[30] Zhong Y, Meng F, Deng C and Zhong Z 2014 Ligand-directed active tumor-targeting polymeric nanoparticles for cancer chemotherapy *Biomacromolecules* 15 1955–69

[31] Deng C, Zhang Q, Guo J, Zhao X and Zhong Z 2020 Robust and smart polypeptide-based nanomedicines for targeted tumor therapy *Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev.* 160 199–211

[32] Sun H, Gu X, Zhang Q, Xu H, Zhong Z and Deng C 2019 Cancer nanomedicines based on synthetic polypeptides *Biomacromolecules* 20 4299–311

[33] Qiu M, Zhang Z, Wei Y, Sun H, Meng F, Deng C and Zhong Z 2018 Small-sized and robust chimaeric lipopepsomes: a simple and functional platform with high protein loading for targeted intracellular delivery of protein toxin *in vivo Chem. Mater.* 30 6831–8

[34] Qiu M, Ouyang J, Wei Y, Zhang J, Lan Q, Deng C and Zhong Z 2019 Selective cell penetrating peptide-functionalized envelope-type chimeric lipopeptylomes boost systemic RNAi therapy for lung tumors *Adv. Healthcare Mater.* 8 1900500

[35] Song Z, Han Z, Lv S, Chen C, Chen L, Yin L and Cheng J 2017 Synthetic polypeptides: from polymer design to supramolecular assembly and biomedical application *Chem. Soc. Rev.* 46 6570–99

[36] Shirakawa H, Louis E J, MacDiarmid A G, Chiang C K and Heeger A J 1977 Synthesis of electrically conducting organic polymers: halogen derivatives of polyacetylene, (CH)x *J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun.* 578–80

[37] Svirskis D, Travas-Sejdic J, Rodgers A and Garg S 2010 Electrochemically controlled drug delivery based on intrinsically conducting polymers *J. Control. Release* 146 6–15

[38] Uppalapati D, Boyd B J, Garg S, Travas-Sejdic J and Svirskis D 2016 Conducting polymers with defined micro- or nanostructures for drug delivery *Biomaterials* 111 149–62

[39] Bansal M, Dravid A, Aqrawe Z, Montgomery J, Wu Z and Svirskis D 2020 Conducting polymer hydrogels for electrically responsive drug delivery *J. Control. Release* 328 192–209

[40] Strakosas X, Seitanidou M, Tybrandt K, Berggren M and Simon D T 2021 An electronic proton-trapping ion pump for selective drug delivery *Sci. Adv.* 7 eabd8738

[41] Zhang P and Travas-Sejdic J 2021 Fabrication of conducting polymer microelectrodes and microstructures for bioelectronics *J. Mater. Chem. C* 9 9730–60

[42] Vomero M *et al* 2020 Conformable polyimide-based μECoGs: bringing the electrodes closer to the signal source *Biomaterials* 255 120178

[43] Muller R, Yue Z, Ahmadi S, Ng W, Grosse W M, Cook M J, Wallace G G and Moulton S E 2016 Development and validation of a seizure initiated drug delivery system for the treatment of epilepsy *Sens. Actuators* B 236 732–40

[44] Vallet-Regi M, Colilla M, Izquierdo-Barba I and Manzano M 2018 Mesoporous silica nanoparticles for drug delivery: current insights *Molecules* 23 47

[45] Yuan D, Ellis C M and Davis J J 2020 Mesoporous silica nanoparticles in bioimaging *Materials* 13 3795

[46] Vallet-Regi M, Ramila A, Del Real R P and Perez-Pariente J 2001 A new property of MCM-41: drug delivery system *Chem. Mater.* 13 308–11

[47] Zhao T C, Elzatahry A, Li X M and Zhao D Y 2019 Single-micelle-directed synthesis of mesoporous materials *Nat. Rev. Mater.* 4 775–91

[48] Huang R, Shen Y W, Guan Y Y, Jiang Y X, Wu Y, Rahman K, Zhang L J, Liu H J and Luan X 2020 Mesoporous silica nanoparticles: facile surface functionalization and versatile biomedical applications in oncology *Acta Biomater.* 116 1–15

[49] Li Z, Zhang Y and Feng N 2019 Mesoporous silica nanoparticles: synthesis, classification, drug loading, pharmacokinetics, biocompatibility, and application in drug delivery *Expert Opin. Drug Deliv.* 16 219–37

