<table><caption>**Table 6. Continued**</caption><thead><tr><th>Genus</th><th>Species*</th><th>Virus (abbreviation)†</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td></td><td>Orthotospovirus arachiflavi</td><td>groundnut chlorotic fan-spot virus (GCFSV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Orthotospovirus arachinecrosis</td><td>groundnut bud necrosis virus (GBNV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Orthotospovirus callaflavi</td><td>calla lily chlorotic spot virus (CCSV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Orthotospovirus capsiciflavi</td><td>Capsicum chlorosis virus (CaCV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Orthotospovirus capsicimaculaflavi</td><td>pepper chlorotic spot virus (PCSV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Orthotospovirus chrysanthinecrocaulis</td><td>Chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus (CSNV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Orthotospovirus citrullomaculosi</td><td>watermelon silver mottle virus (WSMoV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Orthotospovirus citrullonecrosis</td><td>watermelon bud necrosis virus (WBNV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Orthotospovirus cucurbichlorosis</td><td>zucchini lethal chlorosis virus (ZLCV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Orthotospovirus glycininecrovenae</td><td>soybean vein necrosis virus (SVNV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Orthotospovirus hippeflavi</td><td>Hippeastrum chlorotic spot virus (HCRV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Orthotospovirus impatiensnecromaculæ</td><td>impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Orthotospovirus iridimaculaflavi</td><td>iris yellow spot virus (IYSV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Orthotospovirus meloflavi</td><td>melon yellow spot virus (MYSV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Orthotospovirus melotessellati</td><td>melon severe mosaic virus (MSMV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Orthotospovirus morivenae</td><td>mulberry vein banding-associated virus (MVBaV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Orthotospovirus phaseolinecrotestellati</td><td>bean necrotic mosaic virus (BeNMV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Orthotospovirus polygonianuli</td><td>Polygonum ringspot virus (PolRSV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Orthotospovirus tomatanuli</td><td>tomato yellow ring virus (TYRV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Orthotospovirus tomatoflavi</td><td>tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Orthotospovirus tomatomaculæ</td><td>tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Orthotospovirus tomatozonæ</td><td>tomato zonate spot virus (TZSV)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"><strong>Family Tulasviridae [143]</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Orthotulasvirus</td><td>Orthotulasvirus tulasnellæ</td><td>Tulasnella bunyavirales-like virus 1 (TB-LV)</td></tr><tr><td>Paratulasvirus</td><td>Paratulasvirus agrocybes</td><td>Agrocybe praecox tulasvirus 1 (ApTV1)</td></tr></tbody></table>

Note that viruses are real objects that are assigned to concepts that are called taxa. Species, genera, subfamilies, families and orders are taxa.

*Taxon names are always italicized and always begin with a capital letter.

† Virus names are not italicized and are not capitalized, except if the name or a name component is a proper noun. This column lists the virus names with their correct (lack of) capitalization. Lists of viruses within a given species are provisional at this point and will likely be amended in the near future.
<table><caption>**Table 7.** Taxonomy of the order *Hareavirales* (*Negarnaviricota: Polyploviricotina: Bunyaviricetes*) as of April 2024</caption><thead><tr><th>Genus</th><th>Species*</th><th>Virus (abbreviation)†</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td></td><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Family Arenaviridae [144]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Antennavirus</td><td>Antennavirus hirsutum</td><td>Wènlìng frogfish arenavirus 2 (WlFAV2)</td></tr><tr><td>Antennavirus salmonis</td><td>salmon pescarenavirus 1 (SPAV1)<br>salmon pescarenavirus 2 (SPAV2)</td></tr><tr><td>Antennavirus striale</td><td>Wènlìng frogfish arenavirus 1 (WlFAV1)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="10">Hartmanivirus</td><td>Hartmanivirus brazilense</td><td>SetPatVet virus 1 (SPVV1)</td></tr><tr><td>Hartmanivirus haartmani</td><td>Haartman Institute snake virus 1 (HISV1)<br>Haartman Institute snake virus 2 (HISV2)</td></tr><tr><td>Hartmanivirus helvetiae</td><td>Dante Muikkunen virus 1 (DaMV1)</td></tr><tr><td>Hartmanivirus patriae</td><td>andere Heimat virus 1 (aHeV1)</td></tr><tr><td>Hartmanivirus quadrati</td><td>big electron-dense squares virus 1 (BESV1)</td></tr><tr><td>Hartmanivirus scholae</td><td>old schoolhouse virus 1 (OScV1)<br>old schoolhouse virus 2 (OScV2)</td></tr><tr><td>Hartmanivirus turici</td><td>veterinary pathology Zurich virus 1 (VPZV1)<br>veterinary pathology Zurich virus 2 (VPZV2)</td></tr><tr><td>Hartmanivirus unni</td><td>Universidad Nacional virus 1 (UnNV1)</td></tr><tr><td>Innmovirus</td><td>Innmovirus hailarense</td><td>Hailar virus (HLRV)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="21">Mammarenavirus</td><td>Mammarenavirus abaense</td><td>Àbà-Miányáng virus (AMYV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus alashanense</td><td>Alxa virus (ALXV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus allpahuayoense</td><td>Allpahuayo virus (ALLV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus amapariense</td><td>Amaparí virus (AMAV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus aporeense</td><td>Aporé virus (APOV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus batangense</td><td>Bàtáng virus (BTTV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus bearense</td><td>Bear Canyon virus (BCNV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus beregaense</td><td>Berega virus (BEGV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus bituense</td><td>Bitu virus (BITV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus brazilense</td><td>Sabiá virus (SBAV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus caliense</td><td>Pichindé virus (PICHV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus cameroonense</td><td>souris virus (SOUV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus chapareense</td><td>Chapare virus (CHAPV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus choriomeningitidis</td><td>Dandenong virus (DANV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus cupixiense</td><td>lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus dhati-welelense</td><td>Cupixi virus (CUPXV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus flexalense</td><td>Dhati Welel virus (DHWV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus gairoense</td><td>Flexal virus (FLEV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus ganziense</td><td>Gairo virus (GAIV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus guanaritoense</td><td>Gânzi virus (GNZV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>Guanarito virus (GTOV)</td></tr></tbody></table>

