# Compte rendu de mission en Indonésie, octobre - décembre 2007

Philippe Borsa

► To cite this version:

Philippe Borsa. Compte rendu de mission en Indonésie, octobre - décembre 2007. Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD). 2010. hal-04707269

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<figure><img src="image_1.png" /></figure>

Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
COMpte RendU de misSion en indonesie, octobre-deceMBre 2007

Philippe BORSA

IRD-UR 227, Montpellier

- mai 2010 -
## OBJECTIF DE LA MISSION

Participation à l'expédition Widya Nusantara (EWiN) d'exploration de la biodiversité marine récifale de l'archipel de Raja Ampat (Papouasie Occidentale) à bord du navire océanographique *Baruna Jaya VIII* du Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI, institut indonésien des sciences). Cette mission, effectuée sous la forme d'une MLD de l'IRD (OD 19750 du 31 août 2007), était une réponse à l'invitation faite un an plus tôt à l'IRD par deux directeurs de départements du LIPI (Hery HARJONO, Deddy SETIAPERNAMA).

## CHRONOLOGIE DE LA MISSION

<table><thead><tr><td>Lieu</td><td>Date</td><td>Action</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Noumea - Jakarta</td><td>18-19 X 2007</td><td>Départ, vols SB140 puis MH140 puis MH711 pour Sydney puis Kuala Lumpur puis Jakarta</td></tr><tr><td>Jakarta</td><td>20-24 XI 2007</td><td>Formalités administratives : obtention du permis de recherche et des lettres de sauf-conduit</td></tr><tr><td>Jakarta</td><td>25 X-05 XI 2007</td><td>Attente d'embarquement ; visite de la réserve ornithologique de Pulau Rambut, Tangerang ; travail à l'IRD Jakarta</td></tr><tr><td>Jakarta - Sorong</td><td>05-13 XI 2007</td><td>Embarquement à bord du *Baruna Jaya VIII* à destination de Sorong ; observations en mer (oiseaux marins et mammifères marins)</td></tr><tr><td>Sorong</td><td>13-14 XI 2007</td><td>Echantillonnage de Lethrinidae et Siganidae au Pasar ikan</td></tr><tr><td>Sorong</td><td>15-23 XI 2007</td><td>Embarquement à bord du *Baruna Jaya VIII* pour le Leg 1 de l'expédition EWiN ; observations en mer</td></tr><tr><td>Sorong</td><td>24-25 XI 2007</td><td>Echantillonnage de Lethrinidae et Siganidae au Pasar ikan</td></tr><tr><td>Sorong</td><td>26 XI-05 XII 2007</td><td>Embarquement à bord du *Baruna Jaya VIII* pour le Leg 2 de l'expédition EWiN ; observations en mer ; observations en plongée et récoltes sur la plage ou le platier</td></tr><tr><td>Sorong - Jakarta</td><td>07 XII 2007</td><td>Vol Merpati pour Jakarta via Makassar puis Surabaya puis Jogyakarta</td></tr><tr><td>Jakarta</td><td>08-18 XII 2007</td><td>Inventaires et préparation de rapports au LIPI-P2O ; travail à l'IRD Jakarta</td></tr><tr><td>Jakarta - Nouméa</td><td>19-20 XII 2007</td><td>Vols MH722 puis MH123 puis SB141 pour Kuala Lumpur puis Sydney puis Nouméa</td></tr></tbody></table>

## PRINCIPAUX RESULTATS

J'ai embarqué à bord du *Kr Baruna Jaya VIII* du 05 novembre au 05 décembre 2007, pour les deux legs de l'expédition EWiN (Leg 1, Leg 2) après avoir transité pendant neuf jours de Jakarta à Sorong (« Leg 0 »). Les résultats acquis concernent les observations d'oiseaux et mammifères marins, l'établissement des listes d'espèces de poissons récifaux dans les différentes stations visitées en plongée et la récolte de spécimens et d'échantillons de tissus pour la génétique des populations. Voir Annexes 1-6. J'ai aussi pu nouer des liens avec les chercheurs de plusieurs équipes du LIPI-P2O et GeoTek, ainsi qu'avec deux partenaires du Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute (KORDI, Séoul).

## PERSONNALITES RENCONTREES LORS DE LA MISSION

- Muhammad ADRIM (senior researcher, fish systematics and diversity, LIPI-P2O, Ancol) (muhammad_adrim@yahoo.com)

- Ludi Parwadani AJI (élève-chercheur, mollusc, LIPI-P2O, Biak) ludi.parwadani.aji@lipi.go.id

- Lita Bunga AMALIA (Undergraduate Student, National University, Jakarta)

- Irham DANIL (LIPI, commandant du Baruna Jaya VIII, irham.danil@lipi.go.id)

- FAHMI (senior researcher, elasmobranchs, LIPI-P2O, Ancol, fahmi@lipi.go.id)

- HADIKUSUMA (senior researcher, océanographie, LIPI-P2O, Ancol, hadikusumah@lipi.go.id)

- Tri HANDAYANI (élève-chercheuse, algues, LIPI-P2O, Ancol) (hanstri@yahoo.co)

- Hery HARJONO (deputy director, LIPI headquarters, Jakarta) (hery.harjono@lipi.go.id ; hharjono@geotek.lipi.go.id ; hery_harjono@yahoo.co.uk)

- Muhammad Husni AZKAB (chercheur, écologie marine, LIPI-P2O, Ancol) (muhammad.husni.azkab@lipi.go.id)

- Muhammad Masrur ISLAMI (élève-chercheur, molluscs, LIPI-P2O, Ambon, mm_islami@yahoo.com)

- Dongchull JEON (chercheur, océanographie, KORDI, Séoul) (dcjeon@kordi.re.kr)

- Yun Jae KIM (chercheur, biotechnologie marine, KORDI, Séoul)
- Mohammad Kasim MOOSA (senior researcher, biodiversity, LIPI, Jl Raden Saleh 43) (bkasim@pacific.net.id; 0816 722 498)

- Dharma Arif NUGROHO (élève-chercheur, crustacés, LIPI-P2O, Ambon) (dharmaarif@yahoo.com)

- Haryadi PERMANA (senior researcher, géologie marine, LIPI-Geotek, Bandung) (haryadi.permana@lipi.go.id)

- RUYITNO (senior researcher, bactériologie, LIPI, ruyitno@lipi.go.id)

- Marojahan SIMANJUNTAK (senior researcher, chimie, LIPI, marojahan.simanjuntak@lipi.go.id)

- SUSETIONO (senior researcher, meiofauné, LIPI-P2O, Ancol)

- Lies Indah SUTIKNOWATI (chercheuse, bactériologie, LIPI) (lies.indah.sutiknowati@lipi.go.id)

- Adrian Prasetya SUYATNO (élève-chercheur, LIPI-P2O, Biak)

- Hikma THOHA (chercheuse, zooplanctonologie, LIPI-P2O, hikmah.thoha@lipi.go.id)

- Eddy Prasetyo UTOMO (chercheur, géologie marine, LIPI-Geotek, Bandung) (eputomo@geotek.lipi.go.id; eputomo@geotek.or.id; +62-811-22-9217)

- Indra Bayu VIMONO (élève-chercheur, échinodermes, LIPI-P2O, Ancol, indra.bayu.vimono@lipi.go.id)

- A'an Johan WAHYUDI (élève-chercheur, crustacés, LIPI-P2O, Ancol) (ajwahyudi@gmail.com)

- Yunia WITASARI (chercheuse, sédimentologie, LIPI) (yunia.witasari@lipi.go.id)

## MAIN COMMENTS

- The 50-m long research vessel *Baruna Jaya VIII* was constructed by Norwegian shipping yards Mjellem and Karlsen, Bergen, in 1998. She is equipped and suited as a platform for biological exploration in tropical seas; she boasts GPS equipment, gyroscope-assisted navigation and positioning, a 95-kHz multi-beam sonar for seabed mapping, a 57-kHz fish-finding sonar, a comfortable wet room for processing fresh samples, a large biological laboratory, large freezers. She is also equipped for dredging and trawling, plankton sampling, water sampling, multicore-sediment sampling, and acoustic reflection.

- The schedule and concrete planning of the two legs of EWiN was not that clear, and known to me just days if not hours in advance, whereas I would have expected it to be known weeks before;

- The second leg (biology) looked to me like a routine trip. It apparently lacked focus on some scientific questions of interest.

- Concerning my involvement into the expedition: the first part consisted of systematic, full-daytime sighting data of seabirds and marine mammals during the cruise from Jakarta to Sorong ('Leg 0'), followed by Leg 1. My counterpart during Leg 0 and Leg 1 was Dharma Arif NUGROHO. Additional data were gathered by me on an opportunistic basis during transits between biological stations of Leg 2. High spatial heterogeneity was noted in both seabird and marine mammal assemblages. A striking feature of seabird species composition was the prevalence of species that nest in the northern-temperate and Arctic regions. My involvement in the second part of the expedition was in helping establish the checklist of fish species encountered underwater and of those sampled using a beach seine net during Leg 2. My counterpart during Leg 2 was Pak Muhammad ADRIM. We undertook nine SCUBA dives together (Appendix 6). I collected a few specimens and tissue samples of Lethrinidae and Siganidae, including some that will be further studied genetically depending on funding opportunities. The fish specimens have been deposited at LIPI P2O and hopefully one of them (a kakap moncong panjang) will serve as the type specimen for the resurrection of a species (*Lethrinus waigiensis*) currently regarded as a junior synonym of *L. olivaceus* that I believe is its Indian Ocean counterpart.