[50] Phillips E *et al* 2014 Clinical translation of an ultrasmall inorganic optical-PET imaging nanoparticle probe *Sci. Transl. Med.* 6 260ra149

[51] Hosseinpour S, Walsh L J and Xu C 2020 Biomedical application of mesoporous silica nanoparticles as delivery systems: a biological safety perspective *J. Mater. Chem.* B 8 9863–76

[52] Hoang Thi T T, Cao V D, Nguyen T N Q, Hoang D T, Ngo V C and Nguyen D H 2019 Functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles and biomedical applications *Mater. Sci. Eng.* C 99 631–56

[53] Zhou Y, Quan G, Wu Q, Zhang X, Niu B, Wu B, Huang Y, Pan X and Wu C 2018 Mesoporous silica nanoparticles for drug and gene delivery *Acta Pharm. Sin.* B 8 165–77

[54] Panwar N, Soehartono A M, Chan K K, Zeng S, Xu G, Qu J, Coquet P, Yong K-T and Chen X 2019 Nanocarbons for biology and medicine: sensing, imaging, and drug delivery *Chem. Rev.* 119 9559–656

[55] Soltani R, Guo S, Bianco A and Ménard-Moyon C 2020 Carbon nanomaterials applied for the treatment of inflammatory diseases: preclinical evidence *Adv. Ther.* 3 2000051

[56] Du J, Xu N, Fan J, Sun W and Peng X 2019 Carbon dots for *in vivo* bioimaging and theranostics *Small* 15 1805087

[57] Bussy C, Jasim D, Lozano N, Terry D and Kostarelos K 2015 The current graphene safety landscape—a literature mining exercise *Nanoscale* 7 6432–5

[58] Chen M, Qin X and Zeng G 2017 Biodegradation of carbon nanotubes, graphene, and their derivatives *Trends Biotechnol.* 35 836–46

[59] Ali-Boucetta H, Nunes A, Sainz R, Herrero M A, Tian B, Prato M, Bianco A and Kostarelos K 2013 Asbestos-like pathogenicity of long carbon nanotubes alleviated by chemical functionalization *Angew. Chem., Int. Ed.* 52 2274–8

[60] Martín C, Ruiz A, Keshavan S, Reina G, Murera D, Nishina Y, Fadeel B and Bianco A 2019 A biodegradable multifunctional graphene oxide platform for targeted cancer therapy *Adv. Funct. Mater.* 29 1901761

[61] Hamzah N, Yasin M F M, Yusop M Z M, Saat A and Subha N A M 2017 Rapid production of carbon nanotubes: a review on advancement in growth control and morphology manipulations of flame synthesis *J. Mater. Chem. A* 5 25144–70

[62] Pozo I, Guitián E, Pérez D and Peña D 2019 Synthesis of nanographenes, starphenes, and sterically congested polyarenes by aryne cyclotrimerization *Acc. Chem. Res.* 52 2472–81

[63] Johnson A P, Gangadharappa H V and Pramod K 2020 Graphene nanoribbons: a promising nanomaterial for biomedical applications *J. Control. Release* 325 141–62

[64] Haque S T and Chowdhury E H 2018 Recent progress in delivery of therapeutic and imaging agents utilizing organic-inorganic hybrid nanoparticles *Curr. Drug Deliv.* 15 485–96

[65] Guo J, Mattos B D, Tardy B L, Moody V M, Xiao G, Ejima H, Cui J, Liang K and Richardson J J 2019 Porous inorganic and hybrid systems for drug delivery: future promise in combatting drug resistance and translation to botanical applications *Curr. Med. Chem.* 26 6107–31

[66] Manatunga D C, Godakanda V U, Silva R M and Silva K M N 2020 Recent developments in the use of organic–inorganic nanohybrids for drug delivery *WIREs Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol.* 12 e1605
[30] Zhong Y, Meng F, Deng C and Zhong Z 2014 Ligand-directed active tumor-targeting polymeric nanoparticles for cancer chemotherapy *Biomacromolecules* 15 1955–69

[31] Deng C, Zhang Q, Guo J, Zhao X and Zhong Z 2020 Robust and smart polypeptide-based nanomedicines for targeted tumor therapy *Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev.* 160 199–211

[32] Sun H, Gu X, Zhang Q, Xu H, Zhong Z and Deng C 2019 Cancer nanomedicines based on synthetic polypeptides *Biomacromolecules* 20 4299–311

