knowledge, as well as to foster collaboration, innovation,
and the advancement of scientific understanding within the
volcanology community. Based on lessons learnt from the
TNA experience, the VOLC-TCS community will in the
near future try to continue these activities through exter-
nal financial support (national and international projects),
focusing on the increase of quality and amount of facilities
to be offered, and on the improvement of the research call
management and evaluation procedures.

Regarding the VA to the VOLC-DDSSs, some prelimi-
nary evaluations on data discovery and download suggest an
improvement of the capability to catch the type and quality
of the information contained in the service at a first glance,
in order to speed up the targeted DDSS’s search process
and to get quick information about it. In this regard, a sim-
plification of the list of the offered services, e.g. in terms
of number of services by merging some services and/or a
new definition of categories and/or the introduction of new
searching criteria, might be considered. Hence based on this
experience, in the future, the VOLC-TCS will seek feedback
from the users through questionnaires and workshops so as
to dynamically improve the access to encourage and ease the
access to the DDSSs.

At the national level, future important efforts are required
from the coordinators of the different national nodes and the
TCS representatives to (i) encourage the use of the EPOS
Data Portal among the different communities with special
focus on attracting early career scientists; (ii) provide sup-
port to the VOLC-TCS in identifying further DDSSs to be
made available and to define realistic roadmaps accordingly;
(iii) seek funding at national and international level to ensure
the long-term sustainability of the DDSSs; (iv) foster net-
working activities among the VOLC-TCS community at
national level; and (v) engage a larger number of VRIs and
VOs to participate and contribute to the VOLC-TCS in par-
ticular, and EPOS in general.

As for a broader dimension, which can expand beyond
the European framework, an important aspect is the pos-
sibility to interact with volcanology communities, initia-
tives and organisations outside Europe (K. Saleh Contell
et al. 2022), for example the international volcanology
WOOVodat infrastructure (wovodat.org/). In this respect,
the Gateway can play an important role in facilitating
and managing any kind of data sets and might represent
for the whole volcanology community, a way to access
further DDSSs not only at the European level but also
relevant to volcanic areas outside Europe. Hence, the
Gateway might also represent a bridge between Europe
and the foreign countries dealing with active volcanoes.

<figure><img src="image_14.png" /></figure>
# Appendix

<table><caption>**Table 1** List of the VOLC-TCS active services in 2023. The table lists the current VOLC-TCS services. Note that the white services are those that are EPOS compliant and exposed either in the Gateway or in the EPOS Data Portal; the yellow services are those not EPOS compliant and thus, accessible only through the Gateway</caption><thead><tr><th>Geographic area</th><th>Category</th><th>Service name</th><th>Service provider</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2">Active volcanoes between 70°-70° of latitude and longitude</td><td rowspan="2">Satellite data</td><td>Geostationary satellite derived Volcanic Thermal Anomalies products</td><td>CNRS (OPGC)</td></tr><tr><td>Geostationary satellite derived Volcanic Ash and SO2 plumes products</td><td>CNRS (OPGC)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Bárðarbunga</td><td>Volcanological/petrological</td><td>Volcanic eruption images from Iceland</td><td rowspan="4">IMO</td></tr><tr><td>Geohazards</td><td>Daily ash/gas forecasting Iceland</td></tr><tr><td>Ground based remote sensing</td><td>Ground based UV spectra (DOAS) Iceland</td></tr><tr><td>Geohazards</td><td>SO2 probabilistic hazard maps Iceland</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Deception Island</td><td>Geohazards</td><td>Susceptibility Maps Distribution</td><td rowspan="4">CSIC</td></tr><tr><td>Geohazards</td><td>Lava flow invasion hazard maps</td></tr><tr><td>Geohazards</td><td>PDC hazard maps</td></tr><tr><td>Geohazards</td><td>Probabilistic Hazard maps</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Eastern, Western, Northen Volcanic zone</td><td>Volcanological/petrological</td><td>Catalogue of Icelandic volcanic eruptions</td><td rowspan="4">IMO</td></tr><tr><td>Geodetic data</td><td>GNSS Site Logs in Iceland</td></tr><tr><td>Geodetic data</td><td>GNSS raw data Iceland</td></tr><tr><td>Geohazards</td><td>Susceptibility Maps Distribution</td></tr><tr><td>Geohazards</td><td>Lava flow invasion hazard maps</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>**Table 1 (continued)**</caption><thead><tr><th></th><th>Geohazards</th><th>PDC hazard maps</th><th>CSIC</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>El Hierro Island</td><td>Geohazards</td><td>Probabilistic Hazard maps</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Eyjafjallajökull</td><td>Ground based remote sensing</td><td>Ground based radar data Iceland</td><td>IMO</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="6">Etna</td><td>Satellite data</td><td> Wrapped Differential Interferograms</td><td>INGV</td></tr><tr><td>Geodetic data</td><td>Multi-parameter stations list Italy</td><td>INGV</td></tr><tr><td>Geochemical data</td><td> Mt. Etna Bulk Rock Analysis</td><td>INGV</td></tr><tr><td>Volcanological/petrological</td><td> Weekly Volcanic Report Italy</td><td>INGV</td></tr><tr><td>Volcanological/petrological</td><td> VONA Italy</td><td>INGV</td></tr><tr><td>Ground based remote sensing</td><td> Doppler radar near source eruptive parameters</td><td>CNRS (OPGC)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Grímsvötn</td><td>Ground based remote sensing</td><td>Doppler radar raw spectra</td><td>CNRS (OPGC)</td></tr><tr><td>Geohazards</td><td>Daily ash/gas forecasting Iceland</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ground based remote sensing</td><td>Ground based radar data Iceland</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ground based remote sensing</td><td>Ground based visible and thermal/IR camera Iceland</td><td>IMO</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Hekla</td><td>Volcanological/petrological</td><td>Volcanic eruption images from Iceland</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Geohazards</td><td>Daily ash/gas forecasting Iceland</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Geohazards</td><td>Tephra fallout hazard maps Iceland</td><td>IMO</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Iceland</td><td>Volcanological/petrological</td><td>Volcanic eruption images from Iceland</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Volcanological/petrological</td><td>Aviation color codes</td><td>IMO</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Volcanological/petrological</td><td>Weekly Volcanic Report Iceland</td><td>IMO</td></tr></tbody></table>

