# Introduction to Open Science

Benoît Seignovert

► To cite this version:

Benoît Seignovert. Introduction to Open Science. Master. Science Research and Communication (M2EMJM/M2STPE-EPS | XMS3GU030), Nantes, France. 2025. hal-05421914

HAL Id: hal-05421914

https://hal.science/hal-05421914v1

Submitted on 17 Dec 2025

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<figure><img src="image_1.png" /></figure>
Introduction
to Open-Science

Science Research and Communication
M2EMJM/M2STPE-EPS | XMS3GU030

<figure><img src="image_2.png" /></figure>

Nantes
Université

Benoît Seignovert

orcid

0000-0001-6533-275X

DOI

10.57745/V7IJ3U

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /></figure>

2025-12-16
# Open-Science?

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /></figure>
Science discoveries

<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>Ptolemaic cosmology</figcaption></figure>

during the **Antiquity** (and before)

* Philosophical essays

* Knowledge distributed among followers

* Claims (rather than proofs)
Science discoveries

during the Renaissance

* Scientific proofs

* Coded papers

<figure><img src="image_6.png" /></figure>

Vitruvian Man

L. Da Vinci/Gallerie dell'Accademia
# Science discoveries

<figure><img src="image_7.png" /></figure>

sua da ogni nostra immaginazione. Ma qui
del mostrarli Saturno hora oblongo, &
con due stelle à i fianchi, creda pur V. S.
ione delio strumento, ò dell'occhio del ri
do la figura di Saturno così con
ette viite i perfetti strumenti, doue mi
apparisse così non si distinguendo
urazione, e figura delle tre stelle; ma io
uerfi tempi con eccellente strumento l'ho
ficuratla, che in effo non si è scorta muta
agione stessa fonda sopra Pselperienze, ch

## Anagram and cypher

<figure><img src="image_8.png" /></figure>

SMAISMRMILMEPOETALEUMIBUNENUGTTAUIRAS

Galileo

<figure><img src="image_9.png" /></figure>

Salve, umbistineum geminatum Martia proles

Hail, twinned offspring of Mars

Kepler

<figure><img src="image_10.png" /></figure>

Altissimum planetam tergeminum observavi

I observed the highest planet of triplets

Galileo
# Science discoveries

<figure><img src="image_11.png" /><figcaption>Newton</figcaption></figure>

Said that he wrote about calculus in the 1660s and 1670s, but did not publish until 1693

## Discovering calculus

<figure><img src="image_12.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_13.png" /><figcaption>Leibniz</figcaption></figure>

Published *Nova Methodus pro Maximis et Minimis*, a treatise on calculus, in **1684**
# Science practices

## Peer-reviews

1660 | Royal Society

1667 | French Academy of sciences

1793 | 70+ scientific organization

## Public publications

1665 | 1st scientific journal

1700 | 30+ journals

1790 | 1050+ journals

<figure><img src="image_14.png" /></figure>

"Take nobody's word for it"

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Philosophical Transactions
of the Royal Society
# Mertonian norms

1942

1. **Communism:** all scientists should have common ownership of scientific goods (intellectual property), to promote collective collaboration; secrecy is the opposite of this norm

2. **Universalism:** scientific validity is independent of the sociopolitical status/personal attributes of its participants

3. **Disinterestedness:** scientific institutions act for the benefit of a common scientific enterprise, rather than for specific outcomes or the resulting personal gain of individuals within them

4. **Organized skepticism:** scientific claims should be exposed to critical scrutiny before being accepted: both in methodology and institutional codes of conduct

<figure><img src="image_16.png" /><figcaption>R. K. Merton</figcaption></figure>
# Mitroff counter-norms

1974

1. Communism is countered by **Secrecy**: Scientists protect their newest findings to ensure priority in publishing, patenting, or applications

2. Universalism is countered by **Particularism**: Scientists assess new knowledge and its applications based on the reputation and past productivity of the individual or research group

3. Disinterestedness is countered by **Self-interestedness**: Scientists compete with others in the same field for funding and recognition of their achievements

4. Organized skepticism is countered by **Organized dogmatism**: Scientists invest their careers in promoting their own most important findings, theories, or innovations

## NORMS AND COUNTER-NORMS IN A SELECT GROUP OF THE APOLLO MOON SCIENTISTS: A CASE STUDY OF THE AMBIVALENCE OF SCIENTISTS*

IAN I. MITROFF

University of Pittsburgh

American Sociological Review 1974, Vol. 39 (August): 579-595

This paper describes a three and a half year study conducted over the course of the Apollo lunar missions with forty-two of the most prestigious scientists who studied the lunar rocks. The paper supports the Merton-E. Barber concept of sociological ambivalence, that social institutions reflect potentially conflicting sets of norms. The paper offers a set of counter-norms for science, arguing that if the norm of universalism is rooted in the impersonal character of science, an opposing counter-norm is rooted in the personal character of science. The paper also argues that not only is sociological ambivalence a characteristic of science, but it seems necessary for the existence and ultimate rationality of science.