[33] Qiu M, Zhang Z, Wei Y, Sun H, Meng F, Deng C and Zhong Z 2018 Small-sized and robust chimaeric lipopepsomes: a simple and functional platform with high protein loading for targeted intracellular delivery of protein toxin *in vivo Chem. Mater.* 30 6831–8

[34] Qiu M, Ouyang J, Wei Y, Zhang J, Lan Q, Deng C and Zhong Z 2019 Selective cell penetrating peptide-functionalized envelope-type chimeric lipopeptyesomes boost systemic RNAi therapy for lung tumors *Adv. Healthcare Mater.* 8 1900500

[35] Song Z, Han Z, Lv S, Chen C, Chen L, Yin L and Cheng J 2017 Synthetic polypeptides: from polymer design to supramolecular assembly and biomedical application *Chem. Soc. Rev.* 46 6570–99

[36] Shirakawa H, Louis E J, MacDiarmid A G, Chiang C K and Heeger A J 1977 Synthesis of electrically conducting organic polymers: halogen derivatives of polyacetylene, (CH)x *J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun.* 578–80

[37] Svirskis D, Travas-Sejdic J, Rodgers A and Garg S 2010 Electrochemically controlled drug delivery based on intrinsically conducting polymers *J. Control. Release* 146 6–15

[38] Uppalapati D, Boyd B J, Garg S, Travas-Sejdic J and Svirskis D 2016 Conducting polymers with defined micro- or nanostructures for drug delivery *Biomaterials* 111 149–62

[39] Bansal M, Dravid A, Aqrawe Z, Montgomery J, Wu Z and Svirskis D 2020 Conducting polymer hydrogels for electrically responsive drug delivery *J. Control. Release* 328 192–209

[40] Strakosas X, Seitanidou M, Tybrandt K, Berggren M and Simon D T 2021 An electronic proton-trapping ion pump for selective drug delivery *Sci. Adv.* 7 eabd8738

[41] Zhang P and Travas-Sejdic J 2021 Fabrication of conducting polymer microelectrodes and microstructures for bioelectronics *J. Mater. Chem. C* 9 9730–60

[42] Vomero M *et al* 2020 Conformable polyimide-based μECoGs: bringing the electrodes closer to the signal source *Biomaterials* 255 120178

[43] Muller R, Yue Z, Ahmadi S, Ng W, Grosse W M, Cook M J, Wallace G G and Moulton S E 2016 Development and validation of a seizure initiated drug delivery system for the treatment of epilepsy *Sens. Actuators* B 236 732–40

[44] Vallet-Regi M, Colilla M, Izquierdo-Barba I and Manzano M 2018 Mesoporous silica nanoparticles for drug delivery: current insights *Molecules* 23 47

[45] Yuan D, Ellis C M and Davis J J 2020 Mesoporous silica nanoparticles in bioimaging *Materials* 13 3795

[46] Vallet-Regi M, Ramila A, Del Real R P and Perez-Pariente J 2001 A new property of MCM-41: drug delivery system *Chem. Mater.* 13 308–11

[47] Zhao T C, Elzatahry A, Li X M and Zhao D Y 2019 Single-micelle-directed synthesis of mesoporous materials *Nat. Rev. Mater.* 4 775–91

[48] Huang R, Shen Y W, Guan Y Y, Jiang Y X, Wu Y, Rahman K, Zhang L J, Liu H J and Luan X 2020 Mesoporous silica nanoparticles: facile surface functionalization and versatile biomedical applications in oncology *Acta Biomater.* 116 1–15

[49] Li Z, Zhang Y and Feng N 2019 Mesoporous silica nanoparticles: synthesis, classification, drug loading, pharmacokinetics, biocompatibility, and application in drug delivery *Expert Opin. Drug Deliv.* 16 219–37

[50] Phillips E *et al* 2014 Clinical translation of an ultrasmall inorganic optical-PET imaging nanoparticle probe *Sci. Transl. Med.* 6 260ra149

[51] Hosseinpour S, Walsh L J and Xu C 2020 Biomedical application of mesoporous silica nanoparticles as delivery systems: a biological safety perspective *J. Mater. Chem.* B 8 9863–76

