# Extreme Temperature in Burkina Faso: Decadal Spatio-Temporal Changes Between 1960 and 2019

Joseph Yaméogo, Songanaba Rouamba

► To cite this version:

Joseph Yaméogo, Songanaba Rouamba. Extreme Temperature in Burkina Faso: Decadal Spatio-Temporal Changes Between 1960 and 2019. European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, 2023, 1 (6), pp.441-450. 10.59324/ejtas.2023.1(6).43. hal-04344678

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# Extreme Temperature in Burkina Faso: Decadal Spatio-Temporal Changes Between 1960 and 2019

Joseph Yaméogo

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /></figure>

ID

Department of Geography, Norbert ZONGO University, Koudougou, Burkina Faso

Songanaba Rouamba

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /></figure>

Department of Geography, Norbert ZONGO University, Koudougou, Burkina Faso

## Suggested Citation

Yaméogo, J. & Rouamba, S. (2023). Extreme Temperature in Burkina Faso: Decadal Spatio-Temporal Changes Between 1960 and 2019. *European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences*, *1*(6), 441-450.

DOI: 10.59324/ejtas.2023.1(6).43

## Abstract:

Studies carried out in Burkina Faso focus on rainfall, leaving aside those relating to maximum temperatures, which can have repercussions on human health and the environment. The main objective of this study is to analyse the dynamics of maximum temperatures between 1960 and 2019, using Worldclim satellite data on maximum temperatures. Data processing was based on zonal statistics and spatial analyses, using QGIS software. The study shows that maximum temperatures increased between 1969 and 2019. Average maximum temperatures were high during the period 1960-1969, at 35°C. Thereafter, average maximum temperatures fell to 33°C between 1970 and 1979 and 32°C between 1980 and 1999. However, they rose again between 2000-2019, with maximum temperatures of 34°C. These maximum temperatures vary very little (CV less than 20%) over the period 1969-2019. Seasonal variability in maximum temperatures has also been observed, with a significant increase in maximum temperatures during the dry season compared with the rainy season. It is therefore important for the government of Burkina Faso to take urgent measures to protect vulnerable groups (the elderly and children) from heat waves resulting from rising maximum temperatures.

**Keywords:** *Dynamic, Temperature maximum, Burkina Faso, Seasonal variation in maximum temperatures.*

## Introduction

Climate variability is affecting many countries around the world (IPCC, 2022). In West Africa, it manifests itself in rising temperatures, disrupted precipitation patterns and increased extreme weather events (IPCC, 2021). but most studies focus on rainfall parameters at regional (Le Barbé et al., 2002; Nicholson, 2013; Nouaceur & Murarescu, 2020) and local (Ahokpossi, 2018; Yanogo & Yameogo, 2023) scales. As a result, scientists have a better understanding of rainfall behaviour. However,

certain climatic parameters, such as temperature, are little used. Temperatures (maximum, minimum) have increased significantly between 1960 and 2010 (Barry et al., 2018). This rise in temperature could lead to an increase in diseases such as malaria in West African countries (Diouf et al., 2020). Researchers are therefore looking at the statistical analysis of temperature trends (minimum, maximum) (Bambara et al., 2018). In addition, the spatio-temporal dynamics of temperatures have been addressed by several authors (Quenum et al., 2020; Nour-Eldeen et al., 2020). However, very few focus on the spatial
and temporal analysis of temperatures at the local scale. Therefore, it seems important to strengthen the literature on spatio-temporal evolution at the local scale. The main objective of this study is therefore to analyze the spatial and temporal evolution of temperatures in Burkina Faso.

# Data and Methods

## Study Area and Data Sources

The study area is located in West Africa. It is subdivided into four phytogeographic zones: the strict Sahel, the sub-Sahelian, the northern Sudanian and the southern Sudanian (figure 1).