### INTRODUCTION

The sociology of science owes a debt to Robert Merton for his many substantive contributions and for his continual suggestion of important, unsolved problems. This paper addresses one of these problems.

This paper considers three aspects of Merton's work: (1) his earliest (1949) attempts to codify the norms of science; (2) his later ideas (1957,1963a,1963b,1969) regarding the norms of science; and (3) his developing ideas about the nature of social or institutional norms and the concept of sociological ambivalence (summarized in Merton and E. Barber, 1963). We begin with the last, the notion of sociological ambivalence. Consider the following:

> [We must] consider, first, how potentially contradictory norms develop in every social institution; next, how in the

institution of science conflicting norms generate marked ambivalence in the lives of scientists; and finally, how this ambivalence affects the actual, as distinct from the supposed, relations between men of science (Merton, 1963a:80).

From the standpoint of sociological ambivalence..., the structure of [for example] the physician's role [consists of a dynamic alternation of norms and counter-norms. These norms call for potentially contradictory attitudes and behaviors. For the social definitions of this role [the physician's], as of social roles generally, in terms of dominant attributes alone would not be flexible enough to provide for the endlessly varying contingencies of social relations. Behavior oriented wholly to the dominant norms would defeat the functional objectives of the role. Instead, role behavior is alternatively oriented to dominant norms and to subsidiary counter-norms in the role. This alternation of subroles evolves [italics in original] as a social device for helping men in designated statuses to cope with the contingencies they face in trying to fulfill their functions. This is lost to view when social roles are analyzed only in terms of their major attributes (Merton and E. Barber, 1963:104, major italics added).

Starting in 1942 from a conception of a single dominant set of norms (1949), Merton has come to perceive science as reflecting

<footnote>*The work for this paper was partly supported under a grant from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NGL 39011080. I should like to acknowledge the great influence of Robert K. Merton in the writing of this paper. Professor Merton not only gave me valuable criticism on the substantive ideas but offered valuable suggestions for improving the paper's style and organization. I should also like to thank Paul F. Lazarsfeld and Burkart Holzner for their helpful comments. Thanks are also due to two unidentified reviewers of this paper who made extensive valuable comments. Whatever errors of interpretation remain are of course solely mine.</footnote>
Open-Science

1985

Participation in **science is theoretically open**, especially to those
who are selected as peers, gatekeepers, and other agents of social
control in science.

The imposition of such selection, however, serves to **close science to many**, at least to deliberations over fundamental matters of quality of knowledge claims and professional comportment.

In the end, *openness* is an interest-bearing idea; it cannot be settled
with recourse to facts or logic. It is a matter for **political debate,**
**not scientific judgment alone.**

Open Science and Closed Science:
Tradeoffs in a Democracy

Daryl E. Chubin

In 1942, when Robert Merton published his classic essay on the norms of science, the shadow of war extended across the world. The threat of fascism—and its concomitant commitment to state ideology—appeared the antithesis of free and open scientific inquiry. Science, like nature, could not be shackled to a political system, instead, science served a higher rationality to which properly specialized scientists paid homage by contributing to the extension of certified knowledge. Merton argued that a set of identifiable norms prescribed behavior that is both functional for the advance of knowledge and morally binding on the professional scientist.¹ But, to this day, the status of the norms as descriptive of scientific practice or, alternatively, as an ideal at best tacitly transmitted and seldom enforced, remains unclear.²

No such ambiguity, however, surrounds the
values that Merton (and later Bernard Barber) pos-
ited as underlying the institution of science. If
communism, universalism, disinterestedness, and
organized skepticism were the prerequisites for
the production of objective knowledge in Merton's
scheme, then a "liberal-democratic" society was
the obvious environment in which science flour-
ished.³ The concordance of values in the external
culture and the norms operative within the internal
social system of science was assumed.

This axiom has had a significant effect on how

social scientists and policy analysts have inves-
tigated science. It has, by and large, resulted in
an analytical focus on relations *within* the sci-
entific community and not on influences from
without. Such emphasis is tantamount to declaring
the autonomous social system of science closed
to intrusions of "lesser" rationality and "non-
scientific" actors. The democracy that guaranteed
free inquiry among credentialed scientists pre-
cluded the need for such intercourse with other
social institutions. When such intercourse did oc-
cur, the congruence among basic political values
and science rendered the latter nonproblematic.⁴

Democracy, of course, is problematic. So, too,
is Merton's formulation of its meliorative role
vis-à-vis science. Nevertheless, we can use his
interpretation as a plausible theoretical framework
for discussing the openness of science, and thereby
help to clarify the empirical status of the norms.
The norm "communism," for example, speaks
directly to the communal character of scientific
knowledge. Unlike those interested in the ac-
cumulation of property, scientists are said to earn
"profits"—in the form of recognition, prestige,
and research opportunities—as they share their
intellectual property by publishing in scientific
journals. Communication allows research findings
to be scrutinized by those who will eventually
deem or deny it to be reliable knowledge.

