# New Year's Day Speeches of Czech Presidents: Phonetic Analysis and Text Analysis

Milan Jičínský, Jaroslav Marek

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Milan Jičínský, Jaroslav Marek. New Year's Day Speeches of Czech Presidents: Phonetic Analysis and Text Analysis. 16th IFIP International Conference on Computer Information Systems and Industrial Management (CISIM), Jun 2017, Bialystok, Poland. pp.110-121, 10.1007/978-3-319-59105-6_10 hal-01656221

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# New Year's Day speeches of Czech presidents: phonetic analysis and text analysis

Milan Jičínský, Jaroslav Marek

Univerzita Pardubice, Fakulta elektrotechniky a informatiky

Studentská 95, 530 02 Pardubice I, Czech Republic

milan.jicinsky@student.upce.cz, Jaroslav.Marek@upce.cz

**Abstract.** The aim of our study is verification of programmed algorithms of phonetic analysis using concrete data, and reassurance that it works as also sought after. For our testing, the appropriate recordings of New Year's Day speeches of Czech and Czechoslovak presidents are available. The very first available recording of presidential speech comes from 1935. All transcripts and recordings of the last 87 speeches are located on the web page www.rozhlas.cz. The primary goal of this paper is to analyze voice characteristics of the speaker (log energy, speech velocity and Zero crossing rate). Especially words "with greatest energy" will be found. There will be a list of words having the highest energy values. The most interesting results will be presented by graphical tools. Using a software, capable of text analysis, transcript characteristics such as most frequent words, length of words, total number of words and different words will be computed. The most frequent words will be presented. Political speeches often become the subject of various analyses. Our calculation allows a new perspective on speeches. It is interesting to compare the most frequent semantic words and words with the greatest energy. The results can be historically important. It allows an extraction of new information from available data and scientifically different approach.

**Keywords:** New Year's Day speeches of Czech presidents, intensity of speech, vocabulary richness, speech velocity, Zero crossing rate, length of words

## 1 Introduction

Nowadays analysis of speech is very popular. It started in the second half of 20th century when basic signal characteristics were discovered. Fundamentals are well described in [1-3]. This field of study evolved very quickly so there are many applications from key word detection [4] across transcription of fluent speech [5] to recognition of speaker [6]. This article is reserved for those who want to study phonetic analysis and its fundamentals. Even historians whose field of study is 20th century in the Czech Republic can appreciate the most frequented words and words with the highest energy. Linguists can be satisfied with changes in individual speeches whether it's written or spoken.

Many authors aim their work on linguistic analysis of political speeches. For example, articles End-of-year speeches of Italian presidents or inaugural speeches of US
presidents were researched in [7, 8]. Relationship between ideology and language and thematic concentration of Czechoslovak New Year's Day speeches is analyzed in article [9]. Of course, it is very interesting to study influences of ideology, originality of author and his abilities to differ from uniformity. The most frequent words can provide an information about recent years because they react on the most important events. Some of those words will be listed.

Main goal of this publication is to present words that were said with the greatest energy. Words with the greatest energy allows to track what president emphasized on during a reading. Emphasis of the speaker will be probably on positive words. The only exception could be the time of war. Ideological words may be emphasized in some speeches. There will be one more characteristic calculated for each speech – speech velocity.

## 2 Voice characteristics

Analysis of recordings of New Year's Day speeches will be introduced in this chapter. The intensity of voice (energy) and speech velocity will represent voice characteristic of speaker. Energy tells something about how much emphasis speaker uses and speech velocity shows how fast speaker speaks. These variables can be influenced e.g. by age or by sickness. Then the words having the greatest energy can be found. It could be interesting to compare these words with most frequent thematic words. President didn't have to be an author of written text. But he could highlight any words he wanted to. It depended on what he considered to be important. This is the example of individuality. Then ZCR (zero crossing rate) characteristics will be shown.

<figure><img src="image_2.png" /><figcaption>Figure 1: “Dear fellow citizens” – Václav Havel (1998). Source: own.</figcaption></figure>

### 2.1 Obtaining data and its processing

Source data have been obtained from website www.rozhlas.cz. Speeches are recorded with useful software Audacity. Sampling rate of each speech is 8 kHz. Each recording is modified because the original ones contain a music before the speech starts. Calculations of voice parameters are realized in MATLAB. Scheme of processing can be simplified as on Figure 3.

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /><figcaption>Figure 2: Segmentation of recording into frames. Source: own.</figcaption></figure>
Segmentation means that the record is divided into frames of the same length (typically 20 ms long). Frames are overlapping each other right in the half (in this case). Overlapping is recommended to the fact that parameters can be changed in jumps. So this enhancement improves the dramatic changes and it can describe even changes near an edge of frame without loss of useful data. After the segmentation follows a parameterization. Feature vector values of each frame is computed during the parameterization. Features can be divided into: basic, spectral, cepstral and dynamic. ZCR and energy ranks among the basic features. Feature extraction and segmentation is also discussed in [2].

