# A checklist of the southwestern Madagascar sponge fauna with taxonomic updates based on the current systematics

Aro Ny A. Razafinampoinarivo, Thierry Pérez, Nicole Boury-Esnault, Lantoasinoro Ranivoarivelo, Cécile Fauvelot

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## To cite this version:

Aro Ny A. Razafinampoinarivo, Thierry Pérez, Nicole Boury-Esnault, Lantoasinoro Ranivoarivelo, Cécile Fauvelot. A checklist of the southwestern Madagascar sponge fauna with taxonomic updates based on the current systematics. Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science, 2023, 21 (2), pp.109-129. 10.4314/wiojms.v21i2.10. hal-04014655

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Original Article

# A checklist of the southwestern Madagascar sponge fauna with taxonomic updates based on the current systematics

Aro Ny A. Razafinampoinarivo<sup>1,2,3</sup>, Thierry Pérez<sup>4 Ⓓ</sup>, Nicole Boury-Esnault<sup>4 Ⓓ</sup>, Lantoasinoro Ranivoarivelo<sup>1,2 Ⓓ</sup>, Cécile Fauvelot<sup>1,3,5* Ⓓ</sup>

Western Indian Ocean
JOURNAL OF
Marine Science

Open access

**Citation:**

Razafinampoinarivo ANA, Pérez T, Boury-Esnault N, Ranivoarivelo L, Fauvelot C (2022) A checklist of the Southwestern Madagascar' sponge fauna with taxonomic updates based on the current Systematics. WIO J Mar Sci 21(2): 109-129 [doi: 10.4314/wiojms.v2li2.10]

**Received:**

November 26, 2021

**Accepted:**

November 9, 2022

**Published:**

February 27, 2023

**Copyright:**

Owned by the journal. The articles are open access articles distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) licence.

* Corresponding author:

cecile.fauvelot@ird.fr

**Abstract**

Sponges are important components of coral reefs with diverse ecological roles. They can be dominant in certain ecosystems of the western Indian Ocean (WIO) region, but their biodiversity remains poorly studied. Most of the knowledge from this region originates from studies conducted 50 years ago in the South Western (SW) region of Madagascar, near Toliara, prior to the degradation of coral reefs and associated ecosystems caused by large environmental disturbances. Here, a reference list is presented including all sponge species that were recorded at that time in different marine habitats of Toliara. This state-of-the-art work includes taxonomic updates. So far, the sponge fauna of Toliara accounts for 267 species, belonging to 3 classes, 23 orders and 68 families, a remarkable diversity when compared to other tropical locations. More than 50 % of the past taxonomic names needed to be updated and with this new baseline it will be possible to allow assessment of long-term changes in sponge biodiversity in relation to environmental stressor changes that have occurred in the SW of Madagascar during the last 50 years.

**Keywords:** Porifera, inventory, Toliara, Indian Ocean, biodiversity

**Introduction**

Sponges, phylum Porifera, are the oldest metazoans, inhabiting all aquatic ecosystems on the planet. In the ocean, these animals are distributed from the intertidal to the abyssal depths at all latitudes (for a review see Rützler, 2004). Sponges can dominate benthic communities, both in terms of diversity and

biomass, and shape structural complexity of a habitat or seascape (Vacelet, 1980; Maldonado *et al.*, 2015). Sponges are keystone components of numerous benthic ecosystems, providing a number of key ecological functions. Filter feeding on a large variety of nano-pico- and microplanktonic particles and recycling dissolved and particulate organic matter contained

<footnote n="1">¹ Laboratoire Mixte International MIKAROKA, Rue Rabesandratana HD, BP 141, Toliara 601, Madagascar</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² Institut Halieutique et des Sciences Marines (IH.SM) – Université de Toliara, Rue Rabesandratana HD, BP 141, Toliara 601, Madagascar</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ UMR ENTROPIE (IRD, CNRS, Université de La Réunion, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, IFREMER), Centre IRD de Noumea, 101 Promenade roger Laroque, BP A5, 98848 Noumea, New Caledonia</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴ Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Marine et Continentale, CNRS, Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, Avignon Univ. Station Marine d'Endoume, rue de la Batterie des Lions, 13007, Marseille, France</footnote>

<footnote n="5">⁵ Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, LOV, 181 Chemin du Lazaret, 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France</footnote>
in the water column (de Goeij *et al.* 2013), they contribute to bioconstruction and bioerosion processes, and offer refuge for numerous reef species (Díaz and Rützler, 2001). They also count among the diet of various predators (e.g., hawksbill turtle, angelfishes, nudibranchs, sea stars) (Wulff, 2012).

The World Porifera Database (WPD) currently accounts more than 9 000 valid sponge species from around the world (de Voogd et al., 2023). However, it

been subjected to local inventories (e.g., Rützler, 2004; de Voogd et al., 2023), resulting to the description of new taxa (e.g., Samaai et al., 2020; Klautau et al., 2021).

Toliara's reefs were once known as the WIO's most biodiverse reefs in South Western Madagascar (Bruggemann et al., 2012). French scientists made significant efforts to investigate sponge biodiversity in the 1960s and the 1970s (Lévi, 1956; Vacelet and Vasseur, 1971; Hooper, 1996; Rützler, 2004). However, because

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 1.** Detailed map of the region of Toliara (southwest of Madagascar) with enlargement of the three zones (A, B and C rectangles) where the studied sites are indicated by blue triangles.</figcaption></figure>

is widely understood that this figure is vastly understated, owing in part to challenges in accessing remote environments (e.g., deep-sea and marine cave ecosystems) and understudied biogeographic regions such as the western Indian Ocean (WIO). The WIO region is home to a potentially rich sponge fauna that has mostly gone unstudied, owing to a lack of local taxonomic competence and of regional research programmes (Barnes and Bell, 2002; Van Soest et al., 2012). Nonetheless, this sponge fauna of the WIO has

the reef has deteriorated significantly, sponge communities in the Toliara region may have evolved substantially since these pioneering observations. Indeed, over the last 50 years, this region's marine ecosystems have faced major environmental stressors (Walker and Fanning, 2003; Fencl, 2005; Harris et al., 2010; Bruggemann et al., 2012; Andréfouët et al., 2013). The main drivers are linked to population growth (notably explained by migrations towards coastal cities), followed by a large number of additive anthropogenic
disturbances (overfishing, pollution, habitat destruction), as well as human-induced global climate change (Harris *et al.*, 2010; Bruggemann *et al.*, 2012).

Before investigating the potential changes in sponge communities as a result of the increasing threats to marine ecosystems in this region, a proper reference list of historical records of sponge species is needed. In this context, the aim of this study was to establish a reference list of this fauna per habitat type, updated following current systematics, but based on historical inventories of the sponge fauna of the Toliara area.

## Material and methods

### Data compilation and taxonomy updating

Sponge species from Toliara marine environments were inventoried and compiled in a database, mainly from the publications of Vasseur (1964), Vacelet and Vasseur (1965, 1971, 1977), Vacelet (1967a, b, 1977), and Vacelet *et al.* (1976). These pioneering studies were carried out between 1961 and 1977 as part of international research initiatives such as the “Expédition Internationale de l’Océan Indien” and the “Programme de Biologie International” (Vacelet *et al.*, 1976). Some data were also gathered from the ecological works of Barnes and Bell (2002). The World Porifera Database was used to verify the species names (de Voogd *et al.*, 2023). The taxonomic status of each recorded species

was checked and updated according to the most recent sponge classification (Cárdenas *et al.*, 2012; Morrow and Cárdenas, 2015) and up-to-date species records in the WPD (de Voogd *et al.*, 2023).

### Study sites

In these past studies, sponges were collected and recorded from a wide range of marine habitats from the Toliara region, including the outer reef slope (outer slope, coral flagstone, creek, pass), the reef flat (outer reef flat, residual pool, detrital ridge, inner flat), reef tunnels and galleries, lagoons (lagoon, inner slope, enclosed lagoon, reef pool, reef lagoon), phanerogam meadows, and mangroves. In these studies, scuba diving and dredging devices were used to explore these habitats from the sea surface to 60 m depth.

Here, the past study area is divided into three main zones: (A) a septentrional zone located in the north of Fiherenana river, which includes the barrier reef of Ifaty and the fringing reef of Tsingoritelo; (B) a central zone located in the bay of Toliara, which includes the barrier reef of Toliara (GRT), some patch reef of Toliara lagoon (Belaza, Dimadimatsy, and Norinkazo), and the fringing reef of Anakao and the reef cay of Nosy Ve. Overall, twenty studied sites were recognized across these three zones, each site including one to seven sampling stations (Fig. 1; Table 1).

<table><caption>Table 1. Location of the studied sites and sampled habitats (C = Cave, F = Flat-reef, L = Lagoon, M = Mangrove, P = Phanerogam meadow, R = Reef).</caption><thead><tr><td>Zone</td><td>Site id.</td><td>Site Name</td><td>Latitude</td><td>Longitude</td><td>Habitat</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>A</td><td>1</td><td>Ifaty</td><td>-23.162778</td><td>43.581944</td><td>R, L, F</td></tr><tr><td>A</td><td>2</td><td>Tsingoritelo</td><td>-23.234444</td><td>43.607778</td><td>R, C, L, M</td></tr><tr><td>B</td><td>3</td><td>Corne Nord</td><td>-23.357222</td><td>43.6125</td><td>R, C, F, L, P</td></tr><tr><td>B</td><td>4</td><td>Grande Vasque</td><td>-23.3825</td><td>43.636667</td><td>L, F, P</td></tr><tr><td>B</td><td>5</td><td>Balise Nord</td><td>-23.393889</td><td>43.654444</td><td>F</td></tr><tr><td>B</td><td>6</td><td>Grande Crique</td><td>-23.403889</td><td>43.640556</td><td>R, C</td></tr><tr><td>B</td><td>7</td><td>Tunnel C</td><td>-23.404444</td><td>43.640278</td><td>C</td></tr><tr><td>B</td><td>8</td><td>Crique en V</td><td>-23.408611</td><td>43.642778</td><td>C</td></tr><tr><td>B</td><td>9</td><td>Trois Vasques</td><td>-23.397222</td><td>43.64</td><td>F</td></tr><tr><td>B</td><td>10</td><td>Pointe Angèle</td><td>-23.400833</td><td>43.662222</td><td>F, P</td></tr><tr><td>B</td><td>11</td><td>Antseteky</td><td>-23.431111</td><td>43.65</td><td>R, F</td></tr><tr><td>B</td><td>12</td><td>Crique Sud</td><td>-23.489167</td><td>43.674444</td><td>F</td></tr><tr><td>B</td><td>13</td><td>Corne Sud</td><td>-23.499444</td><td>43.690556</td><td>R, F, P</td></tr><tr><td>B</td><td>14</td><td>Ankarandava</td><td>-23.463333</td><td>43.686667</td><td>L</td></tr><tr><td>B</td><td>15</td><td>Norinkazo</td><td>-23.466944</td><td>43.725833</td><td>L</td></tr><tr><td>B</td><td>16</td><td>Dimadimatsy</td><td>-23.478611</td><td>43.733333</td><td>L</td></tr><tr><td>B</td><td>17</td><td>Belaza</td><td>-23.4925</td><td>43.737778</td><td>L</td></tr><tr><td>B</td><td>18</td><td>Sarodrano</td><td>-23.516944</td><td>43.725</td><td>F</td></tr><tr><td>C</td><td>19</td><td>Anakao</td><td>-23.509444</td><td>43.628056</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>C</td><td>20</td><td>Nosy Ve</td><td>-23.649444</td><td>43.59</td><td>R</td></tr></tbody></table>
## Reef habitats

Generally, the outer slopes of Toliara reefs comprise two main zones: (i) the coral flagstone situated between 20 m and 50 m depth, dominated by fleshy algae, sponges, hydroids, gorgonians and anthipatharians (Pichon, 1978); and (ii) the upper zone, characterized by an alternation of spurs and grooves which give to the reef front a toothed edge aspect, characteristic of Toliara reefs (Vasseur, 1964). These shallow water habitats are dominated by scleractinians, coralline algae and alcyonacea, but conspicuous sciaphilic organisms can also be present on overhangs and subvertical walls (Vasseur, 1964; Pichon, 1978). Spurs can be 50 to 100 m long and 5 to 10 m wide, whereas grooves can be up to 3 m wide and up to 5 m deep (Vasseur, 1964). In these outer reef parts, the presence of large creeks, up to 100 m long, 50 m wide and 10 m deep, is another main characteristic trait of Toliara reefs (Vasseur, 1964; Clausade et al., 1971; Battistini et al., 1975). Toliara reef flats are generally composed of: (i) an outer reef flat, which is exposed to the wave action and dominated by scleractinians and macrophytes; (ii) a boulder tract made of detrital elements that pursues the outer flat (Clausade et al., 1971) and that generally hosts a rich fauna (Vasseur, 1964; Pichon, 1978); and (iii) an inner reef flat that may host seagrass patches and diverse types of coral formations such as lagoon reef (Belaza, Dimadimatsy, Norinkazo) (Pichon, 1978). The presence of enclosed lagoon and reef pools on the reef flat is also a particular feature of Toliara reefs (Vasseur, 1964).