For Merton, in 1942, open communication was
an imperative for scientific integrity. For science
in 1985, secrecy is a negotiable behavior—an article
of faith for some, a deplorable condition for others.
What has changed in these 40 years in scientific
precept and practice? And how does the democracy
that Merton postulated as supportive (and therefore
analytically unproblematic) function as an arbiter
of scientific openness and secrecy?

Professor Chubin is Director of the Technology and
Science Policy Program, School of Social Sciences,
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332.
This paper was prepared for the AAAS Project, with
support from National Science Foundation and the
National Endowment for the Humanities, under NSF
grant RII-8309874.

© 1985 by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Published by John Wiley & Sons
Science, Technology, of Human Values, Volume 10, Issue 2, pp. 73–81 (Spring 1985)
CCC 0162-2439/85/020073-09$04.00
Making science more **accessible**,
**inclusive** and **equitable** for the
benefit of all.

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unesco
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# Advantages

Open access publication of research reports and data allows for **rigorous peer-review**

Publicly funded science will be **publicly available**

Open science will make science more **reproducible** and **transparent**

Open science has **more impact**

Open Science can provide **learning opportunities**

Open science will help answer **uniquely complex** questions
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# Disadvantages

Potential **misuse**

The public may **misunderstand** science data

Low-quality science

Entrapment by platform **capitalism**

**WEIRD-focus** (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich and Democratic)
The idea of **open science** is to make
research results **as accessible as possible**
**and as closed as necessary**, given that
most of the research involved is
supported by public funds.

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European
Commission

European Research Executive Agency
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# Open-Science in France

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4 axes | 12 recommendations

ouvrirlascience.fr
# Generalizing **open access** to publications

1) **Obligation** to publish in open access all articles and books resulting from **publicly funded calls** for proposals

2) **Support** open access **economic publishing** models that do not require the payment of articles or books processing charges (diamond model)

3) Encourage **multilingualism** and the circulation of scientific knowledge by translating publications by French researchers

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# Structuring, sharing and
opening up research data

<figure><img src="image_24.png" /></figure>

4) **Obligation** to disseminate **publicly funded research data**

5) Create **Recherche Data Gouv**, the federated national platform for research data

6) **Promote** widespread adoption of data policies that cover the whole lifecycle of research data, to ensure that they are Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable (FAIR)
**Opening up and promoting
source code produced by research**

7) **Recognize** and **support** the dissemination under an open source license of **software** produced by **publicly funded** research programs

8) **Highlight** the production of **source code** from higher education, research and innovation

9) Define and **promote** an **open source software policy**

<figure><img src="image_25.png" /></figure>
# Transforming practices to make open science the **default principle**

<figure><img src="image_26.png" /></figure>

10) **Develop** and value **open science skills** throughout the educational and career pathways of students and research staff

11) **Value open science** and the diversity of scientific productions in the **assessment of researchers**, of projects and of universities and **research performing organizations**

12) **Triple the budget for open science** through the National Fund for Open Science and the Investments for the Future Program
The **FAIR** principals

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**Findable**

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**Accessible**

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**Interoperable**

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**Ruseable**
Ensure the data are **Findable** for humans
and machines via metadata indexing.

Data should be attributed a **persistent identifier** (e.g.

Digital Object Identifier = DOI, ISBN, SWHID, ...) to ensure
stable access to the resource.

Data should be **described** using scientific and document
**metadata**.

Data, or at least their metadata, should be **indexed** or
recorded in a research tool, for example via submission to a
**repository** (Zenodo, Recherche Data Gouv, Software
Heritage, ...) or referencing in a data catalogue.

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Institutional archive

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PDS Imaging Node

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

U.S. Geological Survey

PDS Imaging Node: Data Archive

<table><thead><tr><th>Name</th><th>Last modified</th><th>Size</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Parent Directory</td><td></td><td>-</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>aareadme.txt</td><td>2005-06-30 21:02</td><td>35K</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>calib/</td><td>2005-06-30 21:03</td><td>-</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>catalog/</td><td>2005-06-30 21:03</td><td>-</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>data/</td><td>2005-06-30 21:14</td><td>-</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>document/</td><td>2005-06-30 21:14</td><td>-</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>errata.txt</td><td>2005-06-30 21:14</td><td>3.6K</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>extras/</td><td>2006-04-04 08:35</td><td>-</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>index/</td><td>2005-06-30 21:14</td><td>-</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>software/</td><td>2005-06-30 21:14</td><td>-</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>voldesc.cat</td><td>2005-06-30 21:14</td><td>2.1K</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