- With Pak ADRIM we surveyed reef fishes by taking digital pictures during the diving and snorkeling that we made on the seven reef spots we visited ashore. I do not think there will be extraordinarily new results from so few surveys (too little time), but I believe the method is adequate for monitoring reef fish populations. We need to make further use of digital photography in precisely defined SCUBA transects and come back to the very same sites at different time intervals.

- Back to LIPI P2O with Dharma Arif NUGROHO we have started to write a paper on the seabirds and marine mammals seen during Legs 1 and 2. That paper is now in press (Appendix 4). With Pak ADRIM we checked my series of digital photographs to identify the reef fish species present (Appendix 6).

- One of the main objectives of the expedition was to evaluate the resource potential of the area, deemed to be underdeveloped by the Jakarta bureaucracy. Several indicators, such as the relative paucity of commercial fishes and the rarity of top predators like sharks and large groupers, indicate those islands are already
overexploited. I could indirectly confirm this as I noted the systematic escape behaviour of sharks and other commercial fishes from snorkelers and divers.

- Last, the abundance of pelagic seabirds (streaked shearwater, brown booby; Appendix 3) and deep-sea foraging marine mammals (sperm whales, pilot whales, Risso's dolphins and pelagic spinner dolphins; Appendices 3-4) indicates that the Halmahera sea and Seram sea are highly productive, deep-pelagic ecosystems. The giant open-cast nickel-ore mining project that is currently being developed in Weda Bay and a similar project on Gag Island, both of which will dump their toxic waste in the sea, are a potential harm to the shore and pelagic ecosystems of those seas.
APPENDIX 1

EWiN07 LEG 0, 05-13 Nov. 2007. Marine mammals

<figure><img src="image_2.png" /><figcaption>Expedition EWiN07 à bord du *Kr Baruna Jaya VIII*, Leg 0 (transit de Jakarta vers Sorong). (A) Sighting effort. (B) Observations de mammifères marins, nos. 1-35</figcaption></figure>

<table><thead><tr><th>No.</th><th>Species sighted</th><th>N</th><th>No.</th><th>Species sighted</th><th>N</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1</td><td>Unid. dolphin</td><td>5</td><td>19</td><td>Physeter macrocephalus</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>Stenella longirostris</td><td>3</td><td>20</td><td>Unid. dolphin</td><td>~12</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>Stenella longirostris</td><td>≥2</td><td>21</td><td>Physeter macrocephalus</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>Tursiops truncatus</td><td>4</td><td>22</td><td>Cétacé non identifié</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>Tursiops truncatus</td><td>12</td><td>23</td><td>Unid. dolphin</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>Tursiops truncatus</td><td>4</td><td>24</td><td>Physeter macrocephalus</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>Stenella longirostris</td><td>1</td><td>25</td><td>Physeter macrocephalus</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>Balaenoptera sp.</td><td>1</td><td>26</td><td>Globicephala macrorhynchus</td><td>~15</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Stenella sp.</td><td>~20</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td>Stenella longirostris</td><td>1</td><td>27</td><td>Stenella sp.</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td>Balaenoptera sp. (?)</td><td>1</td><td>28</td><td>Physeter macrocephalus</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>11</td><td>Balaenoptera sp.</td><td>1</td><td>29</td><td>Unid. dolphin</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>12</td><td>Physeter macrocephalus</td><td>2</td><td>30</td><td>Globicephala macrorhynchus</td><td>~12</td></tr><tr><td>13</td><td>Stenella longirostris</td><td>12</td><td>31</td><td>Physeter macrocephalus</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>14</td><td>Globicephala macrorhynchus</td><td>~20</td><td>32</td><td>Physeter macrocephalus</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Stenella longirostris</td><td>~25</td></tr><tr><td>15</td><td>Stenella longirostris</td><td>≥1</td><td>33</td><td>Stenella longirostris (?)</td><td>~30</td></tr><tr><td>16</td><td>Unid. dolphin</td><td>~10</td><td>34</td><td>Stenella longirostris</td><td>~35</td></tr><tr><td>17</td><td>Unid. dolphin</td><td>≥2</td><td>35</td><td>Stenella longirostris</td><td>~12</td></tr><tr><td>18</td><td>Unid. dolphin</td><td>~30</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
# APPENDIX 2

## BURUNG LAUT DAN MAMMALIA LAUT DILIHAT DURING EKSPEDISI WIDYA NUSANTARA, LEMBAGA ILMU PENGETAHUAN INDONESIA, 2007

Oleh:

Philippe BORSA (Institut de recherche pour le développement, Nouméa, New Caledonia)

Dharma Arif NUGROHO (UPT Balai Konservasi Biota Laut - Ambon)

### Pendahuluan

LIPI telah menyusun berbagai program kegiatan penelitiannya secara makro, kemudian program-program tersebut secara estafet diberikan kepada para deputinya. Para Deputi kemudian memberikan arahan kepada unit-unit pelaksananya dalam hal ini adalah Puslit-Puslit yang berada dalam naungan Kedeputian tersebut. perihal kegiatan penelitian yang menjadi bagian dari kedeputian tersebut.

Salah satu program unggulan kegiatan penelitian LIPI tahun 2007 – 2009 adalah Program Ekspedisi Widya Nusantara (E-Win). Program ini bertujuan untuk menggali kekayaan flora-fauna darat dan laut serta budaya-budaya masyarakat Kepulauan yang berada dibagian perbatasan wilayah Indonesia paling luar. Program kegiatan yang dimulai pada tahun 2007 lokasi yang telah ditetapkan adalah Kepulauan Raja Ampat, Propinsi Papua Barat.

Kepulauan Raja Ampat merupakan salah satu Kabupaten yang berada di Propinsi Papua Barat. Wilayah Propinsi ini memiliki perairan yang lebih luas dari daratannya dan merupakan perairan di wilayah timur yang langsung berhubungan dengan Samudera Pasifik. Berbagai mediacetak maupun elektronik telah memberitakan bahwa perairan ini mempunyai keindahan alam bawah laut yang sangat menakjubkan karena keanekaragaman hayatinya.

Masih sangat sedikitnya informasi mengenai jenis serta sebaran burung laut dan cetacea yang terdapat di perairan timur Indonesia maka diperlukan adanya studi yang mendalam. Burung laut adalah spesies burung yang hidup dan mencari makan diwilayah perairan lautserta mampu beradaptrasi dengan lingkungan laut yang memiliki salinitas tinggi. Mamalia merupakan salah satu kelas dari vertebrata yang memiliki beberapa ciri khusus. Mamalia bernafas dengan paru-paru, berdarah panas, melahirkan serta menyusui anaknya. Mamalia laut merupakan kelompok kelas mamalia yang hidup dan tinggal di perairan laut, meliputi ordo Cetacea (paus, porpoise atau pesut dan lumba-lumba), Carnivora (berang-berang, singa laut dan walrus) dan Sirenia (dugong) (Romimohtarto, 1999). Burung laut dan cetacea yang terlihat selama survey leg 1 telah diamati dan dicatat. Tujuan kegiatan penelitiannya ini adalah mengamati jumlah spesies dan distribusi burung laut dan mamalia laut (cetacea) di Perairan Raja Ampat, Papua.

### Metoda

Pengamatan dilakukan oleh dua orang pengamat dari anjungan KR. Baruna Jaya VIII (10 m diatas permukaan laut) selama hari terang (pagi sampai sore) dan dilakukan pencatatan terhadap semua burung laut dan cetacea yang terlihat. Pencarian burung laut dan setasea dilakukan dengan melihat langsung dengan mata dan bila ditemukan hewan atau sekelompok hewan tersebut dilakukan pengecekan dengan menggunakan teropong binocular (Nikon; 7X50) dan dicoba untuk mengidentifikasi cepat dengan memperhatikan ciri-ciri hewan tersebut. Data waktu, posisi, dan kedalaman dari setiap pengamatan dicatat.

Pengamatan dilakukan selama 97,6 jam (647 nautical miles) dari tanggal 16 - 23 November 2007. Keadaan laut secara umum tenang dan kondisi pengamatan secara umum baik.

Identifikasi burung laut mengikuti Harrison (1995) dan Jefferson et al. (1994) digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi cetacea.

### Hasil Pengamatan

Table 1. Seabird and cetacean species sighted during Leg 1 of the E-WIN expedition on board KR Baruna Jaya VIII, 16-23 November 2007. Sighting frequency (- absent from sightings) and searching effort.

