<table><caption>Table D3: Ancestral Matrilineality and Fertility (OLS)</caption><thead><tr><th></th><th>Want another child<br>(1)</th><th>Nb. children<br>(2)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Matrilineality</td><td>0.006<br>(0.007)</td><td>-0.087***<br>(0.032)</td></tr><tr><td>Ind. Controls</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td></tr><tr><td>Village-Geographic Controls</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td></tr><tr><td>Ethnic Group Controls</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td></tr><tr><td>Region-survey FE</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td></tr><tr><td>Observations</td><td>123737</td><td>145481</td></tr><tr><td>Adj. R-squared</td><td>0.371</td><td>0.657</td></tr><tr><td>Clusters</td><td>152</td><td>169</td></tr><tr><td>Countries</td><td>17</td><td>18</td></tr><tr><td>Mean dep. var. (Patri.)</td><td>0.748</td><td>3.126</td></tr></tbody></table>

Notes: This table reports OLS estimates of the relationship between ancestral matrilineality and indicators of fertility and reproductive preferences. The unit of observation is a female respondent. The sample includes individuals originating from either traditionally matrilineal or traditionally patrilineal ethnic groups. “Matrilineality” is a dummy variable indicating whether the respondent belongs to a traditionally matrilineal ethnic group. “Want another child” is a dummy indicating whether the individual wants another child. “Nb. children” is the number of biological children ever born. All columns include the full set of individual, ancestral, and village-geographic controls, as well as region-by-survey fixed effects, as defined in Table 1. “Mean dep. var. (Patri.)” denotes the mean of the respective outcome among women from patrilineal ethnic groups. Standard errors clustered at the ancestral ethnic group level are reported in parentheses.
*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1.
<table><caption>Table D4: Matrilineal Ancestral Homelands, Marital Stability, and Female Sexual Autonomy: Doughnut RDD Estimates</caption><thead><tr><th></th><th>Wife's Parents<br>in HH</th><th>Divorced</th><th>Infidelity</th><th>Nb. of<br>extramarital<br>partners</th><th>Women's children's<br>number of<br>different fathers</th><th>Women's children's<br>father diversification</th></tr><tr><th></th><th>(1)</th><th>(2)</th><th>(3)</th><th>(4)</th><th>(5)</th><th>(6)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Matrilineality</td><td>-0.008<br>(0.005)</td><td>-0.011**<br>(0.005)</td><td>-0.009<br>(0.014)</td><td>-0.021<br>(0.016)</td><td>-0.003<br>(0.006)</td><td>-0.020***<br>(0.007)</td></tr><tr><td>Ind. Controls</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td></tr><tr><td>Village-Geographic Controls</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td></tr><tr><td>Ethnic-Pair FE</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td></tr><tr><td>Country-survey FE</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td></tr><tr><td>Observations</td><td>48370</td><td>70830</td><td>70694</td><td>70694</td><td>48363</td><td>48363</td></tr><tr><td>Adj. R-squared</td><td>0.015</td><td>0.029</td><td>0.147</td><td>0.107</td><td>0.013</td><td>0.325</td></tr><tr><td>Clusters</td><td>103</td><td>104</td><td>104</td><td>104</td><td>103</td><td>103</td></tr><tr><td>Countries</td><td>14</td><td>14</td><td>14</td><td>14</td><td>14</td><td>14</td></tr><tr><td>Mean dep. var. (Patri.)</td><td>0.031</td><td>0.026</td><td>0.150</td><td>0.177</td><td>1.025</td><td>0.536</td></tr></tbody></table>

