Sea Winds Entertainers

personal observation, 1994 + CCDB 1996

Selma Coons

<u>Cape Times</u> 4/1/1909

Seven Steps*

<u>Cape Times</u> 11/1/1971

Seven Steps Darkies*

<u>Cape Times</u> 4/1/1958

Seven Up Crooning Minstrels

<u>Cape Times</u> 4/1/1958

Ship Stewards

<u>Argus</u> 2/1/1925

Silver Stars

<u>Cape Times</u> 4/1/1921

Simba Entertainers Minstrels

<u>Argus</u> 6/1/1973 + <u>Cape Times</u> 7/1/1974

Smiling Coons

<u>Argus</u> 31/12/1927 [1928]

South African Crooning Minstrels

<u>Cape Times</u> 5/1/1953

South African Broadway Dixie Darkies

<u>Cape Times</u> 19/12/1945 [1946]

South African Darkies

<u>Cape Times</u> 10/1/1929

S.A. Darktown Strutters*

<u>Outspan</u> 25/11/1949 [1950]

South African Dawn Darkies

<u>Cape Times</u> 27/12/1937 [1938]

S.A. Gold Miners

<u>Cape Times</u> 3/1/1923

South African History Darkies

<u>Cape Times</u> 29/12/1951 [1952]

S.A. Independent Darkies

<u>Argus</u> 31/12/1927 [1928]

S.A. Personality Serenaders*

<u>Cape Times</u> 11/1/1960
South African Springbok Darkies*
*Argus* 7/1/1963

South African Springbok (Gentlemen) Serenaders*
*Cape Times* 9/1/1961 + *Cape Times* 6/1/1964

Spanish Burglars (Newlands)
*A.P.O.* 17/1/1920 + *Cape Times* 4/1/1921

Spanish Burglars (Green Point)
*Cape Times* 1/1/1921 + *Argus* 30/12/1921 [1922]

Spanish Cavaliers
*Cape Times* 4/1/1909 + *Cape Times* 15/2/1938

Spanish Cow Punchers
*Cape Times* 3/1/1923

Spanish Mexican Riders
*Cape Times* 4/1/1937

Spanish Mountaineers Outlaws
*Cape Times* 3/1/1934

Spanish Noblemen
MANUEL 1970 + *Cape Times* 18/12/1954

Spanish Outlaws
*Cape Times* 10/1/1929

Spes Bona Black and White Minstrels
*Argus* 6/1/1968
- captain 1968: Y. Thomas

Spes Bona Carnival Paraders
*Cape Times* 3/1/1948 + *Cape Times* 12/1/1948

Spes Bona Coons
*Cape Times* 20/3/1937 + *Cape Times* 8/1/1951 + *Cape Times* 29/12/1951 [1952]
- founded 1926 (?), David Stevens, Davie Petersen

Spes Bona Elton Coons
*Cape Times* 4/1/1937

Spes Bona Coronation Coons
*Cape Times* 30/12/1939 [1940] + *Cape Times* 6/1/1943

Spes Bona Festival Darkies
*Cape Times* 29/12/1951 [1952]

Spes Bona Nigger Minstrels
*Cape Times* 10/1/1955 + *Cape Times* 3/1/1956 + *Cape Times* 4/1/1958 + *Argus*
5/1/1959 + Cape Times 11/1/1960 + Argus 7/1/1963 + Cape Times 6/1/1964 +
Argus 8/1/1966 + Argus 7/1/1967

## Spes Bona Pinetown

Cape Times 10/1/1961

## Springboks*

Argus 2/1/1907 + Cape Times 4/1/1909

## Springboks Masquerading Troupe*

Argus 1/1/1908

## Springbok Radios*

Cape Times 29/12/1951 [1952]

## Springbuks*

Cape Times 3/1/1907

## Springfield Coons

Argus 30/12/1921 [1922]

## Star Spangled Crooning Minstrels

Cape Times 4/1/1958

## Star Spangles

Cape Times 6/1/1964

## Starlight Melody Darkies*

Cape Times 10/1/1955 + Cape Times 28/12/1957 [1958] + Cape Times 6/1/1958 +
Argus 5/1/1959

## Starlight Melody Minstrels*

Argus 7/1/1967 + Argus 8/1/1968

- captain 1967: M. Davids

## Starlight Serenaders*

Cape Times 6/1/1958 + Cape Times 9/1/1961 + Argus 7/1/1963

## Sterling Stars

Argus 7/1/1963

## Strollers*

Cape Times 1/1/1983

## Sunflower Darkies

Cape Times 12/1/1948

## Sunnyside

The Sun 6/1/1950

## Sunnyside Broadway Serenaders

Cape Times 5/1/1953 + Cape Times 4/1/1954 + Argus 5/1/1959
Sunnyside Broadway Gentlemen Serenaders
<u>Cape Times</u> 10/1/1955

Sunnyside Serenaders
<u>Cape Times</u> 11/1/1960 + <u>Argus</u> 7/1/1963 + <u>Cape Times</u> 6/1/1964

Sunnyside Student Serenaders
<u>Cape Times</u> 9/1/1973

Sunrise Crooning Minstrels
<u>Cape Times</u> 10/1/1955 + <u>Argus</u> 6/1/1968
- captain 1968: T. Tinker

Sunshine Coons
<u>Cape Times</u> 4/1/1909

Sunshine Entertainers
<u>Argus</u> 28/12/1994 [1995] + <u>Argus</u> 12/12/1995 [1996]

Surprise Coons
<u>Cape Times</u> 4/1/1932

Syncopated Coons
<u>Cape Times</u> 3/1/1930

Tay Mouth Jolly Boy Serenaders (Woodstock)
<u>Cape Times</u> 30/12/1961 [1962] + <u>Argus</u> 7/1/1963

Tay Mouth Rock and Roll Serenaders
<u>Argus</u> 12/1/1961

Taymuth Broadway Serenaders
<u>Cape Times</u> 4/1/1958

Tennant Crooning Minstrels
<u>Cape Times</u> 11/1/1960

Tennessee Coons
<u>Argus</u> 5/1/1959

Tipperary Coons
<u>Cape Times</u> 4/1/1921

Top Twenty Crooning Minstrels
<u>Cape Times</u> 7/1/1974

Travelling Coloured Coons
<u>Argus</u> 1/1/1908

Travelling Star Coons
<u>Cape Times</u> 1/1/1921
Trevenna Mississippis

<u>Cape Herald</u> 15/1/1972

Triumph Gentlemen Darkie Minstrels

<u>Cape Times</u> 11/1/1977

20th Century Hit Paraders

<u>Cape Times</u> 11/1/1960 + <u>Argus</u> 8/1/1966 + <u>Cape Times</u> 11/1/1971

United Broadway Gentlemen Coons

<u>Cape Times</u> 5/1/1953 + <u>Cape Times</u> 4/1/1954 + <u>Cape Times</u> 10/1/1955 + <u>Argus</u>
5/1/1959 + <u>Cape Times</u> 11/1/1960

United Broadway Jubilee Jazz*

<u>Cape Times</u> 11/1/1960

United Broadway Serenaders

<u>Cape Times</u> 12/1/1948

United Commando Broadcasting Coons

<u>Cape Times</u> 6/1/1958 + <u>Argus</u> 8/1/1966

United Gaiety Coons

<u>Argus</u> 7/1/1967 + <u>Argus</u> 8/1/1968 + <u>Argus</u> 10/1/1970

United Gaiety Star Hawkers

<u>Cape Herald</u> 15/1/1972

United Gaiety Hawker Boys

<u>Argus</u> 6/1/1973

United Gold Dollar Crooning Minstrels

<u>Cape Times</u> 11/1/1960 + <u>Cape Times</u> 10/1/1961 + <u>Argus</u> 7/1/1963 + <u>Cape Times</u>
6/1/1964 + <u>Cape Times</u> 11/1/1971 + <u>Argus</u> 6/1/1973

United Starlights*

<u>The Cape Standard</u> 10/1/1939

Unknown Invisible Darkies

<u>Cape Times</u> 29/12/1951 [1952]

Valentino Bull Fighters

<u>Argus</u> 2/1/1930

Valencia Bull Fighters

<u>Argus</u> 2/1/1931

Valhalla Hit Parades

<u>Cape Times</u> 3/1/1989 + <u>Cape Times</u> 30/12/1989 [1990] + personal observation,
1994
Varsity Coons

<u>Cape Times</u> 10/1/1929 + <u>Cape Times</u> 10/1/1930

Varsity Entertainers

<u>Cape Times</u> 6/1/1964

Victoria Demons Masquerading Coons

<u>Argus</u> 1/1/1908

Vienna Darkies

<u>Cape Times</u> 3/1/1948

Virginia Barn Coons

<u>Argus</u> 29/12/1922 [1923]

Virginia Coons

<u>Cape Times</u> 3/1/1923

Virginia Crooning Minstrels

<u>Cape Times</u> 4/1/1954

Virginia Cuban Serenaders

<u>Cape Times</u> 10/1/1955

Virginian Surprise Coons

<u>Cape Times</u> 5/1/1953

Warriors of Mahratta*

<u>Cape Times</u> 4/1/1937

- one of the leading troupes in the 1930s - 1940s: JEPPIE in CRAIN, SOUDIEN 1990: 76-77 + JEPPIE 1990: 53.

Weeping Darkies

<u>Argus</u> 2/1/1930

Westminster

<u>Cape Times</u> 11/1/1960

White Eye Coons

<u>Cape Times</u> 10/1/1930 + <u>Cape Times</u> 5/1/1937

White Nose Masquerading Troupe

<u>Cape Times</u> 3/1/1907

White Noses

<u>Cape Times</u> 4/1/1909

White Noses Masquerading Club

<u>Argus</u> 1/1/1908

White Roses

<u>Cape Times</u> 3/1/1907
Wild Americans

<u>Cape Times</u> 11/1/1971

Wild American Apaches

<u>Argus</u> 8/1/1966

Wild American Indians

<u>Argus</u> 6/1/1973

Wild American Masqueraders

<u>Cape Times</u> 10/1/1949 + <u>Cape Times</u> 8/1/1951 + <u>Cape Times</u> 6/1/1958 + <u>Argus</u>
5/1/1959 + <u>Cape Times</u> 11/1/1960 + <u>Cape Times</u> 9/1/1961 + <u>Argus</u> 7/1/1963 +
<u>Cape Times</u> 6/1/1964 + <u>Argus</u> 8/1/1966 + <u>Argus</u> 7/1/1967 + <u>Argus</u> 8/1/1968 +
<u>Cape Times</u> 6/1/1969 + <u>Cape Herald</u> 10/1/1970 + <u>Cape Times</u> 7/1/1974

- captain 1967: C. Van Houten; 1970: K. Misrolls

Wild Apaches

<u>Cape Times</u> 11/1/1960 + <u>Argus</u> 7/1/1963 + <u>Cape Times</u> 6/1/1964 + <u>Cape Times</u>
11/1/1971 + <u>Cape Herald</u> 8/1/1972 + <u>Cape Herald</u> 4/1/1977 + <u>Cape Times</u>
30/12/1989 [1990]

- captain 1977: Boeta Kamallie of Hanover Park

Wild Apache Indians

<u>Argus</u> 6/1/1968

Wild Mohegian Masqueraders

<u>Argus</u> 6/1/1968

Wild Mohican Masqueraders

<u>Argus</u> 5/1/1959

Wild Mohicans

<u>Cape Times</u> 29/12/1952 [1953]

Wild Morhegans

<u>Cape Times</u> 1/1/1983

Wild West Indians

<u>A.P.O.</u> 17/1/1920 + <u>Cape Times</u> 4/1/1921

Wingfield Jazz Singers

<u>Cape Times</u> 29/12/1951 [1952]

Woodstock Mohawk Minstrels

BICKFORD-SMITH (Vivian), "Meanings of freedom, social position and identity among ex-slaves and their descendants in Cape Town, 1875-1910" in: WORDEN (Nigel), CRAIS (C.) eds., *Breaking the Chains: Slavery and its Legacy in the Nineteenth Cape Colony*, Johannesburg, Witwatersrand University Press, 1994: 300
Woodstock Starlights*

<u>Cape Times</u> 7/1/1974 + <u>Cape Times</u> 3/1/1989 + <u>Week End Argus</u>, 1-2/1/1994 +
CCDB 1996

Wynberg Lawn Tennis Coons

<u>Argus</u> 1/1/1908

Yankee Doodle Dandy Darkies/Dandies (Claremont)

<u>Cape Times</u> 4/1/1958 + <u>Argus</u> 5/1/1959 + <u>Cape Times</u> 11/1/1960 + <u>Cape Times</u>
10/1/1961 + <u>Argus</u> 7/1/1963

Yam Yam Crooning Minstrels

<u>Cape Times</u> 10/1/1955

Yanx Crooning Minstrels

<u>Cape Times</u> 6/1/1958

Young American Navals

<u>A.P.O.</u> 17/1/1920

Young Bachelor Entertaining Minstrels

<u>Argus</u> 8/1/1968

Young Beach Boys (Athlone)

<u>Cape Times</u> 9/1/1973 + <u>Cape Times</u> 7/1/1974 + <u>Cape Herald</u> 4/1/1977 + <u>Sunday Times</u>
1/1/1978

Young Boston Singing Broadcasting Coons

<u>Cape Times</u> 29/12/1951 [1952]

Young Broadway Students Gentlemen Coons / Young Broadway Student Minstrels.

