Original article

https://doi.org/10.26907/2542-064X.2025.2.353-366

# The effect of terrestrial weathering on the magnetic properties of meteorites from the Atacama Desert

D. Kuzina<fnref n="1" />✉, J. Gattacceca<fnref n="2" />, H. Gouilloux<fnref n="2" />, H. Mertens<fnref n="2" />, R. Lacube<fnref n="2" />, F. Demory<fnref n="2" />, C. Lorenz<fnref n="3" />

**Abstract**

Once ordinary chondrites fall on Earth, Fe–Ni minerals and troilite they contain oxidize and transform into iron oxyhydroxides and/or iron oxides, which is expected to modify their magnetic properties. In this study, the effect of long-term terrestrial weathering on the magnetic properties (magnetic susceptibility and hysteresis parameters) of 117 H and L ordinary chondrites from the Atacama Desert (Chile), a region hosting the oldest meteorite collection in the world, was investigated. The measurements revealed a consistent weathering-induced decrease in the saturation magnetization and magnetic susceptibility of both H and L chondrites. The observed trends indicate a faster initial weathering of Fe–Ni minerals compared to troilite, their transformation into mostly paramagnetic iron oxyhydroxides, as well as the formation of magnetite in the later weathering stages.

**Keywords:** ordinary chondrites, terrestrial weathering, magnetic properties, magnetic susceptibility, hysteresis, Atacama Desert

**Acknowledgments.** This study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project no. 24-27-00388, https://rscf.ru/project/24-27-00388/).

**For citation:** Kuzina D., Gattacceca J., Gouilloux H., Mertens H., Lacube R., Demory F., Lorenz C. The effect of terrestrial weathering on the magnetic properties of meteorites from the Atacama Desert. *Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Estestvennye Nauki*, 2025, vol. 167, no. 2, pp. 353–366. https://doi.org/10.26907/2542-064X.2025.2.353-366.

<footnote n="1">¹Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia</footnote>

<footnote n="2">²Centre Européen de Recherche et d'Enseignement des Géosciences de l'Environnement, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, IRD, INRAE, Aix-en-Provence, France</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia</footnote>

<footnote>✉di.kuzina@gmail.com</footnote>
## Оригинальная статья

УДК 523.681:537.621

https://doi.org/10.26907/2542-064X.2025.2.353-366

# Влияние земного выветривания на магнитные свойства метеоритов из пустыни Атакама

Д. Кузина<fnref n="1" />✉, Ж. Гаттачека<fnref n="2" />, У. Гуйе<fnref n="2" />, У. Мертенс<fnref n="2" />, Р. Лакюб<fnref n="2" />, Ф. Демори<fnref n="2" />, К. Лоренц<fnref n="3" />

✉di.kuzina@gmail.com

## Аннотация

После падения на Землю обыкновенных хондритов, содержащиеся в них минералы Fe и Ni, а также троилит подвергаются окислению и преобразуются в оксигидроксиды и/или оксиды железа. Предполагается, что эти изменения влияют на их магнитные свойства. В работе представлены результаты изучения воздействия длительного выветривания на магнитные свойства (магнитную восприимчивость и гистерезисные параметры) 117 обыкновенных хондритов групп Н и L, собранных в пустыне Атакама (Чили), на территории которой сосредоточено одно их древнейших в мире скоплений метеоритов. Установлено, что намагниченность насыщения и магнитная восприимчивость метеоритов обеих групп уменьшаются с увеличением степени выветривания. Выявленные зависимости указывают на то, что минералы Fe и Ni более подвержены выветриванию, по сравнению с троилитом. При этом они в основном превращаются в парамагнитные оксигидроксиды железа, а магнетит образуется на более поздних стадиях выветривания.

**Ключевые слова:** обыкновенные хондриты, земное выветривание, магнитные свойства, магнитная восприимчивость, гистерезис, пустыня Атакама.

**Благодарности.** Работа выполнена за счет средств гранта Российского научного фонда № 24-27-00388, https://rscf.ru/project/24-27-00388/.

**Для цитирования:** Кузина Д., Гаттачека Ж., Гуйе У., Мертенс У., Лакюб Р., Демори Ф., Лоренц К. Влияние земного выветривания на магнитные свойства метеоритов из пустыни Атакама // Учен. зап. Казан. ун-та. Сер. Естеств. науки. 2025. Т. 167, кн. 2. С. 353–366. https://doi.org/10.26907/2542-064X.2025.2.353-366.

<footnote n="1">¹Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет, г. Казань, Россия</footnote>

<footnote n="2">²Европейский центр исследований и преподавания в области геоэкологических наук, Национальный центр научных исследований, Университет Экс-Марсель, Научно-исследовательский институт развития, Национальный институт сельскохозяйственных и природоохранных исследований, Экс-ан-Прованс, Франция</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³Институт геохимии и аналитической химии им. В.И. Вернадского Российской академии наук, Москва, Россия</footnote>
**Introduction**

Meteorites are asteroid fragments, with only a small fraction coming from the Moon and Mars. The most abundant type of meteorites falling on Earth are ordinary chondrites originating from different parent bodies and divided into three groups (H, L, and LL) based on variations in chemical composition [1]. They normally contain silicate minerals (olivine, pyroxene, plagioclase), Fe–Ni minerals (kamacite, taenite, tetrataenite), and iron sulfides (troilite). Silicate minerals are resistant to chemical alternation in terrestrial settings. Fe–Ni minerals and troilite oxidize while the meteorite sits on the surface of Earth, and, before it is collected and properly stored in a dry place, this process leads to the formation of iron oxyhydroxides (lepidocrocite, akaganeite, goethite) and/or iron oxides (magnetite and maghemite) [2, 3].

Most meteorites have been recovered from Antarctica or hot deserts. Antarctic meteorites are relatively well preserved from terrestrial weathering because they spend most of their time on Earth embedded in the ice, which limits their interaction with liquid water. In contrast, hot desert meteorites are often strongly weathered due to moisture effects and terrestrial processes like rain [e.g., 4, 5]. The Atacama Desert, in Chile, stands out among other hot deserts for its exceptionally stable and extreme hyperaridity [6]. It hosts the oldest meteorite collection in the world. In the El Médano dense collection area, the average terrestrial age of meteorites is 710 k.y. [7]. Broadly similar terrestrial ages have been reported for the Catalina, Calama, Chug Chug, and Sierra Gorda dense collection areas [8].

