<table><caption>**Table A4.** Confusion matrix showing fractional grid cell area (in $10^3$ km$^2$) of GLWD v2 classes located in each GLWD v1 class (at 500 m cell resolution). The overlap was performed by first disaggregating GLWD v1 from 1 km (30 arcsec) to 500 m (15 arcsec) resolution and then intersecting it with the fractional wetland area from GLWD v2, using the land mask definition of GLWD v2.</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">GLWD v2 classes</th><th colspan="12">GLWD v1 classes</th></tr><tr><th>0 Upland/ocean</th><th>1 Lake</th><th>2 Reservoir</th><th>3 River</th><th>4 Fresh-water marsh, floodplain</th><th>5 Swamp forest, flooded forest</th><th>6 Coastal wetland</th><th>7 Salt pan, brackish/ saline wetland</th><th>8 Bog, fen, mire (peatland)</th><th>9 Inter-mittent wetland/ lake</th><th>10 50%-100% wetland</th><th>11 25%-50% wetland</th><th>12 Wetland complex (0%-25% wetland)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>0. Dryland (non-wetland)</td><td>109 458.2</td><td>231.4</td><td>40.0</td><td>88.9</td><td>1210.3</td><td>686.4</td><td>152.8</td><td>0.3</td><td>414.5</td><td>512.7</td><td>1047.3</td><td>2511.0</td><td>788.7</td></tr><tr><td>1. Freshwater lake</td><td>534.2</td><td>1266.6</td><td>24.6</td><td>4.2</td><td>36.9</td><td>10.1</td><td>11.3</td><td>1.0</td><td>28.3</td><td>10.6</td><td>47.1</td><td>71.6</td><td>1.6</td></tr><tr><td>2. Saline lake</td><td>35.8</td><td>524.5</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.1</td><td>4.6</td><td>0.3</td><td>4.6</td><td>44.9</td><td>0.0</td><td>47.3</td><td>0.4</td><td>1.6</td><td>3.2</td></tr><tr><td>3. Reservoir</td><td>116.5</td><td>36.6</td><td>139.8</td><td>6.3</td><td>4.6</td><td>1.5</td><td>0.2</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.8</td><td>0.8</td><td>0.7</td><td>6.9</td><td>1.0</td></tr><tr><td>4. Large river</td><td>202.9</td><td>7.3</td><td>2.4</td><td>102.8</td><td>30.7</td><td>16.2</td><td>1.7</td><td>0.5</td><td>3.5</td><td>1.5</td><td>7.4</td><td>5.4</td><td>1.3</td></tr><tr><td>5. Large estuarine river</td><td>30.1</td><td>8.6</td><td>0.0</td><td>15.6</td><td>6.5</td><td>3.3</td><td>10.4</td><td>0.7</td><td>0.2</td><td>0.1</td><td>1.7</td><td>0.9</td><td>0.5</td></tr><tr><td>6. Other permanent waterbody</td><td>466.7</td><td>30.2</td><td>1.7</td><td>6.0</td><td>18.1</td><td>2.8</td><td>31.3</td><td>2.0</td><td>8.9</td><td>3.5</td><td>14.9</td><td>15.5</td><td>6.3</td></tr><tr><td>7. Small streams</td><td>108.7</td><td>2.2</td><td>0.5</td><td>2.4</td><td>4.4</td><td>2.4</td><td>0.5</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.8</td><td>0.8</td><td>1.6</td><td>2.2</td><td>0.4</td></tr><tr><td>8. Lacustrine, forested</td><td>226.5</td><td>56.2</td><td>9.8</td><td>2.2</td><td>24.9</td><td>19.3</td><td>2.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>15.9</td><td>0.4</td><td>17.3</td><td>54.3</td><td>0.0</td></tr><tr><td>9. Lacustrine, non-forested</td><td>322.3</td><td>51.4</td><td>8.6</td><td>1.7</td><td>50.7</td><td>9.0</td><td>5.6</td><td>0.0</td><td>9.1</td><td>5.8</td><td>16.7</td><td>17.0</td><td>1.7</td></tr><tr><td>10. Riverine, regularly flooded, forested</td><td>227.4</td><td>10.5</td><td>2.5</td><td>18.0</td><td>31.8</td><td>35.4</td><td>1.5</td><td>0.0</td><td>10.1</td><td>0.1</td><td>15.0</td><td>26.3</td><td>0.1</td></tr><tr><td>11. Riverine, regularly flooded, non-forested</td><td>428.0</td><td>9.8</td><td>2.6</td><td>17.5</td><td>56.2</td><td>8.1</td><td>2.