<u>Cape Times</u> 6/1/1964 + <u>Argus</u> 8/1/1966 + <u>Argus</u> 7/1/1967 + <u>Argus</u> 8/1/1968 +
<u>Argus</u> 3/1/1970 + <u>Cape Times</u> 11/1/1971 + <u>Argus</u> 6/1/1973 + <u>Cape Times</u> 7/1/1974
+ <u>Cape Times</u> 11/1/1977

- captain 1967: Arendse; 1970: V. and R. Arendse

Young Casino Minstrels

<u>Cape Times</u> 10/1/1955

Young Commachies

<u>Cape Times</u> 7/1/1974

Young Dahomey Coons*

<u>Cape Times</u> 10/1/1949 + <u>Cape Times</u> 6/1/1958 + <u>Cape Times</u> 11/1/1960

Young Dahomey Crooning Minstrels*

<u>Cape Times</u> 12/1/1948 + <u>Argus</u> 8/1/1966 + <u>Argus</u> 7/1/1967 + <u>Argus</u> 6/1/1968 +
<u>Argus</u> 4/1/1969

- captain 1968: C. Watkins

Young Dahomey Darkies*

<u>Cape Times</u> 10/1/1955
Young Gloxonia Crooning

<u>Argus</u> 7/1/1967

- capt. J. Jehoma, S. Blouss

Young Golden Lily Minstrels

<u>Argus</u> 6/1/1973

Young Happy Bostons

<u>Cape Times</u> 29/12/1952 [1953] + <u>Cape Times</u> 9/1/1961 + <u>Argus</u> 7/1/1963 + <u>Cape Times</u> 6/1/1964 + <u>Argus</u> 7/1/1967 + <u>Argus</u> 6/1/1968 + <u>Argus</u> 4/1/1969 + <u>Argus</u> 3/1/1970 + <u>Cape Times</u> 11/1/1971 + <u>Argus</u> 6/1/1973 + <u>Cape Times</u> 7/1/1974 + personal observation, 1994

- captain 1967, 1968: H. Dedericks; 1970: B. Adams

Young Jolly Jolson Minstrels*

<u>Argus</u> 7/1/1967 + <u>Argus</u> 6/1/1968

- captain 1968: P. Syce

Young Happy Boston Minstrels

<u>Argus</u> 7/1/1978

Young Hollywood Jazz Singers

<u>Cape Times</u> 11/1/1937

Young Louisiana Coons

<u>Cape Times</u> 4/1/1937 + <u>Cape Times</u> 19/12/1945 [1946] + picture SAL 1949 + <u>Cape Times</u> 10/1/1953 + <u>Cape Times</u> 10/1/1955

- one of the leading troupes in the 1930s - 1940s: JEPPIE in CRAIN, SOUDIEN
1990: 76-77 + JEPPIE 1990: 53

Young Louisiana Gentlemen Coons

<u>Argus</u> 7/1/1963 + <u>Cape Times</u> 6/1/1964

Young Pennsylvanians

personal observation, 1994

Young Philadelphia Serenading Hawkers

<u>Cape Times</u> 29/12/1951 [1952]

Young Spes Bonas

<u>Cape Times</u> 1/1/1983

Young Springfields

<u>Cape Times</u> 3/1/1923

Young Top Twenty Minstrels

<u>Argus</u> 6/1/1973

Young Travellers

<u>Argus</u> 3/1/1924
Young Sioux

<u>Cape Times</u> 4/1/1982

Young Stars Crooning Minstrels

<u>Cape Times</u> 6/1/1958 + <u>Argus</u> 5/1/1959 + <u>Cape Times</u> 11/1/1960 + <u>Cape Times</u>
9/1/1961 + <u>Argus</u> 12/1/1961 + <u>Argus</u> 7/1/1963

Young Wild Masqueraders

<u>Argus</u> 7/1/1978

Young Wohegan Masqueraders

<u>Argus</u> 7/1/1967

- captains 1967: G. de Lange, V. Bryan

Zonk Crooning Minstrels*

<u>Cape Times</u> 10/1/1955

Zonk Swing Stars Crooning Minstrels / Zonk Swing Star Minstrels*

<u>Cape Times</u> 12/1/1948 + <u>Cape Times</u> 6/1/1958 + <u>Cape Times</u> 10/1/1959 + <u>Cape Times</u> 11/1/1960 + <u>Cape Times</u> 10/1/1961 + <u>Argus</u> 7/1/1963 + <u>Cape Times</u> 6/1/1964

Zonk Swing Star Darkies*

<u>Cape Times</u> 10/1/1949

Zonk Swing Stars Minstrels*

<u>Cape Times</u> 3/1/1948 + <u>Cape Times</u> 29/12/1951 [1952]

Zonnheimer Jubilee Jazz Singers*

<u>Cape Times</u> 7/1/1974

Zulu Warriors

<u>Cape Times</u> 20/3/1937 + <u>Cape Times</u> 27/12/1937 [1938] + <u>The Cape Standard</u>
10/1/1939 + <u>Cape Times</u> 12/1/1948 + <u>Argus</u> 7/1/1963
# Main themes

## AFRICA (1907-1996)

. African Zonks* (1977-1996) / Famous African Zonks* (1989)

### Dahomey (1907-1969)*

. Dahomey Coons (1907-1925)

. Dahomeys Masquerading Troupe (1908)

. Dahomey Gentlemen Coons (1952 + 1961) / Dahomey Coons (1959)

. Dahomey Minstrels (1963)

. Prince of Benin's Escort (1909)

. Young Dahomey Coons (1949 + 1958-1960)

. Young Dahomey Crooning Minstrels (1966-1969)

## Ethiopia (1951-1968)

. Ethiopian Broadway Jazz Serenaders (1961)

. Ethiopian Hollywood Jazz Singers (1951-1966)

. Ethiopian Jubilee Jazz Singers* (1968)

## Liberia

. Liberian Coons (1936)

## African Warriors (1921-1963)

. Kikuyu Warriors* (1937)

. Matabele Warriors* (1921/2)

. Zulu Warriors (1937/8 + 1963)

## ARMY / FIREMEN (1907-1994)

### Army (1953-1994)

. Britannia Volunteer Minstrels (1954)

. Cape Corps Original* (1946)

. Ex-Volunteers (1994)

. Kensington Famous Ex-Volunteer Jazz Singers (1953)

. United Commando Broadcasting Coons (1958 + 1966)

### Fire brigade (1907-1908)

. Darktown Brigade Coon Troupe (1907)

. Darktown Fire Brigade Sporting Club (1908)
## Guards (1921-1933)

. Greek King's Bodyguard (1933)

. Italian Lifeguards (1921)

. Portuguese Guards (1923)

## Warriors (1921-1939 + 1963)

. Kikuyu Warriors* (1937)

. Matabele Warriors (1921/2)

. Warriors of Mahratta* (1937)

. Zulu Warriors (1937/1938 + 1963)

## ATJAS (1908-1996)

. Young Wild Masqueraders (1978)

## AMERICAN (1949-1974)

. American Masqueraders (1952)

. Famous Original Wild American Masqueraders (1963)

. Wild Americans (1971)

. Wild American Masqueraders (1949-1974)

## Apaches (1960-1996)

. Famous Wild Apaches (1970)

. Famous Young Apaches (1973)

. Geronimos (1983)

. Original Famous Wild Apaches (1974 + 1983)

. Original Wild Apaches (1989 + 1996)

. Renegade Apaches (1977)

. Wild American Apaches (1966)

. Wild Apaches (1960-1989)

## Comanche

. Young Commachies (1974)

## Indian (1908-1973)

. Indian Outlaws (1933)

. Indian Waiters Masquerading Troupe (1908)

. Wild American Indians (1973)

. Wild West Indians (1921)
## Mohican (1953-1983)

· Mohegan American Masqueraders (1974)

· Mohican American Masqueraders (1970)

· Mohican Indian Masqueraders (1966 + 1973)

· Mohicans (1969)

· Mohigan Americans (1971)

· Wild Mohegian Masqueraders (1968)

· Wild Mohican Masqueraders (1959)

· Wild Mohicans (1953)

· Wild Morhegans (1983)

· Young Wohegan Masqueraders (1967)

## Red (1922-1964)

· Red Eagles (1932)

· Red Indians (1922 + 1963)

· Red Skinaars (1963)

· Rosewood Red Wild Indians (1964)

## Sioux

· Young Sioux (1982)

## BITS AND PIECES* (1937-1983)

· Bits and Pieces (1937 + 1940 + 1953 + 1983)

· Bits and Pieces Sporting Troupe (1940 + 1949)

· Odds and Ends (1961-1977)

## BLACK AFRICAN MUSIC (ZONK*, 1949-1996)

· African Zonks* (1977-1996)

· Famous African Zonks* (1989)

· Haarlem Zonk Minstrels* (1966)

· Zonk Swing Stars Crooning Minstrels* (1958-1964)

· Zonk Swing Star Darkies* (1949)

· Zonk Swing Stars Minstrels* (1952)

## BLACK PRIDE

· Black Star Line Coons* (1922)
## BRITAIN AND EMPIRE (1908-1974)

. Britannia Volunteer Minstrels (1954)

. Pearly Kings* (1936)

. Tipperary Coons (1921)

. Victoria Demons Masquerading Coons (1908)

. Westminster (1960)

### Coronation (1940-1974)

. Coronation Canadian Minstrels (1960/1)

. Coronation Groovy Crooning Minstrels (1974)

. Coronation Palladium Minstrels (1958/9)

. Coronation Performing Crooning Minstrels (1973)

. Coronation Jubilee Jazz Singers* (1962/3)

. Riverside Coronation Jazz Singers (1972)

. Spes Bona Coronation Coons (1940-1943)

### Lords and Princes (1908-1936)

. Irish Princes (1921)

. Lord Nelson's Escorts (1908)

. Lord Nelson Marines (1936)

. Lords of London (?)

. Prince Charles I (1934)

. Prince Harold Troupe (1929)

### Regions (1921-1961)

. Cornwall Crooning Minstrels (1958-1961)

. Irish Princes (1921)

. London Hawker Jubilee Coons* (1937)

## CANADA

. Coronation Canadian Minstrels (1960/1)

## CARNIVAL (1974-1983)

. Famous Carnivals (1983)

. Mardi Gras Fun Makers (1974)
## CATTLE (1923-1936 + 1952)

. Cape Town Jong Span* (1952)

. Cattle Stampers (1923/4)

. Mexican Cattle Stampers (1936)

. Mexican Cattle Thieves (?)

