88. Korus, A.; Ravenni, G.; Loska, K.; Korus, I.; Samson, A.; Szłeł, A. The Importance of Inherent Inorganics and the Surface Area of Wood Char for Its Gasification Reactivity and Catalytic Activity towards Toluene Conversion. *Renew. Energy* **2021**, *173*, 479–497. [CrossRef]

89. Ravenni, G.; Elhami, O.H.; Ahrenfeldt, J.; Henriksen, U.B.; Neubauer, Y. Adsorption and Decomposition of Tar Model Compounds over the Surface of Gasification Char and Active Carbon within the Temperature Range 250–800 °C. *Appl. Energy* **2019**, *241*, 139–151. [CrossRef]

90. Hervy, M.; Weiss-Hortala, E.; Pham Minh, D.; Dib, H.; Villot, A.; Gérente, C.; Berhanu, S.; Chesnaud, A.; Thorel, A.; Le Coq, L.; et al. Reactivity and Deactivation Mechanisms of Pyrolysis Chars from Bio-Waste during Catalytic Cracking of Tar. *Appl. Energy* **2019**, *237*, 487–499. [CrossRef]

91. Frazier, R.S.; Jin, E.; Kumar, A. Life Cycle Assessment of Biochar versus Metal Catalysts Used in Syngas Cleaning. *Energies* **2015**, *8*, 621–644. [CrossRef]

92. Qian, K.; Kumar, A. Reforming of Lignin-Derived Tars over Char-Based Catalyst Using Py-GC/MS. *Fuel* **2015**, *162*, 47–54. [CrossRef]

93. Parrillo, F.; Ruoppolo, G.; Arena, U. The Role of Activated Carbon Size in the Catalytic Cracking of Naphthalene. *Energy* **2020**, *190*, 116385. [CrossRef]

94. Benedetti, V.; Ail, S.S.; Patuzzi, F.; Baratieri, M. Valorization of Char from Biomass Gasification as Catalyst Support in Dry Reforming of Methane. *Front. Chem.* **2019**, *7*, 119. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

95. Benedetti, V.; Ail, S.S.; Patuzzi, F.; Cristofori, D.; Rauch, R.; Baratieri, M. Investigating the Feasibility of Valorizing Residual Char from Biomass Gasification as Catalyst Support in Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis. *Renew. Energy* **2020**, *147*, 884–894. [CrossRef]

96. Bazargan, A.; Kostić, M.D.; Stamenković, O.S.; Veljković, V.B.; McKay, G. A Calcium Oxide-Based Catalyst Derived from Palm Kernel Shell Gasification Residues for Biodiesel Production. *Fuel* **2015**, *150*, 519–525. [CrossRef]

97. Qian, K.; Kumar, A.; Bellmer, D.; Yuan, W.; Wang, D.; Eastman, M.A. Physical Properties and Reactivity of Char Obtained from Downdraft Gasification of Sorghum and Eastern Red Cedar. *Fuel* **2015**, *143*, 383–389. [CrossRef]

98. Pedrazzi, S.; Santunione, G.; Minarelli, A.; Allesina, G. Energy and Biochar Co-Production from Municipal Green Waste Gasification: A Model Applied to a Landfill in the North of Italy. *Energy Convers. Manag.* **2019**, *187*, 274–282. [CrossRef]

99. He, X.; Wang, Y.; Tai, M.H.; Lin, A.; Owyong, S.; Li, X.; Leong, K.; Yusof, M.L.M.; Ghosh, S.; Wang, C.H. Integrated Applications of Water Hyacinth Biochar: A Circular Economy Case Study. *J. Clean. Prod.* **2022**, *378*, 134621. [CrossRef]

100. Bruun, E.W.; Petersen, C.T.; Hansen, E.; Holm, J.K.; Hauggaard-Nielsen, H. Biochar Amendment to Coarse Sandy Subsoil Improves Root Growth and Increases Water Retention. *Soil Use Manag.* **2014**, *30*, 109–118. [CrossRef]