The magnetic properties of ordinary chondrites are defined by the abundance and nature of Fe–Ni minerals. Their magnetic susceptibility [9] and hysteresis characteristics [10] have been extensively studied for classification [9, 11], as well as for reconstructing thermal and shock history [10]. However, both are also sensitive to weathering and associated oxidation of metallic minerals [9, 12].

In this article, the magnetic properties of meteorites from the Atacama Desert are examined in connection with long-term weathering.

**1. Material and Methods**

A total of 117 Atacama meteorites, all H and L ordinary chondrites, from the meteorite collections of the European Center for Research and Teaching in Environmental Geosciences (Centre de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement, CEREGE) and the Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences were studied. The samples (selected randomly) originate from four different dense collection areas (DCAs) in the Atacama Desert: the El Médano area, which includes meteorite finds from the El Médano and the Caleta el Cobre DCAs [13]; the San Juan DCA [14]; the Catalina DCA [8]; and the Calama area, a region comprising Calama, Chug Chug, and Sierra Gorda DCAs [8].

Hysteresis measurements were performed on samples in the range of 74–1357 mg, with an average mass of 435 mg (s.d. 256 mg, n = 117). The samples were broken from the type meteorite specimen using a rock trimmer. For comparison with unweathered meteorites, a 784 mg sample of the Tamdakht H5 chondrite and a 975 mg sample of the Sueilila 004 L6 chondrite, both from the CEREGE meteorite collection, were studied.

Hysteresis properties of the samples were measured at CEREGE and Kazan Federal University (KFU). At CEREGE, two vibrating sample magnetometers (VSM) were used, a Princeton Micromag VSM and a Lakeshore 8600 VSM (LakeShore Cryotronics, Inc., USA), to obtain hysteresis loops with a maximum field of 1 and 1.5 T, respectively, and a field step of 10 mT in both cases. At KFU,
hysteresis parameters were determined using a J-meter coercive spectrometer [15, 16] with a field step of 1 mT and a maximum field of 1.5 T.

From the hysteresis loops, the following parameters were deduced: saturation magnetization ($M_s$), saturation remanence ($M_{rs}$), and coercivity ($B_c$). To isolate the ferromagnetic part of the hysteresis loops, the paramagnetic and diamagnetic contributions to magnetic susceptibility (estimated by a linear fit over the 0.9–1 T and 1.4–1.5 T intervals for the measurements performed with a Princeton VSM and a LakeShore 8600 VSM, respectively) were removed. Because the approach to saturation [e.g., 17] is not negligible for Fe–Ni minerals, the $M_s$ values were corrected. For the $M_s$ values fitted over the 0.9–1 T interval, a +19 % correction factor was applied, as outlined by Gattacceca et al. [10]. For those obtained using a linear fit over the 1.4–1.5 T interval, a +5.2 % correction factor was used. The coercivity of remanence ($B_{cr}$) was determined from the back-field demagnetization experiments.

The low-field magnetic susceptibility (noted $\chi$) of a bulk meteorite sample was measured at CEREGE with a Kappabridge KLY2 (AGICO, Czech Republic) operating at 300 A/m and 920 Hz and equipped with a large coil (nominal sample volume 65 cm³). The samples too large for this device were measured using a SM30 magnetic susceptibility meter (ZHinstruments, Czech Republic) calibrated according to Gattacceca et al. [18]. Whenever possible, the magnetic susceptibility was measured along three orthogonal axes to take into account the magnetic anisotropy of ordinary chondrites [19]. Some small samples were measured using a Multifunction Kappabridge MFK1-FA (AGICO, Czech Republic) at KFU. The measurements were carried out at a standard frequency of 976 Hz.

## 2. Results

The obtained hysteresis loops are of excellent quality (Fig. 1) because H and L chondrites are characterized by a high average content of Fe–Ni minerals (18.2 wt% in fresh H chondrites and 8.45 wt% in fresh L chondrites [10]).

<figure><img src="image_1.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 1. Hysteresis loops for a) H group W0-1-2-3-4, b) L group W0-1-2-3-4</figcaption></figure>

For 28 meteorites, two different samples were measured at CEREGE (average sample mass 244 mg) and KFU (average sample mass 493 mg). The resulting two sets of measurements show an excellent overall agreement, with the coefficient of correlation ($R^2$) for linear fits between the $M_s$, $M_{rs}$, $B_c$, and $B_{cr}$ datasets of 0.96, 0.96, 0.93, and 0.94, respectively. The corresponding slopes are 1.06, 0.96, 0.93, and 0.94, thus indicating a proper cross-calibration of the instruments used
at both laboratories. However, when considering each pair of samples from individual meteorites, the average deviations from the mean value are 17, 22, 25, and 23 % for $M_s$, $M_{rs}$, $B_c$, and $B_{cr}$, respectively. They can be attributed to the moderate variations observed in the amount and/or nature of ferromagnetic minerals contained by the samples weighing 200–500 mg and must be considered while interpreting the full dataset. When multiple samples from the same meteorite were measured, the results were combined into a single value (mass-weighted average).

The full hysteresis database is given in Table, which also includes the susceptibility values for the same samples that were used in the hysteresis measurements (average mass 435 mg, median mass 448 mg), as well as for the main mass of the meteorite (average mass 548 g, median mass 171 g).

