Holdevici (2002, 13) - Highlights that anxiety is a "vague" fear, lacking a clearly defined object, and emphasizes that an anxious person feels constantly threatened, living in a perpetual state of restlessness, without fully understanding what exactly causes this fear.

This aspect is very important in the current context, which coaches must also take into account because conflicts on the field can easily turn into disasters.

In the sports context, especially the football one, anxiety occurs when the athlete is afraid that he will not respond appropriately to the situations or incidents that have arisen during the match.(10)

Specialists have defined this state of anxiety among footballers as a succession of events that unfold over time, each triggering the following: a stressful factor leads to the perception of danger, which, in turn, generates the state of anxiety. (7)

Starting from this state of anxiety manifested during sports competitions, specialists have come to the conclusion that the ability to regulate emotions can translate into emotional intelligence in sports. This has been defined -the aggregated or overall capacity of an individual to act with purpose, think rationally, and navigate the environment they are part of.(19)

Salovey and Mayer (1990) defined emotional intelligence as "the ability to monitor one's own feelings and emotions, as well as those of others, to differentiate between them, and to use information to guide an individual's thinking and action." (19)

Analyzing the subject from the perspective of sport, the literature reveals that) have highlighted the link between emotional intelligence and sports activity, emphasizing that athletes tend to accept the emotions they experience without analyzing them critically and constructively.(14)

Meyer (2007) points out that emotional intelligence includes various components, such as perceiving and managing emotions, that play a significant role in optimizing performance.

Laborde, Dosseville, Allen highlight, based on the analyzed research, that athletes with a high level of emotional intelligence, tend to achieve better results and be more successful both mentally and physically, contributing to improved performance and satisfaction related to it.(13)

Finally, the European political socialization of the individual was achieved by combining a logic of involvement, by participating in specially designed activities, with one of competences summarized in knowledge about the EU. The analyzed campaign is part of the double approach necessary for public actors: resizing the place of politics in society and resuming the way of communicating with the public.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Clifford Stott, Paul Hutchison, John Drary, 'Hooligans' abroad in inter-group dynamics, social identity and participation in collective disorder' at the 1998 World Cup Finals, în „British Journal of Social Psychology”, 40, 2001, p. 359-384

2. Collins, T., „*Sport in Capitalist Society: A Short History*”, Routledge, Oxon/New York, 2013

3. Crolley, L., Hand, D. „*Football and European Identity: Historical Narratives Through the Press*”, Routledge, Oxon/New York. 2006):

4. Douglas T Putnam, *Controversies of the Sports World*, Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1999, p. 166.

5. Durham, w., Scarcity and Survival: the Ecological Origins of Conflict between El Salvador and Honduras, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1977

6. Goldstein, Arnold P., *The Psychology of Group Aggression*, Wiley, 2002.

7. Hackfort și Spielberger, *Anxiety in sports: an international perspective*. Taylor & Francis. 1990, p.4

8. Harbey, A., „*Football: The First Hundred Years. The Untold Story*”, Routledge, Oxon/New York, 2013

9. Harvard, C.T., Gray, D.P., Gould, J., Sharp, L.A., Schaffer, J.J. „*Development and validation of the sport Rivalry Fan Perception Scale (SRFPS)*”, Journal of Sport Behavior, Volume 36, Issue 1, 2013, pp. 45-65

10. Humara, Miguel. "*The relationship between anxiety and performance: A cognitive-behavioral perspective.*" Athletic Insight 1, no. 2 (1999), pp 1-14.

11. John H. Kerr, Rethinking, *Aggression and Violence in Sport*, ed. cit., p. xii.

12. John R. Gerdy, op. cit., 2002, p. 37.
13. Laborde, S., Dosseville, F., & Allen, M. S. *Emotional intelligence in sport and exercise: A systematic review*. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 26(8), 2016, 862-874.

14. Meyer, B. B., & Fletcher, T. B., *Emotional intelligence: A theoretical overview and implications for research and professional practice in sport psychology*. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19(1), 2007, 1-15.

15. Nicholson, M., Hoye, R., Houlihan, B. „Participation in Sport: International Policy Perspectives”, Routledge, Oxon/New York, 2010

16. Pascal Boniface, op. cit. p. 11

17. Pedersen, P.M. „Routledge Handbook of Sport Communication”, Routledge, Oxon/New York, 2013

18. Robu, V. Psihologia Anxietății față de Testări și Examene, Editura Performantica. 2011

19. Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D., *Emotional intelligence. Imagination, cognition and personality*, 9(3), 1990,pp.185-211.