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>7.3</td><td>4.0</td><td>7.3</td><td>11.9</td><td>1.6</td></tr><tr><td>12. Riverine, seasonally flooded, forested</td><td>555.3</td><td>6.2</td><td>1.2</td><td>20.2</td><td>98.2</td><td>82.8</td><td>6.7</td><td>0.0</td><td>5.7</td><td>0.4</td><td>16.1</td><td>12.2</td><td>0.5</td></tr><tr><td>13. Riverine, seasonally flooded, non-forested</td><td>684.5</td><td>12.3</td><td>1.5</td><td>12.5</td><td>100.4</td><td>15.6</td><td>7.2</td><td>0.0</td><td>3.8</td><td>35.0</td><td>8.0</td><td>8.1</td><td>3.9</td></tr><tr><td>14. Riverine, seasonally saturated, forested</td><td>499.0</td><td>11.2</td><td>3.1</td><td>9.1</td><td>66.6</td><td>31.1</td><td>3.1</td><td>0.0</td><td>10.8</td><td>0.3</td><td>23.0</td><td>43.2</td><td>0.8</td></tr><tr><td>15. Riverine, seasonally saturated, non-forested</td><td>1687.5</td><td>16.2</td><td>3.9</td><td>10.3</td><td>143.5</td><td>27.2</td><td>9.6</td><td>0.0</td><td>8.1</td><td>21.4</td><td>16.9</td><td>47.4</td><td>39.3</td></tr><tr><td>16. Palustrine, regularly flooded, forested</td><td>47.0</td><td>5.9</td><td>0.9</td><td>0.1</td><td>1.4</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.0</td><td>2.5</td><td>0.0</td><td>3.8</td><td>10.6</td><td>0.0</td></tr><tr><td>17. Palustrine, regularly flooded, non-forested</td><td>98.8</td><td>5.4</td><td>0.6</td><td>0.1</td><td>1.6</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.0</td><td>2.1</td><td>0.8</td><td>2.9</td><td>4.0</td><td>0.6</td></tr><tr><td>18. Palustrine, seasonally saturated, forested</td><td>93.3</td><td>7.9</td><td>1.2</td><td>0.1</td><td>3.8</td><td>1.0</td><td>1.2</td><td>0.0</td><td>4.0</td><td>0.1</td><td>7.0</td><td>18.9</td><td>0.2</td></tr><tr><td>19. Palustrine, seasonally saturated, non-forested</td><td>258.6</td><td>7.6</td><td>1.1</td><td>0.1</td><td>5.4</td><td>0.5</td><td>2.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>3.1</td><td>3.8</td><td>4.9</td><td>8.8</td><td>5.9</td></tr><tr><td>20. Ephemeral, forested</td><td>26.9</td><td>1.1</td><td>0.2</td><td>0.6</td><td>3.4</td><td>0.6</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.8</td><td>0.1</td><td>1.0</td><td>2.2</td><td>0.1</td></tr><tr><td>21. Ephemeral, non-forested</td><td>167.0</td><td>4.2</td><td>0.6</td><td>1.3</td><td>8.5</td><td>1.5</td><td>2.5</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.8</td><td>18.4</td><td>2.0</td><td>10.3</td><td>2.3</td></tr><tr><td>22. Arctic/boreal peatland, forested</td><td>709.9</td><td>20.5</td><td>0.6</td><td>4.2</td><td>126.5</td><td>0.0</td><td>3.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>88.2</td><td>0.1</td><td>320.0</td><td>137.4</td><td>0.0</td></tr><tr><td>23. Arctic/boreal peatland, non-forested</td><td>954.8</td><td>19.8</td><td>0.2</td><td>3.7</td><td>112.9</td><td>0.0</td><td>5.6</td><td>0.0</td><td>74.6</td><td>0.2</td><td>92.5</td><td>21.7</td><td>0.1</td></tr><tr><td>24. Temperate peatland, forested</td><td>313.5</td><td>5.0</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.5</td><td>18.4</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.2</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.5</td><td>0.1</td><td>30.3</td><td>62.2</td><td>0.5</td></tr><tr><td>25. Temperate