<figure><img src="image_15.png" /></figure>
<table><caption>**Table 1 (continued)**</caption><tbody><tr><td></td><td>gical</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Seismological data</td><td>Shakemaps Iceland</td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Katla</td><td>Geohazards</td><td>Daily ash/gas forecasting Iceland</td><td rowspan="3">IMO</td></tr><tr><td>Geohazards</td><td>Tephra fallout hazard maps Iceland</td></tr><tr><td>Volcanological/petrological</td><td>Volcanic eruption images from Iceland</td></tr><tr><td>Krysvik</td><td>Geohazards</td><td>S02 probabilistic hazard maps Iceland</td><td>IMO</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">La Garrotxa volcanic field</td><td>Geohazards</td><td>Lava flow invasion hazard maps</td><td rowspan="3">CSIC</td></tr><tr><td>Geohazards</td><td>PDC hazard maps</td></tr><tr><td>Geohazards</td><td>Probabilistic Hazard maps</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Lanzarote Island</td><td>Geohazards</td><td>Lava flow invasion hazard maps</td><td rowspan="4">CSIC</td></tr><tr><td>Geohazards</td><td>Susceptibility Maps Distribution</td></tr><tr><td>Geohazards</td><td>Probabilistic Hazard maps</td></tr><tr><td>Geohazards</td><td>Tephra fallout hazard maps for explosive volcanoes</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5">Mayotte Island</td><td>Seismological data</td><td>Velocity Seismic waveforms</td><td rowspan="5">CNRS (IPGP)</td></tr><tr><td>Geodetic data</td><td>GNSS geodetic stations</td></tr><tr><td>Volcanological/petrological</td><td>Reports on volcanic activity</td></tr><tr><td>Geodetic data</td><td>GNSS observation data in RINEX format from</td></tr><tr><td>Geodetic data</td><td>Tiltmeter stations list</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Montagne Pelee</td><td>Seismological data</td><td>Catalog of Earthquake parameters</td><td rowspan="4">CNRS (IPGP)</td></tr><tr><td>Seismological data</td><td>Seismic stations list</td></tr><tr><td>Seismological data</td><td>Velocity Seismic waveforms</td></tr><tr><td>Geodetic data</td><td>GNSS geodetic stations</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>**Table 1 (continued)**</caption><tbody><tr><td></td><td>Geodetic data</td><td>GNSS observation data in RINEX format from</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Volcanological/petrological</td><td>VONA France</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Volcanological/petrological</td><td>Reports on volcanic activity</td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Öræfajökull</td><td>Volcanological/petrological</td><td>Volcanic eruption images from Iceland</td><td rowspan="3">IMO</td></tr><tr><td>Geohazards</td><td>Tephra fallout hazard maps Iceland</td></tr><tr><td>Geohazards</td><td>Daily ash/gas forecasting Iceland</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="14">Piton de la Fournaise</td><td>Geochemical data</td><td>Collection of Magmatic Rocks and Samples</td><td>CNRS (OPGC)</td></tr><tr><td>Geodetic data</td><td>GNSS geodetic stations</td><td>CNRS (IPGP)</td></tr><tr><td>Geodetic data</td><td>GNSS observation data in RINEX format</td><td>CNRS (IPGP)</td></tr><tr><td>Volcanological/petrological</td><td>VONA France</td><td>CNRS (IPGP)</td></tr><tr><td>Volcanological/petrological</td><td>Reports on volcanic activity</td><td>CNRS (IPGP)</td></tr><tr><td>Geodetic data</td><td>Lava flow contour derived from InSAR data</td><td>CNRS (OPGC)</td></tr><tr><td>Geodetic data</td><td>InSAR Wrapped Interferogram</td><td>CNRS (OPGC)</td></tr><tr><td>Seismological data</td><td>Catalog of Earthquake parameters</td><td>CNRS (IPGP)</td></tr><tr><td>Seismological data</td><td>Velocity Seismic waveforms</td><td>CNRS (IPGP)</td></tr><tr><td>Seismological data</td><td>Seismic stations list</td><td>CNRS (IPGP)</td></tr><tr><td>Geodetic data</td><td>Tiltmeter waveforms</td><td>CNRS (IPGP)</td></tr><tr><td>Geodetic data</td><td>Tiltmeter station list</td><td>CNRS (IPGP)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Reykjanes-</td><td>Geohazards</td><td>Tephra fallout hazard maps Iceland</td><td rowspan="2">IMO</td></tr><tr><td>Geohazards</td><td>S02 probabilistic hazard maps Iceland</td></tr></tbody></table>

