Seager S, Petkowski JJ, Carr CE, Grinspoon DH, Ehlmann BL, Saikia SJ, Agrawal R, Buchanan WP, Weber MU, French R et al (2022) Venus life finder missions motivation and summary. Aerospace 9(7):385

Shao WD, Zhang X, Bierson CJ, Encrenaz T (2020) Revisiting the sulfur-water chemical system in the middle atmosphere of Venus. J Geophys Res, Planets 125(8):e2019JE006,195. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JE006195

Sizova E, Gerya T, Brown M, Perchuk L (2010) Subduction styles in the Precambrian: insight from numerical experiments. Lithos 116(3-4):209-229

Sizova E, Gerya T, Brown M (2014) Contrasting styles of Phanerozoic and Precambrian continental collision. Gondwana Res 25(2):522-545

Sizova E, Gerya T, Stüwe K, Brown M (2015) Generation of felsic crust in the Archean: a geodynamic modeling perspective. Precambrian Res 271:198-224

Sleep NH (1994) Martian plate tectonics. J Geophys Res, Planets 99(E3):5639-5655

Sleep NH, Zahnle KJ, Lupu RE (2014) Terrestrial aftermath of the Moon-forming impact. Philos Trans R Soc A, Math Phys Eng Sci 372(2024):20130,172. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2013.0172

Smerkar S, Ghail R, Byrne P (2022) Volcano-tectonic processes on Venus. Space Sci Rev

Smrekar SE, Davaille A, Sotin C (2018) Venus interior structure and dynamics. Space Sci Rev 214(5):88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-018-0518-1

Snellen I, Guzman-Ramirez L, Hogerheijde M, Hygate A, Van der Tak F (2020) Re-analysis of the 267 GHz ALMA observations of Venus – no statistically significant detection of phosphine. Astron Astrophys 644:L2

Sobolev SV, Brown M (2019) Surface erosion events controlled the evolution of plate tectonics on Earth. Nature 570(7759):52-57

Solomatova NV, Caracas R (2021) Genesis of a CO₂-rich and H₂O-depleted atmosphere from Earth's early global magma ocean. Sci Adv 7(41):eabj0406

Som D, Catling S, Harnmeijer J, Polivka P, Buick R (2012) Air density 2.7 billion years ago limited to less than twice modern levels by fossil raindrop imprints. Nature 484:359. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10890

Som S, Buick R, Hagadorn J, Blake T, Perreault J, Harnmeijer J, Catling D (2016) Earth's air pressure 2.7 billion years ago constrained to less than half of modern levels. NatGeo 9:448. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2713

Sossi PA, Burnham AD, Badro J, Lanzirotti A, Newville M, O'Neill HS (2020) Redox state of Earth's magma ocean and its Venus-like early atmosphere. Sci Adv 6(48):eabd1387. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd1387

Sousa-Silva C, Seager S, Ranjan S, Petkowski JJ, Zhan Z, Hu R, Bains W (2020) Phosphine as a biosignature gas in exoplanet atmospheres. Astrobiology 20(2):235-268

Spacek J, Benner SA (2021) The organic carbon cycle in the atmosphere of Venus and evolving red oil. In: LPI contributions, Lunar and Planetary Institute. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021LPICo2629.4052S. Abstract #4052

Spencer CJ, Cawood PA, Hawkesworth CJ, Raub TD, Prave AR, Roberts NM (2014) Proterozoic onset of crustal reworking and collisional tectonics: reappraisal of the zircon oxygen isotope record. Geology 42(5):451-454

Stern CR (2011) Subduction erosion: rates, mechanisms, and its role in arc magmatism and the evolution of the continental crust and mantle. Gondwana Res 20(2-3):284-308

Stüeken EE, Anderson RE, Bowman JS, Brazelton WJ, Colangelo-Lillis J, Goldman AD, Som SM, Baross JA (2013) Did life originate from a global chemical reactor? Geobiology 11(2):101-126. https://doi.org/10.1111/gbi.12025

Stüeken E, Kipp M, Koehler M, Schwieterman E, Johnson B, Buick R (2016) Modeling pN₂ through geological time: implications for planetary climates and atmospheric biosignatures. Astrobiology 16(12):949-963. https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2016.1537