Continued
<table><caption>**Table 7. Continued**</caption><thead><tr><td>Genus</td><td>Species*</td><td>Virus (abbreviation)†</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Mammarenavirus ippyense</td><td></td><td>Ippy virus (IPPYV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus juninense</td><td></td><td>Junín virus (JUNV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus kitaleense</td><td></td><td>Kitale virus (KTLV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus kwanzaense</td><td></td><td>Kwanza virus (KWAV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus lassaense</td><td></td><td>Lassa virus (LASV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus latinum</td><td></td><td>Latino virus (LATV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus lijiangense</td><td></td><td>Lijiàng virus (LIJV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus loeiense</td><td></td><td>Loei River virus (LORV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus lujoense</td><td></td><td>Lujo virus (LUJV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus lunaense</td><td></td><td>Luli virus (LULV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus lunkense</td><td></td><td>Luna virus (LUAV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus machupoense</td><td></td><td>Lunk virus (LNKV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus mafigaense</td><td></td><td>Machupo virus (MACV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus marientalense</td><td></td><td>Mafiga virus (MAFV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus mecsekense</td><td></td><td>Mariental virus (MRLV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus merinoense</td><td></td><td>Mecsek Mountains virus (MEMV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus mopeiaense</td><td></td><td>Merino Walk virus (MRWV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus ngerengerense</td><td></td><td>Mopeia virus (MOPV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus okahandjaense</td><td></td><td>Morogoro virus (MORV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus oliverosense</td><td></td><td>Ngerengere virus (NGEV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus paranaense</td><td></td><td>Okahandja virus (OKAV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus piritalense</td><td></td><td>Oliveros virus (OLVV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus praomyidis</td><td></td><td>Paraná virus (PRAV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus praomyidis</td><td></td><td>Pirital virus (PIRV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus ryukyuense</td><td></td><td>mobala virus (MOBV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus solweziense</td><td></td><td>Ryukyu virus (RYKV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus songeaense</td><td></td><td>Solwezi virus (SOLV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus tacaribeense</td><td></td><td>Songea virus (SOGV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus tamiamiense</td><td></td><td>Tacaribe virus (TCRV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus tietense</td><td></td><td>Tamiami virus (TMMV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus wenzhouense</td><td></td><td>Tietê virus (TIEV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus whitewaterense</td><td></td><td>Wěnzōu virus (WENV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus whitewaterense</td><td></td><td>Big Brushy Tank virus (BBRTV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus whitewaterense</td><td></td><td>Catarina virus (CTNV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus whitewaterense</td><td></td><td>Skinner Tank virus (SKTV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus whitewaterense</td><td></td><td>Tonto Creek virus (TTCV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammarenavirus whitewaterense</td><td></td><td>Whitewater Arroyo virus (WWAV)</td></tr></tbody></table>

