### DKN23 T6

28. Looking after children in the knowledge domain. Yes or No answer to each of the following:

- Typically, do adults other than the parents look after children up to five year of age in the knowledge domain?

- Typically, do parents look after children up to five year of age in the knowledge domain?

- Typically, do children from sibling-kin groups look after children up to five year of age in the knowledge domain?

- Typically, do children from sibling-kin groups look after children up to five year of age in the knowledge domain? (Peer group = children from the same age cohort and not necessarily related by kin. Sibling-kin group = children from different age cohorts who are also related by kin.)

### DKN27 T11

29. Typically, how much structured instruction do adults provide to children in the knowledge domain?

- Constant supervision

- A lot of supervision

- Some supervision

- Little supervision

- No supervision at all

### DKN24 T2

30. What language do Neighbour adults typically speak to a Focus children in the knowledge domain?

- The Focus Group language

- The Neighbour Group language

- Some other language

- This is highly contextual

### DKN25 T4

31. Typically, what language do Focus children from four/five year of age prefer to speak with Neighbour adults?

- The Focus Group language

- The Neighbour Group language

- Some other language

- This is highly contextual

### DKN26 T5

32. Typically, what language would a Focus child speak to Neighbour children in the knowledge domain?

- The Focus Group language

- The Neighbour Group language

- Some other language

- This is highly contextual

### DKN96 E1

33. List any other groups that the Focus people interreacted with in the past, in the knowledge domain. List any other group in so far as you believe they had linguistic consequences for the Focus language. Where possible, please also give an indication of when this interaction happened.
[Free Response]

### DKN97 E4

34. What type of data informed your answers to the questions in the domain of knowledge, overall?

- Impressions from my own fieldwork with a related community

- Reports from language consultants
- Published or ongoing research project of my own on topics covered in this questionnaire

- Published material by linguists

- Published materials by researchers in other fields

- Other

### DKN98 E5

35. How certain are you in your responses for the domain of knowledge?

- Very certain

- Certain

- Somewhat certain

- Uncertain

- Very uncertain

### DKN99 E6

36. List any comments or notes that you feel are relevant to this section of the questionnaire.

[Free Response]

## A.6 Appendix F: Domain of Social Exchange & Marriage, and Family & Kin: Social Exchange & Marriage (DEM)

The Domain of Social Exchange & Marriage (DEM) and the Domain of Family & Kin (DFK) are administered together due to the close conceptual relationship between marriage as social exchange and kinship.

### Goal

We wish to understand the repercussions of exchange on linguistic behavior in contact situations. For exchange, we are interested in things such as norms and ideologies surrounding language and ways of speaking around gift exchange, and spaces with ceremonial speech styles.

### Definitions

Exchange: (semi-)codified practices of exchange that regulate relationships between individuals and groups as a result. For the purposes of this questionnaire we consider exchange to be characterisable more-so in terms of relationship-building rather than transaction. The motivations for forming the relationships may be various. Our definition of exchange encompasses gift exchange and ceremonial exchange.

For the purposes of the questionnaire, exchange should be treated as distinct from trade. The operational definition of trade is “the explicit promise of immediate gains or returns, and concerns the acquisition of object, money, or service. Acquisition and transaction of such things is a primary motivator of trade.” The emphasis is on the transactional element of interaction. For exchange, then, the transactional characteristic is either absent or ambiguous. In traditional societies, gift and ceremonial exchange tend to occur between people that are related by kin or other types of close relationships, while trade tends to occur
between people and groups that are not intimately connected with each other. Gift and ceremonial exchanges can also occur between rival groups, as a form of negotiation and a sign of mutual recognition.

Gift exchange: The exchanging of gifts. Gift exchange can occur at the individual and group-level, between people of similar social status (horizontal exchange) or across social ranks (vertical exchange), and can be more-or-less ritualized. Gift giving entails expectations of return (reciprocal gift giving) but can also function as a mere statement of prestige (of the donor over the recipient, and the other way around) without necessarily implying reciprocity.

### DEM00 P1

1. Has exchange ever been a relevant domain of contact between Focus and Neighbour?
[Free Response]

### DFK00 P1

2. Do Focus people and Neighbour people marry each other, or have they done so in the past?
[Free Response]

### DEM0aB P2

3. How long have Focus and Neighbour people been involved in the knowledge domain together for?
[Free Response]

### DEM0bB P3

4. What is the time frame when the largest number of people had the most opportunities for interaction in the knowledge domain?
[Free Response]

### DEM01 P4

5. What other languages, if any, are spoken in this domain?
[Free Response]

### DEM02 D1

6. Characteristic of the domain of Exchange. Yes or No answer to each of the following:

- Is Exchange between Focus and Neighbour the individual's initiative?

- Is Exchange between Focus and Neighbour an institutionalized procedure?

- Is Exchange between Focus and Neighbour part of a ceremonial event to which both communities participate?

