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## SUPPORTING INFORMATION

Additional supporting information can be found online in the Supporting Information section at the end of this article.

**How to cite this article:** Abhervé, R., Roques, C., de Dreuzy, J.-R., Datry, T., Brunner, P., Longuevergne, L., & Aquilina, L. (2024). Improving calibration of groundwater flow models using headwater streamflow intermittence. *Hydrological Processes*, 38(6), e15167. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.15167
Tootchi, A., Jost, A., & Ducharne, A. (2019). Multi-source global wetland maps combining surface water imagery and groundwater constraints. *Earth System Science Data*, 11(1), 189–220. https://doi.org/10.5194ESSD-11-189-2019

Tramblay, Y., Rutkowska, A., Sauquet, E., Sefton, C., Laaha, G., Osuch, M., Albuquerque, T., Alves, M. H., Banasik, K., Beaufort, A., Brocca, L., Camici, S., Csabai, Z., Dakhlaoui, H., DeGirolamo, A. M., Dörflinger, G., Gallart, F., Gauster, T., Hanich, L., ... Datry, T. (2021). Trends in flow intermittence for European rivers. *Hydrological Sciences Journal*, 66(1), 37–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2020.1849708

Truchy, A., Csabai, Z., Pernecker, B., Bertin, W., & Pellizzaro, F. (2023). Citizen-scientists can help advance the science and management of intermittent rivers and ephemeral. *BioScience*, 73(July), 513–521. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biad045

Van Meerveld, H. J. I., Kirchner, J. W., Vis, M. J. P., Assendelft, R. S., Seibert, J., Ilja Van Meerveld, H. J., Kirchner, J. W., Vis, M. J. P., Assendelft, R. S., & Seibert, J. (2019). Expansion and contraction of the flowing stream network alter hillslope flowpath lengths and the shape of the travel time distribution. *Hydrology and Earth System Sciences*, 23(11), 4825–4834. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4825-2019

Vergnes, J.-P., Roux, N., Habets, F., Ackerer, P., Amraoui, N., Besson, F., Caballero, Y., Courtois, Q., de Dreuzy, J.-R., Etchevers, P., Gallois, N., Leroux, D. J., Longuevergne, L., Le Moigne, P., Morel, T., Munier, S., Regimbeau, F., Thiéry, D., & Viennot, P. (2020). The AquiFR hydrometeorological modelling platform as a tool for improving groundwater resource monitoring over France: Evaluation over a 60-year period. *Hydrology and Earth System Sciences*, 24(2), 633–654. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-633-2020

Vidal, J. P., Martin, E., Franchistéguy, L., Baillon, M., & Soubeyroux, J. M. (2010). A 50-year high-resolution atmospheric reanalysis over France with the Safran system. *International Journal of Climatology*, 30(11), 1627–1644. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2003

Ward, A. S., Schmadel, N. M., & Wondzell, S. M. (2018). Simulation of dynamic expansion, contraction, and connectivity in a mountain stream network. *Advances in Water Resources*, 114, 64–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2018.01.018

Warix, S. R., Godsey, S. E., Lohse, K. A., & Hale, R. L. (2021). Influence of groundwater and topography on stream drying in semi-arid headwater streams. *Hydrological Processes*, 35(5), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.14185

Warix, S. R., Manning, A. H., & Singha, K. (2023). Local topography and streambed hydraulic conductivity influence riparian groundwater age and groundwater-surface water connection. *Water Resources Research*, 59(9), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023WR035044

Weill, S., Altissimo, M., Cassiani, G., Deiana, R., Marani, M., & Putti, M. (2013). Saturated area dynamics and streamflow generation from coupled surface-subsurface simulations and field observations. *Advances in Water Resources*, 59, 196–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2013.06.007

Westwood, C. G., England, J., Johns, T., & Stubbington, R. (2020). A revised classification of temperate lowland groundwater-fed headwater streams based on their flora. *Water and Environment Journal*, 34(S1), 573–585. https://doi.org/10.1111/wej.12561

Whiting, J. A., & Godsey, S. E. (2016). Discontinuous headwater stream networks with stable flowheads. *Salmon River basin, Idaho. Hydrological Processes*, 30(13), 2305–2316. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10790

Williamson, T. N., Agouridis, C. T., Barton, C. D., Villines, J. A., & Lant, J. G. (2015). Classification of ephemeral, intermittent, and perennial stream reaches using a TOPMODEL-based approach. *Journal of the American Water Resources Association*, 51(6), 1739–1759. https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.12352

Winter, T. C. (1999). Relation of streams, lakes, and wetlands to groundwater flow systems. *Hydrogeology Journal*, 7(1), 28–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s100400050178