<table><caption>**Table.** Magnetic parameters, group, weathering grade, and mass of the studied meteorites (* – collection from Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The rest of the meteorites – CEREGE collection)</caption><thead><tr><th>Meteorite</th><th>Group</th><th>W</th><th>Studied mass, mg</th><th>M<sub>s</sub>, A×m<sup>2</sup>/kg</th><th>M<sub>rs</sub>, A×m<sup>2</sup>/kg</th><th>B<sub>c</sub>, mT</th><th>B<sub>cr</sub>, mT</th><th>χ, m<sup>3</sup>/kg small piece</th><th>χ, m<sup>3</sup>/kg large piece</th></tr><tr><th>1</th><th>2</th><th>3</th><th>4</th><th>5</th><th>6</th><th>7</th><th>8</th><th>9</th><th>10</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Calama 027*</td><td>H5</td><td>3</td><td>525</td><td>16.02</td><td>1.14</td><td>9.15</td><td>30.10</td><td></td><td>8.91E-05</td></tr><tr><td>Calama 153*</td><td>H5</td><td>2</td><td>186</td><td>18.28</td><td>0.45</td><td>4.09</td><td>26.20</td><td></td><td>9.55E-05</td></tr><tr><td>Calama 159*</td><td>H5</td><td>2</td><td>104</td><td>31.97</td><td>0.36</td><td>2.89</td><td>78.60</td><td></td><td>1.20E-04</td></tr><tr><td>Calama 247*</td><td>H4</td><td>3</td><td>492</td><td>12.31</td><td>0.34</td><td>4.99</td><td>30.20</td><td>6.49E-05</td><td>8.13E-05</td></tr><tr><td>Calama 279*</td><td>H5</td><td>1</td><td>705</td><td>28.57</td><td>0.24</td><td>1.81</td><td>90.30</td><td>1.63E-04</td><td>1.62E-04</td></tr><tr><td>Calama 310*</td><td>H5</td><td>3</td><td>168</td><td>8.56</td><td>0.48</td><td>8.88</td><td>35.00</td><td></td><td>6.92E-05</td></tr><tr><td>Caleta el Cobre 003</td><td>H5</td><td>2</td><td>222</td><td>6.91</td><td>0.34</td><td>7.48</td><td>28.71</td><td>3.38E-05</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Caleta el Cobre 020</td><td>H5</td><td>3</td><td>498</td><td>0.00</td><td>0.87</td><td>16.22</td><td>41.00</td><td>4.22E-05</td><td>5.37E-05</td></tr><tr><td>Catalina 146</td><td>H5</td><td>1</td><td>448</td><td>30.61</td><td>0.16</td><td>1.38</td><td>21.90</td><td>1.48E-04</td><td>1.35E-04</td></tr><tr><td>Catalina 229</td><td>H5</td><td>1</td><td>464</td><td>27.82</td><td>0.28</td><td>2.09</td><td>46.90</td><td>1.48E-04</td><td>1.78E-04</td></tr><tr><td>Catalina 474</td><td>H5</td><td>3</td><td>1279</td><td>13.00</td><td>0.55</td><td>9.16</td><td>35.20</td><td></td><td>6.03E-05</td></tr><tr><td>Catalina 476</td><td>H5</td><td>1</td><td>922</td><td>34.86</td><td>0.24</td><td>1.27</td><td>24.50</td><td>1.69E-04</td><td>1.70E-04</td></tr><tr><td>Catalina 477</td><td>H5</td><td>1</td><td>893</td><td>29.13</td><td>0.33</td><td>2.41</td><td>68.30</td><td>1.61E-04</td><td>1.26E-04</td></tr><tr><td>Catalina 478</td><td>H5</td><td>1</td><td>442</td><td>32.76</td><td>0.31</td><td>2.57</td><td>24.20</td><td>1.43E-04</td><td>1.26E-04</td></tr><tr><td>Catalina 480</td><td>H5</td><td>1</td><td>1060</td><td>25.81</td><td>0.13</td><td>1.33</td><td>24.10</td><td>1.45E-04</td><td>1.51E-04</td></tr><tr><td>Catalina 517</td><td>H5</td><td>1</td><td>862</td><td>26.39</td><td>0.29</td><td>1.92</td><td>32.90</td><td>1.78E-04</td><td>1.58E-04</td></tr><tr><td>Catalina 524</td><td>H6</td><td>3</td><td>553</td><td>15.68</td><td>0.49</td><td>4.91</td><td>22.20</td><td>8.17E-05</td><td>1.00E-04</td></tr><tr><td>Catalina 535</td><td>H5</td><td>1</td><td>615</td><td>20.23</td><td>0.21</td><td>2.22</td><td>57.00</td><td>1.20E-04</td><td>1.41E-04</td></tr><tr><td>Catalina 538</td><td>H5</td><td>1</td><td>757</td><td>27.16</td><td>0.27</td><td>2.24</td><td>27.50</td><td>1.60E-04</td><td>1.55E-04</td></tr><tr><td>Catalina 548</td><td>H6</td><td>1</td><td>1083</td><td>17.28</td><td>0.38</td><td>4.95</td><td>103.50</td><td></td><td>1.29E-04</td></tr><tr><td>Catalina 555</td><td>H5</td><td>2</td><td>546</td><td>14.03</td><td>0.26</td><td>4.86</td><td>42.00</td><td>5.10E-05</td><td>5.50E-05</td></tr><tr><td>Catalina 572</td><td>H5</td><td>1</td><td>594</td><td>28.33</td><td>0.28</td><td>2.19</td><td>103.40</td><td>2.15E-04</td><td>1.62E-04</td></tr><tr><td>Chug Chug 002*</td><td>H5</td><td>1</td><td>321</td><td>29.37</td><td>0.17</td><td>1.04</td><td>40.90</td><td></td><td>2.24E-04</td></tr><tr><td>Chug Chug 045*</td><td>H6</td><td>1</td><td>147</td><td>18.61</td><td>0.69</td><td>7.05</td><td>52.40</td><td></td><td>1.29E-04</td></tr><tr><td>Chug Chug 065*</td><td>H5</td><td>1</td><td>96</td><td>22.94</td><td>0.36</td><td>2.98</td><td>59.20</td><td></td><td>1.55E-04</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table (continued)</caption><thead><tr><th>1</th><th>2</th><th>3</th><th>4</th><th>5</th><th>6</th><th>7</th><th>8</th><th>9</th><th>10</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Chug Chug 067*</td><td>H5</td><td>1</td><td>100</td><td>24.63</td><td>0.65</td><td>4.91</td><td>34.50</td><td></td><td>1.15E-04</td></tr><tr><td>Chug Chug 097*</td><td>H5</td><td>3</td><td>876</td><td>18.68</td><td>0.82</td><td>8.95</td><td>34.10</td><td>1.05E-04</td><td>1.17E-04</td></tr><tr><td>Chug Chug 146*</td><td>H5</td><td>2</td><td>115</td><td>23.32</td><td>0.23</td><td>1.99</td><td>44.90</td><td></td><td>1.00E-04</td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 004</td><td>H4</td><td>1</td><td>290</td><td>31.12</td><td>0.31</td><td>1.85</td><td>70.04</td><td>1.90E-04</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 010</td><td>H4</td><td>4</td><td>149</td><td>11.26</td><td>0.31</td><td>5.94</td><td>32.21</td><td>5.17E-05</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 011</td><td>H6</td><td>3</td><td>281</td><td>12.94</td><td>0.31</td><td>4.85</td><td>35.16</td><td>7.37E-05</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 012</td><td>H6</td><td>3</td><td>230</td><td>14.95</td><td>0.43</td><td>4.54</td><td>33.58</td><td>1.03E-04</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 014</td><td>H4</td><td>2</td><td>134</td><td>14.20</td><td>0.40</td><td>4.44</td><td>30.59</td><td>7.61E-05</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 