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## ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Our work was supported by the life insurance company "AG2R-La-Mondiale", the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR 21 CE15-003-02 "BRAINITY", ANR 21 CE37 0030 02 "EMOKET") and the Laboratoire d'Excellence Revive (Investissement d'Avenir, ANR-10-LABX-73). A.-C.P. is a recipient of interface contract fellowship from the Pasteur Institute.

## AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

All authors have written and proofread the review.

## COMPETING INTERESTS

The authors declare no competing interests.

## ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

**Correspondence** and requests for materials should be addressed to Pierre-Marie Lledo.

**Reprints and permission information** is available at http://www.nature.com/reprints

**Publisher's note** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

<figure><img src="image_7.png" /></figure>

**Open Access** This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

© The Author(s) 2024
189. Spritzer MD, Galea LAM. Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, but not estradiol, enhance survival of new hippocampal neurons in adult male rats. Dev Neurobiol. 2007;67:1321-33.

190. Reif A, Fritzen S, Finger M, Strobel A, Lauer M, Schmitt A, et al. Neural stem cell proliferation is decreased in schizophrenia, but not in depression. Mol Psychiatry. 2006;11:514522.

191. Lucassen PJ, Stumpel MW, Wang Q, Aronica, E. Decreased numbers of progenitor cells but no response to antidepressant drugs in the hippocampus of elderly depressed patients. Neuropharmacol. 2010;58:940-9.

192. Bayer R, Franke H, Ficker C, Richter M, Lessig R, Buttner A, et al. Alterations of neuronal precursor cells in stages of human adult neurogenesis in heroin addicts. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2015;156:139-49.

193. Allen KM, Fung SJ, Weickert CS, Cell proliferation is reduced in the hippocampus in schizophrenia. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2016;50:473-80.

194. Le Maitre TW, Dhanabalan G, Bogdanovic N, Alkass K, Druid H. Effects of alcohol abuse on proliferating cells, stem/progenitor cells, and immature neurons in the adult human hippocampus. Neuropharmacol. 2018;43:690-99.

## ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Our work was supported by the life insurance company "AG2R-La-Mondiale", the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR 21 CE15-003-02 "BRAINITY", ANR 21 CE37 0030 02 "EMOKET") and the Laboratoire d'Excellence Revive (Investissement d'Avenir, ANR-10-LABX-73). A.-C.P. is a recipient of interface contract fellowship from the Pasteur Institute.

## AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

All authors have written and proofread the review.

## COMPETING INTERESTS

The authors declare no competing interests.

## ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

**Correspondence** and requests for materials should be addressed to Pierre-Marie Lledo.

**Reprints and permission information** is available at http://www.nature.com/reprints

**Publisher's note** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

<figure><img src="image_9.png" /></figure>

**Open Access** This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

© The Author(s) 2024