20. Schulze – Marmeling, *Fußball – Zur Geschichte eines globalen Sports*, Die Werkstatt Verlag, Göttingen, 2000

21. Spaaij, R., Vinas, C., *Political ideology and activism in football fan culture in Spain: a view from the far left*, Soccer & Society, Volume 14, Issue 2, 2013, pp. 183-200

22. Tsoukala, A., *Controlling football-related violence in France: law and order versus the rule of law*, Sport in Society: Cultures, Commerce, Media, Politics, Volume 16, Issue 2, 2013, pp. 140-150

23. Wilczewska, I., Boski, P., *Polish Fans' Emotions during Euro 2012*, Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity, Volume 5, Issue 1, 2013, pp. 7-11

24. https://www.coe.int/en/web/sport/home?desktop=true, accesat la 04.08.2019, ora 17:00

About authors

**Mircea Ciprian UNGUR** is a dedicated academic and sports professional. As a footballer with extensive experience in Romanian leagues and international competitions, including minifootball, he brings firsthand knowledge to research on football-related violence. A PhD candidate in Sports Science, he combines academic expertise with practical insights into sports and education.

**Laura Edit CIULEA** is a lecturer at the George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology in Târgu Mureş, Romania. Her expertise lies in physical education and sports, with specific focus areas including fitness, motor performance, volleyball, and aerobics. She has contributed to research on improving physical training methods for medical students and integrating functional training into education to enhance engagement and effectiveness. She has also published works on topics like postnatal recovery and innovative approaches in physical education. Her active participation in academic initiatives highlights her commitment to advancing sports science and education.
# Study on the optimization of the physical component of the training process at the level of juniors a by educating the motor quality resistance

FLORIN ȚURCANU, SZABO-CSIFFO BARNA, LAURENȚIU MAGDAȘ, DANA SIMONA ȚURCANU

GEORGE EMIL PALADE UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE, PHARMACY, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF TĂRGU

MURES, ROMANIA

**Abstract:** The theme chosen by us is a topic of great relevance, its importance consisting in trying to find some means and methods for developing motor quality - resistance, which, in the end, contributes to good physical training. Following the implementation of the training program, the results of the football team (juniors A) had a remarkable progression, the team physically performed well and the results confirm what they said.

**Keywords:** resistance, football, athlete, the ball, technical elements.

## INTRODUCTION

Instructive-educational methods are treated differently by specialists in the field, but some of them are used by teachers or permanent coaches: Exercise, personal example, conviction, praise and punishment. The teacher or coach is obliged to know the method of education by persuasion, because its consequences are different. The main weapon is the word.

Moving from teaching in physical education classes to training in football, it should be noted that during the speech the pronouncement of phrases will be slow, following the reaction of the auditor. If questions, misunderstandings or doubts arise from what the coach has reported, the explanations need to be repeated.

In this regard, speaking to a group of players or all team members, the stamp should be increased only if the player is remote, during a friendly or official match, when the conversation becomes difficult due to the presence of the spectators.

At the level of the junior A performance teams, we are witnessing a continuous acceleration of the pace of play. There is also an increase in the force of the attack but also of the defense in the sense that very well trained players appear.

## PROBLEM STATEMENT

Motor skills must be discovered and improved by knowing the internal support, on which any of the body's movements are based (Macquet, A-C., Fleurance, F., 2006. pg. 313).

The motor measures of the body are materialized in the harmony and ease of motor expression in various bodily, playful, sporting or expression activities (Hale, D., Lauzon, L., quoted in Neagu, N., 2010, pg. 35), by performing motor activities, requiring either one or more parts or an assembly of body parts, which require the intervention and coordination of important muscle groups (Rigas, E., quoted in Neagu, N., 2010, pg. 35).

Prof. Dragnea Adrian considers that the motor act is a basic element of any movement, performed to build a motor action. This can be reflected as a reflex act (Dragnea, A., Bota, A., 1999, p. pg. 35).

The variety of content and form, the variety of functions performed by human motor activities, carried out at the most diverse ages, whether those with so-called direct or indirect actions, are characterized by the omnipresence of the formative function (Neagu, N., 2012, p. 21).
As an organized educational and educational process, performance sport is a bilateral process, in which, under the leadership of the specialists, subjects are systematically subjected to influences in constant accordance with the objectives of sport in general and those for each stage regarding the improvement of physical development and motor capacity (Turcanu, F., 2013, pp. 9).

The development of general resistance can be achieved using the following methods (Turcanu, F., Turcanu, D.S., 2010, pg. 70):

- Method of uniform efforts

- Method of variable efforts

- Method of repeated efforts

- Interval training method.

In the training of the players, we start from the premise that the athlete is coachable and also that his level of performance capacity changes in a positive sense (Drăgan, A., 2012, pg.7).

The content of the football game must be known both by players and, more importantly, by specialists. Efficiency in the game is demonstrated by the players; they are the ones who demonstrate during the 90 minutes, all the knowledge accumulated in the training process, a process elaborated and led by the coaches (Turcanu, F., Dragan, A., 2014, pg.24).

# METHOLOGY OF RESEARCH

## Purpose of the study

The main goal was to design a set of exercises specific to the game of football and its implementation in the sample of subjects (Juniors A) with the role of improving the indices of motor quality – endurance.