021</td><td>H6</td><td>3</td><td>210</td><td>9.07</td><td>1.00</td><td>14.59</td><td>34.07</td><td>5.17E-05</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 025</td><td>H6</td><td>3</td><td>621</td><td>13.86</td><td>0.49</td><td>7.15</td><td>38.20</td><td>7.52E-05</td><td>8.13E-05</td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 027</td><td>H5</td><td>3</td><td>612</td><td>13.19</td><td>0.30</td><td>5.64</td><td>34.80</td><td>6.10E-05</td><td>8.51E-05</td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 030</td><td>H6</td><td>3</td><td>90</td><td>13.07</td><td>0.26</td><td>3.77</td><td>35.93</td><td>6.62E-05</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 032</td><td>H6</td><td>2</td><td>449</td><td>6.85</td><td>0.38</td><td>9.03</td><td>40.23</td><td>5.25E-05</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 033</td><td>H5</td><td>4</td><td>335</td><td>4.43</td><td>0.54</td><td>14.22</td><td>32.61</td><td>2.78E-05</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 036</td><td>H5</td><td>3</td><td>212</td><td>6.14</td><td>0.76</td><td>12.04</td><td>24.89</td><td>4.56E-05</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 049</td><td>H4</td><td>3</td><td>398</td><td>7.93</td><td>0.48</td><td>11.36</td><td>37.70</td><td>3.70E-05</td><td>6.46E-05</td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 055</td><td>H6</td><td>2</td><td>540</td><td>16.27</td><td>0.49</td><td>5.76</td><td>46.30</td><td>1.05E-04</td><td>1.51E-04</td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 071</td><td>H5</td><td>2</td><td>529</td><td>28.30</td><td>0.51</td><td>3.39</td><td>36.20</td><td>1.58E-04</td><td>1.55E-04</td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 079</td><td>H5</td><td>2</td><td>450</td><td>20.30</td><td>0.88</td><td>10.88</td><td>46.70</td><td>8.88E-05</td><td>1.35E-04</td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 086</td><td>H4</td><td>1</td><td>517</td><td>29.49</td><td>0.25</td><td>1.54</td><td>33.90</td><td>1.76E-04</td><td>1.32E-04</td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 092</td><td>H6</td><td>3</td><td>466</td><td>9.40</td><td>0.68</td><td>12.81</td><td>44.00</td><td>5.68E-05</td><td>6.92E-05</td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 099</td><td>H5</td><td>3</td><td>466</td><td>9.44</td><td>0.29</td><td>5.84</td><td>31.50</td><td>5.37E-05</td><td>5.37E-05</td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 111</td><td>H5</td><td>4</td><td>386</td><td>4.45</td><td>0.76</td><td>18.17</td><td>36.50</td><td>2.36E-05</td><td>2.45E-05</td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 115</td><td>H5</td><td>1</td><td>575</td><td>34.59</td><td>0.19</td><td>1.26</td><td>24.90</td><td>1.63E-04</td><td>1.51E-04</td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 118</td><td>H5</td><td>3</td><td>452</td><td>18.94</td><td>0.26</td><td>2.70</td><td>40.50</td><td>1.38E-04</td><td>9.77E-05</td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 126</td><td>H5</td><td>3</td><td>493</td><td>7.52</td><td>0.44</td><td>10.14</td><td>38.90</td><td>3.80E-05</td><td>7.41E-05</td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 172</td><td>H5</td><td>2</td><td>414</td><td>18.53</td><td>0.25</td><td>2.62</td><td>30.70</td><td>1.05E-04</td><td>1.58E-04</td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 191</td><td>H5</td><td>2</td><td>530</td><td>20.49</td><td>0.49</td><td>5.66</td><td>40.70</td><td>9.72E-05</td><td>1.12E-04</td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 199</td><td>H6</td><td>1</td><td>547</td><td>28.79</td><td>0.37</td><td>2.50</td><td>37.50</td><td>1.63E-04</td><td>1.55E-04</td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 231</td><td>H4</td><td>2</td><td>278</td><td>27.18</td><td>0.34</td><td>2.58</td><td>141.20</td><td>1.93E-04</td><td>2.00E-04</td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 236</td><td>H5</td><td>1</td><td>494</td><td>17.97</td><td>0.55</td><td>6.59</td><td>34.60</td><td>8.02E-05</td><td>1.55E-04</td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 245</td><td>H5-6</td><td>1</td><td>476</td><td>27.62</td><td>0.29</td><td>2.31</td><td>105.90</td><td>1.34E-04</td><td>1.91E-04</td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 257</td><td>H3</td><td>2</td><td>540</td><td>12.15</td><td>0.42</td><td>9.32</td><td>60.00</td><td>4.67E-05</td><td>4.90E-05</td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 261</td><td>H3</td><td>2</td><td>449</td><td>20.91</td><td>0.15</td><td>2.03</td><td>41.40</td><td>1.01E-04</td><td>8.71E-05</td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 278</td><td>H5</td><td>2</td><td>468</td><td>9.44</td><td>0.24</td><td>8.69</td><td>78.70</td><td>3.78E-05</td><td>1.15E-04</td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 304</td><td>H5</td><td>1</td><td>438</td><td>29.02</td><td>0.30</td><td>1.93</td><td>41.70</td><td>1.71E-04</td><td>1.86E-04</td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 309</td><td>H5</td><td>3</td><td>422</td><td>20.81</td><td>0.22</td><td>2.00</td><td>28.90</td><td>1.39E-04</td><td>8.71E-05</td></tr><tr><td>San Juan 011</td><td>H4</td><td>2</td><td>210</td><td>16.84</td><td>0.31</td><td>4.01</td><td>33.08</td><td>8.41E-05</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table (continued)</caption><thead><tr><th>1</th><th>2</th><th>3</th><th>4</th><th>5</th><th>6</th><th>7</th><th>8</th><th>9</th><th>10</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>San Juan 003</td><td>H5</td><td>2</td><td>188</td><td>21.17</td><td>0.21</td><td>2.10</td><td>54.83</td><td>1.21E-04</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>San Juan 012</td><td>H5</td><td>2</td><td>74</td><td>12.66</td><td>0.75</td><td>7.95</td><td>20.33</td><td>8.62E-05</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>San Juan 020</td><td>H5</td><td>3</td><td>175</td><td>14.63</td><td>0.59</td><td>5.35</td><td>18.72</td><td>8.99E-05</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>San