Stüeken EE, Som SM, Claire M, Rugheimer S, Scherf M, Sproß L, Tosi N, Ueno Y, Lammer H (2020) Mission to planet Earth: the first two billion years. Space Sci Rev 216(2):31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-020-00652-3

Svensen H, Planke S, Polozov AG, Schmidbauer N, Corfu F, Podladchikov YY, Jamtveit B (2009) Siberian gas venting and the end-Permian environmental crisis. Earth Planet Sci Lett 277(3-4):490-500

Szostak JW (2016) On the origin of life. Medicina 76(4):199-203

Tartèse R, Chaussidon M, Gurenko A, Delarue F, Robert F (2017) Warm Archean oceans reconstructed from oxygen isotope composition of early-life remnants. Geochem Perspect Lett 3:55-65

Tera F, Papanastassiou D, Wasserburg G (1973) A lunar cataclysm at ~3.95 AE and the structure of the lunar crust. In: Lunar and planetary science conference, vol 4

Thompson MA (2021) The statistical reliability of 267-GHz JCMT observations of Venus: no significant evidence for phosphine absorption. Mon Not R Astron Soc Lett 501(1):L18-L22
Titov DV, Ignatiev NI, McGouldrick K, Wilquet V, Wilson CF (2018) Clouds and hazes of Venus. Space Sci Rev 214(8):126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-018-0552-z

Trail D, Boehnke P, Savage PS, Liu MC, Miller ML, Bindeman I (2018) Origin and significance of Si and O isotope heterogeneities in Phanerozoic, Archean, and Hadean zircon. Proc Natl Acad Sci 115(41):10.287–10.292

Trinks H, Schröder W, Bierbricher C (2005) Sea ice as a promoter of the emergence of first life. Orig Life Evol Biosph 35:429–445

Trompet L, Robert S, Mahieux A, Schmidt F, Erwin J, Vandaele A (2021) Phosphine in Venus’ atmosphere: detection attempts and upper limits above the cloud top assessed from the SOIR/VEx spectra. Astron Astrophys 645:L4

Truong N, Lunine J (2021) Volcanically extruded phosphides as an abiotic source of Venusian phosphine. Proc Natl Acad Sci 118(29):e2021689118

Turbet M, Bolmont E, Chaverot G, Ehrenreich D, Leconte J, Marcq E (2021) Day-night cloud asymmetry prevents early oceans on Venus but not on Earth. Nature 598(7880):276–280

Turcotte DL, Schubert G (2002) Geodynamics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Turner G, Cadogan P (1975) The history of lunar bombardment inferred from $^{40}$Ar-$^{39}$Ar dating of highland rocks. In: Lunar and planetary science conference proceedings, vol 6, pp 1509–1538

Uppalapati S, Rolf T, Crameri F, Werner S (2020) Dynamics of lithospheric overturns and implications for Venus’s surface. J Geophys Res, Planets 125(11):e2019JE006,258

Valley J, Lackey J, Cavosie A, Clechenko C, Spicuzza M, Basei M, Bindeman I, Ferreira V, Sial A, King E et al (2005) 4.4 billion years of crustal maturation: oxygen isotope ratios of magmatic zircon. Contrib Mineral Petrol 150(6):561–580

Valley JW, Cavosie AJ, Ushikubo T, Reinhard DA, Lawrence DF, Larson DJ, Clifton PH, Kelly TF, Wilde SA, Moser DE et al (2014) Hadean age for a post-magma-ocean zircon confirmed by atom-probe tomography. Nat Geosci 7(3):219–223

Van den Boorn S, Van Bergen M, Vroon P, De Vries S, Nijman W (2010) Silicon isotope and trace element constraints on the origin of 3.5 Ga cherts: implications for early Archaean marine environments. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 74(3):1077–1103

van Hunen J, van den Berg AP (2008) Plate tectonics on the early Earth: limitations imposed by strength and buoyancy of subducted lithosphere. Lithos 103(1–2):217–235

Van Kranendonk MJ (2010) Two types of Archean continental crust: plume and plate tectonics on early Earth. Am J Sci 310(10):1187–1209

Van Kranendonk MJ, Baumgartner R, Djokic T, Ota T, Steller L, Garbe U, Nakamura E (2021) Elements for the origin of life on land: a deep-time perspective from the Pilbara Craton of Western Australia. Astrobiology 21(1):39–59