## The main objective of the study

The acquisition of theoretical knowledge in the field of football, one of the important means of education in general in relation to harmonious physical development, the development of motor quality – resistance, training and improvement of basic and specific motor skills.

## The general hypothesis

We assume that by creating and implementing a specially designed set of exercises with specific means of playing football in juniors A (experimental group), we can record higher indices of basic motor quality – resistance to final testing compared to the initial one, but also results close to the norms and requirements of the Romanian Football Federation, specific to this motor quality.

## Working methods

Analytical methods – the study of bibliographic materials

Descriptive methods – observation

The experimental method

Method of organizing and presenting data.

The graphic method

Mathematical-statistical method

Method of classification/ordering

The comparison/reporting method

To determine the performance level of motor quality – endurance, we used running over a distance of 2000 meters (control test used for testing junior football players):

**Assigned score:** (Table 2)
<table><caption>Table 2</caption><thead><tr><th>PUNCTE</th><th>14-15 ani</th><th>16 ani</th><th>17 ani</th><th>18 ani</th><th>19-20 ani</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>100</td><td>6.04</td><td>5.57</td><td>5.57</td><td>5.49</td><td><strong>5.59</strong></td></tr><tr><td>95</td><td>6.49</td><td>6.40</td><td>6.45</td><td>6.33</td><td><strong>6.35</strong></td></tr><tr><td>90</td><td>7.07</td><td>6.58</td><td>7.01</td><td>6.50</td><td><strong>6.52</strong></td></tr><tr><td>85</td><td>7.20</td><td>7.11</td><td>7.12</td><td>7.03</td><td><strong>7.04</strong></td></tr><tr><td>80</td><td>7.30</td><td>7.22</td><td>7.20</td><td>7.12</td><td><strong>7.13</strong></td></tr><tr><td>75</td><td>7.39</td><td>7.31</td><td>7.28</td><td>7.21</td><td><strong>7.22</strong></td></tr><tr><td>70</td><td>7.47</td><td>7.40</td><td>7.35</td><td>7.29</td><td><strong>7.30</strong></td></tr><tr><td>65</td><td>7.55</td><td>7.47</td><td>7.42</td><td>7.37</td><td><strong>7.38</strong></td></tr><tr><td>60</td><td>8.03</td><td>7.55</td><td>7.48</td><td>7.44</td><td><strong>7.45</strong></td></tr><tr><td>55</td><td>8.10</td><td>8.02</td><td>7.54</td><td>7.51</td><td><strong>7.52</strong></td></tr><tr><td>50</td><td>8.17</td><td>8.10</td><td>8.00</td><td>7.58</td><td><strong>7.59</strong></td></tr><tr><td>45</td><td>8.25</td><td>8.17</td><td>8.06</td><td>8.06</td><td><strong>8.06</strong></td></tr><tr><td>40</td><td>8.33</td><td>8.25</td><td>8.13</td><td>8.13</td><td><strong>8.13</strong></td></tr><tr><td>35</td><td>8.41</td><td>8.34</td><td>8.20</td><td>8.21</td><td><strong>8.21</strong></td></tr><tr><td>30</td><td>8.50</td><td>8.43</td><td>8.27</td><td>8.30</td><td><strong>8.30</strong></td></tr><tr><td>25</td><td>9.01</td><td>8.53</td><td>8.35</td><td>8.40</td><td><strong>8.40</strong></td></tr><tr><td>20</td><td>9.13</td><td>9.04</td><td>8.46</td><td>8.52</td><td><strong>8.51</strong></td></tr><tr><td>15</td><td>9.28</td><td>9.18</td><td>8.59</td><td>9.06</td><td><strong>9.07</strong></td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td>9.49</td><td>9.37</td><td>9.21</td><td>9.25</td><td><strong>9.32</strong></td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>10.22</td><td>10.07</td><td>10.03</td><td>9.55</td><td><strong>10.15</strong></td></tr><tr><td>0</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

## Research Methods

### Technical complex 1:

The athlete throws from the edge into the line. Athlete B moves toward A, takes A 180 degree turn, picks up the ball and crosses the ball. Athlete A goes on the long corner of the field (10 m) and C on the short corner. The completion is done alternately (Figure 1):

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>Figure 1</figcaption></figure>

### Technical complex 2:

The athletes are arranged in groups of 3 such: Athletes B and C near the side bars of the football goal at a distance of 1.5 m., while the athlete A (with the ball) at the side of the field. The athlete A
cu performs a autopasa, followed by the ball centering in the box to clear the other two who, through energetic execution, hit the ball as far away as possible from the goal. The athlete who has not released, runs a run launched to retrieve the ball (Figure 2):

<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>Figure 2</figcaption></figure>

### Technical complex 3:

Two strikers (X1 and X2), half-way with the ball, try to overcome an athlete as a defender (O) by a two or two preceded by doubling. The two later perform a goal-cut (Figure 3):

<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>Figure 3</figcaption></figure>