## Reef tunnels and galleries

Reef tunnels are large cavities, usually up to 50 m long and 5 m large, resulting from the junction of two consecutive spurs thanks to bio-construction. These formations can extend from the back of a groove to below the outer reef flat, and communicate through surge openings, blowholes and fissures. The irradiance is diffuse into these reef tunnels and backwash can be high, depending on the exposure of the reef to the open ocean. These cavities are sometimes followed by galleries, which are true dark cavities (up to 10 m long and 1.5 m large) in the Toliara area and more generally on the reefs of Western Madagascar (Vasseur, 1964).

## Mangroves

Mangroves are diverse along the littoral of the study area. Here, only the mangrove located in the vicinity of Tsigonritelo fringing reef was explored by past works, but no mention of the covered surface and the bathymetric range was reported.

## Results

### Toliara sponge inventory

Based on the available historical data, the sponge fauna of the Toliara region would be nowadays composed of at least 267 species. In this inventory, 39 sponges were identified only at the genus level and might thus include several species (e.g., *Oceanapia* spp., *Mycale* spp., *Halichondria* spp.) (Table 2). Following the World Porifera Database (WPD), 166 sponges classified at the genus and species levels have been given new valid names. For 135 of the 166 species, these updates are due to changes in taxonomic status. For example, *Acanthella carteri* is nowadays accepted as *Stylissa carteri*, after a genus transfer. *Acanthella aurantiaca* has also been transferred to the genus *Stylissa*, but is considered a junior synonym of *Stylissa carteri*. The updates also include names offered as a result of incorrect use of the Zoological code of Nomenclature. This pertains to eight sponge species, including the former *Bubaris conulosus*, now known as *B. conulosa*, and the former *Gellius cymiformis*, now known as *Haliclona (Gellius) cymaeformis*. The updates also include 28 obviously incorrect identifications. Because their original distributions (type localities) are in the Mediterranean Sea or the Atlantic Ocean, their names were amended by identifying their affinities (ex. *Cliona* aff. *schmidtii* or *Oscarella* aff. *lobularis*). However, three of these were true misidentifications, such as *Axinosia incrustans*, which is actually *Scopalina rubra*. Finally, *Clathria pulcherrima* is currently deemed nomen nudum, which implies that it has not been published with a sufficient description and hence remains an invalid name. It is assumed that this record by Barnes and Bell (2002) refers to a spelling error of *Clathrina pulcherrima* that was documented prior to Vacelet and Vasseur (1977), hence it was removed from the inventory.