### DEM04 D6

7. Where does exchange between Focus and Neighbour people typically take place?

- At places which belong to the Focus

- At places which belong to the Neighbour

- At places which belong to some other group

- This is highly contextual

### DEM19 D11

8. How much influence can the Focus exert over exchange?
- Influence is practically always exerted

- Influence is often exerted

- Influence is somewhat exerted

- Influence is exerted very little

- Influence is practically never exerted

### DEM38 D9

9. Are there any speech styles used during practices of exchange?

- Yes

- No

### DEM45 D12

How often are these speech styles typically used during practices of exchange, in comparison with unmonitored speech?

- Always

- Often

- As much as unmonitored speech

- Rarely

- Never

### DEM03 D3

11. Social categories. Yes or No answer to each of the following:

- Does involvement in Exchange practices differ based on hierarchies associated to profession or wealth, such as a person's class or caste?

- Does involvement in Exchange practices differ based on whether a person belongs to some magic-religiously sanctioned group, such as religious denomination?

- Does involvement in Exchange practices differ based on a person's

descent group, such as clan, house, lineage group, kinship group?

- Does involvement in Exchange practices differ based on a person's group of land ownership, such as tribe, clan, territorial group?

- Does involvement in Exchange practices differ based on a person's race, ethnicity, or some other similar grouping?

- Does involvement in Exchange practices differ based on a person's age or life stage?

- Does involvement in Exchange practices differ based on a person's place identity and affiliation?

- Does involvement in Exchange practices differ based on a person's sex or gender?

- Does involvement in Exchange practices differ based on any other communities of practice?

### DEM41 D10

12. Do Focus people experience exchange differently depending on social group?

- Yes

- No

### DEM08 S1

13. How often do Focus people exchange with Neighbour people?

- Very often

- Often

- Sometimes

- Rarely

- Very rarely
### DEM11 S3

14. How many people are typically involved in interactions between Focus and Neighbour in the context of exchange?

- Practically always under 5 people

- Often under 5 people

- Sometimes under 5 people

- Rarely under 5 people

- Practically never under 5 people

### DEM10 S5

15. How would you rate the overall relationship between Focus and Neighbour people in the domain of exchange?

- Friendly

- Somewhat friendly

- Neutral

- Somewhat hostile

- Hostile

### DEM40 S6

16. What is the proportion of total Focus people who have opportunities for contact with Neighbour people in the context of exchange?

- Almost everyone

- Many people

- Some people

- A few people

- Almost no one

### DEM44 S7

17. What is the proportion of total Neighbour people who have opportunities for contact with Focus people in the context of exchange?

- Almost everyone

- Many people

- Some people

- A few people

- Almost no one

### DEM17 BA

18. What is the overall attitude that Focus people have towards Neighbour people in the context of exchange?

- Very positive

- Positive

- Neutral

- Negative

- Very negative

### DEM18 BH

19. How do Focus people view themselves overall in relation to Neighbour people in the context of exchange?

- Very superior

- Superior

- Neither superior or inferior

- Inferior

- Very inferior

### DEM05 BI

20. What language do Focus people expect to be used when interacting with Neighbour people through practices of exchange?

- The Focus Group language

- The Neighbour Group language

- Some other language

- This is highly contextual

### DEM14 O1

21. What language do Focus people typically speak during practices of exchange with Neighbour people?

- The Focus Group language

- The Neighbour Group language
- Some other language

- This is highly contextual

### DEM15 O2

22. Do Focus people typically simplify their Focus language when speaking with Neighbour people during practices of Exchange?

- Yes

- No

### DEM16 O3

23. Typically in the context of exchange practices, how fluently to Focus people speak the Neighbour language?

- Very fluently

- Fluently

- Somewhat fluently

- A little fluently

- Not fluently at all

### DEM12 I1

24. What language do Neighbour people typically speak to Focus people during practices of exchange?

- The Focus Group language

- The Neighbour Group language

- Some other language

- This is highly contextual

### DEM13 I2

25. Typically in contexts of exchange practices, how well do Focus people understand the Neighbour language?

- Very well

- Well

- Somewhat

- Poorly

- Very poorly

### DEM06 T1

26. How much do Focus children participate in practices of exchange?

- They practically always participate

- They participate a lot

- They participate somewhat

- They participate a little

- They practically never participate

### DEM39 T6

27. Child socialization. Yes or No answer to each of the following:

- Typically during practices of exchange, do adults other than the parents look after children up to five year of age?

- Typically during practices of exchange, do parents look after children up to five year of age?

- Typically during practices of exchange, do children from sibling-kin groups look after children up to five year of age?

- Typically during practices of exchange, do children up to five year of age look after each other as part of the same peer group? (Peer group = children from the same age cohort and not necessarily related by kin. Sibling-kin group = children from different age cohorts who are also related by kin.)

