# Nutritive value of raw materials for rabbits: Ecran tables 2002

Luc Maertens, J.M. Perez, M. Villamide, C. Cervera, Thierry Gidenne, G. Xiccato

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## To cite this version:

Luc Maertens, J.M. Perez, M. Villamide, C. Cervera, Thierry Gidenne, et al., Nutritive value of raw materials for rabbits: Ecran tables 2002. World Rabbit Science, 2001, 10 (4), pp.157-166. hal-02673966

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Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
NUTRITIVE VALUE OF RAW MATERIALS FOR RABBITS:
EGRAN TABLES 2002.

MAERTENS L.*, PEREZ J.M.†, VILLAMIDE M.‡, CERVERA C.§, GIDENNE T.†, XICCATO G.¶

*Centre for Agricultural Research - Ghent, Department of Animal Nutrition and Husbandry, Burg. Van Gansberghelaan 92,
9820 MERELBEKE, Belgium.

†INRA, Station de Recherches Cunicoles, BP 27, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France.

‡Departamento de Producción Animal, E.T.S.I. Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid,
28040 MADRID, Spain.

§Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia
P.O. Box 22012. 46071 VALENCIA, Spain.

¶Dipartimento di Scienze Zootecniche, Università di Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell'Università 16,
35020 LEGNARO (Padova), Italy.

ABSTRACT: Feedstuff tables are presented including the composition and the nutritive value of 53 raw materials used in compound diets for intensively reared rabbits. Each raw material is characterised by 23 analytical data and its digestible protein and energy values. Because of the importance of the fibre fractions in the nutrition of the rabbit, special efforts have been done to characterise the carbohydrate complex. The digestibility data were selected after a compilation of original literature data and a

Key words: Nutritive value, Feedstuffs, Rabbit.

discussion between the authors. The methodology used, in the different *in vivo* assays, was evaluated accurately in order to judge the reliability of the data. Besides digestible and metabolisable energy values are also presented because they lead to a better mutual comparison between raw materials for formulation purposes. Finally, attention has been drawn that the presented nutritive values fit well with the proposed nutrient composition and show coherence in each category of feedstuffs.

INTRODUCTION

In rabbits, as for other livestock productions,
feeding costs represent at least 60% of the total
production costs. The challenge for the feed formulator
is to obtain least cost diets that fully match animal
requirements. Furthermore, he has to avoid an excess
of some nutrients in order to minimise the
environmental pollution (e.g. N and P). An accurate
knowledge of the composition and nutritive value of
the available raw materials is of fundamental
importance. Up-to-date feedstuff tables are considered
as basis information and great efforts are done for
different species to implement new research data in
the regularly updated versions. Feedstuff tables are
also very helpful for scientists to calculate their
experimental diets and to predict animal performance.

One of the main goals of the ERAFE project
(GIDENNE, 1999) was to establish common feedstuff

tables for rabbits based on a critical literature survey
and taking into account the methodology used. A first
proposal for common European tables has been
published in 1998 (PEREZ *et al.*, 1998b; VILLAMIDE *et
al.*, 1998).

These initial tables have been updated and
critically judged both the nutrient compositions as the
nutritive value. Because of the sensitivity of rabbits
for digestive disorders, efforts have been done to
enlarge the nutritive value with more data concerning
the carbohydrate concentration. We hope that this
could contribute to the formulation of diets with
increased safety in terms of lower mortality and
morbidity (GIDENNE, 2003).

On the other hand, the information concerning
protein (amino acid) availability is actually too limited
to introduce in the tables although significant efforts
are been executed (CARABAÑO et al., 2000). However,
research funds for rabbits are limited and in most
countries the evaluation of the nutritive value of raw
materials is no longer a priority. The development of
more accurate nutritive criteria as e.g. net energy or
ileal digestible amino acids is widely recognised but
can only be achieved with a concerted action among
the Countries most involved in rabbit production.

We have limited our efforts in the actualization
of the most currently available dry raw materials
available in feed plants in Europe. For roughages,
green plants and tropical plants, only scarce new
information became available and is also of minor
interest for commercial rabbit production under actual
European conditions. Compilations of this literature
can be found in the books of C**HEEKE** (1987) and
S**CHLOLAUT** *et al*. (1995).

Although the composition and nutritive value of
raw materials is variable and depends of a lot of
factors, feedstuff tables intend to present as accurate
as possible an estimate of the nutritive value. Their
accuracy can be increased with on-line analyses.

Nevertheless, the current tables intend to
contribute to a more accurate formulation and
harmonisation. Thus avoiding that different tables for
rabbits are developed which complicates comparison
between labs or countries.

Development of the tables

Initially, a literature compilation was done to
collect all available data of digestibility assays for each
raw material. For most of the raw materials only
limited information was available or very divergent
nutritive values were found according to the different
experiments. The initial proposed method to calculate
an average value for each raw material did not lead to
reliable values and a good coherence between the
chemical and nutritive characteristics. Two main
reasons for the discrepancies found in the literature
are:

1). The divergent methodology used in the
different experiments and

2). The fact that, in contrast with poultry and pigs,
most raw materials can not directly be tested but
have to be incorporated in compound diets.

That is why efforts have been done to standardise
the methodology of nutritional evaluation of
ingredients for rabbits (PEREZ *et al.*, 1995; VILLAMIDE
*et al.*, 2000; VILLAMIDE *et al.*, 2003).