Continued
<table><caption>**Table 7. Continued**</caption><thead><tr><th>Genus</th><th>Species*</th><th>Virus (abbreviation)†</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="7">Reptarenavirus</td><td>Mammarenavirus xapuriense</td><td>Xapuri virus (XAPV)</td></tr><tr><td>Reptarenavirus aurei</td><td>Golden Gate virus (GOGV)</td></tr><tr><td>Reptarenavirus californiae</td><td>CAS virus (CASV)</td></tr><tr><td>Reptarenavirus commune</td><td>tavallinen suomalainen mies virus 2 (TSMV2)</td></tr><tr><td>Reptarenavirus giessenae</td><td>University of Giessen virus 1 (UGV1)<br>University of Giessen virus 2 (UGV2)<br>University of Giessen virus 3 (UGV3)</td></tr><tr><td>Reptarenavirus nederlandense</td><td>ROUT virus (ROUTV)<br>University of Helsinki virus 1 (UHV1)</td></tr><tr><td>Orthodiscovirus</td><td>Orthodiscovirus coniellae</td><td>Coniothyrium diplodiella negative-stranded RNA virus 1 (CdNSRV1)<br>Plasmopara viticola lesion-associated mycobunyavirales-like virus 9 (PvLAMLV9)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5">Orthodiscovirus</td><td>Orthodiscovirus hispaniae</td><td>Plasmopara viticola lesion-associated mycobunyavirales-like virus 8 (PvLAMLV8)</td></tr><tr><td>Orthodiscovirus iberiae</td><td>Plasmopara viticola lesion-associated mycobunyavirales-like virus 4 (PvLAMLV4)</td></tr><tr><td>Orthodiscovirus missouriense</td><td>Penicillium discovirus (PDV)</td></tr><tr><td>Orthodiscovirus oryzae</td><td>rice dwarf-associated bunya-like virus (RDaBV)</td></tr><tr><td>Orthodiscovirus penicillii</td><td>Penicillium roseopurpureum-negative ssRNA virus 1 (PrNssV1)</td></tr><tr><td>Olpivirus</td><td>Olpivirus tulipae</td><td>tulip streak virus (TuSV)</td></tr><tr><td>Shilevirus</td><td>Shilevirus leptomonadis</td><td>Leptomonas moramango virus (LEPMV)</td></tr><tr><td>Hubavirus</td><td>Hubavirus myriapedis</td><td>Húběi myriapoda virus 5 (HbMV5)</td></tr><tr><td>Norwavirus</td><td>Norwavirus beijiense</td><td>Běijí nairovirus (BJNV)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="10">Orthonairovirus</td><td>Norwavirus grotenhoutense</td><td>Grotenhout virus (GRHV)</td></tr><tr><td>Ocetevirus</td><td>Ocetevirus paratemnopterygis</td><td>red goblin roach virus 1 (RGRV1)</td></tr><tr><td>Orthonairovirus abuhammadense</td><td>Abū Ḩammād virus (AHV)</td></tr><tr><td>Orthonairovirus abuminaense</td><td>Abū Mīnā virus (AMV)</td></tr><tr><td>Orthonairovirus amblyommae</td><td>kupe virus (KUPEV)</td></tr><tr><td>Orthonairovirus antuense</td><td>Āntū virus (ANTV)</td></tr><tr><td>Orthonairovirus artashatense</td><td>Artashat virus (ARTSV)</td></tr><tr><td>Orthonairovirus australiaense</td><td>Vinegar Hill virus (VINHV)</td></tr><tr><td>Orthonairovirus avalonense</td><td>Avalon virus (AVAV)</td></tr><tr><td>Orthonairovirus bandiaense</td><td>Bandia virus (BDAV)</td></tr><tr><td>Orthonairovirus buranaense</td><td>Burana virus (BURV)</td></tr><tr><td>Orthonairovirus bushkeyense</td><td>Caspiy virus (CASV)</td></tr></tbody></table>

Continued
<table><caption>**Table 7. Continued**</caption><thead><tr><th>Genus</th><th>Species*</th><th>Virus (abbreviation)†</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td></td><td></td><td>Farallon virus (FARV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>Great Saltee virus (GRSV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>Hughes virus (HUGV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>Raza virus (RAZAV)</td></tr><tr><td>Orthonairovirus chimense</td><td></td><td>Chim virus (CHIMV)</td></tr><tr><td>Orthonairovirus clomorense</td><td></td><td>Clo Mor virus (CMV; CLMV)</td></tr><tr><td>Orthonairovirus crocidurae</td><td></td><td>Wüfeng Crocidura attenuata orthonairovirus 1 (WfCAV1)</td></tr><tr><td>Orthonairovirus dermacentoris</td><td></td><td>Pacific Coast tick nairovirus (PCTNV)</td></tr><tr><td>Orthonairovirus dugbeense</td><td></td><td>Dugbe virus (DUGV)</td></tr><tr><td>Orthonairovirus erveense</td><td></td><td>Erve virus (ERVEV)</td></tr><tr><td>Orthonairovirus esteroense</td><td></td><td>Estero Real virus (ERV)</td></tr><tr><td>Orthonairovirus gossasense</td><td></td><td>Gossas virus (GOSV)</td></tr><tr><td>Orthonairovirus gubboense</td><td></td><td>Gubbo nairovirus (GUBV)</td></tr><tr><td>Orthonairovirus haemorrhagiae</td><td></td><td>Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV)</td></tr><tr><td>Orthonairovirus hazaraense</td><td></td><td>Hazara virus (HAZV)</td></tr><tr><td>Orthonairovirus huangpiense</td><td></td><td>Huángpí tick virus 1 (HpTV1)</td></tr><tr><td>Orthonairovirus issykkulense</td><td></td><td>Issyk-kul virus (ISKV)</td></tr><tr><td>Orthonairovirus japonicum</td><td></td><td>tofla virus (TFLV)</td></tr><tr><td>Orthonairovirus kasokeroense</td><td></td><td>Kasokero virus (KASV; KASOV)</td></tr><tr><td>Orthonairovirus keterehense</td><td></td><td>Keterah virus (KTRV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>Uzun-Agach virus (UZAV)</td></tr><tr><td>Orthonairovirus khani</td><td></td><td>Dera Ghazi Khan virus (DGKV)</td></tr><tr><td>Orthonairovirus lambarenense</td><td></td><td>lamusara virus (LMSV)</td></tr><tr><td>Orthonairovirus lusakaense</td><td></td><td>Leopards Hill virus (LPHV)</td></tr><tr><td>Orthonairovirus macquariense</td><td></td><td>Taggert virus (TAGV)</td></tr><tr><td>Orthonairovirus manidae</td><td></td><td>pangolin orthonairovirus (PONV)</td></tr><tr><td>Orthonairovirus meihuashanense</td><td></td><td>Méihuā Mountain virus (MHMV)</td></tr><tr><td>Orthonairovirus meramense</td><td></td><td>Meram virus (MEMV)</td></tr><tr><td>Orthonairovirus nairobiense</td><td></td><td>Nairobi sheep disease virus (NSDV)</td></tr><tr><td>Orthonairovirus parahaemorrhagiae</td><td></td><td>Aigai virus (AIGV)</td></tr><tr><td>Orthonairovirus peruense</td><td></td><td>Punta Salinas virus (PSV)</td></tr><tr><td>Orthonairovirus qalyubense</td><td></td><td>Geran virus (GERV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>Qalyub virus (QYBV)</td></tr><tr><td>Orthonairovirus randallense</td><td></td><td>Sapphire II virus (SAPV)</td></tr><tr><td>Orthonairovirus sakhalinense</td><td></td><td>Sakhalin virus (SAKV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>Tillamook virus (TILLV)</td></tr><tr><td>Orthonairovirus sinense</td><td></td><td>wawsin virus (WAWV)</td></tr></tbody></table>

