# Measurement of flow harmonics with multi-particle cumulants in Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 2.76 TeV with the ATLAS detector

G. Aad, S. Albrand, J. Brown, J. Collot, S. Crépé-Renaudin, B. Dechenaux, P.A. Delsart, C. Gabaldon, M.H. Genest, J.Y. Hostachy, et al.

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G. Aad, S. Albrand, J. Brown, J. Collot, S. Crépé-Renaudin, et al., Measurement of flow harmonics with multi-particle cumulants in Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 2.76 TeV with the ATLAS detector. European Physical Journal C: Particles and Fields, 2014, 74 (11), pp.3157. 10.1140/epjc/s10052-014-3157-z. in2p3-01056467

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# Measurement of flow harmonics with multi-particle cumulants in Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 2.76 TeV with the ATLAS detector

The ATLAS Collaboration

## Abstract

ATLAS measurements of the azimuthal anisotropy in lead-lead collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 2.76 TeV are shown using a dataset of approximately 7 $\mu$b$^{-1}$ collected at the LHC in 2010. The measurements are performed for charged particles with transverse momenta $0.5 < p_T < 20$ GeV and in the pseudorapidity range $|\eta| < 2.5$. The anisotropy is characterized by the Fourier coefficients, $v_n$, of the charged-particle azimuthal angle distribution for $n = 2-4$. The Fourier coefficients are evaluated using multi-particle cumulants calculated with the generating function method. Results on the transverse momentum, pseudorapidity and centrality dependence of the $v_n$ coefficients are presented. The elliptic flow, $v_2$, is obtained from the two-, four-, six- and eight-particle cumulants while higher-order coefficients, $v_3$ and $v_4$, are determined with two- and four-particle cumulants. Flow harmonics $v_n$ measured with four-particle cumulants are significantly reduced compared to the measurement involving two-particle cumulants. A comparison to $v_n$ measurements obtained using different analysis methods and previously reported by the LHC experiments is also shown. Results of measurements of flow fluctuations evaluated with multi-particle cumulants are shown as a function of transverse momentum and the collision centrality. Models of the initial spatial geometry and its fluctuations fail to describe the flow fluctuations measurements.
# Measurement of flow harmonics with multi-particle cumulants in Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 2.76 TeV with the ATLAS detector

The ATLAS Collaboration

Received: 19.8.2014

**Abstract** ATLAS measurements of the azimuthal anisotropy in lead-lead collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 2.76 TeV are shown using a dataset of approximately 7 $\mu$b$^{-1}$ collected at the LHC in 2010. The measurements are performed for charged particles with transverse momenta $0.5 < p_T < 20$ GeV and in the pseudorapidity range $|\eta| < 2.5$. The anisotropy is characterized by the Fourier coefficients, $v_n$, of the charged-particle azimuthal angle distribution for $n = 2-4$. The Fourier coefficients are evaluated using multi-particle cumulants calculated with the generating function method. Results on the transverse momentum, pseudorapidity and centrality dependence of the $v_n$ coefficients are presented. The elliptic flow, $v_2$, is obtained from the two-, four-, six- and eight-particle cumulants while higher-order coefficients, $v_3$ and $v_4$, are determined with two- and four-particle cumulants. Flow harmonics $v_n$ measured with four-particle cumulants are significantly reduced compared to the measurement involving two-particle cumulants. A comparison to $v_n$ measurements obtained using different analysis methods and previously reported by the LHC experiments is also shown. Results of measurements of flow fluctuations evaluated with multi-particle cumulants are shown as a function of transverse momentum and the collision centrality. Models of the initial spatial geometry and its fluctuations fail to describe the flow fluctuations measurements.

## 1 Introduction

The anisotropy of charged-particle azimuthal angle distributions in heavy-ion collisions has been a subject of extensive experimental studies at RHIC [1–6] and more recently at the LHC [7–24]. The results provide conclusive evidence

that the hot and dense matter produced in these collisions behaves collectively and has properties resembling those of a nearly perfect fluid [25].

The final-state anisotropy is a global property of particle production that arises from the initial spatial asymmetry of the collision region in a plane transverse to the beam axis for heavy-ion collisions with a non-zero impact parameter. It is characterized by the coefficients, $v_n$, of the Fourier expansion of the measured azimuthal angle distributions [1, 26]:

$$v_n \equiv \langle e^{in(\phi-\Psi_n)} \rangle = \langle \cos[n(\phi-\Psi_n)] \rangle, \quad (1)$$

where $n$ is the order of the Fourier harmonic, referred to as flow harmonic, $\phi$ is the azimuthal angle of the outgoing particle, $\Psi_n$ defines the azimuthal angle of the $n$th-order symmetry plane of the initial geometry [15], and the angled brackets denote an average over charged particles in an event. Due to the symmetry in the azimuth of the plane defined by $\Psi_n$, all sine terms of the Fourier expansion vanish. For evaluation of the coefficients $v_n$ in the “event-plane” method, the initial plane of symmetry is estimated from the measured correlations between particles, using the so-called sub-event method [26]. As a consequence, only the two-particle correlations are exploited in the determination of $v_n$ (see Eq. (1)). This leads to a problem of disentangling all-particle flow and contributions from particle correlations unrelated to the initial geometry, known as non-flow correlations. These non-flow effects include correlations due to energy and momentum conservation, resonance decays, quantum interference phenomena and jet production. They generally involve only a small number of produced particles. In order to suppress non-flow correlations, methods that use genuine multi-particle correlations, estimated using cumulants, were proposed [27–30].

Calculating multi-particle correlations in large-multiplicity heavy-ion collisions at high energies is limited by the computing requirements needed to perform nested

<footnote>The ATLAS Collaboration
CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland</footnote>
loops over thousand of particles per event to analyse all particle multiplets. To avoid this problem, the generating function formalism [27–29] is exploited to calculate multi-particle cumulants, and the results obtained are presented in this paper. An alternative approach was proposed in Ref. [30] to express multi-particle correlations in terms of the moments of the flow vector, $Q_n$, and is used in this paper as a cross-check of multi-particle cumulants obtained with the generating function method. The cumulant approach to measure flow harmonics also provides the possibility to study event-to-event fluctuations in the amplitudes of different harmonics, which can be related to the fluctuations in the initial transverse shape of the interaction region [31–33].

The cumulant method has been used to measure the anisotropic flow in NA49 [34], STAR [35] and recently also at the LHC experiments [7, 9, 20, 23]. The results show that the Fourier coefficients determined with four-particle cumulants are smaller than those derived with two-particle cumulants due to the suppression in the former of non-flow two-particle correlations. In this paper, the method is used to measure flow harmonics in lead-lead collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 2.76 TeV with the ATLAS detector. The elliptic flow $v_2$ is measured using two-, four-, six- and eight-particle cumulants. For $v_3$ and $v_4$ measurements the two- and four-particle cumulants are exploited.

This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes the ATLAS detector, trigger, and offline event selections. Section 3 contains a description of additional selection criteria for events and charged-particle tracks. Section 4 gives details of the Monte Carlo simulation samples used to derive the tracking efficiency and fake-track rates. The analysis method and procedure is outlined in Sect. 5. Section 6 contains a discussion of the systematic errors. Results are presented in Sect. 7. Section 8 is devoted to summary and conclusions.

## 2 The ATLAS detector and trigger

The results presented in this paper were obtained from a sample of minimum-bias lead-lead collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 2.76 TeV recorded by ATLAS in 2010 and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of approximately 7 µb$^{-1}$. The measurements were performed using the ATLAS inner detector and forward calorimeters [36]. The inner detector covers the complete azimuthal range and extends over the pseudorapidity region $|\eta| < 2.5$.<fnref n="1" /> The inner detector silicon tracker, used in this analysis for track reconstruction, consists of layers of

pixel and microstrip detectors (SCT) immersed in a 2T axial magnetic field. The forward calorimeters (FCal) use liquid argon with copper-tungsten absorbers to perform both the electromagnetic and hadronic energy measurements with copper-tungsten/liquid argon technology, and also provide complete coverage in azimuth for $3.2 < |\eta| < 4.9$. The trigger system was used to select minimum-bias lead-lead collisions. It required a coincidence of signals recorded in both zero-degree calorimeters (ZDC), located symmetrically at $z = \pm 140$ m, and in the minimum-bias trigger scintillator (MBTS) counters at $z = \pm 3.6$ m.

## 3 Event and track selections

Additional offline event selections were also applied, requiring a time difference between the two MBTS counters of less than 3 ns and at least one primary vertex reconstructed using charged-particle tracks. Events satisfying the above-described selections were also required to have a reconstructed primary vertex within 100 mm of the nominal centre of the ATLAS detector.

The precision silicon tracking detectors were used to reconstruct charged-particle trajectories with a minimum $p_T$ of 0.5 GeV. Special track-quality criteria are imposed to deal with high particle densities in Pb+Pb collisions. Tracks are required to have at least eight hits in the SCT, at least two pixel hits and a hit in the pixel layer closest to the interaction point if expected. A track must have no missing pixel hits and no missing SCT hits, when a hit is expected. The transverse and longitudinal impact parameters with respect to the vertex, $|d_0|$ and $|z_0 \sin\theta|$ respectively, were each required to be less than 1 mm. Specifically for this analysis it was also required that $|d_0/\sigma_{d_0}| < 3$ and $|z_0 \sin\theta/\sigma_z| < 3$, where $\sigma_{d_0}$ and $\sigma_z$ are the uncertainties on $d_0$ and $z_0 \sin\theta$, respectively, as obtained from the covariance matrix of the track fit. The latter requirements improve both the tracking performance at high $p_T$ and the purity of the track sample. The number of reconstructed tracks per event is denoted $N_{ch}^{\text{rec}}$. For this analysis, the additional requirement of $N_{ch}^{\text{rec}} \ge 10$ for tracks with $0.5 < p_T < 5$ GeV was imposed to allow the measurement of correlations involving as many as eight particles.

The correlation between the summed transverse energy ($\Sigma E_T^{\text{FCal}}$) measured in the FCal and $N_{ch}^{\text{rec}}$ was investigated in order to identify background events. Events having an $N_{ch}^{\text{rec}}$ vs. $\Sigma E_T^{\text{FCal}}$ correlation distinctly different from that for the majority of Pb+Pb collisions were removed. The removed events, less than 0.01% of the sample, were found to contain multiple Pb+Pb collisions. After applying all selection requirements, the data sample consists of about $35 \times 10^6$ Pb+Pb collision events.

<footnote n="1">¹ ATLAS uses a right-handed coordinate system with its origin at the nominal interaction point (IP) in the centre of the detector and the z-axis along the beam pipe. The x-axis points from the IP to the centre of the LHC ring, and the y-axis points upward. Cylindrical coordinates $(r, \phi)$ are used in the transverse plane, $\phi$ being the azimuthal angle</footnote>

<footnote>around the beam pipe. The pseudorapidity is defined in terms of the polar angle $\theta$ as $\eta = -\ln \tan(\theta/2)$.</footnote>
The summed transverse energy is used to define the centrality of the collision. A detailed analysis of the $\Sigma E_T^{FCal}$ distribution [15] showed that the fraction of the total inelastic cross-section sampled by the trigger and event selection requirements is $(98 \pm 2)\%$. The $\Sigma E_T^{FCal}$ distribution was divided into centrality intervals, each representing a percentile fraction of all events after accounting for the 2% inefficiency in recording the most peripheral collisions. The analysis is performed in narrow centrality intervals: 1% centrality bins for the 20% of events with the largest $\Sigma E_T^{FCal}$, and 5% centrality bins for the remaining events. These narrow centrality intervals are then combined into wider bins to ensure sufficiently small statistical uncertainties on the measured flow harmonics. The 20% of events with the smallest $\Sigma E_T^{FCal}$ (most peripheral collisions) are not considered in this analysis, due to the inefficiency in the event triggering and the correspondingly large uncertainties of measurements performed for these low-multiplicity collisions. For each centrality interval, a standard Glauber Monte Carlo model [37, 38] is used to estimate the average number of participating nucleons, $\langle N_{part} \rangle$, which provides an alternative measure of the collision centrality.

## 4 Monte Carlo simulations

A Monte Carlo (MC) sample was used in the analysis to determine tracking efficiencies and rates of falsely reconstructed tracks (fake-track rates). The HIJING event generator [39] was used to produce minimum-bias Pb+Pb collisions. Events were generated with the default parameters, except for the jet quenching, which was turned off. Flow harmonics were introduced into HIJING at the generator level by changing the azimuthal angle of each particle [1] in order to produce an anisotropic azimuthal angle distribution consistent with previous ATLAS $v_n$ ($n=2-6$) measurements [15, 16]. The detector response simulation [40] uses the GEANT4 package [41] with data-taking conditions corresponding to those of the 2010 Pb+Pb run and simulated events are reconstructed in the same way as the data.

The tracking efficiency, $\epsilon(p_T, \eta)$, and the fake-track rate $f(p_T, \eta)$ are determined [42] using the Monte Carlo sample described above. The MC reproduces the measured centrality dependence of the track-quality parameters. The efficiency is found to depend weakly on the collision centrality. For the lowest transverse momenta (0.5-0.6 GeV), the efficiency at $|\eta| < 1$ is of the order of 50% and falls to about 30% at high $|\eta|$. For higher transverse momenta it reaches about 70% at $|\eta| < 1$ and drops to about 50% at high $|\eta|$. The rate of falsely reconstructed tracks (the fake-track rate) is typically below 1%. It increases to 3-7% for the lowest transverse momenta in the most central collisions.

## 5 Analysis procedure

Fourier coefficients, $v_n$, are measured using $2k$-particle correlations [27-29] defined as:

$$ \langle \text{corr}_n\{2k\} \rangle = \langle \langle e^{in(\phi_1 + \dots + \phi_k - \phi_{1+k} - \dots - \phi_{2k})} \rangle \rangle \\ = \langle v_n\{2k\}^{2k} \rangle, \qquad (2) $$

where the notation $v_n\{2k\}$ is used for the $v_n$ flow harmonic derived from the $2k$-particle correlations, and $k$ is an integer. Azimuthal angles of particles forming a $2k$-particle cluster are denoted by $\phi_l$, where $l = 1, \dots, 2k$. The double angled brackets denote an average, first over charged particles in an event, and then over events, while the single angled brackets denote averaging over events. The multi-particle correlation, $\langle \text{corr}_n\{2k\} \rangle$, includes contributions from the collective anisotropic flow and from non-flow effects (see Sect. 1). It was proposed in Refs. [27-29] to exploit the cumulant expansion of multi-particle correlations in order to reduce the non-flow contribution. The anisotropic flow related to the initial geometry is a global, collective effect involving correlations between all outgoing particles. Thus, in the absence of non-flow effects, $v_n\{2k\}$ is expected to be independent of $k$. On the other hand, most of the non-flow correlations, such as resonance decays or interference effects, contribute only to correlations between small numbers of particles. The idea of using $2k$-particle cumulants is to suppress the non-flow contribution by eliminating the correlations which act between fewer than $2k$ particles. More specifically, the cumulant of e.g. the four-particle correlations, defined as:

$$ c_n\{4\} = \langle \text{corr}_n\{4\} \rangle - 2\langle \text{corr}_n\{2\} \rangle^2, \qquad (3) $$

measures the genuine four-particle correlations. So, if the non-flow contribution is only due to the two-particle correlations, then $c_n\{4\}$ directly measures flow harmonics. Similarly, using the cumulant of the six-particle correlations allows one to remove contributions from two- and four-particle correlations. The different cumulants provide independent estimates of the same flow harmonic $v_n$, with the estimate based on correlations among many particles being more precise due to the suppressed non-flow correlations. In the absence of non-flow correlations, cumulants of different order should give the same estimate of $v_n$.

The generating function formalism for calculating $2k$-particle cumulants (GFC method) was proposed in Ref. [29]. With this method, the number of required computing operations is proportional to the number of particles per event. The cumulant generating function of multi-particle azimuthal correlations, $C_n(z)$, is defined in the plane of a complex variable $z$ as:
$$C_n(z) = \langle N \rangle \times \left( \left\langle \prod_{j=1}^{N} \left[ 1 + \frac{w_j(z e^{i n \phi_j} + z^* e^{-i n \phi_j})}{N} \right] \right\rangle^{1/\langle N \rangle} - 1 \right), \quad (4)$$

where the angled brackets represent the average over events in a given centrality interval, and the product runs over the $N$ particles within a given Pb+Pb event [27–29]. The weighting factors, $w_j$, are used in this analysis to correct for any non-uniformity in the azimuthal angle distribution of reconstructed tracks. The weights are obtained from the data using the two-dimensional distribution in the $\eta-\phi$ plane of all reconstructed tracks. For each bin $j$ in $(\delta\eta, \delta\phi) = (0.1, 2\pi/64)$ a weight is calculated as $w_j = \langle N(\delta\eta) \rangle / N(\delta\eta, \delta\phi)$, where $\langle N(\delta\eta) \rangle$ is the average number of tracks in the $\delta\eta$ slice to which this bin belongs, while $N(\delta\eta, \delta\phi)$ is the number of tracks in the $(\delta\eta, \delta\phi)$ bin.

The expansion of the cumulant generating function in powers of $|z|$ provides the cumulant $c_n\{2k\}$, which is equal to the coefficient of the term $|z|^{2k}/k!^2$ of this expansion. In practice, to construct the $c_n\{2k\}$ cumulant the power series is truncated to order $|z|^{2k}$ and $C_n(z)$ is computed at a discrete set of interpolating points $z_{p,q} = x_{p,q} + iy_{p,q}$ [29], where:

$$x_{p,q} = r_0 \sqrt{p} \cdot \cos \left( \frac{2q\pi}{q_{\max}} \right), \quad (5)$$

$$y_{p,q} = r_0 \sqrt{p} \cdot \sin \left( \frac{2q\pi}{q_{\max}} \right). \quad (6)$$

For this analysis, the parameters $p = 1, ..., 5$ and $q = 0, ..., q_{\max} - 1$ with $q_{\max} = 11$ were chosen as recommended in Ref. [29]. The $r_0$ parameter ($r_0 = |z|/\sqrt{p}$) should be as small as possible, chosen such that the results remain stable under its variation. The $r_0$ values used were chosen to be 4.0, 2.2, 1.6, 1.1 and 1.0 for centrality intervals 0–5%, 5–10%, 10–20%, 20–30% and 30–80%, respectively. For these values, the cumulants are found to be stable when varying $r_0$ between $r_0/2$ and $2r_0$. The only differences, up to about 2%, were seen when using the eight-particle cumulants to calculate the elliptic flow harmonic and are accounted for in the systematic uncertainty on $v_2\{8\}$.

An alternative method to calculate multi-particle correlations and cumulants in a single pass over all particles in each event, referred to as the QC method, was proposed in Ref. [30]. In this method, the expressions for the multi-particle correlations are derived in terms of the moments of the flow vector $Q_n$, defined as $Q_n = \sum_{j=1}^N w_j e^{in\phi_j}$, where the index $n$ denotes the order of the flow harmonic, the sum runs over all $N$ particles in an event and $w_j$ are weights as defined above. The QC method is used to calculate the cumulants, $c_n\{2k\}$, which are compared with the cumulants obtained from the GFC method.

A practical application of the cumulant method involves two main steps [27–29]. First, the reference $2k$-particle cumulants, $c_n\{2k\}$, are derived from the cumulant generating function calculated from particles measured over a broad range of transverse momentum and pseudorapidity. This step is equivalent to the event-plane estimate in the standard method (see Eq. (1)) and the reference cumulants play a similar role to the event-plane resolution correction [26]. In the next step, the differential flow is calculated in $p_T$ and $\eta$ bins using cumulants, denoted $d_n\{2k\}$, computed from a differential generating function. To determine the $d_n\{2k\}$ cumulants, each charged particle from a $p_T$ and $\eta$ bin is correlated with $2k-1$ reference particles. The differential flow harmonics $v_n\{2k\}(p_T, \eta)$, are then calculated with respect to the reference cumulants as prescribed in Refs. [28, 29]:

$$v_n\{2\}(p_T, \eta) = \frac{d_n\{2\}}{\sqrt{c_n\{2\}}}, \quad (7)$$

$$v_n\{4\}(p_T, \eta) = \frac{-d_n\{4\}}{3^{3/4} \sqrt{-c_n\{4\}}}, \quad (8)$$

$$v_n\{6\}(p_T, \eta) = \frac{d_n\{6\}/4}{5^{1/6} \sqrt{c_n\{6\}/4}}, \quad (9)$$

$$v_n\{8\}(p_T, \eta) = \frac{-d_n\{8\}/33}{7^{1/8} \sqrt{-c_n\{8\}/33}}. \quad (10)$$

In order to calculate the reference cumulants, $c_n\{2k\}$, all charged particles with pseudorapidities $|\eta| < 2.5$ and transverse momenta $0.5 < p_T < 5$ GeV are used in this analysis. The results for $c_2$ are shown as a function of centrality in Fig. 1 for two-, four-, six- and eight-particle cumulants obtained from the GFC and QC methods. The figure shows that the two methods yield consistent results over a wide range of collision centralities. Differences, up to ~20%, are observed only for the most peripheral collisions. For the most central (0–2%) Pb+Pb collisions, the cumulants $c_n\{2k\}$ for $k > 1$ are, within sizeable statistical errors, consistent with zero. However, they have incorrect signs, which prevents the calculation of flow harmonics due to the square-root function in the denominator of Eqs. (8), (9) and (10).