Juan 025</td><td>H5</td><td>2</td><td>193</td><td>7.20</td><td>0.47</td><td>11.43</td><td>34.07</td><td>4.66E-05</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sierra Gorda 007*</td><td>H5</td><td>3</td><td>935</td><td>19.36</td><td>0.42</td><td>3.89</td><td>25.90</td><td></td><td>8.91E-05</td></tr><tr><td>Sierra Gorda 026*</td><td>H4</td><td>2</td><td>134</td><td>26.92</td><td>0.24</td><td>1.98</td><td>15.40</td><td></td><td>1.20E-04</td></tr><tr><td>Sierra Gorda 033*</td><td>H5</td><td>2</td><td>76</td><td>29.69</td><td>0.33</td><td>1.73</td><td>65.20</td><td></td><td>1.70E-04</td></tr><tr><td>Calama 003*</td><td>L5</td><td>2</td><td>740</td><td>9.68</td><td>0.17</td><td>3.60</td><td>266.40</td><td>6.07E-05</td><td>4.37E-05</td></tr><tr><td>Calama 273*</td><td>L6</td><td>1</td><td>139</td><td>6.36</td><td>0.15</td><td>5.06</td><td>106.00</td><td></td><td>2.04E-05</td></tr><tr><td>Caleta el Cobre 006</td><td>L6</td><td>3</td><td>463</td><td>3.70</td><td>0.14</td><td>6.82</td><td>35.60</td><td>1.97E-05</td><td>1.45E-05</td></tr><tr><td>Caleta el cobre 009</td><td>L4</td><td>1</td><td>234</td><td>6.43</td><td>0.13</td><td>3.80</td><td>36.04</td><td>4.57E-05</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Caleta el Cobre 010</td><td>L4</td><td>1</td><td>266</td><td>24.48</td><td>0.25</td><td>2.30</td><td>61.27</td><td>1.52E-04</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Caleta el Cobre 012</td><td>L4</td><td>1</td><td>238</td><td>15.30</td><td>0.55</td><td>6.77</td><td>39.70</td><td>7.97E-05</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Caleta el Cobre 015</td><td>L6</td><td>3</td><td>310</td><td>3.90</td><td>0.12</td><td>5.80</td><td>36.30</td><td>2.10E-05</td><td>2.19E-05</td></tr><tr><td>Catalina 445</td><td>L6</td><td>1</td><td>641</td><td>9.27</td><td>0.06</td><td>1.65</td><td>29.70</td><td>4.17E-05</td><td>3.98E-05</td></tr><tr><td>Catalina 475</td><td>L6</td><td>2</td><td>264</td><td>6.28</td><td>0.28</td><td>13.32</td><td>264.30</td><td>1.56E-05</td><td>2.40E-05</td></tr><tr><td>Catalina 479</td><td>L6</td><td>2</td><td>226</td><td>4.50</td><td>0.22</td><td>12.20</td><td>82.40</td><td></td><td>1.82E-05</td></tr><tr><td>Catalina 556</td><td>L6</td><td>2</td><td>412</td><td>4.70</td><td>0.14</td><td>6.34</td><td>39.40</td><td>2.73E-05</td><td>4.27E-05</td></tr><tr><td>Catalina 562</td><td>L6</td><td>2</td><td>765</td><td>9.73</td><td>0.09</td><td>2.02</td><td>27.00</td><td>4.07E-05</td><td>4.90E-05</td></tr><tr><td>Catalina 563</td><td>L6</td><td>2</td><td>494</td><td>10.63</td><td>0.06</td><td>1.37</td><td>24.20</td><td>5.48E-05</td><td>5.25E-05</td></tr><tr><td>Chug Chug 011*</td><td>L6</td><td>1</td><td>189</td><td>4.05</td><td>0.25</td><td>14.80</td><td>67.30</td><td></td><td>1.32E-05</td></tr><tr><td>Chug Chug 016*</td><td>L5</td><td>3</td><td>340</td><td>4.29</td><td>0.24</td><td>12.50</td><td>70.60</td><td>1.96E-05</td><td>2.00E-05</td></tr><tr><td>Chug Chug 066*</td><td>L6</td><td>2</td><td>426</td><td>11.50</td><td>0.30</td><td>4.84</td><td>30.20</td><td>8.30E-05</td><td>4.17E-05</td></tr><tr><td>Chug Chug 084*</td><td>L6</td><td>1</td><td>144</td><td>8.55</td><td>0.20</td><td>5.61</td><td>31.60</td><td></td><td>3.98E-05</td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 008</td><td>L6</td><td>3</td><td>134</td><td>5.65</td><td>0.18</td><td>8.62</td><td>55.00</td><td>2.24E-05</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 016</td><td>L6</td><td>4</td><td>104</td><td>1.66</td><td>0.14</td><td>11.16</td><td>25.50</td><td>9.31E-06</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 020</td><td>L6</td><td>3</td><td>187</td><td>5.97</td><td>0.21</td><td>9.83</td><td>43.63</td><td></td><td>1.91E-05</td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 021</td><td>L5</td><td>3</td><td>164</td><td>9.98</td><td>0.06</td><td>1.54</td><td>27.14</td><td>4.54E-05</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 023</td><td>L6</td><td>3</td><td>631</td><td>8.86</td><td>0.25</td><td>8.89</td><td>253.20</td><td>3.27E-05</td><td>2.34E-05</td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 026</td><td>L6</td><td>3</td><td>143</td><td>13.51</td><td>0.21</td><td>3.90</td><td>35.32</td><td>1.04E-04</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 029</td><td>L5</td><td>1</td><td>1357</td><td>15.45</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.78</td><td>21.87</td><td></td><td>7.94E-05</td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 037</td><td>L6</td><td>3</td><td>320</td><td>7.10</td><td>0.30</td><td>10.65</td><td>150.60</td><td>3.61E-05</td><td>3.47E-05</td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 042</td><td>L6</td><td>3</td><td>457</td><td>5.23</td><td>0.43</td><td>15.40</td><td>44.90</td><td>2.42E-05</td><td>2.24E-05</td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 070</td><td>L6</td><td>3</td><td>734</td><td>10.28</td><td>0.24</td><td>4.42</td><td>83.50</td><td>5.26E-05</td><td>3.72E-05</td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 075</td><td>L4</td><td>3</td><td>1023</td><td>9.25</td><td>0.24</td><td>5.59</td><td>120.80</td><td>3.85E-05</td><td>3.55E-05</td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 078</td><td>L6</td><td>3</td><td>312</td><td>6.76</td><td>0.14</td><td>4.86</td><td>40.30</td><td>3.17E-05</td><td>2.95E-05</td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 089</td><td>L6</td><td>4</td><td>449</td><td>5.96</td><td>0.23</td><td>7.18</td><td>53.90</td><td></td><td>1.78E-05</td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 097</td><td>L5-6</td><td>3</td><td>633</td><td>5.53</td><td>0.18</td><td>6.61</td><td>47.40</td><td>3.06E-05</td><td>2.09E-05</td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 098</td><td>L6</td><td>4</td><td>516</td><td>5.34</td><td>0.09</td><td>3.37</td><td>42.50</td><td>3.55E-05</td><td>1.51E-05</td></tr></tbody></table>
End of Table