[52] Hoang Thi T T, Cao V D, Nguyen T N Q, Hoang D T, Ngo V C and Nguyen D H 2019 Functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles and biomedical applications *Mater. Sci. Eng.* C 99 631–56

[53] Zhou Y, Quan G, Wu Q, Zhang X, Niu B, Wu B, Huang Y, Pan X and Wu C 2018 Mesoporous silica nanoparticles for drug and gene delivery *Acta Pharm. Sin.* B 8 165–77

[54] Panwar N, Soehartono A M, Chan K K, Zeng S, Xu G, Qu J, Coquet P, Yong K-T and Chen X 2019 Nanocarbons for biology and medicine: sensing, imaging, and drug delivery *Chem. Rev.* 119 9559–656

[55] Soltani R, Guo S, Bianco A and Ménard-Moyon C 2020 Carbon nanomaterials applied for the treatment of inflammatory diseases: preclinical evidence *Adv. Ther.* 3 2000051

[56] Du J, Xu N, Fan J, Sun W and Peng X 2019 Carbon dots for *in vivo* bioimaging and theranostics *Small* 15 1805087

[57] Bussy C, Jasim D, Lozano N, Terry D and Kostarelos K 2015 The current graphene safety landscape—a literature mining exercise *Nanoscale* 7 6432–5

[58] Chen M, Qin X and Zeng G 2017 Biodegradation of carbon nanotubes, graphene, and their derivatives *Trends Biotechnol.* 35 836–46

[59] Ali-Boucetta H, Nunes A, Sainz R, Herrero M A, Tian B, Prato M, Bianco A and Kostarelos K 2013 Asbestos-like pathogenicity of long carbon nanotubes alleviated by chemical functionalization *Angew. Chem., Int. Ed.* 52 2274–8

[60] Martín C, Ruiz A, Keshavan S, Reina G, Murera D, Nishina Y, Fadeel B and Bianco A 2019 A biodegradable multifunctional graphene oxide platform for targeted cancer therapy *Adv. Funct. Mater.* 29 1901761

[61] Hamzah N, Yasin M F M, Yusop M Z M, Saat A and Subha N A M 2017 Rapid production of carbon nanotubes: a review on advancement in growth control and morphology manipulations of flame synthesis *J. Mater. Chem. A* 5 25144–70

[62] Pozo I, Guitián E, Pérez D and Peña D 2019 Synthesis of nanographenes, starphenes, and sterically congested polyarenes by aryne cyclotrimerization *Acc. Chem. Res.* 52 2472–81

[63] Johnson A P, Gangadharappa H V and Pramod K 2020 Graphene nanoribbons: a promising nanomaterial for biomedical applications *J. Control. Release* 325 141–62

[64] Haque S T and Chowdhury E H 2018 Recent progress in delivery of therapeutic and imaging agents utilizing organic-inorganic hybrid nanoparticles *Curr. Drug Deliv.* 15 485–96

[65] Guo J, Mattos B D, Tardy B L, Moody V M, Xiao G, Ejima H, Cui J, Liang K and Richardson J J 2019 Porous inorganic and hybrid systems for drug delivery: future promise in combatting drug resistance and translation to botanical applications *Curr. Med. Chem.* 26 6107–31

[66] Manatunga D C, Godakanda V U, Silva R M and Silva K M N 2020 Recent developments in the use of organic–inorganic nanohybrids for drug delivery *WIREs Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol.* 12 e1605
[67] Seaberg J, Montazerian H, Hossen M N, Bhattacharya R, Khademhosseini A and Mukherjee P 2021 Hybrid nanosystems for biomedical applications ACS Nano 15 2099–142

[68] Liang P, Liu C-J, Zhuo R-X and Cheng S-X 2013 Self-assembled inorganic/organic hybrid nanoparticles with multi-functionalized surfaces for active targeting drug delivery J. Mater. Chem. B 1 4243

[69] Mir S H, Nagahara L A, Thundat T, Mokarian-Tabari P, Furukawa H and Khosla A 2018 Review—organic-inorganic hybrid functional materials: an integrated platform for applied technologies J. Electrochem. Soc. 165 B3137–56

[70] Fang R H, Gao W and Zhang L 2023 Targeting drugs to tumours using cell membrane-coated nanoparticles Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 1 33–34

[71] Ribeiro J S, Daghrery A, Dubey N, Li C, Mei L, Fenno J C, Schwendeman A, Aytac Z and Bottino M C 2020 Hybrid antimicrobial hydrogel as injectable therapeutics for oral infection ablation Biomacromolecules 21 3945–56

