# Geochemical provenance of sediments from the northern East China Sea document a gradual migration of the Asian Monsoon belt over the past 400,000 years

François Beny, Samuel Toucanne, Charlotte Skonieczny, Germain Bayon,

Martin Ziegler

► To cite this version:

François Beny, Samuel Toucanne, Charlotte Skonieczny, Germain Bayon, Martin Ziegler. Geochemical provenance of sediments from the northern East China Sea document a gradual migration of the Asian Monsoon belt over the past 400,000 years. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2018, 190, pp.161 - 175. 10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.04.032. hal-01807137

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# Geochemical provenance of sediments from the northern East China Sea document a gradual migration of the Asian Monsoon belt over the past 400,000 years

Beny Francois<fnref n="1" />, <fnref n="2" />, <fnref n="3" />, *, Toucanne Samuel<fnref n="1" />, Skonieczny Charlotte<fnref n="1" />, <fnref n="4" />, Bayon Germain<fnref n="1" />, Ziegler Martin <fnref n="5" />

## Abstract :

The reconstruction of the long-term evolution of the East Asian Monsoon remains controversial. In this study, we aim to give a new outlook on this evolution by studying a 400 kyr long sediment record (U1429) from the northern East China Sea recovered during IODP Expedition 346. Neodymium isotopic ratios and rare earth element concentrations of different grain-size fractions reveal significant provenance changes of the sediments in the East China Sea between East Asian continental sources (mainly Yellow River) and sediment contributions from the Japanese Archipelago. These provenance changes are interpreted as the direct impact of sea level changes, due to the reorganization of East Asian river mouth locations and ocean circulation on the East China Sea shelf, and latitudinal shifts of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) from the interior of Asia to the western North Pacific Ocean. Our data reveal the dominance of winter and summer monsoons during glacial and interglacial periods, respectively, except for glacial MIS 6d (~150–180 ka) during which unexpected summer monsoon dominated conditions prevailed. Finally, our data suggests a possible strengthening of the interglacial summer monsoon rainfalls over the East Asian continent and Japan throughout the past 400 kyr, and between MIS 11 and MIS 5 in particular. This could result from a gradual northward migration of the ITCZ.

<footnote n="1">¹ IFREMER, Laboratoire Géodynamique et Enregistrement Sédimentaire, ZI de La Pointe Du Diable, CS 10070, 29280 Plouzané, France</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² Univ. Lille, CNRS, Univ. Littoral Côte D'Opale, UMR 8187, LOG, Laboratoire D'Océanologie et de Géosciences, F 59000 Lille, France</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ VU University Amsterdam, Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴ Laboratoire GEOsciences Paris-Sud (GEOPS), UMR CNRS 8148, Université de Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France</footnote>

<footnote n="5">⁵ Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2 3584CS Utrecht, The Netherlands</footnote>

<footnote>* Corresponding author : François Beny, email address : francois.beny@univ-lille1.fr</footnote>
**Highlights**

► REE and Nd isotopes of detrital sediment in the northern East China Sea. ► ITCZ and sea level fluctuations as a primary forcings for sediment source changes. ► Dominance of the winter/summer monsoon during glacials/interglacials, respectively. ► Gradual northward shift of the monsoon belt over the last 400 kyr.

**Keywords** : Monsoon, Eastern Asia, East China sea, Quaternary, Radiogenic isotopes, Neodymium, Rare earth elements
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# 1 Introduction

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The distribution of rainfall associated with the global monsoon system is tightly linked to the seasonal latitudinal shifts of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), with high precipitation occurring in East Asia during the boreal summer when the ITCZ is located in the northern hemisphere. Our understanding of past East Asian monsoon dynamics is mainly based on reconstructions from continental archives such as speleothems (Wang et al., 2001; Yuan et al., 2004; Dykosky et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2008; Jo et al., 2014; Cheng et al., 2016), loess sequences (Zhisheng et al., 2001; Sun et al., 2006; Yang and Ding, 2008; Meng et al., 2018) and lacustrine sedimentary records (An et al., 2000; Xiao et al., 2004). These studies provide substantial information on the evolution of the East Asian Monsoon system during the Pleistocene, documenting palaeoclimatic records exhibiting glacial-interglacial (loess records) and/or precessional cyclicities (speleothems).

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Marine sediments deposited in the East China Sea, in addition to South China Sea sedimentary records (e.g. Wang et al., 1999; Liu et al., 2003), represent suitable archives for investigating the evolution of the East Asian monsoon over glacial-interglacial timescales (e.g. Chang et al., 2009). The East China Sea serves as a sink for the particulate load delivered by the Yangtze (Changjiang) and Yellow (Huanghe) rivers systems, two of the world's longest rivers. Their drainage areas are strongly influenced by monsoon-dominated climate. Sedimentary archives from the Yangtze and Yellow rivers deltas (Yi et al., 2003; Yi and Saito, 2001; Chen et al., 2005; Xiao et al., 2006), as well as from the Okinawa Trough in the northern East China Sea (Sun et al., 2005; Yu et al., 2009; Kubota et al., 2010; Zhao et al., 2018), have been used to reconstruct the East Asian Monsoon signal back to the last glacial maximum ~20-30 ka. In these studies, the evolution of the East Asian monsoon was reconstructed from the flux of East Asian river detrital sediments to nearby oceanic areas (Saito et al., 2001; Liu et al., 2007; Hu et al., 2012). In particular, these fluxes were inferred
through the tracking of the chemical and mineralogical signatures of Yangtze and/or Yellow
rivers sediments as far as the Okinawa Trough (Diekmann et al., 2008; Dou et al., 2010; Dou
et al., 2012; Xu et al., 2014; Li et al., 2015; Zhao et al., 2017, 2018). However, there are a
lack of sedimentary archives recording the response of East Asian river basins to monsoon-
related climatic changes over several interglacial-glacial cycles. Such records are necessary to
understand the long-term variability of East Asian monsoon and its response to orbital
forcing. In this study, we aim at filling this gap by studying a marine sediment record (U1429;
Fig. 1) covering the last 400 kyr and recovered in the northern Okinawa Trough during the
Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 346 (Expedition 346 Scientists, 2014).
The approach developed in this study is based on a detailed geochemical investigation of the
detrital fraction of the U1429 Site sediments by combining major and rare earth element
(REE) concentrations and neodymium (Nd) isotopic ratios. These proxies provide valuable
information on sediment provenance. In the context of monsoon-dominated climates, these
proxies allow us to reconstruct the response of river systems to past hydroclimate changes.
Because decoupling of REE and Nd isotopes may occur between different grain-size fractions
during hydrodynamic sorting and weathering processes, with possible implications for their
use as provenance proxies (e.g. Meyer et al., 2011; Garçon and Chauvel, 2014; Bayon et al.,
2015), we analyse several targeted grain-size fractions.

## 2 The East Asian sediment-routing systems

### 2.1 Geography, geology and climatology of the East Asian drainage systems

The Yangtze River (6400 km in length; drainage area of $1807 \times 10^3$ km²) and the
Yellow River (5450 km in length; drainage area of $752 \times 10^3$ km²) are the two major drainage
systems in East Asia (Fig. 1). Both rivers start in the northeast Tibetan Plateau (Qinghai Province) at about 5000 m elevation and flow eastward, delivering a total sediment flux of about $1,600\times10^6$ t/yr to the East China Sea (Milliman and Syviski, 1992; Saito et al., 2001). Although a significant part of this flux (~60%) is derived from the Yellow river, the Chinese Loess Plateau in particular, the Yangtze river was likely the main source of sediment to the East China Sea prior to the onset of extensive agricultural activity in the Loess Plateau about 2,200 years ago (Milliman et al., 1987). The contribution from Taiwan, estimated from 260 to $380\times10^6$ t/yr for the whole island, is minor in comparison, and only the Lanyang River's sediment (~$8\times10^6$ t/yr) directly entered the southern Okinawa Trough (Huh et al., 2006).

The geological formations of the Yangtze and Yellow river basins provide a diverse array of detrital sediments. The Yangtze river basin hosts volcanic, plutonic, metamorphic, and various Paleozoic to Quaternary sedimentary rocks (Yang et al., 2007). Metamorphic rocks, Cenozoic sedimentary formations, and Quaternary loess characterize the Yellow river Basin (Lin et al. 2001, and references therein).

The alternation of winter (dry, cold) and summer (warm, humid) monsoon-dominated periods characterizes past East Asian monsoons, with their intensities changing in concert with Greenland temperatures and orbitally-driven changes in northern hemisphere summer insolation (Wang et al., 2001; Wang et al., 2008). These hydrological fluctuations influence the dispersal of mineral dust. At present, dust deposits of the Loess Plateau are mainly derived from the Gobi desert (Fig. 1) and other regions of Northwest China. During glacial periods, however, mineral dust from the Loess Plateau likely originated from the Qaidam Basin and the northern Tibetan Plateau (Chen et al., 2007; Sun et al., 2008; Kapp et al., 2011; Pullen et al., 2011). The alternation of these dust sources as principal contributors to the Loess Plateau sediment during the Quaternary is linked to latitudinal shifts in the northern hemisphere Subtropical Jet Stream wind system, which in turn reflects changes in the position of the
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ITCZ. For example, southward migrations of the subtropical jet stream during glacial periods led to enhanced aridity in Central Asia by decreasing the intensity of the East Asian summer monsoon (Nagashima et al., 2011; Pullen et al., 2011).

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## 2.2 Offshore dispersal of the East Asian sediment

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The East China Sea is a wide (up to 600 km) and shallow (<120-200 m) epicontinental shelf. It is considered to be a typical example of a river-dominated ocean margin (Liu et al., 2007). Along the shelf, the sediments delivered by the Yangtze and Yellow rivers are dispersed by the northward flowing Kuroshio Current, the Taiwan Warm Current, and the Yellow Sea Warm Current, the latter flowing counter-clockwise in the East China and Yellow Seas (Beardsley et al., 1985; Liu et al., 2007; Fig. 1). Consequently, the sediments discharged from the East Asian rivers are first transported southward along the inner shelf before being routed towards the northeast (Beardsley et al., 1985; Chang et al., 2009). This sediment dispersal pattern was markedly different during glacial intervals when sea level was lower by ~120 meters and shallow areas were subaerially exposed (Waelbroeck et al., 2002; Grant et al., 2014). At these times, the East China Sea shelf area was reduced and both the Yangtze and Yellow river mouths were much closer to the Okinawa Trough (Fig. 1). The Yellow river mouth was located east of Cheju Island and fed the Goto Submarine Canyon (Danjo Basin, northern Okinawa Trough), located south of the Goto Islands (southwestern Japan) (Owaine et al., 2011; Xu et al., 2014). By contrast, the Yangtze River likely fed the middle part of the Okinawa Trough during glacial lowstands (e.g. Ujiié and Ujiié, 1999; Xu et al., 2014). Furthermore, the Kuroshio Current was strongly reduced in strength (e.g. Kao et al., 2006) and shifted eastward out of the Okinawa Trough (Ujiié and Ujiié, 1999; Jian et al., 2000; Ujiié et al., 2003) during glacial periods. Such changes may explain why the Kuroshio Current only

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impacts sedimentation in the East China Sea during interglacial periods (e.g. Jian et al., 2000;

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Diekmann et al., 2008).

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# 3 Material and methods

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## 3.1 The Danjo Basin hemipelagic succession

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This study is based on core samples collected during the IODP Expedition 346 (July 29th - September 27th, 2013) at Site U1429 (31°37.04′N, 128°59.85′E, 732 m water depth; Fig. 1).

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Site U1429 is located in the northernmost part of the East China Sea, more precisely in the southern part of the Okinawa Trough's Danjo Basin. Three holes were drilled at Site U1429 using the advanced piston corer (APC) system to a maximum depth of 188.3 m below the seafloor (mbsf). Hole-to-hole correlations (constrained by the shipboard natural gamma ray, color reflectance, and magnetic susceptibility data) enabled the construction of a spliced section to 188 m composite depth (or CCSF-D, Core Composite depth below Sea Floor). The tephrostratigraphy for U1429, along with the δ¹⁸O of benthic foraminifers (Fig. 2), reveals that the sedimentary sequence, mainly composed of olive-gray to greenish gray calcareous nannofossil ooze and calcareous nannofossil-rich clay (Expedition 346 Scientists, 2014), extends from the Middle Pleistocene (~385 ka, MIS 11/10 transition) to the Holocene (Sagawa et al., 2018). Glacial-interglacial variability is constrained together with the δ¹⁸O, with the high-resolution (1 cm) Ca/Fe data from XRF scans acquired at the Earth Science Department at ETH Zürich (Fig. 2). Sedimentation rates average ~85 and ~23 cm during glacials and interglacials, respectively. Two centimeters of sediment were sampled every ~4 m for a temporal resolution of ~8 kyr. We avoided sampling visible tephra layers.

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162 3.2 Methods

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A series of experiments was set up to identify the main phases (i.e. biogenic, detritic, volcanic) of the bulk sediment in order to determine the most relevant grain-size fractions for reconstructing past terrigenous sediment sources at Site U1429. For this purpose, 8 representative samples were selected from glacial and interglacial sediment intervals, including a glass-rich Holocene tephra. Based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical microscopy, and laser grain-size measurements, we elected to focus on the fine sediments (<63 µm), subdividing the samples into four grain-size fractions: the clay fraction (<2 µm), the cohesive silty fraction (2-30 µm), the non-cohesive silty fraction (30-63 µm), and the bulk fine fraction (0-63 µm). We measured REE concentrations and Nd isotope ratios for each fraction (Fig. 3).

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174 3.3 Sample preparation

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The bulk fine fraction of the samples (n = 42, including the 8 representative samples discussed above) were wet-sieved at 63 µm and 30 µm. The clay and cohesive silt fractions (<2 and 2-30 µm) were separated by centrifugation (see Bayon et al., 2015 for details). The bulk fine fraction (0-63 µm) was preserved only for 4 of the representative samples because of the limited amount of sediments. After drying (30°C), a sequential extraction procedure was used to remove the non-terrigenous components with the exception of biogenic opal. Biogenic carbonates were removed using a mixture of 10% acetic acid and acetate sodium (4<pH<5), Fe-Mn oxyhydroxide phases using hydroxylamine hydrochloride solution, and organic compounds using 5% H₂O₂ (Bayon et al., 2002). Note that the REE content in marine opal is quite low compared to corresponding detrital fractions (~3 ppm for Nd; Grousset et al., 1998), so that removal of opal is generally not required prior to Nd isotopic analyses of
186 terrigenous sediments (Bayon et al., 2002). Nevertheless, as a precaution, we focused on
187 samples with limited biogenic silica content (i.e. less than ~10%).

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189 **3.4 Analytical procedure**

190 **3.4.1 Rare earth and other trace elements**

191 For trace elements and Nd isotopic analyses, ~100 mg of dry sediment powder was
192 digested by alkaline fusion (Bayon et al., 2009). This method ensures complete dissolution of
193 sediment samples, including those containing resistant refractory minerals such as zircons,
194 and gives typical blank contributions below the 0.1% level for all elements. Trace element
195 concentrations were measured by ICP-MS (Quad X-Series 2; Thermo Scientific) at the Pôle
196 Spectrométrie Océan, Brest (France). REE abundances were corrected for polyatomic oxide
197 and hydroxide interferences and calculated using the Tm addition method (Barrat et al., 1996;
198 Bayon et al., 2009). The accuracy of our data was assessed by analysing rock standards and
199 the precision on all measurements was better than 4%, in agreement with the typical precision
200 of alkaline fusion methods (better than 5%; Bayon et al., 2009).