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FEEDBACK

PRIVACY

IMAGE POLICY

NASA Officials:
Trent Hare
Myche McAuley

Webmaster: Rafael Alanis

JPL Clearance #: 96-0804

Local archive

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VIMS Data Portal

Targets ▼

Missions ▼

Timeline ▼

Publications

Links

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Cassini VIMS Data Portal

by the *Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique (LPG)* of Nantes

<figure><img src="image_38.png" /></figure>

Between 2004 and 2017, with the support of the French Space Agency (CNES), the Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique (LPG) of Nantes planned Titan's observations by the Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) (image size, mosaics, exposure time...). This instrument onboard the Cassini spacecraft is a key tool to analyze the geology of Titan and Saturn's icy moons (e.g. impact craters, montains, dunes, clouds, rivers...). During the 13 years of the Cassini mission, it also revealed the seasonal evolution of Titan with a high level of details.

In this website, you will find the complete dataset of VIMS spectral cubes on Saturn's moons illustrated by multispectral previews. In order to make use of these data more easily, you can download directly the raw and calibrated VIMS cubes.

If you use this website for your research, please cite Le Mouélic et al. (2019) - Icarus and if you used the VIMS previews from this website, please add the following credit line: *Courtesy: NASA/Caltech-JPL/University of Arizona/LPG Nantes.*

Saturn's targeted icy moon flybys

<table><thead><tr><th>Titan</th><th>Enceladus</th><th>Dione</th><th>Rhea</th><th>Phoebe</th><th>Tethys</th><th>Hyperion</th><th>lapetus</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>TA</td><td>TB</td><td>TC</td><td>T3</td><td>T4</td><td>T5</td><td>T6</td><td>T7</td><td>T8</td><td>T9</td></tr><tr><td>T10</td><td>T11</td><td>T12</td><td>T13</td><td>T14</td><td>T15</td><td>T16</td><td>T17</td><td>T18</td><td>T19</td></tr></tbody></table>
Disciplinary registry

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Generalist registry

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# Digital object identifiers (DOI)

DOI 10.57745/V7IJ3U

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Prefix: 10.xxx

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Suffix: anything

Resolver: doi.org

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https://doi.org/10.57745/V7IJ3U

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Metadata
database

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https://entrepot.recherche.data.gouv.fr/dataset.xhtml?
persistentId=doi:10.57745/V7IJ3U

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Redirection to
the resource

<figure><img src="image_51.png" /></figure>
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# The different persistent identifiers (PID)

Unique and stable reference for an object or a digital entity (dataset, article, author...)

doi 10.5281/zenodo.5576190

hal 03434893

<figure><img src="image_53.png" /></figure>
<figure><img src="image_54.png" /></figure>

# The different persistent identifiers (PID)

Unique and stable reference for an object or a digital entity (dataset, article, author...)

doi 10.5281/zenodo.5576190

hal 03434893

arXiv 2102.05384

<figure><img src="image_55.png" /></figure>
<figure><img src="image_56.png" /></figure>

# The different **persistent identifiers (PID)**

Unique and **stable** reference for an object or a digital entity (dataset, article, author...)

doi 10.5281/zenodo.5576190

hal 03434893

arXiv 2102.05384

orcid 0000-0001-6533-275X

<figure><img src="image_57.png" /></figure>
<figure><img src="image_58.png" /></figure>

# The different persistent identifiers (PID)

Unique and stable reference for an object or a digital entity (dataset, article, author...)

doi 10.5281/zenodo.5576190

hal 03434893

arXiv 2102.05384

orcid 0000-0001-6533-275X

swh:1:dir dcd5cf97463e97cdd14552f497f7b2d961d7bc70

<figure><img src="image_59.png" /></figure>
Allow **Access** to the data and metadata

Online, using a standard, free and **open protocol** such as https.

By **authentication** for data not in open access.

The **metadata** should remain **accessible** even if the data are temporarily inaccessible or if there is **restricted access** to the data.

<figure><img src="image_60.png" /></figure>
**Open-Access**

An **old tradition** and a **new technology** have converged to make possible an unprecedented public good. The old tradition is the **willingness of scientists and scholars to publish** the fruits of their research in scholarly journals without payment, for the sake of inquiry and knowledge. The new technology is the **internet**. The public good they make possible is the worldwide electronic **distribution of the peer-reviewed journal literature** and completely **free** and **unrestricted access** to it by all scientists, scholars, teachers, students, and other curious minds.

<figure><img src="image_61.png" /></figure>

Budapest Open Access Initiative
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Free = Gratis

≠

<figure><img src="image_63.png" /></figure>

Open

<figure><img src="image_64.png" /></figure>

Call for the use of digital tools such as **open archives** and **open access journals**, free of charge for the reader 😂.

<figure><img src="image_65.png" /></figure>

The **cost is covered by the scientific institutions** 🎓.

<figure><img src="image_66.png" /></figure>
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# Article Processing Charge / APC

For-profit journals (Nature, Science, Elsevier, Wiley, ...)