Tabel 1. Burung Laut dan cetacean yang terlihat selama Leg 1 Ekspedisi E-WIN diatas KR. Baruna Jaya VIII, 16-23 November 2007.
<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Species<br>Vernacular name</th><th rowspan="2">Scientific name</th><th colspan="2">Region surveyed</th></tr><tr><th>Laut</th><th>Halmahera</th></tr><tr><th></th><th></th><th colspan="2">Samudera Pasifik *</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="4"><strong>SEABIRDS</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Streaked Shearwater</td><td>Calonectris leucomelas</td><td>30</td><td>534</td></tr><tr><td>Wedge-tailed Shearwater</td><td>Puffinus pacificus</td><td>-</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Shearwater, unidentified</td><td>Puffinus sp.</td><td>-</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>Tropicbird, unidentified</td><td>Phaethon sp.</td><td>1</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Red-footed Booby</td><td>Sula sula</td><td>-</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>Brown Booby</td><td>Sula leucogaster</td><td>81</td><td>36</td></tr><tr><td>Phalarope **</td><td>Phalaropus sp.</td><td>1253</td><td>64</td></tr><tr><td>Christmas Frigatebird</td><td>Fregata andrewsi</td><td>3</td><td>13</td></tr><tr><td>Lesser Frigatebird</td><td>Fregata ariel</td><td>34</td><td>19</td></tr><tr><td>Frigatebird, unidentified</td><td>Fregata sp.</td><td>157</td><td>68</td></tr><tr><td>Jaeger, unidentified</td><td>Stercorarius sp.</td><td>1</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>Bridled Tern</td><td>Sterna anaetheta</td><td>10</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Crested Tern</td><td>Sterna bergii</td><td>93</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Common Tern</td><td>Sterna hirundo</td><td>50</td><td>25</td></tr><tr><td>Roseate Tern</td><td>Sterna dougallii</td><td>92</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Black-naped Tern</td><td>Sterna sumatrana</td><td>106</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Tern, unidentified</td><td>Sterna sp.</td><td>139</td><td>34</td></tr><tr><td>Egret</td><td>Egretta sp.</td><td>2</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"><strong>CETACEANS</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Sperm Whale</td><td>Physeter macrocephalus</td><td>-</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>False Killer Whale</td><td>Pseudorca crassidens</td><td>5</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Pilot Whale</td><td>Globicephala macrorhynchus</td><td>-</td><td>18</td></tr><tr><td>Risso's Dolphin</td><td>Grampus griseus</td><td>-</td><td>15</td></tr><tr><td>Spinner Dolphin</td><td>Stenella longirostris</td><td>224</td><td>120</td></tr><tr><td>Unidentified dolphin</td><td>Delphinidae sp.</td><td>65</td><td>17</td></tr><tr><td>Unidentified blackfish</td><td>Globicephalinae sp.</td><td>-</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>Unidentified cetacean</td><td>Cetacea sp.</td><td>1</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Effort (time)</td><td></td><td>33 hrs 55 min</td><td>63 hrs 46 min</td></tr><tr><td>Effort (distance)</td><td></td><td>295.3 nm</td><td>351.8 nm</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Sintesa

Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan diperoleh lebih dari 16 spesies burung laut yang telah diamati selama survey leg 1 (Table 1). Streaked Shearwater (Calonectris leucomelas) dan Red-necked Phalarope (Phalaropus lobatus) merupakan spesies yang sering terlihat selama survey berlangsung. Hal yang menarik adalah dijumpainya beberapa Christmas Frigatebirds (Fregata andrewsi) setiap hari selama survey ini, baik di Laut Halmahera dan Laut Pasifik. Penting untuk dicatat bahwa spesies Red-footed Booby (Sula sula) cukup jarang terlihat pada survey leg 1. Hal ini memberikan fakta bahwa spesies ini kurang dominan di daerah Raja Ampat - Papua Barat, namun dominant pada perairan Indonesia bagian timur lainnya seperti Laut Seram.

Pengamatan Cetacea telah dilakukan sebanyak 36 kali. Lima spesies cetacea telah di identifikasi, yaitu Spinner Dolphin (Stenella longirostris), Risso's Dolphin (Grampus griseus), Pilot Whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus), False Killer Whale (Pseudorca crassidens) dan Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus). Spinner Dolphin merupakan spesies yang sangat sering terlihat dan paling melimpah (17 pengamatan, 34 individu).

Keberadaan spesies yang melimpah ini dimungkinkan adanya persediaan makanan yang melimpah. Hal ini dapat terlihat manakala banyak ikan yang melompat-lompat saat ada burung laut yang sedang berputar-putar mencari makan dan pada lokasi dijumpainya lumba-lumba.

Pengamatan burung laut dan cetacea sering kali dapat di sosialisikan dengan perubahan bathymetry yang mencolok.

## Kesimpulan

Survey ini telah memberikan sebuah gambaran dari komunitas burung laut dan cetacea yang terdapat di perairan laut sekitar Pulau Waigeo dan Kepulauan Raja Ampat - Papua Barat, pada bulan November 2007. Salah satu hal yang mengejutkan dari hasil survey ini adalah pola spasial/geografik yang heterogen di Laut Halmahera. Sebagai contoh Streaked Shearwaters dominan pada Samudera Pasifik dekat Waigeo namun mereka hanya

<footnote>* includes Selat Dampier</footnote>

<footnote>** mostly Red-necked Phalarope (Phalaropus lobatus); may also include Red Phalarope (Phalaropus ficularius)</footnote>
sedikit di jumpai di Laut Halmahera. Keaneka ragaman spesies cetacea di Laut Halmahera lebih rendah dari Samudera Pasifik. Survey selanjutnya sebaiknya dilakukan untuk memonitor perubahan musiman, seperti beberapa spesies burung Jaegers, Shearwaters and Phalaropes bermigrasi kembali ke daerah reproduksi mereka di Asia timur bagian utara pada musim panas. Perubahan komposisi komunitas cetacean sebaiknya dilakukan pengecekkan pula.

## Pustaka Acuan

Harrison P. 1985. Seabirds: an identification guide. Revised edn. Christopher Helm, London.

Jefferson, T.A., Leatherwood, S., Webber, M.A. 1994. FAO Species identification guide. Marine mammals of the world. UNEP / FAO, Rome, 320 pp.

Romimohtarto, K., 1999. Potensi Nasional Wilayah Pesisir dan Laut. Makalah Seminar Nasional Pemberdayaan Pengelolaan Potensi Wilayah Pesisir dan Laut Dalam Rangka Menyongsong Otonomi Daerah. 12 hal.

## Lampiran

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /><figcaption>Gambar 1. Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus) di Selat Dampier (Foto P. Borsa/IRD)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>Gambar 2. Burung Fregata di Laut Halmahera (Foto P. Borsa/IRD)</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>Gambar 3. Berkumpul Phalaropus lobatus di Laut Halmahera
(Foto P. Borsa/IRD)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>Gambar 4. Streaked Shearwater terbang di Selat Dampier
(Foto P. Borsa/IRD)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_7.png" /><figcaption>Gambar 5. Berkumpul *Stenella longirostris* di Laut Halmahera
(Foto P. Borsa/IRD)</figcaption></figure>
# APPENDIX 3

[In Utomo E.P. (ed.) *International Workshop on the Discovery of the Raja Ampat Natural Wealth, Papua, Eastern Indonesia, October 13th – 15th, 2008, Bandung, Indonesia*]

## SEABIRDS AND MARINE MAMMALS AS INDICATORS OF A RICH BUT VULNERABLE ECOSYSTEM IN THE SEAS OF RAJA AMPAT

Philippe BORSA¹ and Dharma Arif NUGROHO²

¹ Institut de recherche pour le développement, BP A5, 98848 Nouméa cedex, New Caledonia, ² Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Ambon, South Maluku, Indonesia

## ABSTRACT

Sightings of seabirds and cetaceans were made from KR Baruna Jaya VIII in the seas of Raja Ampat, from 16 to 24 November 2007. Sighting effort reached 101 hours, on a total distance of 678 nautical miles (nm). The most frequently sighted seabird species were red-necked phalarope, Phalaropus lobatus (~4.2 individuals sighted per nm) in the Halmahera sea and streaked shearwater, Calonectris leucomelas (~1.4 ind./nm) on the Pacific ocean side. The other seabirds sighted were, mainly, brown booby, Sula leucogaster, lesser frigatebird, Fregatariel, Christmas frigatebird, F. andrewsi, and terns, Sterna spp. (including S. anaetheta, S. bergii, S. dougallii, S. hirundo and S. sumatrana). Sightings of cetaceans included spinner dolphin, Stenella longirostris (~0.5 ind./nm), short-finned pilot whale, Globicephala macrorhynchus (~0.03 ind./nm), Risso's dolphin, Grampus griseus (~0.02 ind./nm), bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops sp. (~0.02 ind./nm), false killer whale, Pseudorca crassidens (~0.01 ind./nm) and sperm whale, Physeter macrocephalus (~0.01 ind./nm). The high densities of seabirds and marine mammals in the seas of Raja Ampat indicate the presence of abundant preys. Planned oil and gas, open pit mining, submarine tailings disposal, forestry and fisheries projects, and coastal development likely will have heavy, negative impacts on the pelagic and deep-sea ecosystems of the region.