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202 **3.4.2 Neodymium isotopes**

203 Nd was separated using a two-column ion exchange method with AG50W-X8 and Ln
204 resins, as described in the supplementary materials of Bayon et al. (2012). Typical blank
205 levels during the alkaline fusion procedure were generally below 1 ng for Nd and thus
206 negligible (<0.1%) given the large sample sizes of the sediments (between 80-100 mg).
207 Isotopic measurements were performed by sample bracketing at the Pôle Spectrométrie Océan
208 (Brest) using a Thermo Scientific Neptune multi-collector ICP-MS. Mass bias corrections on
209 Nd were made with the exponential law, using ¹⁴⁶Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd = 0.7219. Mass-bias corrected
values for ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd were normalized to a JNd-i-1 value of ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd = 0.512115 (Tanaka et al., 2000). The average ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd value of JNd-i-1 during our measurements was 0.512117 ± 0.000007. Analyses of the La Jolla standard solution during the course of this study gave ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd of 0.511860 ± 0.000009 (2 SD, n=4), agreeing well with the certified value (0.511858 ± 0.000007; Lugmair et al., 1983) and corresponding to an external reproducibility of ~ ±0.17ε (2 SD). Neodymium isotope data are reported using the epsilon notation, which corresponds to the deviation of measured ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ratios relative to the Chondritic Uniform Reservoir (CHUR) value of 0.512638 (Jacobsen and Wasserburg, 1980).

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## 4 Results and discussion

### 4.1 Deciphering the provenance information recorded by the different grain-size fractions

The microscopic observations of the bulk test samples led to the identification of distinct components in the sediments, including biogenic and terrigenous silica, biogenic carbonate clasts (mainly foraminifers), clays, and oxides. In addition, many samples displayed variable amounts of volcanic shards (5-300 µm; grain-size mode around 40 µm) and biogenic silica (10-70 µm; grain-size mode around 15 µm), mainly concentrated in size-fractions coarser than 10 µm. SEM observations also reveal the presence of heavy minerals such as monazite, titanite, barite, and zircons, each preferentially concentrated in the <10 µm fraction. Evidence of aeolian transport is not observed for the test samples.

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Trace elements and ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd isotopic ratios of the analyzed size-fractions are listed in **Table 1**. Nd concentrations range between 13 and 29 ppm and do not vary as a function of the grain size. Two different types of WRAS-normalized REE patterns (World River Average Silt - WRAS; Bayon et al., 2015) are distinguishable between the size-fractions. While most
of the fractions display relatively flat shale-normalized patterns, the 30-63 µm interglacial sediments are characterized by depletion of the light rare earth elements (LREE) and enrichment of the heavy rare earth elements (HREE) (Fig. 4). Similarly, while the 0-2, 2-30, and 0-63 µm fractions are characterized by εNd values ranging from -10.6 to -7.1, the 30-63 µm fraction displays greater Nd isotopic variability and more radiogenic values (reaching -2.7; Fig. 3). The different size fractions of the glass-rich Holocene sample have more radiogenic Nd isotopic compositions with εNd values ranging from -3.9 to +1.6.

Our results indicate that the different sediment grain-size fractions have distinct REE and εNd signatures, hence suggesting that they host distinct sediment sources. During the warm interglacial periods, the non-cohesive silt fraction (30-63 µm) is characterized by radiogenic □Nd values (i.e., -2.3 < εNd < +1.7) and HREE enrichment relative to LREE, suggesting a volcanic origin. The volcanic provenance is also supported by the results obtained for the Holocene tephra level (Kikai-Akahoya, ~7.2 ka) originating from Kyushu island (see Sagawa et al., 2018 and references therein) (Figs 3 and 4). These geochemical characteristics for the coarse-grained sediments are similar to those of river sediments from Southern Japan (εNd = +2; Fig. 3), representing the dominant radiogenic source in the area. By contrast, the finest (<2 µm; 2-30 µm) and coarsest (30-63 µm) fractions from glacial periods are both characterized by low radiogenic □Nd values (i.e., -10.6 < εNd < -6.3) and a WRAS-like REE composition (Figs 3 and 4). These Nd isotopic compositions suggest mixing between mainland rivers (e.g. Korean, Chinese rivers; εNd < -10) and southern Japanese rivers (εNd > -4). Although the Japanese contribution is not clearly expressed in the REE compositions, our results are independently supported by clay mineral and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic data for the last glacial-interglacial transition (Zhao et al., 2017, 2018). Indeed, they reveal that the finest size fractions at Site U1429 are predominantly sourced from the Yellow River and southern Japanese rivers, with limited contributions from the Yangtze.
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Aeolian contributions at Site U1429 are difficult to quantify. While the Loess Plateau contributes significantly (~90%) to the modern Yellow river sediment load, our geochemical tracers cannot distinguish whether a sediment grain was transported by atmospheric (i.e., dust) or fluvial processes (Yang et al., 2002). Nevertheless, the present-day atmospheric flux of dust in the East China Sea (26 g.m⁻².yr⁻¹), comparable to late Quaternary records of aeolian dust accumulation (Gao et al., 1997), composes only ~4-6% of the terrigenous sediment flux at U1429 during the last glacial (up to 60 g.cm⁻².kyr⁻¹; Zhao et al., 2017). Moreover, the impact of aeolian transport on our geochemical investigations is restricted to the clay-sized fraction because the mean grain-size of dust particles reaching the modern China Sea is ~1.9 µm (Gao et al., 1997). This is supported by the absence of aeolian morphologies for the U1429 silt grains observed through SEM. We thus conclude that the impact of dust inputs at Site U1429, although not negligible, is low over the studied period. Likewise, we conclude that Taiwanese sediments are not present at Site U1429 in appreciable quantities due to a lack of LREE enrichment (Diekmann et al., 2008; Dou et al., 2010, 2012; Zhao et al., 2017, 2018). The lack of Taiwanese sediment transport to the Danjo Basin is probably due to the outflow of the Kuroshio Current from the Okinawa Trough south of the Ōsumi archipelago (i.e. Tokara Strait), ~300 km south of Site U1429 (e.g. Feng et al., 2000; Fig. 1).

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Based on results from the eight test samples, we focus on the clay (<2 µm) and non-cohesive silt (30-63 µm) fractions to investigate past provenance changes at Site U1429. The clay fraction has minimal contamination from volcanic shards and biogenic silica. This fraction was previously analysed to discern past variations in the discharge of river-borne detrital sediments from the Yellow river and Japanese rivers (Zhao et al., 2017, 2018). The non-cohesive silt fraction will provide insights into the evolution of paleoclimatic conditions in Japan. We excluded samples with large numbers of volcanic shards from the paleoclimatic
reconstruction in order to separate volcanic eruptions from broader changes in regional
climate.

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286 4.2 The past 400 kyr: focusing on the 0-2 µm and 30-63 µm grain-size fractions

Throughout the last 400 kyr, Nd concentrations range between 13 and 29 ppm for the clay fraction, and between 11 and 27 ppm for the non-cohesive silty fraction (Table 2). The Nd/Yb ratio, a measure of HREE enrichment, is commonly used to discriminate the provenance of sediments. Shale-normalized Nd/Yb ratios (Nd/Yb)N close to 1 are typical of the upper continental crust, whereas (Nd/Yb)N ratios of less than 1 may indicate the presence of volcanic materials (Bayon et al., 2015). In Site U1429 sediments, the clay fraction is characterized by (Nd/Yb)N ratios ranging from 0.83 to 1.15 (Table 2), exhibiting REE patterns without particular enrichment or depletion relative to the average continental sediments. The non-cohesive silt fraction (30-63 µm), however, is characterized by a significantly lower (Nd/Yb)N ratios from 0.49 to 1.08 (Fig. 2b). These lower values suggest the incorporation of substantial amounts of volcanic sediments from Japan. While the (Nd/Yb)N of the clay fraction remains relatively constant throughout the studied interval, the (Nd/Yb)N ratios of the non-cohesive silts tracks the glacial/interglacial cyclicity, with higher values recorded during glacial intervals (Fig. 2b).

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The εNd values of the clay fraction vary between -10.7 and -6.2 through the studied period, with most radiogenic values corresponding to the interglacials. While the non-cohesive silt εNd values are more variable, with εNd ranging from -10.3 to +3.4, the most radiogenic values are also found during the interglacials (Fig. 2a). We also notice a progressive increase in the mean εNd throughout the last 400 kyr. Over the entire interval, this
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309 **4.3 Sediment provenance at Site U1429**

310 Results from the past 400 kyr are consistent with the recent results of Zhao et al.
311 (2017, 2018) that suggest two dominant sediment sources at U1429. Both the fine fractions
312 (0-2 µm and 2-30 µm) show unradiogenic εNd and WRAS-like REE patterns suggesting a
313 Yellow river source (-13.9 < εNd < -9.6; Nd/Yb ratio ~1; Figs 2, 5 and 6, Table 3) with
314 minor contributions from southern Japanese rivers (εNd > -2; Nd/Yb << 1; Figs 5 and 6,
315 Table 3). The provenance of the non-cohesive silt fraction εNd and (Nd/Yb)N is less clear.
316 During glacial periods, the combination of their unradiogenic εNd values, high (Nd/Yb)N ratios
317 and WRAS-like REE patterns may indicate a dominant Yellow river provenance, but during
318 interglacials the more radiogenic εNd compositions, lower (Nd/Yb)N ratios, and HREE
319 enrichment suggests an increased contribution of volcanogenic material. These observations
320 imply varying relative contributions from Yellow river (-dominant) and southern Japan (-
321 dominant) sediment sources to the non-cohesive silt fractions during glacial and interglacial
322 periods, respectively. The εNd value of <3 represents a threshold for the REE patterns, with
323 samples having εNd less than -3 being characterized by WRAS-like composition (i.e. upper
324 continental crust) and samples with εNd greater than -3 more closely reflecting volcanic
325 compositions (Fig. 6).

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327 **4.4 Glacial/Interglacial variations**

328 During the last 400 kyr, the εNd values of the clay and non-cohesive silts vary in phase
329 with the glacial-interglacial cyclicity (Fig. 2). This variability reflects the fluctuating
contributions from southern Japanese and Yellow rivers sediments to the northern tip of the
Okinawa Trough. As discussed in Section 4.3, the coarser fraction is dominated by the
Yellow river during glacial periods and by southern Japanese rivers during interglacial
periods. Lowstand conditions and the associated eastward migration of the Yellow River delta
towards Site U1429 during glacial intervals (Oiwane et al., 2011) likely explain the increasing
contributions of Yellow River sediments to this coarser fraction. Since the Yangtze river
mouth has migrated towards the Middle Okinawa Trough during glacials (Ujiié et al., 1991),
it did not contribute significantly to glacial sedimentation at Site U1429 (Zhao et al., 2017,
2018). Similarly, sea level rise of about 100-130 m (Waelbroeck et al., 2002; Grant et al.,
2014) involves a westward migration of the Yellow river delta of about 1,000 km and the
appearance of the Yellow Sea warm current onto the East China Sea shelf. The combination
of the Yellow river delta migration with the significant change in the regional oceanic
circulation likely explains the decreasing contribution of the Yellow River to the non-
cohesive silt fraction at glacial-interglacial transitions. In addition, significant inputs of
Japanese sources during interglacials could have occurred in response to increasing rainfall
over Japan in response to the northward movement of the ITCZ (e.g. Xiao et al. 1999; Jo et
al., 2014). For an analogy in terms of modern atmospheric processes, precipitation over Japan
is more likely during summer. Enhanced precipitation may have led to an increase in Japanese
river basin erosion (Xiao et al., 1999), favouring the transport of sediments to the Danjo
basin. Therefore, ε<sub>Nd</sub> changes observed in the non-cohesive silt fraction provide important
insights on the factors driving the supplies of terrigenous sediments to Site U1429 through the
studied period. More specifically, our results demonstrate that the regional rainfall patterns
over the East Asian continent and the Japanese islands, as well as sea level changes, drive the
transfer of continental sediments to the northern tip of the Okinawa Trough over the last
400 kyr.
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In contrast, the ε<sub>Nd</sub> composition of the clay fraction through the last 400 kyr is mostly controlled by contribution from Yellow River inputs (Section 4.3). One can assume that both sea-level variations and changes of the monsoonal rainfall pattern could explain the glacial/interglacial ε<sub>Nd</sub> variability observed in this finest fraction (see the above discussion).

However, considering the complexity of East Asian mainland geology, an alternative hypothesis may be that these ε<sub>Nd</sub> changes reflect rainfall variability occurring within the drainage basin of the Yellow river in response to latitudinal shifts of the ITCZ. In fact, it is well known that present-day loess deposits from the northern-central part of the Yellow river are the main contributors of the Yellow river sediments discharges (Saito et al. 2001 and references therein; Yang et al., 2002; Hu et al., 2012). The Loess Plateau is characterized by ε<sub>Nd</sub> signatures ranging from -12 to -7 (Table 3). This range of values is consistent with the ε<sub>Nd</sub> recorded in the clay fraction deposited at Site U1429 (Figs 2 and 5), validating the hypothesis that the Loess Plateau controls the terrigenous sediment flux of the Yellow river sediment discharge over the last 400 kyr. The Nd isotopic signatures of the Chinese loess deposits are not geographically homogeneous, however. For example, loess sequences encountered at the Ordos Plateau, north of the Loess Plateau (Fig. 1), exhibit less radiogenic Nd isotopic signatures (from -21 to -10 ; Table 3), and increasing inputs from this source to the Yellow River discharge during glacial periods could explain the observed ε<sub>Nd</sub> changes. At present, the Ordos Plateau is located at the northern end of the modern summer monsoon front (Fig. 1) and receives little precipitations (100-450 mm/yr) relative to the Loess Plateau (600-1000 mm/yr; Porter et al., 2001; Xu et al., 2010). In addition, dry-and-cold winter monsoon conditions prevailed during glacial intervals (e.g. An et al., 1990, 2000; Rousseau et al., 2009; Jo et al., 2014). Consequently, if enhanced rainfall (and associated soil erosion) can increase the contribution of the Loess Plateau to the Yellow river sediment discharge under summer monsoon dominated interglacial conditions, aeolian processes are considered as the main
driver to transport loess particles from the Ordos Plateau to the Yellow River (west of the Taihang Mountains in particular) during glacial periods (Hu et al., 2012). Thus, the monsoon regime and, by extension, the latitudinal ITCZ shifts could explain the ~2 εNd glacial-interglacial difference observed in the geochemical signatures of the clay sediments deposited at Site U1429. Enhanced dust inputs from the Ordos Plateau to the East China Sea, although difficult to quantify, certainly reinforce the glacial εNd signature of clays observed at U1429. Nevertheless, the riverine contribution is strongly supported by the ~2 εNd shifts observed between glacial and interglacial intervals (more precisely MIS 1 to 4) in the sediment from the modern Yellow river delta, with contributions from the Ordos Plateau increasing during MIS 2 and MIS 4 (Hu et al., 2012). The use of additional provenance proxies (e.g. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios; clay mineralogy) could help further constrain sediment sources and test the aforementioned hypotheses. Regardless of the exact sources responsible for the observed changes, the glacial/interglacial εNd variability (and the recorded radiogenic nature of the interglacial periods in particular) appears to reflect not only sea-level variations and associated changes in oceanic circulation, but also changes in regional rainfall patterns over the study area. This is particularly well supported by the εNd variability observed within the MIS 6 glacial period, specifically during MIS 6d (Fig. 2; Section 4.5).