In order to judge critically the available data for
each raw material, an EGRAN (European Group on
Rabbit Nutrition) workgroup was constituted. The
following criteria were taken into consideration: the
methodology used in the digestibility trial, the number
of rabbits considered, the incorporation level of the
raw material in the experimental diets and the accuracy
of the determination. Finally, the proposed common
nutritive value was adjusted to the average chemical
composition retained in the first version of the table
(PEREZ *et al.*, 1998b; VILLAMIDE *et al.*, 1998).

Originally, the chemical composition was mainly
based on those of the Dutch (CVB, 1997), Spanish
(FEDNA, 1997) and French (INRA-AFZ, 2002)
feedstuff tables. Special attention was drawn to present
coherent values of the different chemical parameters
for sub-qualities of the same raw material. Because
of the importance of the fibre complex in the
prevention of digestive disorders (LEBAS *et al.*, 1998;
DE BLAS 1999; GIDENNE, 2000; GIDENNE 2003), much
attention has been drawn to the data of the crude fibre
and fibre fractions (NDF, ADF and ADL).

Updates

In this updated version of the preliminary tables
(PEREZ *et al.*, 1998b; VILLAMIDE *et al.*, 1998), limited
adjustments have been performed concerning the
chemical composition. All initial proposed chemical
values were critically judged taking into account the
last version of FEDNA and CVB tables and the INRA-
AFZ database of raw materials. However, only if a
significant discrepancy was observed with the
preliminary table, new values have been proposed. With the increasing concern to minimise the environmental pollution, special attention has been drawn to the level of P and K.

Although incomplete, but in view of trying to increase the dietary safety in terms of minimal digestive disorders, some additional criteria have been introduced. Recently, it has been shown that different fibre and starch requirements have to be respected (GIDENNE, 2000; PEREZ *et al.*, 2000). With the introduction of hemicellulose and water insoluble pectins (WIP) in the tables, we intend a further optimisation of the nutritional role of fibre in rabbit diets (GIDENNE, 2003). Values of water insoluble pectins were obtained from analysis of uronic acids and associated neutral sugars belonging to pectins, and previously published (CARRÉ and BRILLOUET, 1986; GIDENNE, 1992; BRILLOUET *et al.*, 1988; BACH-KNUDSEN, 1997; COLONNA *et al.*, 1995;).

Since our first common approach (PEREZ *et al.*, 1998b, VILLAMIDE *et al.*, 1998), only few new digestibility data were published (BLAS *et al.*, 2000: VILLAMIDE *et al.*, 2000; MAERTENS and VAN HERCK, 2001; LEBAS and DJAGO, 2001; VILLAMIDE *et al.*, 2002). They have been taken into consideration together with some unpublished data obtained in the labs of the authors, to update the former tables. But again, only if the discrepancies observed were judged as significant by the workgroup, the proposed nutritive value was changed.

## Description of the tables

In the tables, the chemical composition and nutritive value of 53 raw materials useful for the formulation of rabbit diets are presented. The raw materials have been classified in 7 main categories: cereals, cereal by-products and other energy concentrates (Table 1), legume, oil seeds, oil seed meals, oils and fats (Table 2) and fibrous feedstuffs (Table 3).

For an optimal practical implementation, we have chosen to present the data on air-dry basis. Moreover, in order to facilitate the mutual comparison between raw materials of the same category, values are expressed on the same air-dry basis. The retained chemical components were limited to those of major importance in rabbit diets. For additional information, general feedstuff tables for livestock species have to be consulted. Besides dry matter (DM), the chemical composition includes values for crude protein (CP = N x 6.25), ether extract (EE), crude fibre (CF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), lignin (ADL), hemicellulose (HEM = NDF - ADF), water insoluble pectins (WIP), starch (ST), sugar (SU), lysine (Lys), methionine (Met), methionine + cystine (SAA), threonine (Thr), tryptophan (Trp), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), sodium (Na), chloride (Cl), magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K).

For the nutritive value only the apparent fecal crude protein digestibility (CPd), the digestible energy (ED) and metabolisable energy (ME) values were considered. Digestibility of the crude fibre was not retained because of the difficulty to present reliable and coherent values. Moreover, the presented composition of the different fibre fractions can fully replace the constrain of indigestible fibre in rabbit diets formulation (GIDENNE, 2003).

Although the joule is already long-time accepted as the official expression unit of energy, in a lot of countries the calorie is still used in diet formulation. For practical usefulness the energy values are still presented in both expressions. Values referring to kcal and MJ were rounded off till 10 kcal or 0.05 MJ, respectively.

## Utilisation of the tables

The composition presented in the tables is an average composition for a given DM content. If the DM content is different from the mentioned,
corrections both for the chemical composition as the
nutritive values have to be executed.

Many raw materials used to a large extent in rabbit diets (e.g. alfalfa meal, cereal by-products, fibrous oil-seed meals and fibrous feedstuffs) have a very divergent chemical composition according to the batch or the country of origin. For some of these raw materials, we have introduced different qualities in the tables to help to overcome this problem. However, a more accurate method to adapt the nutritive value to the actual composition should be a correction based on one or more chemical parameters.

The following published prediction equation is proposed:

Alfalfa meal:

$$
\begin{array}{l}
\text{DE (MJ/kg DM)} = 13.932 - 0.196 \text{ CF (\% DM)} \\
r = -0.94; \text{SE} = 0.30
\end{array}
$$

(PEREZ, 1994; PEREZ *et al.*, 1998a).