. Spanish Cow Punchers (1923)

## Bull fighters (1930/1 + 1954)

. Barcelona Bull Fighters (1930)

. Bullfighters (1954)

. Valencia Bull Fighters (1931)

. Valentino Bull Fighters (1930)

## CHARACTER / QUALITY

### Bachelor (1968-1971)

. Bachelor Hawker Boys (1971)

. Young Bachelor Entertaining Minstrels (1968)

### Dainty (1951-1961)

. Dainty Dixie Darkies (1954)

. Honolulu Dainty Darkies (1951 + 1961)

### Dandy (1908-1963)

. Dandy Coloured Coons (1908)

. Pennsylvania Dandy Darkies (1949)

. Yankee Doodle Dandy Darkies (1958-1963)

### Funny

. Mardi Gras Fun Makers (1974)

### Gay (1959-1973)

. Gaiety Jazz Singers (1959)

. Gaiety Swing Stars (1960)

. United Gaiety Coons (1967-1970)

. United Gaiety Star Hawkers (1972)

. United Gaiety Hawker Boys (1973)

### Groovy (1974-1977)

. Coronation Groovy Crooning Minstrels (1974)

. Dixie Groovy Minstrels (1977)
## Happy (1908-1994)

Happy Bar Boys (1928-1930)

Happy Boston Coons (1927-1932)

Happy Bostons Minstrels (1966)

Happy High Born Coons (1928)

Happy Little Darkies Masquerading Troupe (1908)

Happy Niggers of Broadway (1940 + 1952)

Junior Young Happy Bostons (1983)

Louisiana Happy Little Darkies (1952)

Original Happy Boston Coons (1952)

Young Happy Bostons (1953-1994)

## Invincible (1958-1961)

Famous Invincible Darkies (1958-1961)

Invincible Darkies (1959-1960)

## Invisible

Unknown Invisible Darkies (1952)

## Hippie

Hippie Entertaining (1971)

## Jolly (1962-1992)

Jolly Jolson Nigger Minstrels* (1969-1971 + 1992)

Tay Mouth Jolly Boy Serenaders (1962/3)

Young Jolly Jolson Minstrels* (1967/8)

## Little (1908 + 1952)

Happy Little Darkies Masquerading Troupe (1908)

Louisiana Happy Little Darkies (1952)

## Original (1908 + 1952-1996)

Original Colorado Jitterbugs (1960)

Original Diamond Eyed Coons* (1952)

Original Famous Wild Apaches (1974 + 1983)

Original Happy Boston Coons (1952)

Original Hollywood Jazz Singers (1959)

Original Jazz Singing Coons (1952)

Original Jazz Singers (1961)

Original Multi-Millionaire Minstrels (1966)

Original Newarks Minstrel Troupe (1908)
. Original Seven Up Jazz Singers (1958)

. Original Wild Apaches (1989 + **1996**)

Pep

. Elsie's River Pep Crooning Minstrels (1973)

Playboys

. Fabulous Play Boys (1967 + 1971 + 1994)

Progressive

. Progressives (1909)

Smiling

. Smiling Coons (1928)

Stroller*

. Strollers (1983)

Travel (1908-1924)

. Travelling Coloured Coons (**1908**)

. Travelling Star Coons (1921)

. Young Travellers (**1924**)

Unknown

. Unknown Invisible Darkies (1952)

Weeping

. Weeping Darkies (1930)

Wild (1921 + 1949-1996)

. Famous Original Wild American Masqueraders (1963)

. Famous Wild Apaches (1970)

. Original Famous Wild Apaches (1974 + 1983)

. Original Wild Apaches (1989 + **1996**)

. Rosewood Red Wild Indians (1964)

. Wild Americans (1971)

. Wild American Apaches (1966)

. Wild American Indians (1973)

. Wild American Masqueraders (**1949-1974**)

. Wild Apaches (1960-1989)

. Wild Mohegian Masqueraders (1968)

. Wild Mohican Masqueraders (1959)

. Wild Mohicans (1953)
. Wild Morhegans (1983)

. Wild West Indians (1921)

. Young Wild Masqueraders (1978)

**Young (1923-1994)**

. Cape Town Jong Span* (1952)

. Famous Young Apaches (1973)

. Famous Young Masqueraders (1989)

. Floridian Young Ones Minstrels (1963 + 1972/3)

. Junior Young Happy Bostons (1983)

. Kensington Young Stars (1991)

. Old Young Louisiana Troupe (1953)

. Schotsche Kloof Young Ones (1983)

. Young Bachelor Entertaining Minstrels (1968)

. Young Beach Boys (1973-1978)

. Young Boston Singing Broadcasting Coons (1952)

. Young Broadway Students Gentlemen Coons (1964-1977)

. Young Commachies (1974)

. Young Dahomey Coons* (1949 + 1958-1960)

. Young Dahomey Crooning Minstrels* (1966-1969)

. Young Gloxonia Crooning (1967)

. Young Golden Lily Minstrels (1973)

. Young Happy Bostons (1953-1994)

. Young Jolly Jolson Minstrels* (1967/8)

. Young Hollywood Jazz Singers (1937)

. Young Louisiana Coons (1937 + 1946-1953)

. Young Louisiana Gentlemen Coons (1963/4)

. Young Pennsylvanians (1994)

. Young Philadelphia Serenading Hawkers (1952)

. Young Spes Bonas (1983)

. Young Springfields (1923)

. Young Top Twenty Minstrels (1973)

. Young Travellers (1924)

. Young Sioux (1982)

. Young Stars Crooning Minstrels (1958-1963)

. Young Wild Masqueraders (1978)

. Young Wohegan Masqueraders (1967)
Old

. Old Young Louisiana Troupe (1953)

CINEMA (1928-1994)

. Arcadian Film Star Jazz Singers (1958-1971)

. Beau Brummels (?)

. Desert Outlaws (1928)

. Elsie's River Film Stars (1966)

. Great Gatsbys (1976/77)

. Jolson Jazz Singers* (1958-1960)

. Jolly Jolson Nigger Minstrels* (1969-1971 + 1992)

. Luxa Rama Serenaders* (1963)

. Nooitgedacht Gatsbys (1989 + 1994)

. Panarama Crooning Minstrels (1972) [*] [Panarama = cinema in Elsie's River]

. Rainbow Darkies* (1952) [Rainbow on the River ?]

. Rainbow Dixie Darkies* (1952) [d° ?]

. Red Heart Biancas (1986)

. 20th Century Hit Paraders (1960 + 1966 + 1971)

. Valentino Bull Fighters (1930)

. Young Jolly Jolson Minstrels* (1967/8)

Hollywood (1937/8 + 1950-1967)

. Ethiopian Hollywood Jazz Singers (1951-1966)

. Hollywoods (1967)

. Hollywood Film Stars Serenaders (1959/60)

. Hollywood Jazz Singers (1938)

. Hollywood Palm Beach Serenaders / Hollywood Serenaders (1950-1964)

. Hollywood Panamanian Serenaders (1953)

. Original Hollywood Jazz Singers (1959)

. Young Hollywood Jazz Singers (1937)

COLOUR / LIGHT (1908-1986)

. Ambassador Carnation Coons (1940)

. Cinnamon Coons (1909)

. Silver Stars (1921)

. Sterling Stars (1963)
## Blue (1930s-1988)

Blue Danube Troubadours (1930s-1940s)

Bluegum Entertainers (1988)

## Checkered / pied (1925-1968)

Cape Town Checker Coons (1941/2)

Checkers (1925-1943)

Checker Plantation Coons (1934)

Spes Bona Black and White Minstrels (1968)

## Coloured (1908)

Dandy Coloured Coons (1908)

Travelling Coloured Coons (1908)

## Orange (1956-1964)

Orange Plantation Darkies (1959/60)

Orange Plantation Gentlemen Coons (1956)

Orange Plantation Minstrels (1961-1964)

## Rainbow

Rainbow Darkies* (1952)

## Red (1908-1986)

Red Eagles (1932)

Red Eye Coons (1928)

Red-Eye Sunshine Coons (1908)

Red Eye Minstrels (1924 + 1925)

Red Girl Minstrels (1923)

Red Heart Biancas (1986)

Red Indians (1922 + 1963)

Red Skinaars (1963)

## Rose (1907-1964)

Caledonian Roses Crooning Minstrels (1959)

King of Roses (1927)

Rosebud Troupe (1907)

Rose Tree Sporting Club (1922)

Rosewood Red Wild Indians (1964)

White Roses (1907)
**White (1907-1937)**

. White Eye Coons (1930 + **1937**)

. White Nose Masquerading Troupe (1907-1909)

. White Roses (**1907**)

**LIGHT (1907-1996)**

**Dark (1907-1977)**

. Darktown Brigade Coon Troupe (**1907**)

. Darktown Fire Brigade Sporting Club (1908)

. Darktown Strutters* (1956-1961 + **1977**)

. Dawn Darkies (1937)

. Independent Dawn Darkies (1940)

. S.A. Darktown Strutters* (1950)

. South African Dawn Darkies (1938)

**Dawn (1937-1940)**

. Dawn Darkies (**1937**)

. Independent Dawn Darkies (**1940**)

**Dusk**

. Dusky Dinah Coons* (1921-1925)

**Moonlight**

. Moonlight Crooning Minstrels (1956)

**Starlight* (1958-1996)**

. Starlight Melody Darkies (**1958**/9)

. Starlight Melody Minstrels (1967/1968)

. Starlight Serenaders (**1958**-1963)

. Woodstock Starlights (1974-**1996**)

**Sunrise**

. Sunrise Crooning Minstrels (1968)

**Sunshine (1909 + 1995/6)**

. Sunshine Coons (**1909**)

. Sunshine Entertainers (**1995**/6)

**COW BOYS**

. Mexican Cow Boys (1925)
## DEMONS

· Victoria Demons Masquerading Coons (1908)

## DEROGATORY<fnref n="2" /> (1907-1996)

### Boys<fnref n="3" /> (1928-1930 + 1962-1996)

· Bachelor Hawker Boys (1971)

· Banana Boys (1979)

· Billionaire Boys (1994-1996)

· Glamour Boys (1994-1996)

· Happy Bar Boys (1928-1930)

· Schotsche Kloof Glamour Boys (1973-1977)

· Tay Mouth Jolly Boy Serenaders (1962/3)

· United Gaiety Hawker Boys (1973)

### Darkies (1908-1977, 6 of 48 after 1960)

· Alabama Sunflower Gentlemen Darkies (1964) [*]

· American Darkies (1928)

· Athlone Cottonfield Darkies (1940)

· Beaconsfield Darkies. (1950-1954)

· Bokomo Cornfield Darkies (1952)

· Continental Darkies (1949)

· Cotton Field Darkies (1927-1937)

· Dainty Dixie Darkies (1954)

· Dawn Darkies (1937)

· Enfield Darkies (1949)

· Famous Invincible Darkies / Invincible Darkies (1958-1961) [*]

· Famous Pennsylvania Darkies (1953/4)

· Five Star Melody Darkies (1960)

· Gold Dollar Gentlemen Darkies (1960)

· Golden Eye Darkies (1930)

· Grand Parade Darkies (1936/7)

· Happy Little Darkies Masquerading Troupe (1908)

<footnote n="2">² Qualifiers that are nowadays considered derogatory or insulting, which may not have been the case in the past; they may also have been used with a pinch of humour, or as part of strategy of inverting the stigma. The original influence of blackface minstrelsy is probably responsible for the pervasiveness of this terminology.</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ In racist parlance, “boy” was commonly used to address a black person, whatever her or his age, and was part of an ideology considering that infantilism was a characteristic of “inferior races”.</footnote>
. Independent Broadway Darkies (1940)

. Independent Dawn Darkies (1940)

. Kentucky Minstrel Darkies (1949)

. Louisiana Happy Little Darkies (1952)

. Manenberg Darkie Minstrels (1974) [*]

. Manhattan Dixie Darkies (1954)

. Millionaire Darkies (1936/7)

. Mississippi Darkies (1946)

. New Orleans Coronation Darkies (1953)

. New Orleans Minstrel Darkies (1958)

. Orange Plantation Darkies (1959/60)

. Orient Plantation Darkies (1967-8) [*]

. Pennsylvania Dandy Darkies (1949)

. Pennsylvania Darkies (1951/2)

. Ragtime Millionaire Darkies* (1952)

. Rainbow Darkies* (1952)

. Rainbow Dixie Darkies* (1952)

. Seven Steps Darkies (1958)

. South African Broadway Dixie Darkies (1946)

. South African Darkies (1929)

. South African Dawn Darkies (1938)

. South African History Darkies (1952)

. S.A. Independent Darkies (1928)

. South African Springbok Darkies* (1963)

. Spes Bona Festival Darkies (1952)

. Starlight Melody Darkies* (1958/9)

. Triumph Gentlemen Darkie Minstrels (1977) [*]

. Unknown Invisible Darkies (1952)

. Weeping Darkies (1930)

. Yankee Doodle Dandy Darkies (1958-1963) [*]

. Zonk Swing Star Darkies* (1949)

Nigger (1940 + 1952-1994)

. Dixie Nigger Minstrels (1961)

. Hanover Nigger Minstrels* (1973)

. Happy Niggers of Broadway (1940 + 1952)

. High Notes Nigger Minstrels (1967 + 1983)

. Jolly Jolson Nigger Minstrels* (1969-1971 + 1992)
. Lavender Nigger Minstrels (1982)

. Mississippi Nigger Minstrels (1959-1994)

. Spes Bona Nigger Minstrels (1956-1967)

## Strollers* [?]

. Strollers (1983)

## Coons (1907-1977, 8 of 79 after 1960)

. Alabama Coons (1927-1938)

. Ambassador Carnation Coons (1940)

. Ashley Coons Masquerading Troupe (1908)

. Baltimore Lawn Tennis Coons (1908)

. Baltimore Coons (1909)

. Black Star Line Coons* (1922)

. California Jazz Singing Coons (1930)

. Cape Town Checker Coons (1941/2)

. Cape Town Hawkers Costers Coons (1936)

. Cape Town Hawkers' Derby Coons (1937)

. Checker Plantation Coons (1934)

. Cinnamon Coons (1909)

. Coony Stars (1930)

. Dahomey Coons* (1907-1925 + 1959)

. Dahomey Gentlemen Coons* (1952 + 1961) [*]

. Dandy Coloured Coons (1908)

. Darktown Brigade Coon Troupe (1907)

. Diamond Eyed [or Eyes] Coons* (1909-1941)

. Dumont Radio Coons* (1952)

. Dusky Dinah Coons* (1921-1925)

. Enfield Gentlemen Coons (1952)

. Famous Richmond Gentlemen Coons (1960-1963) [*]

. Gentleman Coons (1909)

. Golden Eye Coons (1927)

. Hanover Gentlemen Coons* (1953/4 + 1961) [*]

. Happy Boston Coons (1927-1932)

. Happy High Born Coons (1928)

. High Born Coons (1923 + 1930)

. Incubator Coons (1930-1937)

. Kentucky Coons (1933)

. Kentucky Gentlemen Coons (1960)
. Kentucky Plantation Coons (1940)

. Kentucky Victory Coons (1946)

. Liberian Coons (1936)

. Lawn Tennis Coons (1923)

. London Hawker Jubilee Coons* (1937)

. Louisiana Coon Troupe (1907)

. Louisiana Gentlemen Coons / Louisiana Coons (1940-1967) [*]

. Mahobla Coons (1929)

. Manhattan Coons (?)