<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>Figure 1. Location of the study area</figcaption></figure>

Temperature (maximal) data were obtained from the worldclim data site (https://www.worldclim.org/data/worldclim21.html). The acquired data have a spatial resolution of 30 seconds. This is data raster. Each downloaded year contains 12 months of satellite images in GeoTiff (.tiff) format. The study period includes decadal data (1960-1969; 1970-1979; 1980-1989; 1990-1999; 2000-2009; 2010-2019).

# Method of Data Analysis

It is based on spatial analysis, zonal statistics and coefficient of variation (CV). Spatial analysis was used to map temperature extremes in Burkina Faso between 1960 and 2019. It involved merging satellite images and then cutting them with Shapefile of Burkina Faso.

Zonal statistics such as mean, standard deviation and min and max were obtained using QGIS software, with the following process: Processing Toolbox→ Raster Analysis → Zonal Statistics. In addition, the coefficient of variation (CV) was used. This corresponds to the annual standard deviation divided by the mean (Medvigy & Beaulieu, 2012).

Its formula is as follow:

$$CV = \frac{\sigma}{\mu} \qquad (1)$$

where σ is the standard deviation of extreme temperatures and μ is the annual average of extreme temperatures.

CV was used to assess the degree of variability of extreme temperatures in Burkina Faso over the period 1960 to 2019. The CV is used to classify the level of temperature variability as follows: low (CV < 20), moderate (20 < CV < 30), high (CV > 30), very high, CV>40% and CV>70% indicate extremely high interannual temperature variability (Hayelom et al., 2017).

# Results

## Characteristics of Zonal Statistics and Coefficients of Variation for Maximum Temperatures

The zonal statistics cover the period from 1960 to 2019, but are divided into decades. Thus, for the decade 1960-1969. The average maximum temperature evolves according to the regions of Burkina Faso (Table 1).

<table><caption>Table 1. Maximum Temperature Over the Period 1960-1969 in Burkina Faso</caption><thead><tr><td>N°</td><td>Name of region</td><td>Mean</td><td>Stdev</td><td>Min</td><td>Max</td><td>CV</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1</td><td>Boucle du Mouhoun</td><td>35.22</td><td>0.88</td><td>32</td><td>37</td><td>2.5</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>Cascades</td><td>34.43</td><td>0.61</td><td>33</td><td>36</td><td>1.77</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>Central</td><td>35.23</td><td>0.42</td><td>35</td><td>36</td><td>1.19</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tr><td>4</td><td>Centre-East</td><td>37.05</td><td>0.46</td><td>35</td><td>38</td><td>1.24</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>Center</td><td>35.94</td><td>0.45</td><td>35</td><td>37</td><td>1.25</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>Central-West</td><td>35.93</td><td>0.32</td><td>35</td><td>37</td><td>0.89</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>South Central</td><td>36.25</td><td>0.57</td><td>35</td><td>37</td><td>1.57</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>East</td><td>36.90</td><td>0.71</td><td>36</td><td>39</td><td>1.92</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td>Hauts-Bassins</td><td>34.49</td><td>0.84</td><td>33</td><td>37</td><td>2.44</td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td>North</td><td>34.89</td><td>0.55</td><td>34</td><td>36</td><td>1.58</td></tr><tr><td>11</td><td>Plateau-Central</td><td>35.84</td><td>0.66</td><td>35</td><td>37</td><td>1.84</td></tr><tr><td>12</td><td>Sahel</td><td>36.02</td><td>0.49</td><td>35</td><td>37</td><td>1.36</td></tr><tr><td>13</td><td>SouthWest</td><td>35.59</td><td>0.62</td><td>34</td><td>37</td><td>1.74</td></tr></table>

Source: Worldclim,1960-1969

For the periods 1970-1979, 1980-1989, 1990-1999, 2000-2009, 2010-2019. Average maximum

temperatures vary from region to region. CVs are low in all countries.

