violent means of resistance against violences of all kinds – including that of globalisation and
the risk of cultural homogenisation it encompasses.

Ultimately, the reflection which was put forward in this dissertation could benefit from
further research within the ecocritical field, a framework which I have touched upon only
briefly but which could help future scholars better emphasise the environmental stakes at the
heart of Olive Senior's poet(h)ics of unearthing. This environmental reflection was already
developed by Pauline Amy de la Bretèque in her doctoral dissertation on Caribbean women's
writing, but it could be expanded so as to compare Senior's works with more recently published
writings from the Caribbean region. For instance, it would be interesting to compare the two
collections which have been analysed in this dissertation with *The Possibility of Tenderness*<fnref n="349" />,
a memoir written by Jamaican-born author and professor Jason Allen-Paisant and published in
2025, in which the writer unearths the way in which the plants, places, and people from his
childhood have shaped the layers of his consciousness as a member of the Caribbean diaspora.

Besides, the last paragraphs of this dissertation lay particular emphasis on a tension
within the motion of unearthing, as it can also correspond to a voyeuristic will to map the
unmappable or to solve the unsolvable, depending on the agenda behind it. More generally, the
term 'unearthing' itself crystallises the meeting point between the visible or tangible on the one
hand, and the invisible or intangible on the other: if something needs to be unearthed, it is
precisely because it is beyond reach at first, and it is through unearthing that it becomes
graspable. Nonetheless, as it has been shown, one sometimes needs to accept the idea of an
open, half-buried garden, without denying the existence of what is out of reach for all that. This
attention to the ethics of the invisible is reminiscent of the argument put forward by scholars of
the spectral turn, a critical movement which began with the publication of Derrida's *Specters
of Marx*, in which the latter explains:

> No justice—let us not say no law and once again we are not speaking here of laws—
> seems possible or thinkable without the principle of some responsibility, beyond all
> living present, within that which disjoins the living present, before the ghosts of those
> who are not yet born or who are already dead [...].<fnref n="350" />

By arguing in favour of an ontology of haunting, in which that which is not there is taken into
account at every step, Derrida asks us to reconsider our attitude towards the invisible. This
critical stance resonates particularly well with numerous aspects of Senior's writing, given that
several ghosts – in the literal sense of the term – haunt her pages, but also because her attention

<footnote n="349">³⁴⁹ Allen-Paisant, Jason. *The Possibility of Tenderness: A Jamaican Memoir of Plants and Dreams*. Penguin, 2025.</footnote>

<footnote n="350">³⁵⁰ Derrida, Jacques. *Specters of Marx*. 1993. Translated by Peggy Kamuf, Routledge, 1994, p. xviii.</footnote>
to the margins, whether it be marginalised places or people, raises questions about the way in
which we perceive and act towards those we usually do not see, and the dynamics which have
led to their invisibility in the first place. The spectral turn thus appears to be a relevant critical
prism through which future scholars could shed new light upon Olive Senior's literary work.
Appendix

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 1: ‘Gourd’ (GT 7)</figcaption></figure>
## Works Cited

*All the links were accessed on 12 June 2025 at the latest.*

### Primary sources

#### Main corpus

Senior, Olive. *Gardening in the Tropics*. 1994. Insomniac Press, 2005.

---. *The Pain Tree*. 2015. Peepal Tree, 2017.

#### Other primary sources

##### Fiction and poetry

Baudelaire, Charles. *Œuvres posthumes et correspondances inédites*. Quantin, 1887.

Brodber, Erna. *Jane and Louisa Will Soon Come Home*. New Beacon, 1980.

Brontë, Emily. *Wuthering Heights*. 1847. Edited by Alexandra Lewis, 5th Norton Critical Edition, W. W. Norton & Company, 2019.

D'Aguiar, Fred. *Feeding the Ghosts*. The Ecco Press, 1997.

Defoe, Daniel. *Robinson Crusoe*. 1719. Edited by Michael Shinagel, 2nd Norton Critical Edition, W. W. Norton & Company, 1994.

Dickens, Charles. *David Copperfield*. 1850. Penguin, 2024.

---. *Oliver Twist*. 1838. Penguin, 2009.