### DEM20 T11

28. Typically, how much supervision do adults provide to children during practices of exchange?

- Constant supervision

- A lot of supervision

- Some supervision
- Little supervision

- No supervision at all

### DEM21 T2

29. What language do Neighbour adults typically speak to Focus children during practices of exchange?

- The Focus Group language

- The Neighbour Group language

- Some other language

- This is highly contextual

### DEM22 T4

30. Typically, what language do Focus children prefer to speak with Neighbour adults in the context of exchange?

- The Focus Group language

- The Neighbour Group language

- Some other language

- This is highly contextual

### DEM25 T5

31. Typically, what language do Focus children speak to Neighbour children during practices of exchange?

- The Focus Group language

- The Neighbour Group language

- Some other language

- This is highly contextual

### DEM26 D1

32. Marrying out: When marrying each other, should Focus people and Neighbour people marry somebody:

- Outside their village or other kind of local community?

- Outside their descent group or clan?

- Outside their designated marriage group such as a moiety?

- Outside their hierarchical social group such as class or caste?

- Outside their linguistic group?

### DEM27 D1

33. Marrying within: When marrying each other, should Focus people and Neighbour people marry somebody from:

- The same village or other kind of local community?

- The same descent group or clan?

- The same designated marriage group such as a moiety?

- The same hierarchical social group such as class or caste?

- The same linguistic group?

### DEM28 D1

34. Polygyny.
Is polygyny possible for Focus men?

- Yes

- No

### DEM29 D1

35. Polyandry. Is polyandry possible for Focus women?

- Yes

- No

### DEM37 D1

36. What type of marriage payments and transfers are expected when Focus and Neighbour marry?

- Bride wealth

- Dowry

- Other
### DEM31 D3

37. Intermarriage. Yes or No answer to each of the following:

- Is it typical for Focus men to marry Neighbour women?

- Is it typical for Focus women to marry Neighbour men?

### DEM32 D6

38. Where do marriage ceremonies between Focus and Neighbour take place?

- At places which belong to the Focus

- At places which belong to the Neighbour

- At places which belong to some other group

- This is highly contextual

### DEM34 S5

39. How would you rate the overall relationship between Focus and Neighbour people in practices of marriage exchanges?

- Friendly

- Somewhat friendly

- Neutral

- Somewhat hostile

- Hostile

### DEM42 S6

40. What is the proportion of total Focus people who have opportunities for contact with Neighbour people in the context of marriage exchanges?

- Almost everyone

- Many people

- Some people

- A few people

- Almost no one

### DEM43 S7

41. What is the proportion of total Neighbour people who have opportunities for contact with Focus people in the context of marriage exchanges?

- Almost everyone

- Many people

- Some people

- A few people

- Almost no one

### DEM35 BA

42. What is the overall attitude that Focus people have towards Neighbour people in practices of marriage exchanges?

- Very positive

- Positive

- Neutral

- Negative

- Very negative

### DEM36 BH

43. How do Focus people view themselves overall in relation to Neighbour people, within the context of marriage

- Very superior

- Superior

- Neither superior or inferior

- Inferior

- Very inferior

### DEM33 BI

44. What language do Focus people expect to be used in marriage ceremonies with Neighbour people?
- The Focus Group language

- The Neighbour Group language

- Some other language

- This is highly contextual

### DEM30 T6

45. Yes or No answer to each of the following: Does marriage impose any child rearing obligations for:

- Both parents and grandparents on both sides?

- One parent, and grandparents on both sides?

- One parent, and grandparents on that side?

- One parent, and grandparents from the other side?

### DEM96 E1

46. List any other groups that the Focus practiced Social Exchange with in the past, in so far as you believe this had linguistic consequences for the Focus language. Where possible, please also give an indication of when this contact through Social Exchange practices happened.

[Free Response]

### DEM97 E4

47. What type of data informed your answers to the questions in the domain of social exchange overall?

- Impressions from my own fieldwork with a related community

- Reports from language consultants

- Published or ongoing research project of my own on topics covered in this questionnaire

- Published material by linguists

- Published materials by researchers in other fields

- Other

### DEM98 E5

48. How certain are you in your responses for the domain of social exchange?

- Very certain

- Certain

- Somewhat certain

- Uncertain

- Very uncertain

### DEM99 E6

49. List any comments or notes that you feel are relevant to this section of the questionnaire.

[Free Response]

## A.7 Appendix G: Domain of Social Exchange & Marriage, and Family & Kin: Family & Kin (DKN)

The Domain of Social Exchange & Marriage (DEM) and the Domain of Family & Kin (DFK) are administered together due to the close conceptual relationship between marriage as social exchange and kinship.

### Goal

This section asks about the relationships between family members. Unlike the questions about marriage in the domain of exchange and marriage, this section
will ask about interactions between individuals within a family. The domain of exchange and marriage is concerned with macro characterisations of the social institution of marriage, such as patterns of exogamy. Here we are looking at micro elements.

## Definitions

**Family:** At a minimum, a woman and her dependent child. This definition of family can also include a man who is culturally recognized as “the husband” (i.e. a man who is in some culturally recognized relationship analogous to the English word “marriage”). Note that so-called fictive kin (e.g., adoptive father) are also included in this definition of family.