*Notes:* This table reports geographic Regression Discontinuity Design (RDD) estimates of the relationship between ancestral matrilineality and various indicators of female marital stability and sexual behavior, using a 150 km bandwidth. Following the baseline “doughnut” specification, all observations within a 25 km radius of the ethnic boundary are excluded to mitigate local geographic spillovers and measurement error arising from historical boundary uncertainty. “Wife’s Parents in HH” is an indicator for the presence of at least one of the wife’s parents in the household. “Divorced” is a dummy for current divorce status. “Infidelity” is an indicator for reporting at least one extramarital partner in the last 12 months, while “Nb. of extramarital partners” reports the total count of such partners. “Children’s fathers (Nb.)” and “Father diversification” measure, respectively, the number of different biological fathers of the respondent’s children (aged under 17 and residing in the household) and this count divided by the total number of children. The sample includes all women residing within the matrilineal or patrilineal ancestral ethnic homelands as defined by historical maps. In each specification, a linear polynomial in distance to the boundary is estimated separately on each side of the threshold. All columns include individual and village-geographic controls, as well as country-survey and ethnic-pair fixed effects. “Mean dep. var. (Patri.)” denotes the mean of the corresponding outcome among women in patrilineal territories for the estimation sample. Standard errors clustered at the ancestral ethnic group level are reported in parentheses.
*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1.
<table><caption>Table D5: Matrilineal Ancestral Homelands and Female Contraceptive Norms and Behaviors: Doughnut RDD Estimates</caption><thead><tr><th></th><th>Decides Contraception</th><th>Wife justified ask condom if husband has STI</th><th>Wife justified refuse sex if husband has other women</th><th>Condom</th><th>Long-term contraceptive method</th></tr><tr><th></th><th>(1)</th><th>(2)</th><th>(3)</th><th>(4)</th><th>(5)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Matrilineality</td><td>0.002<br>(0.028)</td><td>-0.006<br>(0.019)</td><td>0.028<br>(0.020)</td><td>0.006<br>(0.007)</td><td>0.013<br>(0.009)</td></tr><tr><td>Ind. Controls</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td></tr><tr><td>Village-Geographic Controls</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td></tr><tr><td>Ethnic-Pair FE</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td></tr><tr><td>Country-survey FE</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td></tr><tr><td>Observations</td><td>12787</td><td>62727</td><td>62274</td><td>70830</td><td>70324</td></tr><tr><td>Adj. R-squared</td><td>0.023</td><td>0.119</td><td>0.066</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.147</td></tr><tr><td>Clusters</td><td>88</td><td>103</td><td>103</td><td>104</td><td>104</td></tr><tr><td>Countries</td><td>14</td><td>14</td><td>14</td><td>14</td><td>14</td></tr><tr><td>Mean dep. var. (Patri.)</td><td>0.871</td><td>0.775</td><td>0.590</td><td>0.042</td><td>0.131</td></tr></tbody></table>

Notes: This table reports geographic Regression Discontinuity Design (RDD) estimates of the relationship between ancestral matrilineality and various indicators of contraceptive use, using a 150 km bandwidth. Following the baseline “doughnut” specification, all observations within a 25 km radius of the ethnic boundary are excluded to mitigate local geographic spillovers and measurement error arising from historical boundary uncertainty. “Decides contraception” is an indicator for whether the respondent is the primary decision-maker regarding contraceptive use. “Wife justified ask condom if husband has STI” and “Wife justified refuse sex if husband has other women” are dummies indicating whether the respondent finds it justified for a wife to, respectively, ask for condom use if the husband has an STI or refuse sex if he has other partners. “Condom” and “Long-term contraceptive method” indicate the respondent’s current contraceptive method, where the latter includes the pill, IUD, injections, sterilization, implants, or LAM. The sample includes all women residing within the matrilineal or patrilineal ancestral ethnic homelands as defined by historical maps. In each specification, a linear polynomial in distance to the boundary is estimated separately on each side of the threshold. All columns include individual and village-geographic controls, as well as country-survey and ethnic-pair fixed effects. “Mean dep. var. (Patri.)” denotes the mean of the corresponding outcome among women in patrilineal territories for the estimation sample. Standard errors clustered at the ancestral ethnic group level are reported in parentheses. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1.
<table><caption>Table D6: Matrilineal Ancestral Homelands, Marital Stability, and Female Sexual Autonomy: Nearest Neighbor Matching Estimates</caption><thead><tr><th></th><th>Wife's Parents<br>in HH</th><th>Divorced</th><th>Infidelity</th><th>Nb. of<br>extramarital<br>partners</th><th>Women's children's<br>number of<br>different fathers</th><th>Women's children's<br>father diversification</th></tr><tr><th></th><th>(1)</th><th>(2)</th><th>(3)</th><th>(4)</th><th>(5)</th><th>(6)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Ancestrally matrilineal area</td><td>0.007***<br>(0.002)</td><td>0.025***<br>(0.003)</td><td>0.002<br>(0.005)</td><td>-0.006<br>(0.007)</td><td>0.021***<br>(0.003)</td><td>-0.009<br>(0.006)</td></tr><tr><td>Observations</td><td>10923</td><td>11383</td><td>11382</td><td>11382</td><td>10923</td><td>10923</td></tr><tr><td>Mean Dep. Var. (Villages in patri. area)</td><td>0.021</td><td>0.016</td><td>0.121</td><td>0.142</td><td>1.019</td><td>0.552</td></tr></tbody></table>