The sponge fauna of Toliara is distributed among three classes, 23 orders, and 68 families. The class Demospongiae is the most abundant, accounting for 92 % of the reported species (247 species), whereas Calcarea and Homoscleromorpha are underrepresented, accounting for 5 % (13 species) and 3 % (7 species) of the recorded species, respectively (Fig. 2a). Poecilosclerida, with 53 species (of which eight species identified only at the genus level), Haplosclerida, with 44 species (of which eight species identified only at the genus level), and Tetractinellida, with 42 species (of which seven species identified only at the genus level), are the most numerous orders in the Demospongiae.
<table><caption>**Table 2.** Sponge inventory of Toliara, southwest Madagascar and their distribution among habitats. C = cave and galleries, F = reef flats, L = lagoon, M = mangrove, P = phanerogam meadows, R = reef; * species whose taxonomic status has been changed according to the most recent sponge classification (Morrow and Cárdenas, 2015). Sources: 1 Vasseur (1964); 2 Vacelet and Vasseur (1965); 3 Vacelet (1967a); 4 Vacelet (1967b); 5 Vacelet and Vasseur (1971); 6 Vacelet *et al* (1976); 7 Vacelet (1977); 8 Vacelet and Vasseur (1977); 9 Barnes and Bell (2002). All given names have been checked in WPD.</caption><thead><tr><th>Class</th><th>Order</th><th>Family</th><th>Species</th><th>Site id.</th><th>Habitat</th><th>Source</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="7"><strong>Calcarea</strong></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7">(Calcaronea) Baerida</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7">Lepidoleuconidae Lepidoleucon inflatum Vacelet, 1967</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7">(Calcaronea) Lithonida</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="7">Minchinellidae</td><td>Plectroninia hindei Kirkpatrick, 1900</td><td></td><td>1, 11</td><td>R</td><td>6, 7, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Plectroninia minima Vacelet, 1967</td><td></td><td>1, 2, 7, 11</td><td>R, C</td><td>4, 6, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Plectroninia pulchella Vacelet, 1967</td><td></td><td>1, 7, 11</td><td>R, C</td><td>4, 5, 6, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Plectroninia radiata Vacelet, 1967</td><td></td><td>1, 2, 7, 11</td><td>R, C</td><td>4, 5, 6, 7, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Plectroninia tecta Vacelet, 1967</td><td></td><td>2, 7</td><td>C</td><td>3, 4, 5</td></tr><tr><td>Plectroninia sp.</td><td></td><td>19</td><td></td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Tulearinia stylifera Vacelet, 1977</td><td></td><td>7</td><td>C</td><td>7, 8</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7">(Calcinea) Clathrinida</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Clathrinidae</td><td>Arturia darwinii (Haeckel, 1870)*</td><td></td><td>19</td><td></td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Clathrina pulcherrima (Dendy, 1891)</td><td></td><td>1, 4</td><td>L</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>Leucettidae</td><td>Leucetta aff. primigenia Haeckel, 1872*</td><td></td><td>2</td><td>C, L</td><td>1, 2</td></tr><tr><td>Lelapiellidae</td><td>Lelapiella incrustans Vacelet, 1977</td><td></td><td>7</td><td>R, C</td><td>7, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Paramurrayonidae</td><td>Paramurrayona corticata Vacelet, 1967</td><td></td><td>7</td><td>C</td><td>4, 5, 8</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7"><strong>Demospongiae</strong></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7">(Heteroscleromorpha)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7"><strong>Agelasida</strong></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Agelasidae</td><td>Acanthostylotella cornuta (Topsent, 1897)</td><td></td><td>3, 6</td><td>R, F</td><td>5, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Agelas bispiculata Vacelet, Vasseur & Lévi, 1976</td><td></td><td>11</td><td>R</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Agelas marmarica Lévi, 1958</td><td></td><td>2, 7, 9</td><td>C, F, L</td><td>1, 2, 5</td></tr><tr><td>Agelas mauritiana (Carter, 1883)</td><td></td><td>1, 2, 7, 11</td><td>R, C</td><td>2, 5, 6</td></tr><tr><td>Astroscleridae</td><td>Astrosclera willeyana Lister, 1900</td><td></td><td>1- 3, 11</td><td>R, C</td><td>1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7"><strong>Axinellida</strong></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Axinellidae</td><td>Axinella arborescens Ridley and Dendy, 1886*</td><td></td><td>3, 13, 14</td><td>R, L</td><td>6, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Axinella donnani (Bowerbank, 1873)*</td><td></td><td>3, 6, 13, 14</td><td>R, L</td><td>6, 8</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Heteroxyidae</td><td>Myrmekioderma granulatum (Esper, 1829)*</td><td></td><td>1, 2, 4, 5, 11</td><td>F, L, P</td><td>1, 2, 5, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Myrmekioderma dendyi (Burton, 1959)*</td><td></td><td>2, 7</td><td>C, L</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="10">Raspailiidae</td><td>Aulosponges gardineri (Dendy, 1922)*</td><td></td><td>3</td><td>R</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Aulosponges involutus (Kirkpatrick, 1903)*</td><td></td><td>3, 13</td><td>R</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Didiscus aceratus (Ridley & Dendy, 1886)*</td><td></td><td>7</td><td>C</td><td>5, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Didiscus aff. stylifer Tsumnamal, 1969*</td><td></td><td>3</td><td>R</td><td>5, 6</td></tr><tr><td>Didiscus placospongioides Dendy, 1922</td><td></td><td>3, 7</td><td>R, C</td><td>5, 6</td></tr><tr><td>Echinodictyum conulosum Kieschnick, 1900</td><td></td><td>3</td><td>R</td><td>5, 6, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Echinodictyum jousseaumi Topsent, 1892</td><td></td><td>3</td><td>R</td><td>5, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Echinodictyum sp.</td><td></td><td>19</td><td></td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Eurypon calypsoi Lévi, 1958</td><td></td><td>3</td><td>R</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Eurypon sp.</td><td></td><td>3, 11</td><td>R</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Stelligeridae</td><td>Higginsia petrosioides Dendy, 1922</td><td></td><td>2, 3, 7, 9, 13</td><td>R, F, C, L</td><td>1, 2, 5, 6, 8</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7"><strong>Biemnida</strong></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Biemnidae</td><td>Biemna anisotoxa Lévi, 1963</td><td></td><td>1</td><td>L</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Biemna bihamigera (Dendy, 1922)</td><td></td><td>20</td><td>R</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Biemna fortis (Topsent, 1897)</td><td></td><td>2, 3</td><td>F</td><td>8, 9</td></tr><tr><td>Biemna sp.</td><td></td><td>19</td><td></td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Rhabderemiidae</td><td>Rhabderemia mammillata (Whitelegge, 1907)*</td><td></td><td>2, 7, 8</td><td>C</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>Rhabderemia aff. toxigera Topsent, 1892*</td><td></td><td>2, 7, 8</td><td>C</td><td>8</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th>Class</th><th>Order</th><th>Family</th><th>Species</th><th>Site id.</th><th>Habitat</th><th>Source</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="7"><strong>Bubarida</strong></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Bubaridae</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2">Bubaris conulosa Vacelet & Vasseur, 1971*</td><td>3</td><td>R</td><td>5, 8</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>L</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Desmanthidae</td><td></td><td>Desmanthus aff. incrustans (Topsent, 1889)*</td><td>11</td><td>R</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Dictyonellidae</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2">Acanthella klethra Pulitzer-Finali, 1982</td><td>19</td><td></td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>19</td><td></td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7"><strong>Clionaida</strong></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="21">Clionaidae</td><td rowspan="21"></td><td rowspan="2">Cliona aff. lobata Hancock, 1849*</td><td>3</td><td>R</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>7, 8</td><td>C</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Cliona aff. schmidtii (Ridley, 1881)*</td><td>3</td><td>F</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Cliona celata Grant, 1826</td><td>3, 13</td><td>R</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Cliona ensifera Sollas, 1878</td><td>2, 4</td><td>F, L</td><td>1, 9</td></tr><tr><td>Cliona sp.</td><td>3</td><td>R, F</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Cliona jullieni Topsent, 1891</td><td>3, 7, 9, 11, 13</td><td>R, F, C</td><td>5, 6</td></tr><tr><td>Cliona mucronata Sollas, 1878</td><td>3</td><td>R, F</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Cliothosa aff. hancocki (Topsent, 1888)*</td><td>3</td><td>F</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Pione margaritiferae (Dendy, 1905)*</td><td>3</td><td>F</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Spheciospongia excentrica (Burton, 1931)*</td><td>1, 3, 11, 14</td><td>R, L</td><td>6, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Spheciospongia inconstans (Dendy, 1887)*</td><td>3, 13</td><td>R</td><td>2, 5, 6, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Spheciospongia inconstans var. digitata (Dendy, 1887)*</td><td>2, 4</td><td>F, C</td><td>1, 2, 5</td></tr><tr><td>Spheciospongia poterionides (Vacelet & Vasseur, 1971)*</td><td>10, 15, 16</td><td>F, L</td><td>5, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Spheciospongia solida (Ridley & Dendy, 1886)</td><td>19</td><td></td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Spheciospongia vagabunda (Ridley, 1884)*</td><td>2</td><td>P</td><td>8, 9</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Placospongiidae</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2">Placospongia carinata (Bowerbank, 1858)</td><td>1, 2, 7, 11</td><td>R, F, C, L</td><td>1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 9</td></tr><tr><td>19</td><td></td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5">Spirastrellidae</td><td rowspan="5"></td><td rowspan="5">Diplastrella gardineri Topsent, 1918</td><td>3</td><td>R</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Spirastrella aff. cunctatrix Schmidt, 1868*</td><td>3, 9</td><td>R, F</td><td>5, 6</td></tr><tr><td>Spirastrella curvistellifera (Dendy, 1905)*</td><td>2, 6, 7, 11, 20</td><td>R, C, L</td><td>1, 2, 5, 6, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Spirastrella pachyspira Lévi, 1958</td><td>2, 3, 7, 11, 20</td><td>R, F, C, L</td><td>1, 2, 5, 6, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Spirastrella sp.</td><td>19</td><td></td><td>8, 9</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7"><strong>Haplosclerida</strong></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="10">Callyspongiidae</td><td rowspan="10"></td><td rowspan="10">Callyspongia (Callyspongia) sp.</td><td>4</td><td>L</td><td>1, 2</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>L</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Callyspongia (Cladochalina) subarmigera (Ridley, 1884)*</td><td>3, 13</td><td>R</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Callyspongia (Toxochalina) dendyi (Burton, 1931)*</td><td>3, 6, 13</td><td>R</td><td>5, 6, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Callyspongia (Toxochalina) robusta (Ridley, 1884)*</td><td>19</td><td></td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Callyspongia (Toxochalina) sp.</td><td>3, 11, 13, 15</td><td>R, L</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Callyspongia confoederata (sensu Ridley, 1884)</td><td>3</td><td>R</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Callyspongia reticutis var. salomonensis (Dendy, 1922)</td><td>3</td><td>R</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Chalinidae</td><td></td><td>Haliclona (Flagellia) amirantensis Van Soest, 2017*</td><td>3</td><td>R</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="10">Chalinidae</td><td rowspan="10"></td><td rowspan="10">Haliclona (Gellius) cymaeformis (Esper, 1806)*</td><td>10</td><td>P</td><td>5, 8, 9</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>F, P</td><td>5, 8</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>C</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>R</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>C</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Haliclona fragilis (Vacelet, Vasseur & Lévi, 1976)*</td><td>11, 14</td><td>R, L</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Haliclona sp.</td><td>19</td><td></td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Haliclona madagascarensis Vacelet, Vasseur & Lévi, 1976</td><td>3</td><td>R</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Haliclona polypoides (Vacelet, Vasseur & Lévi, 1976)*</td><td>3, 6, 13</td><td>R</td><td>6, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Haliclona striata Vacelet, Vasseur & Lévi, 1976</td><td>3, 13</td><td>R</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Haliclona tulearensis Vacelet, Vasseur & Lévi, 1976</td><td>3, 11</td><td>R</td><td>6</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th>Class</th><th>Order</th><th>Family</th><th>Species</th><th>Site id.</th><th>Habitat</th><th>Source</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="3">Niphatidae</td><td rowspan="3"></td><td rowspan="3">Gelliodes incrustans</td><td>Dendy, 1905</td><td>2, 19</td><td>F</td><td>8, 9</td></tr><tr><td>Gelliodes petrosioides</td><td>Dendy, 1905*</td><td>11</td><td>R</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Gelliodes sp.</td><td></td><td>2</td><td>R, C, L</td><td>1, 2</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="15">Petrosiidae</td><td rowspan="15"></td><td rowspan="15">Neopetrosia chaliniformis</td><td>Thiele, 1899)*</td><td>19</td><td></td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Neopetrosia seriata</td><td>(Hentschel, 1912)*</td><td>3</td><td>R, F</td><td>5, 6</td></tr><tr><td>Petrosia (Petrosia) densissima</td><td>Dendy, 1905*</td><td>3</td><td>R</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Petrosia (Petrosia) microxea</td><td>(Vacelet, Vasseur & Lévi, 1976)*</td><td>11</td><td>R</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Petrosia (Petrosia) nigricans</td><td>Lindgren, 1897*</td><td>11, 13, 14, 19</td><td>R, L</td><td>6, 9</td></tr><tr><td>Petrosia (Petrosia) spheroida</td><td>Tanita, 1967*</td><td>1, 3, 4, 11</td><td>R, L</td><td>6, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Petrosia (Strongylophora) durissima</td><td>(Dendy, 1905)*</td><td>2, 7</td><td>C</td><td>1, 2, 5, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Petrosia sp.</td><td></td><td>19</td><td></td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Xestospongia testudinaria</td><td>(Lamarck, 1815)*</td><td>1, 3-4</td><td>R, F, L</td><td>1, 2, 5, 6, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Xestospongia viridenigra</td><td>(Vacelet, Vasseur & Lévi, 1976)*</td><td>1, 3</td><td>R, F, L</td><td>2, 5, 6</td></tr><tr><td>Xestospongia sp.</td><td></td><td>19</td><td></td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="15">Phloeodictyidae</td><td rowspan="15"></td><td>Oceanapia amboinensis</td><td>Topsent, 1897</td><td>1, 7, 11</td><td>R, C</td><td>5, 6</td></tr><tr><td>Oceanapia cribrirhina</td><td>(Vacelet & Vasseur, 1971)*</td><td>3, 7</td><td>R, C</td><td>5, 6</td></tr><tr><td>Oceanapia dura</td><td>(Vacelet & Vasseur, 1971)*</td><td>3</td><td>R</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Oceanapia fistulosa</td><td>(Bowerbank, 1873)*</td><td>3, 4, 13</td><td>R, L</td><td>6, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Oceanapia incrustata</td><td>(Dendy, 1922)*</td><td>1, 3, 4, 13, 14, 19</td><td>R, L</td><td>5, 6, 8, 9</td></tr><tr><td>Oceanapia minuta</td><td>(Vacelet, Vasseur & Lévi, 1976)*</td><td>3, 11</td><td>R</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Oceanapia mucronata</td><td>(Vacelet, Vasseur & Lévi, 1976)*</td><td>1, 3, 13, 14</td><td>R, L</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Oceanapia sp.</td><td></td><td>1, 3, 11, 19</td><td>R, L</td><td>6, 8, 9</td></tr><tr><td>Oceanapia polysiphonia</td><td>(Dendy, 1922)*</td><td>1, 3</td><td>R</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Oceanapia sagittaria</td><td>(Sollas, 1902)*</td><td>3</td><td>F</td><td>5, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Oceanapia toxophila</td><td>Dendy, 1922</td><td>3</td><td>R</td><td>6, 8</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7"><strong>Merliida</strong></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Merliidae</td><td></td><td>Merlia normani</td><td>Kirkpatrick, 1908</td><td>3</td><td>R</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td colspan="8"><strong>Poecilosclerida</strong></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Acarnidae</td><td rowspan="4"></td><td rowspan="4">Acarnus bergquistae</td><td>Van Soest, Hooper & Hiemstra, 1991*</td><td>3</td><td>R</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Cornulella minima</td><td>(Vacelet, Vasseur & Lévi, 1976)*</td><td>1, 3, 11, 13</td><td>R</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Paracornulum strepsichela</td><td>(Dendy, 1922)*</td><td>3</td><td>R</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Zyzzya fuliginosa</td><td>(Carter, 1879)*</td><td>1</td><td>R</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Chondropsidae</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td>Batzella aurantiaca</td><td>(Lévi, 1958)*</td><td>1, 3, 11</td><td>R, F, L</td><td>5, 6</td></tr><tr><td>Chondropsis lamella</td><td>(Lendenfeld, 1888)*</td><td>1</td><td>R</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Coelosphaeridae</td><td rowspan="3"></td><td>Coelosphaera (Coelosphaera) fucoides</td><td>(Topsent, 1897)*</td><td>13</td><td>R</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Coelosphaera sp.</td><td></td><td>19</td><td></td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Lissodendoryx (Ectyodoryx) arenaria</td><td>Burton, 1936*</td><td>3, 19</td><td>R</td><td>6, 8, 9</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Crambeidae</td><td rowspan="4"></td><td>Crambe acuata</td><td>(Lévi, 1958)</td><td>3, 11, 13</td><td>R</td><td>6, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Crambe aff. crambe</td><td>(Schmidt, 1862)*</td><td>19</td><td></td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Monanchora dianchora</td><td>de Laubenfels, 1935*</td><td>3, 4</td><td>R, L</td><td>5, 6</td></tr><tr><td>Monanchora unguiculata</td><td>(Dendy, 1922)*</td><td>3</td><td>R</td><td>5, 6</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Crellidae</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td>Crella (Pytheas) ula</td><td>(de Laubenfels, 1950)*</td><td>3, 17</td><td>R, L</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Spirorhabdia alata</td><td>(Vacelet, Vasseur & Lévi, 1976)</td><td>11</td><td>R</td><td>6, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Esperiopsidae</td><td></td><td>Ulosa aff. incrustans</td><td>(Burton, 1930)*</td><td>9</td><td>F</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Guitarridae</td><td></td><td>Coelodischela diatomorpha</td><td>(Vacelet, Vasseur & Lévi, 1976)</td><td>11</td><td>R</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="6">Hymedesmiidae</td><td rowspan="6"></td><td>Acanthancora stylifera</td><td>Burton, 1959</td><td>4</td><td>F, L, P</td><td>2, 5</td></tr><tr><td>Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) mertoni</td><td>(Hentschel, 1912)*</td><td>3</td><td>R</td><td>6, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Hymedesmia sp.