**In-law:** refers to ego's spouse's relatives. The spouse's relatives of interest are their parents, and siblings. For example for the purposes of this questionnaire, if you are a married man, your in-laws are your wife's parents, and your wife's siblings.

**Coresidential group:** a group of people who share a space where matters of child-bearing and rearing, food production, and/or food consumption take place. The coresidential group is identified as a separate group from the family as defined above, since 1) the family may not necessarily reside with one another, and 2) an individual may have multiple coresidential groups at any given time. Examples of coresidential units include “single men’s houses”.

The parameters included under the term kinship for this questionnaire are the following: residency rules (e.g., matrilocal, ambilocal), marriage patterns (e.g., exogamy, endogamy), and relationships with one's in-laws (i.e. affines).

**DFKOO, CID: P1**

1. Do Focus Group people and Neighbour Group people marry each other, or have they done so in the past?

QID:

**DFK0aB P2Begin**

2. How long have Focus and Neighbour peoples been forming families with each other for?
[Free Response]

**DFK0bB P3Begin**

3. What's the time frame of densest contact between Focus and Neigh-

bour as far as family formation is concerned?
[Free Response]

**DFK01 P4**

4. What other languages, if any, are spoken between family members?
[Free Response]

**DFK35 D6**

5. What is the typical pattern of relocation for Focus women when starting a new family?
- Focus women practically always relocate to Neighbour locations
- Focus women often relocate to Neighbour locations

- Focus women sometimes relocate to Neighbour locations

- Focus women rarely relocate to Neighbour locations

- Focus women practically never relocate to Neighbour locations

DFK39 D6

6. What is the typical pattern of relocation for Neighbour women when starting a new family?

- Focus women practically always relocate to Neighbour locations

- Focus women often relocate to Neighbour locations

- Focus women sometimes relocate to Neighbour locations

- Focus women rarely relocate to Neighbour locations

- Focus women practically never relocate to Neighbour locations

DFK02 D1

7. Co-residential units. Yes or No answer to each of the following:

- Do mothers (and their children) live with their husbands as part of a co-residential unit?

- Do mothers (and their children) live with their mothers?

- Do mothers (and their children) live with their mothers-in-law?

DFK40 D10

8. Do Focus people experience family life differently depending on social group?

[Free Response]

DFK03 S1

9. Typically, how much of their lives do spouses spend with each other during the course of their lifetime?

- Practically all their lives: e.g., cohabitation starting from childhood.

- Much of their lives: e.g., cohabitation starts around puberty

- Some of their lives: e.g., cohabitation starts from marriage which is later in life than puberty

- A little of their lives: e.g., characteristic as "for some parts of the year", frequent enough cohabitation that it is difficult to characterize as "very rarely"

- Practically none of their lives: e.g., the marriage is consummated, but then the husband and wife do not live together

DFK37 S4

10. How physically proximate to each other are the households of the husband and wife?

- Very proximate

- Proximate

- Somewhat proximate to each other

- Far from each other

- Very far

DFK16 BA

11. What is the overall level of affection that the Focus person has towards their Neighbour spouse?

- Very affectionate

- Affectionate

- Neutral

- Unaffectionate

- Very unaffectionate
DFK06 O1

12. What language do Focus people typically speak with their Neighbour spouse?

– The Focus Group language

– The Neighbour Group language

– Some other language

– This is highly contextual

DFK07 O2

13. Do Focus people typically simplify their Focus language when speaking with their Neighbour spouse?

– Yes

– No

– This is highly contextual

DFK08 O3

14. Typically in the domain of family, how fluently to Focus people speak the Neighbour language?

– Very fluently

– Fluently

– Somewhat fluently

– A little fluently

– Not fluently at all

DFK09 I1

15. What language do Neighbour people typically speak with their Focus spouse?

– The Focus Group language

– The Neighbour Group language

– Some other language

– This is highly contextual

DFK10 I2

16. Typically in the domain of family, how well do Focus people understand the Neighbour language?

– Very well

– Well

– Somewhat

– Poorly

– Very poorly

DFK04 T6

17. Looking after children. Yes or No answer to each of the following:

– Typically, do fathers look after children up to five year of age?

– Typically, do mothers primarily look after children up to five year of age?

– Do adults other than the parents look after children up to five year of age?

– Do children from sibling-kin groups look after children up to five year of age?

– Do children up to five year of age look after each other as part of the same peer group? (Peer group = children from the same age cohort and not necessarily related by kin. Sibling-kin group = children from different age cohorts who are also related by kin.)