## Findings

<table><caption>Table 2 resistance 2000 m. (sec.) Experimental group</caption><thead><tr><td>No crt.</td><td>Name and first name</td><td>Initial testing</td><td>Final testing</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1.</td><td>V.S.</td><td>7'40"</td><td>7'10"</td></tr><tr><td>2.</td><td>F.B.</td><td>7'58"</td><td>7'35"</td></tr><tr><td>3.</td><td>B.R.</td><td>7'30"</td><td>7'10"</td></tr><tr><td>4.</td><td>M.C.</td><td>7'43"</td><td>7'13"</td></tr><tr><td>5.</td><td>B.B.</td><td>7'44"</td><td>7'21"</td></tr><tr><td>6.</td><td>G.C.</td><td>7'43"</td><td>7'13"</td></tr><tr><td>7.</td><td>U.M</td><td>7'12"</td><td>7'00"</td></tr><tr><td>8.</td><td>K.B.</td><td>7'45"</td><td>7'15"</td></tr><tr><td>9.</td><td>R.R.</td><td>7'54"</td><td>7'44"</td></tr><tr><td>10.</td><td>S.C.</td><td>8'02"</td><td>7'44"</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tr><td>11.</td><td>B.P.</td><td>7'15"</td><td>7'05"</td></tr><tr><td>12.</td><td>M.Z.</td><td>7'58"</td><td>7'38"</td></tr><tr><td>13.</td><td>M.T.</td><td>7'30"</td><td>7'25"</td></tr><tr><td>14.</td><td>G.E.</td><td>7'43"</td><td>7'30"</td></tr><tr><td>15.</td><td>T.A.</td><td>7'24"</td><td>7'11"</td></tr><tr><td>16.</td><td>T.R.</td><td>8'43"</td><td>8'13"</td></tr><tr><td>17.</td><td>D.L.</td><td>7'12"</td><td>7'00"</td></tr><tr><td>18.</td><td>D.E.</td><td>7'24"</td><td>7'02"</td></tr><tr><td>19.</td><td>K.G.</td><td>7'34"</td><td>7'31"</td></tr><tr><td>20.</td><td>T.S.</td><td>7'05"</td><td>6'34"</td></tr><tr><td>21.</td><td>I.C.</td><td>7'15"</td><td>6'00"</td></tr><tr><td>22.</td><td>V.D.</td><td>6'58"</td><td>6'28"</td></tr><tr><td>23.</td><td>H.D.</td><td>7'30"</td><td>7'11"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">AVERAGE</td><td>7'37"</td><td>7'10"</td></tr></table>

The test values *converted from seconds to points* (according to F.R.F table) corresponding to the experimental group are shown in Table 3:

<table><caption>**Table 3** resistance 2000 m. (points)/ experimental group</caption><thead><tr><td>No crt.</td><td>Name and first name</td><td>Initial testing</td><td>Final testing</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1.</td><td>V.S.</td><td>60</td><td>80</td></tr><tr><td>2.</td><td>F.B.</td><td>50</td><td>65</td></tr><tr><td>3.</td><td>B.R.</td><td>70</td><td>80</td></tr><tr><td>4.</td><td>M.C.</td><td>60</td><td>75</td></tr><tr><td>5.</td><td>B.B.</td><td>60</td><td>75</td></tr><tr><td>6.</td><td>G.C.</td><td>60</td><td>75</td></tr><tr><td>7.</td><td>U.M</td><td>80</td><td>85</td></tr><tr><td>8.</td><td>K.B.</td><td>60</td><td>75</td></tr><tr><td>9.</td><td>R.R.</td><td>50</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>10.</td><td>S.C.</td><td>45</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>11.</td><td>B.P.</td><td>75</td><td>80</td></tr><tr><td>12.</td><td>M.Z.</td><td>50</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>13.</td><td>M.T.</td><td>70</td><td>70</td></tr><tr><td>14.</td><td>G.E.</td><td>60</td><td>65</td></tr><tr><td>15.</td><td>T.A.</td><td>70</td><td>80</td></tr><tr><td>16.</td><td>T.R.</td><td>20</td><td>75</td></tr><tr><td>17.</td><td>D.L.</td><td>80</td><td>85</td></tr><tr><td>18.</td><td>D.E.</td><td>70</td><td>85</td></tr><tr><td>19.</td><td>K.G.</td><td>65</td><td>65</td></tr><tr><td>20.</td><td>T.S.</td><td>80</td><td>90</td></tr><tr><td>21.</td><td>I.C.</td><td>75</td><td>95</td></tr><tr><td>22.</td><td>V.D.</td><td>90</td><td>95</td></tr><tr><td>23.</td><td>H.D.</td><td>70</td><td>80</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">AVERAGE</td><td>63,91</td><td>76,30</td></tr></tbody></table>

## DISCUSSIONS

From the study of tables, a progress can be observed between the resistance values (expressed in seconds) of the two tests corresponding to the experimental group: Initial and final testing. This progress is exemplified by Figure 4:
<figure><img src="image_7.png" /><figcaption>Figure 4</figcaption></figure>

Also, from the study of tables, a progress can be seen between the resistance values converted into points of the two tests corresponding to the experimental group: Initial and final testing. This progress is exemplified by Figure 5:

<figure><img src="image_8.png" /><figcaption>Figure 5</figcaption></figure>

## CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

### Conclusions

Following the conduct of this study, the research hypothesis is confirmed in the sense that, by introducing specific technical complexes for football games in juniors A (experimental group), we can record higher indices of basic motor qualities – resistance to final testing compared to initial testing. Following the implementation of the training program, the results of the football team
(juniors A) had a remarkable progression, the team physically performed well and the results confirm what they said.