397

398

## 4.5 Zooming in on MIS 6

The systematic glacial-interglacial εNd variability (i.e., more radiogenic values during interglacial intervals) identified through the last 400 kyr at Site U1429 (Fig. 2) is particularly clear for MIS 6 (and more specifically during the interval between ca. 150-180 ka, i.e., MIS 6d). As discussed previously, the non-cohesive silt fraction displays interglacial εNd and REE characteristics that suggest increased inputs from the Loess Plateau and/or southern Japan (by
comparison with glacial periods) in response to sea level changes as well as ITCZ migrations and associated changes in monsoon systems intensities. One can assume that, for MIS 6, sea-level variations, previously identified as a possible driver of orbital-scale variability in the ε<sub>Nd</sub> and REE, cannot explain the ε<sub>Nd</sub> variability alone. First, the sea-level change associated with MIS 6d (from ~80 to ~50 m) was relatively small (~30 m) in comparison to glacial/interglacial transitions (>100 m; Waelbroeck et al., 2002; Grant et al., 2014). Second, the MIS6d sea-level change would have presumably acted as a sediment trap in such a shallow marine environment (e.g. Sweet & Blum, 2016). A period of increased river discharge can exceed the buffering effect of sea-level increases in the transfer of sediments from terrestrial sources to deep basin sinks. Thus, we assume that enhanced rainfall occurred over the Yellow river watershed and/or southern Japanese regions during MIS 6d, and by extension that summer monsoon dominated conditions prevailed over East Asia. Such conditions are quite unexpected for the MIS 6, however, since northern hemisphere ice-sheets are known to have encouraged cold winter monsoon dominated conditions in East Asia (e.g. Wang et al., 2008). Exceptionally high abundances of thermal-humidiphilous mollusks (a species that is usually prevalent during interglacial periods) have been reported at ca. 170 ka in the Luochuan loess sequence (South Chinese Loess Plateau; Fig. 1), suggesting enhanced summer monsoon (Rousseau et al., 2009). The same conclusion can also be drawn from both Chinese (ca. 165-178 ka; Cheng et al., 2006; 2009; Wang et al., 2008) and Korean (ca. 168 ka; Jo et al., 2014) speleothem records. In addition, sedimentological results from the Xifeng loess sequence in the southern-central part of the Chinese Loess Plateau, about 150 km westward of Luochuan, suggest intervals with particular weak winter monsoon during the same interval (Guo et al., 2009). These results from the East Asian continent strongly support our hypothesis that increased rainfall, and thus summer monsoon dominated conditions, prevailed during the ~150-180 ka interval (MIS 6d).
At a larger scale, intensification of the North African summer monsoon and associated
Nile discharges, in addition to unexpected wet conditions over the northern Mediterranean
borderlands (Ayalon et al., 2002; Bard et al., 2002; Toucanne et al., 2015), also led to the
deposition of the so-called sapropel S6 unit (ca. 165-178 ka, Ziegler et al., 2010; Rossignol-
Strick et al., 1983). This linkage between East Asia and North Africa indicates that both
regions may have been affected by synchronous, northward migration of the ITCZ. Thus, our
data independently support the idea that the ITCZ was located over northern China and the
southern Japan peninsula during MIS 6d. In agreement with recent work conducted on Korean
speleothems (Jo et al., 2014), this reveals that our study area, as a mid-latitude temperate
region and one of the northernmost parts of the East Asian monsoon sector, is significantly
influenced by migrations of the mean latitudinal position of the ITCZ.

440

4.6 Long-term fluctuations of ITCZ

A long-term change is observed in the εNd profile at Site U1429 (Fig. 2). The εNd data
of the interglacial peaks show an increasing trend between MIS11 and MIS 5 (see Section
4.2). This trend is apparent for both the <2 µm and 30-63 µm size fractions, allowing us to
rule out the dust contribution (see Section 4.1). Similarly, long-term climatic fluctuations are
preserved in the general evolution of δ¹⁸O hydrological records in Chinese (i.e. Kesang,
Sanbao and Hulu caves; Wang et al., 2008; Cheng et al., 2009, 2012, 2016) and Korean (Jo et
al., 2014) speleothems, as well as southern Australia (Ayliffe et al., 1998; Jo et al., 2014) (Fig.
2c, d), despite there being no discernable trend in the sea-level record (Waelbroeck et al.,
2002; Grant et al., 2014) or oceanic circulation. The speleothem δ¹⁸O records, usually
interpreted as a proxy for summer monsoon intensity, can also reflect precipitation sources
(e.g., Pacific versus Indian Ocean; Clemens et al., 2010; Caley et al., 2014). It is difficult to
link possible changes in precipitation sources to the changes observed in our εNd records, in
454 particular for the Japanese peninsula and its small watersheds. Thus, the trend observed in
455 both Asian-Australian speleothem δ¹⁸O (Fig. 2c, d) and in the Okinawa Trough εNd (Site
456 U1429; Fig. 2a) is most likely related to rainfall and summer monsoon intensity. On this
457 basis, we propose that the general evolution of the εNd record at Site U1429 reflects a gradual
458 intensification of rainfall over East Asia (including the Yellow river watershed and the
459 southern Japan) and/or an increase of the duration of the wet season (i.e., summer monsoon)
460 in the same areas. Thus, taken together with the speleothem δ¹⁸O records from East Asia and
461 Australia, our data suggest a gradual, northward migration of the ITCZ during the successive
462 interglacials from MIS11 to MIS5. It could also reveal, in the light of the hydrological seesaw
463 pattern existing between East Asia and Australia (Jo et al., 2014), that the amplitude of the
464 variations (i.e. latitudinal amplitudes) in the seasonal ITCZ could have gradually increased
465 from MIS 11 to MIS 5. The assumptions detailed here require further testing. For example,
466 producing high-resolution inorganic (radiogenic and stable isotopes) and organic (e.g. long
467 chain n-alkanes; Pelejero, 2003) geochemical investigations at Site U1429. Nonetheless, by
468 providing the first long-term reconstruction of sediment discharge to the East China Sea
469 during the Quaternary, this study improves our understanding of changes in East Asian
470 monsoon dynamics and the attendant response of regional sediment routing systems over the
471 last 400 kyr.

472

473 **5 Summary**

474 The REE and Nd isotopic compositions of the clay (< 2 µm) and non-cohesive silt
475 (30-63 µm) detrital fractions of IODP Site U1429 sediments have been used to discuss
476 patterns of the sediment transfer into the northern East China Sea (Danjo Basin, northern
477 Okinawa Trough) over the last 400 kyr. Riverine inputs from the Yellow River and the
Japanese archipelago have been identified as the main sediment sources. Their respective contributions at Site U1429 varied in phase with glacial-interglacial climate changes in response to both sea-level fluctuations, and the attendant reorganization of East Asian river mouth locations and ocean circulation on the East China Sea shelf, and latitudinal shifts of the ITCZ. Importantly, our results suggest a strengthening of the interglacial (summer) monsoon rainfall over the East Asian continent and Japan throughout the last 400 kyr, interpreted as a gradual northward migration of the ITCZ. Taken together with cave records, this study provides an indirect but valuable record of rainfall intensity over the East Asian continent and the Japanese Archipelago over the last four glacial-interglacial cycles and, by extension, new insights into the long-term evolution of the East Asian Monsoon.

488

## 6 Acknowledgments

Authors warmly thank N. Gayet and E. Pelleter for SEM analyses, S. Bermell for ArcGIS mapping, M.-L. Rouget for ICP-MS measurements, E. Ponzevera and Y. Germain for analyses with the Neptune MC-ICP-MS, and S. Chéron, J. Etoubleau, and A. Boissier for XRF measurements. Authors also express their special thanks to N. Freslon for help with ICP-MS measurements, S. Boswell for English improvements, and A. Bory and V. Bout-Roumazeilles for their support to the project. Authors finally thank all the scientific Expedition IODP 346 scientists, and Professor R. Tada (co-chief scientist) for his interest to this research. C.S. was partly supported by a Grant from the French government through Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) under the ‘Investissements d’Avenir’ programme, reference ANR-10-LABX-19-0.

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8 Figures

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<figure><img src="image_2.png" /></figure>

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868 FIGURE 1: Map of the study area showing the limit of modern summer monsoon front (light blue line; An et al., 2000; Jo et al., 2014), the drainage area of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers (with their glacial lowstand courses, dark blue lines; Ujiié & Ujiié, 1999; Oiwane et al., 2011; Xu et al., 2014) and the location of Site U1429 (yellow circle; Expedition 346 Scientists, 2014). The thick white arrows depict the regional ocean circulation (TC: Tsushima Current; KC: Kuroshio Current; Lee and Chao, 2003; Liu et al., 2007). The thin white arrows on the East China Sea shelf depict the Taiwan Warm Current (continuous, TWC) and the Yellow Sea Warm Current (dashed), respectively (Lee and Chao, 2003; Liu et al., 2007). The green circles denote the continental sequences (e.g. loess deposits, speleothems) discussed in the text (from West to East: Dongge Cave -Do.-, Sanbao Cave -Sa.-, Luochuan loess sequence -Lu.-, Hulu Cave -Hu.-, Korean speleothems -Ks.-). Also shown is the location of the Qaidam Basin (QB), Gobi Desert (GD), Ordos Plateau (OP), Loess Plateau (LP), Taihang Mountains (TM), Taiwan (T), and the Goto Submarine Canyon (GC).

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<figure><img src="image_3.png" /><figcaption>FIGURE 2: Comparison of U1429 geochemical proxies (i.e., Nd, REE, XRF elemental analysis) with other climate records. Chinese speleothems: Cheng et al. (2012, 2016); Excentricity and precession: Laskar et al. (2004); Relative Probability Density (RPD, speleothem growth): Jo et al. (2014); $\delta^{18}$O of benthic forams from Site U1429: Sagawa et al. (2018); scheme of marine isotope substages (MIS): Railsback et al. (2015). $\epsilon_{Nd}$ values of the < 2 $\mu$m grain-size fraction exhibit small glacial/interglacial variability (~2 $\epsilon_{Nd}$) compared to the 30-63 $\mu$m grain-size fraction (> 6 $\epsilon_{Nd}$). Both these fractions are characterized by a general trend over the last 400 kyr showing a progressive increase of the interglacial $\epsilon_{Nd}$ values. Note that this trend is also visible in the glacial $\epsilon_{Nd}$ values from the <2 $\mu$m grain-size fraction. The Nd/Yb ratio of the <2 $\mu$m grain-size fraction stays relatively constant and close to WRAS composition throughout most of the interval. On the other hand, the Nd/Yb ratios of the 30-63 $\mu$m grain-size fraction display strong glacial/interglacial variability with lower values during the interglacial periods. Dashed line (c) shows the long term trend visible in the $\delta^{18}$O.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_4.png" /></figure>

FIGURE 3: Relationship between ε$_{Nd}$ values and grain-size fraction for 8 key samples from Site U1429. Note that we were not able to measure ε$_{Nd}$ for the <2 µm fraction of the second MIS 6 sample due to a lack of material. All samples from the <2 µm, 2-30 µm, and 0-63 µm fractions are characterized by unradiogenic ε$_{Nd}$ values between -11 and -7, whereas the 30-63 µm fraction exhibits high glacial/interglacial variability with unradiogenic values during glacials and radiogenic values during interglacials. Note that the Holocene tephra-rich bed correspond to the Kikai-Akahoya eruption (~7.2 ka) originating from Kyushu island (see Sagawa et al., 2018 and references therein).
<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>FIGURE 4: WRAS-normalized REE compositions of test samples at Site U1429. WRAS: World River Average Silts. Note that less samples have been analyzed in the coarse fractions (0-63 µm and 30-63 µm) due to the paucity of certain sediments. For similar reasons, REE analyses were not performed on the 0-63 µm size fraction of the tephra sample. Priority was given to Nd isotopes in all cases. All glacial samples exhibit REE patterns similar to the WRAS composition. Interglacial sample REE compositions are similar to the glacial samples for the <2 µm, 2-30 µm, and 0-63 µm grain-size fractions, but are more similar to the tephra sample in the 30-63 µm grain-size fraction, thus indicating Japanese provenance. In all grain-size fractions, the REE-depleted character of the glacial samples is more pronounced than for interglacial samples due to higher biogenic silica (characterized by very low REE concentration) content in the former.</figcaption></figure>

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<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>FIGURE 5: ε<sub>Nd</sub> values of sediments from Site U1429 and potential sources (see Table 3 for detailed references). Red corresponds to the samples from Site U1429 characterized by WRAS-like REE patterns, whereas orange represents the samples with a typical volcanic signature (i.e. southern Japanese rivers) in both Nd isotopes and REE composition.</figcaption></figure>

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<figure><img src="image_7.png" /></figure>

FIGURE 6: WRAS-normalized REE patterns at Site U1429 and the main potential sources (Yellow and Yangtze rivers: Bayon et al., 2015; Korean rivers: Lee et al., 2003; Taiwan: Li et al., 2013; Irina river (Japan): this study. Colored envelopes denote the range of REE ratios. Lines and points indicate the average REE spectrum. Samples with radiogenic εNd are characterized by REE compositions similar to the Irina river while samples with εNd below -5 exhibit a composition similar to the Chinese rivers.