For higher flow harmonics, the cumulants $c_3\{2k\}$ and $c_4\{2k\}$ obtained from both the GFC and QC methods are consistent with zero for $k > 2$. Therefore, only two- and four-particle cumulants can be used to derive third- and fourth-order flow coefficients. Figure 2 shows the centrality dependence of the two- and four-particle cumulants, obtained from the GFC and QC methods, for $n = 3$ and $n = 4$. The figure demonstrates an overall good agreement between the cumulants calculated using the two different methods. In the case of four-particle cumulants, the centrality range of the method’s applicability is limited to 0–60% for $n = 3$ and 0–25% for $n = 4$.

The differential flow harmonics, $v_n\{2k\}(p_T, \eta)$, are determined using the differential cumulants $d_n\{2k\}$
<figure><img src="image_3.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 1** Multi-particle cumulants for the second-order flow harmonic, $c_2\{2k\}$ for $k = 1, 2, 3, 4$, obtained with the GFC [29] and QC [30] methods shown as a function of centrality. The horizontal axis ranges from central collisions (0–20%) to more peripheral collisions (60–80%).</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 2** Top: multi-particle cumulants for the third-order flow harmonic, $c_3\{2k\}$ for $k = 1, 2$ obtained with the GFC [29] and QC [30] methods shown as a function of centrality. Bottom: the same for the fourth-order flow harmonics, $c_4\{2k\}$.</figcaption></figure>
and Eqs. (7)–(10) in bins of transverse momentum and pseudorapidity for events from a given centrality interval. The pseudorapidity range $|\eta| < 2.5$ is divided into 50 bins of width 0.1 each. In transverse momentum, 28 bins of variable width, covering the $p_T$ range from 0.5 GeV to 20 GeV, are used. These differential flow harmonics can then be integrated over wider phase-space bins or the full range in either pseudorapidity or transverse momentum, or both. In this integration procedure, the harmonics $v_n\{2k\}(p_T, \eta)$ measured in each small bin are weighted by the charged-particle multiplicity in that bin, corrected for tracking efficiency and fake-track rate, using the MC-determined corrections $\epsilon(p_T, \eta)$ and $f(p_T, \eta)$ as described in Sect. 4.

## 6 Systematic uncertainties

The systematic uncertainties on the measurements presented in this paper are evaluated by varying different aspects of the analysis and comparing the results obtained to the baseline results for the transverse momentum, pseudorapidity and centrality dependence of $v_2$, $v_3$ and $v_4$. The following sources are considered as potential contributors to the systematic uncertainty on the measured flow harmonics.

An overall scale uncertainty on flow harmonics comes from the uncertainty in the fraction of the total inelastic cross-section accepted by the trigger and the event selection criteria. It is evaluated by varying the centrality bin definitions, using the modified selections on $\Sigma E_T^{\text{FCal}}$, which account for the 2% uncertainty in the sampled fraction of the cross-section.

All formulas applied in the analysis are valid under the assumption that the sine terms in the Fourier expansion vanish due to the azimuthal symmetry of the initial geometry. However, due to some distortions in the detector acceptance and non-uniformities in the measured azimuthal angle distributions, a residual sine term may be present. The magnitude of the sine term is calculated as the imaginary part of the differential generating function. The deviation from zero of the average sine term with respect to $\langle v_n \rangle$ is treated as the systematic uncertainty. Some detector distortions may lead to an asymmetry between positive and negative $\eta$ hemispheres, and the difference between the flow harmonics measured at positive and negative pseudorapidities is also considered as a systematic uncertainty.

A small contribution to the systematic uncertainty, only for $v_2\{8\}$, comes from the stability of the results with respect to the assumed value of the $r_0$ parameter (see discussion in the previous section). The correction applied to ensure the uniformity of the azimuthal angle distribution of reconstructed tracks (via weights $w_j$) is also checked by comparing the baseline results to those obtained with $w_j \equiv 1$. The contribution to the systematic uncertainty related to

the track-quality definition is evaluated by comparing results obtained with more restrictive or less restrictive requirements. Both the transverse and longitudinal impact parameter cuts, $|d_0|$ and $|z_0 \sin \theta|$, are changed by $\pm 0.5$ mm with respect to the nominal value of 1 mm and the significance cuts, $|d_0/\sigma_{d_0}| < 3$ and $|z_0 \sin \theta/\sigma_z| < 3$, are changed by $\pm 1$.

The analysis procedure is also checked through MC studies by comparing the observables at the generator/particle level with those obtained in the MC simulated sample for which the same analysis chain and correction procedure is used as for the data. The measured flow harmonics in data agree qualitatively with the reconstructed MC harmonics and show similar trends as a function of $\eta$. In the phase-space region where tracking performance suffers from low efficiency and high fake-track rates ($p_T < 1.5$ GeV and $|\eta| > 1$), systematic differences are observed between the flow harmonics calculated at the generator level and at the reconstruction level after the corrections. In general, in this phase-space region, the reconstructed flow harmonics are smaller than the generator-level ones and show an $\eta$ dependence, not present at the generator level. To account for this $\eta$-dependent bias, the MC closure test is considered as part of the systematic uncertainty.

A significant systematic uncertainty on the transverse momentum dependence of $v_2$ due to the centrality bin definitions was found. In the most peripheral 60–80% centrality interval it is of the order of 5% for $v_2\{4\}$ and rises to 14% for $v_2\{8\}$. For the most central collisions the uncertainty is in the range 1–2%. At low $p_T$, below 1.5 GeV, the systematic uncertainty due to the Monte Carlo closure is significant in the most central collisions, and reaches 8% for $v_2\{2\}$. For $v_2\{2k\}$ with $k > 1$ it is at the level of 3–4%. The MC closure at $p_T$ above 1.5 GeV gives 4% for the most central collisions, and stays typically below 1% for other collision centralities. The $r_0$ stability adds about 2% uncertainty only for $v_2\{8\}$. All other considered sources give contributions well below 1% to the systematic uncertainty on the $p_T$ dependence of $v_2$. For higher-order flow harmonics, the systematic uncertainty on the transverse momentum dependence is mainly due to the non-zero sine term and the MC closure. The former contributes up to 5% (15%) for $v_3\{4\}$ ($v_4\{4\}$) and about 1% for $v_3\{2\}$ and $v_4\{2\}$. The uncertainty due to the MC closure is less than 6% for $v_3$, and increases to 13% for $v_4$. Contributions from other sources are of the order of 1–2%.

The systematic uncertainty on the pseudorapidity dependence of $v_2$ is dominated by the MC closure at $|\eta| > 1$ (up to 7% for $v_2\{2\}$ in the most central collisions). For $v_2$ calculated with six- and eight-particle cumulants, significant contributions come also from the sine term (up to 15%), $\eta$ asymmetry (up to 10%) and tracking (about 5%) for the most
<table><caption>**Table 1** Relative systematic and statistical uncertainties ($|\Delta v_2|/v_2$, in percent) for $v_2$ measured with four-particle cumulants for three centrality intervals: 2–5%, 15–20% and 60–80%. A single entry is given where the uncertainty only varies by a small amount over the selected $p_T$ or $\eta$ range. Otherwise the range in uncertainties is provided corresponding to the range in $p_T$ or $\eta$.</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Centrality bin<br>Measurement</th><th colspan="2">2–5%</th><th colspan="2">15–20%</th><th colspan="2">60–80%</th></tr><tr><th>Syst.[%]</th><th>Stat.[%]</th><th>Syst.[%]</th><th>Stat.[%]</th><th>Syst.[%]</th><th>Stat.[%]</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2">v<sub>2</sub>{4} vs. p<sub>T</sub></td><td>0.5 ≤ p<sub>T</sub> ≤ 1.5 GeV</td><td>3.5</td><td>2.9</td><td>5.8–1.2</td><td>0.1</td><td>1.3–1.7</td><td>1.2–1.4</td></tr><tr><td>1.5 &lt; p<sub>T</sub> &lt; 20 GeV</td><td>3.5</td><td>2.5–30</td><td>1.2–1.0</td><td>0.1–41</td><td>1.8–5.4</td><td>1.3–76</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">v<sub>2</sub>{4} vs. η</td><td>|η| ≤ 1</td><td>3.8</td><td>1.8</td><td>1.6</td><td>0.1</td><td>2.4</td><td>0.9</td></tr><tr><td>1 &lt; |η| &lt; 2.5</td><td>6.0</td><td>2.7</td><td>5.0</td><td>0.1</td><td>2.3</td><td>1.0</td></tr><tr><td>v<sub>2</sub>{4} vs. N<sub>part</sub></td><td></td><td>4.1</td><td>0.5</td><td>3.0</td><td>0.1</td><td>2.0</td><td>0.3</td></tr></tbody></table>

central collisions. Other contributions are well below 1%. For higher-order flow harmonics, the sine term contributes about 3% (13%) for $v_3$ ($v_4$) for $|\eta| < 2.5$. The MC closure at high $\eta$ ($|\eta| > 1$) contributes up to 7% (10%) for $v_3\{2\}$ ($v_4\{2\}$) and less than 2% for $v_3\{4\}$ and $v_4\{4\}$. For $|\eta| < 1$ it is about 1%. Other sources give contributions up to 4%.

The systematic uncertainty on the centrality dependence of $v_2$ due to the centrality bin definition is 1–2%. For the most central collisions, the Monte Carlo closure gives a contribution of 4%. The $r_0$ stability adds about 2% only for $v_2\{8\}$. Contributions from all other sources are below 1%. For higher-order flow harmonics, the sine term and MC closure each contribute about 3%, while all other sources contribute less than 1%.

The total systematic uncertainty is the sum in quadrature of all the individual contributions. For illustration, Table 1 shows the total systematic uncertainties on $v_2\{4\}$ for three representative centrality intervals: 2–5%, 15–20% and 60–80%. For higher-order flow harmonics, the systematic uncertainties are listed in Table 2. For comparison, the statistical uncertainties on $v_n$ are also listed. It can be seen that the uncertainties on the measured $v_2$ at high $p_T$ and on $v_3$ and $v_4$ over the whole kinematic range, are dominated by large statistical errors.

<table><caption>**Table 2** Relative systematic and statistical uncertainties ($|\Delta v_n|/v_n$, in percent) for $v_3$ and $v_4$ measured with four-particle cumulants averaged over the accessible centrality ranges 0–60% and 0–25%, respectively. A single entry is given where the uncertainty only varies by a small amount over the $p_T$ range from 0.5 to 20 GeV or $\eta$ range from –2.5 to 2.5. Otherwise the range in uncertainties is provided corresponding to the range in $p_T$ or $\eta$.</caption><thead><tr><th>Measurement</th><th>Syst.[%]</th><th>Stat.[%]</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>v<sub>3</sub>{4} vs. p<sub>T</sub></td><td>6.2–4.8</td><td>19–26</td></tr><tr><td>v<sub>3</sub>{4} vs. η</td><td>3.7</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>v<sub>3</sub>{4} vs. N<sub>part</sub></td><td>3.3</td><td>16</td></tr><tr><td>v<sub>4</sub>{4} vs. p<sub>T</sub></td><td>16</td><td>46–34</td></tr><tr><td>v<sub>4</sub>{4} vs. η</td><td>13</td><td>23</td></tr><tr><td>v<sub>4</sub>{4} vs. N<sub>part</sub></td><td>5.4</td><td>31</td></tr></tbody></table>

In addition to the evaluation of the systematic uncertainty, further cross-checks are performed. The comparison

between cumulants calculated with the GFC and QC methods is discussed in detail in Sect. 5. The analysis is performed separately for negatively and positively charged particles and the resulting $v_n$ coefficients are found to be consistent within their statistical and systematic uncertainties. Furthermore, the consistency of $v_2\{2k\}$ for $k > 1$ measured for same-sign particles and all combinations of charged particles confirms the global collective feature of the measured effect. Consistency is also observed between measurements obtained from sub-samples collected early and late during the data-taking period. The analysis also evaluates a potential bias which may be due to the large spread in charged-particle multiplicities in centrality intervals defined by $\Sigma E_T^{FCal}$. For this purpose, in a given centrality bin selected by $\Sigma E_T^{FCal}$, the analysis is restricted to events with multiplicities limited to a very narrow range (corresponding to $\pm$RMS/2 around the mean multiplicity) and compared to the analysis performed for the full range of multiplicities. Both give $v_n$ harmonics consistent with each other within their statistical and systematic uncertainties.

# 7 Results

## 7.1 Transverse momentum dependence of flow harmonics

The transverse momentum dependence of $v_2\{2\}$, $v_2\{4\}$, $v_2\{6\}$ and $v_2\{8\}$ is shown in Fig. 3 in 14 centrality intervals as indicated in the plots. The $v_2$ coefficients are integrated over the full pseudorapidity range $|\eta| < 2.5$. The elliptic flow measurements, $v_2\{EP\}$, obtained with the event-plane method [26] are also shown. For this comparison, the measurements from Ref. [15] were reanalysed with the same track-quality requirements and centrality intervals as for the present analysis. The event-plane $v_2$ is systematically smaller than $v_2\{2\}$ since it is less affected by short-range two-particle correlations, which are partially removed from $v_2\{EP\}$ due to the separation between the phase-space region where the event plane angle is determined ($3.2 < |\eta| < 4.9$) and the phase space where charged-particle momenta are reconstructed ($|\eta| < 2.5$). This effect is particularly pronounced at high transverse momenta, where $v_2\{2\}$ is strongly influenced by jet-related
<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 3 The second flow harmonic calculated with the two-, four-, six-, and eight-particle cumulants measured over the full pseudorapidity range, $|η| < 2.5$, as a function of transverse momentum in different centrality intervals, indicated on the plots. For the most central collisions (0–2% centrality class) the results are available only for $v_2\{2\}$. For comparison the $v_2\{EP\}$ measurements obtained with the event-plane method are also shown. Statistical uncertainties are shown as bars and systematic uncertainties as bands.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 4 Comparison of the ATLAS and CMS [20] (top panel), and ATLAS and ALICE [9] (bottom panel) measurements of $v_2\{4\}$ for selected centrality intervals at $|η| < 0.8$. The error bars denote statistical and systematic uncertainties added in quadrature.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_7.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 5** The transverse momentum dependence of $v_3$ calculated with two- and four-particle cumulants and with the event-plane method $v_3\{\text{EP}\}$ for the centrality interval 0–25% (left plot) and 25–60% (middle plot). The right plot shows the same results for $v_4$ for the centrality interval 0–25%. Statistical errors are shown as bars and systematic uncertainties as bands. The highest $p_T$ measurement for $v_n\{4\}$ ($v_n\{\text{EP}\}$) is integrated over the $p_T$ range 4–20 (8–20) GeV.</figcaption></figure>

correlations. At lower transverse momenta, the difference between $v_2\{2\}$ and $v_2\{\text{EP}\}$ can also be attributed to flow fluctuations. The difference between $v_2\{\text{EP}\}$ and $v_2\{4\}$ is mainly due to flow fluctuations. The $v_2\{2k\}$ for $k > 1$ is systematically smaller than $v_2\{2\}$, consistent with the expected suppression of non-flow effects in $v_2$ obtained with cumulants of more than two particles. The results for $v_2\{2k\}$ with $k > 1$ agree with each other, within the uncertainties, for all centrality intervals, indicating that already the four-particle cumulants efficiently suppress non-flow correlations. As a function of transverse momentum, the second flow harmonic first increases with $p_T$ up to $p_T \approx 2-3$ GeV, then gradually decreases for $p_T$ values up to about 6 GeV. This trend is consistent with hydrodynamic predictions for a collective expansion of the created system [43, 44]. Beyond $p_T$ of about 10 GeV, a much weaker $v_2$ dependence on $p_T$ is observed. Interestingly the coefficients $v_2\{2k\}$ for $k > 1$ remain significant at high transverse momenta, up to about 20 GeV, over a broad centrality range, except the most peripheral and the most central collisions. These large values of $v_2\{4\}$, $v_2\{6\}$ and $v_2\{8\}$ at high transverse momenta may reflect both the anisotropy of the initial geometry and the path-length dependence of the parton energy loss in the dense, strongly interacting medium [45].

Figure 4 shows the comparison of our results for $v_2\{4\}$ integrated over $|\eta| < 0.8$ as a function of $p_T$, to these coefficients measured by the CMS [20] and ALICE [9] experiments in several centrality intervals. The results on the elliptic flow harmonic measured with four-particle cumulants are consistent within uncertainties for the three experiments.

The transverse momentum dependence of the higher-order harmonics, $v_3$ and $v_4$, is shown in Fig. 5 and compared to the results obtained with the event-plane method. Due

to the large uncertainties on the harmonics measured with four-particle cumulants, especially for events with low multiplicities, the results are shown in wide centrality ranges: for $v_3$ in the two broad centrality intervals, 0–25% and 25–60%, and for $v_4$ in the full accessible centrality range, 0–25%. In addition, the results for $v_n\{4\}$ are shown in fine $p_T$ bins at low transverse momenta, up to 4 GeV, while the last $p_T$ point covers the range from 4 GeV to 20 GeV. Similarly to $v_2$, smaller short-range jet-like correlations are observed in $v_{3,4}\{\text{EP}\}$ as compared to $v_{3,4}\{2\}$. Significantly non-zero values of the third and fourth flow harmonics calculated with four-particle cumulants are observed with a $p_T$ dependence similar to that of $v_2$. The $v_n\{4\}$ harmonic is systematically smaller than $v_n\{2\}$, consistent with the suppressed non-flow effects in flow harmonics obtained with cumulants of more than two particles. It is noted that the difference between $v_3\{4\}$ ($v_4\{4\}$) and $v_3\{\text{EP}\}$ ($v_4\{\text{EP}\}$), which amounts to a factor of about two, is much larger than the difference between $v_2\{4\}$ and $v_2\{\text{EP}\}$, which is of the order of 30%. This indicates that fluctuations of higher-order flow harmonics are much stronger than fluctuations of $v_2$.

## 7.2 Pseudorapidity dependence of flow harmonics

The pseudorapidity dependence of $v_n\{2k\}$ is studied as a function of centrality for flow coefficients integrated over the $p_T$ range from 0.5 GeV to 20 GeV. Figure 6 shows $v_2\{2\}$, $v_2\{4\}$, $v_2\{6\}$, $v_2\{8\}$ and $v_2\{\text{EP}\}$ as a function of $\eta$ in 14 centrality intervals as indicated in the plots. Observations similar to the case of the $p_T$ dependence can be made: $v_2\{2k\}$ for $k > 1$ is systematically smaller than $v_2\{2\}$ and $v_2\{\text{EP}\}$, while the results for $v_2\{2k\}$ with $k > 1$ agree with each other for all centrality intervals. No strong dependence on pseudorapidity is observed for any
<figure><img src="image_8.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 6** The second flow harmonic calculated with the two-, four-, six-, and eight-particle cumulants as a function of η in different centrality intervals, integrated over the $p_T$ range 0.5 < $p_T$ < 20 GeV. The results for $v_2\{\text{EP}\}$ are also shown. Statistical errors are shown as bars (too small to be seen on this scale) and systematic uncertainties as shaded bands.</figcaption></figure>

of the second flow harmonic measurements in any of the centrality bins. Some weak dependence is observed only for $v_2\{2\}$ and can be attributed to the contributions from short-range two-particle correlations. A weak pseudorapidity dependence is observed for $v_3\{4\}$ as shown in Fig. 7 for harmonics averaged over the full accessible centrality range (0–60%). The fourth-order flow harmonics, $v_4\{4\}$, show no significant dependence on pseudorapidity, within the measurement uncertainties, over the centrality range 0–25%. A systematic reduction in the non-flow contribution is observed for $v_n\{\text{EP}\}$ as compared to $v_n\{2\}$.