## Recommendations

Diversifying the content of the training for the secondary school students by introducing the game of football in the physical education classes;

The most diverse use of the technical elements and procedures of the football game in the football terminal classes;

Using as many teaching materials and diversifying means in order to attract physical education classes in sports classes but also in training.

## BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Dragnea, A., Bota, A., *Theory of modern Sports Training*, Aldis Publishing House, Bucharest, 1999;

2. Drăgan, A., *Concepts regarding the deepening of training in football*, Editura Universității Dunarea de Jos, Galați, 2012;

3. Drăgan, A., Turcanu, F., *Concepts regarding the deepening of football training*, Editura Universitară Dunarea de Jos, Galați, 2012;

4. Dragan, A., Turcanu, F., *Methodics of teaching football in school at grades V-VIII*, Editura Universitară Dunarea de Jos, Galați, 2014;

5. Hales, D., Lauzon, L., *An invitation to health*, Nelson Education, Toronto, 2004;

6. Macquet, A-C., Fleurance, F., *Des modeles theoriques pour etudier l'activite de l'expert en sport*, Revue Science et Motricite, Nr. 2, Paris, 2006;

7. Neagu, N., *Theory and practice of human motor activity*, University Press Publishing House, Tîrgu Mureş, 2010;

8. Neagu, N., *Human motor – psycho-pedagogical foundations*, University Press Publishing House, Tîrgu Mureş, 2012;

9. Turcanu, F., *theoretical foundations of university teaching activities in physical education and sport*, University Press Publishing House, Târgu Mureş, 2013;

10. Turcanu, F., Turcanu, D.S., *TMDS – Volleyball, course notes*, lithographed UMF Tirgu Mures, 2010;

11. Turcanu, F., Dragan, A., *FOOTBALL – Scientific foundations, Dunarea de Jos University Foundation Publishing House*, Galati, 2014.
Conclusions (French)

Ce volume spécial, *UE et ses Voisins*, constitue une contribution significative au domaine académique des études européennes en abordant un large éventail de sujets interconnectés qui soulignent la complexité, la pertinence et le dynamisme de l'Union européenne ainsi que ses relations avec les régions voisines. Édité par **Mihaela Natea, PhD**, et **Simion Costea, PhD**, ce volume fait preuve d'une cohérence exceptionnelle et d'une vision unificatrice qui reflète l'engagement durable de l'UE envers le multiculturalisme, l'intégration et la résilience.

La valeur académique de cet ouvrage réside dans son approche critique et multidisciplinaire, englobant l'histoire, la religion, les guerres hybrides, la migration, l'élargissement de l'UE et la résilience humaine. Des chercheurs issus de divers horizons et affiliations explorent ces thématiques, offrant des perspectives novatrices et des analyses originales qui renforcent le rôle de l'UE en tant qu'acteur global et défenseur de l'unité, de la stabilité et de la diversité.

Dans la **Section 1: Histoire, Religion et Sociétés Multiculturelles, Prof. Dr. HDR Hedi Saidi** (Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur et Chevalier des Palmes Académiques, Université Catholique de Lille, France) examine les récits de victimisation et de souffrance, apportant des éclairages critiques sur la construction du discours victimaire. **Mohsen Neffati, PhD** (Université de Sfax, Tunisie) explore la laïcité en tant que valeur occidentale ayant un potentiel universel, contribuant à une compréhension nuancée de la religion et du sécularisme dans les contextes multiculturels. **Saoudi Bilel, PhD** (Université de Tunis, Tunisie) offre une étude historique des communautés européennes en Tunisie pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, établissant un pont entre les récits européens et nord-africains. **Maria Costea, PhD** (Académie Roumaine) et **Simion Costea, PhD** (GGI Bruxelles) se penchent sur les négociations de Lambeth de 1930 et leur pertinence pour les efforts d'unité apostolique, soulignant l'importance durable du dialogue religieux dans le cadre multiculturel européen.