</td><td></td><td>2, 7, 8, 19</td><td>C</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>Phorbas clathrodes</td><td>(Dendy, 1922)*</td><td>3</td><td>R</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Phorbas scabida</td><td>(sensu Vacelet, Vasseur & Lévi, 1976)*</td><td>3</td><td>R</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Iotrochotidae</td><td></td><td>Iotrochota baculifera</td><td>Ridley, 1884</td><td>1-3</td><td>R, F, L, P</td><td>1, 2, 5, 6</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Iotrochota purpurea</td><td>(Bowerbank, 1875)</td><td>1-4, 13</td><td>R, F, L, P</td><td>1, 2, 5, 6, 8</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th>Class</th><th>Order</th><th>Family</th><th>Species</th><th>Site id.</th><th>Habitat</th><th>Source</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="14">Microcionidae</td><td rowspan="14">Microcionidae</td><td>Clathria (Clathria) foliascens Vacelet & Vasseur, 1971*</td><td>3</td><td>R</td><td>5, 6, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Clathria (Clathria) spongodes Dendy, 1922*</td><td>1</td><td>R</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Clathria (Microciona) microxea (Vacelet & Vasseur, 1971)*</td><td>3</td><td>F</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Clathria (Microciona) vacelettia Hooper, 1996*</td><td>2</td><td>L</td><td>1, 2</td></tr><tr><td>Clathria (Microciona) sp.</td><td>1-3, 6, 8, 9, 19</td><td>R, F, C, L, P</td><td>5, 6, 9</td></tr><tr><td>Clathria (Thalysias) abietina (Lamarck, 1814)*</td><td>3</td><td>R</td><td>6, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Clathria (Thalysias) cactiformis (Lamarck, 1814)*</td><td>2, 3</td><td>R, F, P</td><td>5, 6, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Clathria (Thalysias) cervicornis (Thiele, 1903)*</td><td></td><td>R</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Clathria (Thalysias) sp.</td><td>1, 3</td><td>R, F, L</td><td>5, 6</td></tr><tr><td>Clathria (Thalysias) toxifera (Hentschel, 1912)*</td><td>2</td><td>P</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>Clathria (Thalysias) vulpina (Lamarck, 1814)*</td><td>3, 14</td><td>R, F, L</td><td>6, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Clathria (Wilsonella) cercidochela (Vacelet & Vasseur, 1971)*</td><td>1, 3</td><td>R, L</td><td>5, 6, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Clathria sp.</td><td>19</td><td></td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="10">Mycalidae</td><td>Mycale (Aegogropila) crassissima (Dendy, 1905)*</td><td>3</td><td>F</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Mycale (Aegogropila) sulevoidea (Sollas, 1902)*</td><td>1, 4, 7, 19</td><td>C, L, P</td><td>1, 2, 5</td></tr><tr><td>Mycale (Arenochalina) imperfecta Baer, 1906*</td><td>1, 19</td><td>L</td><td>5, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Mycale (Grapelia) vaceleti Hajdu, 1995*</td><td>11</td><td>R</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Mycale (Mycale) grandis Gray, 1867*</td><td>1, 4, 9</td><td>F, L</td><td>1, 2, 5, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Mycale (Mycale) gravelyi Burton, 1937*</td><td>2, 4</td><td>R, L</td><td>1, 2, 5</td></tr><tr><td>Mycale (Naviculina) cleistochela Vacelet & Vasseur, 1971*</td><td>9</td><td>F</td><td>5, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Mycale (Naviculina) microxea Vacelet, Vasseur & Lévi, 1976*</td><td>3</td><td>R</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Mycale sp.</td><td>3, 4, 19</td><td>F, L</td><td>5, 9</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Podospongiidae</td><td>Diacarnus globosus (Vacelet, Vasseur & Lévi, 1976)*</td><td>3</td><td>R</td><td>6, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Sigmosceptrella quadrilobata Dendy, 1922</td><td>2, 6</td><td>R, C</td><td>6, 8</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5">Tedaniidae</td><td>Strongylamma arenosa (Vacelet & Vasseur, 1971)*</td><td>3, 19</td><td>R</td><td>5, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Strongylamma sp.</td><td></td><td></td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>Strongylamma wilsoni (Dendy, 1922)*</td><td>3</td><td>R</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Tedania (Tedania) assabensis Keller, 1891*</td><td>1, 3, 11</td><td>R, L</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Tedania (Tedania) sp.</td><td>6, 7, 9</td><td>R, F, C</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6"><strong>Polymastiida</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Polymastiidae</td><td>Polymastia megasclera Burton, 1934</td><td>3</td><td>R</td><td>6, 8</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6"><strong>Scopalinida</strong></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Scopalinidae</td><td>Scopalina aff. lophyropoda Schmidt, 1862*</td><td>3</td><td>R</td><td>5, 6, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Scopalina rubra (Vacelet & Vasseur, 1971)*</td><td>2-4, 9, 19</td><td>R, F, C, L, P</td><td>5, 6, 8, 9</td></tr><tr><td>Stylissa carteri (Dendy, 1889)*</td><td>2-4, 7, 11, 13-14, 19</td><td>R, C, L</td><td>1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 9</td></tr><tr><td>Stylissa conulosa (Dendy, 1922)*</td><td>19</td><td></td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6"><strong>Suberitida</strong></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="10">Halichondriidae</td><td>Amorphinopsis fistulosa (Vacelet, Vasseur & Lévi, 1976)*</td><td>3, 13</td><td>R, F, P</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Amorphinopsis foetida (Dendy, 1889)*</td><td>2, 19</td><td>M</td><td>2, 8, 9</td></tr><tr><td>Axinyssa aplysinoides (Dendy, 1922)</td><td>3, 7, 20</td><td>R, C, P</td><td>5, 6</td></tr><tr><td>Ciocalypta sp.</td><td>19</td><td></td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Ciocalypta microstrongylata Vacelet, Vasseur & Lévi, 1976</td><td>3, 19</td><td>R</td><td>6, 8, 9</td></tr><tr><td>Halichondria sp.</td><td>2-4, 19</td><td>R, F, L</td><td>1, 6, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Hymeniacidon aff. perlevis (Montagu, 1814)*</td><td>2, 4</td><td>F</td><td>1, 2</td></tr><tr><td>Spongosorites indicus Hentschel, 1912*</td><td>2, 4</td><td>F</td><td>1, 2</td></tr><tr><td>Topsentia halichondrioides (Dendy, 1905)*</td><td>3</td><td>R</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Topsentia stellettoides (Lévi, 1961)*</td><td></td><td>R</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5">Suberitidae</td><td>Aaptos aff. aaptos (Schmidt, 1864)*</td><td>2, 4, 11</td><td>R, F</td><td>2, 5, 6</td></tr><tr><td>Terpios cruciatus (Dendy, 1905)*</td><td>3</td><td>R, F</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Terpios granulosus Bergquist, 1967*</td><td>3, 9</td><td>R, F, P</td><td>5, 6, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Terpios sp.</td><td>19</td><td></td><td>9</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th>Class</th><th>Order</th><th>Family</th><th>Species</th><th>Site id.</th><th>Habitat</th><th>Source</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="7"><strong>Tethyida</strong></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Hemiasterellidae</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2">Hemiasterella complicata Topsent, 1919<br>Liosina arenosa (Vacelet & Vasseur, 1971)*</td><td>3</td><td>R</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>1, 19</td><td>L</td><td>5, 8, 9</td></tr><tr><td>Tethyidae</td><td></td><td>Tethya seychellensis (Wright, 1881)</td><td>7, 11, 19</td><td>R, F, C</td><td>1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 9</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Timeidae</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td>Timea aff. unistellata (Topsent, 1892)*</td><td>2, 7, 11</td><td>F, C, L</td><td>1, 2, 5, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Timea sp.</td><td>19</td><td></td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7"><strong>Tetractinellida</strong></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="11">Ancorinidae</td><td rowspan="11"></td><td>Ancorina aff. radix Marenzeller, 1889*</td><td>3, 7</td><td>F, C</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Ancorina nanosclera Lévi, 1967*</td><td>1, 3, 11, 14</td><td>R, L</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Asteropus simplex (Carter, 1879)</td><td>3</td><td>R</td><td>5, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Dercitus (Stoeba) extensus (Dendy, 1905)*</td><td>3</td><td>F</td><td>5, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Dercitus (Stoeba) sp.</td><td>3</td><td>F</td><td>5, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Ecionemia acervus Bowerbank, 1862*</td><td>2, 3, 11, 14, 18, 19</td><td>R, F, L</td><td>8, 9</td></tr><tr><td>Jaspis aff. johnstonii (Schmidt, 1862)*</td><td>4, 19</td><td>L</td><td>8, 9</td></tr><tr><td>Jaspis diastra (Vacelet & Vasseur, 1965)*</td><td>2</td><td>L</td><td>1, 2</td></tr><tr><td>Jaspis sp.</td><td>19</td><td></td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Stelletta osculifera (Lévi, 1964)*</td><td>7</td><td>C</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>Stelletta tulearensis Vacelet, Vasseur & Lévi, 1976</td><td>3, 11</td><td>R</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Stellettinopsis laviniensis (Dendy, 1905)*</td><td>11</td><td>R</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="10">Geodiidae</td><td rowspan="10"></td><td>Caminus aff. sphaeroconia Sollas, 1886*</td><td>3</td><td>R</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Erylus lendenfeldi Sollas, 1888</td><td>2, 3, 9, 13, 19</td><td>R, F, C</td><td>5, 6, 8, 9</td></tr><tr><td>Geodia carcinophila (Lendenfeld, 1897)*</td><td>3</td><td>R</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Geodia littoralis Stephens, 1915</td><td>2</td><td>L</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Geodia peruncinata Dendy, 1905</td><td>8</td><td>C</td><td>5, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Geodia sollasi (Lendenfeld, 1888)*</td><td>7, 9, 11</td><td>R, F, C</td><td>5, 6</td></tr><tr><td>Geodia sphaerulifer (Vacelet & Vasseur, 1965)*</td><td>7, 2</td><td>R, C</td><td>2, 5</td></tr><tr><td>Homophymia lamellosa Vacelet & Vasseur, 1971</td><td>2, 6-8, 11</td><td>R, C</td><td>5, 6, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Macandrewia sp.</td><td>2, 7, 8</td><td>C</td><td>1, 2, 8</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Neopeltidae</td><td rowspan="4"></td><td>Sollasipelta cavernicola (Vacelet & Vasseur, 1965)*</td><td>1, 2, 7, 11</td><td>R, C</td><td>5, 6, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Sollasipelta mixta (Vacelet, Vasseur & Lévi, 1976)*</td><td>2, 3, 7, 8</td><td>R, C</td><td>6, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Sollasipelta ornata (Sollas, 1888)</td><td>2-4, 7, 11</td><td>R, C, L</td><td>5, 6, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Sollasipelta sp.</td><td>19</td><td></td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Pachastrellidae</td><td></td><td>Acanthotriaena crypta Vacelet, Vasseur & Lévi, 1976</td><td>3</td><td>R</td><td>6, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Phymaraphiniidae</td><td></td><td>Kaliopsis incrustans (Vacelet & Vasseur, 1971)*</td><td>1-3, 7, 8, 11</td><td>R, C</td><td>1, 2, 5</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Scleritodermidae</td><td rowspan="3"></td><td>Aciculites spinosa Vacelet & Vasseur, 1971</td><td>8</td><td>C</td><td>5, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Aciculites tulearensis Vacelet & Vasseur, 1965</td><td>2-3, 7</td><td>C</td><td>2, 5, 6, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Scleritoderma nodosum Thiele, 1900</td><td>13</td><td>R</td><td>5, 8</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5">Tetillidae</td><td rowspan="5"></td><td>Cinachyrella australiensis Carter, 1886*</td><td>2</td><td>L</td><td>1, 2, 5, 6, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Craniella aff. cranium (Müller, 1776)*</td><td></td><td>R</td><td>6, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Paratetilla bacca Dendy, 1905</td><td>1-4, 7</td><td>R, C, L</td><td>2, 5</td></tr><tr><td>Paratetilla sp.</td><td>19</td><td></td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Discodermia discifera (Lendenfeld, 1907)*</td><td>2</td><td>L</td><td>2, 5</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="10">Theonellidae</td><td rowspan="10"></td><td>Discodermia sp.</td><td>19</td><td></td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Discodermia dubia Vacelet & Vasseur, 1971</td><td>7</td><td>C</td><td>6, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Discodermia japonica Döderlein, 1884</td><td>1, 7, 11</td><td>C, R</td><td>5, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Discodermia panoplia Sollas, 1888</td><td>2, 3, 7, 8, 11</td><td>C, R</td><td>5, 6, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Theonella conica (Kieschnick, 1896)</td><td>1-3, 13</td><td>R, F, L</td><td>5, 6, 8</td></tr><tr><td>Theonella swinhoei Gray, 1868</td><td>1, 13, 14</td><td>R, L</td><td>1, 2, 5, 6</td></tr><tr><td>Thoosidae</td><td></td><td>Alectona primitiva Topsent, 1932</td><td>7</td><td>C</td><td>6</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th>Class</th><th>Order</th><th>Family</th><th>Species</th><th>Site id.</th><th>Habitat</th><th>Source</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="7">(Keratosa)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7"><strong>Dendroceratida</strong></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Darwinellidae</td><td rowspan="3"></td><td><em>Aplysilla aff. sulfurea</em> Schulze, 1878*</td><td>3, 4, 19</td><td>R, L</td><td>1, 2, 5, 6, 8</td></tr><tr><td><em>Chelonaplysilla aff. noevus</em> (Carter, 1876)*</td><td>3, 5</td><td>R, F</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td><em>Darwinella australiensis</em> Carter, 1885</td><td>4</td><td>L</td><td>5, 6, 8</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Dictyodendrillidae</td><td rowspan="3"></td><td><em>Igernella mirabilis</em> Lévi, 1961</td><td></td><td>F</td><td>5, 6</td></tr><tr><td><em>Spongionella nigra</em> Dendy, 1889*</td><td>11</td><td>R</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td><em>Spongionella retiara</em> (Dendy, 1916)*</td><td>3</td><td>R</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7"><strong>Dictyoceratida</strong></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Dysideidae</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td><em>Dysidea cinerea</em> Keller, 1889</td><td>13</td><td>R</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td><em>Dysidea sp.</em></td><td>19</td><td></td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="7">Irciniidae</td><td rowspan="7"></td><td><em>Ircinia aff. dendroides</em> (Schmidt, 1862)*</td><td>1, 3</td><td>R, L</td><td>1, 2, 5</td></tr><tr><td><em>Ircinia aff. strobilina</em> (Lamarck, 1816)*</td><td>1, 3</td><td>R, L</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td><em>Ircinia cylindracea</em> Vacelet, Vasseur & Lévi, 1976</td><td>3</td><td>R</td><td>6, 8</td></tr><tr><td><em>Ircinia irregularis</em> (Poléjaeff, 1884)</td><td>3, 2</td><td>R, L</td><td>6, 8</td></tr><tr><td><em>Ircinia sp.</em></td><td>1, 4</td><td>L</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td><em>Ircinia ramosa</em> (Keller, 1889)*</td><td>1, 4</td><td>L</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td><em>Spongia sp.</em></td><td>3</td><td>R</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Thorectidae</td><td rowspan="4"></td><td><em>Phyllospongia papyracea</em> (Esper, 1806)*</td><td>3, 4, 11, 12, 19</td><td>R, F, L</td><td>5, 6, 8, 9</td></tr><tr><td><em>Phyllospongia foliascens</em> (Pallas, 1766)*</td><td>3</td><td>R, F</td><td>5, 6, 8</td></tr><tr><td><em>Lendenfeldia dendyi</em> (Lendenfeld, 1889)*</td><td>1, 4, 10</td><td>F, L, P</td><td>6, 8</td></tr><tr><td><em>Hyrtios cavernosus</em> (Vacelet, Vasseur & Lévi, 1976)*</td><td>13</td><td>R</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7">(Verongimorpha)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7"><strong>Verongiida</strong></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Ianthellidae</td><td rowspan="3"></td><td><em>Hexadella aff. racovitzai</em> Topsent, 1896*</td><td>3, 11, 13</td><td>R, F</td><td>6, 8</td></tr><tr><td><em>Hexadella sp.</em></td><td>1, 2, 4, 7, 19</td><td>F, C, L</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td><em>Ianthella sp.</em></td><td>19</td><td></td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Pseudoceratinidae</td><td></td><td><em>Pseudoceratina purpurea</em> (Carter, 1880)*</td><td>3, 14, 17</td><td>R, L</td><td>6, 8</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7"><strong>Chondrillida</strong></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Chondrillidae</td><td rowspan="4"></td><td><em>Chondrilla aff. nucula</em> Schmidt, 1862</td><td>3, 13, 19</td><td>F</td><td>5, 8, 9</td></tr><tr><td><em>Chondrilla australiensis</em> Carter, 1873*</td><td>3, 4</td><td>L, F</td><td>1, 2, 5</td></tr><tr><td><em>Chondrilla mixta</em> Schulze, 1876*</td><td>3</td><td>R, F</td><td>5, 6</td></tr><tr><td><em>Chondrilla sacciformis</em> Carter, 1879</td><td>2</td><td>C</td><td>1, 2, 5</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Halisarcidae</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td><em>Halisarca ectofibrosa</em> Vacelet, Vasseur & Lévi, 1976</td><td>2, 3</td><td>R, C</td><td>6, 8</td></tr><tr><td><em>Halisarca sp.</em></td><td>1, 4, 5</td><td>L, F</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7"><strong>Chondrosiida</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Chondrosiidae</td><td></td><td><em>Chondrosia debilis</em> Thiele, 1900</td><td>3, 5, 9</td><td>F</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7"><strong>Homoscleromorpha</strong></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7"><strong>Homosclerophorida</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Oscarellidae</td><td></td><td><em>Oscarella aff. lobularis</em> (Schmidt, 1862)*</td><td>3, 7</td><td>C, P</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="6">Plakinidae</td><td rowspan="6"></td><td><em>Plakina aff. monolopha</em> Schulze, 1880*</td><td>7</td><td>C</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td><em>Plakina aff. trilopha</em> Schulze, 1880*</td><td>3</td><td>R</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td><em>Plakina corticioides</em> Vacelet, Vasseur & Lévi, 1976</td><td>3</td><td>R</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td><em>Plakinastrella ceylonica</em> (Dendy, 1905)</td><td>11</td><td>R</td><td>5, 6</td></tr><tr><td><em>Plakinastrella sp.</em></td><td></td><td>R</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td><em>Plakortis aff. simplex</em> Schulze, 1880*</td><td>3, 14</td><td>R, L</td><td>6</td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 2.** Taxonomic distribution of the sponge species recorded in the region of Toliara. a) pie representing the proportion of sponges per class; b) histogram representing the proportion of sponges per order.</figcaption></figure>