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936
<table><caption>TABLE 1: Nd isotopes and REE compositions (ppm) of the test samples from Site U1429.</caption><thead><tr><th>sample</th><th>size fraction (µm)</th><th>143Nd/ 144Nd</th><th>2σ (10<sup>-6</sup>)</th><th>εNd</th><th>La</th><th>Ce</th><th>Pr</th><th>Nd</th><th>Sm</th><th>Gd</th><th>Tb</th><th>Dy</th><th>Ho</th><th>Er</th><th>Yb</th><th>Lu</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>A1H1_117</td><td>&lt;2</td><td>0,512180</td><td>8</td><td>-8,9</td><td>26,3</td><td>55,6</td><td>6,3</td><td>23,1</td><td>4,2</td><td>3,6</td><td>0,5</td><td>3,2</td><td>0,7</td><td>2,0</td><td>2,2</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>A1H2_119</td><td>&lt;2</td><td>0,512437</td><td>6</td><td>-3,9</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>A7H6_119</td><td>&lt;2</td><td>0,512142</td><td>6</td><td>-9,7</td><td>26,7</td><td>56,5</td><td>6,5</td><td>23,1</td><td>4,0</td><td>3,2</td><td>0,5</td><td>3,0</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,9</td><td>2,2</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>A7H6_70</td><td>&lt;2</td><td>0,512132</td><td>5</td><td>-9,9</td><td>28,6</td><td>60,3</td><td>6,8</td><td>24,6</td><td>4,4</td><td>3,6</td><td>0,5</td><td>3,3</td><td>0,7</td><td>2,1</td><td>2,1</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B2H3_119</td><td>&lt;2</td><td>0,512122</td><td>7</td><td>-10,1</td><td>22,5</td><td>49,6</td><td>5,6</td><td>19,9</td><td>3,5</td><td>2,8</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,6</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,7</td><td>1,9</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B2H4_8</td><td>&lt;2</td><td>0,512120</td><td>8</td><td>-10,1</td><td>26,4</td><td>57,8</td><td>6,4</td><td>23,0</td><td>4,1</td><td>3,4</td><td>0,5</td><td>3,0</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,9</td><td>1,9</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>C10H3_118</td><td>&lt;2</td><td>0,512117</td><td>6</td><td>-10,2</td><td>21,7</td><td>48,1</td><td>5,3</td><td>19,3</td><td>3,5</td><td>3,0</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,7</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,6</td><td>1,6</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>A1H1_117</td><td>2-30</td><td>0,512259</td><td>8</td><td>-7,4</td><td>26,4</td><td>59,0</td><td>6,7</td><td>25,1</td><td>4,7</td><td>4,3</td><td>0,7</td><td>4,1</td><td>0,8</td><td>2,5</td><td>2,5</td><td>0,4</td></tr><tr><td>A1H2_119</td><td>2-30</td><td>0,512655</td><td>5</td><td>0,3</td><td>17,0</td><td>42,9</td><td>5,1</td><td>21,0</td><td>4,7</td><td>4,8</td><td>0,8</td><td>5,1</td><td>1,1</td><td>3,3</td><td>3,5</td><td>0,5</td></tr><tr><td>A7H6_119</td><td>2-30</td><td>0,512140</td><td>8</td><td>-9,7</td><td>30,6</td><td>71,1</td><td>7,8</td><td>29,0</td><td>5,3</td><td>4,4</td><td>0,7</td><td>4,1</td><td>0,8</td><td>2,4</td><td>2,4</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>A7H6_70</td><td>2-30</td><td>0,512154</td><td>8</td><td>-9,4</td><td>27,0</td><td>59,2</td><td>6,7</td><td>24,6</td><td>4,5</td><td>3,8</td><td>0,6</td><td>3,5</td><td>0,7</td><td>2,1</td><td>2,1</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B2H3_119</td><td>2-30</td><td>0,512095</td><td>4</td><td>-10,6</td><td>27,7</td><td>61,9</td><td>6,9</td><td>25,0</td><td>4,4</td><td>3,7</td><td>0,5</td><td>3,4</td><td>0,7</td><td>2,0</td><td>2,1</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B2H4_8</td><td>2-30</td><td>0,512112</td><td>6</td><td>-10,3</td><td>26,9</td><td>59,9</td><td>6,6</td><td>24,1</td><td>4,4</td><td>3,7</td><td>0,6</td><td>3,4</td><td>0,7</td><td>2,0</td><td>2,0</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>C10H2_119</td><td>2-30</td><td>0,512094</td><td>5</td><td>-10,6</td><td>14,0</td><td>31,9</td><td>3,6</td><td>13,6</td><td>2,5</td><td>2,2</td><td>0,3</td><td>2,0</td><td>0,4</td><td>1,2</td><td>1,2</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>C10H3_118</td><td>2-30</td><td>0,512134</td><td>9</td><td>-9,8</td><td>26,9</td><td>59,8</td><td>6,6</td><td>24,2</td><td>4,4</td><td>3,9</td><td>0,6</td><td>3,5</td><td>0,7</td><td>2,1</td><td>2,0</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>A1H1_117</td><td>30-63</td><td>0,512648</td><td>5</td><td>0,2</td><td>17,4</td><td>41,7</td><td>5,0</td><td>20,2</td><td>4,6</td><td>4,6</td><td>0,7</td><td>4,8</td><td>1,0</td><td>3,1</td><td>3,2</td><td>0,5</td></tr><tr><td>A1H2_119</td><td>30-63</td><td>0,512722</td><td>4</td><td>1,6</td><td>16,5</td><td>42,3</td><td>5,2</td><td>21,4</td><td>4,9</td><td>5,1</td><td>0,8</td><td>5,4</td><td>1,2</td><td>3,5</td><td>3,7</td><td>0,5</td></tr><tr><td>A7H6_119</td><td>30-63</td><td>0,512520</td><td>4</td><td>-2,3</td><td>27,1</td><td>68,5</td><td>7,5</td><td>26,7</td><td>5,1</td><td>4,0</td><td>0,6</td><td>3,7</td><td>0,8</td><td>2,4</td><td>2,6</td><td>0,4</td></tr><tr><td>A7H6_70</td><td>30-63</td><td>0,512499</td><td>5</td><td>-2,7</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>B2H3_119</td><td>30-63</td><td>0,512313</td><td>6</td><td>-6,3</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>B2H4_8</td><td>30-63</td><td>0,512263</td><td>9</td><td>-7,3</td><td>14,6</td><td>31,5</td><td>3,5</td><td>13,2</td><td>2,5</td><td>2,4</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,2</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,4</td><td>1,3</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>C10H2_119</td><td>30-63</td><td>0,512163</td><td>7</td><td>-9,3</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>C10H3_118</td><td>30-63</td><td>0,512117</td><td>8</td><td>-10,2</td><td>15,1</td><td>32,8</td><td>3,7</td><td>14,0</td><td>2,7</td><td>2,5</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,2</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,3</td><td>1,3</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>A1H1_117</td><td>0-63</td><td>0,512268</td><td>7</td><td>-7,2</td><td>24,6</td><td>54,6</td><td>6,1</td><td>23,1</td><td>4,4</td><td>4,0</td><td>0,6</td><td>3,7</td><td>0,8</td><td>2,3</td><td>2,4</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>A7H6_70</td><td>0-63</td><td>0,512148</td><td>8</td><td>-9,6</td><td>26,5</td><td>57,3</td><td>6,5</td><td>23,8</td><td>4,3</td><td>3,7</td><td>0,5</td><td>3,3</td><td>0,7</td><td>2,1</td><td>2,0</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B2H4_8</td><td>0-63</td><td>0,512122</td><td>9</td><td>-10,1</td><td>23,9</td><td>52,5</td><td>5,8</td><td>21,2</td><td>3,8</td><td>3,3</td><td>0,5</td><td>2,9</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,7</td><td>1,8</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>C10H3_118</td><td>0-63</td><td>0,512499</td><td>5</td><td>-2,7</td><td>23,6</td><td>52,6</td><td>5,9</td><td>21,4</td><td>4,0</td><td>3,4</td><td>0,5</td><td>3,1</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,8</td><td>1,8</td><td>0,3</td></tr></tbody></table>

938

939

940

941
<table><thead><tr><th>sample</th><th>age (ka)</th><th>143Nd/<br>144Nd</th><th>2σ<br>(10<sup>-3</sup>)</th><th>εNd</th><th>(Nd/Yb)N</th><th>La</th><th>Ce</th><th>Pr</th><th>Nd</th><th>Sm</th><th>Gd</th><th>Tb</th><th>Dy</th><th>Ho</th><th>Er</th><th>Yb</th><th>Lu</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="19">O-2 µm size fraction</td></tr><tr><td>A1H1_5</td><td>0,2</td><td>0,512218</td><td>7</td><td>-10,0</td><td>0,83</td><td>44,5</td><td>39,8</td><td>4,6</td><td>16,4</td><td>2,9</td><td>2,3</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,3</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,6</td><td>1,8</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>A1H1_117</td><td>3,7</td><td>0,512180</td><td>8</td><td>-8,8</td><td>0,99</td><td>26,3</td><td>55,6</td><td>6,3</td><td>23,1</td><td>4,1</td><td>3,6</td><td>0,5</td><td>3,2</td><td>0,7</td><td>2,0</td><td>2,2</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>A1H3_119</td><td>11,1</td><td>0,512186</td><td>7</td><td>-8,8</td><td>0,91</td><td>28,0</td><td>50,4</td><td>5,7</td><td>20,4</td><td>3,6</td><td>3,1</td><td>0,5</td><td>2,9</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,9</td><td>2,1</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B2H3_119</td><td>16,0</td><td>0,512122</td><td>7</td><td>-10,1</td><td>0,97</td><td>22,5</td><td>49,6</td><td>5,6</td><td>19,9</td><td>3,5</td><td>2,8</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,6</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,7</td><td>1,9</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B2H4_8</td><td>16,7</td><td>0,512120</td><td>8</td><td>-10,0</td><td>1,09</td><td>26,4</td><td>57,8</td><td>6,4</td><td>23,0</td><td>4,1</td><td>3,4</td><td>0,5</td><td>3,0</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,9</td><td>1,9</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>A2H6_119</td><td>28,5</td><td>0,512164</td><td>9</td><td>-9,2</td><td>0,96</td><td>26,7</td><td>56,8</td><td>6,2</td><td>22,2</td><td>3,9</td><td>2,8</td><td>0,5</td><td>3,2</td><td>0,7</td><td>2,0</td><td>2,1</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B4H6_119</td><td>52,3</td><td>0,512164</td><td>6</td><td>-9,2</td><td>0,95</td><td>24,9</td><td>53,9</td><td>5,9</td><td>21,3</td><td>3,8</td><td>2,8</td><td>0,5</td><td>3,0</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,9</td><td>2,1</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B5H3_118</td><td>63,4</td><td>0,512166</td><td>9</td><td>-9,2</td><td>1,03</td><td>27,4</td><td>51,4</td><td>5,7</td><td>20,5</td><td>3,7</td><td>3,1</td><td>0,5</td><td>2,8</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,7</td><td>1,8</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B5H6_7</td><td>71,2</td><td>0,512149</td><td>7</td><td>-9,5</td><td>0,99</td><td>22,4</td><td>44,3</td><td>4,9</td><td>17,4</td><td>3,0</td><td>2,5</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,4</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,5</td><td>1,6</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>B6H2_119</td><td>81,9</td><td>0,512244</td><td>6</td><td>-7,7</td><td>0,90</td><td>21,7</td><td>42,6</td><td>4,8</td><td>17,4</td><td>3,1</td><td>2,6</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,5</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,7</td><td>1,8</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>C8H1_9</td><td>93,8</td><td>0,512221</td><td>6</td><td>-8,1</td><td>0,95</td><td>24,2</td><td>47,4</td><td>5,4</td><td>19,8</td><td>3,5</td><td>3,0</td><td>0,5</td><td>2,8</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,8</td><td>1,9</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>A7H4_110</td><td>111,2</td><td>0,512135</td><td>5</td><td>-9,8</td><td>0,96</td><td>25,1</td><td>48,8</td><td>5,5</td><td>19,6</td><td>3,3</td><td>2,7</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,6</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,8</td><td>1,9</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>A7H6_70</td><td>120,8</td><td>0,512132</td><td>5</td><td>-9,9</td><td>1,07</td><td>28,6</td><td>60,3</td><td>6,8</td><td>24,6</td><td>4,3</td><td>3,6</td><td>0,5</td><td>3,3</td><td>0,7</td><td>2,1</td><td>2,1</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>A7H6_119</td><td>122,8</td><td>0,512142</td><td>5</td><td>-9,7</td><td>0,99</td><td>26,7</td><td>56,5</td><td>6,5</td><td>23,1</td><td>4,0</td><td>3,2</td><td>0,5</td><td>3,0</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,9</td><td>2,2</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B8H3_119</td><td>128,7</td><td>0,512164</td><td>6</td><td>-9,2</td><td>0,98</td><td>18,1</td><td>34,0</td><td>3,9</td><td>13,8</td><td>2,4</td><td>2,0</td><td>0,3</td><td>1,9</td><td>0,4</td><td>1,3</td><td>1,3</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>B8H4_119</td><td>132,9</td><td>0,512206</td><td>5</td><td>-8,4</td><td>0,98</td><td>23,6</td><td>44,6</td><td>5,0</td><td>18,1</td><td>3,2</td><td>2,7</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,5</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,6</td><td>1,7</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B8H6_7</td><td>138,7</td><td>0,512322</td><td>4</td><td>-6,1</td><td>0,98</td><td>21,0</td><td>41,8</td><td>4,8</td><td>17,4</td><td>3,2</td><td>2,7</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,5</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,6</td><td>1,6</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>C10H2_119</td><td>140,1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1,15</td><td>27,3</td><td>62,5</td><td>6,9</td><td>25,4</td><td>4,5</td><td>3,8</td><td>0,6</td><td>3,5</td><td>0,7</td><td>2,0</td><td>2,0</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>C10H3_118</td><td>142,6</td><td>0,512117</td><td>6</td><td>-9,8</td><td>1,10</td><td>21,7</td><td>48,1</td><td>5,3</td><td>19,3</td><td>3,4</td><td>3,0</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,7</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,6</td><td>1,6</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>B10H3_119</td><td>162,8</td><td>0,512127</td><td>6</td><td>-10,0</td><td>1,00</td><td>25,0</td><td>51,3</td><td>5,7</td><td>20,2</td><td>3,6</td><td>2,9</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,7</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,8</td><td>1,9</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B10H4_118</td><td>165,5</td><td>0,512145</td><td>6</td><td>-9,6</td><td>0,99</td><td>24,4</td><td>48,7</td><td>5,4</td><td>19,4</td><td>3,4</td><td>2,8</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,7</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,7</td><td>1,8</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>A10H3_8</td><td>167,3</td><td>0,512126</td><td>7</td><td>-10,0</td><td>0,94</td><td>23,1</td><td>45,0</td><td>5,1</td><td>18,0</td><td>3,1</td><td>2,5</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,5</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,7</td><td>1,8</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>A10H3_119</td><td>169,3</td><td>0,512191</td><td>4</td><td>-8,7</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>B11H2_97</td><td>178,9</td><td>0,512180</td><td>3</td><td>-8,9</td><td>0,98</td><td>24,2</td><td>47,4</td><td>5,4</td><td>19,1</td><td>3,3</td><td>2,7</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,6</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,7</td><td>1,8</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B11H3_119</td><td>181,9</td><td>0,512194</td><td>5</td><td>-8,7</td><td>1,00</td><td>26,7</td><td>56,0</td><td>6,2</td><td>22,1</td><td>3,8</td><td>3,2</td><td>0,5</td><td>2,9</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,9</td><td>2,0</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B11H5_9</td><td>185,3</td><td>0,512143</td><td>7</td><td>-9,7</td><td>0,86</td><td>21,8</td><td>37,0</td><td>4,3</td><td>15,0</td><td>2,6</td><td>2,1</td><td>0,3</td><td>2,1</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,4</td><td>1,6</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>B11H6_9</td><td>192,6</td><td>0,512163</td><td>6</td><td>-9,3</td><td>0,98</td><td>23,3</td><td>45,3</td><td>5,1</td><td>18,4</td><td>3,2</td><td>2,6</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,5</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,7</td><td>1,7</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B11H6_119</td><td>195,3</td><td>0,512175</td><td>7</td><td>-9,0</td><td>0,97</td><td>25,2</td><td>49,4</td><td>5,6</td><td>20,1</td><td>3,5</td><td>2,9</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,8</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,8</td><td>1,9</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B13H5_119</td><td>202,6</td><td>0,512193</td><td>5</td><td>-8,7</td><td>0,97</td><td>27,0</td><td>53,6</td><td>6,3</td><td>22,9</td><td>4,2</td><td>3,7</td><td>0,5</td><td>3,4</td><td>0,7</td><td>2,1</td><td>2,2</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>C13H5_119</td><td>205,2</td><td>0,512200</td><td>4</td><td>-8,6</td><td>0,94</td><td>23,6</td><td>46,2</td><td>5,3</td><td>19,2</td><td>3,5</td><td>2,9</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,8</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,8</td><td>1,9</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>C12H1_119</td><td>217,4</td><td>0,512201</td><td>7</td><td>-8,5</td><td>0,92</td><td>21,0</td><td>39,8</td><td>4,5</td><td>16,3</td><td>2,9</td><td>2,4</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,3</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,5</td><td>1,6</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>A12H5_118</td><td>224,0</td><td>0,512180</td><td>5</td><td>-8,9</td><td>0,98</td><td>25,1</td><td>49,3</td><td>5,6</td><td>19,8</td><td>3,4</td><td>2,9</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,8</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,8</td><td>1,9</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B13H7_9</td><td>234,8</td><td>0,512205</td><td>6</td><td>-8,5</td><td>0,97</td><td>23,7</td><td>45,5</td><td>5,2</td><td>18,6</td><td>3,2</td><td>2,7</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,5</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,6</td><td>1,8</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B16H3_119</td><td>253,9</td><td>0,512110</td><td>6</td><td>-10,3</td><td>0,97</td><td>24,0</td><td>47,1</td><td>5,4</td><td>19,1</td><td>3,4</td><td>2,7</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,6</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,7</td><td>1,8</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B16H5_119</td><td>262,5</td><td>0,512093</td><td>5</td><td>-10,6</td><td>1,00</td><td>25,3</td><td>47,1</td><td>5,4</td><td>18,8</td><td>3,1</td><td>2,5</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,4</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,6</td><td>1,7</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>C18H5_118</td><td>272,0</td><td>0,512149</td><td>5</td><td>-9,5</td><td>1,03</td><td>25,4</td><td>50,6</td><td>5,8</td><td>20,6</td><td>3,6</td><td>3,0</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,8</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,8</td><td>1,8</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B17H2_119</td><td>277,3</td><td>0,512141</td><td>5</td><td>-9,7</td><td>1,01</td><td>25,4</td><td>49,6</td><td>5,6</td><td>20,4</td><td>3,6</td><td>3,0</td><td>0,5</td><td>2,8</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,8</td><td>1,9</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B17H3_118</td><td>280,4</td><td>0,512153</td><td>6</td><td>-9,5</td><td>1,00</td><td>27,0</td><td>53,7</td><td>6,1</td><td>22,0</td><td>3,9</td><td>3,3</td><td>0,5</td><td>3,1</td><td>0,7</td><td>2,0</td><td>2,0</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B17H4_119</td><td>280,4</td><td>0,512192</td><td>5</td><td>-8,7</td><td>0,94</td><td>26,1</td><td>52,1</td><td>6,0</td><td>22,2</td><td>4,1</td><td>3,7</td><td>0,6</td><td>3,4</td><td>0,7</td><td>2,1</td><td>2,2</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>C19H6_8</td><td>300,4</td><td>0,512151</td><td>5</td><td>-9,5</td><td>1,04</td><td>26,3</td><td>53,0</td><td>6,0</td><td>22,2</td><td>4,0</td><td>3,4</td><td>0,5</td><td>3,1</td><td>0,7</td><td>1,9</td><td>2,0</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B18H3_119</td><td>310,3</td><td>0,512179</td><td>7</td><td>-8,9</td><td>1,07</td><td>25,0</td><td>51,1</td><td>5,8</td><td>20,7</td><td>3,8</td><td>3,1</td><td>0,5</td><td>2,8</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,8</td><td>1,8</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B19H1_119</td><td>334,9</td><td>0,512146</td><td>3</td><td>-9,6</td><td>1,07</td><td>24,2</td><td>49,7</td><td>5,6</td><td>20,1</td><td>3,6</td><td>3,0</td><td>0,5</td><td>2,7</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,7</td><td>1,8</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>A20H2_119</td><td>359,2</td><td>0,512092</td><td>7</td><td>-10,7</td><td>1,10</td><td>26,5</td><td>54,5</td><td>6,1</td><td>21,8</td><td>3,9</td><td>3,1</td><td>0,5</td><td>2,9</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,8</td><td>1,8</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>A20H4_9</td><td>364,4</td><td>0,512122</td><td>7</td><td>-10,1</td><td>1,04</td><td>25,2</td><td>51,6</td><td>5,8</td><td>21,1</td><td>3,9</td><td>3,2</td><td>0,5</td><td>2,9</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,8</td><td>1,8</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>A20H5_7</td><td>369,1</td><td>0,512124</td><td>5</td><td>-10,0</td><td>1,05</td><td>25,1</td><td>51,6</td><td>5,8</td><td>21,2</td><td>3,8</td><td>3,2</td><td>0,5</td><td>3,0</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,8</td><td>1,9</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B20H3_119</td><td>374,4</td><td>0,512126</td><td>5</td><td>-10,0</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>B20H5_8</td><td>379,9</td><td>0,512188</td><td>6</td><td>-8,8</td><td>1,04</td><td>24,6</td><td>49,7</td><td>5,7</td><td>20,7</td><td>3,8</td><td>3,2</td><td>0,5</td><td>3,0</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,9</td><td>2,0</td><td>0,3</td></tr></tbody></table>