La **Section 2: Élargissement de l'UE** met l'accent sur les défis géopolitiques contemporains. **Mykola Kapitonenko, PhD** (Université nationale Taras Shevchenko de Kyiv, Ukraine) analyse de manière critique le chemin vers la victoire de l'Ukraine dans sa guerre contre la Russie, apportant des perspectives précieuses sur le voisinage oriental de l'UE. **Marcu-Andrei Solomon** (Free Russia Foundation, Bureau de Bruxelles, Belgique) met en lumière les domaines d'action critiques pour préparer la République de Moldavie à l'intégration dans l'UE, soulignant le rôle de l'UE dans la promotion de la stabilité et des réformes en Europe de l'Est. **Aysegul Zengin, PhD** (Université de Tallinn, Estonie) examine les implications des technologies de "deepfake", mettant en évidence les défis et solutions potentielles dans le contexte de l'environnement post-vérité de l'UE.

Dans la **Section 3: Renforcer la Résilience: Politiques et Dimensions Humaines**, les contributeurs abordent la capacité de l'UE à promouvoir la résilience. **Angelika Kleszczewska-Albińska, PhD** (Université de Lodz, Pologne) propose un programme préventif pour développer la résilience psychologique dans les régions voisines des conflits, offrant des solutions pratiques pour renforcer la sécurité humaine dans l'UE. **Tacşa Andreea-Maria, PhD** (UMFST, Roumanie) explore l'interaction entre le sport et la politique étrangère pendant le régime communiste, approfondissant les aspects historiques et culturels de la résilience européenne. **Mircea Ungur, PhD, Edit Laura Ciulea, PhD, et Irina Mihaela Trifan, PhD** (UMFST, Roumanie) analysent la mondialisation à travers le prisme du football, illustrant la capacité de l'UE à influencer les tendances culturelles mondiales. **Țurcanu Florin, PhD, Szabo-Csiffo Barna, PhD, Laurențiu Magdaș, PhD, et Dana Simona Țurcanu, PhD** (UMFST, Roumanie) présentent une étude sur l'optimisation des processus d'entraînement physique pour les athlètes juniors, contribuant aux discussions sur la santé et l'éducation dans le cadre de l'UE.
Ce volume illustre la diversité des disciplines et des sujets qui définissent les études européennes. Les contributions couvrent des domaines tels que l'histoire, la religion, les relations internationales, le sport, la psychologie et la géopolitique, mettant en lumière l'étendue des thématiques essentielles pour comprendre la nature multiforme de l'UE. La répartition géographique des auteurs—représentant l'Estonie, la France, la Belgique, la Tunisie, l'Algerie, l'Ukraine, la Pologne et la Roumanie —met en valeur les connexions globales de l'UE et l'engagement académique partagé pour relever les enjeux pressants.

En favorisant la pensée critique et en embrassant des perspectives diverses, ce volume souligne le rôle de l'UE en tant que force unificatrice dans un monde complexe et en rapide évolution. Il constitue une ressource inestimable pour les chercheurs, les décideurs et les étudiants engagés dans la promotion de l'intégration européenne, le renforcement de la résilience et la célébration de la diversité qui définit le projet européen.

## Conclusions (English)

This special volume, *EU and its Neighbors:*, provides a significant contribution to the academic field of European Studies by addressing a wide spectrum of interconnected topics that underscore the complexity, relevance, and dynamism of the European Union and its relationships with neighboring regions. Edited by **Mihaela Natea, PhD**, and **Simion Costea, PhD**, this volume demonstrates exceptional coherence and a unifying vision that reflects the EU's enduring commitment to multiculturalism, integration, and resilience.

The academic value of this volume lies in its critical and multidisciplinary approach, encompassing history, religion, hybrid warfare, migration, EU enlargement, and human resilience. Scholars from diverse backgrounds and affiliations explore these themes, providing fresh perspectives and innovative analyses that reinforce the EU's role as a global actor and advocate for unity, stability, and diversity.

In **Section 1: History, Religion, and Multicultural Societies, Prof. Dr. HDR Hedi Saidi** (Chevalier de la Legion d'honneur et Chevalier des Palmes Academiques, Université Catholique de Lille, France) examines the narratives of victimization and suffering, offering critical insights into the construction of victimhood discourse. **Mohsen Neffati, PhD** (University of Sfax, Tunisia) explores laïcité as a Western value with universal potential, contributing to a nuanced understanding of religion and secularism in multicultural contexts. **Saoudi Bilel, PhD** (Université de Tunis, Tunisia) provides a historical study of European communities in Tunisia during World War II, bridging European and North African narratives. **Maria Costea, PhD (Romanian Academy)**, and **Simion Costea, PhD** (GGI Brussels), delve into the 1930 Lambeth negotiations and their relevance to apostolic unity efforts, highlighting the enduring significance of religious dialogue in Europe's multicultural framework.