Differences in protein digestibility according to
the quality of alfalfa meal can be adjusted using the
following equation:

$$
\text{CPd of dehydrated alfalfa} = 78.7 - 0.69 \text{ CF (\% DM)} \\
(\text{PEREZ, 2002}).
$$

Because dehydrated grass meal is a quite similar
product, the proposed equations for alfalfa meal are
considered to be useful also for this raw material.

For protein concentrates, the equations proposed
by WISEMAN and AL. (1992) can be used although the
accuracy has not been validated for individual raw
materials.

Another method proposed by MAERTENS *et al.*
(1990), predicts the energy value based on the energy
providing nutrients. If the digestibility coefficients

(ADC) are determined, an accurate (<2%) estimation
of the actual batch is obtained. When the digestible
nutrients are calculated using the proposed ADC, the
accuracy is depending of the reliability of the ADC's.
However, due to methodology problems the ADC of
many raw materials is questioned.

Although the most commonly used unit for
expressing energy value in rabbit **diets** is digestible
energy, this system has several disadvantages when
used for **raw materials** in least cost diet formulation.
DE overestimates the energy content of protein
concentrates, as it does not take into account either
the energy losses in urine. For this reason, the DE
system favours the formulation of protein rich (excess)
diets leading both to an increased risk of incidence of
digestive disorders (DE BLAS *et al.*, 1981; GIDENNE *et
al.*, 2001) or to increased environmental pollution
(MAERTENS *et al.*, 1997). Therefore in the tables, values
of ME are calculated based on the DE and protein
content.

Losses of energy in urine (mainly urea) are
depending of the protein content and quality.
Consequently they are largely depending of the
digestibility of the dietary protein. In order to avoid
interferences with the use of the dietary N in the
animal, the correction is done for N equilibrium as
proposed by MAERTENS *et al.* (1990) and as it is
widespread in poultry nutrition.

Because experimental ME data of raw materials
are not available, ME is calculated based on the DE
value presented in the tables. Under the conditions of
N equilibrium, 1 g of digestible protein corresponds
to a loss of 0.16 g of urinary N. The energy value of 1
g urinary N is according to JENTSCH *et al.* (1963) 0.030
MJ (7.16 kcal) or 0.0048 MJ (1.15 kcal)/g digestible
protein. Losses due to gasses are small in rabbits and
lower on average than 0.5% of the DE content. Based
on these data the following equations have been used
**Acknowledgements:** This compilation was partially supported by the European Commission (Concerted Action, FAIR3-PL1651).

to calculate the ME content for N equilibrium:

$$ME (MJ/kg) = DE (MJ/kg) \times ME/DE$$

With

$$ME/DE = 0.995 - 0.0048 \times DP (g/kg)/DE (MJ/kg)$$

Example: Soybean 44 contains 43.2 CP with a digestibility of 82% and a DE value of 13.35 MJ/kg (see Table 2)

$$DP (g) = 430 \times 0.82 = 352.6$$

$$ME/DE = 0.995 - 0.0048 \times 352.6/13.35 = 0.868$$

$$ME (MJ/kg) = 13.35 \times 0.868 = 11.58 \text{ or rounded off to } 11.60 \text{ MJ/kg}$$

All ME values presented in the tables are calculated using these equations. Compared to DE values, protein rich feedstuffs are much lower evaluated as energy source. A better hierarchy with especially carbohydrate rich raw materials is intended. Consequently, raw materials are more optimally chosen for their nutritional characteristics when using the ME system in the formulation of compound diets for rabbits.

Further concerted efforts are necessary to predict the energy value of raw materials with a very divergent composition. Actually, we are still lacking a practical (based on e.g. a limited number of chemical parameters) and accurate method to adapt the nutritive value of several important by-products (e.g. wheat bran, sunflower meal) to the actual available batch. Because of the limited research possibilities for rabbits in different countries and the low priority for feed evaluation experiments, only with collaborative studies this goal could be achieved in the near future. The teams involved in the ERAFE project (GIDENNE, 1999), have expressed their willingness to collaborate and to update in the future the presented tables.