DFK24 T11

18. Typically, how much supervision do grandparents provide to children?

– Constant supervision

– A lot of supervision

– Some supervision

– Little supervision

– No supervision at all

DFK05 B1

19. What language are children
expected to speak to their Neighbour parent?

- The Focus Group language

- The Neighbour Group language

- Some other language

- This is highly contextual

DFK20 T7

20. What language do Focus parents typically speak with their children?

- The Focus Group language

- The Neighbour Group language

- Some other language

- This is highly contextual

DFK21 T8

21. What language do Neighbour parents typically speak with their children?

- The Focus Group language

- The Neighbour Group language

- Some other language

- This is highly contextual

DFK22 T9

22. What language do children typically speak with their Focus parent?

- The Focus Group language

- The Neighbour Group language

- Some other language

- This is highly contextual

DFK23 T10

23. What language do children typically speak with their Neighbour parent?

- The Focus Group language

- The Neighbour Group language

- Some other language

- This is highly contextual

DFK25 T2

24. What language do Neighbour grandparent/aunts/uncles typically speak to the children?

- The Focus Group language

- The Neighbour Group language

- Some other language

- This is highly contextual

DFK26 T4

25. Typically, what language do Focus children speak with their Neighbour grandparents/aunts/uncles?

- The Focus Group language

- The Neighbour Group language

- Some other language

- This is highly contextual

DFK38 D9

26. Are any of the following features characteristic when speaking to one's Neighbour in-laws?

- Lexical avoidance

- The use of certain morphosyntactic forms

- The use of certain pronominal forms

DFK12 S1

27. Thinking about the Focus person and their Neighbour in-laws, how often would they typically meet?

- Very often

- Often

- Sometimes

- Rarely

- Very rarely

DFK15 S3

28. How many people are typically
involved in interactions between a
Focus person and their Neighbour in-
laws?

- Practically always under 5 people

- Often under 5 people

- Sometimes under 5 people

- Rarely under 5 people

- Practically never under 5 people

DFK11 S4

29. How physically proximate to each other are a Focus person and their Neighbour in-laws?

- Very proximate

- Proximate

- Somewhat proximate to each other

- Far from each other

- Very far

DFK14 S5

30. How would you rate the overall relationship between a Focus person and their Neighbour in-laws?

- Friendly

- Somewhat friendly

- Neutral

- Somewhat hostile

- Hostile

DFK33 BA

31. What is the overall attitude that a Focus person has towards their Neighbour in-laws?

- Very positive

- Positive

- Neutral

- Negative

- Very negative

DFK30 O1

32. Your child has married a Neighbour person. What language do you typically speak when speaking with your Neighbour son/daughter-in-law?

- The Focus Group language

- The Neighbour Group language

- Some other language

- This is highly contextual

DFK31 O2

33. Typically, does a Focus person simplify their Focus language when speaking to their Neighbour in-laws?

- Yes

- No

- This is highly contextual

DFK32 O3

34. Typically, how fluently does a Focus person speak the Neighbour language when speaking to their Neighbour in-laws?

- Very fluently

- Fluently

- Somewhat fluently

- A little fluently

- Not fluently at all

DFK28 I1

35. Your child has married a Neighbour person. What language does your child's spouse typically speak to you, a Focus person?

- The Focus Group language

- The Neighbour Group language

- Some other language

- This is highly contextual
DFK29 I2

36. Typically, how well does a Focus person understand the Neighbour in-law's language?

- Very well

- Well

- Somewhat

- Poorly

- Very poorly

DFK34 I1

37. You have married a Neighbour person. What language do you typically speak to your Neighbour in-laws (your spouse's parents and siblings)?

- The Focus Group language

- The Neighbour Group language

- Some other language

- This is highly contextual

DFKXX I2

37b. Typically, how well does a Focus person understand the Neighbour in-law's language?

- Very well

- Well

- Somewhat

- Poorly

- Very poorly

DFK96 E1

38. Who do Focus people typically form families with besides Neighbour

people?

[Free Response]

DFK97 E4

39. What type of data informed your answers to the questions in the domain of family and kin, overall?

- Impressions from my own fieldwork with a related community

- Reports from language consultants

- Published or ongoing research project of my own on topics covered in this questionnaire

- Published material by linguists

- Published materials by researchers in other fields

- Other

DFK98 E5

40. How certain are you in your responses for the domain of family and kin?

- Very certain

- Certain

- Somewhat certain

- Uncertain

- Very uncertain

DFK99 E6

41. List any comments or notes that you feel are relevant to this section of the questionnaire.

[Free Response]

## A.8 Appendix H: Overview Questionnaire (ov)

### Goal

The Overview Questionnaire is designed to gain a macro-perspective of the Focus Group society. The questions in this questionnaire were chosen to capture variables that could not be captured in the Domains Questionnaire. The vari-
ables in this questionnaire were also chosen so that answers could be matched to prior studies investigating correlations between linguistic and macro socio-cultural factors.

Some of the questions, particularly those pertaining to demographics, may be difficult to answer without conducting specific research. If this is the case, please answer to the best of your knowledge, and provide details on sources which we can consult to gather more accurate data.

