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Simonin, O., Deutsch, E., Minier, J. P., 1993. Eulerian prediction of the fluid/particle correlated motion in turbulent two-phase flows. Applied Scientific Research 51, 275-283.

Simonin, O., Février, P., Laviéville, J., 2002. On the spatial distribution of heavy-particle velocities in turbulent flow: from continuous field to particulate chaos. Journal of Turbulence 3, N40.

Siriwardane, R., Tian, H., Richards, G., Simonyi, T., Poston, J., 2009. Chemical-looping combustion of coal with metal oxide oxygen carriers. Energy & Fuels 23 (8), 3885-3892.

Snider, D., 2001. An incompressible three-dimensional multiphase particle-in-cell model for dense particle flows. Journal of Computational Physics 170 (2), 523-549.

Srivastava, A., Sundaresan, S., 2003. Analysis of a frictional-kinetic model for gas-particle flow. Powder Technology 129 (1), 72-85.

Ströhle, J., Orth, M., Epple, B., 2014. Design and operation of a 1 MWth chemical looping plant. Applied Energy 113, 1490-1495.

Ströhle, J., Orth, M., Epple, B., 2015. Chemical looping combustion of hard coal in a 1 MWth pilot plant using ilmenite as oxygen carrier. Applied Energy 157, 288-294.

Su, M., Zhao, H., Ma, J., 2015. Computational fluid dynamics simulation for chemical looping combustion of coal in a dual circulation fluidized bed. Energy Conversion and Management 105, 1-12.

Thon, A., Kramp, M., Hartge, E.-U., Heinrich, S., Werther, J., 2014. Operational experience with a system of coupled fluidized beds for chemical looping combustion of solid fuels using ilmenite as oxygen carrier. Applied Energy 118, 309-317.

Thunman, H., Niklasson, F., Johnsson, F., Leckner, B., 2001. Composition of volatile gases and thermochemical properties of wood for modeling of fixed or fluidized beds. Energy & Fuels 15 (6), 1488-1497.

Tsuji, Y., Kawaguchi, T., Tanaka, T., 1993. Discrete particle simulation of two-dimensional fluidized bed. Powder Technology 77 (1), 79-87.

Vermorel, O., Bédat, B., Simonin, O., Poinsot, T., 2003. Numerical study and modelling of turbulence modulation in a particle laden slab flow. Journal of Turbulence 4 (25), 1-39.

Wang, J., van der Hoef, M. A., Kuipers, J. A. M., 2009. Why the two-fluid model fails to predict the bed expansion characteristics of Geldart A particles in gas-fluidized beds: A tentative answer. Chemical Engineering Science 64 (3), 622-625.

Wang, S., Lu, H., Zhao, F., Liu, G., 2014. CFD studies of dual circulating fluidized bed reactors for chemical looping combustion processes. Chemical Engineering Journal 236, 121-130.

Wang, X., Shao, Y., Jin, B., Zhang, Y., 2020a. Three-dimensional multiphase full-loop simulation of directional separation of binary particle mixtures in high-flux coal-direct chemical-looping combustion system. Particuology 49, 179-190.

Wang, X., Wang, X., Shao, Y., Jin, B., 2020b. Three-dimensional modelling of the multiphase hydrodynamics in a separated-gasification chemical looping combustion unit during full-loop operation. Journal of Cleaner Production 275, 122782.
Simonin, O., Deutsch, E., Minier, J. P., 1993. Eulerian prediction of the fluid/particle correlated motion in turbulent two-phase flows. Applied Scientific Research 51, 275-283.

Simonin, O., Février, P., Laviéville, J., 2002. On the spatial distribution of heavy-particle velocities in turbulent flow: from continuous field to particulate chaos. Journal of Turbulence 3, N40.

Siriwardane, R., Tian, H., Richards, G., Simonyi, T., Poston, J., 2009. Chemical-looping combustion of coal with metal oxide oxygen carriers. Energy & Fuels 23 (8), 3885-3892.

Snider, D., 2001. An incompressible three-dimensional multiphase particle-in-cell model for dense particle flows. Journal of Computational Physics 170 (2), 523-549.

Srivastava, A., Sundaresan, S., 2003. Analysis of a frictional-kinetic model for gas-particle flow. Powder Technology 129 (1), 72-85.

Ströhle, J., Orth, M., Epple, B., 2014. Design and operation of a 1 MWth chemical looping plant. Applied Energy 113, 1490-1495.

Ströhle, J., Orth, M., Epple, B., 2015. Chemical looping combustion of hard coal in a 1 MWth pilot plant using ilmenite as oxygen carrier. Applied Energy 157, 288-294.

Su, M., Zhao, H., Ma, J., 2015. Computational fluid dynamics simulation for chemical looping combustion of coal in a dual circulation fluidized bed. Energy Conversion and Management 105, 1-12.

Thon, A., Kramp, M., Hartge, E.-U., Heinrich, S., Werther, J., 2014. Operational experience with a system of coupled fluidized beds for chemical looping combustion of solid fuels using ilmenite as oxygen carrier. Applied Energy 118, 309-317.

Thunman, H., Niklasson, F., Johnsson, F., Leckner, B., 2001. Composition of volatile gases and thermochemical properties of wood for modeling of fixed or fluidized beds. Energy & Fuels 15 (6), 1488-1497.

Tsuji, Y., Kawaguchi, T., Tanaka, T., 1993. Discrete particle simulation of two-dimensional fluidized bed. Powder Technology 77 (1), 79-87.

Vermorel, O., Bédat, B., Simonin, O., Poinsot, T., 2003. Numerical study and modelling of turbulence modulation in a particle laden slab flow. Journal of Turbulence 4 (25), 1-39.

Wang, J., van der Hoef, M. A., Kuipers, J. A. M., 2009. Why the two-fluid model fails to predict the bed expansion characteristics of Geldart A particles in gas-fluidized beds: A tentative answer. Chemical Engineering Science 64 (3), 622-625.

Wang, S., Lu, H., Zhao, F., Liu, G., 2014. CFD studies of dual circulating fluidized bed reactors for chemical looping combustion processes. Chemical Engineering Journal 236, 121-130.

Wang, X., Shao, Y., Jin, B., Zhang, Y., 2020a. Three-dimensional multiphase full-loop simulation of directional separation of binary particle mixtures in high-flux coal-direct chemical-looping combustion system. Particuology 49, 179-190.

Wang, X., Wang, X., Shao, Y., Jin, B., 2020b. Three-dimensional modelling of the multiphase hydrodynamics in a separated-gasification chemical looping combustion unit during full-loop operation. Journal of Cleaner Production 275, 122782.
<figure><img src="image_25.png" /><figcaption>Figure A.22: FR loop-seal scheme: original sketch accounting for three chambers (left); numerical simulation (right).</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_26.png" /><figcaption>Figure A.23: Instantaneous solid volume fraction in a middle plane within the fuel reactor at the beginning stage of the simulation.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_25.png" /><figcaption>Figure A.22: FR loop-seal scheme: original sketch accounting for three chambers (left); numerical simulation (right).</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_26.png" /><figcaption>Figure A.23: Instantaneous solid volume fraction in a middle plane within the fuel reactor at the beginning stage of the simulation.</figcaption></figure>