101. Bruun, E.W.; Müller-Stöver, D.; Pedersen, B.N.; Hansen, L.V.; Petersen, C.T. Ash and Biochar Amendment of Coarse Sandy Soil for Growing Crops under Drought Conditions. *Soil Use Manag.* **2022**, *38*, 1280–1292. [CrossRef]

102. Martos, S.; Mattana, S.; Ribas, A.; Albanell, E.; Domene, X. Biochar Application as a Win-Win Strategy to Mitigate Soil Nitrate Pollution without Compromising Crop Yields: A Case Study in a Mediterranean Calcareous Soil. *J. Soils Sediments* **2020**, *20*, 220–233. [CrossRef]

103. Yang, X.; Tsibart, A.; Nam, H.; Hur, J.; El-Naggar, A.; Tack, F.M.G.; Wang, C.H.; Lee, Y.H.; Tsang, D.C.W.; Ok, Y.S. Effect of Gasification Biochar Application on Soil Quality: Trace Metal Behavior, Microbial Community, and Soil Dissolved Organic Matter. *J. Hazard. Mater.* **2019**, *365*, 684–694. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

104. Hien, T.T.T.; Tsubota, T.; Taniguchi, T.; Shinogi, Y. Comparison of Consecutive Impacts of Wood and Rice Husk Gasification Biochars with Nitrogen Fertilizer on Soybean Yield. *Paddy Water Environ.* **2022**, *20*, 303–313. [CrossRef]

105. Tonon, G. WOOD-UP—Valorizzazione Della Filiera di Gassificazione di Biomasse Legnose per l'energia, la Fertilità del Suolo e la Mitigazione dei Cambiamenti Climatici; Bozen-Bolzano University Press: Bolzano, Italy, 2020; ISBN 9788860461773.

106. Schirra, A.; Ali, A.B.; Renz, F.; Sindelar, R.; Pedrazzi, S.; Allesina, G. Preliminary Investigation of Possible Biochar Use as Carbon Source in Polyacrylonitrile Electrospun Fiber Production. *Appl. Sci.* **2022**, *12*, 4441. [CrossRef]

107. Benedetti, V.; Scatto, M.; Baratieri, M.; Riello, P. Valorization of Biomass Gasification Char as Filler in Polymers and Comparison with Carbon Black. *Waste Biomass Valorization* **2020**, *12*, 3485–3496. [CrossRef]

108. Shen, Y.; Linville, J.L.; Ignacio-de Leon, P.A.A.; Schoene, R.P.; Urgun-Demirtas, M. Towards a Sustainable Paradigm of Waste-to-Energy Process: Enhanced Anaerobic Digestion of Sludge with Woody Biochar. *J. Clean. Prod.* **2016**, *135*, 1054–1064. [CrossRef]

109. Salehiyoun, A.R.; Zilouei, H.; Safari, M.; Di Maria, F.; Samadi, S.H.; Norouzi, O. An Investigation for Improving Dry Anaerobic Digestion of Municipal Solid Wastes by Adding Biochar Derived from Gasification of Wood Pellets. *Renew. Energy* **2022**, *186*, 1–9. [CrossRef]

110. Bona, D.; Beggio, G.; Weil, T.; Scholz, M.; Bertolini, S.; Grandi, L.; Baratieri, M.; Schievano, A.; Silvestri, S.; Pivato, A. Effects of Woody Biochar on Dry Thermophilic Anaerobic Digestion of Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste. *J. Environ. Manag.* **2020**, *267*, 110633. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

111. Ottani, F.; Parenti, M.; Pedrazzi, S.; Moscatelli, G.; Allesina, G. Impacts of Gasification Biochar and Its Particle Size on the Thermal Behavior of Organic Waste Co-Composting Process. *Sci. Total Environ.* **2022**, *817*, 153022. [CrossRef]

112. Huggins, T.; Wang, H.; Kearns, J.; Jenkins, P.; Ren, Z.J. Biochar as a Sustainable Electrode Material for Electricity Production in Microbial Fuel Cells. *Bioresour. Technol.* **2014**, *157*, 114–119. [CrossRef]