## 7.3 Centrality dependence of the integrated flow harmonics

The centrality dependence of the elliptic flow harmonic, integrated over the full range in η and $p_T$ and obtained with

cumulants of various orders, is shown as a function of $\langle N_{\text{part}} \rangle$ in Fig. 8. The coefficients $v_2\{2k\}$, and in general $v_n\{2k\}$, can also be calculated from the moments of the distribution, $p(v_n)$, of the event-by-event (EbyE) measured flow harmonics, $\langle v_n^k \rangle = \sum v_n^k p(v_n)$ as:

$$ (v_n^{\text{calc}}\{2, \text{EbyE}\})^2 = \langle v_n^2 \rangle, \qquad (11) $$

$$ (v_n^{\text{calc}}\{4, \text{EbyE}\})^4 = -\langle v_n^4 \rangle + 2\langle v_n^2 \rangle^2, \qquad (12) $$

$$ (v_n^{\text{calc}}\{6, \text{EbyE}\})^6 = (\langle v_n^6 \rangle - 9\langle v_n^4 \rangle\langle v_n^2 \rangle + 12\langle v_n^2 \rangle^3)/4, \quad (13) $$

$$ \begin{aligned} (v_n^{\text{calc}}\{8, \text{EbyE}\})^8 = & - (\langle v_n^8 \rangle - 16\langle v_n^6 \rangle\langle v_n^2 \rangle - 18\langle v_n^4 \rangle^2)/33 \\ & - (144\langle v_n^4 \rangle\langle v_n^2 \rangle^2 - 144\langle v_n^2 \rangle^4)/33. \end{aligned} \qquad (14) $$

ATLAS has measured $p(v_n)$ for $n = 2, 3, 4$ [17]. The comparison of $v_2\{2k\}$ obtained with the cumulant method to $v_2^{\text{calc}}\{2k, \text{EbyE}\}$ is shown in Fig. 8. Good agreement between the two independent measurements is seen. The
<figure><img src="image_9.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 7** The pseudorapidity dependence of $v_3$ (left plot) calculated with two- and four-particle cumulants and with the event-plane method, integrated over $p_T$ from 0.5 GeV to 20 GeV for the centrality range 0–60%. The same is shown for $v_4$ (right plot) for the centrality range 0–25%. Statistical errors are shown as bars and systematic uncertainties as shaded bands.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_10.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 8** Comparison of the centrality dependence of $v_2\{2k\}$ for $k=1-4$ integrated over $p_T$ from 0.5 GeV to 20 GeV and over $|\eta| < 2.5$, and $v_2^{\text{calc}}\{2k, \text{EbyE}\}$ calculated from the measured $v_2$ distribution [17]. For $v_2\{2k\}$, the statistical errors are shown as bars and the systematic uncertainties as shaded bands. For $v_2^{\text{calc}}\{2k, \text{EbyE}\}$, the error bars denote statistical and systematic errors added in quadrature. The bottom panels in each plot show ratios of the results obtained with the two methods. The ratios are calculated for matching centrality intervals.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_11.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 9** The ratio of $v_2\{6\}$ and $v_2\{8\}$ to $v_2\{4\}$ as a function of the average number of participating nucleons, $\langle N_{\text{part}} \rangle$, for elliptic flow coefficients obtained from the cumulant method (left) and calculated from the measured $p(v_2)$ distribution [17] (right). The error bars denote statistical and systematic errors added in quadrature. The ratio symbols are shifted horizontally with respect to each other for clarity.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_12.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 10** Comparison of the $\langle N_{\text{part}} \rangle$ dependence of the $v_2$ (top left), $v_3$ (top right) and $v_4$ (bottom) harmonics measured with different methods, with $v_n\{\text{EbyE}\}$ denoting the mean value of the corresponding $p(v_n)$. The error bars denote statistical and systematic uncertainties added in quadrature.</figcaption></figure>

cumulant method gives $v_2$ values larger than those calculated from the $p(v_2)$ distribution only for $v_2\{2\}$ measured in the most peripheral collisions, due to contributions from short-range two-particle correlations in the former. The ratios of $v_2\{6\}$ and $v_2\{8\}$ to $v_2\{4\}$ are shown in Fig. 9. The left panel shows results from the cumulant method. The ratios are systematically below unity, most significantly at low $N_{\text{part}}$. This effect, which is of the order of 1–2%, is significant for the ratio $v_2\{6\}/v_2\{4\}$ while it is within the present uncertainty of the cumulant mea-

surements for $v_2\{8\}/v_2\{4\}$. Better precision is achieved for $v_2^{\text{calc}}\{2k, \text{EbyE}\}$ (right panel of Fig. 9). The difference between $v_2\{4\}$ and $v_2\{6\}$ or $v_2\{8\}$ is attributed to the non-Bessel-Gaussian character of the $p(v_2)$ distribution measured in peripheral collisions [17].

It is interesting to compare flow harmonic measurements obtained with different methods, which have different sensitivities to non-flow correlations and flow harmonic fluctuations. Since the higher-order flow harmonics, $v_n\{2k\}$ ($n > 2$), are measured with the cumulant method with up
to four-particle cumulants (see Sect. 5), the $v_n\{2\}$ and $v_n\{4\}$ are only included in the comparison. Figure 10 shows the comparison of $v_2$, $v_3$ and $v_4$ obtained using the cumulant method with the ATLAS results obtained with the event-plane method, $v_n\{EP\}$. For $v_n\{EP\}$, the measurements shown in Figs. 3 and 5 are taken and integrated over $0.5 < p_T < 20$ GeV. The mean values of the measured $p(v_n)$ distributions are also shown and marked as $v_n\{EbyE\}$. Over the accessible centrality range and for $n = 2, 3, 4$, a systematic pattern is seen with $v_n\{2\} > v_n\{EP\} \ge v_n\{EbyE\} > v_n\{4\}$. The $v_n\{2\}$ values are the largest (predominantly) due to large contributions from short-range two-particle correlations, which are suppressed in the event-plane $v_n$ measurements. The $v_n$ coefficients measured with the event-plane method are systematically larger than the mean values of the event-by-event measurement of flow harmonics. This difference is naturally attributed to the flow fluctuations, which contribute to $v_n\{EP\}$ but are suppressed in $v_n\{EbyE\}$. The flow coefficients measured with the four-particle cumulant method are the smallest, mainly due to the contribution from flow fluctuations, which is negative for $v_n\{4\}$ and positive for $v_n$ measured with the event-plane method. In addition, some residual two-particle correlations unrelated to the azimuthal asymmetry in the initial geometry contribute to $v_n\{EP\}$, but are negligibly small in the case of $v_n\{4\}$.

<figure><img src="image_13.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 11 The harmonics $v_2\{4\}$, $v_3\{4\}$ and $v_4\{4\}$ as a function of $\langle N_{part} \rangle$. Filled symbols show the results from the cumulant method while open symbols show $v_{2,3}^{calc}\{4, EbyE\}$ calculated from the $p(v_2)$ and $p(v_3)$ distributions. Statistical errors are shown as bars and systematic uncertainties as shaded bands.</figcaption></figure>

The centrality dependence of $v_n\{4\}$ is shown in Fig. 11 for $n = 2, 3$ and $4$. The elliptic flow $v_2\{4\}$ shows a strong centrality dependence, rising with $N_{part}$ until reaching a maximum at $N_{part} \approx 100$, and then decreasing for more central collisions. This strong centrality dependence is not seen for the higher flow harmonics $v_3\{4\}$ and $v_4\{4\}$. In addition, the magnitude of the third- and fourth-order

flow coefficients is much smaller than the magnitude of the elliptic flow; e.g. for $<N_{part}>$ of about 300, $v_n \approx 0.05, 0.02$, and $0.01$ for $v_2, v_3$ and $v_4$, respectively. For smaller $N_{part}$ this difference is even larger, with $v_2$ reaching more than 0.1 and $v_3$ and $v_4$ staying at the same level as at higher $N_{part}$. Figure 11 also shows $v_{2,3}^{calc}\{4, EbyE\}$ obtained from the measured $p(v_2)$ and $p(v_3)$ distributions. The measured $p(v_4)$ in Ref. [17] is truncated at large values of $v_4$ and therefore is not used here for the comparison. Good agreement between the two independent measurements is also seen for the third-order flow harmonics.

## 7.4 Fluctuations of flow harmonics

Measurements of elliptic flow dynamic fluctuations have attracted much interest, since flow fluctuations can be traced back to fluctuations of the initial collision zone. Experimentally, flow fluctuations are difficult to measure due to unavoidable contamination by non-flow effects. The reported elliptic flow fluctuation measurements from RHIC [31–33] are affected by non-flow correlations, despite the attempts made to estimate their contribution. Interestingly, RHIC results indicate that flow fluctuations are mostly determined by initial-state geometry fluctuations, which thus seem to be preserved throughout the system evolution.

The relative flow harmonic fluctuations, defined as $\sigma_{v_n}/\langle v_n \rangle$, can be calculated using the width and mean value of the $p(v_n)$ distributions and compared to the predictions for fluctuations of the initial geometry. The latter can be characterized by the eccentricities, $\epsilon_n$, which can be estimated from the transverse positions $(r, \phi)$ of nucleons participating in the collision:

$$ \epsilon_n = \frac{\sqrt{\langle r^n \cos n\phi \rangle^2 + \langle r^n \sin n\phi \rangle^2}}{\langle r^n \rangle} \quad (15) $$

Such a comparison of $\sigma_{v_n}/\langle v_n \rangle$, derived from the event-by-event measurement of $v_n$, to the Glauber model [37] and MC-KLN model [46], which combines the Glauber approach with saturated low-$x$ gluon distribution functions, is discussed in Ref. [17]. In general, none of the considered models of the relative fluctuations of $\epsilon_n$ gives a consistent description of the relative flow fluctuations over the entire range of collision centralities.

In this analysis, the measure of relative flow fluctuations, $F(v_n)$, is defined as:

$$ F(v_n) = \sqrt{\frac{v_n\{2\}^2 - v_n\{4\}^2}{v_n\{2\}^2 + v_n\{4\}^2}} \quad (16) $$

The above formula provides a valid estimate of $\sigma_{v_n}/\langle v_n \rangle$ under the assumptions that non-flow correlations are absent in $v_n\{2\}$ and $v_n\{4\}$, and that flow fluctuations are small compared to $\langle v_n \rangle$ ($\sigma_{v_n} \ll \langle v_n \rangle$). The first assumption is obviously not fulfilled by $v_n\{2\}$, which is strongly contaminated
<figure><img src="image_14.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 12** The transverse momentum dependence of the relative elliptic flow fluctuations, as measured by $F$ with $v_2\{2\}$ replaced by $v_2\{EP\}$, for central collisions (left panel) and peripheral collisions (right panel). The error bars denote statistical and systematic uncertainties added in quadrature.</figcaption></figure>

by non-flow correlations. Therefore, $v_n\{EP\}$ is used instead of $v_n\{2\}$, following the approach proposed in Ref. [9]. The second assumption is not valid for fluctuations of third- and fourth-order flow harmonics, and also for elliptic flow harmonics measured in the most central Pb+Pb collisions. Nevertheless, it is interesting to study this alternative measure of flow fluctuations and to compare it to the same quantity predicted by initial-state models. For head-on nucleus-nucleus collisions, $\langle N_{\text{part}} \rangle \approx 400$, the prediction for eccentricity fluctuations $\sigma_{\epsilon_n}/\langle \epsilon_n \rangle$ reaches the limit of $\sqrt{4/\pi} - 1 \approx 0.52$ for the fluctuations-only scenario when the $\epsilon_n$ distribution is described by a two-dimensional Gaussian function in the transverse plane [47]. In Ref. [17] it was shown that this limit is indeed reached by $\sigma_{v_n}/\langle v_n \rangle$ for $v_2$ measured in the most central Pb+Pb collisions and for $v_3$ and $v_4$ over the entire centrality range. For the fluctuations-only scenario, the estimate $F(v_n)$ should be close to one since then $\langle v_n\{4\} \rangle \approx 0$. Thus, it is interesting to compare this alternative measure of flow fluctuations to the same quantity derived from the initial eccentricity distributions, $F(\epsilon_n)$. It can be seen by comparison with Eq. (16) that the quantity $F$ depends not only on the second moment of the $\epsilon_n$ distribution (as does $\sigma_{\epsilon_n}/\langle \epsilon_n \rangle$), but also on the fourth moment and, therefore, can provide a more sensitive test of model assumptions.

Figure 12 shows the $p_T$ dependence of the relative elliptic flow fluctuations calculated for different centrality intervals with Eq. (16), where $v_2\{2\}$ is replaced by $v_2\{EP\}$. For all centrality intervals, except 2–5%, the relative elliptic flow fluctuations depend only weakly on $p_T$ over the whole $p_T$ range, indicating that they are predominantly associated with fluctuations of the initial geometry. A similar $p_T$ dependence of the relative elliptic flow fluctuations was re-

cently reported by the ALICE collaboration [9], although the ALICE results for the 0–5% most central collisions show a much stronger $p_T$ dependence than the present measurement for the centrality interval 2–5%. This discrepancy may be due to different contributions of non-flow effects to $v_2\{EP\}$ measured in the two experiments.

The quantity $F(v_n)$ is further investigated as a function of the collision centrality using flow harmonics averaged over $p_T$ and $\eta$. The dependence of $F(v_2)$ on $\langle N_{\text{part}} \rangle$ is shown in Fig. 13. Two sets of measurements are shown: $F(v_2)$ calculated using $v_2\{4\}$ and $v_2\{2\}$ obtained with the cumulant method with $v_2\{EP\}$ replacing $v_2\{2\}$, and using $v_2^{\text{calc}}\{4, \text{EbyE}\}$ and $v_2^{\text{calc}}\{2, \text{EbyE}\}$ obtained from the measured $p(v_2)$ distribution [17]. The two measurements show similar centrality dependence, but the estimate based on the cumulant method is systematically smaller (by up to about 15%) than that calculated from $p(v_2)$.

$F(v_2)$ can also be compared to $\sigma_{v_2}/\langle v_2 \rangle$ determined from the $p(v_2)$ distribution. It was shown in Ref. [17] that the two measures of elliptic flow fluctuations agree for the most peripheral collisions. For semi-central collisions, $\sigma_{v_2}/\langle v_2 \rangle$ is systematically larger than $F(v_2)$. A significant discrepancy was shown for the most central collisions, where $\sigma_{v_2}/\langle v_2 \rangle$ levels off at 0.52, while $F(v_2)$ rises continuously, reaching much higher values.

$F(v_2)$ shows a strong centrality dependence. Starting with the most peripheral collisions, it decreases with $\langle N_{\text{part}} \rangle$, reaching a minimum at $\langle N_{\text{part}} \rangle \approx 200$ and then rises steeply with centrality up to about 1.0 for the most central collisions. A comparison to $F(\epsilon_2)$ calculated from the eccentricity distributions predicted by the Glauber and MC-KLN models is shown in Fig. 13. One can see that the
<figure><img src="image_15.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 13** The relative elliptic flow fluctuations, $F(v_2)$, as a function of $\langle N_{part} \rangle$, from this analysis (filled circles) with $v_2\{EP\}$ substituted for $v_2\{2\}$. Statistical errors are shown as bars and systematic uncertainties as shaded bands. $F(v_2)$ obtained from the measured $v_2$ distribution [17] is shown as open circles (marked in the legend as “EbyE”) with the error bars denoting statistical and systematic uncertainties added in quadrature. The same quantity calculated from the initial eccentricity distributions obtained from the Glauber [37] and MC-KLN [46] models is shown by curves. Open squares show the CMS measurement of $F(v_2)$ [23].</figcaption></figure>

MC-KLN model describes the measurements for Pb+Pb collisions with $\langle N_{part} \rangle$ above 150 reasonably well, while the Glauber model significantly over-predicts the measured $F(v_2)$ across the entire centrality range. Figure 13 also shows that our results are consistent with the CMS estimate of $F(v_2)$ [23].

The study of $F(v_n)$ is also performed for higher-order flow harmonics, $n=3,4$. Figure 14 shows $F(v_3)$ (top plot) and $F(v_4)$ (bottom plot) obtained using the cumulant method with $v_3\{2\}$ and $v_4\{2\}$ replaced by $v_3\{EP\}$ and $v_4\{EP\}$, respectively. Large relative fluctuations of the third- and fourth-order harmonics, of the order of 0.7–0.8, are measured over the whole accessible centrality range, with a relatively weak centrality dependence. The results are consistent with the CMS measurement of $F(v_3)$ [23] as well as with $F$ calculated using $v_3^{\text{calc}}\{4, \text{EbyE}\}$ and $v_3^{\text{calc}}\{2, \text{EbyE}\}$ [17]. $F(\epsilon_3)$ and $F(\epsilon_4)$ obtained from the eccentricity distributions predicted by the Glauber and MC-KLN models are also shown. One can see that none of the models gives a consistent description of $F(v_3)$ and $F(v_4)$.

<figure><img src="image_16.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_17.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 14** The relative fluctuations, $F(v_n)$ for $n=3$ (top) and $n=4$ (bottom) as a function of $\langle N_{part} \rangle$, from the ATLAS cumulant method (filled circles) with $v_n\{EP\}$ substituted for $v_n\{2\}$. Statistical errors are shown as bars and systematic uncertainties as shaded bands. The same quantity calculated from the measured $v_3$ distributions [17] is shown as open circles in the top plot, with error bars denoting statistical and systematic uncertainties added in quadrature. The top plot also shows $F(v_3)$ as measured by CMS [23] (open squares). $F$ values calculated from the eccentricity distributions obtained from the Glauber [37] and MC-KLN [46] models are shown by curves.</figcaption></figure>

# 8 Summary

A measurement of flow harmonics of charged particles in Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 2.76 TeV from the ATLAS experiment at the LHC is presented using a dataset of approximately 7 $\mu$b$^{-1}$ collected in 2010. The analysis is based on the cumulant expansion of multi-particle azimuthal correlations, which suppresses correlations not related to the initial-state geometry. Another advantage of the cumulant
method is that it provides several different measurements of
the same harmonic, $v_n$, allowing for estimation of the non-
flow contributions and for consistency checks. The need for
huge computing power in calculating multi-particle correla-
tions is overcome by using the generating function formal-
ism.

Flow coefficients $v_n$ for $n = 2, 3, 4$ were obtained using
two- and four-particle cumulants. In addition, for the elliptic
flow ($n=2$), the analysis is for the first time extended to the
six- and eight-particle cumulants. The transverse momen-
tum, pseudorapidity and centrality dependence of flow har-
monics is presented. An attempt is also made to estimate the
flow harmonic fluctuations using the measured $v_n\{4}$ and $v_n$
obtained with the event-plane method.

The transverse momentum dependence of $v_2\{2\}$ shows
significant non-flow contributions. This contribution is
reduced in $v_2\{EP\}$. The elliptic flow obtained with the
four-particle cumulants provides a measure of $v_2$ with
non-flow correlations strongly suppressed. Using six- and
eight-particle cumulants gives results consistent, within the
errors, with those obtained with four-particle cumulants,
indicating that four-particle cumulants efficiently suppress
non-flow correlations. Similar conclusions can be drawn
from the study of the $\eta$-dependence of the $p_T$-integrated
$v_2$ as well as from the centrality dependence of $v_2$
averaged over $p_T$ and $\eta$. As for $v_2$, the higher-order
flow harmonics determined using four-particle cumulants
are significantly reduced compared to the measurement
involving two-particle cumulants.

The flow harmonics, $v_n\{4\}$, determined from the four-particle cumulants increase sharply with $p_T$ reaching a maximum at 2–3 GeV. At higher transverse momenta, $v_2\{4\}$ decreases and beyond $p_T$ of about 7 GeV, it plateaus at the level of about 0.04 up to the highest accessible transverse momenta. The higher-order harmonics also decrease above 3 GeV and reach a value of about 0.03 when integrated over $p_T$ from 4 GeV to 20 GeV. The four-particle harmonics, $v_n\{4\}$, are found to depend weakly on the pseudorapidity over the range $|\eta| < 2.5$.

The centrality dependence of the $p_T$- and $\eta$-integrated
$v_n\{4\}$ reveals a clear distinction between $v_2$ and the higher-
order harmonics: $v_2$ strongly depends on the collision cen-
trality, reflecting its sensitivity to the varying shape of the
initial collision geometry, while $v_3$ and $v_4$ show only a weak
centrality dependence, predominantly attributed to geome-
try fluctuations. Over the studied centrality range, except
for the most central collisions, the measured $v_3$ and $v_4$ are
much smaller than $v_2$. For the most central collisions, a sim-
ilar magnitude is measured for $v_2$, $v_3$ and $v_4$ because all are
dominated by geometry fluctuations. The measured $v_2\{2k\}$
for $k = 2, 3, 4$ and $v_3\{4\}$ are found to agree with the same
coefficients calculated from the moments of the measured
$p(v_2)$ and $p(v_3)$ distributions.