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1. Individual classes of feeds. *Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.*, **39**, 27-28.
<table><caption>Table 1: Composition and nutritive value for rabbits of some commonly used cereals, cereal by products and other energy concentrates (data as % of as-fed basis)</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2"></th><th rowspan="2">DM</th><th rowspan="2">ash</th><th rowspan="2">CP</th><th rowspan="2">EE</th><th rowspan="2">CF</th><th rowspan="2">NDF</th><th rowspan="2">ADF</th><th rowspan="2">ADL</th><th rowspan="2">HEM<fnref n="1" /></th><th rowspan="2">WIP<fnref n="2" /></th><th rowspan="2">ST</th><th rowspan="2">Sugar</th><th rowspan="2">Lys</th><th rowspan="2">Met</th><th rowspan="2">SAA</th><th rowspan="2">Thr</th><th rowspan="2">Trp</th><th rowspan="2">Ca</th><th rowspan="2">P</th><th rowspan="2">Na</th><th rowspan="2">Cl</th><th rowspan="2">Mg</th><th rowspan="2">K</th><th colspan="3">CPd<fnref n="3" /></th></tr><tr><th>%</th><th>Kg/kg</th><th>MJ/kg</th><th>kcal/kc</th><th>MJ/kg</th><th>ME<fnref n="5" /></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="15"><strong>Cereals</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Barley</td><td>88</td><td>2.2</td><td>10.3</td><td>2.0</td><td>4.6</td><td>17.5</td><td>5.5</td><td>0.9</td><td>12.0</td><td>0.6</td><td>5.1</td><td>2.5</td><td>0.39</td><td>0.17</td><td>0.42</td><td>0.36</td><td>0.13</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.36</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.13</td><td>0.51</td><td>67</td><td>3080</td><td>12.90</td><td>2980</td><td>12.50</td></tr><tr><td>Com</td><td>88</td><td>1.2</td><td>8.2</td><td>3.5</td><td>1.9</td><td>9.5</td><td>2.5</td><td>0.5</td><td>6.5</td><td>0.6</td><td>6.4</td><td>1.5</td><td>0.23</td><td>0.17</td><td>0.35</td><td>0.29</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.25</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.11</td><td>0.32</td><td>65</td><td>3130</td><td>13.10</td><td>3050</td><td>12.75</td></tr><tr><td>Oats</td><td>88</td><td>2.6</td><td>10.6</td><td>5.1</td><td>11.1</td><td>28.0</td><td>13.5</td><td>2.2</td><td>14.5</td><td>1.1</td><td>3.7</td><td>1.5</td><td>0.44</td><td>0.19</td><td>0.53</td><td>0.37</td><td>0.13</td><td>0.10</td><td>0.30</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.13</td><td>0.40</td><td>73</td><td>2600</td><td>10.90</td><td>2500</td><td>10.45</td></tr><tr><td>Triticale</td><td>88</td><td>1.8</td><td>11.0</td><td>1.6</td><td>2.3</td><td>12.5</td><td>3.1</td><td>0.9</td><td>9.4</td><td>0.6</td><td>5.7</td><td>3.0</td><td>0.39</td><td>0.19</td><td>0.46</td><td>0.36</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.34</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.12</td><td>0.42</td><td>75</td><td>3080</td><td>12.90</td><td>2970</td><td>12.40</td></tr><tr><td>Wheat</td><td>88</td><td>1.6</td><td>10.8</td><td>1.8</td><td>2.2</td><td>11.0</td><td>3.1</td><td>0.9</td><td>7.9</td><td>0.5</td><td>6.0</td><td>2.5</td><td>0.33</td><td>0.18</td><td>0.45</td><td>0.34</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.35</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.12</td><td>0.41</td><td>77</td><td>3130</td><td>13.10</td><td>3020</td><td>12.65</td></tr><tr><td colspan="15"><strong>Cereal by-products</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Corn gluten feed</td><td>90</td><td>6.7</td><td>21.5</td><td>4.3</td><td>7.8</td><td>31.2</td><td>9.4</td><td>1.2</td><td>21.8</td><td>5.0</td><td>18</td><td>2.0</td><td>0.71</td><td>0.41</td><td>0.90</td><td>0.80</td><td>0.16</td><td>0.17</td><td>0.86</td><td>0.22</td><td>0.38</td><td>0.97</td><td>70</td><td>2730</td><td>11.40</td><td>2540</td><td>10.65</td></tr><tr><td>DDGS</td><td>90</td><td>6.0</td><td>25.3</td><td>9.0</td><td>8.1</td><td>31.6</td><td>8.9</td><td>1.2</td><td>22.7</td><td>5.0</td><td>10.5</td><td>1.0</td><td>0.66</td><td>0.51</td><td>0.89</td><td>0.89</td><td>0.19</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.73</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.20</td><td>0.29</td><td>0.97</td><td>70</td><td>3030</td><td>12.70</td><td>2810</td><td>11.75</td></tr><tr><td>Malt