. OK Napier Surprise Coons (1933)

. Orange Plantation Gentlemen Coons (1956)

. Original Diamond Eyed Coons* (1952)

. Original Happy Boston Coons (1952)

. Original Jazz Singing Coons (1952)

. Philco Radio Jazz Singing Coons (1942)

. Plantation Coons (1923)

. Pumpkin Coons (1936)

. Radio Broadcasting Singing Coons (1937 + 1951-1954)

. Red Eye Coons (1928)

. Red-Eye Sunshine Coons (1908)

. Richmond Gentlemen Coons (1958)

. Selma Coons (1909)

. Smiling Coons (1928)

. Spes Bona Coons (1937-1952)

. Spes Bona Elton Coons (1937)

. Spes Bona Coronation Coons (1940-1943)

. Springfield Coons (1922)

. Sunshine Coons (1909)

. Surprise Coons (1932)

. Syncopated Coons (1930)

. Tennessee Coons (1959)

. Tipperary Coons (1921)

. Travelling Coloured Coons (1908)

. Travelling Star Coons (1921)

. United Broadway Gentlemen Coons (1953-1960)

. United Commando Broadcasting Coons (1958 + 1966) [*]

. United Gaiety Coons (1967-1970) [*]
. Varsity Coons (1929/30)

. Victoria Demons Masquerading Coons (1908)

. Virginia Barn Coons (1923)

. Virginia Coons (1923)

. Virginian Surprise Coons (1953)

. White Eye Coons (1930 + 1937)

. Young Boston Singing Broadcasting Coons (1952)

. Young Broadway Students Gentlemen Coons (1964-1977) [*]

. Young Dahomey Coons* (1949 + 1958-1960)

. Young Louisiana Coons (1937 + 1946-1953)

. Young Louisiana Gentlemen Coons (1963/4) [*]

## DRINKS (1952-1986)

. Bunny Crush Crooning Minstrels (1952) [Bunny Crush = soft drink]

. Granita Entertaining Minstrels (1974) [*] [Granita = soft drink]

. Lieberstein Gentlemen Serenaders (1964) [Lieberstein = cheapest wine available]

. Red Heart Biancas (1986) [Red Heart Bianca = rum]

. Zonnheimer Jubilee Jazz Singers* (1974) [Zonnheimer = cheap wine brand]

## EAST / ORIENT (1921-1968)

. Desert Arabs (?)

. Egyptian Burglars (1921)

. Orient Plantation Darkies (1967-1968)

. Queen of Tar Tars (1921)

## EDUCATION (1929/30 + 1964-1977)

. Glamour Students (1971)

. Sunnyside Student Serenaders (1973)

. Varsity Coons (1929/30)

. Varsity Entertainers (1964)

. Young Broadway Students Gentlemen Coons (1964-1977)

## EUROPE (1921-1949)

. Barcelona Bull Fighters (1930)

. Blue Danube Troubadours (1930s-1940s)

. Continental Darkies (1949)

. Continental Jazz Singers (1940)
. Greek King's Bodyguard (1933)

. Italian Lifeguards (1921)

. Portuguese Guards (1923)

EYE (1905-1963)

. Diamond Eyed [or Eyes] Coons* (1909-1941)

. Diamond Eye Minstrel Troupe* (1905)

. Dixie Diamond Eyed Minstrels* (1963)

. Golden Eye Coons (1927)

. Golden Eye Darkies (1930)

. Original Diamond Eyed Coons* (1952)

. Red Eye Coons (1928)

. Red-Eye Sunshine Coons (1908)

. White Eye Coons (1930 + 1937)

GAMES (1928-1955)

. Flush (Glee) Party (1928/9)

. Young Casino Minstrels (1955)

GIRL

. Red Girl Minstrels (1923)

HOLLAND (1961-1966)

. Haarlem Serenaders (1961)

. Haarlem Zonk Minstrels* (1966)

INDEPENDENCE / LIBERTY (1928-1989)

. Good Hope Independents (1989)

. Independent Broadway Darkies (1940)

. Independent Broadway Jazz Singers (1936)

. Independent Broadway Minstrels (1963/4 + 1969-1972)

. Independent Dawn Darkies (1940)

. Liberty Philadelphia Minstrels (1952)

. S.A. Independent Darkies (1928)

ISLAM (1958-1974)

. Hamadia Soul Minstrels* (1973/4)
. Hamediah Crooning Minstrels* (1959/60)

. Hamediahs Diamond Jazz Serenaders* (1958)

LOCALITY

Cape town / Cape / City / Good Hope / Spes Bona (1930-1996)

. Cape Corps Original* (1946)

. Cape Town Checker Coons (1941/2)

. Cape Town City Entertainers (1974)

. Cape Town Hawkers (1930-1939 + 1960/1 + 1994-1996)

. Cape Town Hawkers Costers Coons (1936)

. Cape Town Hawkers' Derby Coons (1937)

. Cape Town Jong Span* (1952)

. City Grand Minstrels (1958)

. Good Hope Independents/Entertainers (1989-1996)

. Grand Parade Crooning Minstrels (1967 + 1973 + 1977)

. Grand Parade Darkies (1936/7)

. Grand Parade Minstrels (1932)

. Schotsche Kloof Cape Town Crooning Minstrels (1972)

. Spes Bona Black and White Minstrels (1968)

. Spes Bona Coons (1937-1952)

. Spes Bona Elton Coons (1937)

. Spes Bona Coronation Coons (1940-1943)

. Spes Bona Festival Darkies (1952)

. Spes Bona Nigger Minstrels (1956-1967)

. Spes Bona Pinetown (1961)

. Young Spes Bonas (1983)

Bo-kaap (1970-1983)

. Bo-Kaap Entertainers (1983)

. Schotsche Kloof Cape Town Crooning Minstrels (1972)

. Schotsche Kloof Glamour Boys (1973-1977)

. Schotsche Kloof Minstrels (1970)

. Schotsche Kloof Young Ones (1983)

District Six (1908 - 1922/3 - 1953-1971)

. Ashley Coons Masquerading Troupe (1908) [Ashley St.]

. Caledonian Jazz Singers (1959) [Caledon St.]

. Caledonian Roses Crooning Minstrels (1959) [Caledon St.]
. Hanover Gentlemen Coons* (1953/4 + 1961) [Hanover St.]

. Famous Richmond Gentlemen Coons (1960-1963) [Richmond St. see also Richmond]

. Richmond Gentlemen Coons (1958) [Richmond St. see also Richmond]

. Seven Steps* (1971)

. Seven Steps Darkies* (1958)

. Springfield Coons (1922) [*] [Springfield St. in D 6, STONE 1971, see also Springfield]

. Young Springfields (1923) [*] [Springfield St. in D 6, STONE 1971, see also Springfield]

. Tay Mouth Jolly Boy Serenaders (1962/3) [Taymouth St. in D 6 ?, STONE 1971, see also Woodstock]

. Tay Mouth Rock and Roll Serenaders (1961) [Taymouth St. in D 6 ?, STONE 1971, see also Woodstock]

. Taymouth Broadway Serenaders (1958) [*] [Taymouth St. in D 6 ?, STONE 1971, see also Woodstock]

. Tennant Crooning Minstrels (1960) [Tennant St.]

**Out of city neighbourhoods and townships<fnref n="4" /> (1908-1996)**

**Athlone (1940-1974)**

. Athlone City Dixies (1973/1974)

. Athlone Cottonfield Darkies (1940) [*]

. Enfield Darkies (1949) [Athlone] [*]

. Enfield Gentlemen Coons (1952) [Athlone] [*]

. St. Julian Club (1921) [St. Julian Road, Sunnyside = suburb of Athlone?]

. Sunnyside. *The Sun* 6/1/1950 [Sunnyside = suburb of Athlone]

. Sunnyside Broadway Serenaders / Sunnyside Serenaders (1953-1964) [Sunnyside = suburb of Athlone]

. Sunnyside Student Serenaders (1973) [Sunnyside = suburb of Athlone]

**Atlantis**

. Atlantis Superstars (1996)

<footnote n="4">⁴ 14 out of 53 before 1960: Athlone, Kensington, Maitland, Richmond, Springfield, Walmer Estate, Wingfield, Woodstock and Wynberg. In 1966, the Government declared District Six a “white area” and decided that its inhabitants would be relocated, most of them in the Cape Flats; forced removals started in 1968. Consequently, troupes based in District Six had to disband, sometimes to be reorganised in the new townships, where new troupes were also formed.</footnote>
### Bishop Lavis

Lavistown Crooning Minstrels (1988/9)

### Bonteheuwel (1964-1990)

Bontevanian Roses (1988)

Bontevanians (1971)

Bontevanians Hot Shots (1990)

Bluegum Entertainers (1988) [Bonteheuwel]

Rosewood Red Wild Indians (1964) [?]

Young Gloxonia Crooning (1967) [Bonteheuwel = Gloxinia St.]

### Elsie's River (1966-1983)

Elsie's River Film Stars (1966)

Elsie's River Pep Crooning Minstrels (1973)

Great Elsie's River Crooning Minstrels (1983)

Panarama Crooning Minstrels (1972) [*] [Panarama = cinema in Elsie's River]

### Goodwood (1960-1963)

Goodwood (1960)

Goodwood Broadway Jazz Singers (1963)

### Kensington (1953-1991)

Kensington Famous Ex-Volunteer Jazz Singers (1953) [*]

Kensington Young Stars (1991)

### Kew Town

Q Town entertainers (1994)

### Lavender Hill

Lavender Nigger Minstrels (1982)

Lavender Superstars (1982)

### Maitland

Gardenian Crooning Minstrels (1958/9) [Maitland Garden?, STONE 1971]

### Manenberg (1969-1974)

Manenberg Entertaining Minstrels (1969)

Manenberg Darkie Minstrels (1974)

Manenberg Serenaders (1972)

### Mitchell's Plain (1988-1996)

Eastridge Crooning Minstrels (1993)
. Lentegueur Entertainers (1994)

. Sea Winds Entertainers (1988-1996)

### Nooitgedacht

. Nooitgedacht Gatsbys (1989 + 1994)

### Parkwood

. Parkwood Jet Star Minstrels (1974)

### Ravensmead

. Ravensmead TV Stars (1989)

### Richmond ? [see also District Six]

. Famous Richmond Gentlemen Coons (1960-1963)

. Richmond Gentlemen Coons (1958)

### Riverside [?]

. Riverside Coronation Jazz Singers (1972)

### Springfield [? see also District Six]

. Springfield Coons (1922) [*]

. Young Springfields (1923) [*]

### Valhalla

. Valhalla Hit Parades (1989-1994)

Walmer Estate [Coronation Rd., Walmer Estate, also Maitland, Woodstock; Coronation St, Bellville, Plumstead]

. Coronation Canadian Minstrels (1960/1) [*]

. Coronation Groovy Crooning Minstrels (1974) [*]

. Coronation Palladium Minstrels (1958/9)

. Coronation Performing Crooning Minstrels (1973) [*]

### Westgate

. Coronation Palladium Minstrels (1958/9) [Palladium Street, Westgate]

### Wingfield

. Wingfield Jazz Singers (1952) [*]

### Woodstock (1908-1996)

. Tay Mouth Jolly Boy Serenaders (1962/3) [see also District Six]

. Tay Mouth Rock and Roll Serenaders (1961)

. Taymuth Broadway Serenaders (1958) [*]
. Victoria Demons Masquerading Coons (1908) [Victoria Rd, Woodstock?, STONE
1971]

. Woodstock Starlights* (1974-1996)

Worcester, Esselen Park

. Enslin Dusky Diamond Eyes (Worcester) (1953) [Esselen probably misspelt by the
reporter]

Wynberg

. Wynberg Lawn Tennis Coons (1908)

MASK (1907-1989)

. American Masqueraders (1952)

. Ashley Coons Masquerading Troupe (1908)

. Camptown Jockeys Masquerading Troupe* (1908)

. Dahomeys Masquerading Troupe* (1908)

. Famous Original Wild American Masqueraders (1963)

. Famous Young Masqueraders (1989)

. Happy Little Darkies Masquerading Troupe (1908)

. Indian Waiters Masquerading Troupe (1908)