The relative flow harmonic fluctuations, $F(v_n)$, defined
in Eq. (16), are estimated using $v_n\{EP\}$ and $v_n\{4\}$. For the
elliptic flow harmonic, a strong centrality dependence is ob-
served, following a trend similar to that exhibited by $F$ as
estimated from the $p(v_2)$ distribution. In contrast, $F(v_3)$ and
$F(v_4)$ show a weak centrality dependence. The large mag-
nitudes of $F$ obtained for third- and fourth-order harmon-
ics, and also for the elliptic flow harmonic measured in the
most central collisions, indicate the dominant role of initial-
state fluctuations. The comparison to the same quantity de-
rived from the initial-state eccentricity distributions, mod-
elled by the Glauber and MC-KLN models, shows that none
of these models can describe the flow harmonic fluctuations
well, particularly for higher-order flow harmonics. There-
fore, the measurements presented in this paper provide valu-
able constraints on models of initial spatial anisotropy and
subsequent hydrodynamic evolution of systems produced in
ion-ion collisions with nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass en-
ergies at the TeV energy scale.

9 Acknowledgements

We thank CERN for the very successful operation of the
LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions with-
out whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently.

We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF, DNSRC and Lundbeck Foundation, Denmark; EPLANET, ERC and NSRF, European Union; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; GNSF, Georgia; BMBF, DFG, HGF, MPG and AvH Foundation, Germany; GSRT and NSRF, Greece; ISF, MINERVA, GIF, I-CORE and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; FOM and NWO, Netherlands; BRF and RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; GRICES and FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and ROSATOM, Russian Federation; JINR; MSTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZŠ, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SER, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; NSC, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America.

The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners
is acknowledged gratefully, in particular from CERN
and the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada),
NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France),
KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1
(Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (UK) and BNL (USA) and in the Tier-2 facilities worldwide.