sprouts</td><td>90</td><td>6.1</td><td>23.2</td><td>1.9</td><td>12.6</td><td>37.8</td><td>13.9</td><td>1.8</td><td>23.9</td><td>5.5</td><td>11</td><td>7.0</td><td>1.08</td><td>0.31</td><td>0.60</td><td>0.81</td><td>0.23</td><td>0.21</td><td>0.66</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.40</td><td>0.15</td><td>1.10</td><td>75</td><td>2580</td><td>10.80</td><td>2370</td><td>9.90</td></tr><tr><td>Rice bran</td><td>90</td><td>9.0</td><td>13.5</td><td>15.3</td><td>8.1</td><td>21.1</td><td>10.1</td><td>3.6</td><td>11.0</td><td>1.5</td><td>27</td><td>3.0</td><td>0.59</td><td>0.21</td><td>0.44</td><td>0.53</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.12</td><td>1.60</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.08</td><td>1.00</td><td>1.60</td><td>65</td><td>2970</td><td>12.45</td><td>2850</td><td>11.95</td></tr><tr><td>Wheat bran</td><td>88</td><td>5.0</td><td>15.0</td><td>3.4</td><td>9.5</td><td>40.5</td><td>11.8</td><td>3.5</td><td>28.7</td><td>2.9</td><td>19</td><td>5.0</td><td>0.59</td><td>0.24</td><td>0.55</td><td>0.48</td><td>0.19</td><td>0.15</td><td>1.09</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.44</td><td>1.10</td><td>74</td><td>2460</td><td>10.30</td><td>2330</td><td>9.75</td></tr><tr><td>Wheat feed</td><td>88</td><td>4.0</td><td>14.0</td><td>4.0</td><td>5.0</td><td>27.1</td><td>7.7</td><td>2.4</td><td>19.4</td><td>1.5</td><td>27</td><td>9.0</td><td>0.50</td><td>0.25</td><td>0.70</td><td>0.50</td><td>0.20</td><td>0.10</td><td>0.9</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.40</td><td>1.02</td><td>79</td><td>2950</td><td>12.35</td><td>2810</td><td>11.75</td></tr><tr><td>Wheat shorts</td><td>88</td><td>3.6</td><td>15.8</td><td>3.6</td><td>7.0</td><td>32.6</td><td>10.0</td><td>2.7</td><td>22.6</td><td>2.3</td><td>24</td><td>5.0</td><td>0.63</td><td>0.26</td><td>0.57</td><td>0.50</td><td>0.21</td><td>0.14</td><td>1.05</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.42</td><td>1.30</td><td>77</td><td>2680</td><td>11.20</td><td>2520</td><td>10.55</td></tr><tr><td colspan="15"><strong>Other energy concentrates</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Beet molasses</td><td>75</td><td>8.6</td><td>10.5</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>45.0</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.10</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.10</td><td>0.22</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.80</td><td>1.08</td><td>0.05</td><td>3.91</td><td>70</td><td>2550</td><td>10.65</td><td>2450</td><td>10.25</td></tr><tr><td>Cane molasses</td><td>75</td><td>9.8</td><td>4.5</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>47.0</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.05</td><td>-</td><td>0.74</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.20</td><td>2.00</td><td>0.42</td><td>4.50</td><td>60</td><td>2410</td><td>10.10</td><td>2370</td><td>9.90</td></tr><tr><td>Cassava 60</td><td>88</td><td>5.7</td><td>2.6</td><td>0.7</td><td>4.8</td><td>12.4</td><td>7.7</td><td>2.1</td><td>4.7</td><td>1.9</td><td>60</td><td>1.8</td><td>0.10</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.30</td><td>0.12</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.11</td><td>0.14</td><td>1.20</td><td>50</td><td>2880</td><td>12.05</td><td>2850</td><td>11.95</td></tr><tr><td>Cassava 65</td><td>88</td><td>5.7</td><td>2.6</td><td>0.7</td><td>4.4</td><td>9.5</td><td>6.8</td><td>2.0</td><td>2.7</td><td>1.5</td><td>65</td><td>2.1</td><td>0.10</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.25</td><td>0.11</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.11</td><td>0.75</td><td>50</td><td>2980</td><td>12.50</td><td>2860</td><td>12.40</td></tr><tr><td>Cassava 70</td><td>88</td><td>3.5</td><td>2.6</td><td>0.7</td><td>3.1</td><td>8.0</td><td>5.0</td><td>1.4</td><td>3</td><td>1.2</td><td>70</td><td>2.5</td><td>0.10</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.20</td><td>0.10</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.44</td><td>50</td><td>3130</td><td>13.10</td><td>3100</td><td>12.95</td></tr></tbody></table>