<table><thead><tr><th>sample</th><th>age</th><th>143Nd/<br>144Nd</th><th>2σ<br>(10<sup>-3</sup>)</th><th>εNd</th><th>(Nd/Yb)N</th><th>La</th><th>Ce</th><th>Pr</th><th>Nd</th><th>Sm</th><th>Gd</th><th>Tb</th><th>Dy</th><th>Ho</th><th>Er</th><th>Yb</th><th>Lu</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="19">30-63 µm size fraction</td></tr><tr><td>A1H1_117</td><td>3,7</td><td>0,512648</td><td>5</td><td>0,3</td><td>0,58</td><td>17,4</td><td>41,7</td><td>5,0</td><td>20,2</td><td>4,5</td><td>4,6</td><td>0,7</td><td>0,48</td><td>1,0</td><td>3,1</td><td>3,2</td><td>0,5</td></tr><tr><td>A1H1_119</td><td>8,1</td><td>0,512722</td><td>4</td><td>-3,9</td><td>0,54</td><td>16,5</td><td>42,3</td><td>5,2</td><td>21,4</td><td>4,9</td><td>5,1</td><td>0,8</td><td>5,4</td><td>1,2</td><td>3,5</td><td>3,7</td><td>0,5</td></tr><tr><td>A1H3_119</td><td>11,1</td><td>0,512230</td><td>9</td><td>-5,6</td><td>0,76</td><td>18,4</td><td>38,1</td><td>4,3</td><td>16,2</td><td>3,2</td><td>2,6</td><td>0,5</td><td>2,9</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,9</td><td>2,0</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B2H3_119</td><td>16,0</td><td>0,512313</td><td>6</td><td>-6,3</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>B2H4_8</td><td>16,7</td><td>0,512263</td><td>9</td><td>-7,2</td><td>0,90</td><td>14,6</td><td>31,5</td><td>3,5</td><td>13,2</td><td>2,5</td><td>2,4</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,2</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,4</td><td>1,3</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>A2H6_119</td><td>28,5</td><td>0,512230</td><td>9</td><td>-7,9</td><td>0,83</td><td>14,2</td><td>28,6</td><td>3,2</td><td>12,0</td><td>2,3</td><td>1,9</td><td>0,3</td><td>2,0</td><td>0,4</td><td>1,3</td><td>1,3</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>B4H6_119</td><td>52,3</td><td>0,512380</td><td>10</td><td>-5,0</td><td>0,74</td><td>15,6</td><td>27,7</td><td>3,2</td><td>12,4</td><td>2,4</td><td>2,0</td><td>0,3</td><td>2,1</td><td>0,4</td><td>1,4</td><td>1,5</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>B5H6_7</td><td>63,4</td><td>0,512460</td><td>8</td><td>3,4</td><td>0,81</td><td>17,5</td><td>36,3</td><td>4,2</td><td>16,1</td><td>3,1</td><td>2,6</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,7</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,7</td><td>1,8</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B5H6_119</td><td>71,2</td><td>0,512500</td><td>7</td><td>-2,7</td><td>0,73</td><td>17,6</td><td>37,8</td><td>4,4</td><td>17,0</td><td>3,5</td><td>3,0</td><td>0,5</td><td>3,2</td><td>0,7</td><td>2,0</td><td>2,2</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B8H2_119</td><td>81,9</td><td>0,512594</td><td>9</td><td>-0,8</td><td>0,70</td><td>20,7</td><td>45,3</td><td>5,3</td><td>20,2</td><td>4,1</td><td>3,5</td><td>0,6</td><td>3,8</td><td>0,8</td><td>2,5</td><td>2,6</td><td>0,4</td></tr><tr><td>C8H1_9</td><td>93,8</td><td>0,512563</td><td>9</td><td>-1,4</td><td>0,56</td><td>19,5</td><td>44,9</td><td>5,4</td><td>21,5</td><td>4,9</td><td>4,8</td><td>0,8</td><td>5,3</td><td>1,1</td><td>3,4</td><td>3,6</td><td>0,5</td></tr><tr><td>A7H4_110</td><td>111,2</td><td>0,512107</td><td>13</td><td>-10,3</td><td>0,99</td><td>26,0</td><td>35,5</td><td>4,1</td><td>15,7</td><td>2,8</td><td>2,3</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,3</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,4</td><td>1,5</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>A7H6_70</td><td>120,8</td><td>0,512499</td><td>5</td><td>-2,7</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>A7H6_119</td><td>122,8</td><td>0,512520</td><td>7</td><td>-2,3</td><td>0,95</td><td>27,1</td><td>68,5</td><td>7,5</td><td>26,7</td><td>4,7</td><td>4,0</td><td>0,6</td><td>3,7</td><td>0,8</td><td>2,4</td><td>2,6</td><td>0,4</td></tr><tr><td>B8H3_119</td><td>128,7</td><td>0,512508</td><td>4</td><td>-2,5</td><td>0,85</td><td>16,9</td><td>36,6</td><td>4,3</td><td>16,7</td><td>3,3</td><td>2,9</td><td>0,5</td><td>2,9</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,8</td><td>1,8</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B8H4_119</td><td>132,9</td><td>0,512500</td><td>8</td><td>-8,8</td><td>0,88</td><td>14,2</td><td>30,8</td><td>3,7</td><td>14,1</td><td>2,8</td><td>2,3</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,3</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,4</td><td>1,5</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>C10H3_118</td><td>142,6</td><td>0,512117</td><td>6</td><td>-9,3</td><td>1,01</td><td>15,1</td><td>32,8</td><td>3,7</td><td>14,0</td><td>2,7</td><td>2,5</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,2</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,3</td><td>1,3</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>B10H3_119</td><td>162,8</td><td>0,512187</td><td>9</td><td>-2,7</td><td>0,91</td><td>12,0</td><td>27,2</td><td>3,2</td><td>12,1</td><td>2,3</td><td>1,8</td><td>0,3</td><td>1,9</td><td>0,4</td><td>1,2</td><td>1,2</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>B10H4_118</td><td>165,5</td><td>0,512228</td><td>9</td><td>-8,0</td><td>0,82</td><td>12,3</td><td>27,3</td><td>3,2</td><td>11,9</td><td>2,2</td><td>1,8</td><td>0,3</td><td>2,0</td><td>0,4</td><td>1,3</td><td>1,3</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>A10H3_8</td><td>167,3</td><td>0,512173</td><td>7</td><td>-9,0</td><td>0,89</td><td>20,1</td><td>44,4</td><td>5,0</td><td>18,4</td><td>3,3</td><td>2,4</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,8</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,8</td><td>1,9</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>A10H3_119</td><td>169,3</td><td>0,512432</td><td>5</td><td>-4,0</td><td>0,66</td><td>14,1</td><td>33,4</td><td>4,0</td><td>15,6</td><td>3,2</td><td>2,9</td><td>0,5</td><td>3,2</td><td>0,7</td><td>2,1</td><td>2,2</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B11H2_97</td><td>178,9</td><td>0,512314</td><td>8</td><td>-6,3</td><td>0,78</td><td>12,1</td><td>27,0</td><td>3,8</td><td>12,0</td><td>2,4</td><td>2,0</td><td>0,3</td><td>2,2</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,3</td><td>1,4</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>B11H3_119</td><td>181,9</td><td>0,512270</td><td>7</td><td>-7,1</td><td>0,81</td><td>14,7</td><td>33,0</td><td>3,8</td><td>14,5</td><td>2,9</td><td>2,3</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,5</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,6</td><td>1,6</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>B11H5_9</td><td>185,3</td><td>0,512184</td><td>8</td><td>-8,8</td><td>0,80</td><td>11,6</td><td>26,1</td><td>3,1</td><td>11,4</td><td>2,2</td><td>1,8</td><td>0,3</td><td>2,0</td><td>0,4</td><td>1,3</td><td>1,3</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>B11H6_9</td><td>192,6</td><td>0,512258</td><td>11</td><td>-7,4</td><td>0,82</td><td>15,1</td><td>34,9</td><td>4,0</td><td>15,2</td><td>2,9</td><td>2,4</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,6</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,6</td><td>1,7</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B11H6_119</td><td>195,3</td><td>0,512317</td><td>8</td><td>-6,2</td><td>0,76</td><td>15,0</td><td>34,4</td><td>4,0</td><td>15,1</td><td>3,0</td><td>2,5</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,8</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,8</td><td>1,8</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>C13H5_9</td><td>202,6</td><td>0,512500</td><td>9</td><td>-7,7</td><td>0,57</td><td>15,0</td><td>37,1</td><td>4,4</td><td>17,3</td><td>3,8</td><td>3,6</td><td>0,6</td><td>4,1</td><td>0,9</td><td>2,7</td><td>2,8</td><td>0,4</td></tr><tr><td>C13H5_119</td><td>205,2</td><td>0,512652</td><td>5</td><td>0,3</td><td>0,49</td><td>13,6</td><td>34,7</td><td>4,2</td><td>17,3</td><td>4,0</td><td>4,0</td><td>0,7</td><td>4,6</td><td>1,0</td><td>3,1</td><td>3,2</td><td>0,5</td></tr><tr><td>A12H2_119</td><td>217,4</td><td>0,512464</td><td>9</td><td>-3,4</td><td>0,65</td><td>12,9</td><td>29,6</td><td>3,4</td><td>12,9</td><td>2,6</td><td>2,2</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,6</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,7</td><td>1,8</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>A12H5_118</td><td>224,0</td><td>0,512264</td><td>8</td><td>-7,3</td><td>0,83</td><td>13,9</td><td>31,1</td><td>3,5</td><td>12,8</td><td>2,4</td><td>1,9</td><td>0,3</td><td>2,1</td><td>0,4</td><td>1,3</td><td>1,4</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>B13H7_9</td><td>234,8</td><td>0,512478</td><td>8</td><td>-3,1</td><td>0,71</td><td>16,3</td><td>37,4</td><td>4,0</td><td>14,3</td><td>2,6</td><td>2,1</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,4</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,6</td><td>1,9</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B16H5_119</td><td>262,5</td><td>0,512114</td><td>6</td><td>-10,2</td><td>0,90</td><td>14,9</td><td>32,3</td><td>3,7</td><td>13,6</td><td>2,5</td><td>1,9</td><td>0,3</td><td>2,1</td><td>0,4</td><td>1,4</td><td>1,4</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>C18H5_118</td><td>272,0</td><td>0,512353</td><td>8</td><td>-5,5</td><td>0,86</td><td>17,5</td><td>40,5</td><td>4,7</td><td>17,6</td><td>3,4</td><td>2,7</td><td>0,5</td><td>2,9</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,8</td><td>1,9</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B17H2_119</td><td>277,3</td><td>0,512194</td><td>7</td><td>-8,6</td><td>0,92</td><td>20,6</td><td>42,4</td><td>4,8</td><td>17,6</td><td>3,2</td><td>2,6</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,9</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,8</td><td>1,8</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B17H3_118</td><td>280,4</td><td>0,512235</td><td>5</td><td>-7,8</td><td>0,89</td><td>19,4</td><td>43,7</td><td>5,0</td><td>18,2</td><td>3,4</td><td>2,6</td><td>0,5</td><td>2,8</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,8</td><td>1,9</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>C19H6_8</td><td>300,4</td><td>0,512281</td><td>6</td><td>-6,9</td><td>0,86</td><td>17,3</td><td>38,1</td><td>4,3</td><td>15,9</td><td>3,0</td><td>2,4</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,6</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,7</td><td>1,7</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B18H3_119</td><td>310,3</td><td>0,512395</td><td>7</td><td>-4,7</td><td>0,66</td><td>15,5</td><td>36,0</td><td>4,2</td><td>15,7</td><td>3,2</td><td>2,7</td><td>0,5</td><td>3,0</td><td>0,7</td><td>2,0</td><td>2,2</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B18H4_119</td><td>314,7</td><td></td><td>0</td><td></td><td>0,83</td><td>16,5</td><td>37,1</td><td>4,3</td><td>16,1</td><td>3,1</td><td>2,6</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,7</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,7</td><td>1,8</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B19H1_119</td><td>334,9</td><td>0,512263</td><td>7</td><td>-7,3</td><td>0,86</td><td>15,3</td><td>34,9</td><td>4,0</td><td>14,9</td><td>2,9</td><td>2,3</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,4</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,6</td><td>1,6</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>A20H2_119</td><td>359,2</td><td>0,512111</td><td>7</td><td>-10,2</td><td>1,08</td><td>17,3</td><td>37,6</td><td>4,3</td><td>15,4</td><td>2,9</td><td>2,2</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,2</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,3</td><td>1,3</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>A20H4_9</td><td>364,8</td><td>0,512148</td><td>8</td><td>-9,5</td><td>0,96</td><td>18,5</td><td>40,0</td><td>4,5</td><td>16,7</td><td>3,1</td><td>2,5</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,7</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,7</td><td>1,6</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>A20H5_7</td><td>369,1</td><td>0,512149</td><td>6</td><td>-9,5</td><td>0,95</td><td>20,4</td><td>45,6</td><td>5,1</td><td>19,1</td><td>3,6</td><td>2,6</td><td>0,5</td><td>2,8</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,8</td><td>1,9</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>A20H5_8</td><td>369,2</td><td>0,512203</td><td>8</td><td>-9,5</td><td>0,93</td><td>18,6</td><td>41,7</td><td>4,7</td><td>17,4</td><td>3,3</td><td>2,6</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,7</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,7</td><td>1,7</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B20H3_119</td><td>374,4</td><td>0,512218</td><td>6</td><td>-8,2</td><td>0,78</td><td>15,1</td><td>33,2</td><td>3,8</td><td>14,2</td><td>2,7</td><td>2,1</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,4</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,6</td><td>1,7</td><td>0,2</td></tr></tbody></table>