## INTRODUCTION

The eastern part of the Indo-Malay-Papua archipelago lies at the core of a biogeographic region where the marine life is highly diverse (Roberts et al., 2002). Yet the large-vertebrate fauna of these seas remains poorly known: only scarce information is currently available on the seabirds of the Indonesian seas. A request to the ISI Web of Science (Institute for Scientific Information, Philadelphia) using the keywords 'Indonesia' and 'seabird' returned four references (Cadee, 1985; de Korte, 1989; Zann et al., 1990; Ewans and Wahju, 1996). Literature on marine mammals is also poor, albeit more substantial than that on seabirds. The abundance of large cetaceans in Indonesian waters has been first reported by whalers (Townsend, 1935). Published research includes sightings and an investigation of cetacean catches in the Lamalera area, Sawu sea (Barnes, 1991, 1996; Rudolph et al., 1997), miscellaneous observations gathered throughout Indonesia (Rudolph et al., 1997), opportunistic sightings off Komodo Island (Hoffmann, 1998), and sightings from a transect through the Java Sea and the South China Sea (De Boer, 2001). Branch et al. (2007) have reported opportunistic sightings and strandings of blue whales, *Balaenoptera musculus*. Also, a series of reports has been produced from cetacean sighting surveys in the Komodo National Park waters (Kahn et al., 2000).

The EWiN expedition on board KR Baruna Jaya VIII (LIPI, Jakarta) provided a nice opportunity to take a census of seabirds and marine mammals in the seas around Raja Ampat, West Papua.

## METHODS

Observations were made continuously during daytime, 15-24 November 2007, from the upper deck or the wheelhouse of 50-m long KR Baruna Jaya VIII (ca. 10 m above sea surface) by two observers equipped with binoculars and a reflex camera fitted with a 300-mm lens. The average speed of the vessel, whose multi-beam vertical sonar was in use during the whole survey, was 6.7 knots. The total sighting effort is reported in Fig. 1 and in Table 1. The precise time and location of each sighting was recorded. Seabirds were identified according to Harrison (1985). Cetacean names follow Rice (1998). The identifications at sea were subsequently confirmed from examining the corresponding photographs when the latter were available.

## RESULTS

### Seabirds

See Table 1 and Figs. 2a, 2b. Streaked shearwaters were solitary or in flocks up to 100 individuals in Selat Dampier, feeding amidst schools of small tuna, or resting. Roseate tern sightings mostly consisted of two foraging flocks (perhaps the same flock) of 40-50 individuals at the entrance of Halmahera Sea at the western
<figure><img src="image_8.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 1. Track of KR Baruna Jaya VIII, 15-24 November 2007.</figcaption></figure>

<table><caption>Table 1. Seabird and cetacean species sighted during Leg 1 of the EWiN expedition on board KR Baruna Jaya VIII, 15-24 November 2007. Searching effort and sighting frequency (no. contacts in brackets).</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Species</th><th rowspan="2">Scientific name</th><th colspan="2">Region surveyed</th></tr><tr><th>Laut Halmahera</th><th>Samudera Pasifik *</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>[total time]</td><td>-</td><td>[33 hrs 55 min]</td><td>[66 hrs 53 min]</td></tr><tr><td>[total distance]</td><td>-</td><td>[295.3 nm]</td><td>[382.8 nm]</td></tr><tr><td>SEABIRDS</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Streaked shearwater</td><td>Calonectris leucomelas</td><td>30 (12)</td><td>534 (72)</td></tr><tr><td>Wedge-tailed shearwater</td><td>Puffinus pacificus</td><td>-</td><td>1 (1)</td></tr><tr><td>Shearwater, unidentified</td><td>Puffinus sp.</td><td>-</td><td>7 (3)</td></tr><tr><td>Tropicbird, unidentified</td><td>Phaethon sp.</td><td>1 (1)</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Red-footed booby</td><td>Sula sula</td><td>-</td><td>4 (2)</td></tr><tr><td>Brown booby</td><td>Sula leucogaster</td><td>81 (30)</td><td>38 (21)</td></tr><tr><td>Red-necked phalarope</td><td>Phalaropus lobatus</td><td>1253 (35)</td><td>64 (6)</td></tr><tr><td>Christmas frigatebird</td><td>Fregata andrewsi</td><td>3 (3)</td><td>13 (9)</td></tr><tr><td>Lesser frigatebird</td><td>Fregata ariel</td><td>34 (13)</td><td>19 (14)</td></tr><tr><td>Pacific frigatebird</td><td>Fregata minor</td><td>-</td><td>1 (1)</td></tr><tr><td>Frigatebird, unidentified</td><td>Fregata sp.</td><td>157 (21)</td><td>68 (24)</td></tr><tr><td>Parasitic jaeger</td><td>Stercorarius parasiticus</td><td>1 (1)</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Pomarine jaeger</td><td>Stercorarius pomarinus</td><td>-</td><td>2 (2)</td></tr><tr><td>Jaeger, unidentified</td><td>Stercorarius sp.</td><td>1 (1)</td><td>7 (6)</td></tr><tr><td>Bridled tern</td><td>Sterna anaetheta</td><td>10 (5)</td><td>1 (1)</td></tr><tr><td>Crested tern</td><td>Sterna bergii</td><td>93 (17)</td><td>14 (6)</td></tr><tr><td>Common tern</td><td>Sterna hirundo</td><td>50 (1)</td><td>30 (2)</td></tr><tr><td>Roseate tern</td><td>Sterna dougallii</td><td>92 (3)</td><td>6 (1)</td></tr><tr><td>Black-naped tern</td><td>Sterna sumatrana</td><td>106 (6)</td><td>2 (2)</td></tr><tr><td>Tern, unidentified</td><td>Sterna sp.</td><td>139 (13)</td><td>91 (13)</td></tr><tr><td>Egret</td><td>Egretta sp.</td><td>2 (2)</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>CETACEANS</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spinner dolphin</td><td>Stenella longirostris</td><td>224 (10)</td><td>128 (8)</td></tr><tr><td>Bottlenose dolphin</td><td>Tursiops sp.</td><td>-</td><td>12 (1)</td></tr><tr><td>Short-finned pilot whale</td><td>Globicephala macrorhynchus</td><td>-</td><td>18 (1)</td></tr><tr><td>Risso's dolphin</td><td>Grampus griseus</td><td>-</td><td>15 (2)</td></tr><tr><td>False killer whale</td><td>Pseudorca crassidens</td><td>5 (1)</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Sperm whale</td><td>Physeter macrocephalus</td><td>-</td><td>5 (5)</td></tr><tr><td>Unidentified dolphin</td><td>Delphinidae sp.</td><td>65 (4)</td><td>17 (3)</td></tr><tr><td>Unidentified blackfish</td><td>Globicephalinae sp.</td><td>-</td><td>10 (2)</td></tr><tr><td>Unidentified cetacean</td><td>Cetacea sp.</td><td>1 (1)</td><td>2 (1)</td></tr></tbody></table>

<footnote>* includes Selat Dampier</footnote>
end of Selat Dampier. Crested terns were usually solitary or in pairs, except a resting flock of 7 in Selat Sagewin and a flock of 25 fishing on a school of small tuna in Laut Halmahera. Phalaropes mostly occurred in flocks, from 6 to over 200 individuals, resting or feeding on the surface. Black-naped terns exhibited their breeding plumage. No lesser crested tern (*Sterna bengalensis*) was positively identified and no noddy (*Anous* sp.) was sighted.

## Cetaceans

See Table 1 and Figs. 2c, 2d. All sperm whales were sighted at the western extremity of the deeper part of Selat Dampier, were solitary and appeared to be on foraging mode (alternating long dives and surface-resting with frequent blowing).

## DISCUSSION

### Seabirds and marine mammals as ecosystem indicators

The present results provide indirect but compelling evidence that the Halmahera sea and its surroundings is a feeding area for seabirds and marine mammals at the end of the pelagic food chain. Some of the marine mammals sighted commonly prey on deep-sea squid (see here below)

An overwhelming proportion of the seabirds sighted consisted of wintering migrants from the colder regions of the northern hemisphere: red-necked phalarope, streaked shearwater, common tern, and jaegers. Roseate tern, black-naped tern, bridled tern and crested tern possibly nest on uninhabited islets in Raja Ampat. The fact that at best a minority of the seabirds sighted might breed locally suggests either that the resources of Raja Ampat waters are seasonal and unable to sustain large seabird populations year-round, or that the present abundance of locally breeding seabirds is much less than the potential abundance, possibly because of the long history of human presence in the area. Reports from seabird surveys in the Banda sea and Flores sea however hint that a dramatic drop in seabird abundance has occurred since the 70s, directly caused by the systematic overexploitation of eggs by humans, or indirectly by the destruction of nesting habitats (de Korte, 1984, 1989). Increased human population and planned new settlements on remote islands (Sijabat, 2007; Table 2) will likely impact the surviving colonies of Raja Ampat. As we have seen in New Caledonia, even slight human disturbance on tern colonies could result in nesting failure (Pandolfi-Benoit and Bretagnolle, 2002). Since the easiest way to preserve endangered seabird populations is to protect the islands or coral banks where the surviving nesting colonies occur, it is now urgent to identify them and to implement full, effective protection. Unless this is done, the fate of seabird populations in Raja Ampat is bleak.