Authors (or their institution) will cover the price for publication

Couperin agreement (132 M€ between 2024-2027) to pool the publication cost (~ 3,000 € per article)

<figure><img src="image_68.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_69.png" /></figure>

# Diamond open-access journals

Community driven journals

Usually founded by academic or non-profit organizations (~ 200€ per article)

Lower number of articles per-year

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Planetary Research

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launch in 2026

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# Preprint registries

= last version **before** publication

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bioRxiv

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HAL

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Astrophysics

<figure><img src="image_78.png" /></figure>

Biology

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Generic
Make the data **Interoperable** to ensure they can be used regardless of the computing environment used by humans or machines

<figure><img src="image_80.png" /></figure>

The data should be **described at the beginning** of their lifecycle using **controlled vocabulary**.

The metadata should **refer to other data** that can be linked together.

The **file formats** used should be **open** and documented to ensure exploitable and persistent data using different tools.
How scientist keep the
**rights to their discovery**
while also allowing for
**external use?**

<figure><img src="image_81.png" /></figure>
<figure><img src="image_82.png" /></figure>

**Open-License**

The license defines the elements of
**paternity** and the **conditions of use** (copyright).
<figure><img src="image_83.png" /></figure>

**Open-License**

The license defines the elements of
**paternity** and the **conditions of use** (copyright).

An **open** license defines the conditions for the
**distribution** and **reuse** of content (copyleft).
Open-Licenses

<figure><img src="image_84.png" /></figure>

Creative Commons

<figure><img src="image_85.png" /></figure>

License Ouverte (Etalab)

<figure><img src="image_86.png" /></figure>

Open-Source licenses:

BSD, MIT, Apache, GPL, LPGL, AGPL, MPL, EPL...
HOW STANDARDS PROLIFERATE:

(SEE: A/C CHARGERS, CHARACTER ENCODINGS, INSTANT MESSAGING, ETC)

SITUATION:
THERE ARE
14 COMPETING
STANDARDS.

14?! RIDICULOUS!
WE NEED TO DEVELOP
ONE UNIVERSAL STANDARD
THAT COVERS EVERYONE'S
USE CASES.

YEAH!

<figure><img src="image_87.png" /></figure>

SOON:

SITUATION:
THERE ARE
15 COMPETING
STANDARDS.
<figure><img src="image_88.png" /></figure>

Creative Commons licenses
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Creative Commons licenses

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**No attribution** / no copyright

Copy, modification et redistribution.
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# Creative Commons licenses

<figure><img src="image_92.png" /></figure>

**No attribution** / no copyright

Copy, modification et redistribution.

<figure><img src="image_93.png" /></figure>

**Author attribution**

Copy, modification and redistribution.
Creative Commons licenses

<figure><img src="image_94.png" /></figure>

**No attribution** / no copyright

Copy, modification et redistribution.

<figure><img src="image_95.png" /></figure>

**Author attribution**

Copy, modification and redistribution.

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Author attribution

Copy, modification and redistribution under the **same license**.
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# Creative Commons licenses

<figure><img src="image_98.png" /></figure>

**No attribution** / no copyright

Copy, modification et redistribution.

<figure><img src="image_99.png" /></figure>

**Author attribution**

Copy, modification and redistribution.

<figure><img src="image_100.png" /></figure>

Author attribution

Copy, modification and redistribution under the **same license**.

<figure><img src="image_101.png" /></figure>

Author attribution

Copy and redistribution possible but **no modification**.
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# Creative Commons licenses

<figure><img src="image_103.png" /></figure>

**No attribution** / no copyright

Copy, modification et redistribution.

<figure><img src="image_104.png" /></figure>

**Author attribution**

Copy, modification and redistribution.

<figure><img src="image_105.png" /></figure>

Author attribution

Copy, modification and redistribution under the **same license**.

<figure><img src="image_106.png" /></figure>

Author attribution

Copy and redistribution possible but **no modification**.

No commercial use
Allow the data to be **reused** for future research

The metadata should have several useful attributes to facilitate
**the comprehension** and reuse of the data.

A **license for reuse** should be associated with the data.

The description of the data should **indicate their provenance**.

The structure of the data should be **in line with the standards** of the scientific community to facilitate their analysis.