. Mohegan American Masqueraders (1974)

. Mohican American Masqueraders (1970)

. Mohican Indian Masqueradors (1966 + 1973)

. Springboks / Springbok Masquerading Troupe* (1907-1909)

. Victoria Demons Masquerading Coons (1908)

. White Nose Masquerading Troupe (1907-1909)

. Wild American Masqueraders (1949-1974)

. Wild Mohegian Masqueraders (1968)

. Wild Mohican Masqueraders (1959)

. Young Wild Masqueraders (1978)

. Young Wohegan Masqueraders (1967)

MASONIC

. Masonic Crooning Minstrels (1967)

MEXICO (1925-1937)

. Mexican Cattle Stampers (1936)

. Mexican Cattle Thieves (?)
. Mexican Cow Boys (1925)

. Mexican Mash Riders (1928)

. Spanish Mexican Riders (1937)

## MINSTRELS (1905-1996, 64 OUT OF 97 AFTER 1960)

. Britannia Volunteer Minstrels (1954)

. Bunny Crush Crooning Minstrels (1952)

. Caledonian Roses Crooning Minstrels (1959)

. Californian Crooning Minstrels (1959-1961) [*]

. City Grand Minstrels (1958)

. Cornwall Crooning Minstrels (1958-1961) [*]

. Coronation Canadian Minstrels (1960/1) [*]

. Coronation Groovy Crooning Minstrels (1974) [*]

. Coronation Palladium Minstrels (1958/9)

. Coronation Performing Crooning Minstrels (1973) [*]

. Crooning Dixiana Minstrels of Broadway (1950)

. Dahomey Minstrels (1963) [*]

. Delta Jazz Minstrels (1968) [*]

. Diamond Eye Minstrel Troupe* (1905)

. Dixie Crooning Minstrels (1960)

. Dixie Diamond Eyed Minstrels* (1963) [*]

. Dixie Entertaining Minstrels (1978) [*]

. Dixie Groovy Minstrels (1977) [*]

. Dixie Nigger Minstrels (1961) [*]

. Eastridge Crooning Minstrels (1993) [*]

. Echo Minstrels (1952)

. Elsie's River Pep Crooning Minstrels (1973) [*]

. Five Star Crooning Minstrels (1959-1966) [*]

. Floridian Young Ones Minstrels (1963 + 1972/3) [*]

. Four Arts Crooning Minstrels (1970/1) [*]

. Gardenian Crooning Minstrels (1958/9)

. Golden Crooning Minstrels (1958-1960)

. Golden Lily Minstrels (1974) [*]

. Grand Parade Crooning Minstrels (1967 + 1973 + 1977) [*]

. Grand Parade Minstrels (1932)

. Granita Entertaining Minstrels (1974) [*]

. Great Elsie's River Crooning Minstrels (1983) [*]
. Haarlem Zonk Minstrels* (1966) [*]

. Hamadia Soul Minstrels* (1973/4) [*]

. Hamediah Crooning Minstrels* (1959/60)

. Hanover Nigger Minstrels (1973)* [*]

. Happy Bostons Minstrels (1966) [*]

. Hennent Crooning Minstrels (1959)

. Hi-Notes Jazz Minstrels (1958)

. High Notes Nigger Minstrels / Hi Notes (1967-1974 + 1983) [*]

. Hit Paraders Minstrels (1971/2) [*]

. Independent Broadway Minstrels (1963/4 + 1969-1972) [*]

. Jolly Jolson Nigger Minstrels* (1969-1971 + 1992) [*]

. Kentonian Crooning Minstrels* (1963/4) [*]

. Kentucky Minstrel Darkies (1949)

. Lavender Nigger Minstrels (1982) [*]

. Lavistown Crooning Minstrels (1988/9) [*]

. Liberty Philadelphia Minstrels (1952)

. Manenberg Entertaining Minstrels (1969) [*]

. Manenberg Darkie Minstrels (1974) [*]

. Manhattan Crooning Minstrels (1972) [*]

. Masonic Crooning Minstrels (1967) [*]

. Meadow Cottonfield Minstrels* (1966-1973) [*]

. Meadow Crooning Minstrels* (1967/8) [*]

. Mississippi Crooning Minstrels (1960)

. Mississippi Nigger Minstrels (1959-1994) [*]

. Mobil Crooning Minstrels (1970) [*]

. Moonlight Crooning Minstrels (1956)

. Negresco Crooning Minstrels (1983) [*]

. Nestles Fabulous Entertaining Minstrels (1960)

. New Orleans Minstrel Darkies (1958)

. New Orleans Crooning Minstrels (1959-1969) [*]

. Orange Plantation Minstrels (1961-1964) [*]

. Original Multi-Millionaire Minstrels (1966) [*]

. Original Newarks Minstrel Troupe (1908)

. Panamanian Crooning Minstrels (1952 + 1966) [*]

. Panarama Crooning Minstrels (1972) [*]

. Parkwood Jet Star Minstrels (1974) [*]

. Pennsylvania Crooning Minstrels (1990-1996) [*]
. Radio Minstrels (1941)

. Radio Allied Minstrels (1946)

. Red Eye Minstrels (1924 + 1925)

. Red Girl Minstrels (1923)

. Schotsche Kloof Cape Town Crooning Minstrels (1972) [*]

. Schotsche Kloof Minstrels (1970) [*]

. Seven Up Crooning Minstrels (1958)

. Simba Entertainers Minstrels (1973/4) [*]

. South African Crooning Minstrels (1953)

. Spes Bona Black and White Minstrels (1968) [*]

. Spes Bona Nigger Minstrels (1956-1967) [*]

. Star Spangled Crooning Minstrels (1958)

. Starlight Melody Minstrels* (1967/8) [*]

. Sunrise Crooning Minstrels (1968) [*]

. Tennant Crooning Minstrels (1960)

. Top Twenty Crooning Minstrels (1974) [*]

. Triumph Gentlemen Darkie Minstrels (1977) [*]

. United Gold Dollar Crooning Minstrels (1960-1964 + 1971-1973) [*]

. Virginia Crooning Minstrels (1954)

. Yanx Crooning Minstrels (1958)

. Young Bachelor Entertaining Minstrels (1968) [*]

. Young Dahomey Crooning Minstrels* (1966-1969) [*]

. Young Golden Lily Minstrels (1973) [*]

. Young Jolly Jolson Minstrels* (1967/8) [*]

. Young Top Twenty Minstrels (1973) [*]

. Young Stars Crooning Minstrels (1958-1963) [*]

. Zonk Swing Stars Crooning Minstrels* (1958-1964) [*]

. Zonk Swing Stars Minstrels* (1952)

# MUSIC (1930-1996)

## Crooning (minstrels) (1950-1996)

. Bunny Crush Crooning Minstrels (1952)

. Caledonian Roses Crooning Minstrels (1959)

. Californian Crooning Minstrels (1959-1961)

. Cornwall Crooning Minstrels (1958-1961)

. Coronation Groovy Crooning Minstrels (1974)

. Coronation Performing Crooning Minstrels (1973)
. Crooning Dixiana Minstrels of Broadway (1950)

. Dixie Crooning Minstrels (1960)

. Eastridge Crooning Minstrels (1993)

. Elsie's River Pep Crooning Minstrels (1973)

. Five Star Crooning Minstrels (1959-1966)

. Four Arts Crooning Minstrels (1970/1)

. Gardenian Crooning Minstrels (1958/9)

. Golden Crooning Minstrels (1958-1960)

. Grand Parade Crooning Minstrels (1967 + 1973 + 1977)

. Great Elsie's River Crooning Minstrels (1983)

. Hamediah Crooning Minstrels* (1959/60)

. Hennenf Crooning Minstrels (1959)

. Honolulu Crooning Minstrels (1972)

. Kentonian Crooning Minstrels* (1963/4)

. Lavistown Crooning Minstrels (1988/9)

. Manhattan Crooning Minstrels (1972)

. Masonic Crooning Minstrels (1967)

. Meadow Crooning Minstrels* (1967/8)

. Mississippi Crooning Minstrels (1960)

. Mobil Crooning Minstrels (1970)

. Moonlight Crooning Minstrels (1956)

. Negresco Crooning Minstrels (1983)

. New Orleans Crooning Minstrels (1959-1969)

. Panamanian Crooning Minstrels (1952 + 1966)

. Panarama Crooning Minstrels (1972)

. Pennsylvania Crooning Minstrels (1990-1996)

. Schotsche Kloof Cape Town Crooning Minstrels (1972)

. Seven Up Crooning Minstrels (1958)

. South African Crooning Minstrels (1953)

. Star Spangled Crooning Minstrels (1958)

. Sunrise Crooning Minstrels (1968)

. Tennant Crooning Minstrels (1960)

. Top Twenty Crooning Minstrels (1974)

. United Gold Dollar Crooning Minstrels (1960-1964 + 1971-1973)

. Virginia Crooning Minstrels (1954)

. Yanx Crooning Minstrels (1958)

. Young Dahomey Crooning Minstrels* (1966-1969)
. Young Gloxonia Crooning (1967)

. Young Stars Crooning Minstrels (1958-1963)

. Zonk Swing Stars Crooning Minstrels* (1958-1964)

. Zonk Swing Stars Minstrels (1952)*

## Dance (1930s-1961)

. Blue Danube Troubadours (1930s-1940s)

. Gallotone's Rumba Serenaders* (1952)

. Original Colorado Jitterbugs (1960)

. Tay Mouth Rock and Roll Serenaders (1961)

## Glee

. Flush (Glee) Party (1928/9)

## High Notes (1958-1983)

. Hi-Notes Jazz Minstrels (1958)

. High Notes Nigger Minstrels / Hi Notes (1967-1974 + 1983)

## Jazz (1940-1968)

. Delta Jazz Minstrels (1968)

. Ethiopian Broadway Jazz Serenaders (1961)

. Gaiety Swing Stars (1960)

. Hamediahs Diamond Jazz Serenaders* (1958)

. Hi-Notes Jazz Minstrels (1958)

. Kentonian Crooning Minstrels (1963/4)

. Savoy Jazz Singers* (1940)

. United Broadway Jubilee Jazz* (1960)

. Zonk Swing Stars Crooning Minstrels* (1958-1964)

. Zonk Swing Star Darkies* (1949)

. Zonk Swing Stars Minstrels* (1952)

## Jazz Singers (1930-1974)

. American Jazz Singers (1937 + 1964)

. Arcadian Film Star Jazz Singers (1958-1971)

. Banana Jazz Singers (1972/3) [“Banana Boat” = calypso song]

. Caledonian Jazz Singers (1959)

. California Jazz Singing Coons (1930)

. Continental Jazz Singers (1940)

. Coronation Jubilee Jazz Singers* (1962/3)

. Dixiana Jazz Singers (1946)
. Eddie Cantor Jazz Singers* (1959)

. Ethiopian Hollywood Jazz Singers (1951-1966)

. Ethiopian Jubilee Jazz Singers* (1968)

. Fabulous Cincinatti Jazz Singers (1953)

. Gaiety Jazz Singers (1959)

. Goodwood Broadway Jazz Singers (1963)

. Hollywood Jazz Singers (1938)

. Honolulu Jazz Singers (1953)

. Independent Broadway Jazz Singers (1936)

. Jazzy Singers (1931)

. Jolson Jazz Singers* (1958-1960)

. Kensington Famous Ex-Volunteer Jazz Singers (1953)

. Meadow Cottonfield Jazz Singers* (1963)

. Meadow Gentlemen Jazz Singers* (1960 + 1971)

. Original Hollywood Jazz Singers (1959)

. Original Jazz Singing Coons (1952)

. Original Jazz Singers (1961)

. Original Seven Up Jazz Singers (1958)

. Philco Radio Jazz Singing Coons (1942)

. Riverside Coronation Jazz Singers (1972)

. Savoy Jazz Singers* (1940)

. Wingfield Jazz Singers (1952)

. Young Hollywood Jazz Singers (1937)

. Zonnheimer Jubilee Jazz Singers* (1974)

## Jubilee* (1932-1974)

. American Jubilee Singers (1937)

. Ethiopian Jubilee Jazz Singers (1968)

. Jubilee Singers (1932)

. United Broadway Jubilee Jazz (1960)

. Zonnheimer Jubilee Jazz Singers (1974)

## Melody (1958-1968)

. Five Star Melody Darkies (1960)

. Starlight Melody Darkies* (1958/9)

. Starlight Melody Minstrels* (1967/1968)

## Ragtime

. Ragtime Millionaire Darkies* (1952)
## Serenaders (1948-1964)

. Broadway Serenaders (1949)

. Ethiopian Broadway Jazz Serenaders (1961)

. Gallotone's Rumba Serenaders* (1952)

. Gold Dollar Serenaders (1963)

. Haarlem Serenaders (1961)

. Hamediahs Diamond Jazz Serenaders* (1958)

. Hawaian Serenaders (1949)