<footnote n="1">¹HEM: hemicellulose; NDF-ADF</footnote>

<footnote n="2">²VIP: water insoluble pectins (Gidenne, 2003)</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³CPd: apparent fecal crude protein digestibility (as %)</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴DE: digestible energy</footnote>

<footnote n="5">⁵ME: metabolisable energy, corrected for zero N retention</footnote>

<footnote>-: no sufficient data available</footnote>
<table><caption>Table 2: Composition and nutritive value for rabbits of fats, oils, oil seeds, oil meals and legumes (data as % of as-fed basis)</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2"></th><th rowspan="2">DM</th><th rowspan="2">ash</th><th rowspan="2">CP</th><th rowspan="2">EE</th><th rowspan="2">CF</th><th rowspan="2">NDF</th><th rowspan="2">ADF</th><th rowspan="2">ADL</th><th rowspan="2">HEM¹</th><th rowspan="2">WIP²</th><th rowspan="2">ST</th><th rowspan="2">Sugar</th><th rowspan="2">Lys</th><th rowspan="2">Met</th><th rowspan="2">SAA</th><th rowspan="2">Thr</th><th rowspan="2">Trp</th><th rowspan="2">Ca</th><th rowspan="2">P</th><th rowspan="2">Na</th><th rowspan="2">Cl</th><th rowspan="2">Mg</th><th rowspan="2">K</th><th colspan="2">CPd³</th><th colspan="2">DE⁴</th><th colspan="2">ME⁵</th></tr><tr><th>%</th><th>kcalkg</th><th>MJ/kg</th><th>kcalkg</th><th>MJ/kg</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="16"><strong>Legume and oil seeds</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Faba bean</td><td>88</td><td>3.3</td><td>25.7</td><td>1.3</td><td>7.7</td><td>12.3</td><td>8.9</td><td>0.8</td><td>3.4</td><td>2.1</td><td>39.0</td><td>3.5</td><td>1.68</td><td>0.18</td><td>0.50</td><td>0.92</td><td>0.24</td><td>0.12</td><td>0.53</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.15</td><td>1.24</td><td>80</td><td>3120</td><td>13.05</td><td>2870</td><td>12.00</td></tr><tr><td>Lupin</td><td>88</td><td>3.5</td><td>32.6</td><td>7.0</td><td>12.8</td><td>21.0</td><td>15.5</td><td>1.5</td><td>5.5</td><td>10.5</td><td>0</td><td>6.0</td><td>1.59</td><td>0.25</td><td>0.73</td><td>1.16</td><td>0.26</td><td>0.23</td><td>0.32</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.17</td><td>0.85</td><td>80</td><td>3040</td><td>12.70</td><td>2720</td><td>11.40</td></tr><tr><td>Peas</td><td>88</td><td>3.0</td><td>22.0</td><td>1.2</td><td>5.7</td><td>12.0</td><td>7.0</td><td>0.4</td><td>5.0</td><td>4.6</td><td>43.5</td><td>4.5</td><td>1.63</td><td>0.22</td><td>0.54</td><td>0.84</td><td>0.18</td><td>0.10</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.12</td><td>1.05</td><td>83</td><td>3150</td><td>13.20</td><td>2920</td><td>12.25</td></tr><tr><td>Rapeseed</td><td>90</td><td>4.1</td><td>18.9</td><td>39.6</td><td>8.1</td><td>18.1</td><td>12.4</td><td>4.9</td><td>5.7</td><td>6.4</td><td>0</td><td>5.0</td><td>1.15</td><td>0.42</td><td>0.92</td><td>0.87</td><td>0.24</td><td>0.40</td><td>0.6</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.24</td><td>0.79</td><td>80</td><td>5000</td><td>20.90</td><td>4800</td><td>20.10</td></tr><tr><td>Soya bean</td><td>90</td><td>4.7</td><td>36.9</td><td>19.3</td><td>5.6</td><td>11.7</td><td>7.3</td><td>0.8</td><td>4.4</td><td>6.0</td><td>0</td><td>7.5</td><td>2.33</td><td>0.52</td><td>1.14</td><td>1.44</td><td>0.48</td><td>0.25</td><td>0.56</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.30</td><td>1.7</td><td>83</td><td>4150</td><td>17.35</td><td>3780</td><td>15.80</td></tr><tr><td colspan="16"><strong>Oil meals</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Coconut cake</td><td>90</td><td>6.0</td><td>20.2</td><td>7.4</td><td>12.5</td><td>44.7</td><td>23.5</td><td>5.5</td><td>21.2</td><td>4.0</td><td>0</td><td>9.3</td><td>0.5</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.61</td><td>0.66</td><td>0.16</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.54</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.63</td><td>0.30</td><td>1.81</td><td>65</td><td>2900</td><td>12.15</td><td>2740</td><td>11.45</td></tr><tr><td>Palm cake</td><td>90</td><td>4.0</td><td>14.7</td><td>8.4</td><td>17.8</td><td>60.5</td><td>37.2</td><td>11.0</td><td>23.3</td><td>2.7</td><td>0</td><td>2.0</td><td>0.48</td><td>0.28</td><td>0.50</td><td>0.46</td><td>0.11</td><td>0.21</td><td>0.58</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.16</td><td>0.26</td><td>0.62</td><td>60</td><td>2500</td><td>10.45</td><td>2390</td><td>10.00</td></tr><tr><td>Rapeseed meal</td><td>90</td><td>6.8</td><td>36.1</td><td>2.5</td><td>12.1</td><td>27.7</td><td>18.9</td><td>8.6</td><td>8.8</td><td>10.0</td><td>0</td><td>9.0</td><td>1.94</td><td>0.76</td><td>1.62</td><td>1.57</td><td>0.43</td><td>0.70</td><td>1.00</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.45</td><td>1.25</td><td>76</td><td>2710</td><td>11.35</td><td>2380</td><td>9.95</td></tr><tr><td>Soybean meal 44</td><td>90</td><td>6.8</td><td>43.2</td><td>1.8</td><td>7.7</td><td>16.1</td><td>10.0</td><td>0.8</td><td>6.1</td><td>8.5</td><td>0</td><td>8.0</td><td>2.72</td><td>0.60</td><td>1.25</td><td>1.68</td><td>0.59</td><td>0.29</td><td>0.60</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.27</td><td>1.95</td><td>82</td><td>3190</td><td>13.35</td><td>2770</td><td>11.60</td></tr><tr><td>Soybean meal 46</td><td>90</td><td>6.3</td><td>45.0</td><td>1.8</td><td>6.3</td><td>13.2</td><td>8.2</td><td>0.6</td><td>5.0</td><td>6.9</td><td>0</td><td>8.0</td><td>2.84</td><td>0.63</td><td>1.31</td><td>1.76</td><td>0.60</td><td>0.29</td><td>0.61</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.28</td><td>2.05</td><td>83</td><td>3330</td><td>13.95</td><td>2880</td><td>12.05</td></tr><tr><td>Soybean meal 48</td><td>90</td><td>6.1</td><td>46.8</td><td>1.8</td><td>5.0</td><td>12.4</td><td>6.5</td><td>0.5</td><td>5.9</td><td>6.6</td><td>0</td><td>8.0</td><td>2.95</td><td>0.66</td><td>1.36</td><td>1.83</td><td>0.63</td><td>0.29</td><td>0.64</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.15</td><td>1.00</td><td>84</td><td>3510</td><td>14.70</td><td>3040</td><td>12.70</td></tr><tr><td>Sunflower meal 28</td><td>90</td><td>6.8</td><td>27.9</td><td>2.7</td><td>25.2</td><td>42.8</td><td>30.2</td><td>10.1</td><td>12.6</td><td>7.2</td><td>0</td><td>5.0</td><td>1.00</td><td>0.67</td><td>1.20</td><td>1.03</td><td>0.36</td><td>0.35</td><td>1.00</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.15</td><td>0.50</td><td>1.10</td><td>77</td><td>2300</td><td>9.60</td><td>2040</td><td>8.55</td></tr><tr><td>Sunflower meal 32</td><td>90</td><td>6.8</td><td>30.6</td><td>2.3</td><td>22.5</td><td>36.3</td><td>27.0</td><td>9.0</td><td>11.3</td><td>6.5</td><td>0</td><td>5.0</td><td>1.12</td><td>0.74</td><td>1.31</td><td>1.13</td><td>0.40</td><td>0.30</td><td>0.95</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.15</td><td>0.50</td><td>1.10</td><td>80</td><td>2450</td><td>10.25</td><td>2160</td><td>9.00</td></tr><tr><td>Sunflower meal 36</td><td>90</td><td>6.8</td><td>34.2</td><td>1.9</td><td>18.0</td><td>30.6</td><td>21.6</td><td>7.2</td><td>9.0</td><td>5.2</td><td>0</td><td>5.0</td><td>1.25</td><td>0.82</td><td>1.47</td><td>1.27</td><td>0.44</td><td>0.25</td><td>0.90</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.16</td><td>0.50</td><td>1.10</td><td>83</td><td>2650</td><td>11.10</td><td>2310</td><td>9.65</td></tr><tr><td colspan="16"><strong>Oils and fats</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Animal fat</td><td>99.5</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>99</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Olein</td><td>99.5</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>99</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Rapeseed oil</td><td>99.5</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>99</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Soybean oil</td><td>99.5</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>99</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Sunflower oil</td><td>99.5</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>99</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr></tbody></table>