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The ATLAS Collaboration

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A.S. Boldyrev⁹⁸, M. Bomben⁷⁹, M. Bona⁷⁵, M. Boonekamp¹³⁷, A. Borisov¹²⁹, G. Borissov⁷¹, M. Borri⁸³, S. Borroni⁴²,
J. Bortfeldt⁹⁹, V. Bortolotto¹³⁵a,¹³⁵b, K. Bos¹⁰⁶, D. Boscherini²⁰a, M. Bosman¹², H. Boterenbrood¹⁰⁶, J. Boudreau¹²⁴,
J. Bouffard², E.V. Bouhova-Thacker⁷¹, D. Boumediene³⁴, C. Bourdarios¹¹⁶, N. Bousson¹¹³, S. Boutouil¹³⁶d, A. Boveia³¹,
J. Boyd³⁰, I.R. Boyko⁶⁴, J. Bracinik¹⁸, A. Brandt⁸, G. Brandt¹⁵, O. Brandt⁵⁸a, U. Bratzler¹⁵⁷, B. Brau⁸⁵, J.E. Brau¹¹⁵,
H.M. Braun¹⁷⁶,*, S.F. Brazzale¹⁶⁵a,¹⁶⁵c, B. Brelier¹⁵⁹, K. Brendlinger¹²¹, A.J. Brennan⁸⁷, R. Brenner¹⁶⁷, S. Bressler¹⁷³,
K. Bristow¹⁴⁶c, T.M. Bristow⁴⁶, D. Britton⁵³, F.M. Brochu²⁸, I. Brock²¹, R. Brock⁸⁹, C. Bromberg⁸⁹, J. Bronner¹⁰⁰,
G. Brooijmans³⁵, T. Brooks⁷⁶, W.K. Brooks³²b, J. Brosamer¹⁵, E. Brost¹¹⁵, J. Brown⁵⁵, P.A. Bruckman de Renstrom³⁹,
D. Bruncko¹⁴⁵b, R. Bruneliere⁴⁸, S. Brunet⁶⁰, A. Bruni²⁰a, G. Bruni²⁰a, M. Bruschi²⁰a, L. Bryngemark⁸⁰, T. Buanes¹⁴,
Q. Buat¹⁴³, F. Bucci⁴⁹, P. Buchholz¹⁴², R.M. Buckingham¹¹⁹, A.G. Buckley⁵³, S.I. Buda²⁶a, I.A. Budagov⁶⁴, F. Buehrer⁴⁸,
L. Bugge¹¹⁸, M.K. Bugge¹¹⁸, O. Bulekov⁹⁷, A.C. Bundock⁷³, H. Burckhart³⁰, S. Burdin⁷³, B. Burghgrave¹⁰⁷, S. Burke¹³⁰,
I. Burmeister⁴³, E. Busato³⁴, D. Büscher⁴⁸, V. Büscher⁸², P. Bussey⁵³, C.P. Buszello¹⁶⁷, B. Butler⁵⁷, J.M. Butler²²,
A.I. Butt³, C.M. Buttar⁵³, J.M. Butterworth⁷⁷, P. Butti¹⁰⁶, W. Buttinger²⁸, A. Buzatu⁵³, M. Byszewski¹⁰,
S. Cabrera Urbán¹⁶⁸, D. Caforio²⁰a,²⁰b, O. Cakir⁴a, P. Calafiura¹⁵, A. Calandri¹³⁷, G. Calderini⁷⁹, P. Calfayan⁹⁹, R. Calkins¹⁰⁷, L.P. Caloba²⁴a, D. Calvet³⁴, S. Calvet³⁴, R. Camacho Toro⁴⁹, S. Camarda⁴², D. Cameron¹¹⁸, L.M. Caminada¹⁵, R. Caminal Armadans¹², S. Campana³⁰, M. Campanelli⁷⁷, A. Campoverde¹⁴⁹, V. Canale¹⁰³a,¹⁰³b, A. Canepa¹⁶⁰a, M. Cano Bret⁷⁵, J. Cantero⁸¹, R. Cantrill¹²⁵a, T. Cao⁴⁰, M.D.M. Capeans Garrido³⁰, I. Caprini²⁶a, M. Caprini²⁶a, M. Capua³⁷a,³⁷b, R. Caputo⁸², R. Cardarelli¹³⁴a, T. Carli³⁰, G. Carlino¹⁰³a, L. Carminati⁹⁰a,⁹⁰b, S. Caron¹⁰⁵, E. Carquin³²a, G.D. Carrillo-Montoya¹⁴⁶c, J.R. Carter²⁸, J. Carvalho¹²⁵a,¹²⁵c, D. Casadei⁷⁷, M.P. Casado¹², M. Casolino¹², E. Castaneda-Miranda¹⁴⁶b, A. Castelli¹⁰⁶, V. Castillo Gimenez¹⁶⁸, N.F. Castro¹²⁵a, P. Catastini⁵⁷, A. Catinaccio³⁰, J.R. Catmore¹¹⁸, A. Cattai³⁰, G. Cattani¹³⁴a,¹³⁴b, S. Caughron⁸⁹, V. Cavaliere¹⁶⁶, D. Cavalli⁹⁰a, M. Cavalli-Sforza¹², V. Cavasini¹²³a,¹²³b, F. Ceradini¹³⁵a,¹³⁵b, B.C. Cerio⁴⁵, K. Cerny¹²⁸, A.S. Cerqueira²⁴b, A. Cerri¹⁵⁰, L. Cerrito⁷⁵, F. Cerutti¹⁵, M. Cerv³⁰, A. Cervelli¹⁷, S.A. Cetin¹⁹b, A. Chafaq¹³⁶a, D. Chakraborty¹⁰⁷, I. Chalupkova¹²⁸, P. Chang¹⁶⁶, B. Chapleau⁸⁶, J.D. Chapman²⁸, D. Charfeddine¹¹⁶, D.G. Charlton¹⁸, C.C. Chau¹⁵⁹, C.A. Chavez Barajas¹⁵⁰, S. Cheatham⁸⁶, A. Chegwidden⁸⁹, S. Chekanov⁶, S.V. Chekulaev¹⁶⁰a, G.A. Chelkov⁶⁴:f, M.A. Chelstowska⁸⁸, C. Chen⁶³, H. Chen²⁵, K. Chen¹⁴⁹, L. Chen³³d,g, S. Chen³³c, X. Chen¹⁴⁶c, Y. Chen⁶⁶, Y. Chen³⁵, H.C. Cheng⁸⁸, Y. Cheng³¹, A. Cheplakov⁶⁴, R. Cherkaoui El Moursli¹³⁶e, V. Chernyatin²⁵,*, E. Cheu⁷, L. Chevalier¹³⁷, V. Chiarella⁴⁷, G. Chiefari¹⁰³a,¹⁰³b, J.T. Childers⁶, A. Chilingarov⁷¹, G. Chiodini⁷²a, A.S. Chisholm¹⁸, R.T. Chislett⁷⁷, A. Chitan²⁶a, M.V. Chizhov⁶⁴, S. Chouridou⁹, B.K.B. Chow⁹⁹, D. Chromek-Burckhart³⁰, M.L. Chu¹⁵², J. Chudoba¹²⁶, J.J. Chwastowski³⁹, L. Chytka¹¹⁴, G. Ciapetti¹³³a,¹³³b, A.K. Ciftci⁴a, R. Ciftci⁴a, D. Cinca⁵³, V. Cindro⁷⁴, A. Ciocio¹⁵, P. Cirkovic¹³b, Z.H. Citron¹⁷³, M. Citterio⁹⁰a, M. Ciubancan²⁶a, A. Clark⁴⁹, P.J. Clark⁴⁶, R.N. Clarke¹⁵, W. Cleland¹²⁴, J.C. Clemens⁸⁴, C. Clement¹⁴⁷a,¹⁴⁷b, Y. Coadou⁸⁴, M. Cobal¹⁶⁵a,¹⁶⁵c, A. Coccaro¹³⁹, J. Cochran⁶³, L. Coffey²³, J.G. Cogan¹⁴⁴, J. Coggeshall¹⁶⁶, B. Cole³⁵, S. Cole¹⁰⁷, A.P. Colijn¹⁰⁶, J. Collot⁵⁵, T. Colombo⁵⁸c, G. Colon⁸⁵, G. Compostella¹⁰⁰, P. Conde Muiño¹²⁵a,¹²⁵b, E. Coniavitis⁴⁸, M.C. Conidi¹², S.H. Connell¹⁴⁶b, I.A. Connelly⁷⁶, S.M. Consonni⁹⁰a,⁹⁰b, V. Consorti⁴⁸, S. Constantinescu²⁶a, C. Conta¹²⁰a,¹²⁰b, G. Conti⁵⁷, F. Conventi¹⁰³a,*, M. Cooke¹⁵, B.D. Cooper⁷⁷, A.M. Cooper-Sarkar¹¹⁹, N.J. Cooper-Smith⁷⁶, K. Copic¹⁵, T. Cornelissen¹⁷⁶, M. Corradi²⁰a, F. Corriveau⁸⁶,i, A. Corso-Radu¹⁶⁴, A. Cortes-Gonzalez¹², G. Cortiana¹⁰⁰, G. Costa⁹⁰a, M.J. Costa¹⁶⁸, D. Costanzo¹⁴⁰, D. Côté⁸, G. Cottin²⁸, G. Cowan⁷⁶, B.E. Cox⁸³, K. Cranmer¹⁰⁹, G. Cree²⁹, S. Crépé-Renaudin⁵⁵, F. Crescioli⁷⁹, W.A. Cribbs¹⁴⁷a,¹⁴⁷b, M. Crispin Ortuzar¹¹⁹, M. Cristinziani²¹, V. Croft¹⁰⁵, G. Crosetti³⁷a,³⁷b, C.-M. Cuciuc²⁶a, T. Cuhadar Donszelmann¹⁴⁰, J. Cummings¹⁷⁷, M. Curatolo⁴⁷, C. Cuthbert¹⁵¹, H. Czirr¹⁴², P. Czodrowski³, Z. Czyczula¹⁷⁷, S. D'Auria⁵³, M. D'Onofrio⁷³, M.J. Da Cunha Sargedas De Sousa¹²⁵a,¹²⁵b, C. Da Via⁸³, W. Dabrowski³⁸a, A. Dafinca¹¹⁹, T. Dai⁸⁸, O. Dale¹⁴, F. Dallaire⁹⁴, C. Dallapiccola⁸⁵, M. Dam³⁶, A.C. Daniells¹⁸, M. Dano Hoffmann¹³⁷, V. Dao⁴⁸, G. Darbo⁵⁰a, S. Darmora⁸, J.A. Dassoulas⁴², A. Dattagupta⁶⁰, W. Davey²¹, C. David¹⁷⁰, T. Davidek¹²⁸, E. Davies¹¹⁹,c, M. Davies¹⁵⁴, O. Davignon⁷⁹, A.R. Davison⁷⁷, P. Davison⁷⁷, Y. Davygora⁵⁸a, E. Dawe¹⁴³, I. Dawson¹⁴⁰, R.K. Daya-Ishmukhametova⁸⁵, K. De⁸, R. de Asmundis¹⁰³a, S. De Castro²⁰a,²⁰b, S. De Cecco⁷⁹, N. De Groot¹⁰⁵, P. de Jong¹⁰⁶, H. De la Torre⁸¹, F. De Lorenzi⁶³, L. De Nooij¹⁰⁶, D. De Pedis¹³³a, A. De Salvo¹³³a, U. De Sanctis¹⁶⁵a,¹⁶⁵b, A. De Santo¹⁵⁰, J.B. De Vivie De Regie¹¹⁶, W.J. Dearnaley⁷¹, R. Debbe²⁵, C. Debenedetti¹³⁸, B. Dechenaux⁵⁵, D.V. Dedovich⁶⁴, I. Deigaard¹⁰⁶, J. Del Peso⁸¹, T. Del Prete¹²³a,¹²³b, F. Deliot¹³⁷, C.M. Delitzsch⁴⁹, M. Deliyergiyev⁷⁴, A. Dell'Acqua³⁰, L. Dell'Asta²², M. Dell'Orso¹²³a,¹²³b, M. Della Pietra¹⁰³a,*, D. della Volpe⁴⁹, M. Delmastro⁵, P.A. Delsart⁵⁵, C. Deluca¹⁰⁶, S. Demers¹⁷⁷, M. Demichev⁶⁴, A. Demilly⁷⁹, S.P. Denisov¹²⁹, D. Derendarz³⁹, J.E. Derkaoui¹³⁶d, F. Derue⁷⁹, P. Dervan⁷³, K. Desch²¹, C. Deterre⁴², P.O. Deviveiros¹⁰⁶, A. Dewhurst¹³⁰, S. Dhaliwal¹⁰⁶, A. Di Ciaccio¹³⁴a,¹³⁴b, L. Di Ciaccio⁵, A. Di Domenico¹³³a,¹³³b, C. Di Donato¹⁰³a,¹⁰³b, A. Di Girolamo³⁰, B. Di Girolamo³⁰, A. Di Mattia¹⁵³, B. Di Micco¹³⁵a,¹³⁵b, R. Di Nardo⁴⁷, A. Di Simone⁴⁸, R. Di Sipio²⁰a,²⁰b, D. Di Valentino²⁹, F.A. Dias⁴⁶, M.A. Diaz³²a, E.B. Diehl⁸⁸, J. Dietrich⁴², T.A. Dietzsch⁵⁸a, S. Diglio⁸⁴, A. Dimitrievska¹³a, J. Dingfelder²¹, C. Dionisi¹³³a,¹³³b, P. Dita²⁶a, S. Dita²⁶a, F. Dittus³⁰, F. Djama⁸⁴, T. Djobava⁵¹b, M.A.B. do Vale²⁴c, A. Do Valle Wemans¹²⁵a,¹²⁵g, T.K.O. Doan⁵, D. Dobos³⁰, C. Doglioni⁴⁹, T. Doherty⁵³, T. Dohmae¹⁵⁶, J. Dolejsi¹²⁸, Z. Dolezal¹²⁸, B.A. Dolgoshein⁹⁷,*, M. Donadelli²⁴d, S. Donati¹²³a,¹²³b, P. Dondero¹²⁰a,¹²⁰b, J. Donini³⁴, J. Dopke¹³⁰, A. Doria¹⁰³a, M.T. Dova⁷⁰, A.T. Doyle⁵³, M. Dris¹⁰, J. Dubbert⁸⁸, S. Dube¹⁵, E. Dubreuil³⁴, E. Duchovni¹⁷³, G. Duckeck⁹⁹, O.A. Ducu²⁶a, D. Duda¹⁷⁶, A. Dudarev³⁰, F. Dudziak⁶³, L. Duflot¹¹⁶, L. Duguid⁷⁶, M. Dührssen³⁰, M. Dunford⁵⁸a, H. Duran Yildiz⁴a, M. Düren⁵², A. Durglishvili⁵¹b, M. Dwuznik³⁸a, M. Dyndal³⁸a, J. Ebke⁹⁹, W. Edson², N.C. Edwards⁴⁶, W. Ehrenfeld²¹, T. Eifert¹⁴⁴, G. Eigen¹⁴, K. Einsweiler¹⁵, T. Ekelof¹⁶⁷, M. El Kacimi¹³⁶c, M. Ellert¹⁶⁷, S. Elles⁵, F. Ellinghaus⁸², N. Ellis³⁰, J. Elmsheuser⁹⁹, M. Elsing³⁰, D. Emeliyanov¹³⁰, Y. Enari¹⁵⁶, O.C. Endner⁸², M. Endo¹¹⁷, R. Engelmann¹⁴⁹, J. Erdmann¹⁷⁷, A. Ereditato¹⁷, D. Eriksson¹⁴⁷a, G. Ernis¹⁷⁶, J. Ernst², M. Ernst²⁵, J. Ernwein¹³⁷, D. Errede¹⁶⁶, S. Errede¹⁶⁶, E. Ertel⁸², M. Escalier¹¹⁶, H. Esch⁴³, C. Escobar¹²⁴, B. Esposito⁴⁷, A.I. Etienvre¹³⁷, E. Etzion¹⁵⁴, H. Evans⁶⁰, A. Ezhilov¹²², L. Fabbri²⁰a,²⁰b, G. Facini³¹, R.M. Fakhrutdinov¹²⁹, S. Falciano¹³³a, R.J. Falla⁷⁷, J. Faltova¹²⁸, Y. Fang³³a, M. Fanti⁹⁰a,⁹⁰b, A. Farbin⁸, A. Farilla¹³⁵a, T. Farooque¹², S. Farrell¹⁵, S.M. Farrington¹⁷¹,
P. Farthouat³⁰, F. Fassi¹³⁶ᵉ, P. Fassnacht³⁰, D. Fassouliotis⁹, A. Favareto⁵⁰a,⁵⁰b, L. Fayard¹¹⁶, P. Federic¹⁴⁵a, O.L. Fedin¹²²,ⱼ, W. Fedorko¹⁶⁹, M. Fehling-Kaschek⁴⁸, S. Feigl³⁰, L. Feligioni⁸⁴, C. Feng³³d, E.J. Feng⁶, H. Feng⁸⁸, A.B. Fenyuk¹²⁹, S. Fernandez Perez³⁰, S. Ferrag⁵³, J. Ferrando⁵³, A. Ferrari¹⁶⁷, P. Ferrari¹⁰⁶, R. Ferrari¹²⁰a, D.E. Ferreira de Lima⁵³, A. Ferrer¹⁶⁸, D. Ferrere⁴⁹, C. Ferretti⁸⁸, A. Ferretto Parodi⁵⁰a,⁵⁰b, M. Fiascaris³¹, F. Fiedler⁸², A. Filipčič⁷⁴, M. Filipuzzi⁴², F. Filthaut¹⁰⁵, M. Fincke-Keeler¹⁷⁰, K.D. Finelli¹⁵¹, M.C.N. Fiolhais¹²⁵a,¹²⁵c, L. Fiorini¹⁶⁸, A. Firan⁴⁰, A. Fischer², J. Fischer¹⁷⁶, W.C. Fisher⁸⁹, E.A. Fitzgerald²³, M. Flechl⁴⁸, I. Fleck¹⁴², P. Fleischmann⁸⁸, S. Fleischmann¹⁷⁶, G.T. Fletcher¹⁴⁰, G. Fletcher⁷⁵, T. Flick¹⁷⁶, A. Floderus⁸⁰, L.R. Flores Castillo¹⁷⁴,ₖ, A.C. Florez Bustos¹⁶⁰b, M.J. Flowerdew¹⁰⁰, A. Formica¹³⁷, A. Forti⁸³, D. Fortin¹⁶⁰a, D. Fournier¹¹⁶, H. Fox⁷¹, S. Fracchia¹², P. Francavilla⁷⁹, M. Franchini²⁰a,²⁰b, S. Franchino³⁰, D. Francis³⁰, M. Franklin⁵⁷, S. Franz⁶¹, M. Fraternali¹²⁰a,¹²⁰b, S.T. French²⁸, C. Friedrich⁴², F. Friedrich⁴⁴, D. Froidevaux³⁰, J.A. Frost²⁸, C. Fukunaga¹⁵⁷, E. Fullana Torregrosa⁸², B.G. Fulsom¹⁴⁴, J. Fuster¹⁶⁸, C. Gabaldon⁵⁵, O. Gabizon¹⁷³, A. Gabrielli²⁰a,²⁰b, A. Gabrielli¹³³a,¹³³b, S. Gadatsch¹⁰⁶, S. Gadomski⁴⁹, G. Gagliardi⁵⁰a,⁵⁰b, P. Gagnon⁶⁰, C. Galea¹⁰⁵, B. Galhardo¹²⁵a,¹²⁵c, E.J. Gallas¹¹⁹, V. Gallo¹⁷, B.J. Gallop¹³⁰, P. Gallus¹²⁷, G. Galster³⁶, K.K. Gan¹¹⁰, R.P. Gandrajula⁶², J. Gao³³b, g, Y.S. Gao¹⁴⁴, e, F.M. Garay Walls⁴⁶, F. Garberson¹⁷⁷, C. García¹⁶⁸, J.E. García Navarro¹⁶⁸, M. Garcia-Sciveres¹⁵, R.W. Gardner³¹, N. Garelli¹⁴⁴, V. Garonne³⁰, C. Gatti⁴⁷, G. Gaudio¹²⁰a, B. Gaur¹⁴², L. Gauthier⁹⁴, P. Gauzzi¹³³a,¹³³b, I.L. Gavrilenko⁹⁵, C. Gay¹⁶⁹, G. Gaycken²¹, E.N. Gazis¹⁰, P. Ge³³d, Z. Gecse¹⁶⁹, C.N.P. Gee¹³⁰, D.A.A. Geerts¹⁰⁶, Ch. Geich-Gimbel²¹, K. Gellerstedt¹⁴⁷a,¹⁴⁷b, C. Gemme⁵⁰a, A. Gemmell⁵³, M.H. Genest⁵⁵, S. Gentile¹³³a,¹³³b, M. George⁵⁴, S. George⁷⁶, D. Gerbaudo¹⁶⁴, A. Gershon¹⁵⁴, H. Ghazlane¹³⁶b, N. Ghodbane³⁴, B. Giacobbe²⁰a, S. Giagu¹³³a,¹³³b, V. Giangiobbe¹², P. Giannetti¹²³a,¹²³b, F. Gianotti³⁰, B. Gibbard²⁵, S.M. Gibson⁷⁶, M. Gilchriese¹⁵, T.P.S. Gillam²⁸, D. Gillberg³⁰, G. Gilles³⁴, D.M. Gingrich³, d, N. Giokaris⁹, M.P. Giordani¹⁶⁵a,¹⁶⁵c, R. Giordano¹⁰³a,¹⁰³b, F.M. Giorgi²⁰a, F.M. Giorgi¹⁶, P.F. Giraud¹³⁷, D. Giugni⁹⁰a, C. Giuliani⁴⁸, M. Giulini⁵⁸b, B.K. Gjelsten¹¹⁸, S. Gkaitatzis¹⁵⁵, I. Gkialas¹⁵⁵, l, L.K. Gladilin⁹⁸, C. Glasman⁸¹, J. Glatzer³⁰, P.C.F. Glaysher⁴⁶, A. Glazov⁴², G.L. Glonti⁶⁴, M. Goblirsch-Kolb¹⁰⁰, J.R. Goddard⁷⁵, J. Godfrey¹⁴³, J. Godlewski³⁰, C. Goeringer⁸², S. Goldfarb⁸⁸, T. Golling¹⁷⁷, D. Golubkov¹²⁹, A. Gomes¹²⁵a,¹²⁵b,¹²⁵d, L.S. Gomez Fajardo⁴², R. Gonçalo¹²⁵a, J. Goncalves Pinto Firmino Da Costa¹³⁷, L. Gonella²¹, S. González de la Hoz¹⁶⁸, G. Gonzalez Parra¹², S. Gonzalez-Sevilla⁴⁹, L. Goossens³⁰, P.A. Gorbounov⁹⁶, H.A. Gordon²⁵, I. Gorelov¹⁰⁴, B. Gorini³⁰, E. Gorini⁷²a,⁷²b, A. Gorišek⁷⁴, E. Gornicki³⁹, A.T. Goshaw⁶, C. Gössling⁴³, M.I. Gostkin⁶⁴, M. Gouighri¹³⁶a, D. Goujdami¹³⁶c, M.P. Goulette⁴⁹, A.G. Goussiou¹³⁹, C. Goy⁵, S. Gozpinar²³, H.M.X. Grabas¹³⁷, L. Graber⁵⁴, I. Grabowska-Bold³⁸a, P. Grafström²⁰a,²⁰b, K-J. Grahn⁴², J. Gramling⁴⁹, E. Gramstad¹¹⁸, S. Grancagnolo¹⁶, V. Grassi¹⁴⁹, V. Gratchev¹²², H.M. Gray³⁰, E. Graziani¹³⁵a, O.G. Grebenyuk¹²², Z.D. Greenwood⁷⁸, m, K. Gregersen⁷⁷, I.M. Gregor⁴², P. Grenier¹⁴⁴, J. Griffiths⁸, A.A. Grillo¹³⁸, K. Grimm⁷¹, S. Grinstein¹², n, Ph. Gris³⁴, Y.V. Grishkevich⁹⁸, J.-F. Grivaz¹¹⁶, J.P. Grohs⁴⁴, A. Grohsjean⁴², E. Gross¹⁷³, J. Grosse-Knetter⁵⁴, G.C. Grossi¹³⁴a,¹³⁴b, J. Groth-Jensen¹⁷³, Z.J. Grout¹⁵⁰, L. Guan³³b, F. Guescini⁴⁹, D. Guest¹⁷⁷, O. Gueta¹⁵⁴, C. Guicheney³⁴, E. Guido⁵⁰a,⁵⁰b, T. Guillemin¹¹⁶, S. Guindon², U. Gul⁵³, C. Gumpert⁴⁴, J. Gunther¹²⁷, J. Guo³⁵, S. Gupta¹¹⁹, P. Gutierrez¹¹², N.G. Gutierrez Ortiz⁵³, C. Gutschow⁷⁷, N. Guttman¹⁵⁴, C. Guyot¹³⁷, C. Gwenlan¹¹⁹, C.B. Gwilliam⁷³, A. Haas¹⁰⁹, C. Haber¹⁵, H.K. Hadavand⁸, N. Haddad¹³⁶e, P. Haefner²¹, S. Hageböck²¹, Z. Hajduk³⁹, H. Hakobyan¹⁷⁸, M. Haleem⁴², D. Hall¹¹⁹, G. Halladjian⁸⁹, K. Hamacher¹⁷⁶, P. Hamal¹¹⁴, K. Hamano¹⁷⁰, M. Hamer⁵⁴, A. Hamilton¹⁴⁶a, S. Hamilton¹⁶², G.N. Hamity¹⁴⁶c, P.G. Hamnett⁴², L. Han³³b, K. Hanagaki¹¹⁷, K. Hanawa¹⁵⁶, M. Hance¹⁵, P. Hanke⁵⁸a, R. Hanna¹³⁷, J.B. Hansen³⁶, J.D. Hansen³⁶, P.H. Hansen³⁶, K. Hara¹⁶¹, A.S. Hard¹⁷⁴, T. Harenberg¹⁷⁶, F. Hariri¹¹⁶, S. Harkusha⁹¹, D. Harper⁸⁸, R.D. Harrington⁴⁶, O.M. Harris¹³⁹, P.F. Harrison¹⁷¹, F. Hartjes¹⁰⁶, M. Hasegawa⁶⁶, S. Hasegawa¹⁰², Y. Hasegawa¹⁴¹, A. Hasib¹¹², S. Hassani¹³⁷, S. Haug¹⁷, M. Hauschild³⁰, R. Hauser⁸⁹, M. Havranek¹²⁶, C.M. Hawkes¹⁸, R.J. Hawkings³⁰, A.D. Hawkins⁸⁰, T. Hayashi¹⁶¹, D. Hayden⁸⁹, C.P. Hays¹¹⁹, H.S. Hayward⁷³, S.J. Haywood¹³⁰, S.J. Head¹⁸, T. Heck⁸², V. Hedberg⁸⁰, L. Heelan⁸, S. Heim¹²¹, T. Heim¹⁷⁶, B. Heinemann¹⁵, L. Heinrich¹⁰⁹, J. Hejbal¹²⁶, L. Helary²², C. Heller⁹⁹, M. Heller³⁰, S. Hellman¹⁴⁷a,¹⁴⁷b, D. Hellmich²¹, C. Helsens³⁰, J. Henderson¹¹⁹, R.C.W. Henderson⁷¹, Y. Heng¹⁷⁴, C. Hengler⁴², A. Henrichs¹⁷⁷, A.M. Henriques Correia³⁰, S. Henrot-Versille¹¹⁶, C. Hensel⁵⁴, G.H. Herbert¹⁶, Y. Hernández Jiménez¹⁶⁸, R. Herrberg-Schubert¹⁶, G. Herten⁴⁸, R. Hertenberger⁹⁹, L. Hervas³⁰, G.G. Hesketh⁷⁷, N.P. Hessey¹⁰⁶, R. Hickling⁷⁵, E. Higón-Rodriguez¹⁶⁸, E. Hill¹⁷⁰, J.C. Hill²⁸, K.H. Hiller⁴², S. Hillert²¹, S.J. Hillier¹⁸, I. Hinchliffe¹⁵, E. Hines¹²¹, M. Hirose¹⁵⁸, D. Hirschbuehl¹⁷⁶, J. Hobbs¹⁴⁹, N. Hod¹⁰⁶, M.C. Hodgkinson¹⁴⁰, P. Hodgson¹⁴⁰, A. Hoecker³⁰, M.R. Hoeferkamp¹⁰⁴, J. Hoffman⁴⁰, D. Hoffmann⁸⁴, J.I. Hofmann⁵⁸a, M. Hohlfeld⁸², T.R. Holmes¹⁵, T.M. Hong¹²¹, L. Hooft van Huysduynen¹⁰⁹, J.-Y. Hostachy⁵⁵, S. Hou¹⁵², A. Hoummada¹³⁶a, J. Howard¹¹⁹, J. Howarth⁴², M. Hrabovsky¹¹⁴, I. Hristova¹⁶, J. Hrivnac¹¹⁶, T. Hryn'ova⁵, C. Hsu¹⁴⁶c, P.J. Hsu⁸², S.-C. Hsu¹³⁹, D. Hu³⁵, X. Hu²⁵, Y. Huang⁴², Z. Hubacek³⁰, F. Hubaut⁸⁴, F. Huegging²¹, T.B. Huffman¹¹⁹, E.W. Hughes³⁵, G. Hughes⁷¹, M. Huhtinen³⁰, T.A. Hülsing⁸², M. Hurwitz¹⁵, N. Huseynov⁶⁴, b, J. Huston⁸⁹, J. Huth⁵⁷, G. Iacobucci⁴⁹, G. Iakovidis¹⁰, I. Ibragimov¹⁴², L. Iconomidou-Fayard¹¹⁶, E. Ideal¹⁷⁷, P. Iengo¹⁰³a, O. Igonkina¹⁰⁶, T. Iizawa¹⁷², Y. Ikegami⁶⁵, K. Ikematsu¹⁴², M. Ikeno⁶⁵,