**Section 2: EU Enlargement** shifts the focus to contemporary geopolitical challenges. **Mykola Kapitonenko, PhD** (Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Ukraine) critically analyzes Ukraine's path to victory in its war against Russia, offering valuable insights into the EU's Eastern neighborhood. **Marcu-Andrei Solomon** (Free Russia Foundation, Brussels Office, Belgium) highlights the critical focus areas for preparing the Republic of Moldova for EU integration, emphasizing the EU's role in promoting stability and reform in Eastern Europe. **Aysegul Zengin, PhD** (Tallinn University, Estonia) examines the implications of deepfake technology, shedding light on its challenges and potential solutions within the EU's post-truth environment.
In **Section 3: Building-Up Resilience: Policies and Human Dimensions**, the contributors address the EU's capacity to foster resilience. **Angelika Kleszczewska-Albińska, PhD** (University of Lodz, Poland) outlines a preventive program for developing psychological resilience in conflict-adjacent regions, offering practical solutions to strengthen the EU's human security. **Tacşa Andreea-Maria, PhD** (UMFST, Romania) investigates the interplay of sport and foreign policy during the communist regime, adding depth to the historical and cultural aspects of EU resilience. **Mircea Ungur, PhD, Edit Laura Ciulea, PhD,** and **Irina Mihaela Trifan, PhD** (UMFST, Romania) explore globalization through the lens of football, demonstrating the EU's capacity to influence global cultural trends. **Țurcanu Florin, PhD, Szabo-Csiffo Barna, PhD,** Laurențiu Magdaș, PhD, and **Dana Simona Țurcanu, PhD** (UMFST, Romania) present a study on optimizing the physical training process for junior athletes, contributing to discussions on health and education within the EU framework.

This volume exemplifies the diversity of disciplines and subjects that define EU studies. Contributions span fields such as history, religion, international relations, sports, psychology, and geopolitics, showcasing the breadth of topics essential for understanding the EU's multifaceted nature. The geographical spread of the authors—representing **Estonia, France, Belgium, Tunisia, Algeria, Ukraine, Poland, and Romania**—further highlights the EU's global connections and the shared academic commitment to addressing pressing issues.

By fostering critical thinking and embracing diverse perspectives, this volume underscores the EU's role as a unifying force in a complex and rapidly changing world. It serves as an invaluable resource for scholars, policymakers, and students dedicated to advancing European integration, promoting resilience, and celebrating the diversity that defines the European project.

MIHAELA NATEA, SIMION COSTEA
**EDITORIAL BOARD:**

**Professeur Dr. Hab. Hedi SAIDI**

President d'honneur de la revue académique « L'Europe
unie », Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur, Chevalier des
Palmes académiques – Université Catholique de Lille &
Association "JISR" ("Le Pont"), Villeneuve d'Ascq, France

**Dr. d'État Michel LABORI**

JOURNAL DIRECTOR / DIRECTEUR DU JOURNAL
"Jean Monnet Professor" [founder], University of
Besançon. Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur (France)

**Dr. hab. Simion COSTEA**

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF / RÉDACTEUR EN CHEF
Senior Lecturer "Jean Monnet Professor" of EU Studies
and Contemporary History, "G.E. Palade" University of
Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu-
Mureş (Romania), former advisor to the European
Parliament (Brussels)

**Dr. Mihaela Daciana NATEA**

MANAGING EDITOR
Senior Lecturer, "G.E. Palade" University of Medicine,
Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu-Mureş,
Director "Jean Monnet" Center of Excellence on European
Security and Disinformation in Multicultural Communities,
Institute of Research in European Studies (Romania)

**Dr. Archil CHOCHIA**

Researcher, Tallinn Law School, Tallinn University of
Technology (Estonia)

**Dr. Vasile CUCERESCU**

"Jean Monnet Professor", President of ECSA Moldova,
Chișinău (Republic of Moldova)

**Dr. Dragoş PĂUN**

Senior Lecturer, "Babeş-Bolyai" University of Cluj-
Napoca
(Romania)

**Dr. Vira RATSIBORYNSKA**

Visiting Professor at Brussels School of Governance, Vrije
University Brussels, and Associate Director at Asia Pacific
and European Security Innovation Forum and Center of
Excellence (APSI CoE) (Belgium)

**Dr. Veronica ZAHARAGIU**

"Jean Monnet" Center of Excellence on European Security
and Disinformation in Multicultural Communities

**Dr. Lucian SĂCĂLEAN**

Lecturer, "G.E. Palade" University of Medicine, Pharmacy,
Science and Technology of Târgu-Mureş (Romania)

**Dr. Daniel ŞTEFAN**

Senior Lecturer, "G.E. Palade" University of Medicine,
Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu-Mureş
(Romania)

**Dr. Colin SWATRIDGE (UK)**

Visiting professor, Miskolc University (Hungary)

**Dr. Gabriel CIOT**

Jean Monnet Professor, "Babes-Bolyai" University Cluj-
Napoca

**Dr. Radu CARP**

Professor, Bucharest University

**Dr. Abla ROUAG**

Professor, directrice du Laboratoire d'Analyse des
Processus Sociaux et Institutionnels, Université
Constantine 2 Abdelhamid Mehri, Constantine, Algérie

**SCIENTIFIC BOARD / CONSEIL SCIENTIFIQUE:**

**Dr. Didier BLANC**

Scientific Board - Member
Professor, Faculty of Law, University of Toulouse (France)