¹: HEM: hemicellulose: NDF-ADF

²: WIP: water insoluble pectins (Gidenne, 2003)

³: CPd: apparent fecal crude protein digestibility (as %)

⁴: DE: digestible energy

⁵: ME: metabolisable energy, corrected for zero N retention

⁻: no sufficient data available

TABLES NUTRITIVE VALUE
<table><caption>**Table 3:** Composition and nutritive value of fibrous feedstuffs used in rabbit diets (data as % of as-fed basis)</caption><thead><tr><th></th><th>DM</th><th>ash</th><th>CP</th><th>EE</th><th>CF</th><th>NDF</th><th>ADF</th><th>ADL</th><th>HEM<fnref n="1" /></th><th>WIP<fnref n="2" /></th><th>ST</th><th>Sugar</th><th>Lys</th><th>Met</th><th>SAA</th><th>Thr</th><th>Trp</th><th>Ca</th><th>P</th><th>Na</th><th>Cl</th><th>Mg</th><th>K</th><th>CPD<fnref n="3" /></th><th>% kcal/kg</th><th>DE<fnref n="4" /></th><th>kcal/kg</th><th>ME<fnref n="5" /></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="24"><strong>Fibrous feedstuffs</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Alfalfa meal 12</td><td>90.0</td><td>9.0</td><td>12.6</td><td>2.3</td><td>29.7</td><td>47.5</td><td>37.1</td><td>8.3</td><td>10.4</td><td>7.7</td><td>0.0</td><td>3.0</td><td>0.54</td><td>0.19</td><td>0.34</td><td>0.52</td><td>0.21</td><td>1.40</td><td>0.26</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.35</td><td>0.20</td><td>1.90</td><td>56</td><td>1610</td><td>6.75</td><td>1520</td><td>6.35</td></tr><tr><td>Alfalfa meal 15</td><td>90.0</td><td>9.9</td><td>15.3</td><td>3.2</td><td>26.1</td><td>41.8</td><td>32.6</td><td>7.3</td><td>9.2</td><td>6.8</td><td>0.0</td><td>3.0</td><td>0.66</td><td>0.23</td><td>0.41</td><td>0.63</td><td>0.25</td><td>1.50</td><td>0.26</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.48</td><td>0.27</td><td>2.10</td><td>59</td><td>1770</td><td>7.40</td><td>1660</td><td>6.95</td></tr><tr><td>Alfalfa meal 18</td><td>90.0</td><td>9.9</td><td>18.0</td><td>3.6</td><td>21.6</td><td>34.6</td><td>27.0</td><td>6.0</td><td>7.6</td><td>5.6</td><td>0.0</td><td>3.0</td><td>0.77</td><td>0.27</td><td>0.49</td><td>0.74</td><td>0.30</td><td>1.60</td><td>0.27</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.49</td><td>0.30</td><td>2.50</td><td>62</td><td>1980</td><td>8.30</td><td>1840</td><td>7.70</td></tr><tr><td>Beet pulp</td><td>90.0</td><td>7.2</td><td>9.0</td><td>1.0</td><td>18.0</td><td>42.8</td><td>21.2</td><td>1.8</td><td>21.6</td><td>25.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>6.0</td><td>0.53</td><td>0.19</td><td>0.31</td><td>0.44</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.76</td><td>0.10</td><td>0.20</td><td>0.10</td><td>0.23</td><td>0.49</td><td>50</td><td>2480</td><td>10.40</td><td>2420</td><td>10.10</td></tr><tr><td>Cacao hulls</td><td>90.0</td><td>8.0</td><td>16.4</td><td>5.0</td><td>18.3</td><td>39.0</td><td>30.0</td><td>14.0</td><td>9.0</td><td>3.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>-</td><td>0.75</td><td>0.15</td><td>0.35</td><td>0.60</td><td>0.10</td><td>0.30</td><td>0.35</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.15</td><td>0.40</td><td>2.50</td><td>25</td><td>1300</td><td>5.45</td><td>1250</td><td>5.20</td></tr><tr><td>Carob meal</td><td>90.0</td><td>3.2</td><td>4.7</td><td>0.5</td><td>7.8</td><td>28.9</td><td>24.8</td><td>13.8</td><td>4.1</td><td>-</td><td>0.7</td><td>42.4</td><td>0.16</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.15</td><td>0.17</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.45</td><td>0.10</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.15</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.90</td><td>20</td><td>2150</td><td>9.00</td><td>2130</td><td>8.90</td></tr><tr><td>Citrus pulp</td><td>90.0</td><td>6.7</td><td>5.9</td><td>2.7</td><td>13.3</td><td>22.0</td><td>15.5</td><td>1.6</td><td>6.5</td><td>12.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>23.0</td><td>0.20</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.15</td><td>0.20</td><td>0.06</td><td>1.59</td><td>0.12</td><td>0.10</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.71</td><td>60</td><td>2700</td><td>11.30</td><td>2650</td><td>11.05</td></tr><tr><td>Flax chaff</td><td>90.0</td><td>7.6</td><td>10.2</td><td>-3.5</td><td>31.5</td><td>45.5</td><td>31.0</td><td>11.0</td><td>14.5</td><td>-</td><td>0.0</td><td>-</td><td>0.30</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.10</td><td>0.15</td><td>-</td><td>1.80</td><td>0.30</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.10</td><td>0.90</td><td>40</td><td>1050</td><td>4.40</td><td>1000</td><td>4.15</td></tr><tr><td>Grape pomace</td><td>90.0</td><td>8.1</td><td>11.7</td><td>5.4</td><td>28.0</td><td>56.0</td><td>48.0</td><td>30.0</td><td>8.0</td><td>7.