. Hawkers Serenaders (1949)

. Hollywood Film Stars Serenaders (1959/60)

. Hollywood Palm Beach Serenaders / Hollywood Serenaders (1950-1964)

. Hollywood Panamanian Serenaders (1953)

. Lieberstein Gentlemen Serenaders (1964)

. Luxa Rama Serenaders* (1963)

. Manenberg Serenaders (1972)

. Manhattan Broadway Serenaders (1948)

. S.A. Personality Serenaders* (1960)

. South African Springbok (Gentlemen) Serenaders* (1961-1964)

. Starlight Serenaders* (1958-1963)

. Sunnyside Broadway Serenaders / Sunnyside Serenaders (1953-1964)

. Tay Mouth Jolly Boy Serenaders (1962/3)

. Tay Mouth Rock and Roll Serenaders (1961)

. Taymuth Broadway Serenaders (1958)

. Young Philadelphia Serenading Hawkers (1952)

## Singers (1932-1974)

. American Jubilee Singers* (1937)

. Broadway Gentlemen Singing Coons (1937/8)

. Jubilee Singers* (1932)

. Meadow Cottonfield Gentlemen Singers* (1974)

. Radio Broadcasting Singing Coons (1937 + 1951-1954)

. Young Boston Singing Broadcasting Coons (1952)

## Syncopation

. Syncopated Coons (1930)
## NATURE (1907-1988)

### Flowers (1907-1988)

. Alabama Sunflower Gentlemen Darkies (1964)

. Ambassador Carnation Coons (1940)

. Bontevanian Roses (1988)

. Caledonian Roses Crooning Minstrels (1959)

. Gardenian Crooning Minstrels (1958/9)

. Golden Lily Minstrels (1974)

. King of Roses (1927)

. Prince of Lilies (1927)

. Rosebud Troupe (1907)

. Rose Tree Sporting Club (1922)

. White Roses (1907)

. Young Gloxonia Crooning (1967)

. Young Golden Lily Minstrels (1973)

### Fruits and vegetables (1936-1979)

. Banana Boys (1979)

. Banana Jazz Singers (1972/3)

. Cherry Pickers (?)

. Orange Plantation Darkies (1959/60)

. Orange Plantation Gentlemen Coons (1956)

. Orange Plantation Minstrels (1961-1964)

. Pumpkin Coons (1936)

### Meadow* (1960-1974)

. Meadow Cottonfield Gentlemen Singers (1974)

. Meadow Cottonfield Jazz Singers (1963)

. Meadow Cottonfield Minstrels (1966-1973)

. Meadow Crooning Minstrels (1967/8)

. Meadow Gentlemen Jazz Singers (1960 + 1971)

### Mountain

. Spanish Mountaineers Outlaws (1934)

### Tree

. Bluegum Entertainers (1988)
## OCCUPATION (1908-1925)

. Cherry Pickers (?)

. Indian Waiters Masquerading Troupe (1908)

. Ship Stewards (1925)

. S.A. Gold Miners (1923)

## Hawkers (1930-1996)

. Bachelor Hawker Boys (1971)

. Cape Town Hawkers (1930-1939 + 1960/1 + 1994-1996)

. Cape Town Hawkers Costers Coons (1936) [costers = vegetable/fruit sellers]

. Cape Town Hawkers' Derby Coons (1937)

. Glamour Star Hawkers (1971/2)

. Hawkers Serenaders (1949)

. London Hawker Jubilee Coons* (1937)

. United Gaiety Star Hawkers (1972)

. United Gaiety Hawker Boys (1973)

. Young Philadelphia Serenading Hawkers (1952)

## OUTLAWS (1921-1934) AND RENEGADES (1977-1983)

. Desert Outlaws (1928)

. Egyptian Burglars (1921)

. Highwaymen (?)

. Indian Outlaws (1933)

. Renegade Apaches (1977)

. Renegades (1983)

. Sea Pirates (1936)

. Spanish Burglars (Newlands) (1921)

. Spanish Burglars (Green Point) (1921/2)

. Spanish Mountaineers Outlaws (1934)

. Spanish Outlaws (1929)

## PANAMA (1952-1966)

. Hollywood Panamanian Serenaders (1953)

. Panamanian Crooning Minstrels (1952 + 1966)
# PRESTIGIOUS

## Ambassador

. Ambassador Carnation Coons (1940)

## Diamond* (1905-1963)

. Diamond Eyed [or Eyes] Coons (1909-1941)

. Diamond Eye Minstrel Troupe (1905)

. Dixie Diamond Eyed Minstrels (1963)

. Hamediahs Diamond Jazz Serenaders* (1958)

. Original Diamond Eyed Coons (1952)

## Fabulous (1953-1994)

. Fabulous Cincinatti Jazz Singers (1953)

. Nestles Fabulous Entertaining Minstrels (1960)

. Fabulous Play Boys (1967 + 1971 + 1994)

## Famous (1953-1989)

. Famous African Zonks* (1989)

. Famous Carnivals (1983)

. Famous Invincible Darkies / Invincible Darkies (1958-1961)

. Famous Pennsylvania Darkies (1953/4)

. Famous Richmond Gentlemen Coons (1960-1963)

. Famous Original Wild American Masqueraders (1963)

. Famous Wild Apaches (1970)

. Famous Young Apaches (1973)

. Famous Young Masqueraders (1989)

. Kensington Famous Ex-Volunteer Jazz Singers (1953)

. Original Famous Wild Apaches (1974 + 1983)

## Gentlemen (1909-1977)

. Alabama Sunflower Gentlemen Darkies (1964)

. Broadway Gentlemen Singing Coons (1937/8)

. Dahomey Gentlemen Coons (1952 + 1961)

. Enfield Gentlemen Coons (1952)

. Famous Richmond Gentlemen Coons (1960-1963)

. Gentleman Coons (1909)

. Gold Dollar Gentlemen Darkies (1960)

. Hanover Gentlemen Coons (1953/4 + 1961)

. Kentucky Gentlemen Coons (1960)
. Lieberstein Gentlemen Serenaders (1964)

. Louisiana Gentlemen Coons / Louisiana Coons (1940-1967)

. Meadow Cottonfield Gentlemen Singers* (1974)

. Meadow Gentlemen Jazz Singers* (1960 + 1971)

. Orange Plantation Gentlemen Coons (1956)

. Richmond Gentlemen Coons (1958)

. South African Springbok (Gentlemen) Serenaders* (1961-1964)

. Triumph Gentlemen Darkie Minstrels (1977)

. United Broadway Gentlemen Coons (1953-1960)

. Young Broadway Students Gentlemen Coons (1964-1977)

. Young Louisiana Gentlemen Coons (1963/4)

## Glamour (1953 + 1966-1996)

. Dixie Glamour Star (1966)

. Glamour Boys (1994-1996)

. Glamour Star Dusters* (1953)

. Glamour Star Hawkers (1971/2)

. Glamour Students (1971)

. Glamourous Superstars (1996)

. Schotsche Kloof Glamour Boys (1973-1977)

## Gold (1927-1974)

. Gold Dollar Gentlemen Darkies (1960)

. Gold Dollar Serenaders (1963)

. Golden Crooning Minstrels (1958-1960)

. Golden Eye Coons (1927)

. Golden Eye Darkies (1930)

. Golden Lily Minstrels (1974)

. Golden Star Dixies (1966)

. S.A. Gold Miners (1923)

. United Gold Dollar Crooning Minstrels (1960-1964 + 1971-1973)

. Young Golden Lily Minstrels (1973)

## Grand

. City Grand Minstrels (1958)

## Great (1976-1983)

. Great Elsie's River Crooning Minstrels (1983)

. Great Gatsbys (1976/77)
## Hot Shots (1959-1973)

Bontevanians Hot Shots (1990)

Philadelphia Hotshots (1959-61 + 1973)

## Invincible

Famous Invincible Darkies / Invincible Darkies (1958-1961)

## Money (1936-1996)

Billionaire Boys (1994-1996)

Gold Dollar Gentlemen Darkies (1960)

Millionaire Darkies (1936/7)

Multi-Millionaire (1966 + 1983 + 1994)

Original Multi-Millionaire Minstrels (1966)

Ragtime Millionaire Darkies* (1952)

Sterling Stars (1963)

United Gold Dollar Crooning Minstrels (1960-1964 + 1971-1973)

## Royal / Aristocratic (1907-1974)

Coronation Canadian Minstrels (1960/1)

Coronation Groovy Crooning Minstrels (1974)

Coronation Palladium Minstrels (1958/9)

Coronation Performing Crooning Minstrels (1973)

Coronation Jubilee Jazz Singers* (1962/3)

Greek King's Bodyguard (1933)

Irish Princes (1921)

King of Roses (1927)

King's Messengers (1909)

Lord Nelson's Escorts (1908)

Lord Nelson Marines (1936)

Lords of London (?)

New Orleans Coronation Darkies (1953)

Pearly Kings* (1936)

Prince Charles I (1934)

Prince Harold Troupe (1929)

Prince of Benin's Escort (1909)

Prince of Lilies (1927)

Princess Escort (1907)

Queen of Tar Tars (1921)

Riverside Coronation Jazz Singers (1972)
. Spanish Noblemen (1954)

. Spes Bona Coronation Coons (1940-1943)

## Triumph

. Triumph Gentlemen Darkie Minstrels (1977)

## Upper Class (1923-1983)

. Blue Danube Troubadours (1930s-1940s)

. Happy High Born Coons (1928)

. High Born Coons (1923 + 1930)

. Negresco Crooning Minstrels (1983)

## PRIVATES

(Others than Coon/Minstrels, Atjas or Bits And Pieces and Odds and Ends Troupes)

(1908-1938 + 1954)

. Barcelona Bull Fighters (1930)

. Bullfighters (1954)

. Camptown Jockeys Masquerading Troupe* (1908)

. Cattle Stampers (1923/4)

. Cherry Pickers (?)

. Coming Stars (1928/9) [Moffees Troupe]

. Desert Arabs (?)

. Desert Outlaws (1928)

. Egyptian Burglars (1921)

. Greek King's Bodyguard (1933)

. Happy Bar Boys (1928-1930) (?)

. Highwaymen (?)

. Italian Lifeguards (1921)

. Irish Princes (1921)

. Kikuyu Warriors* (1937)

. King of Roses (1927)

. King's Messengers (1909)

. Lord Nelson's Escorts (1908)

. Lord Nelson Marines (1936)

. Lords of London (?)

. Matabele Warriors* (1921/2)

. Mexican Cattle Stampers (1936)

. Mexican Cattle Thieves (?)
. Mexican Cow Boys (1925)

. Mexican Mash Riders (1928)

. Pearly Kings* (1936) (?)

. Portuguese Guards (1923)

. Prince Charles I (1934)

. Prince Harold Troupe (1929)

. Prince of Benin's Escort (1909)

. Prince of Lilies (1927)

. Princess Escort (1907)

. Queen of Tar Tars (1921)

. Sea Pirates (1936)

. Ship Stewards (1925)

. S.A. Gold Miners (1923)

. Spanish Burglars (Newlands) (1921)

. Spanish Burglars (Green Point) (1921/2)

. Spanish Cavaliers (1909 + 1938)

. Spanish Cow Punchers (1923)

. Spanish Mexican Riders (1937)

. Spanish Mountaineers Outlaws (1934)

. Spanish Noblemen (1954)

. Spanish Outlaws (1929)

. Valencia Bull Fighters (1931)

. Valentino Bull Fighters (1930)

. Warriors of Mahratta* (1937)

## RADIO / RECORDS / TV (1942-1989)

. Dumont Radio Coons* (1952)

. Gallotone's Rumba Serenaders* (1952)

. Philco Radio Jazz Singing Coons (1942)

. Radio Broadcasting Singing Coons (1937 + 1951-1954)

. Radio Minstrels (1941)

. Radio Allied Minstrels (1946)

. Ravensmead TV Stars (1989)

. Springbok Radios* (1952)

. United Commando Broadcasting Coons (1958 + 1966)

. Young Boston Singing Broadcasting Coons (1952)
## SEA (1936-1996)

. Lord Nelson Marines (1936)

. Sea Pirates (1936)

. Sea Winds Entertainers (1988-1996)

. Ship Stewards (1925)

## SHOW BUSINESS (1921-1996)

### Bands (1973-1978)

. Beach Boys (1994-1996)

. Young Beach Boys (1973-1978)

### Broadway (1936-1977)

. Broadway Gentlemen Singing Coons (1937/8)

. Broadway Gentlemen (1946 + 1956)

. Broadway Serenaders (1949)

. Crooning Dixiana Minstrels of Broadway (1950)

. Ethiopian Broadway Jazz Serenaders (1961)

. Goodwood Broadway Jazz Singers (1963)

. Happy Niggers of Broadway (1940 + 1952)

. Independent Broadway Darkies (1940)

. Independent Broadway Jazz Singers (1936)