[72] Qin X, Xu Y, Zhou X, Gong T, Zhang Z-R and Fu Y 2021 An injectable micelle-hydrogel hybrid for localized and prolonged drug delivery in the management of renal fibrosis Acta Pharm. Sin. B 11 835–47

[73] Buwalda S J, Boere K W M, Dijkstra P J, Feijen J, Vermonden T and Hennink W E 2014 Hydrogels in a historical perspective: from simple networks to smart materials J. Control. Release 190 254–73

[74] Mitchell M J, Billingsley M M, Haley R M, Wechsler M E, Peppas N A and Langer R 2021 Engineering precision nanoparticles for drug delivery Nat. Rev. Drug Discovery 20 101–24

[75] Lee W and Chen Y 2004 Effect of bentonite on the physical properties and drug-release behavior of poly (AA-co-PEGMEA)/bentonite nanocomposite hydrogels for mucoadhesive J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 91 2934–41

[76] Buwalda S J 2020 Bio-based composite hydrogels for biomedical applications Multifunct. Mater. 3 022001

[77] Elsaesser A and Howard C V 2012 Toxicology of nanoparticles Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 64 129–37

[78] Guerrini L, Alvarez-Puebla R A and Pazos-Perez N 2018 Surface modifications of nanoparticles for stability in biological fluids Materials 11 1154

[79] Kolb H C, Finn M G and Sharpless K B 2001 Click chemistry: diverse chemical function from a few good reactions Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 40 2004–21

[80] Buwalda S J, Vermonden T and Hennink W E 2017 Hydrogels for therapeutic delivery: current developments and future directions Biomacromolecules 18 316–30

[81] Huang L, Zhu S, Cui R and Zhang M 2020 Noninvasive in vivo imaging in the second near-infrared window by inorganic nanoparticle-based fluorescent probes Anal. Chem. 92 535–42

[82] Liu X, Wang X, Zha L, Lin D, Yang J, Zhou J and Zhang L 2014 Temperature-and pH-tunable plasmonic properties and SERS efficiency of the silver nanoparticles within the dual stimuli-responsive microgels J. Mater. Chem. C 2 7326–35

[83] Zewde B, Atoyebi O, Gugssa A, Gaskell K J and Raghavan D 2021 An investigation of the interaction between bovine serum albumin-conjugated silver nanoparticles and the hydrogel in hydrogel nanocomposites ACS Omega 6 11614–27

[84] Zaragoza J and Asuri P 2019 Exploring the effects of nanoparticle incorporation on the mechanical properties of hydrogels Proceedings 3 2

[85] Zhao F, Yao D, Guo R, Deng L, Dong A and Zhang J 2015 Nanomaterials 5 2054–130

[86] Upputuri R T P, Kulandaivelu K and Mandal A K A 2016 Stud. Nat. Prod. Chem. 50 399 Tiwari G, Tiwari R, Sriwastawa B, Bhati L, Pandey S, Pandey P and Bannerjee S K 2012 Int. J. Pharm. Investig. 2 2

[87] Sartipzadeh O, Naghib S M, Haghiralsadat F, Shokati F and Rahmanian M 2022 Sci. Rep. 12 8382

[88] Dimitriou P, Li J, Tornillo G, McCloy T and Barrow D 2021 Glob. Chall. 5 2000123

[89] Arduino I, Liu Z, Rahikkala A, Figueiredo P, Correia A, Cutrignelli A, Denora N and Santos H A 2021 Acta Biomater. 121 566

[90] Ye C, Chen A, Colombo P and Martinez C 2010 J. R. Soc. Interface 7 S461

[91] Baber R, Mazzei L, Thanh N T K and Gavrillidis A 2015 RSC Adv. 5 95585

[92] Shallan A I, Smejkal P, Corban M, Guijt R M and Breadmore M C 2014 Anal. Chem. 86 3124

[93] Beneyton T, Krafft D, Bednarz C, Kleineberg C, Woelfer C, Ivanov I, Vidaković-Koch T, Sundmacher K and Baret J-C 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 2391

[94] Adams L L A, Kodger T E, Kim S-H, Shum H C, Franke T and Weitz D A 2012 Soft Matter 8 10719