A remarkable diversity of cetaceans occurs in the Indonesian seas (Rudolph et al. 1997). The occurrence of deep-sea cetaceans, such as sperm whale and short-finned pilot whale, close to the shore is made possible by the steep transition from land to deep-sea, as in Raja Ampat. Risso's dolphins are thought to feed on neritic and oceanic squid (Baird, 2002). Pilot whales and sperm whales mainly feed on deep-sea squid (Olson and Reilly, 2002; Whitehead, 2002; Aguilar Soto et al., 2008). Several forms or subspecies have been recognized in spinner dolphin, whose ecology may differ. The pelagic form, *Stenella longirostris longirostris*, feeds on small mesopelagic fishes and squids, diving to 600 m or more, while *S. l. roseiventris*, a coastal diminutive form so far reported from the inshore waters of Southeast Asia, mainly preys on benthic and reef fishes and invertebrates (Perrin et al. 1999; Perrin 2002b). Raja Ampat lies midway between the Philippines, where the subspecies reported is *S. l. longirostris*, and Northern Australia, where *S. l. roseiventris* occurs (Perrin 2002a). It is not possible from the present data to assign the spinner dolphins seen in the Raja Ampat area to either subspecies. Both inshore, reef and deep-pelagic habitats exist in Raja Ampat, making plausible that both *S. l. longirostris* and *S. l. roseiventris* occur there.

### Threats to the Raja Ampat marine ecosystem

Two major nickel mining projects in Halmahera (Weda Bay) and Raja Ampat (Gag Island) plan to dump their mine tailings and pump their toxic industrial waste into the Halmahera Sea (Baldi et al., 2002; Anonymous, 2005). At all submarine tailings disposal sites worldwide, there have been the following impacts: pipe breaks, spill out from the dumping area, smothering of the benthic organisms, increased turbidity, and introduction of dissolved metals, milling agents and detergents (Baldi et al., 2002). Submarine tailings disposal may also seriously impact the water column by the formation of plumes of turbid, metal-laden water under strong currents. Ironically, the conceptors of the Weda Bay project claim that the tailings will be disposed off at a depth over 200 m, "below the biologically active zone" (Anonymous, 2005). The idea of an azoic deep-sea was held over 160 years ago by Forbes (1844), who believed that no life was expected below 550 m, but was soon falsified by Wallich (1866) and Wyville Thomson (1873) who were able to collect various and abundant animals at depths
<figure><img src="image_9.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 2. Four of the most frequently sighted marine animals of the seas around Raja Ampat in November 2007. a. Red-necked phalaropes (*Phalaropus lobatus*) in non-breeding plumage. b. Moulting streaked shearwater (*Calonectris leucomelas*). c. Spinner dolphins (*Stenella longirostris*). d. Solitary sperm whale (*Physeter macrocephalus*) in Dampier strait.</figcaption></figure>
of, respectively, 2300 m and at least 1200 m (Anderson and Rice, 2006). We now know that the deep sea supports rich animal communities whose diversity may well exceed that of tropical rainforests and coral reefs (Grassle and Maciolek, 1992). Broadscale submarine tailings disposal into the Halmahera Sea, as well other planned developments (Table 2), are likely to dramatically impact the pelagic and deep-sea ecosystems of the Raja Ampat region.

<table><caption>Table 2. Threats to the pelagic ecosystem of the seas around Raja Ampat.</caption><thead><tr><td>Identified threat</td><td>Actions planned / expected</td><td>Effects expected on marine environment</td><td>References</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Exploitation of mineral resources</td><td>- Exploration for oil and gas<br>- Oil and gas drilling<br>- Open pit mining<br>- Increased maritime traffic</td><td>- Acoustic pollution and mechanic effects of seismic exploration<br>- Pollution (oil spills, habitat destruction, erosion, toxins associated with mining activities)<br>- Hypersedimentation (caused by soil degradation and erosion and consecutive to land clearing, deforestation)<br>- Waste disposal<br>- Habitat degradation</td><td>Evan and Nice (1997); Anonymous (2005); Anonymous (2008); Baldi et al. (2002)</td></tr><tr><td>Submarine tailings disposal</td><td>- Weda Bay plant project: disposal of waste in Laut Halmahera at ca. 200 m<br>- Gag Island mining project: submarine tailings disposal in Laut Halmahera</td><td>- Habitat degradation<br>- Increased turbidity<br>- Disturbance of photosynthesis<br>- Contamination of trophic chain by chemicals, including heavy metals<br>- Alteration of deep-sea communities<br>- Disruption of trophic chain</td><td>Ballschmiter et al. (1997); Burd et al. (2000); Baldi et al. (2002); Anonymous (2005); Brewer et al. (2007); Suryana (2008)</td></tr><tr><td>Forestry</td><td>- Land clearing, deforestation<br>- Unsustainable logging of primary forests</td><td>- Hypersedimentation caused by erosion<br>- Habitat degradation, increased turbidity<br>- Disturbance of trophic chain</td><td>Hamilton (1997); Sidle et al. (2006); Maryudi (2008);</td></tr><tr><td>Fishing</td><td>- Development of coastal areas and waters of Raja Ampat<br>- Extension of fisheries and aquaculture projects<br>- Overfishing<br>- Increased maritime traffic</td><td>- Destruction of non-target species (sea turtles, seabirds, cetaceans)<br>- Rarefaction of top pelagic predators (tunas, swordfish, marlins, oceanic sharks, ...)<br>- Erosion of genetic diversity<br>- Disruption of trophic chain<br>- Habitat degradation</td><td>Safina (1993; 1997); Sijabat (2007);</td></tr><tr><td>New human settlements</td><td>- Increased human population<br>- Settlement on remote islands<br>- Predation on wildlife inhabiting the most remote islands<br>- Plantation of crops</td><td>- Habitat degradation<br>- Waste<br>- Human predation on seabirds, sea turtles and marine mammals<br>- Loss of nesting habitat (seabirds, sea turtles)<br>- Extinction of local seabird and sea turtle populations</td><td>de Korte (1989); Sijabat (2007);</td></tr><tr><td>Global warming</td><td>- Increase in temperature in the tropical latitudes of the Indo-Pacific</td><td>- Change in the composition of tropical marine communities<br>- Disruption of trophic chain</td><td>Walther et al. (2002)</td></tr></tbody></table>

## ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are grateful to Captain I. Daniel and to the crew of KR Baruna Jaya VIII for their excellent assistance. Thanks to D.-c. Jeon (KORDI, Seoul) for kindly accepting to present this paper at the conference in Bandung and to M. Larue (IRD, Jakarta) for offering his help. The research presented here was sponsored by LIPI (Ekspedisi Widya Nusantara) and by IRD. P.B.'s field work was conducted under Surat Izin Penelitihan no. 5936/SU/KS/2007 issued by LIPI and MLD/OD no. 19750 issued by IRD Director general.

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Zann, RA, Walker, MV, Adhikerana, AS, Davison, GW, Male, EB, and Darjono, *The birds of the Krakatau islands (Indonesia)*, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B, 328, pp. 29-54 (1990).
# APPENDIX 4

Borsa P., Nugroho D.A. 2010. Spinner dolphin (*Stenella longirostris*) and other cetaceans in Raja Ampat waters, West Papua. *Marine Biodiversity Records* 3, e49.

## SPINNER DOLPHIN (*STENELLA LONGIROSTRIS*) AND OTHER CETACEANS IN RAJA AMPAT WATERS, WEST PAPUA

Philippe Borsa*† and Dharma Arif Nugroho†

*Institut de recherche pour le développement, UR 227 "Biocomplexité des écosystèmes récifaux", Centre IRD de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. †Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Ambon, South Maluku, Indonesia.

‡Corresponding author, e-mail: philippe.borsa@ird.fr

## ABSTRACT

Cetaceans were surveyed using ship transects across the seas of Raja Ampat (West Papua) in November and December 2007. Sighting effort reached 120 hours, over a total distance of 1561 km. The most common cetacean sighted was the spinner dolphin, *Stenella longirostris* (~0.238 individuals/km), most frequently in pods of 15-20 individuals, in relatively-shallow to deep waters (82-2310 m). All those spinner dolphins that were positively identified from photographs were of the pelagic form (*S. l. longirostris*). Other cetaceans sighted were the short-finned pilot whale, *Globicephala macrorhynchus*, Risso's dolphin, *Grampus griseus*, the bottlenose dolphin, *Tursiops* sp., the false killer whale, *Pseudorca crassidens* and the sperm whale, *Physeter macrocephalus*.