<table><caption>Table 2. Maximum Temperature Over the Period 1970-1999 in Burkina Faso</caption><thead><tr><th colspan="7">1970-1979</th></tr><tr><th>N°</th><th>Name of region</th><th>Mean</th><th>stdev</th><th>Min</th><th>Max</th><th>CV</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1</td><td>Boucle du Mouhoun</td><td>32.70</td><td>0.936</td><td>30</td><td>34</td><td>2.86</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>Cascades</td><td>32.10</td><td>0.497</td><td>31</td><td>33</td><td>1.55</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>Central</td><td>32.14</td><td>0.342</td><td>32</td><td>33</td><td>1.06</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>Centre-East</td><td>33.62</td><td>0.564</td><td>32</td><td>35</td><td>1.68</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>North Central</td><td>32.14</td><td>0.355</td><td>31</td><td>33</td><td>1.1</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>Central-West</td><td>33.21</td><td>0.528</td><td>32</td><td>34</td><td>1.59</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>South Central</td><td>33.25</td><td>0.598</td><td>32</td><td>34</td><td>1.8</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>East</td><td>33.27</td><td>0.834</td><td>32</td><td>35</td><td>2.51</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td>Hauts-Bassins</td><td>32.35</td><td>0.776</td><td>31</td><td>34</td><td>2.4</td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td>North</td><td>31.82</td><td>0.541</td><td>31</td><td>33</td><td>1.7</td></tr><tr><td>11</td><td>Plateau-Central</td><td>32.52</td><td>0.500</td><td>32</td><td>33</td><td>1.54</td></tr><tr><td>12</td><td>Sahel</td><td>31.95</td><td>0.272</td><td>31</td><td>33</td><td>0.85</td></tr><tr><td>13</td><td>SouthWest</td><td>33.36</td><td>0.657</td><td>32</td><td>34</td><td>1.97</td></tr></tbody><thead><tr><th colspan="7">1980-1989</th></tr><tr><th>N°</th><th>Name of region</th><th>mean</th><th>stdev</th><th>Min</th><th>Max</th><th>CV</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1</td><td>Boucle du Mouhoun</td><td>33.40</td><td>0.87</td><td>31</td><td>35</td><td>2.6</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>Cascades</td><td>32.79</td><td>0.44</td><td>31</td><td>34</td><td>1.34</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>Central</td><td>32.89</td><td>0.39</td><td>32</td><td>34</td><td>1.19</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>Centre-East</td><td>34.39</td><td>0.74</td><td>33</td><td>36</td><td>2.15</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>North Central</td><td>33.00</td><td>0.08</td><td>32</td><td>34</td><td>0.24</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>Central-West</td><td>33.83</td><td>0.58</td><td>33</td><td>35</td><td>1.71</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>South Central</td><td>33.84</td><td>0.66</td><td>32</td><td>35</td><td>1.95</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>East</td><td>33.94</td><td>0.95</td><td>33</td><td>36</td><td>2.8</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td>Hauts-Bassins</td><td>32.79</td><td>0.79</td><td>31</td><td>35</td><td>2.41</td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td>North</td><td>32.89</td><td>0.36</td><td>32</td><td>34</td><td>1.09</td></tr><tr><td>11</td><td>Plateau-Central</td><td>33.26</td><td>0.45</td><td>32</td><td>34</td><td>1.35</td></tr><tr><td>12</td><td>Sahel</td><td>33.01</td><td>0.10</td><td>33</td><td>34</td><td>0.3</td></tr><tr><td>13</td><td>SouthWest</td><td>33.85</td><td>0.62</td><td>33</td><td>35</td><td>1.83</td></tr></tbody><thead><tr><th colspan="7">1990-1999</th></tr><tr><th>n°</th><th>Name of region</th><th>Mean</th><th>Stdev</th><th>Min</th><th>Max</th><th>CV</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1</td><td>Boucle du Mouhoun</td><td>33.00</td><td>0.91</td><td>30</td><td>34</td><td>2.76</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>Cascades</td><td>32.60</td><td>0.57</td><td>31</td><td>33</td><td>1.75</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>Central</td><td>33.00</td><td>0.41</td><td>32</td><td>34</td><td>1.24</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tr><td>4</td><td>Centre-East</td><td>34.79</td><td>0.64</td><td>33</td><td>36</td><td>1.84</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>North Central</td><td>33.24</td><td>0.43</td><td>32</td><td>34</td><td>1.29</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>Central-West</td><td>33.66</td><td>0.48</td><td>33</td><td>35</td><td>1.43</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>South Central</td><td>33.98</td><td>0.68</td><td>33</td><td>35</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>East</td><td>34.59</td><td>0.83</td><td>33</td><td>37</td><td>2.4</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td>Hauts-Bassins</td><td>32.43</td><td>0.78</td><td>31</td><td>34</td><td>2.41</td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td>North</td><td>32.63</td><td>0.48</td><td>32</td><td>33</td><td>1.47</td></tr><tr><td>11</td><td>Plateau-Central</td><td>33.42</td><td>0.51</td><td>32</td><td>34</td><td>1.53</td></tr><tr><td>12</td><td>Sahel</td><td>33.20</td><td>0.41</td><td>32</td><td>34</td><td>1.23</td></tr><tr><td>13</td><td>SouthWest</td><td>33.62</td><td>0.55</td><td>32</td><td>35</td><td>1.64</td></tr></table>