[95] Liu W, Sun M, Han K and Wang J 2019 Anal. Chem. 91 13601

[96] Kosoff D, Yu J, Suresh V, Beebe D J and Lang J M 2018 Lab Chip 18 3011

[97] Tong A and Voronov R 2022 Front. Mol. Biosci. 8 783268

[98] Wei Z, Wang S, Hirvonen J, Santos H A and Li W 2022 Adv. Healthcare Mater. 11 2200846

[99] Mei J-C, Wu A Y K, Wu P-C, Cheng N-C, Tsai W-B and Yu J 2014 Tissue Eng. A 20 2931 Liu H-W, Su W-T, Liu C-Y and Huang C-C 2022 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23 8449

[100] Lyu J, Chen L, Zhang J, Kang X, Wang Y, Wu W, Tang H, Wu J, He Z and Tang K 2020 Biomater. Sci. 8 3649 Caballero-Aguilar L M, Duchi S, Quigley A, Onofrillo C, Di Bella C and Moulton S E 2021 MethodsX 8 101324

[101] Carvalho B G, Ceccato B T, Michelon M, Han S W and de la Torre L G 2022 Pharmaceutics 14 141

[102] Lim J-M, Swami A, Gilson L M, Chopra S, Choi S, Wu J, Langer R, Karnik R and Farokhzad O C 2014 ACS Nano 8 6056

[103] Bae W-G et al 2019 Sci. Transl. Med. 11 eaaw3329

[104] Agaoglu S, Diep P, Martini M, Kt S, Baday M and Araci I E 2018 Lab Chip 18 3471

[105] An H, Chen L, Liu X, Zhao B, Ma D and Wu Z 2018 J. Micromech. Microeng. 28 105008
[67] Seaberg J, Montazerian H, Hossen M N, Bhattacharya R, Khademhosseini A and Mukherjee P 2021 Hybrid nanosystems for biomedical applications ACS Nano 15 2099–142

[68] Liang P, Liu C-J, Zhuo R-X and Cheng S-X 2013 Self-assembled inorganic/organic hybrid nanoparticles with multi-functionalized surfaces for active targeting drug delivery J. Mater. Chem. B 1 4243

[69] Mir S H, Nagahara L A, Thundat T, Mokarian-Tabari P, Furukawa H and Khosla A 2018 Review—organic-inorganic hybrid functional materials: an integrated platform for applied technologies J. Electrochem. Soc. 165 B3137–56

[70] Fang R H, Gao W and Zhang L 2023 Targeting drugs to tumours using cell membrane-coated nanoparticles Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 1 33–34

[71] Ribeiro J S, Daghrery A, Dubey N, Li C, Mei L, Fenno J C, Schwendeman A, Aytac Z and Bottino M C 2020 Hybrid antimicrobial hydrogel as injectable therapeutics for oral infection ablation Biomacromolecules 21 3945–56

[72] Qin X, Xu Y, Zhou X, Gong T, Zhang Z-R and Fu Y 2021 An injectable micelle-hydrogel hybrid for localized and prolonged drug delivery in the management of renal fibrosis Acta Pharm. Sin. B 11 835–47

[73] Buwalda S J, Boere K W M, Dijkstra P J, Feijen J, Vermonden T and Hennink W E 2014 Hydrogels in a historical perspective: from simple networks to smart materials J. Control. Release 190 254–73

[74] Mitchell M J, Billingsley M M, Haley R M, Wechsler M E, Peppas N A and Langer R 2021 Engineering precision nanoparticles for drug delivery Nat. Rev. Drug Discovery 20 101–24

[75] Lee W and Chen Y 2004 Effect of bentonite on the physical properties and drug-release behavior of poly (AA-co-PEGMEA)/bentonite nanocomposite hydrogels for mucoadhesive J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 91 2934–41

[76] Buwalda S J 2020 Bio-based composite hydrogels for biomedical applications Multifunct. Mater. 3 022001

[77] Elsaesser A and Howard C V 2012 Toxicology of nanoparticles Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 64 129–37

[78] Guerrini L, Alvarez-Puebla R A and Pazos-Perez N 2018 Surface modifications of nanoparticles for stability in biological fluids Materials 11 1154

[79] Kolb H C, Finn M G and Sharpless K B 2001 Click chemistry: diverse chemical function from a few good reactions Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 40 2004–21