Continued
<table><caption>**Table 7. Continued**</caption><thead><tr><th>Genus</th><th>Species*</th><th>Virus (abbreviation)†</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td></td><td>Orthonairovirus soldadoense</td><td>Soldado virus (SOLV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Orthonairovirus songlingense</td><td>Sōnglīng virus (SGLV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Orthonairovirus sulinaense</td><td>Sulina virus (SULV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Orthonairovirus sunci</td><td>cencurut virus (CENV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Orthonairovirus tachengense</td><td>Tächéng tick virus 1 (TcTV1)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Orthonairovirus thiaforaense</td><td>Thiafora virus (TFAV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Orthonairovirus tomdiense</td><td>Tamdy virus (TAMV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Orthonairovirus tunisense</td><td>Tunis virus (TUNV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Orthonairovirus wenzhouense</td><td>Wēnhōu tick virus (WzTV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Orthonairovirus yezoense</td><td>Yezo virus (YEZV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Orthonairovirus yogueense</td><td>Yogue virus (YOGV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Orthonairovirus zirkuense</td><td>Zirqa virus (ZIRV)</td></tr><tr><td>Sabavirus</td><td>Sabavirus americanum</td><td>South Bay virus (SBV)</td></tr><tr><td>Shaspivirus</td><td>Shaspivirus aranei</td><td>Shāyáng spider virus 1 (SySV1)</td></tr><tr><td>Sitinavirus</td><td>Sitinavirus sichuanense</td><td>Sichuān tick nairovirus (ScTNV)</td></tr><tr><td>Striwavirus</td><td>Striwavirus sanxiaense</td><td>Sānxiá water strider virus 1 (SxWSV1)</td></tr><tr><td>Xinspivirus</td><td>Xinspivirus xinzhouense</td><td>Xīnzōu spider virus (XSV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Family Phenuiviridae [149]</td></tr><tr><td>Bandavirus</td><td>Bandavirus albatrossense</td><td>Albatross Island virus (ABIV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Bandavirus amblyommae</td><td>lone star virus (LSV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Bandavirus bhanjanagarense</td><td>Bhanja virus (BHAV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Bandavirus dabieense</td><td>severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Bandavirus guertuense</td><td>Gùěrtú virus (GTV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Bandavirus heartlandense</td><td>Heartland virus (HRTV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Bandavirus kismaayoense</td><td>Kismaayo virus (KISV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Bandavirus razdanense</td><td>Razdan virus (RAZV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Bandavirus zwieselense</td><td>Zwiesel bat bandavirus (ZbbV)</td></tr><tr><td>Beidivirus</td><td>Beidivirus muscae</td><td>Húběi diptera virus 3 (HbDV3)</td></tr><tr><td>Bocivirus</td><td>Bocivirus botrytidis</td><td>Botrytis cinerea bocivirus 1 (BcBV1)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Bocivirus fusarii</td><td>Fusarium sibiricum coguvirus 1 (FsCV1)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Bocivirus trichodermae</td><td>Trichoderma gamsii cogu-like virus 1 (TgClV1)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Bocivirus viticulum</td><td>grapevine-associated cogu-like virus 1 (GaCLV1)</td></tr><tr><td>Citricivirus</td><td>Citricivirus chongqinense</td><td>Aphis citricidus bunyavirus (AcBV)</td></tr><tr><td>Coguvirus</td><td>Coguvirus chinense</td><td>Brassica campestris chinensis coguvirus 1 (BCCoV1)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Coguvirus chrysanthae</td><td>Edgeworthia chrysantha mosaic-associated virus (ECMaV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Coguvirus citri</td><td>citrus concave gum-associated virus (CCGaV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Coguvirus citrulli</td><td>watermelon crinkle leaf-associated virus 1 (WCLaV1)</td></tr></tbody></table>