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>2.0</td><td>0.49</td><td>0.17</td><td>0.35</td><td>0.37</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.70</td><td>0.20</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.12</td><td>1.60</td><td>0</td><td>1200</td><td>5.00</td><td>1190</td><td>5.00</td></tr><tr><td>Grape seed meal</td><td>90.0</td><td>3.6</td><td>9.9</td><td>1.4</td><td>44.1</td><td>73.0</td><td>65.0</td><td>55.0</td><td>8.0</td><td>2.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>-</td><td>0.40</td><td>0.15</td><td>0.35</td><td>0.20</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.60</td><td>0.12</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.10</td><td>0.60</td><td>0</td><td>800</td><td>3.35</td><td>800</td><td>3.35</td></tr><tr><td>Grass meal</td><td>90.0</td><td>8.0</td><td>15.0</td><td>3.0</td><td>22.5</td><td>46.0</td><td>26.0</td><td>5.0</td><td>20.0</td><td>4.5</td><td>0.0</td><td>8.0</td><td>0.60</td><td>0.20</td><td>0.35</td><td>0.55</td><td>0.15</td><td>0.70</td><td>0.40</td><td>0.10</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.20</td><td>2.50</td><td>61</td><td>1940</td><td>8.10</td><td>1830</td><td>7.65</td></tr><tr><td>Olive leaves</td><td>90.0</td><td>7.2</td><td>9.0</td><td>4.0</td><td>20.0</td><td>45.5</td><td>31.8</td><td>17.7</td><td>13.7</td><td>-</td><td>0.0</td><td>9.0</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>1.10</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.17</td><td>0.45</td><td>0.19</td><td>0.86</td><td>5</td><td>1280</td><td>5.35</td><td>1270</td><td>5.30</td></tr><tr><td>Rice straw</td><td>90.0</td><td>16.2</td><td>6.0</td><td>0.5</td><td>29.5</td><td>58.5</td><td>34.0</td><td>2.2</td><td>24.5</td><td>1.6</td><td>0.0</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.16</td><td>0.45</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>60</td><td>600</td><td>2.50</td><td>560</td><td>2.30</td></tr><tr><td>Soybean hulls</td><td>90.0</td><td>4.6</td><td>12.2</td><td>2.0</td><td>35.5</td><td>58.8</td><td>42.6</td><td>2.1</td><td>16.2</td><td>9.2</td><td>0.0</td><td>1.0</td><td>0.70</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.34</td><td>0.46</td><td>0.15</td><td>0.50</td><td>0.16</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.20</td><td>1.26</td><td>50</td><td>1720</td><td>7.20</td><td>1640</td><td>6.85</td></tr><tr><td>Sunflower hulls</td><td>90.0</td><td>3.4</td><td>5.4</td><td>4.0</td><td>46.8</td><td>69.3</td><td>56.2</td><td>20.2</td><td>13.1</td><td>10.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>1.0</td><td>0.23</td><td>0.12</td><td>0.25</td><td>0.23</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.40</td><td>0.20</td><td>0.10</td><td>0.10</td><td>0.17</td><td>1.05</td><td>15</td><td>1030</td><td>4.30</td><td>1020</td><td>4.25</td></tr><tr><td>Wheat straw</td><td>90.0</td><td>6.1</td><td>3.6</td><td>1.2</td><td>39.5</td><td>75.0</td><td>47.4</td><td>8.0</td><td>27.6</td><td>2.2</td><td>0.5</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>0.38</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.16</td><td>0.46</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.95</td><td>10</td><td>650</td><td>2.70</td><td>640</td><td>2.70</td></tr><tr><td>Wheat straw treated</td><td>90.0</td><td>7.3</td><td>3.2</td><td>0.8</td><td>36.5</td><td>69.4</td><td>44.4</td><td>7.5</td><td>25.0</td><td>2.0</td><td>0.5</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>0.43</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.86</td><td>0.43</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.89</td><td>15</td><td>880</td><td>3.70</td><td>870</td><td>3.65</td></tr></tbody></table>

<footnote n="1">¹HEM: hemicellulose: NDF-ADF</footnote>

<footnote n="2">²WIP: water insoluble pectins (Gidanne, 2003)</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³CPd: apparent fecal crude protein digestibility (as %)</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴DE: digestible energy</footnote>

<footnote n="5">⁵ME: metabolizable energy, corrected for zero N retention</footnote>