peatland, non-forested</td><td>179.8</td><td>2.2</td><td>0.2</td><td>0.6</td><td>17.2</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.6</td><td>1.0</td><td>1.9</td><td>2.7</td><td>6.7</td><td>15.3</td><td>4.5</td></tr><tr><td>26. Tropical/subtropical peatland, forested</td><td>562.2</td><td>3.7</td><td>0.5</td><td>9.5</td><td>46.1</td><td>151.8</td><td>15.9</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.2</td><td>4.7</td><td>5.3</td><td>3.7</td></tr><tr><td>27. Tropical/subtropical peatland, non-forested</td><td>58.5</td><td>1.8</td><td>0.4</td><td>1.5</td><td>21.1</td><td>7.5</td><td>6.6</td><td>0.2</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.5</td><td>3.3</td><td>1.7</td><td>0.2</td></tr><tr><td>28. Mangrove</td><td>64.2</td><td>3.8</td><td>0.0</td><td>2.3</td><td>10.6</td><td>4.7</td><td>60.4</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.1</td><td>1.6</td><td>0.2</td><td>2.5</td></tr><tr><td>29. Saltmarsh</td><td>27.1</td><td>2.2</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.4</td><td>2.2</td><td>0.3</td><td>5.2</td><td>0.0</td><td>3.6</td><td>0.1</td><td>14.3</td><td>3.7</td><td>0.0</td></tr><tr><td>30. Large river delta</td><td>113.0</td><td>4.3</td><td>0.2</td><td>7.3</td><td>83.7</td><td>19.2</td><td>27.9</td><td>1.4</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.2</td><td>13.9</td><td>7.6</td><td>0.0</td></tr><tr><td>31. Other coastal wetland</td><td>246.5</td><td>6.8</td><td>0.0</td><td>3.1</td><td>19.3</td><td>9.0</td><td>51.6</td><td>2.6</td><td>1.7</td><td>2.1</td><td>13.5</td><td>8.9</td><td>2.7</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>**Table A4. Continued.**</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">GLWD v2 classes</th><th colspan="12">GLWD v1 classes</th></tr><tr><th>0<br>Upland/<br>Ocean</th><th>1<br>Lake</th><th>2<br>Reservoir</th><th>3<br>River</th><th>4<br>Fresh-<br>water<br>marsh,<br>floodplain</th><th>5<br>Swamp<br>forest,<br>flooded<br>forest</th><th>6<br>Coastal<br>wetland</th><th>7<br>Salt pan,<br>brackish/<br>saline<br>wetland</th><th>8<br>Bog,<br>fen, mire<br>(peatland)</th><th>9<br>Inter-<br>mittent<br>wetland/<br>lake</th><th>10<br>50%–<br>100%<br>wetland</th><th>11<br>25%–<br>50%<br>wetland</th><th>12<br>Wetland<br>complex<br>(0%–<br>25%<br>wetland)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>32. Salt pan, saline/brackish<br>wetland</td><td>23.8</td><td>26.9</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>2.1</td><td>0.1</td><td>1.7</td><td>377.8</td><td>0.0</td><td>11.9</td><td>0.3</td><td>1.0</td><td>2.3</td></tr><tr><td>33. Rice paddies</td><td>1019.3</td><td>4.7</td><td>0.6</td><td>4.7</td><td>123.5</td><td>5.3</td><td>14.9</td><td>0.6</td><td>0.0</td><td>2.7</td><td>0.7</td><td>5.9</td><td>24.2</td></tr><tr><td>Total GLWD v1 wetland area*</td><td>2415.0</td><td>249.9</td><td>357.9</td><td>2496.1</td><td>1153.4</td><td>450.9</td><td>434.0</td><td>711.6</td><td>688.8</td><td>1323.6</td><td>1185.3</td><td>112.6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Omission error (%) of GLWD v2<br>(all classes) against GLWD v1</td><td>9.6</td><td>16.0</td><td>24.8</td><td>48.5</td><td>59.5</td><td>33.9</td><td>0.1</td><td>58.2</td><td>74.4</td><td>45.8</td><td>45.2</td><td>0.5</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