<figure><img src="image_107.png" /></figure>
# The **4R** in Open Science

**Repeatability**

**Reproducibility**

**Replicability**

**Reusability**
# The 4R in Open Science

## Repeatability

- Same Lab / Team

- Same Algorithm / Method

- Same Model / Code

- Same Data / Metadata

- Same Environment / Setup

## Reproducibility

## Replicability

## Reusability
# The 4R in Open Science

## Repeatability

- Same Lab / Team

- Same Algorithm / Method

- Same Model / Code

- Same Data / Metadata

- Same Environment / Setup

## Replicability

## Reproducibility

- Different Lab / Team

- Same Algorithm / Method

- Same Model / Code

- Same Data / Metadata

- Different Environment / Setup

## Reusability
# The 4R in Open Science

## Repeatability

- Same Lab / Team

- Same Algorithm / Method

- Same Model / Code

- Same Data / Metadata

- Same Environment / Setup

## Reproducibility

- Different Lab / Team

- Same Algorithm / Method

- Same Model / Code

- Same Data / Metadata

- Different Environment / Setup

## Replicability

- Different Lab / Team

- Same Algorithm / Method

- Adapted Model / Code

- Different Data / Metadata

- Different Environment / Setup

## Reusability
# The 4R in Open Science

## Repeatability

- Same Lab / Team

- Same Algorithm / Method

- Same Model / Code

- Same Data / Metadata

- Same Environment / Setup

## Reproducibility

- Different Lab / Team

- Same Algorithm / Method

- Same Model / Code

- Same Data / Metadata

- Different Environment / Setup

## Replicability

- Different Lab / Team

- Same Algorithm / Method

- Adapted Model / Code

- Different Data / Metadata

- Different Environment / Setup

## Reusability

- Different Lab / Team

- Adapted Algorithm / Method

- Adapted Model / Code

- Different Data / Metadata

- Different Environment / Setup
<figure><img src="image_108.png" /></figure>

Open-data ≠

<figure><img src="image_109.png" /></figure>

Good data
<figure><img src="image_110.png" /></figure>

Example 1 😛 😞

<figure><img src="image_111.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_112.png" /></figure>

Searching for a recent paper... 🧭

<figure><img src="image_113.png" /></figure>
<figure><img src="image_114.png" /></figure>
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<figure><img src="image_116.png" /></figure>
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Request a copy to the library

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No available anywhere...

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Example 2 😛 😛

<figure><img src="image_121.png" /></figure>

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My 1st paper as lead author 😊

<figure><img src="image_123.png" /></figure>
<figure><img src="image_124.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_125.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_126.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_127.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_128.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_129.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_130.png" /></figure>

## Outline

Highlights

Abstract

Keywords

1. Introduction

2. Observations

3. Method

4. Results

5. Discussion

6. Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

## Cited By (11)

## Figures (7)

<figure><img src="image_131.png" /></figure>

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## Icarus

Volume 292, August 2017, Pages 13-21

<figure><img src="image_138.png" /></figure>

# Aerosols optical properties in Titan's detached haze layer before the equinox

Benoît Seignovert ⚋, a✉, Pascal Rannou a, Panayotis Lavvas a, Thibaud Cours a, Robert A. West 1, a, b

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Get rights and content

## Highlights

* Analysis of Titan detached haze layer.

* Aerosols optical properties characterization.

* Latitude and temporal variability of this layer before the equinox.

## Abstract

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## Article Metrics

<figure><img src="image_151.png" /></figure>

### Citations

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8

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ELSEVIER

Icarus

Volume 292, August 2017, Pages 13-21

<figure><img src="image_162.png" /></figure>

Aerosols optical properties in Titan's
detached haze layer before the equinox

Benoit Seignovert<sup>a</sup> ⌖, Pascal Rannou<sup>a</sup>, Panayotis Lavvas<sup>a</sup>, Thibaud Cours<sup>a</sup>,
Robert A. West<sup>1, b</sup>

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Highlights

* Analysis of Titan detached haze layer.

* Aerosols optical properties characterization.

* Latitude and temporal variability of this layer before the equinox.

Abstract

UV observations with Cassini ISS Narrow Angle Camera of Titan's detached haze is an
excellent tool to probe its aerosols content without being affected by the gas or the
multiple scattering. Unfortunately, its low extent in altitude requires a high resolution

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<figure><img src="image_177.png" /></figure>

ELSEVIER

Icarus

Volume 292, August 2017, Pages 13-21

<figure><img src="image_178.png" /></figure>

Aerosols optical properties in Titan's
detached haze layer before the equinox

Benoit Seignovert<sup>a</sup> ⌖, Pascal Rannou<sup>a</sup>, Panayotis Lavvas<sup>a</sup>, Thibaud Cours<sup>a</sup>,
Robert A. West<sup>1, b</sup>

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Get rights and content ↩

Highlights

* Analysis of Titan detached haze layer.

* Aerosols optical properties characterization.

* Latitude and temporal variability of this layer before the equinox.

Abstract

UV observations with Cassini ISS Narrow Angle Camera of Titan's detached haze is an
excellent tool to probe its aerosols content without being affected by the gas or the
multiple scattering. Unfortunately, its low extent in altitude requires a high resolution

Recommended articles

<figure><img src="image_182.png" /></figure>

Spectral and emissivity analysis of the
raised ramparts around Titan's northern...

Icarus, Volume 344, 2020, Article 113338
A. Solomonidou, ..., J. Rodebaugh

¹³C and ¹⁵N fractionation of CH₄/N₂
mixtures during photochemical aerosol...