Goodison, Lorna. *To Us, All Flowers Are Roses*. University of Illinois Press, 1995.

Lamming, George. *In the Castle of My Skin*. 1953. Collier Books, 1970.

Márquez, Gabriel García. *One Hundred Years of Solitude*. 1967. Translated by Gregory Rabassa, Harper, 2003.

Miller, Kei. *The Cartographer Tries to Map a Way to Zion*. Carcanet, 2014.

Rhys, Jean. *Voyage in the Dark*. 1934. Penguin Books, 2000.

---. *Wide Sargasso Sea*. 1966. Penguin Classics, 2000.

Selvon, Samuel. *The Lonely Londoners*. 1955. Penguin, 2014.

Senior, Olive. *Arrival of the Snake Woman and Other Stories*. Longman, 1989.

---. *Summer Lighting and Other Stories*. 1986. Longman, 1989.

---. *Talking of Trees*. Calabash, 1985.
Senior, Olive, and Laura James. *Boonoonoonous Hair!* Tradewind Books, 2019.

Walcott, Derek. *Collected Poems 1948-1984*. 1986. Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1992.

---. *Omeros*. Faber & Faber, 1990.

---. *The Arkansas Testament*. Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1987.

*Essays, autobiographies and other works of non-fiction*

Allen-Paisant, Jason. *The Possibility of Tenderness: A Jamaican Memoir of Plants and Dreams*. Penguin, 2025.

Brand, Dionne. *A Map to the Door of No Return: Notes to Belonging*. Vintage Canada, 2002.

de Balzac, Honoré. ‘Avant-propos à La Comédie Humaine’. *Œuvres complètes de H. de Balzac*, vol. 1, Éditions Houssiaux, 1855, pp. 17–32.

Douglass, Frederick. *My Bondage and My Freedom*. 1855. Edited by David W. Blight, Yale University Press, 2014.

Kincaid, Jamaica. *A Small Place*. Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1988.

---. *My Garden (Book)*. Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1999.

Naipaul, V. S. *The Middle Passage: The Caribbean Revisited*. 1962. Vintage, 2000.

Senior, Olive. ‘Lessons from the Fruit Stand: Or, Writing for the Listener’. *Journal of Modern Literature*, vol. 20, no. 1, 1996, pp. 39–44.

Walcott, Derek. ‘The Muse of History’. *What the Twilight Says: Essays*, Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1998, pp. 36–64.

*Travel accounts*

Brett, William Henry. *Legends and Myths of the Aboriginal Indians of British Guiana*. W.W. Gardner, 1880.

Columbus, Christopher. *Journal*. Translated by Cecil Jane, Bonanza Books, 1989.

---. *Letter to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain*. 1493. The Gilder Lehrman Institute, GLC01427.

Froude, James Anthony. *The English in the West Indies; Or, The Bow of Ulysses*. Longmans, Green & Co., 1888.

Raleigh, Walter. *The Discovery of the Large, Rich, and Beautiful Empire of Guiana, with a Relation of the Great and Golden City of Manoa... Performed in the Yeare 1595*. 1596. Edited by Robert Schomburgk, The Hakluyt Society, 1848.

*Interviews*

*In Conversation with Olive Senior, Poet Laureate of Jamaica 2021-2024*. 2022. YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OjA9tYK_Bao.
Lopez, Gabriel Vera. ""Climate Change Is an Existential Issue for Caribbean Countries," Says Expert'. *Brasil de Fato*, 23 May 2024, <https://www.brasildefato.com.br/2024/05/23/climate-change-is-an-existential-issue-for-caribbean-countries-says-expert/>.

Montout, Marie-Annick. 'Translating a Culture in Stories from the Caribbean: A Conversation with Olive Senior'. *Journal of the Short Story in English*, no. 52, June 2009, <https://journals.openedition.org/jsse/978?lang=en>.

*Olive Senior - On Gardens and Gardening, the Garden/Ing Metaphor*. Ryerson University, 2013, <https://ufdc.ufl.edu/fr/AA00051950/00001/videos>. Digital Library of the Caribbean.