<table><thead><tr><th>1</th><th>2</th><th>3</th><th>4</th><th>5</th><th>6</th><th>7</th><th>8</th><th>9</th><th>10</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>El Médano 113</td><td>L6</td><td>3</td><td>393</td><td>5.45</td><td>0.21</td><td>10.82</td><td>232.90</td><td>2.19E-05</td><td>1.48E-05</td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 128</td><td>L6</td><td>2</td><td>474</td><td>5.46</td><td>0.30</td><td>10.27</td><td>45.70</td><td>2.62E-05</td><td>3.55E-05</td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 129</td><td>L6</td><td>2</td><td>436</td><td>7.41</td><td>0.16</td><td>5.46</td><td>42.60</td><td>3.09E-05</td><td>3.02E-05</td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 135</td><td>L6</td><td>3</td><td>467</td><td>6.26</td><td>0.37</td><td>13.62</td><td>47.60</td><td>3.35E-05</td><td>3.02E-05</td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 170</td><td>L4</td><td>2</td><td>556</td><td>10.27</td><td>0.13</td><td>2.40</td><td>48.90</td><td>3.71E-05</td><td>6.31E-05</td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 173</td><td>L6</td><td>2</td><td>570</td><td>9.77</td><td>0.31</td><td>7.50</td><td>42.90</td><td>4.86E-05</td><td>4.07E-05</td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 253</td><td>L6</td><td>2</td><td>539</td><td>9.48</td><td>0.10</td><td>2.71</td><td>34.50</td><td></td><td>4.47E-05</td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 263</td><td>L6</td><td>3</td><td>439</td><td>5.12</td><td>0.18</td><td>8.92</td><td>55.80</td><td>2.09E-05</td><td>2.29E-05</td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 276</td><td>L6</td><td>3</td><td>600</td><td>6.04</td><td>0.33</td><td>10.78</td><td>43.90</td><td>3.35E-05</td><td>3.09E-05</td></tr><tr><td>El Médano 286</td><td>L6</td><td>3</td><td>536</td><td>2.69</td><td>0.10</td><td>10.49</td><td>122.70</td><td>9.93E-06</td><td>1.82E-05</td></tr><tr><td>Sierra Gorda 042*</td><td>L6</td><td>1</td><td>232</td><td>10.95</td><td>0.12</td><td>2.87</td><td>30.50</td><td></td><td>5.01E-05</td></tr><tr><td>Sierra Gorda 047*</td><td>L5</td><td>1</td><td>429</td><td>7.99</td><td>0.24</td><td>6.25</td><td>43.90</td><td>4.62E-05</td><td>3.98E-05</td></tr><tr><td>Sierra Gorda 088*</td><td>L5</td><td>1</td><td>159</td><td>2.94</td><td>0.04</td><td>3.32</td><td>31.20</td><td></td><td>4.37E-05</td></tr><tr><td>Sierra Gorda 090*</td><td>L5</td><td>2</td><td>500</td><td>4.51</td><td>0.25</td><td>13.70</td><td>120.80</td><td>1.77E-05</td><td>2.63E-05</td></tr><tr><td>Tamdakht</td><td>H5</td><td>0</td><td>784</td><td>30.61</td><td>0.24</td><td>1.58</td><td>74.8</td><td></td><td>2.00 E-04</td></tr><tr><td>Sueilila 004</td><td>L6</td><td>0</td><td>975</td><td>10.26</td><td>0.54</td><td>13.75</td><td>399</td><td></td><td>7.41 E-05</td></tr></tbody></table>

