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MR_mcam04119 (yellow frame in upper right inset). The lower 0.83 m of the 1.7 m thick sandstone cap are continuously exposed in vertical profile and the upper 0.87 m occur as large blocks at the top of the hill.

Fig. 33. Comparison of MAHLI images (same scale) of F5a at Whale Rock (A) with F5b float block Kanosh from the Salsberry Peak sandstone (B). In (A) light-coloured feldspars are easily recognized, and mafic mineral grains are obscured by the similar coloured mud rip-up clasts (Fig. 36). In (B) the depressions may be sites of now weathered-out feldspar grains, and discernible sand grains seem to be either basaltic rock fragments or mafic minerals. Note high degree of rounding of sand grains.

Fig. 34. Composite stratigraphic section of the Pahrump Hills area. Shows the vertical distribution of facies associations, layer thickness and crystal pseudomorph types as well as outcrop appearance of the facies associations. This figure is available in higher resolution in Appendix S6. CH = Confidence Hills; MJ = Mojave; TP = Telegraph Peak; CR = Comb Ridge; GV = Gold Valley; PC = Pink Cliffs; SP = Saddle Peak; BC = Book Cliffs; AH = Alexander Hills (includes Carnivore Canyon).

Fig. 35. Schematic representation of the accumulation of evaporite minerals at the lamina to bedset scale. (A) Flooding in saline lake delivers detrital fines. (B) Evaporation leads to formation of a variety of cumulate and bottom-growth evaporites (filled red diamonds, squares and triangles) as well as dense benthic brines that seep into the sediment and form sediment-incorporative crystals intrastratally (open red diamonds, squares and triangles). (C) Subsequent flooding and cooling dissolves most of the cumulate and bottom-growth evaporites. Prolonged residence of pore waters leads to formation of intrastratal cements such as opal-CT, Fe-oxides, and allophane/imogolite (green ellipses and zone).

Fig. 36. Schematic depiction of an idealized parasequence in the lower half of the succession. Mudstone layers are thinner upward, crystal pseudomorph layers are more closely spaced, and cemented layers and concretions are better developed upward. Mudstone-crystal pseudomorph couplets record short-term wet-dry periods whereas parasequences record longer-term flooding and subsequently more frequent dry periods, and overall more evaporative and saline conditions.

Fig. 37. Depositional setting of the Pahrump Hills succession in the context of a larger lake system. Water supply to the lake was by a combination of short and long rivers and groundwater flow that
discharged both subaerially and subaqueously (blue arrows). Bedded evaporites are restricted to central portions of the lake. The figure depicts system components, not a specific point in time of lake basin evolution.

Fig. 38. Index map showing location of outcrops (yellow boxes) and their projection into the lines of the north-east/south-west and north-west/south-east cross-sections (yellow and orange lines) shown in Fig. 39 and Appendix S13, respectively. Rover track shown by grey curved line with a subset of rover locations (blue circles) and Sol numbers. Ss = sandstone.

Fig. 39. Stratigraphic cross-section oriented from north-east to south-west, generally along depositional dip, showing laterally equivalent strata of the Pahrump Hills section and interpreted depositional environments and sequence stratigraphic framework. Blue triangles = parasequences; MFS = maximum flooding surface; SB = sequence boundary; TS = transgressive surface.

Fig. 40. Summary of character, distribution and origin of sedimentary provenances. Left of stratigraphic column. Main provenances (A) and (B) are distinguished via contrasting sets of minerals (Table 2) and contrasts in chemical composition (arrows indicate changes relative to underlying strata). Right of stratigraphic column. Presumed source of sediments and changes in external drainages over time, intensity of chemical weathering and potential source materials (in reference to Tables 2 and 4). Gp-1 = Cousins *et al.* (2017) ~basalt – trachybasalt; Gp-4 = Cousins *et al.* (2017) ~gabbro norite. Blue rhombs mark location of drill samples referred to in text.

Fig. 41. Palaeographic maps illustrate the landscape evolution of the study area for the succession of rocks exposed at Pahrump Hills. (A) Map marks the base of the section and the onlap of F1a mudstones onto the pre-existing topography atop the Panamint conglomerate. (B) to (G) Successive time slices; a simplified stratigraphic column (upper right) shows the approximate stratigraphic position of the mapped time slices (numbers along left side of column are elevation in metres).

Fig. 42. Geochemical modelling results. (A) Hinterland weathering reactions of dilute volcanic gas condensate with basalt at 10°C and 0.05MPa P(CO₂) and resulting compounds and water chemistries. See text and Appendix S15 for details of reactants. (B) Chemical compounds and water chemistries
formed from evaporation of lake water derived from the w/r 100 reaction of diluted volcanic gas condensate with basalt (Fig. 42A).

Table 1. Instruments on Curiosity rover used in this study.

Table 2. CheMin mineral abundances, wt. %, (standard deviation)

Table 3. Sedimentary facies of the Pahrump Hills member, Murray formation.

Table 4. Mineral ratios to characterize provenance of sediments and source material's extent of weathering.

## SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL

Appendix S1. Source information for images.

Appendix S2A. Instrumentation and methods.

Appendix S2B. Compositional data and inferences.

Appendix S3. Full resolution image of Fig. 4.

Appendix S4. APXS composition by facies.

Appendix S5A. Facies and stratigraphic succession.

Appendix S5B. Experiments with mudstone fabric analogues

Appendix S6. Full resolution image of Pahrump stratigraphic column, also used as Fig. 34.

Appendix S7. Detail view of Chinle bedding.

Appendix S8. Various views of the Chinle unconformity

Appendix S9A. Full resolution image of Fig. 26, Chinle side view

Appendix S9B. Full resolution image of Fig. 26, Chinle side view with no tracing on image.

Appendix S10. Image of Chinle unconformity from afar.

Appendix S11. Mud drapes in sandstones-Earth examples.

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Appendix S12. Lake Bogoria succession.

Appendix S13. Sequence stratigraphy.

Appendix S14. Geochemical model calculations.

Appendix S15. Geochemical modelling details.

Appendix S16. Discussion of hyperpycnite origin

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