Chondrosiida, Merliida, and Polymastiida are the three Demospongiae orders with the fewest species each. Among the four Calcarea orders now accepted, Lithonida has the most species with seven, while Bae-rida has only one (Fig. 2b). Toliara sponge fauna pre-sents only seven species of the Homoscleromorpha class, which currently includes only one order, Homo-sclerophorida.

## Ecological distribution of Toliara sponge species

Of the 267 species, 257 species were found on hard bottoms (238 Demospongiae, 12 Calcarea, and seven Homoscleromorpha) and 39 on soft bottoms (37 Demospongiae, one Calcarea, and one Homoscleromorpha) (Fig. 3a). Thus, 236 species were restricted to one type of substratum and 30 species were found in both types of substratum.

According to the rather precise indications given by Vasseur and his co-workers (Vasseur, 1964; Vacelet and Vasseur, 1965, 1971, 1977; Vacelet 1967a, b, 1977; Vacelet et al., 1976), 239 species could be assigned to a habitat type.

The outer reef slope had the highest number of spe-cies (163). There were 76, 67, and 64 species in lagoons, reef flats, and caves, respectively. There were 17 species found in phanerogam meadows and only one species in mangroves (Fig. 3b). The sponge fauna of the outer slope was composed of about 94 % of Demospongiae (53 families), 3 % of Calcarea (2 families) and 3 %

Homoscleromorpha (1 family). In the lagoon, 96 % of the species were Demospongiae (38 families), 3 % Calcarea (2 families) and only 1 % was Homoscleromorpha (one family). In the reef caves and tunnels, the reported species were composed by 83 % of Demospongiae (33 families), 14 % of Calcarea (5 families) and 3 % of Homoscleromorpha (2 families). In the phanerogam meadows, 94 % of the species were Demospongiae (11 families) and the remaining 6 % were Homoscleromorpha (1 family). On reef flats and in the mangrove, the only species recorded was Demospongiae.

Among all sponges recorded, 102 species (95 Demospongiae, 5 Calcarea and 2 Homoscleromorpha) had a broad distribution, recorded in at least two different habitats. However, only two sponges were recorded in all five habitat categories; *Scopalina rubra*, and an undetermined *Clathria (Microciona)* which may actually correspond to a different species. On the other hand, 137 species (126 Demospongiae, six Calcarea and five Homoscleromorpha) seem to be restricted to only one habitat category. For instance, *Plectroninia hindei*, *Plakina corticoides* or *Petrosia (Petrosia) microxea* are among the species which were recorded only on the outer reef slope. *Cliona celata*, *Clathria (Microciona) microxea* or *Igernella mirabilis* were only recorded on reef flats. *Lepidoleucon inflatum*, *Aciculites spinosa* or *Plakina aff. monolopha* are typical cave-dwelling sponge species, whereas *Clathrina pulcherrima*, *Jaspis diastra* or *Liosina arenosa* are exclusive to reef lagoons.
<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 3.** Ecological distribution of Toliara sponge species. a) species distribution per type of substratum according to Barnes and Bell (2002) and later references. b) species distribution per habitat category according to Vasseur (1964), Vacelet and Vasseur (1965, 1977), Vacelet (1967a, 1967b, 1977), Vacelet *et al.* (1976). C = cave and galleries, F = reef flats, L = lagoon, M = mangrove, P = phanerogam meadows, R = reef.</figcaption></figure>

Discussion

The marine sponge fauna in the Toliara region
has at least 267 species, however this inventory is
likely underestimated and is it is believed that this
will increase in the near future. This check-list was
obtained by updating almost 62 % of the species ref-
erenced in the WPD in our database (de Voogd et al.,
2023). This update allows the presentation of a reli-
able repository that can be used by scientists from
different disciplinary fields (e.g., ecology, biodiver-
sity, conservation, chemistry) and managers of the
marine environment. This revision rate illustrates
the great changes in the taxonomy and systematics of
sponges (Porifera) that has occurred over the last two
decades (Cárdenas et al., 2012; Morrow and Cárdenas,
2015). However, this inventory also includes species to
which affinities have been assigned and for which new
descriptions will have to be made. In addition, this list
could also be enriched if genus-level identifications of
some sponges were completed. Therefore, more than
10 % of the fauna known today should be re-examined
to provide more precise identifications.