Source: Worldclim, 1970-1999

This table shows that average maximum temperatures fell between 1970 and 1999 compared with the 1960-1969 decade. However, during the periods 1970-1979 and 1980-1989, average maximum temperatures were lower than in the decade 1990-1999. 1980-1989. Average maximum temperatures were lower than in 1990-1999. In fact, over the period 1970-1999,

the average temperature was between 31°C and 33°C. Over the period 1980-1989, it fluctuated between 33°C and 34°C.

Over the decade 2000-2009 and 2010-2019, there has been a significant rise in average maximum temperatures (table 3).

<table><caption>Table 3. Maximum temperature over the period 2000-2019 in Burkina Faso</caption><thead><tr><th>n°</th><th>Name of region</th><th>Mean</th><th>Stdev</th><th>Min</th><th>Max</th><th>CV</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1</td><td>Boucle du Mouhoun</td><td>35.21</td><td>0.82</td><td>32</td><td>37</td><td>2.33</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>Cascades</td><td>34.52</td><td>0.56</td><td>33</td><td>35</td><td>1.62</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>Central</td><td>35.06</td><td>0.23</td><td>35</td><td>36</td><td>0.66</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>Centre-East</td><td>36.71</td><td>0.61</td><td>35</td><td>38</td><td>1.66</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>North Central</td><td>35.33</td><td>0.47</td><td>34</td><td>36</td><td>1.33</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>Central-West</td><td>35.72</td><td>0.46</td><td>35</td><td>37</td><td>1.29</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>South Central</td><td>35.89</td><td>0.62</td><td>35</td><td>37</td><td>1.73</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>East</td><td>36.53</td><td>0.77</td><td>35</td><td>38</td><td>2.11</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td>Hauts-Bassins</td><td>34.57</td><td>0.71</td><td>33</td><td>36</td><td>2.05</td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td>North</td><td>34.82</td><td>0.40</td><td>34</td><td>36</td><td>1.15</td></tr><tr><td>11</td><td>Plateau-Central</td><td>35.43</td><td>0.50</td><td>34</td><td>36</td><td>1.41</td></tr><tr><td>12</td><td>Sahel</td><td>35.41</td><td>0.49</td><td>34</td><td>36</td><td>1.38</td></tr><tr><td>13</td><td>SouthWest</td><td>35.62</td><td>0.56</td><td>34</td><td>37</td><td>1.57</td></tr></tbody><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">N°</th><th colspan="5">2010-2019</th></tr><tr><th>Mean</th><th>Stdev</th><th>Min</th><th>Max</th><th>CV</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1</td><td>Boucle du Mouhoun</td><td>34.99</td><td>0.89</td><td>32</td><td>36</td><td>0.03</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>Cascades</td><td>34.38</td><td>0.57</td><td>33</td><td>35</td><td>0.02</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>Central</td><td>34.34</td><td>0.49</td><td>34</td><td>36</td><td>0.01</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>Centre-East</td><td>36.07</td><td>0.59</td><td>34</td><td>38</td><td>0.02</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>North Central</td><td>34.88</td><td>0.33</td><td>34</td><td>35</td><td>0.01</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>Central-West</td><td>35.42</td><td>0.53</td><td>34</td><td>36</td><td>0.01</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>South Central</td><td>35.64</td><td>0.56</td><td>34</td><td>37</td><td>0.02</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>East</td><td>35.66</td><td>0.83</td><td>35</td><td>38</td><td>0.02</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td>Hauts-Bassins</td><td>34.46</td><td>0.73</td><td>33</td><td>36</td><td>0.02</td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td>North</td><td>34.33</td><td>0.47</td><td>33</td><td>35</td><td>0.01</td></tr><tr><td>11</td><td>Plateau-Central</td><td>34.88</td><td>0.67</td><td>34</td><td>36</td><td>0.02</td></tr><tr><td>12</td><td>Sahel</td><td>34.89</td><td>0.31</td><td>34</td><td>35</td><td>0.01</td></tr><tr><td>13</td><td>SouthWest</td><td>35.52</td><td>0.54</td><td>34</td><td>37</td><td>0.02</td></tr></tbody></table>