### OT1

1. How long have Focus and Neighbour people been in contact overall?
[Free Response]

- 10,000,000-99,999,999 speakers

- 100,000,000-999,999,999 speakers

### OT2

2. What is the overall time frame when the largest number of people had the most opportunities for interaction?
[Free Response]

### OD4

3. What is the approximate proportion of native-like speakers in the total population of all speakers of Focus?

- High proportion: an overwhelming majority (roughly 80% or higher) of speakers are native-like speakers

- Fairly high proportion: the majority of speakers (roughly 60-80%) are native like speakers

- Intermediate proportion: roughly half of all speakers (roughly 40-60%) are native-like speakers.

- Fairly low proportion: a minority of all speakers (roughly 20-40%) are native-like speakers.

- Low proportion: a small minority (roughly 20% or less) of all speakers are native-like speakers

### OD1

1. What is the total number of native-like speakers of Focus?10-99 speakers

- 100-999 speakers

- 1,000-9,999 speakers

- 10,000-99,999 speakers

- 100,000-999,999 speakers

- 1,000,000-9,999,999 speakers

- 10,000,000-99,999,999 speakers

- 100,000,000-999,999,999 speakers

### OD3

2. What is the total number of native-like speakers of Neighbour?10-99 speakers

- 100-999 speakers

- 1,000-9,999 speakers

- 10,000-99,999 speakers

- 100,000-999,999 speakers

- 1,000,000-9,999,999 speakers

### OD5

4. What is the approximate proportion of native-like speakers in the total population of all speakers of the Neighbour Group language?

- High proportion: an overwhelming majority (roughly 80% or higher) of speakers are native-like speakers
- Fairly high proportion: the majority of speakers (roughly 60–80%) are native like speakers

- Intermediate proportion: roughly half of all speakers (roughly 40–60%) are native-like speakers.

- Fairly low proportion: a minority of all speakers (roughly 20–40%) are native-like speakers.

- Low proportion: a small minority (roughly 20% or less) of all speakers are native-like speakers

### o1g

5. What is the population density within the area where Focus is spoken?

- Less than 2 persons per 10sq. km

- 2–4 persons per 10sq. km

- 5–19 persons per 10sq. km

- 20–99 persons per 10sq. km

- 100–399 persons per 10sq. km

### o1s7

6. What is the mean size of the Focus speaking communities at the local level?

- Fewer than 50 persons

- From 50 to 99 persons

- From 100 to 199 persons

- From 200 to 399 persons

- From 400 to 1,000 persons

- More than 1,000 persons in the absence of indigenous urban aggregations

- One or more indigenous towns of more than 5,000 inhabitants but none of more than 50,000

### o5g

7. How frequently do Focus people generally interact with out-group people?

- Very Frequently

- Frequently

- Neither frequently nor infrequently

- Infrequently

- Very infrequently

### o1i

8. Is Focus stated as an expression of identity of any of the following? Yes or No answer to each of the following:

- Group centered around shared descent, such as clan, house, language group, kinship group

- Race, ethnicity, or some other similar grouping

- Micro-level (politico-)territorial group, including regional or areal groups, clans, bands, tribes

- Formal or informal relationships between non-kin, such as alliances, sodality membership, ad-hoc relationships between families or individuals

### o13

9. Is there a codified standard variety for Focus?

- Yes

- No

### o16

10. What are the Focus speakers' attitudes towards linguistic transfers from Neighbour, such as lexical or grammatical borrowing?
- Very positive

- Positive

- Neutral

- Negative

- Very negative

### O17

11. What are the Focus speakers' general attitudes towards linguistic transfer, such as lexical or grammatical borrowing, from any other language than Neighbour?

- Very positive

- Positive

- Neutral

- Negative

- Very negative

### O19

12. What are the Focus speakers' attitudes towards lectal differences within Focus?

- Very positive

- Positive

- Neutral

- Negative

- Very negative

### O18

13. How significant is language as part of group identity for the speakers of Focus?

- Very significant

- Significant

- Neither significant nor insignificant

- Insignificant

- Very insignificant

### O11

14. There is an emic conception of

Focus as “a language” or some other categorical or objective thing?

- Yes

- No

### O13

15. Do the Focus speaking people use some orthography in writing their language?

- Yes, in a non-standardized way

- Yes, in a standardized way

- No, the Focus Group language is not written

### O11

16. What is the approximate rate of formal literacy in the Focus speaking community?

- High

- Fairly high

- Intermediate

- Fairly low

- Low

### O12

17. Restrictions in access to literacy in terms of social categories. Is the ability to read and write restricted, in practice, to people of certain hierarchy groups associated with profession or wealth (such as class and caste)? Answer yes or no for the following.

- Is the ability to read and write restricted, in practice, to people of certain magico-religiously sanctioned groups (such as religious denomination)?

- Is the ability to read and write restricted, in practice, to people of certain descent groups, such as
clan, house, lineage group, kinship group)?

- Is the ability to read and write restricted, in practice, to people of certain races, ethnicities, or some other similar grouping?