Toliara's sponge biodiversity alone accounts for 67
% of all known valid species in the WIO (401 spe-
cies) (de Voogd et al., 2023). However, this part of the
world ocean is still largely unexplored (Barnes and

Bell, 2002), which explains why its sponge biodi-
versity now accounts for only 4 % of all valid species
recorded worldwide (de Voogd et al., 2023). Ten years
after the state of the art by Van Soest et al. (2012), the
highly fragmented nature of the knowledge related to
sponge diversity has not changed, and a special effort
should be made in the Indian Ocean. Given the extent
of Madagascar and the latitudes covered, the inven-
tory undertaken in Toliara suggests a high potential
for new discoveries. Indeed, the Toliara region alone
has 2.5 times the number of species of the Indian Pen-
insula (George et al., 2020). However, when compared
to other regions where extensive sampling has been
undertaken, sponge diversity in the Toliara region
appears to be quite low, accounting for only a fifth of
North Western Australia's sponge biodiversity (From-
ont et al., 2016), for example. Despite the fact that the
Calcarea and Homoscleromorpha classes in these two
later regions display comparable number of species,
the greater diversity of Demospongiae and the pres-
ence of Hexactinellida in the NW Australia inventory
compared to the present inventory may be explained
in part by the larger bathymetric range explored (0 to
5000 m) in the NW Australia (Fromont et al., 2016).
Finally, in comparison with other tropical regions that
have been studied extensively, such as the Caribbean
region for example (Van Soest, 1981; Díaz et al., 2004;
Díaz and Rützler, 2009; Valderrama and Zea, 2013; Rützler *et al.*, 2014; Pérez *et al.*, 2017), Toliara region harbours about half the specific richness, which confirms a little more the potential for new sponges to be inventoried and described in Madagascar and in the western Indian Ocean.

In this Toliara sponge inventory, the class Demospongiae, which contains 82 % of the species recognized today, is naturally the best represented (247 species), with 18 orders out of the 36 recognized (de Voogd *et al.*, 2023). Quite classically as in tropical, subtropical and temperate areas well studied so far (e.g. Fromont *et al.*, 2016; Pérez *et al.*, 2017; Grenier *et al.*, 2018; Castellanos-Pérez *et al.*, 2020), Poecilosclerida and Haplosclerida are the two dominant orders displaying the largest number of inventoried species. In contrast, the Calcarea and Homoscleromorpha are the two least represented classes in this inventory. Although these two sponge classes also include the lower numbers of sponge species worldwide, it is believed by these authors that their diversities may be largely underestimated in the Toliara region. Indeed, a better exploration of cryptic habitats, such as underwater caves and reef tunnels, may reveal a greater number of new species, as found in other regions (Pérez *et al.*, 2017; Klautau *et al.*, 2021). In Reunion Island for example, very few explorations of underwater caves resulted in 11 new records of Calcarea, seven of which being new to science (Klautau *et al.*, 2021).

In addition, further investigation of some habitats could significantly increase Toliara's sponge inventory. Indeed, the great variability in species richness observed among habitat types also illustrates a great variability in sampling efforts. In the mangrove, for example, only one species has been recorded, but this environment has been mostly unexplored (Vacelet and Vasseur, 1977). Sponges, on the other hand, are good colonisers of mangrove roots in many places of the world, such as in the Caribbean, where species richness can range from 3 to 147 species (Díaz *et al.*, 2004). The number of sponge species in Toliara's mangrove may thus be greatly underestimated, even if this habitat has recently been significantly reduced in this region, due to the exploitation of mangrove trees for fuel wood and livestock feed (Vasseur, 1997), and because of the Ambondrolava sand spit extending to the north, at an average of 50 m per year (Onjanamboa 2018). Furthermore, even in habitats where sampling efforts have been important, such as the outer slopes or reef tunnels of Toliara, Vasseur (1964) did not

rule out the possibility that many sponges have been missed during these past surveys because they were not very visible or were difficult to collect.

After 50 years of increasing environmental pressures, it is likely that significant modifications may be observed in the coastal ecosystems of the Toliara region. Since sponges are excellent bio-indicators (Carballo *et al.*, 1996; Pérez, 2000), several trends could be expected: (i) an increase in sponge biomass related to the coral decline, with a dominance of excavating sponges (Carballo *et al.*, 1996); or (ii) a decrease in sponge biomass and species richness related to pronounced competition between sponges and fleshy algae in degraded shallow habitats (Rützler, 2004); and/or (iii) a decrease in sponge biomass and species richness due to mass mortality events related to sponge diseases (Webster, 2007). In particular, heavy coastal urbanization and increased untreated wastewater discharges may have benefited Clionaidae, a family known for its ability to proliferate by boring calcareous bioconstructions of algae and corals (Rützler, 2012; Schönberg and Wisshak, 2014). Coral reef degradation in Toliara (Bruggemann *et al.*, 2012; Andréfouët *et al.*, 2013) could be another factor favoring Clionaidae development, particularly in shallow areas (lagoon or reef flat). On the other hand, underwater caves are ecosystems that are generally much better preserved from nearshore disturbances (Harmelin *et al.*, 1985). They could therefore be used as "reference ecosystems", being little impacted by the changing pressure regime. Thus, a good characterization of these pressure regimes, from the past to the present, will allow Toliara to become an observatory of anthropic disturbances on marine benthic ecosystems using sponges as bioindicators, thanks to the present updated inventory.

## Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the following project, institution and programs for funding and other forms of support to perform this work: the LMI MIKAROKA, the IRD and its ARTS program, and the western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association (WIOMSA) through its Marine Research Grant (MARG) awarded to ANA Razafinampoinarivo. We address our thanks to Pr. Jean Vacelet for providing us references and sources on which this work was built.

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# Appendix

Supplementary material S1. Revision of species names in the World Porifera Database.