Continued
<table><caption>**Table 7. Continued**</caption><thead><tr><th>Genus</th><th>Species*</th><th>Virus (abbreviation)†</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="3">Entovirus</td><td>Coguvirus eburi</td><td>citrus virus A (CiVA)</td></tr><tr><td>Coguvirus henanense</td><td>watermelon crinkle leaf-associated virus 2 (WCLaV2)</td></tr><tr><td>Coguvirus yunnanense</td><td>Yünnán Paris negative-stranded virus (YPNSV)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="6">Goukovirus</td><td>Entovirus entoleucae</td><td>Entoleuca phenui-like virus 1 (EnPLV1)</td></tr><tr><td>Goukovirus aphalarae</td><td>Aphalara polygoni bunya-like virus (ApBLV)</td></tr><tr><td>Goukovirus ceraphri</td><td>Ceraphron bunya-like virus (CerBLV)</td></tr><tr><td>Goukovirus cumutoense</td><td>Cumuto virus (CUMV)</td></tr><tr><td>Goukovirus gouleakoense</td><td>Gouléako virus (GOLV)</td></tr><tr><td>Goukovirus yichangense</td><td>Yíchāng insect virus (YcIV)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Horwuvirus</td><td>Horwuvirus fitzroyense</td><td>Fitzroy Crossing tenui-like virus 1 (FCTenV1)</td></tr><tr><td>Horwuvirus solenopsidis</td><td>Solenopsis invicta virus 14 (SINV14)</td></tr><tr><td>Horwuvirus wuhanense</td><td>Wūhàn horsefly virus (WhHV)</td></tr><tr><td>Hudivirus</td><td>Hudivirus muscae</td><td>Húběi diptera virus 4 (HbDV4)</td></tr><tr><td>Hudovirus</td><td>Hudovirus lepidopteris</td><td>Húběi lepidoptera virus 1 (HbLV1)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Ixovirus</td><td>Ixovirus heckscherense</td><td>blacklegged tick virus 1 (BLTV1)</td></tr><tr><td>Ixovirus ixodis</td><td>blacklegged tick virus 3 (BLTV3)</td></tr><tr><td>Ixovirus norvegiae</td><td>Fairhair virus (FHAV)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5">Laulavirus</td><td>Laulavirus alphaviticulum</td><td>grapevine-associated cogu-like virus 2 (GaCLV2)</td></tr><tr><td>Laulavirus betaviticulum</td><td>grapevine-associated cogu-like virus 3 (GaCLV3)</td></tr><tr><td>Laulavirus gammaviticulum</td><td>grapevine-associated cogu-like virus 4 (GaCLV4)</td></tr><tr><td>Laulavirus laurelense</td><td>Laurel Lake virus (LLV)</td></tr><tr><td>Laulavirus wardellense</td><td>Wardell virus (WRDV)</td></tr><tr><td>Lentinuvirus</td><td>Lentinuvirus lentinulae</td><td>Lentinula edodes negative-strand RNA virus 2 (LeNSRV2)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Mechlorovirus</td><td>Mechlorovirus cucumeris</td><td>melon chlorotic spot virus (MeCSV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mechlorovirus ramuense</td><td>Ramu stunt virus (RmSV)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Mobuvirus</td><td>Mobuvirus arnae</td><td>Euproctis pseudoconspersa bunyavirus (EPBV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mobuvirus mothrae</td><td>Mothra virus (MTHV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mobuvirus narangueense</td><td>Narangue virus (NRGV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mobuvirus stephanocirci</td><td>Browner virus (BRWV)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="7">Phasivirus</td><td>Phasivirus baduense</td><td>Badu virus (BADUV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phasivirus guadeloupeense</td><td>Guadeloupe mosquito phasivirus (GMPV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phasivirus hubeiense</td><td>Húběi diptera virus 5 (HbDV5)</td></tr><tr><td>Phasivirus parryense</td><td>Parry's Creek phasivirus 1 (PCPhasV1)</td></tr><tr><td>Phasivirus phasiense</td><td>Phasi Charoen-like virus (PCLV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phasivirus wuhanense</td><td>Wūhàn fly virus 1 (WhFV1)</td></tr><tr><td>Phasivirus wutaiense</td><td>Wūtái mosquito virus (WtMV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus</td><td>Phlebovirus adanaense</td><td>Adana virus (ADAV)</td></tr></tbody></table>