113. Huggins, T.M.; Pietron, J.J.; Wang, H.; Ren, Z.J.; Biffinger, J.C. Graphitic Biochar as a Cathode Electrocatalyst Support for Microbial Fuel Cells. *Bioresour. Technol.* **2015**, *195*, 147–153. [CrossRef]
88. Korus, A.; Ravenni, G.; Loska, K.; Korus, I.; Samson, A.; Szłeł, A. The Importance of Inherent Inorganics and the Surface Area of Wood Char for Its Gasification Reactivity and Catalytic Activity towards Toluene Conversion. *Renew. Energy* **2021**, *173*, 479–497. [CrossRef]

89. Ravenni, G.; Elhami, O.H.; Ahrenfeldt, J.; Henriksen, U.B.; Neubauer, Y. Adsorption and Decomposition of Tar Model Compounds over the Surface of Gasification Char and Active Carbon within the Temperature Range 250–800 °C. *Appl. Energy* **2019**, *241*, 139–151. [CrossRef]

90. Hervy, M.; Weiss-Hortala, E.; Pham Minh, D.; Dib, H.; Villot, A.; Gérente, C.; Berhanu, S.; Chesnaud, A.; Thorel, A.; Le Coq, L.; et al. Reactivity and Deactivation Mechanisms of Pyrolysis Chars from Bio-Waste during Catalytic Cracking of Tar. *Appl. Energy* **2019**, *237*, 487–499. [CrossRef]

91. Frazier, R.S.; Jin, E.; Kumar, A. Life Cycle Assessment of Biochar versus Metal Catalysts Used in Syngas Cleaning. *Energies* **2015**, *8*, 621–644. [CrossRef]

92. Qian, K.; Kumar, A. Reforming of Lignin-Derived Tars over Char-Based Catalyst Using Py-GC/MS. *Fuel* **2015**, *162*, 47–54. [CrossRef]

93. Parrillo, F.; Ruoppolo, G.; Arena, U. The Role of Activated Carbon Size in the Catalytic Cracking of Naphthalene. *Energy* **2020**, *190*, 116385. [CrossRef]

94. Benedetti, V.; Ail, S.S.; Patuzzi, F.; Baratieri, M. Valorization of Char from Biomass Gasification as Catalyst Support in Dry Reforming of Methane. *Front. Chem.* **2019**, *7*, 119. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

95. Benedetti, V.; Ail, S.S.; Patuzzi, F.; Cristofori, D.; Rauch, R.; Baratieri, M. Investigating the Feasibility of Valorizing Residual Char from Biomass Gasification as Catalyst Support in Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis. *Renew. Energy* **2020**, *147*, 884–894. [CrossRef]

96. Bazargan, A.; Kostić, M.D.; Stamenković, O.S.; Veljković, V.B.; McKay, G. A Calcium Oxide-Based Catalyst Derived from Palm Kernel Shell Gasification Residues for Biodiesel Production. *Fuel* **2015**, *150*, 519–525. [CrossRef]

97. Qian, K.; Kumar, A.; Bellmer, D.; Yuan, W.; Wang, D.; Eastman, M.A. Physical Properties and Reactivity of Char Obtained from Downdraft Gasification of Sorghum and Eastern Red Cedar. *Fuel* **2015**, *143*, 383–389. [CrossRef]

98. Pedrazzi, S.; Santunione, G.; Minarelli, A.; Allesina, G. Energy and Biochar Co-Production from Municipal Green Waste Gasification: A Model Applied to a Landfill in the North of Italy. *Energy Convers. Manag.* **2019**, *187*, 274–282. [CrossRef]

99. He, X.; Wang, Y.; Tai, M.H.; Lin, A.; Owyong, S.; Li, X.; Leong, K.; Yusof, M.L.M.; Ghosh, S.; Wang, C.H. Integrated Applications of Water Hyacinth Biochar: A Circular Economy Case Study. *J. Clean. Prod.* **2022**, *378*, 134621. [CrossRef]

100. Bruun, E.W.; Petersen, C.T.; Hansen, E.; Holm, J.K.; Hauggaard-Nielsen, H. Biochar Amendment to Coarse Sandy Subsoil Improves Root Growth and Increases Water Retention. *Soil Use Manag.* **2014**, *30*, 109–118. [CrossRef]