<footnote>* Calculated at the middle of the range for fractional classes no. 10, 11, and 12, i.e., 75 % for class 50%–100 %, 37.5 % for class 25%–50 %, and 12.5 % for class 0%–25 %.</footnote>
Appendix B: Additional figures

<figure><img src="image_10.png" /></figure>

**Figure B1.** Detailed schematic of the workflow and processing steps to create GLWD v2, expanding on Fig. 3 in the main text. The processing steps are grouped into three main sections, corresponding to Sect. 3.2 (top, blue), 3.3 (middle, green), and 3.4 (bottom, purple) of the main text. Additional (non-wetland) layers are shown in orange, and a diagram legend is shown in light grey at the top of the figure. This schematic aims to indicate, from top to bottom, the sequential order of insertion of different datasets. In some cases, steps from earlier or later sections of the diagram are used as inputs, as indicated with dashed outlines. From left to right, the schematic describes the input datasets, data preprocessing, main processing steps, and output raster maps of each class (or group of classes). This schematic aims to describe the processing steps of GLWD v2 in high detail while maintaining legibility in a visual format. More specific descriptions of individual steps can be found in the main text in Sect. 3.2–3.4.
**Supplement.** The supplement related to this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2277-2025-supplement.

**Author contributions.** Conceptualization: BL, EFC, FA, PB, JGC, ND, CMF, TG, LH, GH, RBJ, PBM, SN, DO, JFP, BP, CP, DY, with support from all authors. Methodology: BL, MA, EFC, BP, DY, with support from all authors. Data contribution: BL, EFC, FA, GHA, MD, TG, GH, MCK, LL, DO, TMP, JFP, CP, JW, TAW, DY, XZ. Data curation: MA, BL. Software, validation, visualization: MA, EFC, BL. Formal analysis: BL, MA. Writing (original draft): MA, EFC, FT, BL. Writing (review and editing): BL, with contributions and approval from all authors. Project administration and supervision: BL. Funding acquisition: BL, MT.

**Competing interests.** The contact author has declared that none of the authors has any competing interests.

**Disclaimer.** Publisher's note: Copernicus Publications remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims made in the text, published maps, institutional affiliations, or any other geographical representation in this paper. While Copernicus Publications makes every effort to include appropriate place names, the final responsibility lies with the authors.

**Acknowledgements.** The development of the GLWD v2 database was initiated during a workshop titled Mapping the Global Extent and Dynamics of Freshwater Wetlands for CH₄ Emissions Modeling in Washington, DC, in 2017, organized by Stanford University on behalf of the Global Carbon Project – Methane Budget. The authors wish to express their gratitude to the many contributors beyond the list of co-authors for their feedback and advice on the design of the database and/or in providing input data along the path of creating GLWD v2. Special thanks are due to Elaine Matthews for her inspiring efforts in advancing global wetland mapping throughout her career, including her support on the design of this product, and to Nigel Roulet and Tim Moore for their advice on everything related to peat, wet soils, and dirt, which encouraged early work on this project.

**Financial support.** This research has been supported by World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC, USA (individual grant) and The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA, USA (individual grant).

**Review statement.** This paper was edited by Alexander Gelfan and reviewed by three anonymous referees.

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