Y. Ilchenko<sup>31,°</sup>, D. Iliadis<sup>155</sup>, N. Ilic<sup>159</sup>, Y. Inamaru<sup>66</sup>, T. Ince<sup>100</sup>, P. Ioannou<sup>9</sup>, M. Iodice<sup>135a</sup>, K. Iordanidou<sup>9</sup>, V. Ippolito<sup>57</sup>, A. Irles Quiles<sup>168</sup>, C. Isaksson<sup>167</sup>, M. Ishino<sup>67</sup>, M. Ishitsuka<sup>158</sup>, R. Ishmukhametov<sup>110</sup>, C. Issever<sup>119</sup>, S. Istin<sup>19a</sup>, J.M. Iturbe Ponce<sup>83</sup>, R. Iuppa<sup>134a,134b</sup>, J. Ivarsson<sup>80</sup>, W. Iwanski<sup>39</sup>, H. Iwasaki<sup>65</sup>, J.M. Izen<sup>41</sup>, V. Izzo<sup>103a</sup>, B. Jackson<sup>121</sup>, M. Jackson<sup>73</sup>, P. Jackson<sup>1</sup>, M.R. Jaekel<sup>30</sup>, V. Jain<sup>2</sup>, K. Jakobs<sup>48</sup>, S. Jakobsen<sup>30</sup>, T. Jakoubek<sup>126</sup>, J. Jakubek<sup>127</sup>, D.O. Jamin<sup>152</sup>, D.K. Jana<sup>78</sup>, E. Jansen<sup>77</sup>, H. Jansen<sup>30</sup>, J. Janssen<sup>21</sup>, M. Janus<sup>171</sup>, G. Jarlskog<sup>80</sup>, N. Javadov<sup>64,b</sup>, T. Javůrek<sup>48</sup>, L. Jeanty<sup>15</sup>, J. Jejelava<sup>51a,°p</sup>, G.-Y. Jeng<sup>151</sup>, D. Jennens<sup>87</sup>, P. Jenni<sup>48,q</sup>, J. Jentzsch<sup>43</sup>, C. Jeske<sup>171</sup>, S. Jézéquel<sup>5</sup>, H. Ji<sup>174</sup>, J. Jia<sup>149</sup>, Y. Jiang<sup>33b</sup>, M. Jimenez Belenguer<sup>42</sup>, S. Jin<sup>33a</sup>, A. Jinaru<sup>26a</sup>, O. Jinnouchi<sup>158</sup>, M.D. Joergensen<sup>36</sup>, K.E. Johansson<sup>147a,147b</sup>, P. Johansson<sup>140</sup>, K.A. Johns<sup>7</sup>, K. Jon-And<sup>147a,147b</sup>, G. Jones<sup>171</sup>, R.W.L. Jones<sup>71</sup>, T.J. Jones<sup>73</sup>, J. Jongmanns<sup>58a</sup>, P.M. Jorge<sup>125a,125b</sup>, K.D. Joshi<sup>83</sup>, J. Jovicevic<sup>148</sup>, X. Ju<sup>174</sup>, C.A. Jung<sup>43</sup>, R.M. Jungst<sup>30</sup>, P. Jussel<sup>61</sup>, A. Juste Rozas<sup>12,n</sup>, M. Kaci<sup>168</sup>, A. Kaczmarska<sup>39</sup>, M. Kado<sup>116</sup>, H. Kagan<sup>110</sup>, M. Kagan<sup>144</sup>, E. Kajomovitz<sup>45</sup>, C.W. Kalderon<sup>119</sup>, S. Kama<sup>40</sup>, A. Kamenshchikov<sup>129</sup>, N. Kanaya<sup>156</sup>, M. Kaneda<sup>30</sup>, S. Kaneti<sup>28</sup>, V.A. Kantserov<sup>97</sup>, J. Kanzaki<sup>65</sup>, B. Kaplan<sup>109</sup>, A. Kapliy<sup>31</sup>, D. Kar<sup>53</sup>, K. Karakostas<sup>10</sup>, N. Karastathis<sup>10</sup>, M. Karnevskiy<sup>82</sup>, S.N. Karpov<sup>64</sup>, Z.M. Karpova<sup>64</sup>, K. Karthik<sup>109</sup>, V. Kartvelishvili<sup>71</sup>, A.N. Karyukhin<sup>129</sup>, L. Kashif<sup>174</sup>, G. Kasieczka<sup>58b</sup>, R.D. Kass<sup>110</sup>, A. Kastanas<sup>14</sup>, Y. Kataoka<sup>156</sup>, A. Katre<sup>49</sup>, J. Katzy<sup>42</sup>, V. Kaushik<sup>7</sup>, K. Kawagoe<sup>69</sup>, T. Kawamoto<sup>156</sup>, G. Kawamura<sup>54</sup>, S. Kazama<sup>156</sup>, V.F. Kazanin<sup>108</sup>, M.Y. Kazarinov<sup>64</sup>, R. Keeler<sup>170</sup>, R. Kehoe<sup>40</sup>, M. Keil<sup>54</sup>, J.S. Keller<sup>42</sup>, J.J. Kempster<sup>76</sup>, H. Keoshkerian<sup>5</sup>, O. Kepka<sup>126</sup>, B.P. Kerševan<sup>74</sup>, S. Kersten<sup>176</sup>, K. Kessoku<sup>156</sup>, J. Keung<sup>159</sup>, F. Khalil-zada<sup>11</sup>, H. Khandanyan<sup>147a,147b</sup>, A. Khanov<sup>113</sup>, A. Khodinov<sup>97</sup>, A. Khomich<sup>58a</sup>, T.J. Khoo<sup>28</sup>, G. Khoriauli<sup>21</sup>, A. Khoroshilov<sup>176</sup>, V. Khovanskiy<sup>96</sup>, E. Khramov<sup>64</sup>, J. Khubua<sup>51b</sup>, H.Y. Kim<sup>8</sup>, H. Kim<sup>147a,147b</sup>, S.H. Kim<sup>161</sup>, N. Kimura<sup>172</sup>, O. Kind<sup>16</sup>, B.T. King<sup>73</sup>, M. King<sup>168</sup>, R.S.B. King<sup>119</sup>, S.B. King<sup>169</sup>, J. Kirk<sup>130</sup>, A.E. Kiryunin<sup>100</sup>, T. Kishimoto<sup>66</sup>, D. Kisielewska<sup>38a</sup>, F. Kiss<sup>48</sup>, T. Kittelmann<sup>124</sup>, K. Kiuchi<sup>161</sup>, E. Kladiva<sup>145b</sup>, M. Klein<sup>73</sup>, U. Klein<sup>73</sup>, K. Kleinknecht<sup>82</sup>, P. Klimek<sup>147a,147b</sup>, A. Klimentov<sup>25</sup>, R. Klingenberg<sup>43</sup>, J.A. Klinger<sup>83</sup>, T. Klioutchnikova<sup>30</sup>, P.F. Klok<sup>105</sup>, E.-E. Kluge<sup>58a</sup>, P. Kluit<sup>106</sup>, S. Kluth<sup>100</sup>, E. Kneringer<sup>61</sup>, E.B.F.G. Knoops<sup>84</sup>, A. Knue<sup>53</sup>, D. Kobayashi<sup>158</sup>, T. Kobayashi<sup>156</sup>, M. Kobel<sup>44</sup>, M. Kocian<sup>144</sup>, P. Kodys<sup>128</sup>, P. Koevesarki<sup>21</sup>, T. Koffas<sup>29</sup>, E. Koffeman<sup>106</sup>, L.A. Kogan<sup>119</sup>, S. Kohlmann<sup>176</sup>, Z. Kohout<sup>127</sup>, T. Kohriki<sup>65</sup>, T. Koi<sup>144</sup>, H. Kolanoski<sup>16</sup>, I. Koletsou<sup>5</sup>, J. Koll<sup>89</sup>, A.A. Komar<sup>95,*</sup>, Y. Komori<sup>156</sup>, T. Kondo<sup>65</sup>, N. Kondrashova<sup>42</sup>, K. Köneke<sup>48</sup>, A.C. König<sup>105</sup>, S. König<sup>82</sup>, T. Kono<sup>65,r</sup>, R. Konoplich<sup>109,s</sup>, N. Konstantinidis<sup>77</sup>, R. Kopeliansky<sup>153</sup>, S. Koperny<sup>38a</sup>, L. Köpke<sup>82</sup>, A.K. Kopp<sup>48</sup>, K. Korcyl<sup>39</sup>, K. Kordas<sup>155</sup>, A. Korn<sup>77</sup>, A.A. Korol<sup>108,t</sup>, I. Korolkov<sup>12</sup>, E.V. Korolkova<sup>140</sup>, V.A. Korotkov<sup>129</sup>, O. Kortner<sup>100</sup>, S. Kortner<sup>100</sup>, V.V. Kostyukhin<sup>21</sup>, V.M. Kotov<sup>64</sup>, A. Kotwal<sup>45</sup>, C. Kourkoumelis<sup>9</sup>, V. Kouskoura<sup>155</sup>, A. Koutsman<sup>160a</sup>, R. Kowalewski<sup>170</sup>, T.Z. Kowalski<sup>38a</sup>, W. Kozanecki<sup>137</sup>, A.S. Kozhin<sup>129</sup>, V. Kral<sup>127</sup>, V.A. Kramarenko<sup>98</sup>, G. Kramberger<sup>74</sup>, D. Krasnopevtsev<sup>97</sup>, M.W. Krasny<sup>79</sup>, A. Krasznahorkay<sup>30</sup>, J.K. Kraus<sup>21</sup>, A. Kravchenko<sup>25</sup>, S. Kreiss<sup>109</sup>, M. Kretz<sup>58c</sup>, J. Kretzschmar<sup>73</sup>, K. Kreutzfeldt<sup>52</sup>, P. Krieger<sup>159</sup>, K. Kroeninger<sup>54</sup>, H. Kroha<sup>100</sup>, J. Kroll<sup>121</sup>, J. Kroseberg<sup>21</sup>, J. Krstic<sup>13a</sup>, U. Kruchonak<sup>64</sup>, H. Krüger<sup>21</sup>, T. Kruker<sup>17</sup>, N. Krumnack<sup>63</sup>, Z.V. Krumshteyn<sup>64</sup>, A. Kruse<sup>174</sup>, M.C. Kruse<sup>45</sup>, M. Kruskal<sup>22</sup>, T. Kubota<sup>87</sup>, S. Kuday<sup>4a</sup>, S. Kuehn<sup>48</sup>, A. Kugel<sup>58c</sup>, A. Kuhl<sup>138</sup>, T. Kuhl<sup>42</sup>, V. Kukhtin<sup>64</sup>, Y. Kulchitsky<sup>91</sup>, S. Kuleshov<sup>32b</sup>, M. Kuna<sup>133a,133b</sup>, J. Kunkle<sup>121</sup>, A. Kupco<sup>126</sup>, H. Kurashige<sup>66</sup>, Y.A. Kurochkin<sup>91</sup>, R. Kurumida<sup>66</sup>, V. Kus<sup>126</sup>, E.S. Kuwertz<sup>148</sup>, M. Kuze<sup>158</sup>, J. Kvita<sup>114</sup>, A. La Rosa<sup>49</sup>, L. La Rotonda<sup>37a,37b</sup>, C. Lacasta<sup>168</sup>, F. Lacava<sup>133a,133b</sup>, J. Lacey<sup>29</sup>, H. Lacker<sup>16</sup>, D. Lacour<sup>79</sup>, V.R. Lacuesta<sup>168</sup>, E. Ladygin<sup>64</sup>, R. Lafaye<sup>5</sup>, B. Laforge<sup>79</sup>, T. Lagouri<sup>177</sup>, S. Lai<sup>48</sup>, H. Laier<sup>58a</sup>, L. Lambourne<sup>77</sup>, S. Lammers<sup>60</sup>, C.L. Lampen<sup>7</sup>, W. Lampl<sup>7</sup>, E. Lançon<sup>137</sup>, U. Landgraf<sup>48</sup>, M.P.J. Landon<sup>75</sup>, V.S. Lang<sup>58a</sup>, A.J. Lankford<sup>164</sup>, F. Lanni<sup>25</sup>, K. Lantzsch<sup>30</sup>, S. Laplace<sup>79</sup>, C. Lapoire<sup>21</sup>, J.F. Laporte<sup>137</sup>, T. Lari<sup>90a</sup>, M. Lassnig<sup>30</sup>, P. Laurelli<sup>47</sup>, W. Lavrijsen<sup>15</sup>, A.T. Law<sup>138</sup>, P. Laycock<sup>73</sup>, O. Le Dortz<sup>79</sup>, E. Le Guirrie<sup>84</sup>, E. Le Menedeu<sup>12</sup>, T. LeCompte<sup>6</sup>, F. Ledroit-Guillon<sup>55</sup>, C.A. Lee<sup>152</sup>, H. Lee<sup>106</sup>, J.S.H. Lee<sup>117</sup>, S.C. Lee<sup>152</sup>, L. Lee<sup>177</sup>, G. Lefebvre<sup>79</sup>, M. Lefebvre<sup>170</sup>, F. Legger<sup>99</sup>, C. Leggett<sup>15</sup>, A. Lehan<sup>73</sup>, M. Lehmacher<sup>21</sup>, G. Lehmann Miotto<sup>30</sup>, X. Lei<sup>7</sup>, W.A. Leight<sup>29</sup>, A. Leisos<sup>155</sup>, A.G. Leister<sup>177</sup>, M.A.L. Leite<sup>24d</sup>, R. Leitner<sup>128</sup>, D. Lellouch<sup>173</sup>, B. Lemmer<sup>54</sup>, K.J.C. Leney<sup>77</sup>, T. Lenz<sup>106</sup>, G. Lenzen<sup>176</sup>, B. Lenzi<sup>30</sup>, R. Leone<sup>7</sup>, S. Leone<sup>123a,123b</sup>, K. Leonhardt<sup>44</sup>, C. Leonidopoulos<sup>46</sup>, S. Leontsinis<sup>10</sup>, C. Leroy<sup>94</sup>, C.G. Lester<sup>28</sup>, C.M. Lester<sup>121</sup>, M. Levchenko<sup>122</sup>, J. Levêque<sup>5</sup>, D. Levin<sup>88</sup>, L.J. Levinson<sup>173</sup>, M. Levy<sup>18</sup>, A. Lewis<sup>119</sup>, G.H. Lewis<sup>109</sup>, A.M. Leyko<sup>21</sup>, M. Leyton<sup>41</sup>, B. Li<sup>33b,u</sup>, B. Li<sup>84</sup>, H. Li<sup>149</sup>, H.L. Li<sup>31</sup>, L. Li<sup>45</sup>, L. Li<sup>33e</sup>, S. Li<sup>45</sup>, Y. Li<sup>33c,v</sup>, Z. Liang<sup>138</sup>, H. Liao<sup>34</sup>, B. Liberti<sup>134a</sup>, P. Lichard<sup>30</sup>, K. Lie<sup>166</sup>, J. Liebal<sup>21</sup>, W. Liebig<sup>14</sup>, C. Limbach<sup>21</sup>, A. Limosani<sup>87</sup>, S.C. Lin<sup>152,w</sup>, T.H. Lin<sup>82</sup>, F. Linde<sup>106</sup>, B.E. Lindquist<sup>149</sup>, J.T. Linnemann<sup>89</sup>, E. Lipeles<sup>121</sup>, A. Lipniacka<sup>14</sup>, M. Lisovyi<sup>42</sup>, T.M. Liss<sup>166</sup>, D. Lissauer<sup>25</sup>, A. Lister<sup>169</sup>, A.M. Litke<sup>138</sup>, B. Liu<sup>152</sup>, D. Liu<sup>152</sup>, J.B. Liu<sup>33b</sup>, K. Liu<sup>33b,x</sup>, L. Liu<sup>88</sup>, M. Liu<sup>45</sup>, M. Liu<sup>33b</sup>, Y. Liu<sup>33b</sup>, M. Livan<sup>120a,120b</sup>, S.S.A. Livermore<sup>119</sup>, A. Lleres<sup>55</sup>, J. Llorente Merino<sup>81</sup>, S.L. Lloyd<sup>75</sup>, F. Lo Sterzo<sup>152</sup>, E. Lobodzinska<sup>42</sup>, P. Loch<sup>7</sup>, W.S. Lockman<sup>138</sup>, T. Loddenkoetter<sup>21</sup>, F.K. Loebinger<sup>83</sup>, A.E. Loevschall-Jensen<sup>36</sup>, A. Loginov<sup>177</sup>, T. Lohse<sup>16</sup>, K. Lohwasser<sup>42</sup>, M. Lokajicek<sup>126</sup>, V.P. Lombardo<sup>5</sup>, B.A. Long<sup>22</sup>, J.D. Long<sup>88</sup>, R.E. Long<sup>71</sup>, L. Lopes<sup>125a</sup>, D. Lopez Mateos<sup>57</sup>, B. Lopez Paredes<sup>140</sup>, I. Lopez Paz<sup>12</sup>, J. Lorenz<sup>99</sup>, N. Lorenzo Martinez<sup>60</sup>, M. Losada<sup>163</sup>, P. Loscutoff<sup>15</sup>, X. Lou<sup>41</sup>, A. Lounis<sup>116</sup>, J. Love<sup>6</sup>, P.A. Love<sup>71</sup>, A.J. Lowe<sup>144,e</sup>, F. Lu<sup>33a</sup>, N. Lu<sup>88</sup>, H.J. Lubatti<sup>139</sup>,
C. Luci<sup>133a,133b</sup>, A. Lucotte<sup>55</sup>, F. Luehring<sup>60</sup>, W. Lukas<sup>61</sup>, L. Luminari<sup>133a</sup>, O. Lundberg<sup>147a,147b</sup>, B. Lund-Jensen<sup>148</sup>, M. Lungwitz<sup>82</sup>, D. Lynn<sup>25</sup>, R. Lysak<sup>126</sup>, E. Lytken<sup>80</sup>, H. Ma<sup>25</sup>, L.L. Ma<sup>33d</sup>, G. Maccarrone<sup>47</sup>, A. Macchiolo<sup>100</sup>, J. Machado Miguens<sup>125a,125b</sup>, D. Macina<sup>30</sup>, D. Madaffari<sup>84</sup>, R. Madar<sup>48</sup>, H.J. Maddocks<sup>71</sup>, W.F. Mader<sup>44</sup>, A. Madsen<sup>167</sup>, M. Maeno<sup>8</sup>, T. Maeno<sup>25</sup>, E. Magradze<sup>54</sup>, K. Mahboubi<sup>48</sup>, J. Mahlstedt<sup>106</sup>, S. Mahmoud<sup>73</sup>, C. Maiani<sup>137</sup>, C. Maidantchik<sup>24a</sup>, A.A. Maier<sup>100</sup>, A. Maio<sup>125a,125b,125d</sup>, S. Majewski<sup>115</sup>, Y. Makida<sup>65</sup>, N. Makovec<sup>116</sup>, P. Mal<sup>137,y</sup>, B. Malaescu<sup>79</sup>, Pa. Malecki<sup>39</sup>, V.P. Maleev<sup>122</sup>, F. Malek<sup>55</sup>, U. Mallik<sup>62</sup>, D. Malon<sup>6</sup>, C. Malone<sup>144</sup>, S. Maltezos<sup>10</sup>, V.M. Malyshev<sup>108</sup>, S. Malyukov<sup>30</sup>, J. Mamuzic<sup>13b</sup>, B. Mandelli<sup>30</sup>, L. Mandelli<sup>90a</sup>, I. Mandić<sup>74</sup>, R. Mandrysch<sup>62</sup>, J. Maneira<sup>125a,125b</sup>, A. Manfredini<sup>100</sup>, L. Manhaes de Andrade Filho<sup>24b</sup>, J.A. Manjarres Ramos<sup>160b</sup>, A. Mann<sup>99</sup>, P.M. Manning<sup>138</sup>, A. Manousakis-Katsikakis<sup>9</sup>, B. Mansoulie<sup>137</sup>, R. Mantifel<sup>86</sup>, L. Mapelli<sup>30</sup>, L. March<sup>146c</sup>, J.F. Marchand<sup>29</sup>, G. Marchiori<sup>79</sup>, M. Marcisovsky<sup>126</sup>, C.P. Marino<sup>170</sup>, M. Marjanovic<sup>13a</sup>, C.N. Marques<sup>125a</sup>, F. Marroquim<sup>24a</sup>, S.P. Marsden<sup>83</sup>, Z. Marshall<sup>15</sup>, L.F. Marti<sup>17</sup>, S. Marti-Garcia<sup>168</sup>, B. Martin<sup>30</sup>, B. Martin<sup>89</sup>, T.A. Martin<sup>171</sup>, V.J. Martin<sup>46</sup>, B. Martin dit Latour<sup>14</sup>, H. Martinez<sup>137</sup>, M. Martinez<sup>12,n</sup>, S. Martin-Haugh<sup>130</sup>, A.C. Martyniuk<sup>77</sup>, M. Marx<sup>139</sup>, F. Marzano<sup>133a</sup>, A. Marzin<sup>30</sup>, L. Masetti<sup>82</sup>, T. Mashimo<sup>156</sup>, R. Mashinistov<sup>95</sup>, J. Masik<sup>83</sup>, A.L. Maslennikov<sup>108</sup>, I. Massa<sup>20a,20b</sup>, L. Massa<sup>20a,20b</sup>, N. Massol<sup>5</sup>, P. Mastrandrea<sup>149</sup>, A. Mastroberardino<sup>37a,37b</sup>, T. Masubuchi<sup>156</sup>, P. Mättig<sup>176</sup>, J. Mattmann<sup>82</sup>, J. Maurer<sup>26a</sup>, S.J. Maxfield<sup>73</sup>, D.A. Maximov<sup>108,t</sup>, R. Mazini<sup>152</sup>, L. Mazzaferro<sup>134a,134b</sup>, G. Mc Goldrick<sup>159</sup>, S.P. Mc Kee<sup>88</sup>, A. McCarn<sup>88</sup>, R.L. McCarthy<sup>149</sup>, T.G. McCarthy<sup>29</sup>, N.A. McCubbin<sup>130</sup>, K.W. McFarlane<sup>56,*</sup>, J.A. Mcfayden<sup>77</sup>, G. Mchedlidze<sup>54</sup>, S.J. McMahon<sup>130</sup>, R.A. McPherson<sup>170,i</sup>, A. Meade<sup>85</sup>, J. Mechnich<sup>106</sup>, M. Medinnis<sup>42</sup>, S. Meehan<sup>31</sup>, S. Mehlhase<sup>99</sup>, A. Mehta<sup>73</sup>, K. Meier<sup>58a</sup>, C. Meineck<sup>99</sup>, B. Meirose<sup>80</sup>, C. Melachrinos<sup>31</sup>, B.R. Mellado Garcia<sup>146c</sup>, F. Meloni<sup>17</sup>, A. Mengarelli<sup>20a,20b</sup>, S. Menke<sup>100</sup>, E. Meoni<sup>162</sup>, K.M. Mercurio<sup>57</sup>, S. Mergelmeyer<sup>21</sup>, N. Meric<sup>137</sup>, P. Mermod<sup>49</sup>, L. Merola<sup>103a,103b</sup>, C. Meroni<sup>90a</sup>, F.S. Merritt<sup>31</sup>, H. Merritt<sup>110</sup>, A. Messina<sup>30,z</sup>, J. Metcalfe<sup>25</sup>, A.S. Mete<sup>164</sup>, C. Meyer<sup>82</sup>, C. Meyer<sup>121</sup>, J-P. Meyer<sup>137</sup>, J. Meyer<sup>30</sup>, R.P. Middleton<sup>130</sup>, S. Migas<sup>73</sup>, L. Mijović<sup>21</sup>, G. Mikenberg<sup>173</sup>, M. Mikestikova<sup>126</sup>, M. Mikuz<sup>74</sup>, A. Milic<sup>30</sup>, D.W. Miller<sup>31</sup>, C. Mills<sup>46</sup>, A. Milov<sup>173</sup>, D.A. Milstead<sup>147a,147b</sup>, D. Milstein<sup>173</sup>, A.A. Minaenko<sup>129</sup>, I.A. Minashvili<sup>64</sup>, A.I. Mincer<sup>109</sup>, B. Mindur<sup>38a</sup>, M. Mineev<sup>64</sup>, Y. Ming<sup>174</sup>, L.M. Mir<sup>12</sup>, G. Mirabelli<sup>133a</sup>, T. Mitani<sup>172</sup>, J. Mitrevski<sup>99</sup>, V.A. Mitsou<sup>168</sup>, S. Mitsui<sup>65</sup>, A. Miucci<sup>49</sup>, P.S. Miyagawa<sup>140</sup>, J.U. Mjörnmark<sup>80</sup>, T. Moa<sup>147a,147b</sup>, K. Mochizuki<sup>84</sup>, S. Mohapatra<sup>35</sup>, W. Mohr<sup>48</sup>, S. Molander<sup>147a,147b</sup>, R. Moles-Valls<sup>168</sup>, K. Mönig<sup>42</sup>, C. Monini<sup>55</sup>, J. Monk<sup>36</sup>, E. Monnier<sup>84</sup>, J. Montejo Berlingen<sup>12</sup>, F. Monticelli<sup>70</sup>, S. Monzani<sup>133a,133b</sup>, R.W. Moore<sup>3</sup>, A. Moraes<sup>53</sup>, N. Morange<sup>62</sup>, D. Moreno<sup>82</sup>, M. Moreno Llácer<sup>54</sup>, P. Morettini<sup>50a</sup>, M. Morgenstern<sup>44</sup>, M. Morii<sup>57</sup>, S. Moritz<sup>82</sup>, A.K. Morley<sup>148</sup>, G. Mornacchi<sup>30</sup>, J.D. Morris<sup>75</sup>, L. Morvaj<sup>102</sup>, H.G. Moser<sup>100</sup>, M. Mosidze<sup>51b</sup>, J. Moss<sup>110</sup>, K. Motohashi<sup>158</sup>, R. Mount<sup>144</sup>, E. Mountricha<sup>25</sup>, S.V. Mouraviev<sup>95,*</sup>, E.J.W. Moyse<sup>85</sup>, S. Muanza<sup>84</sup>, R.D. Mudd<sup>18</sup>, F. Mueller<sup>58a</sup>, J. Mueller<sup>124</sup>, K. Mueller<sup>21</sup>, T. Mueller<sup>28</sup>, T. Mueller<sup>82</sup>, D. Muenstermann<sup>49</sup>, Y. Munwes<sup>154</sup>, J.A. Murillo Quijada<sup>18</sup>, W.J. Murray<sup>171,130</sup>, H. Musheghyan<sup>54</sup>, E. Musto<sup>153</sup>, A.G. Myagkov<sup>129,aa</sup>, M. Myska<sup>127</sup>, O. Nackenhorst<sup>54</sup>, J. Nadal<sup>54</sup>, K. Nagai<sup>61</sup>, R. Nagai<sup>158</sup>, Y. Nagai<sup>84</sup>, K. Nagano<sup>65</sup>, A. Nagarkar<sup>110</sup>, Y. Nagasaka<sup>59</sup>, M. Nagel<sup>100</sup>, A.M. Nairz<sup>30</sup>, Y. Nakahama<sup>30</sup>, K. Nakamura<sup>65</sup>, T. Nakamura<sup>156</sup>, I. Nakano<sup>111</sup>, H. Namasivayam<sup>41</sup>, G. Nanava<sup>21</sup>, R. Narayan<sup>58b</sup>, T. Nattermann<sup>21</sup>, T. Naumann<sup>42</sup>, G. Navarro<sup>163</sup>, R. Nayyar<sup>7</sup>, H.A. Neal<sup>88</sup>, P.Yu. Nechaeva<sup>95</sup>, T.J. Neep<sup>83</sup>, P.D. Nef<sup>144</sup>, A. Negri<sup>120a,120b</sup>, G. Negri<sup>30</sup>, M. Negrini<sup>20a</sup>, S. Nektarijevic<sup>49</sup>, A. Nelson<sup>164</sup>, T.K. Nelson<sup>144</sup>, S. Nemecek<sup>126</sup>, P. Nemethy<sup>109</sup>, A.A. Nepomuceno<sup>24a</sup>, M. Nessi<sup>30,ab</sup>, M.S. Neubauer<sup>166</sup>, M. Neumann<sup>176</sup>, R.M. Neves<sup>109</sup>, P. Nevski<sup>25</sup>, P.R. Newman<sup>18</sup>, D.H. Nguyen<sup>6</sup>, R.B. Nickerson<sup>119</sup>, R. Nicolaidou<sup>137</sup>, B. Nicquevert<sup>30</sup>, J. Nielsen<sup>138</sup>, N. Nikiforou<sup>35</sup>, A. Nikiforov<sup>16</sup>, V. Nikolaenko<sup>129,aa</sup>, I. Nikolic-Audit<sup>79</sup>, K. Nikolics<sup>49</sup>, K. Nikolopoulos<sup>18</sup>, P. Nilsson<sup>8</sup>, Y. Ninomiya<sup>156</sup>, A. Nisati<sup>133a</sup>, R. Nisius<sup>100</sup>, T. Nobe<sup>158</sup>, L. Nodulman<sup>6</sup>, M. Nomachi<sup>117</sup>, I. Nomidis<sup>29</sup>, S. Norberg<sup>112</sup>, M. Nordberg<sup>30</sup>, O. Novgorodova<sup>44</sup>, S. Nowak<sup>100</sup>, M. Nozaki<sup>65</sup>, L. Nozka<sup>114</sup>, K. Ntekas<sup>10</sup>, G. Nunes