- Is the ability to read and write restricted, in practice, to people of certain age cohorts or life stages?

- Is the ability to read and write restricted, in practice, to a certain sex or genders?

- Is the ability to read and write restricted, in practice, to other communities of practice not mentioned above?

### OS1

18. Typically, how many levels of jurisdictional hierarchy are there in the Focus speaking society, beyond the local community?

- Four levels: for example, described as large states. Often has some centralised structures.

- Three levels: for example, described as states. Often has some centralised structures.

- Two levels: for example, described as large chiefdoms. Often has some centralised structures.

- One level: for example, described as petty chiefdoms.

- No levels: no political authority beyond community.

### OS2

19. Typically, how many levels of jurisdictional hierarchy are there in

Neighbour society, beyond the local community?

- Four levels: for example, described as large states. Often has some centralised structures.

- Three levels: for example, described as states. Often has some centralised structures.

- Two levels: for example, described as large chiefdoms. Often has some centralised structures.

- One level: for example, described as petty chiefdoms.

- No levels: no political authority beyond community.

### OS4

20. Which of the following best characterizes the dominant form of the Focus speaking group's mobility and sedentism, in regards to subsistence?

- Sedentary: A group is completely sedentary or group moves into and out of a central location that is maintained for more than one year.

- Mobile: A group is mobile and moves the entire population from camp to camp as they go about the subsistence round.

- Mixed: Group is mobile for at least half the year, and are otherwise sedentary at designated locations.

### OS5

21. Which of the following best characterizes the dominant form of Neighbour Group mobility & sedentism, in regards to subsistence: sedentary, mobile, or mixed?

- Sedentary: A group is completely
sedentary or group moves into
and out of a central location that
is maintained for more than one
year.

- Mobile: A group is mobile and moves the entire population from camp to camp as they go about the subsistence round.

- Mixed: Group is mobile for at least half the year, and are otherwise sedentary at designated locations.

os6

22. The Focus speaking society's sub-
sistence pattern can be broadly charac-
terized as:

- Hunter-gatherer

- Fishing

- Animal Husbadry

- Agricultural, casual

- Agricultural, shifting

- Agricultural, Permanent

- Highly Mixed

OH1

23. Have there been any natural disasters or major societal upheaval during the densest period of contact between the Focus speaking and Neighbour speaking people, such it impacted people's mobility, and Focus speaking people talk about it?

- Yes

- No

OE1

24. How long time have you spent working with this community?
[Free Response]

OE2

25. Whom did you mostly interact with during your stay and through community-based research?
[Free Response]

OE3

26. Was your interaction with mem-
bers of the community typically medi-
ated by one/a few person(s)? Who
were they?
[Free Response]

OC1

27. How certain are you in your responses to the set of questions about each domain?

- Very certain

- Certain

- Somewhat certain

- Uncertain

- Very uncertain

OC2

28. How certain are you in your responses to the set of questions about social networks (The S-Set of questions)?

- Very certain

- Certain

- Somewhat certain

- Uncertain

- Very uncertain

OC3

29. How certain are you in your responses to the set of questions about attitudes and ideologies (The B-Set of questions)?

- Very certain
- Certain

- Somewhat certain

- Uncertain

- Very uncertain

### oc4

30. How certain are you in your responses to the set of questions about language production (The O-Set of questions)?

- Very certain

- Certain

- Somewhat certain

- Uncertain

- Very uncertain

### oc5

31. How certain are you in your responses to the set of questions

about the languages spoken to the Focus people (The I-Set of questions)?

- Very certain

- Certain

- Somewhat certain

- Uncertain

- Very uncertain

### oc6

32. How certain are you in your responses to the set of questions about children (The T-Set of questions)?

- Very certain

- Certain

- Somewhat certain

- Uncertain

- Very uncertain

## A.9 Appendix I: Scale definitions

The standard scales used for the questions identified by their double digit identification codes (the Correspondence IDs, or CIDS). Further details can be found at https://gramadapt.clld.org.

### S1: How often do Focus Group people interact with Neighbour Group?

- Very often: Characterisable as "consistently throughout the year". Other possibilities: frequently recurring but short interactions (e.g., a few days every week), or prolonged interaction for limited periods of time (e.g., once a year for several weeks).

- Often: Characterisable as "some parts of the year", or an aggregate of approximately 4–5 weeks/28–35 days of interaction in a year. Often

enough, but not enough to characterize as "very often".

- Sometimes: Characterisable as "some parts of the year". Neither often nor rarely.

- Rarely: Characterisable as "rarely in a year", or an aggregate of 2–3 weeks/14–21 days of interaction in a year. Rarely enough that it is difficult to characterize as "very rarely".

- Very rarely: Characterisable as "almost never", or less than 5 days maximum in a year. Other possibilities: once year for a couple of
days, or interactions occur based on
incidental opportunities.

S3: How many people are typically involved in interactions between Focus Group and Neighbour Group when interacting in domain X?