Icarus, Volume 270, 2016, pp. 421-428
Joshua A. Sebree, ..., Melissa G. Trainer

Seasonal radiative modeling of Titan's
stratospheric temperatures at low latitudes

Icarus, Volume 302, 2018, pp. 437-450
Bruno Bézard, ..., Richard K. Achterberg

Show 3 more articles v

<figure><img src="image_183.png" /></figure>

Article Metrics

<figure><img src="image_184.png" /></figure>

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11

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Cited by (11)

<figure><img src="image_195.png" /></figure>

ELSEVIER

Icarus

Volume 292, August 2017, Pages 13-21

<figure><img src="image_196.png" /></figure>

Aerosols optical properties in Titan's
detached haze layer before the equinox

Benoît Seignovert<sup>a</sup> ⌖, Pascal Rannou<sup>a</sup>, Panayotis Lavvas<sup>a</sup>, Thibaud Cours<sup>a</sup>,
Robert A. West<sup>1, b</sup>

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<figure><img src="image_199.png" /></figure>

Cite

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Get rights and content ↩

Highlights

* Analysis of Titan detached haze layer.

* Aerosols optical properties characterization.

* Latitude and temporal variability of this layer before the equinox.

Abstract

UV observations with Cassini ISS Narrow Angle Camera of Titan's detached haze is an
excellent tool to probe its aerosols content without being affected by the gas or the
multiple scattering. Unfortunately, its low extent in altitude requires a high resolution

Recommended articles

<figure><img src="image_200.png" /></figure>

Spectral and emissivity analysis of the
raised ramparts around Titan's northern...

Icarus, Volume 344, 2020, Article 113338
A. Solomonidou, ..., J. Rodebaugh

¹³C and ¹⁵N fractionation of CH₄/N₂
mixtures during photochemical aerosol...

Icarus, Volume 270, 2016, pp. 421-428
Joshua A. Sebree, ..., Melissa G. Trainer

Seasonal radiative modeling of Titan's
stratospheric temperatures at low latitudes

Icarus, Volume 302, 2018, pp. 437-450
Bruno Bézard, ..., Richard K. Achterberg

Show 3 more articles v

<figure><img src="image_201.png" /></figure>

Article Metrics

<figure><img src="image_202.png" /></figure>

Citations

Citation Indexes

11

Captures

Readers

14

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<figure><img src="image_204.png" /></figure>

No data...

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No sources...
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doi: 10.1016/j.icarus.2017.03.026

<figure><img src="image_213.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_214.png" /></figure>

arXiv: 1704.00842v1 [astro-ph.EP] 4 Apr 2017
<figure><img src="image_215.png" /></figure>

Example 3 😛 😍

<figure><img src="image_216.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_217.png" /></figure>

One of my latest paper (as co-author) ✿

<figure><img src="image_218.png" /></figure>
<figure><img src="image_219.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_220.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_221.png" /></figure>

JGR

Machine Learning
and Computation

<figure><img src="image_222.png" /></figure>

Research Article

<figure><img src="image_223.png" /></figure>

Open Access

<figure><img src="image_224.png" /></figure>

Rapid Automated Mapping of Clouds on Titan With Instance
Segmentation

Zachary Yahn* Douglas M. Trent, Ethan Duncan, Benoît Seignovert, John Santerre, Conor A. Nixon

First published: 06 January 2025 | https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JH000366

<figure><img src="image_225.png" /></figure>

Volume 2, Issue 1

March 2025

e2024JH000366

<figure><img src="image_226.png" /></figure>

Figures

<figure><img src="image_227.png" /></figure>

References

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Related

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Information

SECTIONS

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PDF

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TOOLS

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Abstract

Despite widespread adoption of deep learning models to address a variety of computer vision tasks, planetary science has yet to see extensive utilization of such tools to address its unique problems. On Titan, the largest moon of Saturn, tracking seasonal trends and weather patterns of clouds provides crucial insights into one of the most complex climates in the Solar System, yet much of the available image data are still analyzed in a conventional way. In this work, we apply a Mask R-CNN trained via transfer learning to perform instance segmentation of clouds in Titan images acquired by the Cassini spacecraft—a previously unexplored approach to a “big data” problem in planetary science. We demonstrate that an automated technique can provide quantitative measures for clouds, such as areas and centroids, that may otherwise be prohibitively time-intensive to produce by human mapping. Furthermore, despite Titan-specific challenges, our approach yields accuracy comparable to contemporary cloud identification studies on Earth and other worlds. We compare the efficiencies of human-driven versus algorithmic approaches, showing that transfer learning provides speed-ups that may open new horizons for data investigation for Titan. Moreover, we suggest that such approaches have broad potential for application to similar problems in planetary science where they are currently under-utilized. Future planned missions to the planets and remote sensing initiatives for the Earth promise to provide a deluge of image data in the coming years that will benefit strongly from leveraging machine learning approaches.