. Independent Broadway Minstrels (1963/4 + 1969-1972)

. Manhattan Broadway Serenaders (1948)

. South African Broadway Dixie Darkies (1946)

. Sunnyside Broadway Serenaders / Sunnyside Serenaders (1953-1964)

. Taymuth Broadway Serenaders (1958)

. United Broadway Gentlemen Coons (1953-1960)

. United Broadway Jubilee Jazz* (1960)

. Young Broadway Students Gentlemen Coons (1964-1977)

### Entertainers (1960-1996)

. American Starlights Entertainers* (1961-1963)

. Bluegum Entertainers (1988)

. Bo-Kaap Entertainers (1983)

. Cape Town City Entertainers (1974)

. Dixie Entertaining Minstrels (1978)

. Good Hope Independents/Entertainers (1989-1996)

. Granita Entertaining Minstrels (1974)
. Hippie Entertaining (1971)

. Kentucky Entertainers (1977)

. Lentegeur Entertainers (1994)

. Manenberg Entertaining Minstrels (1969)

. Nestles Fabulous Entertaining Minstrels (1960)

. Q Town entertainers (1994)

. Sea Winds Entertainers (1988-1996)

. Simba Entertainers Minstrels (1973/4)

. Sunshine Entertainers (1995/6)

. Varsity Entertainers (1964)

. Young Bachelor Entertaining Minstrels (1968)

## Hit Parade (1960-1994)

. Hit Paraders Minstrels (1971/2)

. Top Twenty Crooning Minstrels (1974)

. 20th Century Hit Paraders (1960 + 1966 + 1971)

. Valhalla Hit Parades (1989-1994)

. Young Top Twenty Minstrels (1973)

## Performers

. Coronation Performing Crooning Minstrels (1973)

## Songs (1921-1977)

. Banana Jazz Singers (1972/3) [Banana Boat = calypso song]

. Bachelor Hawker Boys (1971) [Bachelor = Cliff Richard's song]

. Darktown Strutters\* (1956-1961 + 1977)

. Dusky Dinah Coons\* (1921-1925)

. Glamour Star Dusters (1953) ["Stardust"]

. S.A. Darktown Strutters\* (1950)

. S.A. Personality Serenaders\* (1960)

. Starlight Melody Darkies\* (1955; 1957 [1958]; + 1958; 1959)

. Starlight Melody Minstrels\* (1967, 1968)

. Starlight Serenaders\* (1958, 1961, 1963)

. Sunnyside Broadway Serenaders / Sunnyside Serenaders (1953-1964) ["on the sunnyside of the street"]

. Sunnyside Student Serenaders (1973) ["on the sunnyside of the street"]

. Yankee Doodle Dandy Darkies (1958-1963)

## Stars (1921-1996)

. American Starlights Entertainers\* (1961-1963)
. American Stars (1964)

. Atlantis Superstars (1996)

. Coming Stars (1928/9)

. Coony Stars (1930)

. Dixie Glamour Star (1966)

. Five Star Crooning Minstrels (1959-1966)

. Gaiety Swing Stars (1960)

. Glamour Star Dusters (1953)

. Glamour Star Hawkers (1971/2)

. Glamourous Superstars (1996)

. Golden Star Dixies (1966)

. Kensington Young Stars (1991)

. Lavender Superstars (1982)

. Parkwood Jet Star Minstrels (1974)

. Penny Pinchers All Stars (1994-1996)

. Ravensmead TV Stars (1989)

. Silver Stars (1921)

. Sterling Stars (1963)

. Travelling Star Coons (1921)

. United Gaiety Star Hawkers (1972)

. Woodstock Starlights* (1974-1996)

. Young Stars Crooning Minstrels (1958-1963)

. Zonk Swing Stars Crooning Minstrels* (1958-1964)

. Zonk Swing Star Darkies* (1949)

. Zonk Swing Stars Minstrels* (1952)

## SOUTH AFRICA (1907-1964)

. South African Crooning Minstrels (1953)

. South African Broadway Dixie Darkies (1946)

. South African Darkies (1929)

. S.A. Darktown Strutters* (1950)

. South African Dawn Darkies (1938)

. S.A. Gold Miners (1923)

. South African History Darkies (1952)

. S.A. Independent Darkies (1928)

. S.A. Personality Serenaders* (1960)

. South African Springbok Darkies* (1963)
. South African Springbok (Gentlemen) Serenaders* (1961-1964)

. Springboks / Springboks Masquerading Troupe* (1907-1909)

. Springbok Radios* (1952)

## SPAIN (1909-1938 + 1954)

. Barcelona Bull Fighters (1930)

. Bullfighters (1954)

. Spanish Burglars (Newlands) (1921)

. Spanish Burglars (Green Point) (1921/2)

. Spanish Cavaliers (1909 + 1938)

. Spanish Cow Punchers (1923)

. Spanish Mexican Riders (1937)

. Spanish Mountaineers Outlaws (1934)

. Spanish Noblemen (1954)

. Spanish Outlaws (1929)

. Valencia Bull Fighters (1931)

## SPORTS (1907-1949 + 1961-1964)

. American Sporting Troupe (1907/8 + 1921/2)

. Baltimore Lawn Tennis Coons (1908)

. Bits and Pieces Sporting Troupe* (1940 + 1949)

. Camptown Jockeys Masquerading Troupe* (1908)

. Cape Town Hawkers' Derby Coons (1937)

. Darktown Fire Brigade Sporting Club (1908)

. Lawn Tennis Coons (1923)

. Memphis Tennessee Sporting Club (1908)

. Mississippi Sporting Club (1908)

. Rose Tree Sporting Club (1922)

. South African Springbok Darkies* (1963)

. South African Springbok (Gentlemen) Serenaders* (1961-1964)

. Springboks / Springbok Masquerading Troupe* (1907-1909)

. Wynberg Lawn Tennis Coons (1908)

## SURPRISE (1932-1953)

. OK Napier Surprise Coons (1933)

. Surprise Coons (1932)

. Virginian Surprise Coons (1953)
## TOBACCO / CIGARETTES (1958-1973)

. United Commando Broadcasting Coons (1958 + 1966) [commando = tobacco used in prison ?]

. United Gold Dollar Crooning Minstrels (1960-1973) [Gold Dollar = cigarette]

## TRADE MARK / SPONSORS (1933-1986)

. Bokomo Cornfield Darkies (1952) [Bokomo = porridge]

. Bunny Crush Crooning Minstrels (1952) [Bunny Crush = soft drink]

. Elsie's River Pep Crooning Minstrels (1973) [Pep Stores]

. Cape Town Checker Coons / Cape Town Checkers / Cape Town Famous Checker Coons (1939-1955); Checkers (1925-1943); Checker Plantation Coons (1934) [supermarkets]

. Granita Entertaining Minstrels (1974) [*] [Granita = soft drink]

. Mobil Crooning Minstrels (1970)

. Nestle Dixieland (1964)

. Nestles Fabulous Entertaining Minstrels (1960)

. OK Napier Surprise Coons (1933) [OK = department stores]

. Original Seven Up Jazz Singers (1958)

. Penny Pinchers All Stars (1994-1996) [Penny Pinchers = building material retailers]

. Philco Radio Jazz Singing Coons (1942) [Philco = radio sets]

. Red Heart Biancas (1986) [Red Heart Bianca = rum]

. Seven Up Crooning Minstrels (1958)

. Simba Entertainers Minstrels (1973/4) [Simba = chips / crisps]

. Trevenna Mississippis (1972) [Trevenna = shirts]

. United Gold Dollar Crooning Minstrels (1960-1973) [Gold Dollar = cigarette]

. Zonnheimer Jubilee Jazz Singers* (1974) [Zonnheimer = cheap wine brand]

## UNITED (1953-1972)

. United Broadway Gentlemen Coons (1953-1960)

. United Broadway Jubilee Jazz* (1960)

. United Commando Broadcasting Coons (1958 + 1966)

. United Gaiety Coons (1967-1970)

. United Gaiety Star Hawkers (1972)

. United Gold Dollar Crooning Minstrels (1960-1964 + 1971-1973)

## USA (1907-1996)

. Star Spangled Crooning Minstrels (1958)
. Star Spangles (1964)

. Yankee Doodle Dandy Darkies (1958-1963)

. Yanx Crooning Minstrels (1958)

America (1907-1994)

. American Darkies (1928)

. American Hunters (1922)

. American Jazz Singers (1937 + 1964)

. American Jubilee Singers* (1937)

. American Sporting Troupe (1907/8 + 1921/2)

. American Starlights Entertainers* (1961-1963)

. American Stars (1964)

. American Yanks (1921)

. New World Classics (1994)

Cities / Baltimore (1908-1909)

. Baltimore Lawn Tennis Coons (1908)

. Baltimore Coons (1909)

Cities / Boston (1927-1994)

. Happy Boston Coons (1927-1932)

. Happy Bostons Minstrels (1966)

. Junior Young Happy Bostons (1983)

. Original Happy Boston Coons (1952)

. Young Boston Singing Broadcasting Coons (1952)

. Young Happy Bostons (1953-1994)

Cities / Cincinatti

. Fabulous Cincinatti Jazz Singers (1953)

Cities / Manhattan (1930s-1972)

. Manhattan Coons (? ca. 1930s)

. Manhattan Broadway Serenaders (1948)

. Manhattan Crooning Minstrels (1972)

. Manhattan Dixie Darkies (1954)

Cities / Memphis

. Memphis Tennessee Sporting Club (1908)

Cities / Newark (1908-1909)

. Original Newarks Minstrel Troupe (1908)
. Newarks (1909)

Cities / New Orleans (1954-1969)

. New Orleans (1954)

. New Orleans Coronation Darkies (1953)

. New Orleans Minstrel Darkies (1958)

. New Orleans Crooning Minstrels (1959-1969)

Cities / Philadelphia (1952-1973)

. Liberty Philadelphia Minstrels (1952)

. Philadelphia Hotshots (1959-61 + 1973)

. Philadelphians (1960 + 1967)

. Young Philadelphia Serenading Hawkers (1952)

Cities / Selma

. Selma Coons (1909)

Dixie (1946-1978)

. Athlone City Dixies (1973/4)

. Crooning Dixiana Minstrels of Broadway (1950)

. Dainty Dixie Darkies (1954)

. Dixiana Jazz Singers (1946)

. Dixie Crooning Minstrels (1960)

. Dixie Diamond Eyed Minstrels (1963)

. Dixie Entertaining Minstrels (1978)

. Dixie Glamour Star (1966)

. Dixie Groovy Minstrels (1977)

. Dixieland (1963)

. Dixie Nigger Minstrels (1961)

. Golden Star Dixies (1966)

. Manhattan Dixie Darkies (1954)

. Nestle Dixieland (1964)

. Rainbow Dixie Darkies (1952)

. South African Broadway Dixie Darkies (1946)

Harlem [?] (1961-1966)

. Haarlem Serenaders (1961)

. Haarlem Zonk Minstrels* (1966)

South / Cornfield

. Bokomo Cornfield Darkies (1952)
## South / Cottonfield (1927-1974)

. Athlone Cottonfield Darkies (1940)

. Cotton Field Darkies (1927-1937)

. Meadow Cottonfield Gentlemen Singers* (1974)

. Meadow Cottonfield Jazz Singers* (1963)

. Meadow Cottonfield Minstrels* (1966-1973)

## South / Plantation (1923-1968)

. Checker Plantation Coons (1934)

. Kentucky Plantation Coons (1940)

. Orange Plantation Darkies (1959/60)

. Orange Plantation Gentlemen Coons (1956)

. Orange Plantation Minstrels (1961-1964)

. Orient Plantation Darkies (1967-1968)

. Plantation Coons (1923)

## States / Alabama (1927-1964)

. Alabama Coons (1927-1938)

. Alabama Sunflower Gentlemen Darkies (1964)

## States / California (1930-1961)

. California Jazz Singing Coons (1930)

. Californian Crooning Minstrels (1959-1961)

## States / Colorado

. Original Colorado Jitterbugs (1960)

## States / Florida

. Floridian Young Ones Minstrels (1963 + 1972/3)

## States / Hawai (1949-1972)

. Hawaiian Serenaders (1949)

. Honolulu Crooning Minstrels (1972)

. Honolulu Dainty Darkies (1951 + 1961)

. Honolulu Jazz Singers (1953)

## States / Kentucky (1933-1977)

. Kentucky Coons (1933)

. Kentucky Entertainers (1977)

. Kentucky Gentlemen Coons (1960)

. Kentucky Minstrel Darkies (1949)
. Kentucky Plantation Coons (1940)

. Kentucky Victory Coons (1946)

## States / Louisiana (1907-1967)

. Louisiana Coon Troupe (1907)

. Louisiana Gentlemen Coons / Louisiana Coons (1940-1967)

. Louisiana Happy Little Darkies (1952)

. Old Young Louisiana Troupe (1953)

. Young Louisiana Coons (1937 + 1946-1953)

. Young Louisiana Gentlemen Coons (1963/4)

## States / Mississippi (1908-1994)

. Delta Jazz Minstrels (1968)

. Mississippi Crooning Minstrels (1960)

. Mississippi Nigger Minstrels (1959-1994)

. Mississippi Sporting Club (1908)

. Mississippi Darkies (1946)

. Trevenna Mississippis (1972)

## States / Pennsylvania (1949-1996)

. Famous Pennsylvania Darkies (1953/4)

. Pennsylvania Crooning Minstrels (1990-1996)

. Pennsylvania Dandy Darkies (1949)

. Pennsylvania Darkies (1951/2)

. Pennsylvanians (1972)

. Young Pennsylvanians (1994)

## States / Tennessee (1908-1959)

. Memphis Tennessee Sporting Club (1908)

. Tennessee Coons (1959)

## States / Virginia (1923-1954)

. Virginia Barn Coons (1923)

. Virginia Coons (1923)

. Virginia Crooning Minstrels (1954)

. Virginian Surprise Coons (1953)

## UNKNOWN / UNCERTAIN

. ARCADIAN (Arcadian Film Star Jazz Singers, 1958-1971)

. BACHELOR (Bachelor Hawker Boys, 1971)
. BEACONSFIELD (Beaconsfield Darkies, 1950-1954) [Beaconsfield, Kimberley, Northern Cape ?]