- Practically always under 5 people: e.g., up to 90% of the time up

- Often under 5 people: e.g. up to 70% of the time

- Sometimes under 5 people: up to 50% of the time up

- Rarely under 5 people: up to 30% of the time

- Practically never under 5 people: up to 10% of the time

S4: How physically proximate to each other are people involved in domain X?

- Very proximate: There is little to no effort in reaching one another, and does not bear considering as effortful.

- Proximate: There is some effort in reaching one another, but no real planning is necessary.

- Somewhat proximate to each other: There is some effort required to reach one another, and some planning may be necessary. The effort required is not so large as to dissuade travel if there is an imperative. Less than a days worth of travel.

- Far from each other: There is effort required to reach one another, and some degree of planning is

required, with some physical discomfort expected. Maximum, a days worth of travel.

- Very far: There is considerable effort required to reach one another. Logistic considerations and planning must be made. Requires one or more overnight travel.

S6 and S7: What is the proportion of total Focus/Neighbour Group people who have opportunities for contact with Neighbour/Focus Group people in domain X?

- Almost everyone: A very high proportion, estimating roughly 90% or more of the total population

- Many people: A fairly high proportion, the majority of the Focus Group people, estimating around 66% of the total population

- Some people: An intermediate proportion, roughly 50% of the Focus Group total population have opportunities for contact with Neighbour Group people.

- A few people: A fairly low proportion, a minority of the people in the Focus Group, estimating around 33% of the total population

- Almost no one: A very low proportion, estimating 10

BH: How do Focus Group people view themselves overall in relation to Neighbour Group people, within the context of domain X?
- Very superior: Clearly stated beliefs that the Focus Group are better than the Neighbour Group in some way.

- Superior: Some stated beliefs that Focus Group are better than the Neighbour Group in some way.

- Neither superior nor inferior: e.g., there are no clear or obvious stated beliefs that Focus Group are better than the Neighbour Group in some way.

- Inferior: Some stated beliefs that Focus Group are not as good as the Neighbour Group in some way.

- Very inferior: Clearly stated beliefs that Focus Group are not as good as the Neighbour Group in some way.

B1, O1, I1, T2, T4, T5, T7, T8, T9, T10

- The Focus Group language/The Neighbour Group language/Some other language: So-called monolingual modes of interaction. These options are mutually exclusive, that is, if more than one language is used in interaction, please select the fourth option, "This is highly contextual".

- This is highly contextual: encompasses interaction in which more than one language is used, including but not limited to phenomena that come under the umbrella terms "code-switching" and/or "code-mixing".

**O3: Typically in domain X, how fluently do Focus Group people speak the Neighbour Group language?**

- Very fluently: Almost a complete absence of linguistic markers that differentiate the speech of a Focus Group person from a Neighbour Group person, e.g., or use of features that fall entirely beneath the level of speaker/interlocutor consciousness,

- Fluently: High level of production, but a few linguistic markers of "late acquisition", such as having an accent. A non-native linguist would not necessarily be able to ascertain level of fluency from a textual transcription without audio.

- Somewhat fluently: Many markers of late acquisition, but does not impede communication and comprehension. A non-native linguist would likely be able to ascertain level of fluency from a textual transcription without audio.

- A little fluently: Many markers of late acquisition. It hampers communication and comprehension.

- Not fluently at all: Usage limited to lexical items, and rote learned set phrases.

**I2: Typically in domain X, how well do Focus Group people understand the Neighbour Group language?**

- Very well: Focus Group people have high comprehension skills of Neighbour Group language & understand
the contextual situation very well

- Well: Focus Group people have low comprehension skills of Neighbour Group language but understand the contextual situation very well.

- Somewhat: Focus Group people have low comprehension skills of Neighbour Group language but understand the contextual situation to some extent.

- Poorly: Focus Group people have low comprehension skills of Neighbour Group language and do not understand the contextual situation too well either

- Very poorly: Focus Group people have almost no comprehension of the Neighbour Group language and do not understand the contextual situation.

## T1: How much do Focus Group children participate in domain X?

- They practically always participate: children are actively involved in the activities and verbal interactions of this social domain.

- A lot: Not as much as the adults, but still participate in some activities and verbal interactions of this social domain.

- Somewhat: They participate in the

activities and verbal interactions of this social domain., but are less involved than adults.

- A little: i.e. just being present in the space of this social domain, but uninvolved in interactions

- They practically never participate: children are not involved in this social domain.

## T11: Typically, how much supervision do adults provide to children in domain X?

- Constant supervision: if participating in activities, children always do that in the presence of adults and under their explicit and constant guidance.

- A lot of supervision: if participating in activities, children mostly do that in the presence of adults and under explicit guidance.

- Some supervision: if participating in activities, children partially do that in the presence of adults and under explicit guidance, and partially on their own.

- Little supervision: if participating in activities, children mostly do that on their own, with little input and guidance from the adults.

- No supervision at all: children are left alone in activities.