Recommended

Cassini imaging of Titan's high-latitude
lakes, clouds, and south-polar surface
changes

E. P. Turtle, J. E. Perry, A. S. McEwen,
A. D. DelGenio, J. Barbara, R. A. West,
D. D. Dawson, C. C. Porco

Geophysical Research Letters

Plasma environment at Titan's orbit with
Titan present and absent

H. Y. Wei, C. T. Russell, A. Wellbrock,
M. K. Dougherty, A. J. Coates

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The search for Titan lightning radio
emissions

G. Fischer, D. A. Gurnett

Geophysical Research Letters

One-Fit-All Transformer for Multimodal

Geophysical Inversion: Method and
<figure><img src="image_233.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_234.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_235.png" /></figure>

## 5 Conclusion

In this paper we presented a novel approach to Titan cloud identification using transfer learning to effectively label the individual pixels of images of Titan. Despite Titan-specific challenges such as data availability and quality, our results are comparable to similar studies on Earth. We extracted key metrics including cloud areas and centroids that may be prohibitively time consuming to compute manually, and analyzed the efficiency of our technique. We demonstrated how our approach can elucidate trends in cloud development over the course of the Cassini mission.

Given upcoming missions to Titan and advances in ground-based telescopes, there is a need for robust, proven models that can process high-quality and large-quantity data. Even now, 7 years after the mission concluded, there is much to be learned from novel processing of Cassini data at scale. We show that deep learning techniques can be significantly more efficient than manual tabulation, especially given increasingly large data sets as spacecraft technology improves. We hope that this work motivates other planetary science researchers to implement deep models with transfer learning for other problems in planetary science, so that the field as a whole might enjoy the benefits of transfer learning for computer vision.

## Acknowledgments

Thanks to NASA Langley Research Center for enabling this project by providing funded access to Google Cloud Platform, and to Charles Liles for his assistance with setting up the Google Cloud environment.

<figure><img src="image_236.png" /></figure>

### Open Research

<figure><img src="image_237.png" /></figure>

### Data Availability Statement

All code is available on Zenodo (https://zenodo.org/records/14009768) (Yahn et al., 2024a) and on Github (https://github.com/zacharyyahn/TitanCloudsSegmentation) (Yahn et al., 2024b). Images, backplanes, models, and all other files are available for download on Zenodo (https://zenodo.org/records/13988492) (Yahn et al., 2024c).

### References

<figure><img src="image_238.png" /></figure>

Acton, C. (1996). Ancillary data services of NASA's navigation and ancillary information facility.
Dataset

<figure><img src="image_239.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_240.png" /></figure>
<figure><img src="image_241.png" /><figcaption>Source-code</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_242.png" /></figure>

swh:1:dir:e0a64f81201c67d95d4b0d11ca094a4acee797d3
<figure><img src="image_243.png" /></figure>

Example 4 😛 😛

<figure><img src="image_244.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_245.png" /></figure>

This course 😍

<figure><img src="image_246.png" /></figure>
<figure><img src="image_247.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_248.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_249.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_250.png" /></figure>

# Introduction
to **Open-Science**

Science Research and Communication
M2EMJM/M2STPE-EPS | XMS3GU030

<figure><img src="image_251.png" /></figure>

planètes et
environnement

<figure><img src="image_252.png" /></figure>

Nantes
Université

Benoît Seignovert
orcid 0000-0001-6533-275X

ORCID

DOI

doi 10.57745/V7IJ3U

<figure><img src="image_253.png" /></figure>

2025-12-16
<figure><img src="image_254.png" /></figure>

Accessible:
Open Access

Recherche Data Gouv

https://entrepot.recherche.data.gouv.fr/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.57745/V7IJ3U
<figure><img src="image_255.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_256.png" /></figure>

Introduction
to Open-Science

<figure><img src="image_257.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_258.png" /></figure>

Science Research and Communication
M2EMJM/M2STPE-EPS | XMS3GU030

<figure><img src="image_259.png" /></figure>

Nantes
Université

<figure><img src="image_260.png" /></figure>
<figure><img src="image_261.png" /></figure>

Reusable:
Open formats

PDF + HTML
Open Science

<figure><img src="image_262.png" /></figure>

Publications

<figure><img src="image_263.png" /></figure>

Datasets

<figure><img src="image_264.png" /></figure>

Source-code
Open Science

<figure><img src="image_265.png" /></figure>

Accessibility
Equity

<figure><img src="image_266.png" /></figure>

Transparency
Reuse

<figure><img src="image_267.png" /></figure>

Sovereignty
Integrity
Any questions ?

<figure><img src="image_268.png" /></figure>
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Open access

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Open access

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Creative commons

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Open access

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Creative commons

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Open source

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Open access

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Creative commons

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Open source

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HAL