101. Bruun, E.W.; Müller-Stöver, D.; Pedersen, B.N.; Hansen, L.V.; Petersen, C.T. Ash and Biochar Amendment of Coarse Sandy Soil for Growing Crops under Drought Conditions. *Soil Use Manag.* **2022**, *38*, 1280–1292. [CrossRef]

102. Martos, S.; Mattana, S.; Ribas, A.; Albanell, E.; Domene, X. Biochar Application as a Win-Win Strategy to Mitigate Soil Nitrate Pollution without Compromising Crop Yields: A Case Study in a Mediterranean Calcareous Soil. *J. Soils Sediments* **2020**, *20*, 220–233. [CrossRef]

103. Yang, X.; Tsibart, A.; Nam, H.; Hur, J.; El-Naggar, A.; Tack, F.M.G.; Wang, C.H.; Lee, Y.H.; Tsang, D.C.W.; Ok, Y.S. Effect of Gasification Biochar Application on Soil Quality: Trace Metal Behavior, Microbial Community, and Soil Dissolved Organic Matter. *J. Hazard. Mater.* **2019**, *365*, 684–694. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

104. Hien, T.T.T.; Tsubota, T.; Taniguchi, T.; Shinogi, Y. Comparison of Consecutive Impacts of Wood and Rice Husk Gasification Biochars with Nitrogen Fertilizer on Soybean Yield. *Paddy Water Environ.* **2022**, *20*, 303–313. [CrossRef]

105. Tonon, G. WOOD-UP—Valorizzazione Della Filiera di Gassificazione di Biomasse Legnose per l'energia, la Fertilità del Suolo e la Mitigazione dei Cambiamenti Climatici; Bozen-Bolzano University Press: Bolzano, Italy, 2020; ISBN 9788860461773.

106. Schirra, A.; Ali, A.B.; Renz, F.; Sindelar, R.; Pedrazzi, S.; Allesina, G. Preliminary Investigation of Possible Biochar Use as Carbon Source in Polyacrylonitrile Electrospun Fiber Production. *Appl. Sci.* **2022**, *12*, 4441. [CrossRef]

107. Benedetti, V.; Scatto, M.; Baratieri, M.; Riello, P. Valorization of Biomass Gasification Char as Filler in Polymers and Comparison with Carbon Black. *Waste Biomass Valorization* **2020**, *12*, 3485–3496. [CrossRef]

108. Shen, Y.; Linville, J.L.; Ignacio-de Leon, P.A.A.; Schoene, R.P.; Urgun-Demirtas, M. Towards a Sustainable Paradigm of Waste-to-Energy Process: Enhanced Anaerobic Digestion of Sludge with Woody Biochar. *J. Clean. Prod.* **2016**, *135*, 1054–1064. [CrossRef]

109. Salehiyoun, A.R.; Zilouei, H.; Safari, M.; Di Maria, F.; Samadi, S.H.; Norouzi, O. An Investigation for Improving Dry Anaerobic Digestion of Municipal Solid Wastes by Adding Biochar Derived from Gasification of Wood Pellets. *Renew. Energy* **2022**, *186*, 1–9. [CrossRef]

110. Bona, D.; Beggio, G.; Weil, T.; Scholz, M.; Bertolini, S.; Grandi, L.; Baratieri, M.; Schievano, A.; Silvestri, S.; Pivato, A. Effects of Woody Biochar on Dry Thermophilic Anaerobic Digestion of Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste. *J. Environ. Manag.* **2020**, *267*, 110633. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

111. Ottani, F.; Parenti, M.; Pedrazzi, S.; Moscatelli, G.; Allesina, G. Impacts of Gasification Biochar and Its Particle Size on the Thermal Behavior of Organic Waste Co-Composting Process. *Sci. Total Environ.* **2022**, *817*, 153022. [CrossRef]

112. Huggins, T.; Wang, H.; Kearns, J.; Jenkins, P.; Ren, Z.J. Biochar as a Sustainable Electrode Material for Electricity Production in Microbial Fuel Cells. *Bioresour. Technol.* **2014**, *157*, 114–119. [CrossRef]