Source: Worldclim, 2000-2019
## Spatial and temporal dynamics of the maximum temperatures in Burkina Faso between 1960 and 2019

## Decadal dynamics of maximum temperatures in Burkina Faso between 1960 and 2019

Figure 2 below shows that the maximum temperatures change over the decades. Indeed,

the eastern, central-eastern, central-southern and central-western regions concentrate the maximum temperature episodes in the decades 1960-1969, 1970-1979, 1980-1989. However, in the decades 1990-1999, 2000-2009, 2010-2019, the hot spots are more oriented towards the eastern, central-eastern and central-southern regions.

<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>Figure 2. Decadal dynamics of maximum temperatures in Burkina Faso from 1960 to 2019</figcaption></figure>

Source: Worldclim, 1960-2019; 1= Boucle du Mouhoun, 2= Cascades; 3= Central; 4= Central-East; 5= North Central; 6= Central-West; 7= South Central; 8= East; 9= Hauts-Bassins; 10= North; 11= Plateau-Central; 12= Sahel; 13= SouthWest
## Seasonal dynamics of maximum temperatures in Burkina Faso from 1960 to 2019

Figure 3 below shows that the maximum temperatures developed in two phases. In the dry season, an increase in maximum temperatures can be seen between 1960 and 1989. Temperatures fluctuated between 37°C and 39°C. The regions affected also increased over the years. From 5 regions (East, Sahel, Central-West, Central Plateau, Central-East) in the decade 1960-1969, they increased to 7 regions (East, Boucle du Mouhoun, Central-West, Central Plateau, Central-East, South-West, Cascades) in the decade 1970-1979, then

to six (06) (East, Boucle du Mouhoun, Central-West, Central Plateau, Central-East, South-West). In the decades from 1990 to 2019, a decrease in maximum temperatures was observed, particularly in the number of regions affected, which varied between 2 and 3 (including the East, Centre-East, Centre-West).

Maximum temperatures during the rainy season are very high, ranging from 38°C to 40°C. Most of Burkina Faso's very hot zones are concentrated in the Sahel region. Conversely, the south-western regions of Burkina Faso experience lower temperatures during the rainy season.