Keywords: Halmahera Sea, Pacific Ocean, Coral Triangle, pelagic spinner dolphin, pilot whale, Risso's dolphin, bottlenose dolphin, false killer whale, sperm whale
APPENDIX 5: OFFICIAL STASIUN PENELITIAN EWIN07 LEG 2

<figure><img src="image_10.png" /></figure>

<table><thead><tr><th>sta</th><th>Date</th><th>y</th><th>x</th><th>depth</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>BIO 01</td><td>2007.11.27</td><td>-0,443012</td><td>130,81757</td><td>50</td></tr><tr><td>BIO 02</td><td>2007.11.28</td><td>-0,473571</td><td>130,79168</td><td>38</td></tr><tr><td>BIO 03</td><td>2007.11.30</td><td>-0,031025</td><td>130,96594</td><td>27</td></tr><tr><td>BIO 04</td><td>2007.12.01</td><td>-0,263037</td><td>130,50923</td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td>BIO 05</td><td>2007.12.02</td><td>-0,666188</td><td>130,30654</td><td>44</td></tr><tr><td>BIO 06</td><td>2007.12.03 07:45:26</td><td>-1,011745</td><td>130,65804</td><td>35</td></tr><tr><td>BIO 07</td><td>2007.12.04</td><td>-0,78915</td><td>130,67347</td><td>90</td></tr></tbody></table>

Box-core stations, Leg 2

<table><thead><tr><th>St</th><th>Longitude</th><th>Latitude</th><th>Depth (m)</th><th>x</th><th>xx</th><th>y</th><th>yy</th><th>su</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1</td><td>131,091533</td><td>-0,825567</td><td>277</td><td>131</td><td>5,492</td><td>0</td><td>49,534</td><td>s</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>131,166650</td><td>-0,657450</td><td>1290</td><td>131</td><td>9,999</td><td>0</td><td>39,447</td><td>s</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>131,407600</td><td>-0,696400</td><td>2020</td><td>131</td><td>24,456</td><td>0</td><td>41,784</td><td>s</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>131,360283</td><td>-0,610100</td><td>1792</td><td>131</td><td>21,617</td><td>0</td><td>36,606</td><td>s</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>131,306800</td><td>-0,509583</td><td>2293</td><td>131</td><td>18,408</td><td>0</td><td>30,575</td><td>s</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>130,774300</td><td>-0,614350</td><td>605</td><td>130</td><td>46,458</td><td>0</td><td>36,861</td><td>s</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>131,741400</td><td>-0,424683</td><td>2269</td><td>131</td><td>44,484</td><td>0</td><td>25,481</td><td>s</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>131,742350</td><td>0,000700</td><td>4592</td><td>131</td><td>44,541</td><td>0</td><td>0,042</td><td>u</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td>131,742250</td><td>0,416533</td><td>2398</td><td>131</td><td>44,535</td><td>0</td><td>24,992</td><td>u</td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td>131,335683</td><td>0,021383</td><td>3969</td><td>131</td><td>20,141</td><td>0</td><td>1,283</td><td>u</td></tr><tr><td>11</td><td>131,009267</td><td>0,229900</td><td>1468</td><td>131</td><td>0,556</td><td>0</td><td>13,794</td><td>u</td></tr><tr><td>12</td><td>130,490550</td><td>0,049767</td><td>137</td><td>130</td><td>29,433</td><td>0</td><td>2,986</td><td>u</td></tr><tr><td>13</td><td>129,979450</td><td>0,050217</td><td>82</td><td>129</td><td>58,767</td><td>0</td><td>3,013</td><td>u</td></tr><tr><td>14</td><td>129,833700</td><td>-0,123733</td><td>815</td><td>129</td><td>50,022</td><td>0</td><td>7,424</td><td>s</td></tr><tr><td>15</td><td>129,984683</td><td>-0,394167</td><td>570</td><td>129</td><td>59,081</td><td>0</td><td>23,650</td><td>s</td></tr><tr><td>16</td><td>130,509233</td><td>-0,263217</td><td>56</td><td>130</td><td>30,554</td><td>0</td><td>15,793</td><td>s</td></tr><tr><td>17</td><td>130,418167</td><td>-0,384733</td><td>88</td><td>130</td><td>25,090</td><td>0</td><td>23,084</td><td>s</td></tr><tr><td>18</td><td>129,995400</td><td>-0,729150</td><td>424</td><td>129</td><td>59,724</td><td>0</td><td>43,749</td><td>s</td></tr><tr><td>19</td><td>130,112000</td><td>-0,926933</td><td>715</td><td>130</td><td>6,720</td><td>0</td><td>55,616</td><td>s</td></tr><tr><td>20</td><td>130,366717</td><td>-1,075800</td><td>536</td><td>130</td><td>22,003</td><td>1</td><td>4,548</td><td>s</td></tr><tr><td>21</td><td>130,452133</td><td>-1,247100</td><td>67</td><td>130</td><td>27,128</td><td>1</td><td>14,826</td><td>s</td></tr><tr><td>22</td><td>130,527867</td><td>-0,948983</td><td>601</td><td>130</td><td>31,672</td><td>0</td><td>56,939</td><td>s</td></tr><tr><td>23</td><td>130,227433</td><td>-0,842683</td><td>563</td><td>130</td><td>13,646</td><td>0</td><td>50,561</td><td>s</td></tr></tbody><tfoot><tr><td></td><td>130,673467</td><td>-0,789150</td><td></td><td>130</td><td>40,408</td><td>0</td><td>47,349</td><td></td></tr></tfoot></table>

<table><thead><tr><th>No</th><th>Cast</th><th>Date</th><th>Time</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1</td><td>Box-01</td><td>26/11/2007</td><td>20:10</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>Box-01</td><td>26/11/2007</td><td>20:45</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>Box-02</td><td>26/11/2007</td><td>22:37</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>Box-03</td><td>27/11/2007</td><td>01:27</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>Box-04</td><td>28/11/2007</td><td>00:31</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>Box-05</td><td>28/11/2007</td><td>02:44</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>Box-06</td><td>28/11/2007</td><td>20:18</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>Box-07</td><td>29/11/2007</td><td>06:12</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td>Box-08</td><td>29/11/2007</td><td>11:18</td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td>Box-09</td><td>29/11/2007</td><td>17:30</td></tr><tr><td>11</td><td>Box-09</td><td>29/11/2007</td><td>19:12</td></tr><tr><td>12</td><td>Box-10</td><td>30/11/2007</td><td>00:28</td></tr><tr><td>13</td><td>Box-11</td><td>30/11/2007</td><td>05:20</td></tr><tr><td>14</td><td>Box-12</td><td>30/12/2007</td><td>22:29</td></tr><tr><td>15</td><td>Box-13</td><td>01/12/2007</td><td>01:41</td></tr><tr><td>16</td><td>Box-14</td><td>01/12/2007</td><td>03:36</td></tr><tr><td>17</td><td>Box-15</td><td>01/12/2007</td><td>06:36</td></tr><tr><td>18</td><td>Box-16</td><td>01/12/2007</td><td>13:07</td></tr><tr><td>19</td><td>Box-17</td><td>01/12/2007</td><td>20:34</td></tr><tr><td>20</td><td>Box-18</td><td>02/12/2007</td><td>01:03</td></tr><tr><td>21</td><td>Box-19</td><td>02/12/2007</td><td>03:12</td></tr><tr><td>22</td><td>Box-20</td><td>03/12/2007</td><td>21:51</td></tr><tr><td>23</td><td>Box-21</td><td>03/12/2007</td><td>23:52</td></tr></tbody></table>
APPENDIX 6

PLONGEES EN SCAPHANDRE EFFECTUEES LORS DU LEG 2

<table><thead><tr><td>Date</td><td>Lieu</td><td>Profondeur max.</td><td>Durée</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>27 XI 2007</td><td>Kemindores, côte sud de Pulau Waigeo</td><td>12.1 m</td><td>68 min</td></tr><tr><td>28 XI 2007</td><td>Pulau Sayonek Besar</td><td>1.0 m</td><td>30 min</td></tr><tr><td>28 XI 2007</td><td>Pulau Sayonek Besar</td><td>12.0 m</td><td>74 min</td></tr><tr><td>30 XI 2007</td><td>Rauki, Pulau Lawak, côte nord de Pulau Waigeo</td><td>18.3 m</td><td>71 min</td></tr><tr><td>01 XII 2007</td><td>Teluk Waisei, côte W de Pulau Waigeo</td><td>29.0 m</td><td>60 min</td></tr><tr><td>02 XII 2007</td><td>Pulau Fam</td><td>22.4 m</td><td>96 min</td></tr><tr><td>02 XII 2007</td><td>Pulau Fam</td><td>17.7 m</td><td>73 min</td></tr><tr><td>03 XII 2007</td><td>Côte W de Pulau Salawati, au sud de Tanjung Wasaget</td><td>6.3 m</td><td>71 min</td></tr><tr><td>04 XII 2007</td><td>Côte nord de Pulau Batanta</td><td>26.8 m</td><td>64 min</td></tr></tbody></table>

CHECKLIST OF FISH SPECIES BY STATION VISITED DURING LEG 2

Observed by P. Borsa:

Kemindores, Waigeo, 2007.11.27

Chaetodon spp.

Cromileptes altivelis

Dascyllus aruanus

Gymnocranius, unid.

Lethrinus harak

Liza vaigiensis

Nemipterus furcosus (fished from the ship)

Rhinecanthus verrucosus

Taeniura lymna

Pulau Sonek or Sayonek, 2007.11.28

Acanthurus triostegus

Bothus pantherinus

Caesio teres

Caranx melampygus

Caranx sp.

Carangoides orthogrammus

Chaetodon spp.

Cheilio inermis

Dascyllus aruanus

Dacyllus melanurus

Elegatis bipinnulata

Gnathanodon speciosus

Gymnothorax javanicus

Gymnothorax sp.

Heniochus spp.