The degree of weathering in ordinary chondrites is traditionally expressed using a scale of weathering grades (from W0 to W6) [20]. The grades are determined in polished meteorite sections from the percentage of oxidized metal and troilite. W1, W2, W3, and W4 correspond to the oxidation of up to 20, 20–60, 60–95, and 95–100 %, respectively. W0 indicates no visible oxidation, but such meteorites are not present in the studied meteorite collection. Similarly, no meteorites with the weathering grades W5 and W6 (weathering of silicates) were found. The weathering grades of the analyzed meteorites are provided in line with the Meteoritical Bulletin Database (https://www.lpi.usra.edu/meteor/) and listed in Table.

### 3. Discussion

The results presented above were used to quantify the effect of weathering on the magnetic properties of ordinary chondrites. Figs. 3 and 4 show the magnetic parameters $M_s$, $\chi$, $M_{rs}/M_s$, and $B_{cr}/B_c$ as a function of the weathering grades in H and L chondrites.

In H chondrites, an increase in the weathering degree is accompanied with a clear decrease of $M_s$ (Fig. 2, a). This decrease can be compared to a theoretical trend based on the percentages of oxidized metal in the meteorite, as defined by Wlotzka's weathering scale [20], and assuming that weathered Fe–Ni metal transforms only into paramagnetic minerals (such as akaganeite) or ferromagnetic minerals like goethite that do not add much to magnetism compared to kamacite ($M_s$ = 224 A×m²/kg), the main magnetic mineral of both H and L chondrites (89 and 83 % of the total $M_s$, respectively) [10]. The $M_s$ and $\chi$ values of W0 chondrites were retrieved from Gattacceca et al. [10] and Rochette et al. [9], respectively. The observed decrease is broadly consistent with the theoretical trend (Fig. 2, a), which suggests that magnetite or maghemite are present only in minor amounts during weathering. In fact, the formation of magnetite ($M_s$ = 92 A×m²/kg) or maghemite ($M_s$ = 75 A×m²/kg) would move the $M_s$ values above the theoretical trend. This is in good agreement with other studies using Mössbauer spectroscopy and showing that akaganeite
(weakly magnetic phase) is the main mineral formed in the early stages of meteorite weathering [21, 22]. Specifically, $M_s$ is slightly below the theoretical trend for W1, which can be interpreted as a fast initial weathering of Fe–Ni metal compared to troilite. Earlier experiments with ordinary chondrites have also shown that Fe–Ni metal tends to weather faster than troilite [23]. In the latter stages of weathering, $M_s$ is either at the upper limit of the theoretical value (W3) or slightly above the theoretical trend (W4). This suggests that magnetite and/or maghemite are formed in small amounts during the advanced stages of weathering and has been confirmed by Mössbauer spectroscopy [21]. The above observations and conclusions apply to the changes in magnetic susceptibility of the large meteorite samples with an increase in weathering intensity: overall fit with the theoretical values for transformation of kamacite into non- or weakly magnetic species, fast initial weathering of metal compared to troilite, and formation of magnetite starting from W3 (Fig. 2, b). The same trends are also reflected in the magnetic susceptibility measurements of the small meteorite samples (Fig. 2, c).

<figure><img src="image_2.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 2.** Magnetic properties of the H chondrites: (a) $M_s$ vs. weathering grade. Shaded areas indicate the theoretical range if all metal is replaced by paramagnetic minerals; (b) Magnetic susceptibility of the large samples vs. weathering grade. Shaded area indicates the theoretical range if all metal is replaced by paramagnetic minerals; (c) Magnetic susceptibility of the small samples vs. weathering grade. Shaded area indicates the theoretical range if all metal is replaced by paramagnetic minerals</figcaption></figure>

Variations were also revealed in the hysteresis parameters, which are not directly linked to the amount of magnetic minerals and rather depend on their nature. The ratios of $M_{rs}/M_s$ and $B_{cr}/B_c$ that are commonly used to investigate the nature of ferromagnetic minerals changed in a consistent way as the meteorite weathered, with an increase of $M_{rs}/M_s$ and a decrease of $B_{cr}/B_c$ (Fig. 3). A similar trend was observed by Uehara et al. using a more limited dataset [12] and can be attributed to the formation of fine-grained goethite and/or magnetite driven by the weathering-induced transformation of Fe–Ni minerals.

The exact same trends hold for L chondrites: $M_s$ and magnetic susceptibility decrease with weathering grade as paramagnetic minerals begin to form, $M_{rs}/M_s$ increases with weathering grade, and $B_{cr}/B_c$ decreases with weathering grade (Figs. 4 and 5).

The magnetic trends in L chondrites are not as strong as in H chondrites because kamacite contributes less to the total $M_s$ in L chondrites (83 %) than in H chondrites (89 %, [10]), and the weathering rate of Ni-rich taenite and tetrataenite is notably slower than that of Ni-poor kamacite. Fig. 5 shows that in L chondrites, just like in H chondrites, the metal begins to weather faster than troilite, and magnetite and/or maghemite formation occurs when the weathering process reaches grade W3.
<figure><img src="image_3.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 3. Hysteresis parameters of the H chondrites: (a) M<sub>rs</sub>/M<sub>s</sub> vs. weathering grade; (b) B<sub>cr</sub>/B<sub>c</sub> vs. weathering grade; (c) M<sub>rs</sub>/M<sub>s</sub> vs. B<sub>cr</sub>/B<sub>c</sub></figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 4. Magnetic properties of the L chondrites: (a) M<sub>s</sub> vs. weathering grade. Shaded area indicates the theoretical range if all metal is replaced by paramagnetic minerals; (b) Susceptibility of the large samples vs. weathering grade. Shaded area indicates the theoretical range if all metal is replaced by paramagnetic minerals; (c) Susceptibility of the small samples vs. weathering grade. Shaded area indicates theoretical range if all metal is replaced by paramagnetic minerals</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 5. Hysteresis parameters of the L chondrites: (a) M<sub>rs</sub>/M<sub>s</sub> vs. weathering grade; (b) B<sub>cr</sub>/B<sub>c</sub> vs. weathering grade; (c) M<sub>rs</sub>/M<sub>s</sub> vs. B<sub>cr</sub>/B<sub>c</sub></figcaption></figure>