Rowell, Charles H. 'An Interview with Olive Senior'. *Callaloo*, no. 36, 1988, pp. 480–90.

Senior, Olive. 'Author of the Month: Olive Senior'. *Diaspora Dialogues*, 7 Aug. 2013, <https://diasporadialogues.com/author-month-olive-senior/>.

Summers, Juana. 'Jamaica Is Reevaluating Its Relationship with the British Monarchy'. *NPR*, 19 Sept. 2022. *NPR*, <https://www.npr.org/2022/09/19/1123926811/jamaica-is-reevaluating-its-relationship-with-the-british-monarchy>.

Westall, Claire. 'An Interview with Olive Senior'. *The Journal of Commonwealth Literature*, vol. 54, no. 3, Aug. 2017, pp. 475–88.

## Speeches

*Ceremony of Investiture for Olive Senior - Poet Laureate of Jamaica - 2021-2024*. 2022. YouTube, <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WfSioU8QZf4>.

Garvey, Marcus. *The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers, Vol. VII: November 1927-August 1940*. Edited by Robert A. Hill, University of California Press, 1991.

*Le discours de Dakar de Nicolas Sarkozy*. 9 Nov. 2007. *Le Monde*, <https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2007/11/09/le-discours-de-dakar_976786_3212.html>.

Mills, Richard. *Remarks at a UN General Assembly Commemorative Meeting for the Intl Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Slavery and Transatlantic Slave Trade*. United Nations, 25 Mar. 2021, <https://usun.usmission.gov/remarks-at-a-un-general-assembly-commemorative-meeting-for-the-intl-day-of-remembrance-of-the-victims-of-slavery-and-transatlantic-slave-trade/>.

Senior, Olive. 'The Poem as Gardening, the Story as Su-Su: Finding a Literary Voice: The Twelfth Annual Philip Sherlock Lecture'. *Journal of West Indian Literature*, vol. 14, no. 1/2, 2005, pp. 35–50.

Walcott, Derek. 'The Antilles, Fragments of Epic Memory: The 1992 Nobel Lecture'. *World Literature Today*, vol. 67, no. 2, 1993, pp. 261–67.
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Bad Bunny. *DeBÍ TiRAR Más FOToS*. Rimas, 2025.

Marley, Bob, and The Wailers. 'Redemption Song'. *Uprising*, Island; Tuff Gong, 1980.

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*Trauma studies, psychoanalysis, and postmemory*

Caruth, Cathy. *Unclaimed Experience: Trauma, Narrative, and History*. The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.

Freud, Sigmund. *The Ego and the Id*. 1923. Edited by James Strachey, Translated by Joan Riviere, W. W. Norton & Company, 1990.

Hirsch, Marianne. *The Generation of Postmemory: Writing and Visual Culture After the Holocaust*. Columbia University Press, 2012.

Luckhurst, Roger. *The Trauma Question*. Routledge, 2008.

*Literary theory and poetics*

Bakhtin, Mikhail. *Discourse in the Novel*. 1975. Translated by Michael Holquist and Caryl Emerson, University of Texas Press, 1982.

Baudelaire, Charles. 'New Notes on Edgar Poe'. 1857. *Baudelaire As a Literary Critic: Selected Essays*, translated by Lois Boe Hyslop and Francis E. Hyslop, Jr., The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1964, pp. 114–35.

Campbell, Joseph. *The Hero with a Thousand Faces*. 1949. 3rd ed., Pantheon Books, 2008.

Frye, Northrop. *Fables of Identity: Studies in Poetic Mythology*. Harcourt, Brace & World, 1963.

O'Connor, Frank. *The Lonely Voice: A Study of the Short Story*. 1963. Harper & Row, 1985.

Pratt, Mary Louise. 'The Short Story: The Long and the Short of It'. *Poetics*, vol. 10, 1981, pp. 175–94.

*French theory*

Deleuze, Gilles, and Félix Guattari. *A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia*. 1980.
Translated by Brian Massumi, University of Minnesota Press, 2005.

Derrida, Jacques. *Archive Fever: A Freudian Impression*. 1995. Translated by Eric Prenowitz,
The University of Chicago Press, 1996.