*Notes*: This table reports the average treatment effect on the treated (ATT) of ancestral matrilineality on various village-level proxies for marital stability and female sexual autonomy. Estimates are obtained using nearest neighbor matching with 5 neighbors ($k = 5$) based on the Mahalanobis distance function, where villages located in ancestrally matrilineal areas are matched with villages in patrilineal areas. Villages are matched based on a specific set of exogenous geographic and economic fundamentals: altitude, nightlight intensity, population density, and proximity to mining sites. Ethnic composition variables (fractionalization and polarization) are excluded from the matching set as they may be downstream outcomes of kinship systems. The dependent variables represent village-level averages for the outcomes defined in Table 4: presence of the wife's parents in the household, divorce status, reported infidelity, and the father diversification ratio. Following Abadie and Imbens (2006, 2011), estimates are corrected for the large-sample bias that arises when matching on multiple continuous covariates. “Mean Dep. Var. (Villages in patri. area)” denotes the average prevalence among villages in patrilineal ancestral homelands. Robust standard errors are reported in parentheses. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1.
<table><caption>Table D7: Matrilineal Ancestral Homelands and Female Contraceptive Norms and Behaviors: Nearest Neighbor Matching Estimates</caption><thead><tr><th></th><th>Decides Contraception</th><th>Wife justified ask condom if husband has STI</th><th>Wife justified refuse sex if husband has other women</th><th>Condom</th><th>Long-term contraceptive method</th></tr><tr><th></th><th>(1)</th><th>(2)</th><th>(3)</th><th>(4)</th><th>(5)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Ancestrally matrilineal area</td><td>0.002<br>(0.010)</td><td>0.048***<br>(0.008)</td><td>-0.011<br>(0.010)</td><td>-0.007**<br>(0.003)</td><td>0.108***<br>(0.009)</td></tr><tr><td>Observations</td><td>7148</td><td>10378</td><td>10279</td><td>10928</td><td>10924</td></tr><tr><td>Mean Dep. Var. (Villages in patri. area)</td><td>0.871</td><td>0.741</td><td>0.615</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.115</td></tr></tbody></table>

*Notes:* This table reports the average treatment effect on the treated (ATT) of ancestral matrilineality on various village-level indicators of contraceptive use. Estimates are obtained using nearest neighbor matching with 5 neighbors based on the Mahalanobis distance function, where villages located in ancestrally matrilineal areas are matched with villages in patrilineal areas. Villages are matched based on a specific set of exogenous geographic and economic fundamentals: altitude, nightlight intensity, population density, and proximity to mining sites. Ethnic composition variables (fractionalization and polarization) are excluded from the matching set as they may be downstream outcomes of kinship systems. The dependent variables represent village-level averages for the outcomes defined in Table 5: female participation in contraceptive decision-making; the belief that a wife is justified in imposing safe sexual practices on her husband; actual use of male condoms and of long-term contraceptive methods. Following Abadie and Imbens (2006, 2011), estimates are corrected for the large-sample bias that arises when matching on multiple continuous covariates. “Mean Dep. Var. (Villages in patri. area)” denotes the average prevalence among villages in patrilineal ancestral homelands. Robust standard errors are reported in parentheses. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1.