113. Huggins, T.M.; Pietron, J.J.; Wang, H.; Ren, Z.J.; Biffinger, J.C. Graphitic Biochar as a Cathode Electrocatalyst Support for Microbial Fuel Cells. *Bioresour. Technol.* **2015**, *195*, 147–153. [CrossRef]
114. Huggins, T.M.; Latorre, A.; Biffinger, J.C.; Ren, Z.J. Biochar Based Microbial Fuel Cell for Enhanced Wastewater Treatment and Nutrient Recovery. *Sustainability* **2016**, *8*, 169. [CrossRef]

115. Esfahani, R.A.M.; Osmieri, L.; Specchia, S.; Yusup, S.; Tavasoli, A.; Zamaniyan, A. H₂-Rich Syngas Production through Mixed Residual Biomass and HDPE Waste via Integrated Catalytic Gasification and Tar Cracking plus Bio-Char Upgrading. *Chem. Eng. J.* **2017**, *308*, 578–587. [CrossRef]

116. Restuccia, L.; Ferro, G.A.; Suarez-Riera, D.; Sirico, A.; Bernardi, P.; Belletti, B.; Malcevschi, A. Mechanical Characterization of Different Biochar-Based Cement Composites. *Procedia Struct. Integr.* **2020**, *25*, 226–233. [CrossRef]

117. Sirico, A.; Bernardi, P.; Sciancalepore, C.; Vecchi, F.; Malcevschi, A.; Belletti, B.; Milanese, D. Biochar from Wood Waste as Additive for Structural Concrete. *Constr. Build. Mater.* **2021**, *303*, 124500. [CrossRef]

118. Sirico, A.; Bernardi, P.; Belletti, B.; Malcevschi, A.; Dalcanale, E.; Domenichelli, I.; Fornoni, P.; Moretti, E. Mechanical Characterization of Cement-Based Materials Containing Biochar from Gasification. *Constr. Build. Mater.* **2020**, *246*, 118490. [CrossRef]

119. Mobili, A.; Cosoli, G.; Bellezze, T.; Revel, G.M.; Tittarelli, F. Use of Gasification Char and Recycled Carbon Fibres for Sustainable and Durable Low-Resistivity Cement-Based Composites. *J. Build. Eng.* **2022**, *50*, 104237. [CrossRef]

120. Malchiodi, B.; Barbieri, L.; Lancellotti, I.; Pozzi, P. Char Valorization into Sustainable and Performant Polyurethane Insulating Panels. *Macromol. Symp.* **2022**, *404*, 2100333. [CrossRef]

121. Fernández-Pereira, C.; De La Casa, J.A.; Gómez-Barea, A.; Arroyo, F.; Leiva, C.; Luna, Y. Application of Biomass Gasification Fly Ash for Brick Manufacturing. *Fuel* **2011**, *90*, 220–232. [CrossRef]

122. Atinafu, D.G.; Yun, B.Y.; Yang, S.; Kim, S. Encapsulation of Dodecane in Gasification Biochar for Its Prolonged Thermal/Shape Stability, Reliability, and Ambient Enthalpy Storage. *Chem. Eng. J.* **2022**, *437*, 135407. [CrossRef]

123. Engineering GmbH SynCraft. SYNCRAFT®—Das Holzkraftwerk. Available online: https://en.syncraft.at/references/details/holzkraftwerk-cw1800-400x4 (accessed on 9 May 2023).

124. Wurzer, C.; Oesterle, P.; Jansson, S.; Mašek, O. Hydrothermal Recycling of Carbon Absorbents Loaded with Emerging Wastewater Contaminants. *Environ. Pollut.* **2023**, *316*, 120532. [CrossRef]

125. Wurzer, C.; Jayakumar, A.; Mašek, O. Sequential Biochar Systems in a Circular Economy. In *Biochar in Agriculture for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals* 2022; Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2022; pp. 305–319. [CrossRef]

126. Wurzer, C.; Sohi, S.; Masek, O. Synergies in Sequential Biochar Systems. In *Advanced Carbon Materials from Biomass—An Overview*; Zenodo: Geneva, Switzerland, 2019; pp. 147–159.