Wondzell, S. M., LaNier, J., & Haggerty, R. (2009). Evaluation of alternative groundwater flow models for simulating hyporheic exchange in a small

mountain stream. *Journal of Hydrology*, 364(1–2), 142–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.10.011

Wyns, R., Baltassat, J.-M., Lachassagne, P., Legchenko, A., Vairon, J., & Mathieu, F. (2004). Application of proton magnetic resonance soundings to groundwater reserve mapping in weathered basement rocks (Brittany, France). *Bulletin de La Société Géologique de France*, 175(1), 21–34. https://doi.org/10.2113/175.1.21

Yamazaki, D., Ikeshima, D., Sosa, J., Bates, P. D., Allen, G. H., & Pavelsky, T. M. (2019). MERIT hydro: A high-resolution global hydrography map based on latest topography dataset. *Water Resources Research*, 55(6), 5053–5073. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019WR024873

Yu, S., Xuan Do, H., Van Dijk, A. I. J. M., Bond, N. R., Lin, P., & Kennard, M. J. (2020). Evaluating a landscape-scale daily water balance model to support spatially continuous representation of flow intermittence throughout stream networks. *Hydrology and Earth System Sciences*, 24(11), 5279–5295. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5279-2020

Zanetti, F., Botter, G., & Camporese, M. (2024). Stream network dynamics of non-perennial rivers: Insights from integrated surface–subsurface hydrological modeling of two virtual catchments. *Water Resources Research*, 60(2). https://doi.org/10.1029/2023WR035631

Zanetti, F., Durighetto, N., Vingiani, F., & Botter, G. (2021). Analysing river network dynamics and active length–discharge relationship using water presence sensors. *Hydrology and Earth System Sciences*, 26, 3497–3516. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3497-2022

Zimmer, M. A., & McGlynn, B. L. (2017a). Bidirectional stream-groundwater flow in response to ephemeral and intermittent stream-flow and groundwater seasonality. *Hydrological Processes*, 31(22), 3871–3880. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.11301

Zimmer, M. A., & McGlynn, B. L. (2017b). Ephemeral and intermittent runoff generation processes in a low relief, highly weathered catchment. *Water Resources Research*, 53(8), 7055–7077. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016WR019742

Zimmermann, B., Zimmermann, A., Turner, B. L., Francke, T., & Elsenbeer, H. (2014). Connectivity of overland flow by drainage network expansion in a rain forest catchment. *Water Resources Research*, 50(2), 5375–5377. https://doi.org/10.1002/2012WR012660

Zipper, S. C., Hammond, J. C., Shanafield, M., Zimmer, M., Datry, T., Jones, C. N., Kaiser, K. E., Godsey, S. E., Burrows, R. M., Blaszczak, J. R., Busch, M. H., Price, A. N., Boersma, K. S., Ward, A. S., Costigan, K., Allen, G. H., Krabbenhoft, C. A., Dodds, W. K., Mims, M. C., ... Allen, D. C. (2021). Pervasive changes in stream intermittency across the United States. *Environmental Research Letters*, 16(8). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac14ec

Zuecco, G., Penna, D., Borga, M., & Van Meerveld, H. J. (2016). A versatile index to characterize hysteresis between hydrological variables at the runoff event timescale. *Hydrological Processes*, 30(9), 1449–1466. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10681

## SUPPORTING INFORMATION

Additional supporting information can be found online in the Supporting Information section at the end of this article.

**How to cite this article:** Abhervé, R., Roques, C., de Dreuzy, J.-R., Datry, T., Brunner, P., Longuevergne, L., & Aquilina, L. (2024). Improving calibration of groundwater flow models using headwater streamflow intermittence. *Hydrological Processes*, 38(6), e15167. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.15167
APPENDIX A

<figure><img src="image_8.png" /><figcaption>**FIGURE A1** Maps of the persistency index *P*<sub>i</sub> obtained for nine pairs of *K* and *Φ* tested for the Canut catchment (simulation period 1960-2020). Below each map, the minimum, average and maximum water-saturated area, that is, drainage density at the catchment scale displayed for the intermittent and perennial part.</figcaption></figure>
APPENDIX A

<figure><img src="image_8.png" /><figcaption>FIGURE A1 Maps of the persistency index $P_i$ obtained for nine pairs of $K$ and $\Phi$ tested for the Canut catchment (simulation period 1960-2020). Below each map, the minimum, average and maximum water-saturated area, that is, drainage density at the catchment scale displayed for the intermittent and perennial part.</figcaption></figure>