<caption>TABLE 2: εNd and REEs of the Site U1429 sediments.</caption>
<table><thead><tr><th>region</th><th>εNd (min)</th><th>εNd (max)</th><th>sample type</th><th>nombre of samples</th><th>references</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Honchu Hokkaido</td><td>5,0</td><td>6,0</td><td>not precised</td><td>not given</td><td>Mahoney and references therein, 2005</td></tr><tr><td>Kyushu Shikoku</td><td>-6,0</td><td>4,0</td><td>not precised</td><td>not given</td><td>Mahoney and references therein, 2005</td></tr><tr><td>Southern Japanese volcanos</td><td>-6,0</td><td>-4,0</td><td>volcanos</td><td>> 39</td><td>Ishizaka and Carlson, 1983, Chen et al., 1993; Mahoney and references therein, 2005</td></tr><tr><td>Kagoshima River</td><td>2,0</td><td>2,0</td><td>river sediment</td><td>1</td><td>this study</td></tr><tr><td>Taïwan</td><td>-15,0</td><td>-10,0</td><td>not precised</td><td>55</td><td>Chen et al., 1990; John et al., 1990</td></tr><tr><td>Yangtze River (mouth)</td><td>-13,0</td><td>-10,5</td><td>river sediment</td><td>18</td><td>Goldstein et al., 1984; Yang et al., 2007; Bayon et al., 2015</td></tr><tr><td>Yellow River (mouth)</td><td>-12,6</td><td>-10,9</td><td>river sediment</td><td>4</td><td>Goldstein et al., 1984; Yang et al., 2007; Bayon et al., 2015</td></tr><tr><td>Yellow River (all reaches)</td><td>-13,9</td><td>-9,6</td><td>river sediment</td><td>not given</td><td>Hu et al., 2012 and references therein</td></tr><tr><td>Korean rivers</td><td>-27,5</td><td>-13,1</td><td>river sediment</td><td>8</td><td>Lan et al., 1995</td></tr><tr><td>Korean cristaline massif</td><td>-33,6</td><td>-4,5</td><td>crystaline massif</td><td>58</td><td>Lan et al., 1995; Lee et al., 2002</td></tr><tr><td>North Tianshan</td><td>-6,6</td><td>-5,2</td><td>quaternary loess</td><td>>5</td><td>Liu et al., 1994 and references therein</td></tr><tr><td>SW Tarim Basin</td><td>-12,8</td><td>-9,1</td><td>quaternary loess</td><td>>11</td><td>Liu et al., 1994 and references therein</td></tr><tr><td>NE China</td><td>-9,6</td><td>-8,5</td><td>quaternary loess</td><td>>2</td><td>Liu et al., 1994 and references therein</td></tr><tr><td>Ordos Plateau</td><td>-21,0</td><td>-10,0</td><td>quaternary loess</td><td>not given</td><td>Chen et al., 2007; Sun et al., 2008, Hu et al., 2012</td></tr><tr><td>Central Loes Plateau</td><td>-12,0</td><td>-7,0</td><td>quaternary loess</td><td>not given</td><td>Chen et al., 2007; Sun et al., 2008, Hu et al., 2012</td></tr><tr><td>Nanjing</td><td>-12,2</td><td>-10,9</td><td>quaternary loess</td><td>not given</td><td>Liu et al., 1994 and references therein</td></tr></tbody></table>

946

947

948

<caption>TABLE 3: εNd of the main potential sediment sources for Site U1429.</caption>
<figure><img src="image_8.png" /></figure>