Lethrinus variegatus

Monotaxis grandoculis

Pterocaesio marri

Rhinecanbthus verrucosus

Scarus microrhinos

Scomberomorus commerson
## Rauki, Pulau Lawak, 2007.11.30

Aulostoma chinensis
Dascyllus reticulatus
Caesio teres
Cephalopholis argus
Chaetodon spp.
Cheilinus fasciatus
Gnathanodon speciosus
Heniochus spp.
Lethrinus harak
Lethrinus variegatus
Lutjanus fulviflamma
Scaridae spp.
Siganus corallinus
Siganus sp. (canaliculatus or fuscescens)

## Teluk Waisei, Waigeo 2007.12.01

Acanthuridae spp.
Aeoliscus sp.
Alepes sp. (fished from the ship)
Anyperodon leucogrammicus
Apogon spp.
Aulostoma chinensis
Caesio teres
Caranx melampygus
Chaetodon spp.
Epinephelus sp.
Gymnothorax sp.
Heniochus spp.
Labridae spp.
Lethrinus erythropterus
Lutjanus russelli
Lutjanus spp.
Nemipterus spp. (fished from the ship)
Platax pinnatus
Plectropomus leopardus
Pomacanthidae spp.
Pomacentrus nigromanus
Scaridae spp.
Siganus argenteus
Siganus doliatus
Siganus punctatissimus
Siganus vulpinus
Triaenodon obesus
Tylosaurus sp.
Variola loutii
Zanclus cornutus

## Pulau Fam 2007.12.02

Acanthuridae spp.
Acanthurus lineatus
Balistoides conspicillum
Caesio teres
Carangoides orthogrammus (Fig. #1)
Caranx ignobilis
Caranx melampygus
Carcharhinus melanopterus
Cephalopholis argus
Cephalopholis sonnerati (fished from the ship)
Chaetodon spp.
Coritoichthys sp.
Dascyllus aruanus
Dasyatis kuhlii (Fig. #2)
Elegatis bipinnulatus
Epinephelus fasciatus (fished from the ship)
Gnathanodon speciosus
Grammatorcynus bilineatus
Gymnocranius sp.
Kyphosus vaigiensis
Lethrinus harak
Lethrinus olivaceus
Lethrinus rubrioperculatus (fished from the ship)
Lethrinus semicinctus (fished from the ship)

Lutjanidae spp.

Lutjanus ehrenbergii

Lutjanus fulvus

Monotaxis grandoculis

Naso unicornis

Nemipterus sp. (fished from the ship)

Odonus niger

Plectropomus leopardus

Plectorhinchus albovittatus

Plectorhinchus lineatus

Pomacanthidae spp.

Pomacentridae spp.

Pterocaesio spp.

Rhinecanthus verrucosus

Scomberomorus commerson

Seriola lalandi

Siganus argenteus

Siganus fuscescens

Siganus lineatus

Siganus vulpinus

Sphyraena barracuda

Sufflamen sp.

Symphorus nematophorus

Zanclus cornutus

## Pulau Salawati 2007.12.03

Abudefduf bengalensis

Abudefduf lorenzi

Abudefduf vaigensis

Caranx melampygus

Chaetodon spp.

Cheilinus fasciatus

Choerodon schoenlinii

Chrysiptera parasema

Cromileptes altivelis

Dasyatis kuhlii

Kyphosus vaigiensis

Lethrinus ornatus

Lethrinus harak

Lethrinus ornatus

Liza vaigiensis (Fig. #3)

Pomacanthus sexstriatus

Scarus spp.

Siganus argenteus

Siganus sp. (canaliculatus or fuscescens)

Siganus sp. (guttatus or lineatus)

Plectorhinchus polytaenia

Valamugil sp. (buchanani or seheli)

Symphorus nematophorus

Lutjanus semicinctus

Lutjanus carponotatus

Stethojulis trilineata

## Pulau Batanta 2007.12.04

Caesio teres

Carangidae sp.

Carcharhinus melanopterus

Cheilinus fasciatus

Dendrochirus zebra

Dascyllus aruanus

Dascyllus melanurus

Dascyllus reticulatus

Diploprion bifasciatum

Gnathanodon speciosus

Hemirhamphus far

Lethrinus harak

Lethrinus sp.

Pterocaesio sp.

Rastrelliger kanagurta

Siganus corallinus

Siganus fuscescens

Siganus guttatus / lineatus
Siganus puellus

Siganus spinus

Siganus vulpinus

Sphyraena barracuda

Sphyraena sp.

Tylosaurus sp.

Additional identifications from P.B.'s photographs
subsequently examined by M. Adrim & P. Borsa, 13 XII 2007:

Kemindores 2007.11.27

Acanthurus lineatus

Acanthrurus pyroferus

Ambiglyphidodon aureus

Ambiglyphidodon curacao

Ambiglyphidodon leucogaster

Amphiprion perideraion

Amphiprion sandaracenios

Anthias squamipinnis

Apogon compressus

Apogon fragilis

Apogon sp.

Archamia furcata

Balistapus undulatus

Bodianus mesiothorax

Caesio coerulea

Caesio terres

Caesio varilineata

Cephalopholis cyanostigma

Chaetodon ornatissimus

Chaetodon punctatofasciatus

Chaetodontoplus mesoleucus

Cheilinus fasciatus

Chromis amboinensis

Chromis margaritifera ?

Chromis ternatensis

Chromis viridis

Chrysiptera cyaneus ?

Chrysiptera talbotii

Cirrhilabrus cyanopleura

Cromileptes altivelis

Ctenochaetus nigrofuscus

Dascyllus aruanus

Dascyllus melanurus

Dascyllus reticulatus

Dascyllus trimaculatus

Diploprion difasciatum

Halichoeres marginatus ?

Halichoeres melanurus

Halichoeres sp.

Halichoeres sp. A

Halichoeres sp. B

Hemigymnus melapterus

Heniochius varius

Labridae sp.

Lutjanus quinquelineatus ?

Neopomacentrus azysron

Paraglyphidodon melas

Paraglyphidodon nigroris

Parupeneus barberinus

Parupeneus multifasciatus

Pentapodus trivittatus

Plectorhinchus lineatus

Pomacentrus amboinensis

Pomacentrus bangkanensis

Pomacentrus coelestis

Pomacentrus lepidogenys

Pomacentrus moluccensis

Pomacentrus nigromarginatus

Pomacentrus ocellicaudus

Pomacentrus sp.

Scarus sp.

Thalassoma hardwickei

Thalassoma lunari

Zanclus cornutus
## Pulau Sayonek or Pulau Sonek 2007.11.28

* Acanthurus lineatus

* Acanthrurus pyroferus

* Ambiglyphidodon curacao

* Ambiglyphidodon nigroris

* Anthias squamipinnis

* Apolemichthys trimaculatus

* Bodianus sp.

* Caesio coerulea

* Caesio kuning

* Caesio terres

* Caesio varilineata

* Carangoides bajad

* Caranx melampygus

* Chaetodon kleinii

* Chaetodon trifascialis

* Chromis amboinensis

* Chromis margaritifer

* Chromis moluccensis

* Chromis ternatensis

* Chromis viridis

* Chromis weberi

* Chrysiptera retrofasciata

* Dascyllus aruanus

* Dascyllus melanurus

* Dascyllus reticulatus

* Labroides dimidiatius

* Lutjanus biguttatus

* Pomacentrus lepidogenys

* Pomacentrus moluccensis

* Pomacentrus sp.

* Pygoplites diacanthus

* Scarus sp.

* Scolopsis bilineata

* Scomberomorus commerson

* Thalassoma sp.

* Zanclus cornutus

* Zebrasoma scopas

## Pulau Lawak 2007.11.30

* Ambiglyphidodon aureus

* Chaetodon baronessa

* Chaetodon ornatissimus

* Chaetodon kleinii

* Chaetodon trifasciatus

* Chromis margaritifer

* Chromis lepidolepis

* Chromis ternatensis

* Chrysiptera cyanea

* Dascyllus aruanus

* Dascyllus cf flavicauda

* Dascyllus reticulatus

* Dascyllus trimaculatus

* Gobiidae sp.

* Halichoeres sp.

* Heniochius chrysostomus

* Labroides dimidiatius

* Lutjanus fulvus

* Paracirrhites arcatus

* Plectroglyphidodon dickii

* Pomacentrus amboinensis

* Pomacentrus lepidogenys

* Pomacentrus moluccensis

* Pomacentrus sp.

* Pseudocheilinus hexataenia

* Thalassoma amblycephalum
## VOUCHER SPECIMENS KEPT FOR LIPI'S COLLECTIONS

The following specimens have been preserved for further taxonomic work combined with DNA analysis. For *Lethrinus olivaceus* and *Siganus fuscescens*, the nominal species may actually consist of several biological species. *Lethrinus* sp. 3 (sensu Carpenter) still awaits description. *Nemipterus furcosus* seems to have been confused with *Nemipterus peronii* by several authors including Allen (1997) and Laboute & Grandperrin (2000). The last specimen (*Lethrinus semicinctus*) lacks in our own collection of Lethrinidae, now deposited at Museum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris.

*Lethrinus olivaceus*: One specimen frozen, to be transferred in formalin – collected at Pasar ikan Sorong, 2007.11.26 (Fig. #3). One specimen kept as tengkorak kepala – collected at Pasar ikan Sorong, 2007.11.26

*Lethrinus semicinctus*: One specimen frozen, to be transferred in formalin – collected at Pasar ikan Sorong, 2007.11.24

*Lethrinus* sp. 3 (?): One specimen frozen, to be transferred in formalin – collected at Pasar ikan Sorong, 2007.11.24

*Nemipterus furcosus*: One specimen frozen, to be transferred in formalin – collected from the board of Baruna Jaya anchored off Kemindores, Pulau Waigeo, 2007.11.27

*Siganus fuscescens*: One specimen frozen, to be transferred in formalin – collected at Pasar ikan Sorong, 2007.11.14

## SAMPLES FOR POPULATION GENETIC ANALYSIS

Ongoing projects at IRD Noumea include DNA sequencing for phylogenetic and / or population genetic analyses of *Dascyllus aruanus*, *Lethrinidae*, *Mugilidae*, *Siganidae* (Borsa et al. 2007), and ikan tenggiri, *Scomberomorus commerson*. *Nemipterus* spp. and *Grammatorcynus* spp. sequences will be used as outgroups for, respectively, *Lethrinidae* and *Scomberomorus commerson*. Table 1 lists the samples (generally, whole pectoral fins preserved in alcohol) for future genetic analyses. The list includes the samples preserved whole as voucher specimens.