<figure><img src="image_7.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_8.png" /></figure>
Dry season 1970-1979

<figure><img src="image_9.png" /></figure>

Dry season 1980-1989

<figure><img src="image_10.png" /></figure>

Rainy season 1980-1989

<figure><img src="image_11.png" /></figure>

Dry season 1990-1999

<figure><img src="image_12.png" /></figure>

Rainy season 1990-1999

<figure><img src="image_13.png" /></figure>

Dry season 2000-2009

<figure><img src="image_14.png" /></figure>

Rainy season 2000-2009
<figure><img src="image_15.png" /><figcaption>Figure 3. Seasonal Evolution of Maximum Temperatures between 1960 and 2019 in Burkina Faso</figcaption></figure>

# Discussion

## Annual Trends in Maximum Temperatures and Their Consequences in Africa

Annual maximum temperatures vary from region to region in Burkina Faso, but are also on the rise. These rising temperatures vary very little over the period in the country. Similarly, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2007) states that remarkable temperature changes (above the mean 0.5°C) were also reported between 1960 and 2009. These variations are confirmed by observations and projections by scientists around the world of climate alterations in the form of rising temperatures and changes in rainfall patterns (Chikosi et al., 2019). In West Africa, a significant increase in air temperature indicating projected and ongoing warming of up to 6.5 °C was reported by M.A. Sylla et al. (2016, p.30). At country level, particularly in Burkina Faso, Bambara et al. (2018) note that cities such as Ouagadougou (Centre region) and Ouahigouya (North region) are experiencing rising temperatures. Thus, in Ouagadougou, between 1956-1985 and 1986-2015, average maximum temperature values rose from 38.2°C to 38.8°C over the period 1956-2015. The same observation was made in Ouahigouya. Between 1956-1985 and 1986-2015, the average

maximum temperature rose by 1°C (maximum temperature 39.6°C between 1956-1985 and 39.7°C between 1986-2015). In the province of Sissili, temperatures recorded at the Pô station from 1986 to 2018 show that the annual mean of the series is 28.4°C with a variation of +1.2°C, reflecting an increase in temperature in the area (Sanou & Dipama, 2022).

In the Boulgou province (Centre-East region), Kima et al. (2015) also report that mean annual minimum and maximum temperatures from 1980 to 2012 rose from 22.1°C to 34.4°C. In the Sahel region, in the rural commune of Seytenga, Zoma et al. (2022) find similar results for the increase in average temperatures from 1990 to 2019. SP/CONEDD (2007, p.4) also find that temperatures in Burkina Faso are rising sharply. Stalled (2012) states that temperatures have risen by 0.6° Celsius (°C) in most of Burkina Faso since 1975. The rise in maximum temperatures has direct consequences for the people of Burkina Faso. A study carried out by Arisco et al, 2023 in Nouna (Boucle du Mouhoun) found that maximum temperatures of over 40°C increased the risk of death in children aged 0-5 years. In Botswana, higher maximum temperatures have an impact on the increased prevalence of diarrhoea in children (Alexander et al., 2013).
## Conclusion

Maximum temperatures are particularly high in the Sahel, the Centre, the Centre-West, the Centre-South, the Boucle du Mouhoun and the South-West. There has been an upward trend in maximum temperatures from 1970 to 2019, with maximum temperatures in 2019 (34°C or 35°C on average) similar to those in the 1960-1969 decade (34°C or 35°C on average), which was a rainier period. We are also seeing a resurgence of the rainy phase over the period 2000-2019. There could be a link between the increase in maximum temperatures and the appearance of wet periods in Burkina Faso. It would be interesting to examine the link between maximum temperature and rainfall in Burkina Faso.

## Acknowledgement

This research did not benefit from external funding. We would like to thank those who made the temperature data available on the WorldClim website.

## Conflict of Interests

No conflict of interest.

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