Modern Summer Monsoon Limit

TC

KC

Japan

GC

<figure><img src="image_9.png" /></figure>

U1429

Okinawa Trough

SUMMER MONSOON

T

TWC

Yangtze River

South China Sea
<figure><img src="image_10.png" /><figcaption>Figure 2</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_11.png" /><figcaption>Figure 3</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_12.png" /><figcaption>Figure 4</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_13.png" /><figcaption>Figure 5</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_14.png" /><figcaption>Figure 6</figcaption></figure>
<table><caption>Table 1</caption><thead><tr><th>sample</th><th>size fraction (μm)</th><th>143Nd/ 144Nd</th><th>2σ (10<sup>-6</sup>)</th><th>εNd</th><th>La</th><th>Ce</th><th>Pr</th><th>Nd</th><th>Sm</th><th>Gd</th><th>Tb</th><th>Dy</th><th>Ho</th><th>Er</th><th>Yb</th><th>Lu</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>A1H1_117</td><td>&lt;2</td><td>0,512180</td><td>8</td><td>-8,9</td><td>26,3</td><td>55,6</td><td>6,3</td><td>23,1</td><td>4,2</td><td>3,6</td><td>0,5</td><td>3,2</td><td>0,7</td><td>2,0</td><td>2,2</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>A1H2_119</td><td>&lt;2</td><td>0,512437</td><td>6</td><td>-3,9</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>A7H6_119</td><td>&lt;2</td><td>0,512142</td><td>6</td><td>-9,7</td><td>26,7</td><td>56,5</td><td>6,5</td><td>23,1</td><td>4,0</td><td>3,2</td><td>0,5</td><td>3,0</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,9</td><td>2,2</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>A7H6_70</td><td>&lt;2</td><td>0,512132</td><td>5</td><td>-9,9</td><td>28,6</td><td>60,3</td><td>6,8</td><td>24,6</td><td>4,4</td><td>3,6</td><td>0,5</td><td>3,3</td><td>0,7</td><td>2,1</td><td>2,1</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B2H3_119</td><td>&lt;2</td><td>0,512122</td><td>7</td><td>-10,1</td><td>22,5</td><td>49,6</td><td>5,6</td><td>19,9</td><td>3,5</td><td>2,8</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,6</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,7</td><td>1,9</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B2H4_8</td><td>&lt;2</td><td>0,512120</td><td>8</td><td>-10,1</td><td>26,4</td><td>57,8</td><td>6,4</td><td>23,0</td><td>4,1</td><td>3,4</td><td>0,5</td><td>3,0</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,9</td><td>1,9</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>C10H3_118</td><td>&lt;2</td><td>0,512117</td><td>6</td><td>-10,2</td><td>21,7</td><td>48,1</td><td>5,3</td><td>19,3</td><td>3,5</td><td>3,0</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,7</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,6</td><td>1,6</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>A1H1_117</td><td>2-30</td><td>0,512259</td><td>8</td><td>-7,4</td><td>26,4</td><td>59,0</td><td>6,7</td><td>25,1</td><td>4,7</td><td>4,3</td><td>0,7</td><td>4,1</td><td>0,8</td><td>2,5</td><td>2,5</td><td>0,4</td></tr><tr><td>A1H2_119</td><td>2-30</td><td>0,512655</td><td>5</td><td>0,3</td><td>17,0</td><td>42,9</td><td>5,1</td><td>21,0</td><td>4,7</td><td>4,8</td><td>0,8</td><td>5,1</td><td>1,1</td><td>3,3</td><td>3,5</td><td>0,5</td></tr><tr><td>A7H6_119</td><td>2-30</td><td>0,512140</td><td>8</td><td>-9,7</td><td>30,6</td><td>71,1</td><td>7,8</td><td>29,0</td><td>5,3</td><td>4,4</td><td>0,7</td><td>4,1</td><td>0,8</td><td>2,4</td><td>2,4</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>A7H6_70</td><td>2-30</td><td>0,512154</td><td>8</td><td>-9,4</td><td>27,0</td><td>59,2</td><td>6,7</td><td>24,6</td><td>4,5</td><td>3,8</td><td>0,6</td><td>3,5</td><td>0,7</td><td>2,1</td><td>2,1</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B2H3_119</td><td>2-30</td><td>0,512095</td><td>4</td><td>-10,6</td><td>27,7</td><td>61,9</td><td>6,9</td><td>25,0</td><td>4,4</td><td>3,7</td><td>0,5</td><td>3,4</td><td>0,7</td><td>2,0</td><td>2,1</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B2H4_8</td><td>2-30</td><td>0,512112</td><td>6</td><td>-10,3</td><td>26,9</td><td>59,9</td><td>6,6</td><td>24,1</td><td>4,4</td><td>3,7</td><td>0,6</td><td>3,4</td><td>0,7</td><td>2,0</td><td>2,0</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>C10H2_119</td><td>2-30</td><td>0,512094</td><td>5</td><td>-10,6</td><td>14,0</td><td>31,9</td><td>3,6</td><td>13,6</td><td>2,5</td><td>2,2</td><td>0,3</td><td>2,0</td><td>0,4</td><td>1,2</td><td>1,2</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>C10H3_118</td><td>2-30</td><td>0,512134</td><td>9</td><td>-9,8</td><td>26,9</td><td>59,8</td><td>6,6</td><td>24,2</td><td>4,4</td><td>3,9</td><td>0,6</td><td>3,5</td><td>0,7</td><td>2,1</td><td>2,0</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>A1H1_117</td><td>30-63</td><td>0,512648</td><td>5</td><td>0,2</td><td>17,4</td><td>41,7</td><td>5,0</td><td>20,2</td><td>4,6</td><td>4,6</td><td>0,7</td><td>4,8</td><td>1,0</td><td>3,1</td><td>3,2</td><td>0,5</td></tr><tr><td>A1H2_119</td><td>30-63</td><td>0,512722</td><td>4</td><td>1,6</td><td>16,5</td><td>42,3</td><td>5,2</td><td>21,4</td><td>4,9</td><td>5,1</td><td>0,8</td><td>5,4</td><td>1,2</td><td>3,5</td><td>3,7</td><td>0,5</td></tr><tr><td>A7H6_119</td><td>30-63</td><td>0,512520</td><td>4</td><td>-2,3</td><td>27,1</td><td>68,5</td><td>7,5</td><td>26,7</td><td>5,1</td><td>4,0</td><td>0,6</td><td>3,7</td><td>0,8</td><td>2,4</td><td>2,6</td><td>0,4</td></tr><tr><td>A7H6_70</td><td>30-63</td><td>0,512499</td><td>5</td><td>-2,7</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>B2H3_119</td><td>30-63</td><td>0,512313</td><td>6</td><td>-6,3</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>B2H4_8</td><td>30-63</td><td>0,512263</td><td>9</td><td>-7,3</td><td>14,6</td><td>31,5</td><td>3,5</td><td>13,2</td><td>2,5</td><td>2,4</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,2</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,4</td><td>1,3</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>C10H2_119</td><td>30-63</td><td>0,512163</td><td>7</td><td>-9,3</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>C10H3_118</td><td>30-63</td><td>0,512117</td><td>8</td><td>-10,2</td><td>15,1</td><td>32,8</td><td>3,7</td><td>14,0</td><td>2,7</td><td>2,5</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,2</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,3</td><td>1,3</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>A1H1_117</td><td>0-63</td><td>0,512268</td><td>7</td><td>-7,2</td><td>24,6</td><td>54,6</td><td>6,1</td><td>23,1</td><td>4,4</td><td>4,0</td><td>0,6</td><td>3,7</td><td>0,8</td><td>2,3</td><td>2,4</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>A7H6_70</td><td>0-63</td><td>0,512148</td><td>8</td><td>-9,6</td><td>26,5</td><td>57,3</td><td>6,5</td><td>23,8</td><td>4,3</td><td>3,7</td><td>0,5</td><td>3,3</td><td>0,7</td><td>2,1</td><td>2,0</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B2H4_8</td><td>0-63</td><td>0,512122</td><td>9</td><td>-10,1</td><td>23,9</td><td>52,5</td><td>5,8</td><td>21,2</td><td>3,8</td><td>3,3</td><td>0,5</td><td>2,9</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,7</td><td>1,8</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>C10H3_118</td><td>0-63</td><td>0,512499</td><td>5</td><td>-2,7</td><td>23,6</td><td>52,6</td><td>5,9</td><td>21,4</td><td>4,0</td><td>3,4</td><td>0,5</td><td>3,1</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,8</td><td>1,8</td><td>0,3</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 2</caption><thead><tr><th>sample</th><th>age (ka)</th><th>143Nd/<br>144Nd</th><th>2σ<br>(10<sup>-6</sup>)</th><th>εNd</th><th>(Nd/Yb)N</th><th>La</th><th>Ce</th><th>Pr</th><th>Nd</th><th>Sm</th><th>Gd</th><th>Tb</th><th>Dy</th><th>Ho</th><th>Er</th><th>Yb</th><th>Lu</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="18">0-2 µm size fraction</td></tr><tr><td>A1H1_5</td><td>0,2</td><td>0,512128</td><td>7</td><td>-10,0</td><td>0,83</td><td>44,5</td><td>39,8</td><td>4,6</td><td>16,4</td><td>2,9</td><td>2,3</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,3</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,6</td><td>1,8</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>A1H1_117</td><td>3,7</td><td>0,512180</td><td>8</td><td>-8,8</td><td>0,99</td><td>26,3</td><td>55,6</td><td>6,3</td><td>23,1</td><td>4,1</td><td>3,6</td><td>0,5</td><td>3,2</td><td>0,7</td><td>2,0</td><td>2,2</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>A1H3_119</td><td>11,1</td><td>0,512186</td><td>7</td><td>-8,8</td><td>0,91</td><td>28,0</td><td>50,4</td><td>5,7</td><td>20,4</td><td>3,6</td><td>3,1</td><td>0,5</td><td>2,9</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,9</td><td>2,1</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B2H3_119</td><td>16,0</td><td>0,512122</td><td>7</td><td>-10,1</td><td>0,97</td><td>22,5</td><td>49,6</td><td>5,6</td><td>19,9</td><td>3,5</td><td>2,8</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,6</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,7</td><td>1,9</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B2H4_8</td><td>16,7</td><td>0,512120</td><td>8</td><td>-10,0</td><td>1,09</td><td>26,4</td><td>57,8</td><td>6,4</td><td>23,0</td><td>4,1</td><td>3,4</td><td>0,5</td><td>3,0</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,9</td><td>1,9</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>A2H6_119</td><td>28,5</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>0,96</td><td>26,7</td><td>56,8</td><td>6,2</td><td>22,2</td><td>3,9</td><td>2,8</td><td>0,5</td><td>3,2</td><td>0,7</td><td>2,0</td><td>2,1</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B4H6_119</td><td>52,3</td><td>0,512164</td><td>9</td><td>-9,2</td><td>0,95</td><td>24,9</td><td>53,9</td><td>5,9</td><td>21,3</td><td>3,8</td><td>2,8</td><td>0,5</td><td>3,0</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,9</td><td>2,1</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B5H3_118</td><td>63,4</td><td>0,512166</td><td>6</td><td>-9,2</td><td>1,03</td><td>27,4</td><td>51,4</td><td>5,7</td><td>20,5</td><td>3,7</td><td>3,1</td><td>0,5</td><td>2,8</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,7</td><td>1,8</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B5H6_7</td><td>71,2</td><td>0,512149</td><td>7</td><td>-9,5</td><td>0,99</td><td>22,4</td><td>44,3</td><td>4,9</td><td>17,4</td><td>3,0</td><td>2,5</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,4</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,5</td><td>1,6</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>B6H2_119</td><td>81,9</td><td>0,512244</td><td>6</td><td>-7,7</td><td>0,90</td><td>21,7</td><td>42,6</td><td>4,8</td><td>17,4</td><td>3,1</td><td>2,6</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,5</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,7</td><td>1,8</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>C8H1_9</td><td>93,8</td><td>0,512221</td><td>6</td><td>-8,1</td><td>0,95</td><td>24,2</td><td>47,4</td><td>5,4</td><td>19,8</td><td>3,5</td><td>3,0</td><td>0,5</td><td>2,8</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,8</td><td>1,9</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>A7H4_110</td><td>111,2</td><td>0,512135</td><td>5</td><td>-9,8</td><td>0,96</td><td>25,1</td><td>48,8</td><td>5,5</td><td>19,6</td><td>3,3</td><td>2,7</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,6</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,8</td><td>1,9</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>A7H6_70</td><td>120,8</td><td>0,512132</td><td>5</td><td>-9,9</td><td>1,07</td><td>28,6</td><td>60,3</td><td>6,8</td><td>24,6</td><td>4,3</td><td>3,6</td><td>0,5</td><td>3,3</td><td>0,7</td><td>2,1</td><td>2,1</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>A7H6_119</td><td>122,8</td><td>0,512142</td><td>6</td><td>-9,7</td><td>0,99</td><td>26,7</td><td>56,5</td><td>6,5</td><td>23,1</td><td>4,0</td><td>3,2</td><td>0,5</td><td>3,0</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,9</td><td>2,2</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B8H3_119</td><td>128,7</td><td>0,512164</td><td>6</td><td>-9,2</td><td>0,98</td><td>18,1</td><td>34,0</td><td>3,9</td><td>13,8</td><td>2,4</td><td>2,0</td><td>0,3</td><td>1,9</td><td>0,4</td><td>1,3</td><td>1,3</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>B8H4_119</td><td>132,9</td><td>0,512206</td><td>5</td><td>-8,4</td><td>0,98</td><td>23,6</td><td>44,6</td><td>5,0</td><td>18,1</td><td>3,2</td><td>2,7</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,5</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,6</td><td>1,7</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B8H6_7</td><td>138,7</td><td>0,512322</td><td>4</td><td>-6,1</td><td>0,98</td><td>21,0</td><td>41,8</td><td>4,8</td><td>17,4</td><td>3,2</td><td>2,7</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,5</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,6</td><td>1,6</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>C10H2_119</td><td>140,1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1,15</td><td>27,3</td><td>62,5</td><td>6,9</td><td>25,4</td><td>4,5</td><td>3,8</td><td>0,6</td><td>3,5</td><td>0,7</td><td>2,0</td><td>2,0</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>C10H3_118</td><td>142,6</td><td>0,512117</td><td>6</td><td>-9,8</td><td>1,10</td><td>21,7</td><td>48,1</td><td>5,3</td><td>19,3</td><td>3,4</td><td>3,0</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,7</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,6</td><td>1,6</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>B10H3_119</td><td>162,8</td><td>0,512127</td><td>6</td><td>-10,0</td><td>1,00</td><td>25,0</td><td>51,3</td><td>5,7</td><td>20,2</td><td>3,6</td><td>2,9</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,7</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,8</td><td>1,9</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B10H4_118</td><td>165,5</td><td>0,512145</td><td>6</td><td>-9,6</td><td>0,99</td><td>24,4</td><td>48,7</td><td>5,4</td><td>19,4</td><td>3,4</td><td>2,8</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,7</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,7</td><td>1,8</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>A10H3_8</td><td>167,3</td><td>0,512126</td><td>7</td><td>-10,0</td><td>0,94</td><td>23,1</td><td>45,0</td><td>5,1</td><td>18,0</td><td>3,1</td><td>2,5</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,5</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,7</td><td>1,8</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>A10H3_119</td><td>169,3</td><td>0,512191</td><td>4</td><td>-8,7</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>B11H2_97</td><td>178,9</td><td>0,512180</td><td>3</td><td>-8,9</td><td>0,98</td><td>24,2</td><td>47,4</td><td>5,4</td><td>19,1</td><td>3,3</td><td>2,7</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,6</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,7</td><td>1,8</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B11H3_119</td><td>181,9</td><td>0,512194</td><td>5</td><td>-8,7</td><td>1,00</td><td>26,7</td><td>56,0</td><td>6,2</td><td>22,1</td><td>3,8</td><td>3,2</td><td>0,5</td><td>2,9</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,9</td><td>2,0</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B11H5_9</td><td>185,3</td><td>0,512143</td><td>7</td><td>-9,7</td><td>0,86</td><td>21,8</td><td>37,0</td><td>4,3</td><td>15,0</td><td>2,6</td><td>2,1</td><td>0,3</td><td>2,1</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,4</td><td>1,6</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>B11H6_9</td><td>192,6</td><td>0,512163</td><td>6</td><td>-9,3</td><td>0,98</td><td>23,3</td><td>45,3</td><td>5,1</td><td>18,4</td><td>3,2</td><td>2,6</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,5</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,7</td><td>1,7</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B11H6_119</td><td>195,3</td><td>0,512175</td><td>7</td><td>-9,0</td><td>0,97</td><td>25,2</td><td>49,4</td><td>5,6</td><td>20,1</td><td>3,5</td><td>2,9</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,8</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,8</td><td>1,9</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>C13H5_9</td><td>202,6</td><td>0,512193</td><td>5</td><td>-8,7</td><td>0,97</td><td>27,0</td><td>53,6</td><td>6,3</td><td>22,9</td><td>4,2</td><td>3,7</td><td>0,5</td><td>3,4</td><td>0,7</td><td>2,1</td><td>2,2</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>C13H5_119</td><td>205,2</td><td>0,512200</td><td>4</td><td>-8,6</td><td>0,94</td><td>23,6</td><td>46,2</td><td>5,3</td><td>19,2</td><td>3,5</td><td>2,9</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,8</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,8</td><td>1,9</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>A12H3_119</td><td>217,4</td><td>0,512201</td><td>7</td><td>-8,5</td><td>0,92</td><td>21,0</td><td>39,8</td><td>4,5</td><td>16,3</td><td>2,9</td><td>2,4</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,3</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,5</td><td>1,6</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>A12H5_118</td><td>224,0</td><td>0,512180</td><td>5</td><td>-8,9</td><td>0,98</td><td>25,1</td><td>49,3</td><td>5,6</td><td>19,8</td><td>3,4</td><td>2,9</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,8</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,8</td><td>1,9</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B13H7_9</td><td>234,8</td><td>0,512205</td><td>6</td><td>-8,5</td><td>0,97</td><td>23,7</td><td>45,5</td><td>5,2</td><td>18,6</td><td>3,2</td><td>2,7</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,5</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,6</td><td>1,8</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B16H3_119</td><td>253,9</td><td>0,512110</td><td>6</td><td>-10,3</td><td>0,97</td><td>24,0</td><td>47,3</td><td>5,4</td><td>19,1</td><td>3,4</td><td>2,7</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,6</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,7</td><td>1,8</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B16H5_119</td><td>262,5</td><td>0,512093</td><td>5</td><td>-10,6</td><td>1,00</td><td>25,3</td><td>47,1</td><td>5,4</td><td>18,8</td><td>3,1</td><td>2,5</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,4</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,6</td><td>1,7</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>C18H5_118</td><td>272,0</td><td>0,512149</td><td>5</td><td>-9,5</td><td>1,03</td><td>25,4</td><td>50,6</td><td>5,8</td><td>20,6</td><td>3,6</td><td>3,0</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,8</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,8</td><td>1,8</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B17H2_119</td><td>277,3</td><td>0,512141</td><td>5</td><td>-9,7</td><td>1,01</td><td>25,4</td><td>49,6</td><td>5,6</td><td>20,4</td><td>3,6</td><td>3,0</td><td>0,5</td><td>2,8</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,8</td><td>1,9</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B17H3_118</td><td>280,4</td><td>0,512153</td><td>6</td><td>-9,5</td><td>1,00</td><td>27,0</td><td>53,7</td><td>6,1</td><td>22,0</td><td>3,9</td><td>3,3</td><td>0,5</td><td>3,1</td><td>0,7</td><td>2,0</td><td>2,0</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B17H4_119</td><td>280,4</td><td>0,512192</td><td>5</td><td>-8,7</td><td>0,94</td><td>26,1</td><td>52,1</td><td>6,0</td><td>22,2</td><td>4,1</td><td>3,7</td><td>0,6</td><td>3,4</td><td>0,7</td><td>2,1</td><td>2,2</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>C19H6_8</td><td>300,4</td><td>0,512151</td><td>5</td><td>-9,5</td><td>1,04</td><td>26,3</td><td>53,0</td><td>6,0</td><td>22,2</td><td>4,0</td><td>3,4</td><td>0,5</td><td>3,1</td><td>0,7</td><td>1,9</td><td>2,0</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B18H3_119</td><td>310,3</td><td>0,512179</td><td>7</td><td>-8,9</td><td>1,07</td><td>25,0</td><td>51,1</td><td>5,8</td><td>20,7</td><td>3,8</td><td>3,1</td><td>0,5</td><td>2,8</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,8</td><td>1,8</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B19H1_119</td><td>334,9</td><td>0,512146</td><td>3</td><td>-9,6</td><td>1,07</td><td>24,2</td><td>49,7</td><td>5,6</td><td>20,1</td><td>3,6</td><td>3,0</td><td>0,5</td><td>2,7</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,7</td><td>1,7</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>A20H2_119</td><td>359,2</td><td>0,512092</td><td>7</td><td>-10,7</td><td>1,10</td><td>26,5</td><td>54,5</td><td>6,1</td><td>21,8</td><td>3,9</td><td>3,1</td><td>0,5</td><td>2,9</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,8</td><td>1,8</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>A20H4_9</td><td>364,8</td><td>0,512122</td><td>7</td><td>-10,1</td><td>1,05</td><td>25,2</td><td>51,6</td><td>5,8</td><td>21,1</td><td>3,9</td><td>3,2</td><td>0,5</td><td>2,9</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,8</td><td>1,8</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>A20H5_7</td><td>369,1</td><td>0,512124</td><td>5</td><td>-10,0</td><td>1,04</td><td>25,1</td><td>51,6</td><td>5,8</td><td>21,2</td><td>3,8</td><td>3,2</td><td>0,5</td><td>3,0</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,8</td><td>1,9</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B20H3_119</td><td>374,4</td><td>0,512126</td><td>5</td><td>-10,0</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>B20H5_8</td><td>379,9</td><td>0,512188</td><td>6</td><td>-8,8</td><td>1,04</td><td>24,6</td><td>49,7</td><td>5,7</td><td>20,7</td><td>3,8</td><td>3,2</td><td>0,5</td><td>3,0</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,9</td><td>2,0</td><td>0,3</td></tr></tbody></table>
Table 2 - continued