Continued
<table><caption>**Table 7. Continued**</caption><thead><tr><th>Genus</th><th>Species*</th><th>Virus (abbreviation)†</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Phlebovirus aguacateense</td><td></td><td>Aguacate virus (AGUV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus alcubeense</td><td></td><td>Alcube virus (ACBV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus alenquerense</td><td></td><td>Alenquer virus (ALEV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus almendrasense</td><td></td><td>Tres Almendras virus (TRAV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus ambeense</td><td></td><td>Ambé virus (ABEV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus anhangaense</td><td></td><td>Anhangá virus (ANHV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus arumowotense</td><td></td><td>Arumowot virus (AMTV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus bogoriaense</td><td></td><td>Bogoria virus (BGRV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus buenaventuraense</td><td></td><td>Buenaventura virus (BUEV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus bujaruense</td><td></td><td>Bujaru virus (BUJV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus cacaoense</td><td></td><td>Cacao virus (CACV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus campanaense</td><td></td><td>Campana virus (CMAV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus candiruense</td><td></td><td>Ariquemes virus (ARQV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>Candirú virus (CDUV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>Jacundá virus (JCNV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>Morumbi virus (MRBV; MRMBV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>Mucura virus (MCRV; MRAV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>Serra Norte virus (SRNV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus chagresense</td><td></td><td>Chagres virus (CHGV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus claroense</td><td></td><td>Rio Claro virus (RICV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus cocleense</td><td></td><td>Coclé virus (CCLV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus corfouense</td><td></td><td>Corfou virus (CFUV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus dashliense</td><td></td><td>Dàshlì virus (DASV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus duraniaense</td><td></td><td>Durania virus (DRNV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus echarateense</td><td></td><td>Echarate virus (ECHV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus embossosense</td><td></td><td>Embossos virus (EMBV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus florisense</td><td></td><td>Saint-Floris virus (SAFV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus gabekense</td><td></td><td>Gabek forest virus (GFV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus gloriaense</td><td></td><td>La Gloria virus (LAGV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus gordilense</td><td></td><td>Gordil virus (GORV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus hediense</td><td></td><td>Hédì virus (HEDV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus icoaraciense</td><td></td><td>Icoaraci virus (ICOV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus itaitubaense</td><td></td><td>Itaituba virus (ITAV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus itaporangaense</td><td></td><td>Itaporanga virus (ITPV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus ixcanalense</td><td></td><td>Ixcanal virus (IXCV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus karimabadense</td><td></td><td>Karimabad virus (KARV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus kiborgochense</td><td></td><td>Kiborgoch virus (KBGV)</td></tr></tbody></table>

Continued
<table><caption>**Table 7. Continued**</caption><thead><tr><th>Genus</th><th>Species*</th><th>Virus (abbreviation)†</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Phlebovirus leticiaense</td><td></td><td>Leticia virus (LTCV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus limboense</td><td></td><td>frijoles virus (FRIV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>Joá virus (JOAV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus maldonadoense</td><td></td><td>Maldonado virus (MLOV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus massiliaense</td><td></td><td>Massilia virus (MASV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus medjerdaense</td><td></td><td>Medjerda Valley virus (MVV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus monagritaense</td><td></td><td>Mona Grita virus (MOGV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus mukawaense</td><td></td><td>Mukawa virus (MKWV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus mungubaense</td><td></td><td>Munguba virus (MUNV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus napoliense</td><td></td><td>Arrábida virus (ARRV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>Balkan virus (BALKV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>Fermo virus (FERV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>Granada virus (GRV; GRAV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>Saddaguia virus (SADV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>sandfly fever Naples virus (SFNV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus niqueense</td><td></td><td>Nique virus (NIQV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus ntepesense</td><td></td><td>Ntepes virus (NTPV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus odrenisrouense</td><td></td><td>Odrénisrou virus (ODRV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus oriximinaense</td><td></td><td>Oriximiná virus (ORXV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus pantanalense</td><td></td><td>viola virus (VIOV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus penablancaense</td><td></td><td>Peña Blanca virus (PEBV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus penshurtense</td><td></td><td>Penshurt virus (PEHV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus perkerraense</td><td></td><td>Perkerra virus (PKEV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus puniqueense</td><td></td><td>Punique virus (PUNV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus riftense</td><td></td><td>Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus riograndense</td><td></td><td>Rio Grande virus (RGV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus salangaense</td><td></td><td>Salanga virus (SLGV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus salehabadense</td><td></td><td>Adria virus (ADRV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>Arbia virus (ARBV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>Bregalaka virus (BREV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>Olbia virus (OLBV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>Salehabad virus (SALV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>Zaba virus (ZABAV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus saloboense</td><td></td><td>Salobo virus (SLBOV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus siciliaense</td><td></td><td>sandfly fever Sicilian virus (SFSV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus taparaense</td><td></td><td>Tapará virus (TPRV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus tehranense</td><td></td><td>Tehran virus (THEV)</td></tr></tbody></table>