<figure><img src="image_16.png" /></figure>
<table><caption>**Table 1 (continued)**</caption><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2">Svartsengi</td><td>Geohazards</td><td>Daily ash/gas forecasting Iceland</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Satellite data</td><td>Wrapped interferograms from Iceland</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>San Miguel volcano</td><td>Geohazards</td><td>Susceptibility Maps Distribution</td><td>CSIC</td></tr><tr><td>Snæfellsjökull</td><td>Geohazards</td><td>Tephra fallout hazard maps Iceland</td><td>IMO</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="10">Soufrière de Guadeloupe</td><td>Geochemical data</td><td>Collection of Magmatic Rocks and Samples</td><td>CNRS (OPGC)</td></tr><tr><td>Geodetic data</td><td>GNSS geodetic stations</td><td>CNRS (IPGP)</td></tr><tr><td>Geodetic data</td><td>GNSS observation data in RINEX format</td><td>CNRS (IPGP)</td></tr><tr><td>Geodetic data</td><td>Tide waveforms</td><td>CNRS (IPGP)</td></tr><tr><td>Volcanological/petrological</td><td>VONA France</td><td>CNRS (IPGP)</td></tr><tr><td>Volcanological/petrological</td><td>Reports on volcanic activity</td><td>CNRS (IPGP)</td></tr><tr><td>Seismological data</td><td>Catalog of Earthquake parameters</td><td>CNRS (IPGP)</td></tr><tr><td>Seismological data</td><td>Velocity Seismic waveforms</td><td>CNRS (IPGP)</td></tr><tr><td>Seismological data</td><td>Seismic stations list</td><td>CNRS (IPGP)</td></tr><tr><td>Geodetic data</td><td>Tiltmeter waveforms</td><td>CNRS (IPGP)</td></tr><tr><td>Geodetic data</td><td>Tiltmeter station list</td><td>CNRS (IPGP)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Stromboli</td><td>Volcanological/petrological</td><td>Weekly Volcanic Report Italy</td><td rowspan="3">INGV</td></tr><tr><td>Geodetic data</td><td>Multi-parameter stations list Italy</td></tr><tr><td>Volcanological/petrological</td><td>VONA Italy</td></tr><tr><td>Vestmannaeyjar</td><td>Geohazards</td><td>Tephra fallout hazard maps Iceland</td><td>IMO</td></tr></tbody></table>

**Acknowledgements** The authors really thank all the people coordinating and contributing to EPOS-PP (ECGA n. 262229), EPOS-IP (ECGA n. 676564), and EPOS-SP (ECGA n. 871121) projects for supporting and believing in the volcanology community to make the VOLC-TCS a reality. The VOLC-TCS has significantly benefited from the FUTUREVOLC (ECGA n. 308377) and MED-SUV (ECGA n. 308665) supersite projects as well as the EUROVOLC (ECGA n. 731070) infrastructure project. The Spanish EPOS Node is grateful for the financial support provided by CSIC (INFRA20005) and the grant RED2022-134516-E financed by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. It is worth noting the vital contribution of all the colleagues that participated, either directly in the projects or in the different institutions managing the volcanic research infrastructure and helped to achieve the results shown in this paper.

**Declarations**

The implementation of the VOLC-TCS' services was supported by EPOS ERIC and the EUROVOLC EU project. The only conflict of interest may be represented by the participation of one of the Special Issue Editor as a co-author (G. Puglisi) in the manuscript.

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