<table><thead><tr><td>N°</td><td>Species</td><td>Status</td><td>Accepted name</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1</td><td>Aaptos aaptos (Schmidt, 1864)</td><td>inaccurate distribution</td><td>Aaptos aff. aaptos (Schmidt, 1864)</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>Acanthella aurantiaca Keller, 1889</td><td>genus transfer & junior synonym</td><td>Stylissa carteri (Dendy, 1889)</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>Acanthella carteri Dendy, 1889</td><td>genus transfer</td><td>Stylissa carteri (Dendy, 1889)</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>Acarnus tortilis Topsent, 1892</td><td>misapplication</td><td>Acarnus bergquistae van Soest, Hooper & Hiemstra, 1991</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>Adocia fragilis Vacelet, Vasseur & Lévi, 1976</td><td>genus transfer</td><td>Haliclona fragilis (Vacelet, Vasseur & Lévi, 1976)</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>Anchinoe clathrodes (Dendy, 1922)</td><td>genus transfer</td><td>Phorbas clathrodes (Dendy, 1922)</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>Ancorina radix Marenzeller, 1889</td><td>inaccurate distribution</td><td>Ancorina aff. radix Marenzeller, 1889</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>Ancorina radix var. nanosclera Lévi, 1967</td><td>status change</td><td>Ancorina nanosclera Lévi, 1967</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td>Aplysilla sulfurea Schulze, 1878</td><td>inaccurate distribution</td><td>Aplysilla aff. sulfurea Schulze, 1878</td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td>Axinella (Homaxinella) arborescens Ridley & Dendy, 1886</td><td>unaccepted</td><td>Axinella arborescens Ridley & Dendy, 1886</td></tr><tr><td>11</td><td>Axinella (Stylissa) donnani (Bowerbank, 1873)</td><td>unaccepted</td><td>Axinella donnani (Bowerbank, 1873)</td></tr><tr><td>12</td><td>Axinella carteri (Dendy, 1889)</td><td>genus transfer</td><td>Stylissa carteri (Dendy, 1889)</td></tr><tr><td>13</td><td>Axinosia incrustans Burton, 1930</td><td>misapplication<br>genus transfer & inaccurate<br>distribution</td><td>Scopalina rubra (Vacelet & Vasseur, 1971)<br>Ulosa aff. incrustans (Burton, 1930)</td></tr><tr><td>14</td><td>Bajalus Lendenfeld, 1885 sp. (undetermined)</td><td>junior synonym</td><td>Halisarca Johnston, 1842 sp. (undetermined)</td></tr><tr><td>15</td><td>Bularis conulosus Vacelet & Vasseur, 1971</td><td>agreement in gender</td><td>Bularis conulosa Vacelet & Vasseur, 1971</td></tr><tr><td>16</td><td>Cacospongia lamellosa (Esper, 1794)</td><td>unaccepted</td><td>Phyllospongia foliascens (Pallas, 1766)</td></tr><tr><td>17</td><td>Callipelta cavernicola (Vacelet & Vasseur, 1965)</td><td>genus transfer</td><td>Sollasipelta cavernicola (Vacelet & Vasseur, 1965)</td></tr><tr><td>18</td><td>Callipelta mixta Vacelet, Vasseur & Lévi, 1976</td><td>genus transfer</td><td>Sollasipelta mixta (Vacelet, Vasseur & Lévi, 1976)</td></tr><tr><td>19</td><td>Callipelta ornata Sollas, 1888</td><td>genus transfer</td><td>Sollasipelta ornata (Sollas, 1888)</td></tr><tr><td>20</td><td>Callipelta Sollas, 1888 sp. (undetermined)</td><td>preoccupied</td><td>Sollasipelta Van Soest & Hooper, 2020 sp. (undetermined)</td></tr><tr><td>21</td><td>Callyspongia subarmigera (Ridley, 1884)</td><td>alternate representation (subgenus assignment)</td><td>Callyspongia (Cladochalina) subarmigera (Ridley, 1884)</td></tr><tr><td>22</td><td>Caminus sphaeroconia Sollas, 1886</td><td>inaccurate distribution</td><td>Caminus aff. sphaeroconia Sollas, 1886</td></tr><tr><td>23</td><td>Ceraochalina Lendenfeld, 1887 sp. (undetermined)</td><td>junior synonym</td><td>Callyspongia (Callyspongia) Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864 sp. (undetermined)</td></tr><tr><td>24</td><td>Chelonaplysilla noevus (Carter, 1876)</td><td>inaccurate distribution</td><td>Chelonaplysilla aff. noevus (Carter, 1876)</td></tr><tr><td>25</td><td>Chondrilla nucula Schmidt, 1862</td><td>inaccurate distribution</td><td>Chondrilla aff. nucula Schmidt, 1862</td></tr><tr><td>26</td><td>Chondrillastra australiensis (Carter, 1873)</td><td>reverted genus transfer</td><td>Chondrilla australiensis Carter, 1873</td></tr><tr><td>27</td><td>Chondrillastra mixta (Schulze, 1877)</td><td>reverted genus transfer</td><td>Chondrilla mixta Schulze, 1876</td></tr><tr><td>28</td><td>Clathria dichela Hentschel, 1912</td><td>junior synonym</td><td>Clathria (Thalysias) vulpina (Lamarck, 1814)</td></tr><tr><td>29</td><td>Clathria foliascens Vacelet & Vasseur, 1971</td><td>alternate representation (subgenus assignment)</td><td>Clathria (Clathria) foliascens Vacelet & Vasseur, 1971</td></tr><tr><td>30</td><td>Clathria spongodes Dendy, 1922</td><td>alternate representation (subgenus assignment)</td><td>Clathria (Clathria) spongodes Dendy, 1922</td></tr><tr><td>31</td><td>Clathria typica (Carter, 1881)</td><td>junior synonym</td><td>Clathria (Thalysias) cactiformis (Lamarck, 1814)</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table>
  <tr>
    <td>32</td>
    <td>Clathrina darwinii (Haeckel, 1870)</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Arturia darwinii (Haeckel, 1870)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>33</td>
    <td>Clathriopsamma cercidochela Vacelet & Vasseur, 1971</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Clathria (Wilsonella) cercidochela (Vacelet & Vasseur, 1971)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>34</td>
    <td>Cliona lobata Hancock, 1849</td>
    <td>inaccurate distribution</td>
    <td>Cliona aff. lobata Hancock, 1849</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>35</td>
    <td>Cliona margaritiferae Dendy, 1905</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Pione margaritiferae (Dendy, 1905)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>36</td>
    <td>Cliona schmidtii (Ridley, 1881)</td>
    <td>inaccurate distribution</td>
    <td>Cliona aff. schmidtii (Ridley, 1881)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>37</td>
    <td>Cliothosa hancocki (Topsent, 1888)</td>
    <td>inaccurate distribution</td>
    <td>Cliothosa aff. hancocki (Topsent, 1888)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>38</td>
    <td>Coelosphaera fucoides (Topsent, 1897)</td>
    <td>alternate representation (subgenus assignment)</td>
    <td>Coelosphaera (Coelosphaera) fucoides (Topsent, 1897)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>39</td>
    <td>Cornulum strepsichela Dendy, 1922</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Paracornulum strepsichela (Dendy, 1922)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>40</td>
    <td>Crambe crambe (Schmidt, 1862)</td>
    <td>inaccurate distribution</td>
    <td>Crambe aff. crambe (Schmidt, 1862)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>41</td>
    <td>Craniella australiensis (Carter, 1886)</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Cinachyrella australiensis Carter, 1886</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>42</td>
    <td>Craniella cranium (Müller, 1776)</td>
    <td>inaccurate distribution</td>
    <td>Craniella aff. cranium (Müller, 1776)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>43</td>
    <td>Desmanthus incrustans (Topsent, 1889)</td>
    <td>inaccurate distribution</td>
    <td>Desmanthus aff. incrustans (Topsent, 1889)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>44</td>
    <td>Didiscus clavigerus (Kirkpatrick, 1900)</td>
    <td>junior synonym</td>
    <td>Didiscus aceratus (Ridley & Dendy, 1886)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>45</td>
    <td>Didiscus styliferus Tsumnamal, 1969</td>
    <td>adaptation of species name & inaccurate distribution</td>
    <td>Didiscus aff. stylifer Tsumnamal, 1969</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>46</td>
    <td>Ecionema rotundum</td>
    <td>misspelling of species name & junior synonym</td>
    <td>Ecionemia acervus Bowerbank, 1862</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>47</td>
    <td>Ecionemia laviniensis Dendy, 1905</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Stellettinopsis laviniensis (Dendy, 1905)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>48</td>
    <td>Gelliodes flagellifera (Ridley & Dendy, 1886)</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Haliclona (Flagellia) amirantensis Van Soest, 2017</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>49</td>
    <td>Gellius centrangulatus Sollas, 1902</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Haliclona (Halichoclona) centrangulata (Sollas, 1902)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>50</td>
    <td>Gellius cymiformis</td>
    <td>genus transfer & misspelling of species name</td>
    <td>Haliclona (Gellius) cymaeformis (Esper, 1806)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>51</td>
    <td>Gellius petrosioides (Dendy, 1905)</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Gelliodes petrosioides Dendy, 1905</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>52</td>
    <td>Gellius ridleyi Hentschel, 1912</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Haliclona (Gellius) ridleyi (Hentschel, 1912)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>53</td>
    <td>Gellius sagittarius Sollas, 1902</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Oceanapia sagittaria (Sollas, 1902)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>54</td>
    <td>Hemectyonilla involuta (Kirkpatrick, 1903)</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Aulosponges involutus (Kirkpatrick, 1903)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>55</td>
    <td>Hexadella racovitzai Topsent, 1896</td>
    <td>inaccurate distribution</td>
    <td>Hexadella aff. racovitzai Topsent, 1896</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>56</td>
    <td>Hymedesmia mertoni Hentschel, 1912</td>
    <td>alternate representation (subgenus assignment)</td>
    <td>Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) mertoni Hentschel, 1912</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>57</td>
    <td>Hymeniacidon conulosa (Dendy, 1922)</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Stylissa conulosa (Dendy, 1922)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>58</td>
    <td>Hymeniacidon sanguinea (Grant, 1826)</td>
    <td>junior synonym & inaccurate distribution</td>
    <td>Hymeniacidon aff. perlevis (Montagu, 1814)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>59</td>
    <td>Inflatella dura Vacelet & Vasseur, 1971</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Oceanapia dura (Vacelet & Vasseur, 1971)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>60</td>
    <td>Ircinia (Sarcotragus) ramosa (Keller, 1889)</td>
    <td>unaccepted</td>
    <td>Ircinia ramosa (Keller, 1889)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>61</td>
    <td>Ircinia fasciculata var. dendroides (Schmidt, 1862)</td>
    <td>status change & inaccurate distribution</td>
    <td>Ircinia aff. dendroides (Schmidt, 1862)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>62</td>
    <td>Ircinia strobilina (Lamarck, 1816)</td>
    <td>inaccurate distribution</td>
    <td>Ircinia aff. strobilina (Lamarck, 1816)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>63</td>
    <td>Isops carcinophila Lendenfeld, 1897</td>
    <td>unaccepted</td>
    <td>Geodia carcinophila (Lendenfeld, 1897)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>64</td>
    <td>Isops sollasi Lendenfeld, 1888</td>
    <td>unaccepted</td>
    <td>Geodia sollasi (Lendenfeld, 1888)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>65</td>
    <td>Isops sphaerulifer Vacelet & Vasseur, 1965</td>
    <td>unaccepted</td>
    <td>Geodia sphaerulifer (Vacelet & Vasseur, 1965)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>66</td>
    <td>Jaspis johnstonii (Schmidt, 1862)</td>
    <td>inaccurate distribution</td>
    <td>Jaspis aff. johnstonii (Schmidt, 1862)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>67</td>
    <td>Latrunculia globosa Vacelet, Vasseur & Lévi, 1976</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Diacarnus globosus (Vacelet, Vasseur & Lévi, 1976)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>68</td>
    <td>Laxosuberites arenosus Vacelet & Vasseur, 1971</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Liosina arenosa (Vacelet & Vasseur, 1971)</td>
  </tr>
</table>
<table>
  <tr>
    <td>69</td>
    <td>Laxosuberites cruciatus (Dendy, 1905)</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Terpios cruciatus (Dendy, 1905)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>70</td>
    <td>Leucetta primigenia Haeckel, 1872</td>
    <td>inaccurate distribution</td>
    <td>Leucetta aff. primigenia Haeckel, 1872</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>71</td>
    <td>Lissodendoryx arenaria Burton, 1936</td>
    <td>alternate representation (subgenus assignment)</td>
    <td>Lissodendoryx (Ectyodoryx) arenaria Burton, 1936</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>72</td>
    <td>Macandrewia cavernicola Vacelet & Vasseur, 1965</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Sollasipelta cavernicola (Vacelet & Vasseur, 1965)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>73</td>
    <td>Macandrewia ornata (Sollas, 1888)</td>
    <td>unaccepted</td>
    <td>Sollasipelta ornata (Sollas, 1888)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>74</td>
    <td>Megalopastas nigra (Dendy, 1889)</td>
    <td>unaccepted</td>
    <td>Spongionella nigra Dendy, 1889</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>75</td>
    <td>Megalopastas retiara Dendy, 1916</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Spongionella retiara (Dendy, 1916)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>76</td>
    <td>Microciona curvichela Vacelet & Vasseur, 1965</td>
    <td>genus transfer & subsequent preoccupation</td>
    <td>Clathria (Microciona) vacelettia Hooper, 1996</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>77</td>
    <td>Microciona toxifera (Hentschel, 1912)</td>
    <td>unaccepted</td>
    <td>Clathria (Thalysias) toxifera (Hentschel, 1912)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>78</td>
    <td>Microciona Bowerbank, 1862 sp. (undetermined)</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Clathria (Microciona) Bowerbank, 1862 sp. (undetermined)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>79</td>
    <td>Mycale (Grapelia) parasitica (Carter, 1885)</td>
    <td>misapplication</td>
    <td>Mycale (Grapelia) vaceleti Hajdu, 1995</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>80</td>
    <td>Mycale cleistochela Vacelet & Vasseur, 1971</td>
    <td>alternate representation (subgenus assignment)</td>
    <td>Mycale (Naviculina) cleistochela Vacelet & Vasseur, 1971</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>81</td>
    <td>Mycale crassissima (Dendy, 1905)</td>
    <td>alternate representation (subgenus assignment)</td>
    <td>Mycale (Aegogropila) crassissima (Dendy, 1905)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>82</td>
    <td>Mycale grandis Gray, 1867</td>
    <td>alternate representation (subgenus transfer)</td>
    <td>Mycale (Mycale) grandis Gray, 1867</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>83</td>
    <td>Mycale gravelyi Burton, 1937</td>
    <td>alternate representation (subgenus transfer)</td>
    <td>Mycale (Mycale) gravelyi Burton, 1937</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>84</td>
    <td>Mycale imperfecta Baer, 1906</td>
    <td>alternate representation (subgenus assignment)</td>
    <td>Mycale (Arenochalina) imperfecta Baer, 1906</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>85</td>
    <td>Mycale microxea Vacelet, Vasseur & Lévi, 1976</td>
    <td>alternate representation (subgenus transfer)</td>
    <td>Mycale (Naviculina) microxea Vacelet, Vasseur & Lévi, 1976</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>86</td>
    <td>Mycale sulevoidea (Sollas, 1902)</td>
    <td>alternate representation (subgenus assignment)</td>
    <td>Mycale (Aegogropila) sulevoidea (Sollas, 1902)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>87</td>
    <td>Myriasta osculifera Lévi, 1964</td>
    <td>unaccepted</td>
    <td>Stelletta osculifera (Lévi, 1964)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>88</td>