**Dr. Ioannis PANOUSSIS**

Scientific Board - Member
Professor, Dean of the Faculté Libre de Droit, Université
Catholique de Lille (France)

**Dr. Eric OLSZAK**

Scientific Board - Member
Professor, Faculté Libre de Droit (FLD), Université
Catholique de Lille. Member of the IDDR (Institut du
développerment durable et responsable) (France)

**Dr. hab. Simion COSTEA**

Scientific Board - Member
"Jean Monnet Professor", Senior Lecturer, "G.E. Palade"
University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and
Technology of Târgu-Mureş (Romania)

**Dr. Amelia HADFIELD**

Scientific Board - Member
"Jean Monnet Professor", Professor, Head of Department
of Politics. Director of the Centre for Britain and Europe
(CBE), University of Surrey (UK)

**Dr. Tanel KERIKMÄE**

Scientific Board - Member
"Jean Monnet Professor", Professor, Head of the Tallinn
Law School, Tallinn University of Technology (Estonia)

**Dr. Placide MABAKA**

Scientific Board - Member
Professor, Université Catholique de Lille (France)

**Dr. Nicolae PĂUN**

Scientific Board - Member
"Jean Monnet Professor", Professor, Dean - Faculty of
European Studies, "Babeş-Bolyai" University of Cluj
Napoca (Romania)

**Dr. hab. Hedi SAIDI**

Scientific Board - Member
Professor, Université Catholique de Lille (France).
Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur (2010) et Chevalier des
Palmes Académiques (2013)

**Dr. Cornel SIGMIREAN**

Scientific Board - Member
Professor, "G.E. Palade" University of Medicine,
Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu-Mureş
(Romania)

**Dr. Licínia SIMÃO**

Scientific Board - Member
Professor, University of Beira Interior, University of
Coimbra (Portugal)

**Dr. Beatrice BOISSARD**

Scientific Board - Member
Senior Lecturer, University of Versailles-Saint-Quentin
(France)

**Dr. Maria COSTEA**

Scientific Board - Member
Scientific researcher with the Romanian Academy,
Cluj-Napoca Branch, Institute of Social Sciences and
Humanities in Târgu-Mureş (Romania)
Faculté Libre de Droit Institut Catholique
de Toulouse

31 Rue de la Fonderie BP31068 Toulouse Cedex 7

Tél: 05 61 36 81 22 Fax: 05 61 36 81 37

E-mail: secr.univ2@ict-toulouse.asso.fr

<figure><img src="image_9.png" /></figure>

FACULTÉ
LIBRE DE
DROIT

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Mouvement Européen
France
Nord

Mouvement Européen Nord

219 bis, bd de la Liberté, BP 1134, 59 012 Lille Cedex, France

Tél. : 03 20 52 72 89, Fax : 03 20 97 73 60, E-mail: mouveuropeen@wanadoo.fr

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Association «Confrontations» (Paris, France)
4 Place de Valois 75001 Paris, Tel. 0033142605241,

E-mail: courriel@confrontations.fr

www.confrontations.fr

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Confrontations
Association d'Intellectuels Chrétiens

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GEORGE EMIL PALADE
UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE,
PHARMACY, SCIENCE, AND
TECHNOLOGY OF TARGU MURES

University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Târgu-Mureş,
Gheorghe Marinescu Street no 38, Târgu Mureş, 540139, România

Tel.: +40 265 215.551, Fax: +40 265 210.407

E-mail: rectorat@umftgm.ro, www.umfst.ro/en/home.html

<figure><img src="image_13.png" /></figure>

Babeş-Bolyai University

Faculty of European Studies

1, Mihail Kogalniceanu Street

RO-400084 Cluj-Napoca 0264 40.53.00 0264 59.19.06

www.ubbcluj.ro

<figure><img src="image_14.png" /></figure>

Tallinn Law School at Tallinn University of Technology
Akadeemia tee 3, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia

Tel.: 003726202430 Fax: 003726202429

E-mail: tls@ttu.ee, www.ttu.ee/tallinn-law-school

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1918
TALLINN UNIVERSITY OF
TECHNOLOGY

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TALLINN LAW SCHOOL

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Université de Beira Interior (Portugal)

Convento de Sto. António, 6201-001 Covilha

Tel:+351(275)319700 Fax:+351(275)319057, www.ubi.pt

ISBN 978-606-062-997-9

https://europeunie.com/
europeuniejournal@umfst.ro

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Print ISSN: 0248-2851, 2780-8173

On line ISSN: 2743-4052

Linking ISSN (ISSN-L): 2743-4052

EAN: 99782749700519

## EDITEURS:

1. Publishing Inc. European Readings & Prodif multimedia, Paris

2. Association "JISR" ("Le Pont"), MDH -89,
chaussée de l'Hôtel de Ville, 59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, FRANCE,
Courriel: hedisaidi@wanadoo.fr, Tél: 03 20 91 45 31

3. Institute of Research in European Studies (Romania)