[80] Buwalda S J, Vermonden T and Hennink W E 2017 Hydrogels for therapeutic delivery: current developments and future directions Biomacromolecules 18 316–30

[81] Huang L, Zhu S, Cui R and Zhang M 2020 Noninvasive in vivo imaging in the second near-infrared window by inorganic nanoparticle-based fluorescent probes Anal. Chem. 92 535–42

[82] Liu X, Wang X, Zha L, Lin D, Yang J, Zhou J and Zhang L 2014 Temperature-and pH-tunable plasmonic properties and SERS efficiency of the silver nanoparticles within the dual stimuli-responsive microgels J. Mater. Chem. C 2 7326–35

[83] Zewde B, Atoyebi O, Gugssa A, Gaskell K J and Raghavan D 2021 An investigation of the interaction between bovine serum albumin-conjugated silver nanoparticles and the hydrogel in hydrogel nanocomposites ACS Omega 6 11614–27

[84] Zaragoza J and Asuri P 2019 Exploring the effects of nanoparticle incorporation on the mechanical properties of hydrogels Proceedings 3 2

[85] Zhao F, Yao D, Guo R, Deng L, Dong A and Zhang J 2015 Nanomaterials 5 2054–130

[86] Upputuri R T P, Kulandaivelu K and Mandal A K A 2016 Stud. Nat. Prod. Chem. 50 399 Tiwari G, Tiwari R, Sriwastawa B, Bhati L, Pandey S, Pandey P and Bannerjee S K 2012 Int. J. Pharm. Investig. 2 2

[87] Sartipzadeh O, Naghib S M, Haghiralsadat F, Shokati F and Rahmanian M 2022 Sci. Rep. 12 8382

[88] Dimitriou P, Li J, Tornillo G, McCloy T and Barrow D 2021 Glob. Chall. 5 2000123

[89] Arduino I, Liu Z, Rahikkala A, Figueiredo P, Correia A, Cutrignelli A, Denora N and Santos H A 2021 Acta Biomater. 121 566

[90] Ye C, Chen A, Colombo P and Martinez C 2010 J. R. Soc. Interface 7 S461

[91] Baber R, Mazzei L, Thanh N T K and Gavrillidis A 2015 RSC Adv. 5 95585

[92] Shallan A I, Smejkal P, Corban M, Guijt R M and Breadmore M C 2014 Anal. Chem. 86 3124

[93] Beneyton T, Krafft D, Bednarz C, Kleineberg C, Woelfer C, Ivanov I, Vidaković-Koch T, Sundmacher K and Baret J-C 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 2391

[94] Adams L L A, Kodger T E, Kim S-H, Shum H C, Franke T and Weitz D A 2012 Soft Matter 8 10719

[95] Liu W, Sun M, Han K and Wang J 2019 Anal. Chem. 91 13601

[96] Kosoff D, Yu J, Suresh V, Beebe D J and Lang J M 2018 Lab Chip 18 3011

[97] Tong A and Voronov R 2022 Front. Mol. Biosci. 8 783268

[98] Wei Z, Wang S, Hirvonen J, Santos H A and Li W 2022 Adv. Healthcare Mater. 11 2200846

[99] Mei J-C, Wu A Y K, Wu P-C, Cheng N-C, Tsai W-B and Yu J 2014 Tissue Eng. A 20 2931 Liu H-W, Su W-T, Liu C-Y and Huang C-C 2022 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23 8449

[100] Lyu J, Chen L, Zhang J, Kang X, Wang Y, Wu W, Tang H, Wu J, He Z and Tang K 2020 Biomater. Sci. 8 3649 Caballero-Aguilar L M, Duchi S, Quigley A, Onofrillo C, Di Bella C and Moulton S E 2021 MethodsX 8 101324

[101] Carvalho B G, Ceccato B T, Michelon M, Han S W and de la Torre L G 2022 Pharmaceutics 14 141

[102] Lim J-M, Swami A, Gilson L M, Chopra S, Choi S, Wu J, Langer R, Karnik R and Farokhzad O C 2014 ACS Nano 8 6056

[103] Bae W-G et al 2019 Sci. Transl. Med. 11 eaaw3329

[104] Agaoğlu S, Diep P, Martini M, Kt S, Baday M and Araci I E 2018 Lab Chip 18 3471

[105] An H, Chen L, Liu X, Zhao B, Ma D and Wu Z 2018 J. Micromech. Microeng. 28 105008