---. 'Living On'. *Deconstruction and Criticism*, edited by Harold Bloom et al., translated by James Hulbert, Continuum, 1979, pp. 75–176.

---. *Specters of Marx*. 1993. Translated by Peggy Kamuf, Routledge, 1994.

Foucault, Michel. 'À la recherche du présent perdu'. *Dits et écrits 1954-1975*, Gallimard, 2001.

---. *The Archaeology of Knowledge*. 1969. Translated by Alan M. Sheridan Smith, Pantheon Books, 1972.

Rancière, Jacques. *Disagreement: Politics and Philosophy*. 1995. Translated by Julie Rose, University of Minnesota Press, 1998.

---. 'Du partage du sensible et des rapports qu'il établit entre politique et esthétique'. *Le partage du sensible : Esthétique et politique*, La Fabrique, 2000, pp. 12–25.
## Reports and studies

Hickel, Jason. 'Quantifying National Responsibility for Climate Breakdown: An Equality-Based Attribution Approach for Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Excess of the Planetary Boundary'. *The Lancet Planetary Health*, vol. 4, no. 9, Sept. 2020, pp. 399–404.

Jones, Francis. *Population and Development in the Caribbean (2018–2023)*. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, 2024.

*Racism and the Environmental Emergency: Confronting Injustice*. Greenpeace UK and Runnymede Trust, July 2022, https://policycommons.net/artifacts/3413236/confronting-injustice/4212655/.

Simpson, Murray, et al. *Climate Change's Impact on the Caribbean's Ability to Sustain Tourism, Natural Assets and Livelihoods*. Inter-American Development Bank, Mar. 2011.

‘World’. *The World Factbook*, Central Intelligence Agency. CIA.gov, https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/world/#people-and-society.

Zhang, Yong, et al. 'Virulence of Banana Wilt-Causing Fungal Pathogen Fusarium Oxysporum Tropical Race 4 Is Mediated by Nitric Oxide Biosynthesis and Accessory Genes'. *Nature Microbiology*, vol. 9, no. 9, Sept. 2024, pp. 2232–43.

## News articles

Blumenthal, Ralph. '17 Jamaicans Dead of Flour Poisoning; 78 Others Left Ill'. *The New York Times*, 30 Jan. 1976. NYTimes.com, https://www.nytimes.com/1976/01/30/archives/17-jamaicans-dead-of-flour-poisoning-78-others-left-ill.html.

Courea, Eleni, and Aamna Mohdin. 'Starmer Says He Wants to “Look Forward” and Not Talk about Slavery Reparations'. *The Guardian*, 23 Oct. 2024, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/23/keir-starmer-slavery-reparations-commonwealth-summit.

Gray, Louise. 'The “Banana Pandemic” Destroying the World’s Favourite Fruit’. BBC, https://www.bbc.com/future/bespoke/follow-the-food/the-pandemic-threatening-bananas.html.

Paton, Diana, and Matthew J. Smith, editors. 'Hurricane Charlie'. *The Jamaica Reader*, Duke University Press, 2021, pp. 262–63.

## Dictionary and encyclopaedia entries

Roopnarine, Lomarsh. 'South Asian Diaspora in the Caribbean'. *Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History*, Oxford University Press, 2022, https://oxfordre.com/latinamericanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.001.001/acrefore-9780199366439-e-1131.
Stevenson, Angus, and Maurice Waite, editors. ‘Unearth’. *Concise Oxford English Dictionary*, 12th ed., Oxford University Press, 2011, p. 1575.

*Other online resources*

‘2025 Festival Programme’. *BOCAS Lit Fest*, https://www.bocaslitfest.com/programme/.

‘At the Burial of the Dead’. *The Church of England*, https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/book-common-prayer/burial-dead.

Lesser, Beth. ‘The Sound and the Fury’. *The New Inquiry*, 9 Oct. 2012, https://thenewinquiry.com/the-sound-and-the-fury/.

OSAIN | Interreg Caraïbes. https://interreg-caraibes.eu/osain.

‘Slavery and the British Transatlantic Slave Trade’. *The National Archives*, https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/british-transatlantic-slave-trade-records/.

King James Bible, https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/.