Hanninger<sup>87</sup>, T. Nunnemann<sup>99</sup>, E. Nurse<sup>77</sup>, F. Nuti<sup>87</sup>, B.J. O'Brien<sup>46</sup>, F. O'grady<sup>7</sup>, D.C. O'Neil<sup>143</sup>, V. O'Shea<sup>53</sup>, F.G. Oakham<sup>29,d</sup>, H. Oberlack<sup>100</sup>, T. Obermann<sup>21</sup>, J. Ocariz<sup>79</sup>, A. Ochi<sup>66</sup>, M.I. Ochoa<sup>77</sup>, S. Oda<sup>69</sup>, S. Odaka<sup>65</sup>, H. Ogren<sup>60</sup>, A. Oh<sup>83</sup>, S.H. Oh<sup>45</sup>, C.C. Ohm<sup>15</sup>, H. Ohman<sup>167</sup>, W. Okamura<sup>117</sup>, H. Okawa<sup>25</sup>, Y. Okumura<sup>31</sup>, T. Okuyama<sup>156</sup>, A. Olariu<sup>26a</sup>, A.G. Olchevski<sup>64</sup>, S.A. Olivares Pino<sup>46</sup>, D. Oliveira Damazio<sup>25</sup>, E. Oliver Garcia<sup>168</sup>, A. Olszewski<sup>39</sup>, J. Olszowska<sup>39</sup>, A. Onofre<sup>125a,125e</sup>, P.U.E. Onyisi<sup>31,o</sup>, C.J. Oram<sup>160a</sup>, M.J. Oreglia<sup>31</sup>, Y. Oren<sup>154</sup>, D. Orestano<sup>135a,135b</sup>, N. Orlando<sup>72a,72b</sup>, C. Oropeza Barrera<sup>53</sup>, R.S. Orr<sup>159</sup>, B. Osculati<sup>50a,50b</sup>, R. Ospanov<sup>121</sup>, G. Otero y Garzon<sup>27</sup>, H. Otono<sup>69</sup>, M. Ouchrif<sup>136d</sup>, E.A. Ouellette<sup>170</sup>, F. Ould-Saada<sup>118</sup>, A. Ouraou<sup>137</sup>, K.P. Oussoren<sup>106</sup>, Q. Ouyang<sup>33a</sup>, A. Ovcharova<sup>15</sup>, M. Owen<sup>83</sup>, V.E. Ozcan<sup>19a</sup>, N. Ozturk<sup>8</sup>, K. Pachal<sup>119</sup>, A. Pacheco Pages<sup>12</sup>, C. Padilla Aranda<sup>12</sup>, M. Pagáčová<sup>48</sup>, S. Pagan Griso<sup>15</sup>, E. Paganis<sup>140</sup>, C. Pahl<sup>100</sup>, F. Paige<sup>25</sup>, P. Pais<sup>85</sup>, K. Pajchel<sup>118</sup>, G. Palacino<sup>160b</sup>, S. Palestini<sup>30</sup>, M. Palka<sup>38b</sup>, D. Pallin<sup>34</sup>, A. Palma<sup>125a,125b</sup>, J.D. Palmer<sup>18</sup>, Y.B. Pan<sup>174</sup>, E. Panagiotopoulou<sup>10</sup>, J.G. Panduro Vazquez<sup>76</sup>, P. Pani<sup>106</sup>, N. Panikashvili<sup>88</sup>, S. Panitkin<sup>25</sup>, D. Pantea<sup>26a</sup>, L. Paolozzi<sup>134a,134b</sup>, Th.D. Papadopoulou<sup>10</sup>, K. Papageorgiou<sup>155,l</sup>, A. Paramonov<sup>6</sup>, D. Paredes Hernandez<sup>34</sup>, M.A. Parker<sup>28</sup>, F. Parodi<sup>50a,50b</sup>, J.A. Parsons<sup>35</sup>, U. Parzefall<sup>48</sup>, E. Pasqualucci<sup>133a</sup>, S. Passaggio<sup>50a</sup>, A. Passeri<sup>135a</sup>, F. Pastore<sup>135a,135b,*</sup>, Fr. Pastore<sup>76</sup>, G. Pásztor<sup>29</sup>, S. Pataraia<sup>176</sup>, N.D. Patel<sup>151</sup>, J.R. Pater<sup>83</sup>, S. Patricelli<sup>103a,103b</sup>, T. Pauly<sup>30</sup>, J. Pearce<sup>170</sup>,
M. Pedersen¹¹⁸, S. Pedraza Lopez¹⁶⁸, R. Pedro ¹²⁵a,¹²⁵b, S.V. Peleganchuk¹⁰⁸, D. Pelikan¹⁶⁷, H. Peng³³b, B. Penning³¹,
J. Penwell⁶⁰, D.V. Perepelitsa²⁵, E. Perez Codina¹⁶⁰a, M.T. Pérez García-Estañ¹⁶⁸, V. Perez Reale³⁵, L. Perini⁹⁰a,⁹⁰b,
H. Pernegger³⁰, R. Perrino⁷²a, R. Peschke⁴², V.D. Peshekhonov⁶⁴, K. Peters³⁰, R.F.Y. Peters⁸³, B.A. Petersen³⁰,
T.C. Petersen³⁶, E. Petit⁴², A. Petridis¹⁴⁷a,¹⁴⁷b, C. Petridou¹⁵⁵, E. Petrolo¹³³a, F. Petrucci¹³⁵a,¹³⁵b, N.E. Pettersson¹⁵⁸,
R. Pezoa³²b, P.W. Phillips¹³⁰, G. Piacquadio¹⁴⁴, E. Pianori¹⁷¹, A. Picazio⁴⁹, E. Piccaro⁷⁵, M. Piccinini²⁰a,²⁰b, R. Piegaia²⁷,
D.T. Pignotti¹¹⁰, J.E. Pilcher³¹, A.D. Pilkington⁷⁷, J. Pina¹²⁵a,¹²⁵b,¹²⁵d, M. Pinamonti¹⁶⁵a,¹⁶⁵c,ac, A. Pinder¹¹⁹, J.L. Pinfold³,
A. Pingel³⁶, B. Pinto¹²⁵a, S. Pires⁷⁹, M. Pitt¹⁷³, C. Pizio⁹⁰a,⁹⁰b, L. Plazak¹⁴⁵a, M.-A. Pleier²⁵, V. Pleskot¹²⁸, E. Plotnikova⁶⁴,
P. Plucinski¹⁴⁷a,¹⁴⁷b, S. Poddar⁵⁸a, F. Podlyski³⁴, R. Poettgen⁸², L. Poggioli¹¹⁶, D. Pohl²¹, M. Pohl⁴⁹, G. Polesello¹²⁰a,
A. Policicchio³⁷a,³⁷b, R. Polifka¹⁵⁹, A. Polini²⁰a, C.S. Pollard⁴⁵, V. Polychronakos²⁵, K. Pommès³⁰, L. Pontecorvo¹³³a,
B.G. Pope⁸⁹, G.A. Popeneciu²⁶b, D.S. Popovic¹³a, A. Poppleton³⁰, X. Portell Bueso¹², S. Pospisil¹²⁷, K. Potamianos¹⁵,
I.N. Potrap⁶⁴, C.J. Potter¹⁵⁰, C.T. Potter¹¹⁵, G. Poulard³⁰, J. Poveda⁶⁰, V. Pozdnyakov⁶⁴, P. Pralavorio⁸⁴, A. Pranko¹⁵,
S. Prasad³⁰, R. Pravahan⁸, S. Prell⁶³, D. Price⁸³, J. Price⁷³, L.E. Price⁶, D. Prieur¹²⁴, M. Primavera⁷²a, M. Proissl⁴⁶,
K. Prokofiev⁴⁷, F. Prokoshin³²b, E. Protopapadaki¹³⁷, S. Protopopescu²⁵, J. Proudfoot⁶, M. Przybycien³⁸a,
H. Przysiezniak⁵, E. Ptacek¹¹⁵, D. Puddu¹³⁵a,¹³⁵b, E. Pueschel⁸⁵, D. Puldon¹⁴⁹, M. Purohit²⁵,ad, P. Puzo¹¹⁶, J. Qian⁸⁸,
G. Qin⁵³, Y. Qin⁸³, A. Quadt⁵⁴, D.R. Quarrie¹⁵, W.B. Quayle¹⁶⁵a,¹⁶⁵b, M. Queitsch-Maitland⁸³, D. Quilty⁵³, A. Qureshi¹⁶⁰b,
V. Radeka²⁵, V. Radescu⁴², S.K. Radhakrishnan¹⁴⁹, P. Radloff¹¹⁵, P. Rados⁸⁷, F. Ragusa⁹⁰a,⁹⁰b, G. Rahal¹⁷⁹,
S. Rajagopalan²⁵, M. Rammensee³⁰, A.S. Randle-Conde⁴⁰, C. Rangel-Smith¹⁶⁷, K. Rao¹⁶⁴, F. Rauscher⁹⁹, T.C. Rave⁴⁸,
T. Ravenscroft⁵³, M. Raymond³⁰, A.L. Read¹¹⁸, N.P. Readioff⁷³, D.M. Rebuzzi¹²⁰a,¹²⁰b, A. Redelbach¹⁷⁵, G. Redlinger²⁵,
R. Reece¹³⁸, K. Reeves⁴¹, L. Rehnisch¹⁶, H. Reisin²⁷, M. Relich¹⁶⁴, C. Rembser³⁰, H. Ren³³a, Z.L. Ren¹⁵², A. Renaud¹¹⁶,
M. Rescigno¹³³a, S. Resconi⁹⁰a, O.L. Rezanova¹⁰⁸,t, P. Reznicek¹²⁸, R. Rezvani⁹⁴, R. Richter¹⁰⁰, M. Ridel⁷⁹, P. Rieck¹⁶,
J. Rieger⁵⁴, M. Rijssenbeek¹⁴⁹, A. Rimoldi¹²⁰a,¹²⁰b, L. Rinaldi²⁰a, E. Ritsch⁶¹, I. Riu¹², F. Rizatdinova¹¹³, E. Rizvi⁷⁵,
S.H. Robertson⁸⁶,t, A. Robichaud-Veronneau⁸⁶, D. Robinson²⁸, J.E.M. Robinson⁸³, A. Robson⁵³, C. Roda¹²³a,¹²³b,
L. Rodrigues³⁰, S. Roe³⁰, O. Røhne¹¹⁸, S. Rolli¹⁶², A. Romaniouk⁹⁷, M. Romano²⁰a,²⁰b, E. Romero Adam¹⁶⁸,
N. Rompotis¹³⁹, M. Ronzani⁴⁸, L. Roos⁷⁹, E. Ros¹⁶⁸, S. Rosati¹³³a, K. Rosbach⁴⁹, M. Rose⁷⁶, P. Rose¹³⁸, P.L. Rosendahl¹⁴,
O. Rosenthal¹⁴², V. Rossetti¹⁴⁷a,¹⁴⁷b, E. Rossi¹⁰³a,¹⁰³b, L.P. Rossi⁵⁰a, R. Rosten¹³⁹, M. Rotaru²⁶a, I. Roth¹⁷³, J. Rothberg¹³⁹,
D. Rousseau¹¹⁶, C.R. Royon¹³⁷, A. Rozanov⁸⁴, Y. Rozen¹⁵³, X. Ruan¹⁴⁶c, F. Rubbo¹², I. Rubinskiy⁴², V.I. Rud⁹⁸,
C. Rudolph⁴⁴, M.S. Rudolph¹⁵⁹, F. Rühr⁴⁸, A. Ruiz-Martinez³⁰, Z. Rurikova⁴⁸, N.A. Rusakovich⁶⁴, A. Ruschke⁹⁹,
J.P. Rutherfoord⁷, N. Ruthmann⁴⁸, Y.F. Ryabov¹²², M. Rybar¹²⁸, G. Rybkin¹¹⁶, N.C. Ryder¹¹⁹, A.F. Saavedra¹⁵¹,
S. Sacerdoti²⁷, A. Saddique³, I. Sadeh¹⁵⁴, H.F-W. Sadrozinski¹³⁸, R. Sadykov⁶⁴, F. Safai Tehrani¹³³a, H. Sakamoto¹⁵⁶,
Y. Sakurai¹⁷², G. Salamanna¹³⁵a,¹³⁵b, A. Salamon¹³⁴a, M. Saleem¹¹², D. Salek¹⁰⁶, P.H. Sales De Bruin¹³⁹, D. Salihagic¹⁰⁰,
A. Salnikov¹⁴⁴, J. Salt¹⁶⁸, D. Salvatore³⁷a,³⁷b, F. Salvatore¹⁵⁰, A. Salvucci¹⁰⁵, A. Salzburger³⁰, D. Sampsonidis¹⁵⁵,
A. Sanchez¹⁰³a,¹⁰³b, J. Sánchez¹⁶⁸, V. Sanchez Martinez¹⁶⁸, H. Sandaker¹⁴, R.L. Sandbach⁷⁵, H.G. Sander⁸²,
M.P. Sanders⁹⁹, M. Sandhoff¹⁷⁶, T. Sandoval²⁸, C. Sandoval¹⁶³, R. Sandstroem¹⁰⁰, D.P.C. Sankey¹³⁰, A. Sansoni⁴⁷,
C. Santoni³⁴, R. Santonico¹³⁴a,¹³⁴b, H. Santos¹²⁵a, I. Santoyo Castillo¹⁵⁰, K. Sapp¹²⁴, A. Sapronov⁶⁴, J.G. Saraiva¹²⁵a,¹²⁵d,
B. Sarrazin²¹, G. Sartisohn¹⁷⁶, O. Sasaki⁶⁵, Y. Sasaki¹⁵⁶, G. Sauvage⁵,*, E. Sauvan⁵, P. Savard¹⁵⁹,d, D.O. Savu³⁰,
C. Sawyer¹¹⁹, L. Sawyer⁷⁸,m, D.H. Saxon⁵³, J. Saxon¹²¹, C. Sbarra²⁰a, A. Sbrizzi³, T. Scanlon⁷⁷, D.A. Scannicchio¹⁶⁴,
M. Scarcella¹⁵¹, V. Scarfone³⁷a,³⁷b, J. Schaarschmidt¹⁷³, P. Schacht¹⁰⁰, D. Schaefer³⁰, R. Schaefer⁴², S. Schaepe²¹,
S. Schaetzel⁵⁸b, U. Schäfer⁸², A.C. Schaffer¹¹⁶, D. Schaile⁹⁹, R.D. Schamberger¹⁴⁹, V. Scharf⁵⁸a, V.A. Schegelsky¹²²,
D. Scheirich¹²⁸, M. Schernau¹⁶⁴, M.I. Scherzer³⁵, C. Schiavi⁵⁰a,⁵⁰b, J. Schieck⁹⁹, C. Schillo⁴⁸, M. Schioppa³⁷a,³⁷b,
S. Schlenker³⁰, E. Schmidt⁴⁸, K. Schmieden³⁰, C. Schmitt⁸², S. Schmitt⁵⁸b, B. Schneider¹⁷, Y.J. Schnellbach⁷³,
U. Schnoor⁴⁴, L. Schoeffel¹³⁷, A. Schoening⁵⁸b, B.D. Schoenrock⁸⁹, A.L.S. Schorlemmer⁵⁴, M. Schott⁸², D. Schouten¹⁶⁰a,
J. Schovancova²⁵, S. Schramm¹⁵⁹, M. Schreyer¹⁷⁵, C. Schroeder⁸², N.Schuh⁸², M.J. Schultens²¹, H.-C. Schultz-Coulon⁵⁸a,
H. Schulz¹⁶, M. Schumacher⁴⁸, B.A. Schumm¹³⁸, Ph. Schune¹³⁷, C. Schwanenberger⁸³, A. Schwartzman¹⁴⁴,
Ph. Schwegler¹⁰⁰, Ph. Schwemling¹³⁷, R. Schwienhorst⁸⁹, J. Schwindling¹³⁷, T. Schwindt²¹, M. Schwoerer⁵,
F.G. Sciacca¹⁷, E. Scifo¹¹⁶, G. Sciolla²³, W.G. Scott¹³⁰, F. Scuri¹²³a,¹²³b, F. Scutti²¹, J. Searcy⁸⁸, G. Sedov⁴², E. Sedykh¹²²,
S.C. Seidel¹⁰⁴, A. Seiden¹³⁸, F. Seifert¹²⁷, J.M. Seixas²⁴a, G. Sekhniaidze¹⁰³a, S.J. Sekula⁴⁰, K.E. Selbach⁴⁶,
D.M. Seliverstov¹²²,*, G. Sellers⁷³, N. Semprini-Cesari²⁰a,²⁰b, C. Serfon³⁰, L. Serin¹¹⁶, L. Serkin⁵⁴, T. Serre⁸⁴,
R. Seuster¹⁶⁰a, H. Severini¹¹², T. Sfiligoj⁷⁴, F. Sforza¹⁰⁰, A. Sfyrla³⁰, E. Shabalina⁵⁴, M. Shamim¹¹⁵, L.Y. Shan³³a,
R. Shang¹⁶⁶, J.T. Shank²², M. Shapiro¹⁵, P.B. Shatalov⁹⁶, K. Shaw¹⁶⁵a,¹⁶⁵b, C.Y. Shehu¹⁵⁰, P. Sherwood⁷⁷, L. Shi¹⁵²,ae,
S. Shimizu⁶⁶, C.O. Shimmin¹⁶⁴, M. Shimojima¹⁰¹, M. Shiyakova⁶⁴, A. Shmeleva⁹⁵, M.J. Shochet³¹, D. Short¹¹⁹,
S. Shrestha⁶³, E. Shulga⁹⁷, M.A. Shupe⁷, S. Shushkevich⁴², P. Sicho¹²⁶, O. Sidiropoulou¹⁵⁵, D. Sidorov¹¹³, A. Sidoti¹³³a,
F. Siegert⁴⁴, Dj. Sijacki¹³a, J. Silva¹²⁵a,¹²⁵d, Y. Silver¹⁵⁴, D. Silverstein¹⁴⁴, S.B. Silverstein¹⁴⁷a, V. Simak¹²⁷, O. Simard⁵,
Lj. Simic¹³a, S. Simion¹¹⁶, E. Simioni⁸², B. Simmons⁷⁷, R. Simoniello⁹⁰a,⁹⁰b, M. Simonyan³⁶, P. Sinervo¹⁵⁹, N.B. Sinev¹¹⁵,
V. Sipica¹⁴², G. Siragusa¹⁷⁵, A. Sircar⁷⁸, A.N. Sisakyan⁶⁴,*, S.Yu. Sivoklokov⁹⁸, J. Sjölin¹⁴⁷a,¹⁴⁷b, T.B. Sjursen¹⁴, H.P. Skottowe⁵⁷, K.Yu. Skovpen¹⁰⁸, P. Skubic¹¹², M. Slater¹⁸, T. Slavicek¹²⁷, K. Sliwa¹⁶², V. Smakhtin¹⁷³, B.H. Smart⁴⁶, L. Smestad¹⁴, S.Yu. Smirnov⁹⁷, Y. Smirnov⁹⁷, L.N. Smirnova⁹⁸,af, O. Smirnova⁸⁰, K.M. Smith⁵³, M. Smizanska⁷¹, K. Smolek¹²⁷, A.A. Snesarev⁹⁵, G. Snidero⁷⁵, S. Snyder²⁵, R. Sobie¹⁷⁰,ij, F. Socher⁴⁴, A. Soffer¹⁵⁴, D.A. Soh¹⁵²,ae, C.A. Solans³⁰, M. Solar¹²⁷, J. Solc¹²⁷, E.Yu. Soldatov⁹⁷, U. Soldevila¹⁶⁸, A.A. Solodkov¹²⁹, A. Soloshenko⁶⁴, O.V. Solovyanov¹²⁹, V. Solovyev¹²², P. Sommer⁴⁸, H.Y. Song³³b, N. Soni¹, A. Sood¹⁵, A. Sopczak¹²⁷, B. Sopko¹²⁷, V. Sopko¹²⁷, V. Sorin¹², M. Sosebee⁸, R. Soualah¹⁶⁵a,¹⁶⁵c, P. Soueid⁹⁴, A.M. Soukharev¹⁰⁸, D. South⁴², S. Spagnolo⁷²a,⁷²b, F. Spanò⁷⁶, W.R. Spearman⁵⁷, F. Spettel¹⁰⁰, R. Spighi²⁰a, G. Spigo³⁰, L.A. Spiller⁸⁷, M. Spousta¹²⁸, T. Spreitzer¹⁵⁹, B. Spurlock⁸, R.D. St. Denis⁵³,*, S. Staerz⁴⁴, J. Stahlman¹²¹, R. Stamen⁵⁸a, S. Stamm¹⁶, E. Stanecka³⁹, R.W. Stanek⁶, C. Stanescu¹³⁵a, M. Stanescu-Bellu⁴², M.M. Stanitzki⁴², S. Stapnes¹¹⁸, E.A. Starchenko¹²⁹, J. Stark⁵⁵, P. Staroba¹²⁶, P. Starovoitov⁴², R. Staszewski³⁹, P. Stavina¹⁴⁵a,*, P. Steinberg²⁵, B. Stelzer¹⁴³, H.J. Stelzer³⁰, O. Stelzer-Chilton¹⁶⁰a, H. Stenzel⁵², S. Stern¹⁰⁰, G.A. Stewart⁵³, J.A. Stillings²¹, M.C. Stockton⁸⁶, M. Stoebe⁸⁶, G. Stoicea²⁶a, P. Stolte⁵⁴, S. Stonjek¹⁰⁰, A.R. Stradling⁸, A. Straessner⁴⁴, M.E. Stramaglia¹⁷, J. Strandberg¹⁴⁸, S. Strandberg¹⁴⁷a,¹⁴⁷b, A. Strandlie¹¹⁸, E. Strauss¹⁴⁴, M. Strauss¹¹², P. Strizenec¹⁴⁵b, R. Ströhmer¹⁷⁵, D.M. Strom¹¹⁵, R. Stroynowski⁴⁰, S.A. Stucci¹⁷, B. Stugu¹⁴, N.A. Styles⁴², D. Su¹⁴⁴, J. Su¹²⁴, R. Subramaniam⁷⁸, A. Succurro¹², Y. Sugaya¹¹⁷, C. Suhr¹⁰⁷, M. Suk¹²⁷, V.V. Sulin⁹⁵, S. Sultansoy⁴c, T. Sumida⁶⁷, S. Sun⁵⁷, X. Sun³³a, J.E. Sundermann⁴⁸, K. Suruliz¹⁴⁰, G. Susinno³⁷a,³⁷b, M.R. Sutton¹⁵⁰, Y. Suzuki⁶⁵, M. Svatos¹²⁶, S. Swedish¹⁶⁹, M. Swiatlowski¹⁴⁴, I. Sykora¹⁴⁵a, T. Sykora¹²⁸, D. 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C. Wasicki<sup>42</sup>, P.M. Watkins<sup>18</sup>, A.T. Watson<sup>18</sup>, I.J. Watson<sup>151</sup>, M.F. Watson<sup>18</sup>, G. Watts<sup>139</sup>, S. Watts<sup>83</sup>, B.M. Waugh<sup>77</sup>, S. Webb<sup>83</sup>, M.S. Weber<sup>17</sup>, S.W. Weber<sup>175</sup>, J.S. Webster<sup>31</sup>, A.R. Weidberg<sup>119</sup>, P. Weigell<sup>100</sup>, B. Weinert<sup>60</sup>, J. Weingarten<sup>54</sup>, C. Weiser<sup>48</sup>, H. Weits<sup>106</sup>, P.S. Wells<sup>30</sup>, T. Wenaus<sup>25</sup>, D. Wendland<sup>16</sup>, Z. Weng<sup>152,ae</sup>, T. Wengler<sup>30</sup>, S. Wenig<sup>30</sup>, N. Wermes<sup>21</sup>, M. Werner<sup>48</sup>, P. Werner<sup>30</sup>, M. Wessels<sup>58a</sup>, J. Wetter<sup>162</sup>, K. Whalen<sup>29</sup>, A. White<sup>8</sup>, M.J. White<sup>1</sup>, R. White<sup>32b</sup>, S. White<sup>123a,123b</sup>, D. Whiteson<sup>164</sup>, D. Wicke<sup>176</sup>, F.J. Wickens<sup>130</sup>, W. Wiedenmann<sup>174</sup>, M. Wielers<sup>130</sup>, P. Wienemann<sup>21</sup>, C. Wiglesworth<sup>36</sup>, L.A.M. Wiik-Fuchs<sup>21</sup>, P.A. Wijeratne<sup>77</sup>, A. Wildauer<sup>100</sup>, M.A. Wildt<sup>42,ak</sup>, H.G. Wilkens<sup>30</sup>, J.Z. Will<sup>99</sup>, H.H. Williams<sup>121</sup>, S. Williams<sup>28</sup>, C. Willis<sup>89</sup>, S. Willocq<sup>85</sup>, A. Wilson<sup>88</sup>, J.A. Wilson<sup>18</sup>, I. Wingerter-Seez<sup>5</sup>, F. Winklmeier<sup>115</sup>, B.T. Winter<sup>21</sup>, M. Wittgen<sup>144</sup>, T. Wittig<sup>43</sup>, J. Wittkowski<sup>99</sup>, S.J. Wollstadt<sup>82</sup>, M.W. Wolter<sup>39</sup>, H. Wolters<sup>125a,125c</sup>, B.K. Wosiek<sup>39</sup>, J. Wotschack<sup>30</sup>, M.J. Woudstra<sup>83</sup>, K.W. Wozniak<sup>39</sup>, M. Wright<sup>53</sup>, M. Wu<sup>55</sup>, S.L. Wu<sup>174</sup>, X. Wu<sup>49</sup>, Y. Wu<sup>88</sup>, E. Wulf<sup>35</sup>, T.R. Wyatt<sup>83</sup>, B.M. Wynne<sup>46</sup>, S. Xella<sup>36</sup>, M. Xiao<sup>137</sup>, D. Xu<sup>33a</sup>, L. Xu<sup>33b,al</sup>, B. Yabsley<sup>151</sup>, S. Yacoob<sup>146b,am</sup>, R. Yakabe<sup>66</sup>, M. Yamada<sup>65</sup>, H. Yamaguchi<sup>156</sup>, Y. Yamaguchi<sup>117</sup>, A. Yamamoto<sup>65</sup>, K. Yamamoto<sup>63</sup>, S. Yamamoto<sup>156</sup>, T. Yamamura<sup>156</sup>, T. Yamanaka<sup>156</sup>, K. Yamauchi<sup>102</sup>, Y. Yamazaki<sup>66</sup>, Z. Yan<sup>22</sup>, H. Yang<sup>33e</sup>, H. Yang<sup>174</sup>, U.K. Yang<sup>83</sup>, Y. Yang<sup>110</sup>, S. Yanush<sup>92</sup>, L. Yao<sup>33a</sup>, W.-M. Yao<sup>15</sup>, Y. Yasu<sup>65</sup>, E. Yatsenko<sup>42</sup>, K.H. Yau Wong<sup>21</sup>, J. Ye<sup>40</sup>, S. Ye<sup>25</sup>, I. Yeletskikh<sup>64</sup>, A.L. Yen<sup>57</sup>, E. Yildirim<sup>42</sup>, M. Yilmaz<sup>4b</sup>, R. Yoosoofmiya<sup>124</sup>, K. Yorita<sup>172</sup>, R. Yoshida<sup>6</sup>, K. Yoshihara<sup>156</sup>, C. Young<sup>144</sup>, C.J.S. Young<sup>30</sup>, S. Youssef<sup>22</sup>, D.R. Yu<sup>15</sup>, J. Yu<sup>8</sup>, J.M. Yu<sup>88</sup>, J. Yu<sup>113</sup>, L. Yuan<sup>66</sup>, A. Yurkewicz<sup>107</sup>, I. Yusuff<sup>28,an</sup>, B. Zabinski<sup>39</sup>, R. Zaidan<sup>62</sup>, A.M. Zaitsev<sup>129,aa</sup>, A. Zaman<sup>149</sup>, S. Zambito<sup>23</sup>, L. Zanello<sup>133a,133b</sup>, D. Zanzi<sup>100</sup>, C. Zeitnitz<sup>176</sup>, M. Zeman<sup>127</sup>, A. Zemla<sup>38a</sup>, K. Zengel<sup>23</sup>, O. Zenin<sup>129</sup>, T. Ženiš<sup>145a</sup>, D. Zerwas<sup>116</sup>, G. Zevi della Porta<sup>57</sup>, D. Zhang<sup>88</sup>, F. Zhang<sup>174</sup>, H. Zhang<sup>89</sup>, J. Zhang<sup>6</sup>, L. Zhang<sup>152</sup>, X. Zhang<sup>33d</sup>, Z. Zhang<sup>116</sup>, Z. Zhao<sup>33b</sup>, A. Zhemchugov<sup>64</sup>, J. Zhong<sup>119</sup>, B. Zhou<sup>88</sup>, L. Zhou<sup>35</sup>, N. Zhou<sup>164</sup>, C.G. Zhu<sup>33d</sup>, H. Zhu<sup>33a</sup>, J. Zhu<sup>88</sup>, Y. Zhu<sup>33b</sup>, X. Zhuang<sup>33a</sup>, K. Zhukov<sup>95</sup>, A. Zibell<sup>175</sup>, D. Zieminska<sup>60</sup>, N.I. Zimine<sup>64</sup>, C. Zimmermann<sup>82</sup>, R. Zimmermann<sup>21</sup>, S. Zimmermann<sup>21</sup>, S. Zimmermann<sup>48</sup>, Z. Zinonos<sup>54</sup>, M. Ziolkowski<sup>142</sup>, G. Zobernig<sup>174</sup>, A. Zoccoli<sup>20a,20b</sup>, M. zur Nedden<sup>16</sup>, G. Zurzolo<sup>103a,103b</sup>, V. Zutshi<sup>107</sup>, L. Zwalinski<sup>30</sup>.