Conclusions

Under the effect of terrestrial weathering, the magnetic properties of all H and L ordinary chondrites from this study changed in a predictable way. The saturation magnetization and magnetic susceptibility decreased with an increase of weathering intensity. In the initial
stages of weathering, Fe–Ni metal broke down faster than troilite and transformed into mostly paramagnetic iron oxyhydroxides, mainly akaganeite, as indicated by earlier studies using Mössbauer spectroscopy. During the later stages of weathering, small amounts of ferromagnetic minerals with relatively high $M_s$ (magnetite and/or maghemite) were formed, which also aligns with Mössbauer spectroscopy data.

Similarly to magnetic susceptibility, the hysteresis properties of the relatively small H and L ordinary chondrite samples (average mass 435 mg in this study) turned out to be very sensitive proxies to the degree of terrestrial weathering of these meteorites. This is especially true for certain magnetic parameters ($M_{rs}/M_s$ and $B_{cr}/B_c$) that depend on the mineralogy of magnetic minerals rather than on their concentration. Even at low weathering grades, these parameters changed significantly. Thus, any paleomagnetic study on these meteorites should preferentially focus on meteorites with no signs of weathering, i.e., on fresh meteorite falls.

**Conflicts of Interest.** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

**Конфликт интересов.** Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов.

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Author Information

**Dilyara Kuzina**, Cand. Sci. (Geology and Mineralogy), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology, Paleomagnetism, Institute of Geology and Petroleum Technologies, Kazan Federal University

E-mail: di.kuzina@gmail.com

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1626-4636

**Jérôme Gattacceca**, PhD, Senior Researcher, CEREGE - Centre Européen de Recherche et d'Enseignement des Géosciences de l'Environnement, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, IRD, INRAE

E-mail: gattacceca@cerege.fr

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1639-7140

**Hugo Gouilloux**, Master's Student, CEREGE - Centre Européen de Recherche et d'Enseignement des Géosciences de l'Environnement, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, IRD, INRAE

E-mail: hugo.gouilloux@etu.univ-amu.fr

**Hugo Mertens**, Master's Student, CEREGE - Centre Européen de Recherche et d'Enseignement des Géosciences de l'Environnement, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, IRD, INRAE

E-mail: hugo.mertens@etu.univ-amu.fr

**Romain Lacube**, Master's Student, CEREGE - Centre Européen de Recherche et d'Enseignement des Géosciences de l'Environnement, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, IRD, INRAE

E-mail: lacube.romain@etu.univ-amu.fr

**Francois Demory**, PhD, Research Engineer, CEREGE - Centre Européen de Recherche et d'Enseignement des Géosciences de l'Environnement, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, IRD, INRAE

E-mail: demory@cerege.fr

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7526-9886

**Cyril Lorenz**, Cand. Sci. (Geology and Mineralogy), Senior Researcher, Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences

E-mail: c-lorenz@yandex.ru

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7826-3287

Информация об авторах

**Диляра Кузина**, кандидат геолого-минералогических наук, старший научный сотрудник НИЛ палеоклиматологии, палеоэкологии, палеомагнетизма Института геологии и нефтегазовых технологий Казанского (Приволжского) федерального университета

E-mail: di.kuzina@gmail.com

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1626-4636

**Жером Гаттачека**, PhD, старший научный сотрудник, Европейский центр исследований и преподавания в области геоэкологических наук (CEREGE) Национального центра научных исследований (CNRS), Университет Экс-Марсель, Научно-исследовательский институт развития (IRD), Национальный институт сельскохозяйственных и природоохранных исследований (INRAE)

E-mail: gattacceca@cerege.fr

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1639-7140

**Уго Гуйе**, магистрант, Европейский центр исследований и преподавания в области геоэкологических наук (CEREGE) Национального центра научных исследований (CNRS), Университет Экс-Марсель, Научно-исследовательский институт развития (IRD), Национальный институт сельскохозяйственных и природоохранных исследований (INRAE)

E-mail: hugo.gouilloux@etu.univ-amu.fr

**Уго Мертенс**, магистрант, Европейский центр исследований и преподавания в области геоэкологических наук (CEREGE) Национального центра научных исследований (CNRS), Университет Экс-Марсель, Научно-исследовательский институт развития (IRD), Национальный институт сельскохозяйственных и природоохранных исследований (INRAE)

E-mail: hugo.mertens@etu.univ-amu.fr
Ромен Лакюб, магистрант, Европейский центр исследований и преподавания в области геоэкологических наук (CEREGE) Национального центра научных исследований (CNRC), Университет Экс-Марсель, Научно-исследовательский институт развития (IRD), Национальный институт сельскохозяйственных и природоохранных исследований (INRAE)

E-mail: lacube.romain@etu.univ-amu.fr

Франсуа Демори, PhD, инженер-исследователь, Европейский центр исследований и преподавания в области геоэкологических наук (CEREGE) Национального центра научных исследований (CNRC), Университет Экс-Марсель, Научно-исследовательский институт развития (IRD), Национальный институт сельскохозяйственных и природоохранных исследований (INRAE)

E-mail: demory@cerege.fr

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7526-9886

Кирилл Лоренц, кандидат геолого-минералогических наук, старший научный сотрудник, Институт геохимии и аналитической химии им. В.И. Вернадского Российской академии наук

E-mail: c-lorenz@yandex.ru

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7826-3287

Received November 29, 2024

Accepted January 9, 2025

Поступила в редакцию 29.11.2024

Принята к публикации 09.01.2025