Continued
<table><caption>**Table 7. Continued**</caption><thead><tr><th>Genus</th><th>Species*</th><th>Virus (abbreviation)†</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="10">Pidchovirus</td><td>Phlebovirus ticoense</td><td>Tico virus (TICV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus toroense</td><td>Capira virus (CAPIV)<br>Punta Toro virus (PTV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus torosense</td><td>Toros virus (TORV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus toscanaense</td><td>Toscana virus (TOSV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus turunaense</td><td>Turuna virus (TUAV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus uriuranaense</td><td>Uriurana virus (URIV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus urucuriense</td><td>Urucuri virus (URUV)</td></tr><tr><td>Phlebovirus zerdaliense</td><td>Zerdali virus (ZERV)</td></tr><tr><td>Pidchovirus pidgei</td><td>Pidgey virus (PGYV)</td></tr><tr><td>Pidchovirus stethori</td><td>coleopteran phenui-related virus 308 (CoPrV308)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Rubodvirus</td><td>Rubodvirus argentinaense</td><td>grapevine Muscat rose virus (GMRV)</td></tr><tr><td>Rubodvirus armeniaense</td><td>grapevine Garan dmak virus (GGDV)</td></tr><tr><td>Rubodvirus mali</td><td>apple rubbery wood virus 1 (ARWV1)</td></tr><tr><td>Rubodvirus prosserense</td><td>apple rubbery wood virus 2 (ARWV2)</td></tr><tr><td>Tanzavirus</td><td>Tanzavirus daressalaamense</td><td>Dar es Salaam virus (DeSV)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="14">Tenuivirus</td><td>Tenuivirus echnochloae</td><td>Echnochloa hoja blanca virus (EHBV)</td></tr><tr><td>Tenuivirus eurotritici</td><td>European wheat striate mosaic virus (EWSMV)</td></tr><tr><td>Tenuivirus festucae</td><td>Festuca stripe-associated virus (FSaV)</td></tr><tr><td>Tenuivirus kwazuluense</td><td>wheat yellows virus (WhYV)</td></tr><tr><td>Tenuivirus oryzabrevis</td><td>rice grassy stunt virus (RGSV)</td></tr><tr><td>Tenuivirus oryzaclavatae</td><td>rice stripe virus (RSV; RStV)</td></tr><tr><td>Tenuivirus oryzalbae</td><td>rice hoja blanca virus (RHBV)</td></tr><tr><td>Tenuivirus persotritici</td><td>Iranian wheat stripe virus (IWSV)</td></tr><tr><td>Tenuivirus pontaense</td><td>wheat white spike virus (WWSV)</td></tr><tr><td>Tenuivirus urochloae</td><td>Urochloa hoja blanca virus (UHBV)</td></tr><tr><td>Tenuivirus zea</td><td>maize stripe virus (MSV; MStV; MSpV)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="10">Uukuvirus</td><td>Uukuvirus dabieshanense</td><td>Dàbiéshàn tick virus (DbsTV; DBTV; DTV)</td></tr><tr><td>Uukuvirus dermacentoris</td><td>American dog tick virus (ADAV)</td></tr><tr><td>Uukuvirus grandarbaudense</td><td>Grand Arbaud virus (GAV)</td></tr><tr><td>Uukuvirus hoplandense</td><td>Pacific coast tick virus (PACV)</td></tr><tr><td>Uukuvirus huangpiense</td><td>Huángpí tick virus 2 (HpTV2)</td></tr><tr><td>Uukuvirus kabutoense</td><td>Kabuto mountain virus (KAMV)</td></tr><tr><td>Uukuvirus kaisodiense</td><td>Kaisodi virus (KASDV)</td></tr><tr><td>Uukuvirus lihanense</td><td>Lihán tick virus (LITV)</td></tr><tr><td>Uukuvirus macquariense</td><td>Precarious Point virus (PPV)</td></tr><tr><td>Uukuvirus rukutamaense</td><td>Rukutama virus (RUKV)</td></tr></tbody></table>

Continued
<table><caption>**Table 7. Continued**</caption><thead><tr><th>Genus</th><th>Species*</th><th>Virus (abbreviation)†</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td></td><td>Uukuvirus schmidti</td><td>Nile warbler virus (NIWV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Uukuvirus silverwaterense</td><td>Silverwater virus (SILV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Uukuvirus tachengense</td><td>Tächeng tick virus 2 (TcTV2)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Uukuvirus toyoense</td><td>Tōyo virus (TOYOV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Uukuvirus tyulenyense</td><td>Zaliv Terpeniya virus (ZTV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Uukuvirus uriae</td><td>murre virus (MURV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Uukuvirus uukuniemiense</td><td>Chizé virus (CHZV)<br>Fin V 707 virus (FINV)<br>Uukuniemi virus (UUKV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Uukuvirus yongjiaense</td><td>Yǒngjiā tick virus (YONV)</td></tr><tr><td>Wenrivirus</td><td>Wenrivirus penaei</td><td>Mourilyan virus (MoV)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><b>Family Wupedeviridae [150]</b></td></tr><tr><td>Wumivirus</td><td>Wumivirus millepedae</td><td>Wùhàn millipede virus 2 (WhMV2)</td></tr></tbody></table>

Note that viruses are real objects that are assigned to concepts that are called taxa. Species, genera, families and orders are taxa.

*Taxon names are always italicized and always begin with a capital letter.

