Two CPD points are awarded for the correct completion and submission of the questions below.

CPD questionnaires must be completed online via www.cpdjournals.org.za.

After submission you can check the answers and print your certificate.

Questions may be answered up to 6 months after publication of each issue.

This programme is available free of charge to members of the HIV Clinicians Society and SAMA only.

### Concerning INH preventive therapy (IPT) in children:

1. True (A) or false (B):
   Tuberculosis (TB) must be excluded before commencing IPT in HIV-positive children.

2. True (A) or false (B):
   HIV-infected infants have a twofold greater incidence of TB than their HIV-uninfected counterparts.

3. True (A) or false (B):
   Failure to thrive is a strong consideration in deciding whether an infant is possibly infected with TB.

4. True (A) or false (B):
   Infant exposure to a TB case requires 3 months of IPT.

5. True (A) or false (B):
   IPT should only be given to children >5 years after a TB exposure.

6. True (A) or false (B):
   Children of mothers who did not receive screening for TB during antenatal care may require IPT.

7. True (A) or false (B):
   IPT may be given to children already on ART, especially if they are Mantoux positive and have no TB symptoms.

8. True (A) or false (B):
   In a child, a Mantoux induration of >2 mm is considered positive in the absence of ART.

9. True (A) or false (B):
   In the absence of TB disease, IPT must always be commenced before ART.

### Concerning safer conception in HIV infected couples:

10. True (A) or false (B):
   Pre-exposure prophylaxis involves giving antiretroviral therapy to HIV-uninfected individuals to reduce the risk of HIV acquisition.

11. True (A) or false (B):
   HIV transmission is independent of HIV viral load in the blood.

12. True (A) or false (B):
   In discordant couples considering conception, it is important to know the HIV status of both individuals.

13. True (A) or false (B):
   In the case of an HIV-infected male partner, sperm can be washed to reduce the HIV viral load before insemination into a negative partner.

14. True (A) or false (B):
   In the case of a positive female partner, vaginal insemination can reduce the risk of HIV transmission to a negative male partner.

15. True (A) or false (B):
   Vaginal insemination is a technical procedure that requires a sterile environment and specialist input.

16. True (A) or false (B):
   In discordant couples, ensuring that the positive partner is well established on ART with an undetectable viral load is an effective way to reduce HIV transmission.

17. True (A) or false (B):
   ART is only safe in the third trimester of pregnancy.

18. True (A) or false (B):
   Efavirenz should be avoided throughout pregnancy.

### Concerning human papillomavirus (HPV):

19. True (A) or false (B):
   Infection with HPV may result in cancerous transformation in the cervical mucosa.

20. True (A) or false (B):
   All strains of HPV are oncogenic.