Vezinet A, Thomassot E, Pearson DG, Stern RA, Luo Y, Sarkar C (2019) Extreme $^{18}$O signatures in zircon from the Saglek Block (North Atlantic Craton) document reworking of mature supracrustal rocks as early as 3.5 Ga. Geology 47(7):605–608

Villanueva G, Cordiner M, Irwin P, de Pater I, Butler B, Gurwell M, Milam S, Nixon C, Luszcz-Cook S, Wilson C et al (2021) No evidence of phosphine in the atmosphere of Venus from independent analyses. Nat Astron 5(7):631–635

Volkov V, Frenkel MY (1993) The modeling of Venus’ degassing in terms of K-Ar system. Earth Moon Planets 62(2):117–129

Walker JCG, Hays PB, Kasting JF (1981) A negative feedback mechanism for the long-term stabilization of the Earth’s surface temperature. J Geophys Res 86:9776–9782. https://doi.org/10.1029/JC086IC10p09776

Walsh KJ, Morbidelli A, Raymond SN, O’Brien DP, Mandell AM (2011) A low mass for Mars from Jupiter’s early gas-driven migration. Nature 475(7355):206–209

Warren AO, Kite ES (2021) Degassing, decarbonation, and dehydration: investigating the likelihood of a habitable era on Venus. In: 52nd lunar and planetary science conference. Lunar and planetary science conference, p 1253

Way MJ, Del Genio AD (2020) Venusian habitable climate scenarios: modeling Venus through time and applications to slowly rotating Venus-like exoplanets. J Geophys Res, Planets 125(5):e2019JE006,276

Way MJ, Del Genio AD, Kiang NY, Sohl LE, Grinspoon DH, Aleinov I, Kelley M, Clune T (2016) Was Venus the first habitable world of our solar system? Geophys Res Lett 43(16):8376–8383

Way MJ, Aleinov I, Amundsen DS, Chandler MA, Clune TL, Del Genio AD, Fujii Y, Kelley M, Kiang NY, Sohl L, Tsigaridis K (2017) Resolving orbital and climate keys of Earth and extraterrestrial environments with dynamics (ROCKE-3D) 1.0: a general circulation model for simulating the climates of rocky planets. Astrophys J Suppl Ser 231:12. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/aa7a06. arXiv:1701.02360
Way MJ, Del Genio AD, Aleinov I, Clune TL, Kelley M, Kiang NY (2018) Climates of warm Earth-like planets I: 3-D model simulations. ArXiv e-prints. arXiv:1808.06480

Way MJ, Ernst RE, Scargle JD (2022) Large-scale volcanism and the heat death of terrestrial worlds. Planet Sci J 3(4):92. https://doi.org/10.3847/psj/ac6033

Way MJ, Ostberg C, Foley BJ, Gillmann C, Höning D, Lammer H, O'Rourke J, Persson M, Plesa I, Salvador A, Scherf M, Weller M (2023) Synergies between Venus & exoplanetary observations. Space Sci Rev. 219:13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-023-00953-3

Weiss MC, Preiner M, Xavier JC, Zimorski V, Martin WF (2018) The last universal common ancestor between ancient Earth chemistry and the onset of genetics. PLoS Genet 14(8):e1007518. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1007518

Weller MB, Kiefer WS (2020) The physics of changing tectonic regimes: implications for the temporal evolution of mantle convection and the thermal history of Venus. J Geophys Res, Planets 125(1):e05960. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JE005960

Weller MB, Kiefer WS (2021) Punctuated evolution of the Venusian atmosphere from mantle outgassing. In: 52nd lunar and planetary science conference. Lunar and planetary science conference, p 1555

Weller M, Lenardic A, O'Neill C (2015) The effects of internal heating and large scale climate variations on tectonic bi-stability in terrestrial planets. Earth Planet Sci Lett 420:85-94

Weller M, Evans A, Ibarra D, Johnson A, Kukla T (2022) Atmospheric evidence of early plate tectonics on Venus. LPI Contrib 2678:2328

Westall F, De Ronde CE, Southam G, Grassineau N, Colas M, Cockell C, Lammer H (2006a) Implications of a 3.472–3.333 Gyr-old subaerial microbial mat from the Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa for the UV environmental conditions on the early Earth. Philos Trans R Soc B, Biol Sci 361(1474):1857–1876