. COSTERS (Cape Town Hawkers Costers Coons, 1936)

. ELTON (Spes Bona Elton Coons, 1937)

. HENNENT (Hennent Crooning Minstrels, 1959)

. MAHOBLA (Mahobla Coons, 1929)

. NAPIER (OK Napier Surprise Coons, 1933)

. PINETOWN (Spes Bona Pinetown, 1961) [Pinetown, KwaZulu-Natal ?]

. PROGRESSIVE (Progressives, 1909) [political connotation?]

. PUMPKIN (Pumpkin Coons, 1936)

. RIVERSIDE (Riverside Coronation Jazz Singers, 1972) [may refer to several places in Cape Town]

. YAM YAM (Yam Yam Crooning Minstrels. <u>Cape Times</u> 10/1/1955) [equivalent to "yum yum"?]
* BAMBARA

Bambara is one of the most important languages of today's Mali, whose colonial name was French Sudan. A protracted conflict opposed the French army to the soldiers of Samory Touré, leader of the Wassoulu empire which included parts of the territory incorporated in the French Sudan.

* BITS AND PIECES / ODDS AND ENDS

The members of these troupes were usually dressed in rags; they did not participate in official competitions but usually went from door to door in coloured neighbourhoods, singing and dancing. They represented an independent current within the Klopse and embodied a certain aspect of the carnival's spirit; they were very popular.

* BLACK STAR LINE

Probably evokes the Black Star Line launched by Panafricanist activist Marcus Garvey in 1919; there were divisions of Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association active in South Africa during the 1920s.

* CAMPTOWN

"Camptown Races" was one of the many popular tunes composed by Stephen Foster; it was published in 1850 and performed by the Christy Minstrels.

* CANTOR (EDDIE)

Eddie Cantor (1892–1964), was an extremely popular American singer, comedian and songwriter who performed in blackface and was for a time associated with African-American star Bert Williams.

* CAPE CORPS

The Cape Corps was a coloured unit of the South African army which was active during World War I (in Palestine) and, as a non-combatant service corps, during World War II.

* DAHOMEY

May refer to the African country named Dahomey (later Benin) and/or to the 1903 musical *In Dahomey* (music by Will Marion Cook; lyrics by Paul Laurence Dunbar; book by Jesse A. Shipp, starring among others Bert Williams and George Walker,
known as “Two real coons”), the first musical written and performed by blacks to
play on Broadway.

* DARKTOWN STRUTTERS

“Darktown Strutter’s Ball” (sometimes written “Darktown Strutters’ Ball”) is a song composed by Shelton Brooks and published in 1917; it became very rapidly a “jazz standard”.

* DIAMOND EYE

May have been inspired by: John Diamond (1823 –1857), a famous white minstrel
dancer who was defeated in a dancing contest by Master Juba (William Henry Lane)
the most acclaimed African-American dancer of the time; or by C.H. Chirgwin (1854
–1922), a British blackface minstrel who sported a white diamond made up over one
of his eyes.

* DUMONT

Dumont (DuMont Laboratories, DuMont Labs, DuMont) was an American radio and television equipment manufacturer and broadcasting company founded in 1931, in New Jersey.

* DINAH

Several songs include the name *Dinah* in their title: “Dinah”, probably the best known, published in 1925, music by Harry Akst, lyrics by Sam M. Lewis and Joe Young, first performed by Ethel Waters; “Carolina Dinah”, music by Joseph Northup, lyrics by Morris S. Silver, published in 1905; “Dinah from Carolina”, music by Albert Von Tilzer, lyrics by Junie McCree, published in 1909.

* GALLOTONE

Gallotone is a label of Gallo, the most important record company of South Africa.

* GRAND PARADE

The Grand Parade is the central Cape Town square, where *klopse* used to congregate
during the carnival.

* HAMADIA / HAMEDIAH

One of the notable mosques of Cape Town is the Noor El Hamedia Mosque, located
in the town centre (at the corner of Long Street and Dorp Street). It was erected
around 1885 with the support of Ottoman Sultan Abdulhamid II and recently renovated with the aid of the Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency. However, given the hostility of Muslim authorities against the Klopse and the association of Hamadia with “soul”, connoting African-American popular music, minstrels and jazz, the mention of a famous mosque in a troupe’s name is quite puzzling.

* HANOVER

Hanover Street was the main thoroughfare in District Six. When the District was razed and its inhabitants relocated in the Cape Flats, one of the new townships was named Hanover Park and got the reputation of being dangerous because of the gangs that operated there.

* JOLSON (Al)

Al Jolson (1886–1950) was the most popular American blackface singer, featured in *The Jazz Singer* (Alan Crosland, 1927), the first speaking and singing movie.

* JONG SPAN

In Afrikaans, *span* = team, *jong* = young; *jongspan* = youngsters, young team.

* JUBILEE

The word *Jubilee* comes from the Bible (Leviticus, 25: 8–13); the year of the jubilee concludes a cycle of 49 years and was an occasion for freeing slaves and prisoners. It was used by American slaves to designate the time when they will be emancipated and, from 1865, Jubilee Day has been celebrated as a festival commemorating the ending of slavery in the United States. The choir organised at Fisk University (Nashville, Tennessee) to collect funds for the college, and which became the first to sing “Negro Spirituals” in concert, took the name Fisk Jubilee Singers. Many other choirs dedicated to singing black spirituals included jubilee in their name, including Orpheus M. McAdoo’s Virginia Jubilee Singers who toured South Africa in 1890-1898. The Western Province Jubilee Coloured Carnival Board was one of the main Klopse carnival organisers in Cape Town from the 1930s to the 1970s.

The Diamond Jubilee celebrated the 60th anniversary of Queen Victoria's reign in 1897. It was also the name given to a diamond discovered in 1895 in Jagersfontein mine (South Africa) to commemorate Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee.
* KENTON (Stan)

Stan Kenton (1911 – 1979) was a pianist, composer and big band leader who explored new directions in modern jazz but also aimed at a wider audience with danceable pieces, some based on a very appealing Latin beat.

* KIKUYU

The Kikuyus are a people living in the centre of Kenya; in 1927, they were presented in South Africa as "a wild East African tribe of half a million natives [...] The tribe was then known as the most hostile and murderous in Africa" in the *Argus* (December 27, 1927); in the 1950s, many Kikuyus were involved in the Mau Mau rebellion.

* LUXA RAMA

The Luxarama was a theater located in Wynberg which was able to bypass segregation regulations and accommodate mixed audiences from 1964 till 1967. It was later used by the United Democratic Front for anti-apartheid meetings.

* MAHRATTA

Could refer to the Marathi-speaking warrior group from North India, who fought the British East India Company in the 18th and 19th centuries.

* MATABELE

Two "matabele wars" were important events in the history of Southern Africa. The first (1893-1894) opposed the British South Africa Company (BSAC, founded by Cecil Rhodes) to the Ndebele (Matabele) kingdom occupying the southern part of today's Zimbabwe; after the death of King Lobengula (from small pox), the Matebele forces were defeated. The second (1896 and 1897) is considered as the first Zimbabwean war of liberation (*chimurenga*); it again pitted the British South Africa Company against Matabele people, who again could not resist the power of the BSAC. Part of the Ndebele people live in South Africa; they numbered 1,1 million in 2011.

* MEADOW

Possibly inspired by the song "Meadowland", written in 1956 by Strike Vilikazi and interpreted by Dorothy Masuka and Miriam Makeba. Meadowlands was the name of the township where the black inhabitants of Sophiatown were forcibly relocated after the government decided to remove all black inhabitants living near the centre of Johannesburg in 1954. The symbolic dimension of Sophiatown (a hub of black
urban culture) and the violence of the 1955 removals contributed to make
Sophiatown a *cause célèbre* as well as to the popularity of the song, understood as an
anti-apartheid hymn.

* PEARLY KINGS

Pearly Kings (and Queens) are London working class charitable organisations. They wore spectacular costumes decorated with mother of pearl buttons, inspired by pants sported by hawkers.

* PERSONALITY

"Personality", a song by Harold Logan and Lloyd Price released in 1959 rose rapidly to the top of both the *Billboard* Hot 100 and the R&B hit parade and became popular worldwide.

* RAGTIME MILLIONAIRE

"Ragtime Millionaire" is the title of a song written and recorded in 1928 by William "Bill" Moore (1893 - 1951), an African-American blues singer and guitarist; the song became a hit and was covered by numerous country and folk artists.

* RAINBOW

May have been inspired by Kurt Neumann's film *Rainbow on the River* (1936) which featured young singer and comedian Bobby Breen. It tells the story of an orphan raised by a loving ex-slave; his family having been discovered in New York he is sent there but is not very welcome until his grandmother falls under his charm. Both the film and the young singer were extremely popular in Cape Town, possibly because of the relationship that develops between a young white child and a former slave.

* SAVOY

The Savoy Ballroom was a famous Harlem ballroom ("the home of happy feet") where, from 1926 to 1958, played several of the best swing bands, including Chick Webb's; it was celebrated in the song "Stompin' at the Savoy" composed by Edgar Sampson.

* SEVEN STEPS

The Seven Steps in Hanover Street, District Six, was a favourite young people's meeting point and hanging around place. When the District was demolished it remained as a symbol of its social life as well as of the cruelty of the Group Areas
Act. It was especially exalted in Taliep Petersen and David Kramer's *District Six – The Musical*.

* **SPRINGBOK**

The Springbok is an antelope (*Antidorcas marsupialis*) widespread in Southern Africa. It is the “national animal” of South Africa. The “Springboks” is the nickname of the South African national rugby team. Referring to Spingbok may suggest an identification with South Africa and/or an appreciation of rugby, a sport very popular among coloureds (a South Africa Coloured Rugby Board was created in 1896 and some of the first carnival troupes were formed by members of rugby clubs). However coloured rugby clubs and players became victims of segregation and apartheid. The Springboks eventually accepted black players, first in the 1980s (Errol Tobias and Avril Williams) then in 1995, when they won the World Cup with winger Chester Williams.

* **STARLIGHT**

“Stella by Starlight” is a song composed by Victor Young and included in Lewis Allen’s film *The Uninvited* (1944); it was later recorded by Harry James and his orchestra (1947), then by Frank Sinatra (1947); both versions climbed to the 21st position in the pop charts.

* **STROLLER**

Stroller has taken in South Africa the meaning of young urban vagrant, tramp, wandering street child.

* **ZONK**

Probably refers to the musical film *Zonk* (directed by Human Kirstein, 1950) and/or the magazine aiming at a black urban readership *Zonk*.
# Competition venues

## Athlone

1956

## Athlone (new stadium)

1965, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1986, 1987, 1995, 1996

## City Hall

1937, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1943, 1944, 1950, 1952, 1953

## Gleemore Stadium (Athlone)

1957, 1958, 1959, 1960

## Good Hope Center

1990

## Goodwood Showgrounds

1953, 1954, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1981, 1988

## Green Point Stadium

1979, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1995, 1996

## Green Point Track

1907, 1908, 1909, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1927, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1946, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1994

## Hartleyvale

1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1954, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1986, 1994
**Kensington Sports Ground**

1957

**Maitland Sports Ground**

1939, 1950, 1951, 1952

**Mowbray, Non-European Sports Ground**

1943, 1944, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1956, 1957, 1958

**Newlands Football Ground**

1921, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1962, 1963

**Old Drill Hall, Darling Street**

1939

**The Pier**

1923, 1925, 1926, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1936, 1937, 1938

**Rosebank Show Grounds**

1922, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1946, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953

**Wynberg**

1956