<footnote n="1">¹ Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² Physics Department, SUNY Albany, Albany NY, United States of America</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴ (a) Department of Physics, Ankara University, Ankara; (b) Department of Physics, Gazi University, Ankara; (c) Division of Physics, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara; (d) Turkish Atomic Energy Authority, Ankara, Turkey</footnote>

<footnote n="5">⁵ LAPP, CNRS/IN2P3 and Université de Savoie, Annecy-le-Vieux, France</footnote>

<footnote n="6">⁶ High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne IL, United States of America</footnote>

<footnote n="7">⁷ Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ, United States of America</footnote>

<footnote n="8">⁸ Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington TX, United States of America</footnote>

<footnote n="9">⁹ Physics Department, University of Athens, Athens, Greece</footnote>

<footnote n="10">¹⁰ Physics Department, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou, Greece</footnote>

<footnote n="11">¹¹ Institute of Physics, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan</footnote>

<footnote n="12">¹² Institut de Física d'Altes Energies and Departament de Física de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain</footnote>

<footnote n="13">¹³ (a) Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade; (b) Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia</footnote>

<footnote n="14">¹⁴ Department for Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway</footnote>

<footnote n="15">¹⁵ Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and University of California, Berkeley CA, United States of America</footnote>

<footnote n="16">¹⁶ Department of Physics, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany</footnote>

<footnote n="17">¹⁷ Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics and Laboratory for High Energy Physics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland</footnote>

<footnote n="18">¹⁸ School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom</footnote>

<footnote n="19">¹⁹ (a) Department of Physics, Bogazici University, Istanbul; (b) Department of Physics, Dogus University, Istanbul; (c) Department of Physics Engineering, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey</footnote>

<footnote n="20">²⁰ (a) INFN Sezione di Bologna; (b) Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy</footnote>

<footnote n="21">²¹ Physikalisches Institut, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany</footnote>

<footnote n="22">²² Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston MA, United States of America</footnote>

<footnote n="23">²³ Department of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham MA, United States of America</footnote>
<footnote n="24">24 (a) Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro COPPE/EE/IF, Rio de Janeiro; (b) Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora; (c) Federal University of Sao Joao del Rei (UFSJ), Sao Joao del Rei; (d) Instituto de Fisica, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil</footnote>

<footnote n="25">25 Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton NY, United States of America</footnote>

<footnote n="26">26 (a) National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest; (b) National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Physics Department, Cluj Napoca; (c) University Politehnica Bucharest, Bucharest; (d) West University in Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania</footnote>

<footnote n="27">27 Departamento de Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina</footnote>

<footnote n="28">28 Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom</footnote>

<footnote n="29">29 Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa ON, Canada</footnote>

<footnote n="30">30 CERN, Geneva, Switzerland</footnote>

<footnote n="31">31 Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, United States of America</footnote>

<footnote n="32">32 (a) Departamento de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago; (b) Departamento de Física, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile</footnote>

<footnote n="33">33 (a) Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; (b) Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui; (c) Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Jiangsu; (d) School of Physics, Shandong University, Shandong; (e) Physics Department, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China</footnote>

<footnote n="34">34 Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire, Clermont Université and Université Blaise Pascal and CNRS/IN2P3, Clermont-Ferrand, France</footnote>

<footnote n="35">35 Nevis Laboratory, Columbia University, Irvington NY, United States of America</footnote>

<footnote n="36">36 Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Kobenhavn, Denmark</footnote>

<footnote n="37">37 (a) INFN Gruppo Collegato di Cosenza, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati; (b) Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, Rende, Italy</footnote>

<footnote n="38">38 (a) AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Krakow; (b) Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland</footnote>

<footnote n="39">39 The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland</footnote>

<footnote n="40">40 Physics Department, Southern Methodist University, Dallas TX, United States of America</footnote>

<footnote n="41">41 Physics Department, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson TX, United States of America</footnote>

<footnote n="42">42 DESY, Hamburg and Zeuthen, Germany</footnote>

<footnote n="43">43 Institut für Experimentelle Physik IV, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany</footnote>

<footnote n="44">44 Institut für Kern- und Teilchenphysik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany</footnote>

<footnote n="45">45 Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham NC, United States of America</footnote>

<footnote n="46">46 SUPA - School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom</footnote>

<footnote n="47">47 INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy</footnote>

<footnote n="48">48 Fakultät für Mathematik und Physik, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg, Germany</footnote>

<footnote n="49">49 Section de Physique, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland</footnote>

<footnote n="50">50 (a) INFN Sezione di Genova; (b) Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy</footnote>

<footnote n="51">51 (a) E. Andronikashvili Institute of Physics, Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi; (b) High Energy Physics Institute, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia</footnote>

<footnote n="52">52 II Physikalisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany</footnote>

<footnote n="53">53 SUPA - School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom</footnote>

<footnote n="54">54 II Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany</footnote>

<footnote n="55">55 Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Grenoble, France</footnote>

<footnote n="56">56 Department of Physics, Hampton University, Hampton VA, United States of America</footnote>

<footnote n="57">57 Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA, United States of America</footnote>

<footnote n="58">58 (a) Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg; (b) Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg; (c) ZITI Institut für technische Informatik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany</footnote>

<footnote n="59">59 Faculty of Applied Information Science, Hiroshima Institute of Technology, Hiroshima, Japan</footnote>

<footnote n="60">60 Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington IN, United States of America</footnote>

<footnote n="61">61 Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität, Innsbruck, Austria</footnote>

<footnote n="62">62 University of Iowa, Iowa City IA, United States of America</footnote>

<footnote n="63">63 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames IA, United States of America</footnote>
64 Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, JINR Dubna, Dubna, Russia

65 KEK, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan

66 Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan

67 Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

68 Kyoto University of Education, Kyoto, Japan

69 Department of Physics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

70 Instituto de Física La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina

71 Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom

72 (a) INFN Sezione di Lecce; (b) Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy

73 Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

74 Department of Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute and University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

75 School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom

76 Department of Physics, Royal Holloway University of London, Surrey, United Kingdom

77 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom

78 Louisiana Tech University, Ruston LA, United States of America

79 Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies, UPMC and Université Paris-Diderot and CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France

80 Fysiska institutionen, Lunds universitet, Lund, Sweden

81 Departamento de Física Teórica C-15, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

82 Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany

83 School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

84 CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université and CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France

85 Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst MA, United States of America

86 Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal QC, Canada

87 School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

88 Department of Physics, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI, United States of America

89 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI, United States of America

90 (a) INFN Sezione di Milano; (b) Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy

91 B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Republic of Belarus

92 National Scientific and Educational Centre for Particle and High Energy Physics, Minsk, Republic of Belarus

93 Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA, United States of America

94 Group of Particle Physics, University of Montreal, Montreal QC, Canada

95 P.N. Lebedev Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

96 Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP), Moscow, Russia

97 Moscow Engineering and Physics Institute (MEPhI), Moscow, Russia

98 D.V.Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

99 Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany

100 Max-Planck-Institut für Physik (Werner-Heisenberg-Institut), München, Germany

101 Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science, Nagasaki, Japan

102 Graduate School of Science and Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

103 (a) INFN Sezione di Napoli; (b) Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Napoli, Napoli, Italy

104 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque NM, United States of America

105 Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics, Radboud University Nijmegen/Nikhef, Nijmegen, Netherlands

106 Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

107 Department of Physics, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb IL, United States of America

108 Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia

109 Department of Physics, New York University, New York NY, United States of America

110 Ohio State University, Columbus OH, United States of America

111 Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan

112 Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Oklahoma, Norman OK, United States of America

113 Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater OK, United States of America
114 Palacký University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic

115 Center for High Energy Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene OR, United States of America

116 LAL, Université Paris-Sud and CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France

117 Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan

118 Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

119 Department of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom

120 (a) INFN Sezione di Pavia; (b) Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy

121 Department of Physics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, United States of America

122 Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, Russia

123 (a) INFN Sezione di Pisa; (b) Dipartimento di Fisica E. Fermi, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy

124 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, United States of America

125 (a) Laboratorio de Instrumentacao e Fisica Experimental de Particulas - LIP, Lisboa; (b) Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa; (c) Department of Physics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra; (d) Centro de Física Nuclear da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa; (e) Departamento de Fisica, Universidade do Minho, Braga; (f) Departamento de Fisica Teorica y del Cosmos and CAFPE, Universidad de Granada, Granada (Spain); (g) Dep Fisica and CEFITEC of Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal

126 Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Praha, Czech Republic

127 Czech Technical University in Prague, Praha, Czech Republic

128 Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University in Prague, Praha, Czech Republic

129 State Research Center Institute for High Energy Physics, Protvino, Russia

130 Particle Physics Department, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom

131 Physics Department, University of Regina, Regina SK, Canada

132 Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan

133 (a) INFN Sezione di Roma; (b) Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy

134 (a) INFN Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata; (b) Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy

135 (a) INFN Sezione di Roma Tre; (b) Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Roma Tre, Roma, Italy

136 (a) Faculté des Sciences Ain Chock, Réseau Universitaire de Physique des Hautes Energies - Université Hassan II, Casablanca; (b) Centre National de l'Energie des Sciences Techniques Nucleaires, Rabat; (c) Faculté des Sciences Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, LPHEA-Marrakech; (d) Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohamed Premier and LPTPM, Oujda; (e) Faculté des sciences, Université Mohammed V-Agdal, Rabat, Morocco

137 DSM/IRFU (Institut de Recherches sur les Lois Fondamentales de l'Univers), CEA Saclay (Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives), Gif-sur-Yvette, France

138 Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz CA, United States of America

139 Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle WA, United States of America

140 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom

141 Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan

142 Fachbereich Physik, Universität Siegen, Siegen, Germany

143 Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby BC, Canada

144 SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford CA, United States of America

145 (a) Faculty of Mathematics, Physics & Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava; (b) Department of Subnuclear Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice, Slovak Republic

146 (a) Department of Physics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town; (b) Department of Physics, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg; (c) School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

147 (a) Department of Physics, Stockholm University; (b) The Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm, Sweden

148 Physics Department, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden

149 Departments of Physics & Astronomy and Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY, United States of America

150 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom

151 School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia

152 Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan

153 Department of Physics, Technion: Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel

154 Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

155 Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
156 International Center for Elementary Particle Physics and Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

157 Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan

158 Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan

159 Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada

160 (a) TRIUMF, Vancouver BC; (b) Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto ON, Canada

161 Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

162 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Tufts University, Medford MA, United States of America

163 Centro de Investigaciones, Universidad Antonio Narino, Bogota, Colombia

164 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA, United States of America

165 (a) INFN Gruppo Collegato di Udine, Sezione di Trieste, Udine; (b) ICTP, Trieste; (c) Dipartimento di Chimica, Fisica e Ambiente, Università di Udine, Udine, Italy

166 Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, United States of America

167 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden

168 Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC) and Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear and Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica and Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM), University of Valencia and CSIC, Valencia, Spain

169 Department of Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada

170 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria BC, Canada

171 Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom

172 Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan

173 Department of Particle Physics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

174 Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI, United States of America

175 Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Würzburg, Germany

176 Fachbereich C Physik, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany

177 Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven CT, United States of America

178 Yerevan Physics Institute, Yerevan, Armenia

179 Centre de Calcul de l'Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3), Villeurbanne, France

a Also at Department of Physics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom

b Also at Institute of Physics, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan

c Also at Particle Physics Department, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom

d Also at TRIUMF, Vancouver BC, Canada

e Also at Department of Physics, California State University, Fresno CA, United States of America

f Also at Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia

g Also at CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université and CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France

h Also at Università di Napoli Parthenope, Napoli, Italy

i Also at Institute of Particle Physics (IPP), Canada

j Also at Department of Physics, St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University, St. Petersburg, Russia

k Also at Chinese University of Hong Kong, China

l Also at Department of Financial and Management Engineering, University of the Aegean, Chios, Greece

m Also at Louisiana Tech University, Ruston LA, United States of America

n Also at Institutio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats, ICREA, Barcelona, Spain

o Also at Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, United States of America

p Also at Institute of Theoretical Physics, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia

q Also at CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

r Also at Ochadai Academic Production, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan

s Also at Manhattan College, New York NY, United States of America

t Also at Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia

u Also at Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan

v Also at LAL, Université Paris-Sud and CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France

w Also at Academia Sinica Grid Computing, Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan

x Also at Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies, UPMC and Université Paris-Diderot and CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France
y Also at School of Physical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, India

z Also at Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy

aa Also at Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology State University, Dolgoprudny, Russia

ab Also at Section de Physique, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland

ac Also at International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy

ad Also at Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC, United States of America

ae Also at School of Physics and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China

af Also at Faculty of Physics, M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

ag Also at Moscow Engineering and Physics Institute (MEPhI), Moscow, Russia

ah Also at Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary

ai Also at Department of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom

aj Also at Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, China

ak Also at Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

al Also at Department of Physics, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI, United States of America

am Also at Discipline of Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa

an Also at University of Malaya, Department of Physics, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

* Deceased