Westall F, de Vries ST, Nijman W, Rouchon V, Orberger B, Pearson V, Watson J, Verchovsky A, Wright I, Rouzaud JN, Marchesini D, Severine A (2006b) The 3.466 Ga “Kitty’s Gap Chert,” an early Archean microbial ecosystem. In: Processes on the early Earth. Geol. Soc. Am., Boulder. https://doi.org/10.1130/2006.2405(07)

Westall F, Cavalazzi B, Lemelle L, Marrocchi Y, Rouzaud JN, Simionovici A, Salomé M, Mostefaoui S, Andreazza C, Foucher F et al (2011a) Implications of in situ calcification for photosynthesis in a ~3.3 Ga-old microbial biofilm from the Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa. Earth Planet Sci Lett 310(3-4):468–479

Westall F, Foucher F, Cavalazzi B, de Vries ST, Nijman W, Pearson V, Watson J, Verchovsky A, Wright I, Rouzaud JN et al (2011b) Volcaniclastic habitats for early life on Earth and Mars: a case study from 3.5 Ga-old rocks from the Pilbara, Australia. Planet Space Sci 59(10):1093–1106

Westall F, Campbell KA, Bréhéret JG, Foucher F, Gautret P, Hubert A, Sorieul S, Grassineau N, Guido DM (2015) Archean (3.33 Ga) microbe-sediment systems were diverse and flourished in a hydrothermal context. Geology 43(7):615–618

Westall F, Hickman-Lewis K, Hinman N, Gautret P, Campbell K, Bréhéret JG, Foucher F, Hubert A, Sorieul S, Dass AV et al (2018) A hydrothermal-sedimentary context for the origin of life. Astrobiology 18(3):259–293

Whitehouse MJ, Nemchin AA, Pidgeon RT (2017) What can Hadean detrital zircon really tell us? A critical evaluation of their geochronology with implications for the interpretation of oxygen and hafnium isotopes. Gondwana Res 51:78–91

Wignall P (2001) Large igneous provinces and mass extinctions. Earth-Sci Rev 53(1-2):1-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-8252(00)00037-4

Wilde SA, Valley JW, Peck WH, Graham CM (2001) Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago. Nature 409(6817):175-178

Wordsworth R, Pierrehumbert R (2013) Water loss from terrestrial planets with CO₂-rich atmospheres. Astrophys J 778(2):154

Yang J, Boué G, Fabrycky DC, Abbot DS (2014) Strong dependence of the inner edge of the habitable zone on planetary rotation rate. Astrophys J 787:L2. https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/787/1/L2. arXiv:1404.4992

Zahnle KJ, Lupu R, Dobrovolskis A, Sleep NH (2015) The tethered Moon. Earth Planet Sci Lett 427:74-82

Zasova L, Gorinov D, Eismont N, Kovalenko I, Abbakumov A, Bober S (2019) Venera-d: a design of an automatic space station for Venus exploration. Sol Syst Res 53(7):506-510

Zawaski MJ, Kelly NM, Orlandini OF, Nichols CI, Allwood AC, Mojzsis SJ (2020) Reappraisal of purported ca. 3.7 Ga stromatolites from the Isua supracrustal belt (West Greenland) from detailed chemical and structural analysis. Earth Planet Sci Lett 545:116-409

Zellner NEB (2017) Cataclysm no more: new views on the timing and delivery of lunar impactors. Orig Life Evol Biosph 47(3):261-280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11084-017-9536-3

**Publisher's Note** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
## Authors and Affiliations

F. Westall¹ · D. Höning² · G. Avice³ · D. Gentry⁴ · T. Gerya⁵ · C. Gillmann⁶ · N. Izenberg⁷ · M.J. Way⁸,⁹ · C. Wilson¹⁰,¹¹

<figure><img src="image_14.png" /></figure>

D. Höning
dennis.hoening@pik-potsdam.de

1. CNRS-Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, Orléans, France

2. Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany

3. Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, 75005 Paris, France

4. NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA

5. Dep. of Earth Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland

6. Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA

7. The Applied Geophysics Laboratory, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Malone 140, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA

8. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025, USA

9. Theoretical Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

10. Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK

11. European Space Agency, Noordwijk, The Netherlands