    <td>Myrmekioderma granulata (Esper, 1829)</td>
    <td>agreement in gender</td>
    <td>Myrmekioderma granulatum (Esper, 1829)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>89</td>
    <td>Neofolitispa dianchora (de Laubenfels, 1935)</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Monanchora dianchora de Laubenfels, 1935</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>90</td>
    <td>Neofolitispa unguiculata (Dendy, 1922)</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Monanchora unguiculata (Dendy, 1922)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>91</td>
    <td>Oligoceras cavernosa Vacelet, Vasseur & Lévi, 1976</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Hyrtios cavernosus (Vacelet, Vasseur & Lévi, 1976)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>92</td>
    <td>Oscarella lobularis (Schmidt, 1862)</td>
    <td>inaccurate distribution</td>
    <td>Oscarella aff. lobularis (Schmidt, 1862)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>93</td>
    <td>Paracornulum atoxa Vacelet, Vasseur & Lévi, 1976</td>
    <td>genus transfer & junior synonym</td>
    <td>Zyzzya fuliginosa (Carter, 1879)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>94</td>
    <td>Paracornulum minimum Vacelet, Vasseur & Lévi, 1976</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Cornulella minima (Vacelet, Vasseur & Lévi, 1976)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>95</td>
    <td>Paratenaciella microxea Vacelet & Vasseur, 1971</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Clathria (Microciona) microxea (Vacelet & Vasseur, 1971)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>96</td>
    <td>Pellina Schmidt, 1870 sp. (undetermined)</td>
    <td>junior synonym</td>
    <td>Halichondria (Halichondria) Fleming, 1828 sp. (undetermined)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>97</td>
    <td>Petrosia densissima Dendy, 1905</td>
    <td>alternate representation (subgenus assignment)</td>
    <td>Petrosia (Petrosia) densissima Dendy, 1905</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>98</td>
    <td>Petrosia imperforata Thiele, 1899</td>
    <td>junior synonym</td>
    <td>Petrosia (Petrosia) nigricans Lindgren, 1897</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>99</td>
    <td>Petrosia nigricans Lindgren, 1897</td>
    <td>alternate representation (subgenus assignment)</td>
    <td>Petrosia (Petrosia) nigricans Lindgren, 1897</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>100</td>
    <td>Petrosia seriata Hentschel, 1912</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Neopetrosia seriata (Hentschel, 1912)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>101</td>
    <td>Petrosia spheroida Tanita, 1967</td>
    <td>alternate representation (subgenus assignment)</td>
    <td>Petrosia (Petrosia) spheroida Tanita, 1967</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>102</td>
    <td>Petrosia testudinaria (Lamarck, 1815)</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Xestospongia testudinaria (Lamarck, 1815)</td>
  </tr>
</table>
<table>
  <tr>
    <td>103</td>
    <td>Phyllospongia dendyi Lendenfeld, 1889</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Lendenfeldia dendyi (Lendenfeld, 1889)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>104</td>
    <td>Phyllospongia madagascarensis</td>
    <td>misspelling of species name &amp; junior synonym</td>
    <td>Phyllospongia papyracea (Esper, 1806)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>105</td>
    <td>Plakina monolopha Schulze, 1880</td>
    <td>inaccurate distribution</td>
    <td>Plakina aff. monolopha Schulze, 1880</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>106</td>
    <td>Plakina trilopha Schulze, 1880</td>
    <td>inaccurate distribution</td>
    <td>Plakina aff. trilopha Schulze, 1880</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>107</td>
    <td>Plakortis simplex Schulze, 1880</td>
    <td>inaccurate distribution</td>
    <td>Plakortis aff. simplex Schulze, 1880</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>108</td>
    <td>Plumohalichondria gardineri Dendy, 1922</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Aulospongia gardineri (Dendy, 1922)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>109</td>
    <td>Prianos aurantiaca Lévi, 1958</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Batzella aurantiaca (Lévi, 1958)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>110</td>
    <td>Pronax scabida sensu Vacelet, Vasseur &amp; Lévi, 1976</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Phorbas scabida (sensu Vacelet, Vasseur &amp; Lévi, 1976)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>111</td>
    <td>Prostylissa fistulosa Vacelet, Vasseur &amp; Lévi, 1976</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Amorphinopsis fistulosa (Vacelet, Vasseur &amp; Lévi, 1976)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>112</td>
    <td>Prostylissa foetida (Dendy, 1889)</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Amorphinopsis foetida (Dendy, 1889)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>113</td>
    <td>Psammaplysilla purpurea (Carter, 1880)</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Pseudoceratina purpurea (Carter, 1880)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>114</td>
    <td>Psammuscus lamella (Lendenfeld, 1888)</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Chondropsis lamella (Lendenfeld, 1888)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>115</td>
    <td>Pytheas ula (de Laubenfels, 1950)</td>
    <td>unaccepted</td>
    <td>Crella (Pytheas) ula (de Laubenfels, 1950)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>116</td>
    <td>Racodiscula incrustans Vacelet &amp; Vasseur, 1971</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Kaliopsis incrustans (Vacelet &amp; Vasseur, 1971)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>117</td>
    <td>Raspaigella tulearensis Vacelet &amp; Vasseur, 1971</td>
    <td>genus transfer &amp; junior synonym</td>
    <td>Myrmekioderma dendyi (Burton, 1959)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>118</td>
    <td>Reniera polypoides Vacelet, Vasseur &amp; Lévi, 1976</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Haliclona polypoides (Vacelet, Vasseur &amp; Lévi, 1976)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>119</td>
    <td>Reniera viridenigra Vacelet, Vasseur &amp; Lévi, 1976</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Xestospongia viridenigra (Vacelet, Vasseur &amp; Lévi, 1976)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>120</td>
    <td>Reniera Schmidt, 1862 sp. (undetermined)</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Haliclona (Reniera) Schmidt, 1862 sp. (undetermined)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>121</td>
    <td>Rhabderemia toxigera Topsent, 1892</td>
    <td>inaccurate distribution</td>
    <td>Rhabderemia aff. toxigera Topsent, 1892</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>122</td>
    <td>Rhabdoploca topsenti Hentschel, 1912</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Cerbaris topsenti (Hentschel, 1912)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>123</td>
    <td>Rhabdosigma mammillata (Whitelegge, 1907)</td>
    <td>genus transfer &amp; inaccurate distribution</td>
    <td>Rhabderemia aff. mammillata (Whitelegge, 1907)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>124</td>
    <td>Rhaphidophlus aculeatus (Ridley, 1884)</td>
    <td>unaccepted</td>
    <td>Clathria (Thalysias) abietina (Lamarck, 1814)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>125</td>
    <td>Rhaphidophlus cervicornis Thiele, 1903</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Clathria (Thalysias) cervicornis (Thiele, 1903)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>126</td>
    <td>Rhaphidophlus Ehlers, 1870 sp. (undetermined)</td>
    <td>junior synonym</td>
    <td>Clathria (Thalysias) Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864 sp. (undetermined)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>127</td>
    <td>Rhaphidophlus typica (Lendenfeld, 1888)</td>
    <td>genus transfer &amp; junior synonym</td>
    <td>Clathria (Thalysias) cactiformis (Lamarck, 1814)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>128</td>
    <td>Rhizochalina cribrirhina Vacelet &amp; Vasseur, 1971</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Oceanapia cribrirhina (Vacelet &amp; Vasseur, 1971)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>129</td>
    <td>Rhizochalina fistulosa (Bowerbank, 1873)</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Oceanapia fistulosa (Bowerbank, 1873)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>130</td>
    <td>Rhizochalina incrustans Barnes &amp; Bell, 2002</td>
    <td>misspelling of species name</td>
    <td>Oceanapia incrustata (Dendy, 1922)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>131</td>
    <td>Rhizochalina incrustata (Dendy, 1922)</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Oceanapia incrustata (Dendy, 1922)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>132</td>
    <td>Rhizochalina minuta Vacelet, Vasseur &amp; Lévi, 1976</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Oceanapia minuta (Vacelet, Vasseur &amp; Lévi, 1976)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>133</td>
    <td>Rhizochalina mucronata Vacelet, Vasseur &amp; Lévi, 1976</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Oceanapia mucronata (Vacelet, Vasseur &amp; Lévi, 1976)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>134</td>
    <td>Rhizochalina polysiphonia (Dendy, 1922)</td>
    <td>unaccepted</td>
    <td>Oceanapia polysiphonia (Dendy, 1922)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>135</td>
    <td>Rhizochalina Schmidt, 1870 sp. (undetermined)</td>
    <td>junior synonym</td>
    <td>Oceanapia Norman, 1869 sp. (undetermined)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>136</td>
    <td>Scopalina lophyropoda Schmidt, 1862</td>
    <td>inaccurate distribution</td>
    <td>Scopalina aff. lophyropoda Schmidt, 1862</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>137</td>
    <td>Spirastrella cunctatrix Schmidt, 1868</td>
    <td>inaccurate distribution</td>
    <td>Spirastrella aff. cunctatrix Schmidt, 1868</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>138</td>
    <td>Spirastrella excentrica Burton, 1931</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Spheciospongia excentrica (Burton, 1931)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>139</td>
    <td>Spirastrella inconstans (Dendy, 1887)</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Spheciospongia inconstans (Dendy, 1887)</td>
  </tr>
</table>
<table>
  <tr>
    <td>140</td>
    <td>Spirastrella inconstans var. digitata (Dendy, 1887)</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Spheciospongia inconstans var. digitata (Dendy, 1887)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>141</td>
    <td>Spirastrella poterionides Vacelet & Vasseur, 1971</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Spheciospongia poterionides (Vacelet & Vasseur, 1971)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>142</td>
    <td>Spirastrella solida Ridley & Dendy, 1886</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Spheciospongia solida (Ridley & Dendy, 1886)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>143</td>
    <td>Spirastrella vagabunda Ridley, 1884</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Spheciospongia vagabunda (Ridley, 1884)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>144</td>
    <td>Spongosorites indica Hentschel, 1912</td>
    <td>unaccepted</td>
    <td>Spongosorites indicus Hentschel, 1912</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>145</td>
    <td>Stoeba extensa Dendy, 1905</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Dercitus (Stoeba) extensus (Dendy, 1905)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>146</td>
    <td>Stoeba Sollas, 1888 sp. (undetermined)</td>
    <td>status change</td>
    <td>Dercitus (Stoeba) Sollas, 1888 (undetermined)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>147</td>
    <td>Strongylophora durissima Dendy, 1905</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Petrosia (Strongylophora) durissima (Dendy, 1905)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>148</td>
    <td>Tedania anhelans var. assabensis Keller, 1891</td>
    <td>unaccepted</td>
    <td>Tedania (Tedania) assabensis Keller, 1891</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>149</td>
    <td>Tedania Gray, 1867 sp. (undetermined)</td>
    <td>alternate representation</td>
    <td>Tedania (Tedania) Gray, 1867 sp. (undetermined)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>150</td>
    <td>Tedanione wilsoni Dendy, 1922</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Strongylamma wilsoni (Dendy, 1922)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>151</td>
    <td>Tedaniopsamma arenosa Vacelet & Vasseur, 1971</td>
    <td>unaccepted</td>
    <td>Strongylamma arenosa (Vacelet & Vasseur, 1971)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>152</td>
    <td>Terpios granulosa Bergquist, 1967</td>
    <td>correction of species name to match gender of genus name</td>
    <td>Terpios granulosus Bergquist, 1967</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>153</td>
    <td>Theonella discifera Lendenfeld, 1907</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Discodermia discifera (Lendenfeld, 1907)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>154</td>
    <td>Timea curvistellifera (Dendy, 1905)</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Spirastrella curvistellifera (Dendy, 1905)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>155</td>
    <td>Timea unistellata (Topsent, 1892)</td>
    <td>inaccurate distribution</td>
    <td>Timea aff. unistellata (Topsent, 1892)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>156</td>
    <td>Toxadocia microxea Vacelet, Vasseur & Lévi, 1976</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Petrosia (Petrosia) microxea (Vacelet, Vasseur & Lévi, 1976)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>157</td>
    <td>Toxadocia violacea de Laubenfels, 1950</td>
    <td>genus transfer & preoccupied</td>
    <td>Haliclona (Gellius) laubenfelsi Van Soest & Hooper, 2020</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>158</td>
    <td>Toxochalina robusta Ridley, 1884</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Callyspongia (Toxochalina) robusta (Ridley, 1884)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>159</td>
    <td>Toxochalina robusta var. dendyi Burton, 1931</td>
    <td>unaccepted</td>
    <td>Callyspongia (Toxochalina) dendyi (Burton, 1931)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>160</td>
    <td>Toxochalina Ridley, 1884 sp. (undetermined)</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Callyspongia (Toxochalina) Ridley, 1884</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>161</td>
    <td>Trachyopsis aplysinoides (Dendy, 1922)</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Axinyssa aplysinoides (Dendy, 1922)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>162</td>
    <td>Trachyopsis halichondrioides Dendy, 1905</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Topsentia halichondrioides (Dendy, 1905)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>163</td>
    <td>Trachyopsis stellettoides Lévi, 1961</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Topsentia stellettoides (Lévi, 1961)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>164</td>
    <td>Ulosa rubra Vacelet & Vasseur, 1971</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Scopalina rubra (Vacelet & Vasseur, 1971)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>165</td>
    <td>Xestospongia exigua (Kirkpatrick, 1900)</td>
    <td>genus transfer</td>
    <td>Neopetrosia chaliniformis (Thiele, 1899)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>166</td>
    <td>Zaplethea digonoxea diastra Vacelet & Vasseur, 1965</td>
    <td>genus transfer & upgrade to species</td>
    <td>Jaspis diastra (Vacelet & Vasseur, 1965)</td>
  </tr>
</table>