<table><thead><tr><th>sample</th><th>age</th><th>143Nd/<br>144Nd</th><th>2σ<br>(10<sup>-6</sup>)</th><th>εNd</th><th>(Nd/Yb)N</th><th>La</th><th>Ce</th><th>Pr</th><th>Nd</th><th>Sm</th><th>Gd</th><th>Tb</th><th>Dy</th><th>Ho</th><th>Er</th><th>Yb</th><th>Lu</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="19">30-63 µm size fraction</td></tr><tr><td>A1H1_117</td><td>3,7</td><td>0,512648</td><td>5</td><td>0,3</td><td>0,58</td><td>17,4</td><td>41,7</td><td>5,0</td><td>20,2</td><td>4,5</td><td>4,6</td><td>0,7</td><td>4,8</td><td>1,0</td><td>3,1</td><td>3,2</td><td>0,5</td></tr><tr><td>A1H2_119</td><td>8,1</td><td>0,512722</td><td>4</td><td>-3,9</td><td>0,54</td><td>16,5</td><td>42,3</td><td>5,2</td><td>21,4</td><td>4,9</td><td>5,1</td><td>0,8</td><td>5,4</td><td>1,2</td><td>3,5</td><td>3,7</td><td>0,5</td></tr><tr><td>A1H3_119</td><td>11,1</td><td>0,512230</td><td>9</td><td>-5,6</td><td>0,76</td><td>18,4</td><td>38,1</td><td>4,3</td><td>16,2</td><td>3,2</td><td>2,6</td><td>0,5</td><td>2,9</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,9</td><td>2,0</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B2H3_119</td><td>16,0</td><td>0,512313</td><td>6</td><td>-6,3</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>B2H4_8</td><td>16,7</td><td>0,512263</td><td>9</td><td>-7,2</td><td>0,90</td><td>14,6</td><td>31,5</td><td>3,5</td><td>13,2</td><td>2,5</td><td>2,4</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,2</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,4</td><td>1,3</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>A2H6_119</td><td>28,5</td><td>0,512230</td><td>9</td><td>-7,9</td><td>0,83</td><td>14,2</td><td>28,6</td><td>3,2</td><td>12,0</td><td>2,3</td><td>1,9</td><td>0,3</td><td>2,0</td><td>0,4</td><td>1,3</td><td>1,3</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>B4H6_119</td><td>52,3</td><td>0,512380</td><td>10</td><td>-5,0</td><td>0,74</td><td>15,6</td><td>27,7</td><td>3,2</td><td>12,4</td><td>2,4</td><td>2,0</td><td>0,3</td><td>2,1</td><td>0,4</td><td>1,4</td><td>1,5</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>B5H3_118</td><td>63,4</td><td>0,512460</td><td>8</td><td>3,4</td><td>0,81</td><td>17,5</td><td>36,3</td><td>4,2</td><td>16,1</td><td>3,1</td><td>2,6</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,7</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,7</td><td>1,8</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B5H6_7</td><td>71,2</td><td>0,512500</td><td>7</td><td>-2,7</td><td>0,73</td><td>17,6</td><td>37,8</td><td>4,4</td><td>17,0</td><td>3,5</td><td>3,0</td><td>0,5</td><td>3,2</td><td>0,7</td><td>2,0</td><td>2,2</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B6H2_119</td><td>81,9</td><td>0,512594</td><td>9</td><td>-0,8</td><td>0,70</td><td>20,7</td><td>45,3</td><td>5,3</td><td>20,2</td><td>4,1</td><td>3,5</td><td>0,6</td><td>3,8</td><td>0,8</td><td>2,5</td><td>2,6</td><td>0,4</td></tr><tr><td>C8H1_9</td><td>93,8</td><td>0,512563</td><td>9</td><td>-1,4</td><td>0,56</td><td>19,5</td><td>44,9</td><td>5,4</td><td>21,5</td><td>4,9</td><td>4,8</td><td>0,8</td><td>5,3</td><td>1,1</td><td>3,4</td><td>3,6</td><td>0,5</td></tr><tr><td>A7H4_110</td><td>111,2</td><td>0,512107</td><td>13</td><td>-10,3</td><td>0,99</td><td>26,0</td><td>35,5</td><td>4,1</td><td>15,7</td><td>2,8</td><td>2,3</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,3</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,4</td><td>1,5</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>A7H6_70</td><td>120,8</td><td>0,512499</td><td>5</td><td>-2,7</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>A7H6_119</td><td>122,8</td><td>0,512520</td><td>4</td><td>-2,3</td><td>0,95</td><td>27,1</td><td>68,5</td><td>7,5</td><td>26,7</td><td>4,7</td><td>4,0</td><td>0,6</td><td>3,7</td><td>0,8</td><td>2,4</td><td>2,6</td><td>0,4</td></tr><tr><td>B8H3_119</td><td>128,7</td><td>0,512508</td><td>7</td><td>-2,5</td><td>0,85</td><td>16,9</td><td>36,6</td><td>4,3</td><td>16,7</td><td>3,3</td><td>2,9</td><td>0,5</td><td>2,9</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,8</td><td>1,8</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B8H4_119</td><td>132,9</td><td>0,512500</td><td>6</td><td>-8,8</td><td>0,88</td><td>14,2</td><td>30,8</td><td>3,7</td><td>14,1</td><td>2,8</td><td>2,3</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,3</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,4</td><td>1,5</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>C10H3_118</td><td>142,6</td><td>0,512117</td><td>8</td><td>-9,3</td><td>1,01</td><td>15,1</td><td>32,8</td><td>3,7</td><td>14,0</td><td>2,7</td><td>2,5</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,2</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,3</td><td>1,3</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>B10H3_119</td><td>162,8</td><td>0,512187</td><td>9</td><td>-2,7</td><td>0,91</td><td>12,0</td><td>27,2</td><td>3,2</td><td>12,1</td><td>2,3</td><td>1,8</td><td>0,3</td><td>1,9</td><td>0,4</td><td>1,2</td><td>1,2</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>B10H4_118</td><td>165,5</td><td>0,512228</td><td>9</td><td>-8,0</td><td>0,82</td><td>12,3</td><td>27,3</td><td>3,2</td><td>11,9</td><td>2,2</td><td>1,8</td><td>0,3</td><td>2,0</td><td>0,4</td><td>1,3</td><td>1,3</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>A10H3_8</td><td>167,3</td><td>0,512173</td><td>7</td><td>-9,0</td><td>0,89</td><td>20,1</td><td>44,4</td><td>5,0</td><td>18,4</td><td>3,3</td><td>2,4</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,8</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,8</td><td>1,9</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>A10H3_119</td><td>169,3</td><td>0,512432</td><td>5</td><td>-4,0</td><td>0,66</td><td>14,1</td><td>33,4</td><td>4,0</td><td>15,6</td><td>3,2</td><td>2,9</td><td>0,5</td><td>3,2</td><td>0,7</td><td>2,1</td><td>2,2</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B11H2_97</td><td>178,9</td><td>0,512314</td><td>8</td><td>-6,3</td><td>0,78</td><td>12,1</td><td>27,0</td><td>3,1</td><td>12,0</td><td>2,4</td><td>2,0</td><td>0,3</td><td>2,2</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,3</td><td>1,4</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>B11H3_119</td><td>181,9</td><td>0,512270</td><td>7</td><td>-7,1</td><td>0,81</td><td>14,7</td><td>33,0</td><td>3,8</td><td>14,5</td><td>2,9</td><td>2,3</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,5</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,6</td><td>1,6</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>B11H5_9</td><td>185,3</td><td>0,512184</td><td>8</td><td>-8,8</td><td>0,80</td><td>11,6</td><td>26,1</td><td>3,1</td><td>11,4</td><td>2,2</td><td>1,8</td><td>0,3</td><td>2,0</td><td>0,4</td><td>1,3</td><td>1,3</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>B11H6_9</td><td>192,6</td><td>0,512258</td><td>11</td><td>-7,4</td><td>0,82</td><td>15,1</td><td>34,9</td><td>4,0</td><td>15,2</td><td>2,9</td><td>2,4</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,6</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,6</td><td>1,7</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B11H6_119</td><td>195,3</td><td>0,512317</td><td>8</td><td>-6,2</td><td>0,76</td><td>15,0</td><td>34,4</td><td>4,0</td><td>15,1</td><td>3,0</td><td>2,5</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,8</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,8</td><td>1,8</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>C13H5_9</td><td>202,6</td><td>0,512500</td><td>9</td><td>-7,7</td><td>0,57</td><td>15,0</td><td>37,1</td><td>4,4</td><td>17,3</td><td>3,8</td><td>3,6</td><td>0,6</td><td>4,1</td><td>0,9</td><td>2,7</td><td>2,8</td><td>0,4</td></tr><tr><td>C13H5_119</td><td>205,2</td><td>0,512652</td><td>5</td><td>0,3</td><td>0,49</td><td>13,6</td><td>34,7</td><td>4,2</td><td>17,3</td><td>4,0</td><td>4,0</td><td>0,7</td><td>4,6</td><td>1,0</td><td>3,1</td><td>3,2</td><td>0,5</td></tr><tr><td>A12H3_119</td><td>217,4</td><td>0,512464</td><td>9</td><td>-3,4</td><td>0,65</td><td>12,9</td><td>29,6</td><td>3,4</td><td>12,9</td><td>2,6</td><td>2,2</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,6</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,7</td><td>1,8</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>A12H5_118</td><td>224,0</td><td>0,512264</td><td>8</td><td>-7,3</td><td>0,83</td><td>13,9</td><td>31,1</td><td>3,5</td><td>12,8</td><td>2,4</td><td>1,9</td><td>0,3</td><td>2,1</td><td>0,4</td><td>1,3</td><td>1,4</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>B13H7_9</td><td>234,8</td><td>0,512478</td><td>8</td><td>-3,1</td><td>0,71</td><td>16,3</td><td>37,4</td><td>4,0</td><td>14,3</td><td>2,6</td><td>2,1</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,4</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,6</td><td>1,9</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B16H5_119</td><td>262,5</td><td>0,512114</td><td>6</td><td>-10,2</td><td>0,90</td><td>14,9</td><td>32,3</td><td>3,7</td><td>13,6</td><td>2,5</td><td>1,9</td><td>0,3</td><td>2,1</td><td>0,4</td><td>1,4</td><td>1,4</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>C18H5_118</td><td>272,0</td><td>0,512353</td><td>7</td><td>-5,5</td><td>0,86</td><td>17,5</td><td>40,5</td><td>4,7</td><td>17,6</td><td>3,4</td><td>2,7</td><td>0,5</td><td>2,9</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,8</td><td>1,9</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B17H2_119</td><td>277,3</td><td>0,512194</td><td>8</td><td>-8,6</td><td>0,92</td><td>20,6</td><td>42,4</td><td>4,8</td><td>17,6</td><td>3,2</td><td>2,6</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,7</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,8</td><td>1,8</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B17H3_118</td><td>280,4</td><td>0,512235</td><td>5</td><td>-7,8</td><td>0,89</td><td>19,4</td><td>43,7</td><td>5,0</td><td>18,2</td><td>3,4</td><td>2,6</td><td>0,5</td><td>2,8</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,8</td><td>1,9</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>C19H6_8</td><td>300,4</td><td>0,512281</td><td>6</td><td>-6,9</td><td>0,86</td><td>17,3</td><td>38,1</td><td>4,3</td><td>15,9</td><td>3,0</td><td>2,4</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,6</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,7</td><td>1,7</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B18H3_119</td><td>310,3</td><td>0,512395</td><td>7</td><td>-4,7</td><td>0,66</td><td>15,5</td><td>36,0</td><td>4,2</td><td>15,7</td><td>3,2</td><td>2,7</td><td>0,5</td><td>3,0</td><td>0,7</td><td>2,0</td><td>2,2</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B18H4_119</td><td>314,7</td><td></td><td>0</td><td></td><td>0,83</td><td>16,5</td><td>37,1</td><td>4,3</td><td>16,1</td><td>3,1</td><td>2,6</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,7</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,7</td><td>1,8</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B19H1_119</td><td>334,9</td><td>0,512263</td><td>7</td><td>-7,3</td><td>0,86</td><td>15,3</td><td>34,9</td><td>4,0</td><td>14,9</td><td>2,9</td><td>2,3</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,4</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,6</td><td>1,6</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>A20H2_119</td><td>359,2</td><td>0,512111</td><td>7</td><td>-10,2</td><td>1,08</td><td>17,3</td><td>37,6</td><td>4,3</td><td>15,4</td><td>2,9</td><td>2,2</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,2</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,3</td><td>1,3</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>A20H4_9</td><td>364,8</td><td>0,512148</td><td>8</td><td>-9,5</td><td>0,96</td><td>18,5</td><td>40,0</td><td>4,5</td><td>16,7</td><td>3,1</td><td>2,5</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,7</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,7</td><td>1,6</td><td>0,2</td></tr><tr><td>A20H5_7</td><td>369,1</td><td>0,512149</td><td>6</td><td>-9,5</td><td>0,95</td><td>20,4</td><td>45,6</td><td>5,1</td><td>19,1</td><td>3,6</td><td>2,6</td><td>0,5</td><td>2,8</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,8</td><td>1,9</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>A20H5_8</td><td>369,2</td><td>0,512203</td><td>8</td><td>-9,5</td><td>0,93</td><td>18,6</td><td>41,7</td><td>4,7</td><td>17,4</td><td>3,3</td><td>2,6</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,7</td><td>0,6</td><td>1,7</td><td>1,7</td><td>0,3</td></tr><tr><td>B20H3_119</td><td>374,4</td><td>0,512218</td><td>6</td><td>-8,2</td><td>0,78</td><td>15,1</td><td>33,2</td><td>3,8</td><td>14,2</td><td>2,7</td><td>2,1</td><td>0,4</td><td>2,4</td><td>0,5</td><td>1,6</td><td>1,7</td><td>0,2</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 3</caption><thead><tr><th>region</th><th>εNd (min)</th><th>εNd (max)</th><th>sample type</th><th>nombre of samples</th><th>references</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Honchu Hokkaido</td><td>5,0</td><td>6,0</td><td>not precised</td><td>not given</td><td>Mahoney and references therein, 2005</td></tr><tr><td>Kyushu Shikoku</td><td>-6,0</td><td>4,0</td><td>not precised</td><td>not given</td><td>Mahoney and references therein, 2005</td></tr><tr><td>Southern Japanese volcanos</td><td>-6,0</td><td>-4,0</td><td>volcanos</td><td>&gt; 39</td><td>Ishizaka and Carlson, 1983, Chen et al., 1993; Mahoney and references therein, 2005</td></tr><tr><td>Kagoshima River</td><td>2,0</td><td>2,0</td><td>river sediment</td><td>1</td><td>this study</td></tr><tr><td>Taïwan</td><td>-15,0</td><td>-10,0</td><td>not precised</td><td>55</td><td>Chen et al., 1990; John et al., 1990</td></tr><tr><td>Yangtze River (mouth)</td><td>-13,0</td><td>-10,5</td><td>river sediment</td><td>18</td><td>Goldstein et al., 1984; Yang et al., 2007; Bayon et al., 2015</td></tr><tr><td>Yellow River (mouth)</td><td>-12,6</td><td>-10,9</td><td>river sediment</td><td>4</td><td>Goldstein et al., 1984; Yang et al., 2007; Bayon et al., 2015</td></tr><tr><td>Yellow River (all reaches)</td><td>-13,9</td><td>-9,6</td><td>river sediment</td><td>not given</td><td>Hu et al., 2012 and references therein</td></tr><tr><td>Korean rivers</td><td>-27,5</td><td>-13,1</td><td>river sediment</td><td>8</td><td>Lan et al., 1995</td></tr><tr><td>Korean cristaline massif</td><td>-33,6</td><td>-4,5</td><td>crystaline massif</td><td>58</td><td>Lan et al., 1995; Lee et al., 2002</td></tr><tr><td>North Tianshan</td><td>-6,6</td><td>-5,2</td><td>quaternary loess</td><td>&gt;5</td><td>Liu et al., 1994 and references therein</td></tr><tr><td>SW Tarim Basin</td><td>-12,8</td><td>-9,1</td><td>quaternary loess</td><td>&gt;11</td><td>Liu et al., 1994 and references therein</td></tr><tr><td>NE China</td><td>-9,6</td><td>-8,5</td><td>quaternary loess</td><td>&gt;2</td><td>Liu et al., 1994 and references therein</td></tr><tr><td>Ordos Plateau</td><td>-21,0</td><td>-10,0</td><td>quaternary loess</td><td>not given</td><td>Chen et al., 2007; Sun et al., 2008, Hu et al., 2012</td></tr><tr><td>Central Loes Plateau</td><td>-12,0</td><td>-7,0</td><td>quaternary loess</td><td>not given</td><td>Chen et al., 2007; Sun et al., 2008, Hu et al., 2012</td></tr><tr><td>Nanjing</td><td>-12,2</td><td>-10,9</td><td>quaternary loess</td><td>not given</td><td>Liu et al., 1994 and references therein</td></tr></tbody></table>