<table><caption>Table 1. List of samples of fishes collected during expedition EwiN and preserved in alcohol for future genetic analyses (see also Figs. #3 and #4).</caption><thead><tr><th>Species</th><th>N</th><th>Sampling location</th><th>Sampling date</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="4"><strong>LETHRINIDAE</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Gymnocranius frenatus</td><td>2</td><td>Pasar ikan, Sorong</td><td>2007.11.24</td></tr><tr><td>Gymnocranius sp. sensu Carpenter (=sp. C)</td><td>1</td><td>Pasar ikan, Sorong</td><td>2007.11.24</td></tr><tr><td>Gymnocranius sp. B</td><td>1</td><td>Pulau Fam</td><td>2007.12.02</td></tr><tr><td>Lethrinus amboinensis</td><td>2</td><td>Pasar ikan, Sorong</td><td>2007.11.14, 24</td></tr><tr><td>Lethrinus atkinsoni</td><td>3</td><td>Pasar ikan, Sorong</td><td>2007.11.24</td></tr><tr><td>Lethrinus erythropterus</td><td>4</td><td>Pasar ikan, Sorong</td><td>2007.11.24</td></tr><tr><td>Lethrinus genivittatus</td><td>1</td><td>Pulau Batanta</td><td>2007.12.04</td></tr><tr><td>Lethrinus harak</td><td>89</td><td>Kemindores, Waigeo</td><td>2007.11.27</td></tr><tr><td>Lethrinus harak</td><td>25</td><td>Pulau Sonek</td><td>2007.11.28</td></tr><tr><td>Lethrinus harak</td><td>1</td><td>Rauki, Pulau Lawak</td><td>2007.11.30</td></tr><tr><td>Lethrinus harak</td><td>1</td><td>Pulau Batanta</td><td>2007.12.04</td></tr><tr><td>Lethrinus lentjan</td><td>2</td><td>Pasar ikan, Sorong</td><td>2007.11.24</td></tr><tr><td>Lethrinus microdon</td><td>2</td><td>Pasar ikan, Sorong</td><td>2007.11.24, 26</td></tr><tr><td>Lethrinus olivaceus</td><td>12</td><td>Pasar ikan, Sorong</td><td>2007.11.26</td></tr><tr><td>Lethrinus ravus</td><td>3</td><td>Pasar ikan, Sorong</td><td>2007.11.24</td></tr><tr><td>Lethrinus rubrioperculatus</td><td>1</td><td>Pulau Fam</td><td>2007.12.02</td></tr><tr><td>Lethrinus semicinctus</td><td>3</td><td>Pasar ikan, Sorong</td><td>2007.11.24</td></tr><tr><td>Lethrinus sp.3 sensu Carpenter</td><td>1</td><td>Pasar ikan, Sorong</td><td>2007.11.24</td></tr><tr><td>Lethrinus variegatus</td><td>2</td><td>Pulau Sonek</td><td>2007.11.28</td></tr><tr><td>Lethrinus sp.</td><td>3</td><td>Kemindores, Waigeo</td><td>2007.11.27</td></tr><tr><td>Lethrinus sp.</td><td>4</td><td>Pulau Sonek</td><td>2007.11.28</td></tr><tr><td>Lethrinus spp.</td><td>5</td><td>Pulau Fam</td><td>2007.12.02</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"><strong>MUGILIDAE</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Liza vaigiensis</td><td>2</td><td>Kemindores, Waigeo</td><td>2007.11.27</td></tr><tr><td>Liza vaigiensis</td><td>3</td><td>Pulau Batanta</td><td>2007.12.04</td></tr><tr><td>Valamugil buchanani</td><td>2</td><td>Pulau Batanta</td><td>2007.12.04</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"><strong>NEMIPTERIDAE</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Nemipterus furcosus</td><td>3</td><td>Kemindores, Waigeo</td><td>2007.11.27</td></tr><tr><td>Nemipterus furcosus</td><td>1</td><td>Rauki, Pulau Lawak</td><td>2007.11.30</td></tr><tr><td>Nemipterus sp.</td><td>1</td><td>Pulau Fam</td><td>2007.12.02</td></tr><tr><td>Nemipterus spp.</td><td>6</td><td>Off Pulau Salawati</td><td>2007.12.03</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"><strong>SIGANIDAE</strong></td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tbody><tr><td>Siganus corallinus</td><td>1</td><td>Rauki, Pulau Lawak</td><td>2007.11.30</td></tr><tr><td>Siganus fuscescens</td><td>50</td><td>Pasar ikan, Sorong</td><td>2007.11.14</td></tr><tr><td>Siganus gutatus / lineatus</td><td>8</td><td>Pasar ikan, Sorong</td><td>2007.11.14</td></tr><tr><td>Siganus punctatus</td><td>4</td><td>Pasar ikan, Sorong</td><td>2007.11.24</td></tr><tr><td>Siganus spinus</td><td>3</td><td>Kemindores, Waigeo</td><td>2007.11.27</td></tr><tr><td>Siganus sp. (canaliculatus or fuscescens)</td><td>3</td><td>Rauki, Pulau Lawak</td><td>2007.11.30</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">LAIN LAIN</td></tr><tr><td>Cephalopholis sonneratii</td><td>2</td><td>Pasar ikan, Sorong</td><td>2007.11.24</td></tr><tr><td>Cephalopholis sonnerati</td><td>3</td><td>Pulau Fam</td><td>2007.12.02</td></tr><tr><td>Dascyllus aruanus</td><td>1</td><td>Pulau Sonek</td><td>2007.11.28</td></tr><tr><td>Dascyllus aruanus</td><td>33</td><td>Pulau Fam</td><td>2007.12.02</td></tr><tr><td>Dascyllus melanurus</td><td>1</td><td>Pulau Sonek</td><td>2007.11.28</td></tr><tr><td>Encrasicholina sp.</td><td>1</td><td>Off Pulau Salawati</td><td>2007.12.03</td></tr><tr><td>Epinephelus sp. 1</td><td>2</td><td>Pasar ikan, Sorong</td><td>2007.11.24</td></tr><tr><td>Epinephelus sp. 2</td><td>1</td><td>Pasar ikan, Sorong</td><td>2007.11.24</td></tr><tr><td>Epinephelus sp. 3</td><td>1</td><td>Pasar ikan, Sorong</td><td>2007.11.24</td></tr><tr><td>Epinephelus sp.</td><td>1</td><td>Pasar ikan, Sorong</td><td>2007.11.14</td></tr><tr><td>Gnathanodon speciosus</td><td>1</td><td>Pulau Batanta</td><td>2007.12.04</td></tr><tr><td>Grammatorcynus bilineatus</td><td>5</td><td>Pasar ikan, Sorong</td><td>2007.11.14</td></tr><tr><td>Leiognathus spp.</td><td>109</td><td>Off Pulau Salawati</td><td>2007.12.03</td></tr><tr><td>Lutjanus fulviflamma</td><td>3</td><td>Rauki, Pulau Lawak</td><td>2007.11.30</td></tr><tr><td>Plectropomus oligocanthus</td><td>2</td><td>Pasar ikan, Sorong</td><td>2007.11.14, 24</td></tr><tr><td>Plectropomus leopardus</td><td>1</td><td>Pasar ikan, Sorong</td><td>2007.11.24</td></tr><tr><td>Plectropomus maculatus</td><td>1</td><td>Pasar ikan, Sorong</td><td>2007.11.24</td></tr><tr><td>Scomberomorus commerson</td><td>13</td><td>Pasar ikan, Sorong</td><td>2007.11.14</td></tr><tr><td>Variola loutii</td><td>2</td><td>Pasar ikan, Sorong</td><td>2007.11.14</td></tr><tr><td>Sphyraena sp.</td><td>1</td><td>Pasar ikan, Sorong</td><td>2007.11.24</td></tr></tbody></table>

References

Allen G. 1997. Marine fishes of tropical Australia and South-East Asia. Western Australian Museum, Perth.

Borsa P., Lemer S., Aurelle D. 2007. Patterns of lineage diversification in rabbitfishes. *Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution*

Laboute P., Grandperrin R. 2000. Poissons de Nouvelle-Caledonie. IRD, Noumea
<figure><img src="image_11.png" /><figcaption>Fig #1. *Carangoides orthogrammus*, Pulau Fam, 02 Dec. 2007</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_12.png" /><figcaption>Fig #2. *Dasyatis kuhlii*, Pulau Fam, 02 Dec. 2007</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_13.png" /><figcaption>Fig. #3. *Lethrinus olivaceus*, marché de Sorong, novembre 2007</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_14.png" /><figcaption>Fig. #4. *Gymnocranius* sp. C, marché de Sorong, novembre 2007</figcaption></figure>