†Virus names are not italicized and are not capitalized, except if the name or a name component is a proper noun. This column lists the virus names with their correct (lack of) capitalization.
<table><caption>**Table 8.** Taxonomy of the order *Articulavirales* (*Negarnaviricota: Polyploviricotina: Insthoviricetes*) as of April 2024</caption><thead><tr><th>Genus</th><th>Species*</th><th>Virus (abbreviation)†</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="3"><strong>Family Amnoonviridae [151]</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Tilapinevirus</td><td>Tilapinevirus tilapiae</td><td>tilapia lake virus (TiLV)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"><strong>Family Orthomyxoviridae</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Alphainfluenzavirus</td><td>Alphainfluenzavirus influenzae</td><td>influenza A virus (FLUAV)</td></tr><tr><td>Betainfluenzavirus</td><td>Betainfluenzavirus influenzae</td><td>influenza B virus (FLUBV)</td></tr><tr><td>Deltainfluenzavirus</td><td>Deltainfluenzavirus influenzae</td><td>influenza D virus (FLUDV)</td></tr><tr><td>Gammainfluenzavirus</td><td>Gammainfluenzavirus influenzae</td><td>influenza C virus (FLUCV)</td></tr><tr><td>Isavirus</td><td>Isavirus salaris</td><td>infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV)</td></tr><tr><td>Mykissvirus</td><td>Mykissvirus tructae</td><td>rainbow trout orthomyxovirus (RbtOV)</td></tr><tr><td>Quaranjavirus</td><td>Quaranjavirus araguariense</td><td>steelhead trout orthomyxovirus (SttOV1)</td></tr><tr><td>Sardinovirus</td><td>Sardinovirus pilchardi</td><td>Araguari virus (ARAV)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="8">Thogotovirus</td><td>Thogotovirus bourbonense</td><td>Lake Chad virus (LKCV)</td></tr><tr><td>Thogotovirus johnstonense</td><td>Johnston Atoll virus (JAV)</td></tr><tr><td>Thogotovirus quaranfilense</td><td>Quaranfil virus (QRFV)</td></tr><tr><td>Thogotovirus tyulekense</td><td>Tyulek virus (TLKV); Tjuloc virus</td></tr><tr><td>Thogotovirus wellfleetense</td><td>Wellfleet Bay virus (WFBV)</td></tr><tr><td>Thogotovirus pilchardi</td><td>pilchard orthomyxovirus (POMV)</td></tr><tr><td>Thogotovirus dhoriense</td><td>Bourbon virus (BRBV)</td></tr><tr><td>Thogotovirus josense</td><td>Dhori virus (DHOV)</td></tr><tr><td>Fraservirus</td><td>Fraservirus testudinis</td><td>turtle fraservirus 1 (TFV1)</td></tr></tbody></table>

Note that viruses are real objects that are assigned to concepts that are called taxa. Species, genera, families and orders are taxa

<table><caption>**Table 9.** Taxonomy of family *Tosoviridae* (*Negarnaviricota: unassigned*) as of April 2024</caption><thead><tr><th>Genus</th><th>Species*</th><th>Virus (abbreviation)†</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="3"><strong>Family Tosoviridae [152]</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Fraservirus</td><td>Fraservirus testudinis</td><td>turtle fraservirus 1 (TFV1)</td></tr></tbody></table>

Note that viruses are real objects that are assigned to concepts that are called taxa. Species, genera, families and orders are taxa.

<footnote>*Taxon names are always italicized and always begin with a capital letter.</footnote>

<footnote>† Virus names are not italicized and are not capitalized, except if the name or a name component is a proper noun. This column lists the virus names with their correct (lack of) capitalization.</footnote>

<footnote>*Taxon names are always italicized and always begin with a capital letter.</footnote>

<footnote>† Virus names are not italicized and are not capitalized, except if the name or a name component is a proper noun. This column lists the virus names with their correct (lack of) capitalization.</footnote>
## Funding information

This work was supported in part through the Laulima Government Solutions, LLC, prime contract with the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) under Contract No. HHSN272201800013C. J.H.K. performed this work as an employee of Tunnell Government Services (TGS), a subcontractor of Laulima Government Solutions, LLC, under Contract No. HHSN272201800013C. U.J.B. was supported by the Division of Intramural Research, NIAID. This work was also funded in part by Contract No. HSHQDC15-C-00064 awarded by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Science and Technology Directorate (S&T) for the management and operation of The National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, a federally funded research and development organization operated by the Battelle National Biodefense Institute (V.W.). This work also received funding through contracts HHSN272201000040/IHHSN27200004/D04 with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and NIH grant R24 AI 120942 (N.V., R.B.T.). This manuscript was prepared whilst K.E. held a National Research Council (NRC) Research Associateship Awards at the Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, through the Walter Reed Army Institute Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA. The findings within this publication have been reviewed by the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. There is no objection to its presentation, and the conclusions in this report are the opinions/or publication. N.T. acknowledges funding from ANID (Chile) through FONDECYT N° 1221811 and Centro Ciencia & Vida, CCTE Basal FB210008. S.S. acknowledges support from the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station (MAFES), USDA-ARS project 58-6066-9-033 and the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Hatch Project, under Accession Number 1021494. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analysis, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the U.S. Department of the Army, the U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Science and Technology Directorate (S&T), or of the institutions and companies affiliated with the authors, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. In no event shall any of these entities have any responsibility or liability for any use, misuse, inability to use, or reliance upon the information contained herein. This manuscript was prepared whilst K.E. held a National Research Council (NRC) Research Associateship Awards at the Walter Reed Army Institute Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA. This manuscript is the opinion of the authors and dodos not necessarily represent the official position of the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. The U.S. Government departments do not endorse any products or commercial services mentioned in this publication. The U.S. Government retains, and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the U.S. Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, world-wide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so for U.S. Government purposes.

## Author contributions

Conceptualization: J.H.K. Data curation: all authors. Writing – original draft preparation: J.H.K. Writing – review and editing: all authors. Supervision: J.H.K. and H.R.H. Project administration: J.H.K. and H.R.H. All authors reviewed and approved this manuscript.

## Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

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