**Disclaimer/Publisher's Note:** The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.
114. Huggins, T.M.; Latorre, A.; Biffinger, J.C.; Ren, Z.J. Biochar Based Microbial Fuel Cell for Enhanced Wastewater Treatment and Nutrient Recovery. *Sustainability* **2016**, *8*, 169. [CrossRef]

115. Esfahani, R.A.M.; Osmieri, L.; Specchia, S.; Yusup, S.; Tavasoli, A.; Zamaniyan, A. H₂-Rich Syngas Production through Mixed Residual Biomass and HDPE Waste via Integrated Catalytic Gasification and Tar Cracking plus Bio-Char Upgrading. *Chem. Eng. J.* **2017**, *308*, 578–587. [CrossRef]

116. Restuccia, L.; Ferro, G.A.; Suarez-Riera, D.; Sirico, A.; Bernardi, P.; Belletti, B.; Malcevschi, A. Mechanical Characterization of Different Biochar-Based Cement Composites. *Procedia Struct. Integr.* **2020**, *25*, 226–233. [CrossRef]

117. Sirico, A.; Bernardi, P.; Sciancalepore, C.; Vecchi, F.; Malcevschi, A.; Belletti, B.; Milanese, D. Biochar from Wood Waste as Additive for Structural Concrete. *Constr. Build. Mater.* **2021**, *303*, 124500. [CrossRef]

118. Sirico, A.; Bernardi, P.; Belletti, B.; Malcevschi, A.; Dalcanale, E.; Domenichelli, I.; Fornoni, P.; Moretti, E. Mechanical Characterization of Cement-Based Materials Containing Biochar from Gasification. *Constr. Build. Mater.* **2020**, *246*, 118490. [CrossRef]

119. Mobili, A.; Cosoli, G.; Bellezze, T.; Revel, G.M.; Tittarelli, F. Use of Gasification Char and Recycled Carbon Fibres for Sustainable and Durable Low-Resistivity Cement-Based Composites. *J. Build. Eng.* **2022**, *50*, 104237. [CrossRef]

120. Malchiodi, B.; Barbieri, L.; Lancellotti, I.; Pozzi, P. Char Valorization into Sustainable and Performant Polyurethane Insulating Panels. *Macromol. Symp.* **2022**, *404*, 2100333. [CrossRef]

121. Fernández-Pereira, C.; De La Casa, J.A.; Gómez-Barea, A.; Arroyo, F.; Leiva, C.; Luna, Y. Application of Biomass Gasification Fly Ash for Brick Manufacturing. *Fuel* **2011**, *90*, 220–232. [CrossRef]

122. Atinafu, D.G.; Yun, B.Y.; Yang, S.; Kim, S. Encapsulation of Dodecane in Gasification Biochar for Its Prolonged Thermal/Shape Stability, Reliability, and Ambient Enthalpy Storage. *Chem. Eng. J.* **2022**, *437*, 135407. [CrossRef]

123. Engineering GmbH SynCraft. SYNCRAFT®—Das Holzkraftwerk. Available online: https://en.syncraft.at/references/details/holzkraftwerk-cw1800-400x4 (accessed on 9 May 2023).

124. Wurzer, C.; Oesterle, P.; Jansson, S.; Mašek, O. Hydrothermal Recycling of Carbon Absorbents Loaded with Emerging Wastewater Contaminants. *Environ. Pollut.* **2023**, *316*, 120532. [CrossRef]

125. Wurzer, C.; Jayakumar, A.; Mašek, O. Sequential Biochar Systems in a Circular Economy. In *Biochar in Agriculture for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals* 2022; Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2022; pp. 305–319. [CrossRef]

126. Wurzer, C.; Sohi, S.; Masek, O. Synergies in Sequential Biochar Systems. In *Advanced Carbon Materials from Biomass—An Overview*; Zenodo: Geneva, Switzerland, 2019; pp. 147–159.

**Disclaimer/Publisher's Note:** The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.