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>Figure 3: Audio processing. Source: own.</figcaption></figure>

## 2.2 Intensity of voice

The intensity of voice is characterized by energy. So the energy is a key parameter which defines the intensity of voice. Energy is defined as the sum of squared values of samples within one frame. Logarithm function is used for better range of energy values. In this case Log energy of ordinary noise is around 5. Whenever speech is contained in recording, values of energy are greater for those frames. Typically, the energy of speaking person can reach even value of 15. It depends on how loud speaker speaks. Log energy is defined as

$$E = \log\left(\sum_{n=0}^{L-1} x^2(n)\right), \qquad (1)$$

where L is the frame length, concretely the number of samples contained in the frame. x(n) is the designation for the current sample value.

In comparison of all presidents it's evident to see that president Hácha spoke not as loud as others. He had no emphasis. This could be caused by political situation. Hácha used to be a president during the hardest time of the Czechoslovak history. He was helpless president of protectorate state. The only thing he could do was to make peo-
ple feel calm and safe, even if it wasn't possible. As for president Husák, very signifi-
cant decrease of energy was observed between years 1978 and 1979.

<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>Figure 4: Log energy: mean value. Source: own.</figcaption></figure>

2.3 ZCR

Zero crossing rate is a parameter that characterizes changing of sign from negative to positive or back. Zero crossing rate is related to the frequency. There is one value of ZCR for each frame (the same as for the energy). The principle of ZCR can be easily explained with Figure 5. ZCR value is equal to the count of all dots. The dots are placed to the points where signal intersects x axis and changes the sign.

<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>Figure 5: Explanation of ZCR - 20ms frame containing of phoneme “a”. Source: own.</figcaption></figure>
It's often used for voice activity detection [11] – to find out if human speech in record is present or not. As for voiced signal ZCR values are typically low. Noises and unvoiced signals have higher values. This method is sensitive to noises and direct component shifts. It even allows us to find out if concrete phoneme is voiced (b,d,g,z,v,h,...) or unvoiced (p,t,k,s,f,ch,c,...). Especially the sibilance (s,c,š,č,...) have higher ZCR values.

$$ZCR = 1/2 \sum_{n=1}^{L-1} |\operatorname{sgn} x(n) - \operatorname{sgn} x(n-1)|. \quad (2)$$

<figure><img src="image_7.png" /><figcaption>Figure 6: Zero crossing rate: mean value. Source: own.</figcaption></figure>

Data variability is relatively high. So, the mean value of ZCR is not that good to represent individual speaker. Better results can be obtained using ZCR dynamically. That means ZCR of each frame is used. Then search for dynamic changes instead of treating it as one static value. It's preferable to use it for each frame.

## 2.4 Speech velocity

For the purposes of the article there is a created parameter that can be used to link results of text and voice interpretation into one value that characterizes the speaker. It's called speech velocity. This mean value represents how many words the speaker pronounces during the time of one second. The speech of president Husák from 1989 is significantly the slowest. President Hácha is speaking relatively slowly too. On the
other hand, the fastest tempo of speaking can be recognized in speeches from 1938, 1943 (Beneš), 1959 (Novotný) and 1996 (Havel).

<figure><img src="image_8.png" /><figcaption>Figure 7: Speech velocity: mean value. Source: own.</figcaption></figure>

## 3 Characteristics of written text

All studies are realized for 87 speeches of Czechoslovak presidents, Czech presidents or Czechoslovak prime ministers. The unique situation happened due to the World War II. The Czechoslovak Republic had two presidents. President Beneš left his country and exiled to the Great Britain. But he was still very politically active. Then Hácha was chosen to be a president of protectorate. So, both groups of speeches were analyzed between 1940 and 1945. On the other hand, president in exile is considered to be more important subject of our analysis.

We can expect changes in using of different length words during a long history of New Year's Day speeches. Therefore, the first aim of our calculation is to determine average of word length. Calculations of text parameters are made using software based on Java [10] called „Statistika v lexikální analýze“. This GUI (Graphical User Interface) has been created during diploma thesis. It makes easier the whole text processing. The software allows to analyze frequent letters and words, length of words, aggregation and alliteration and some other features. The original purpose of existence of software is analysis of poems and its translations as in [12].

### 3.1 Mean of word length

On the Figure 8 can be seen mean values of length of words of analyzed texts. Length of words of communistic presidents (Zápotocký, Novotný, Husák) is much
greater than nowadays (Havel, Klaus, Zeman). President Beneš used the shortest words. The greatest variability can be seen at Svoboda and Hácha. Estimate of expected value is given by

$$ \bar{x} = 1/n \sum_{i=1}^{k} if_{i}, \qquad (3) $$

where $i = 1, ..., k$ is length of word, $k$ is length of the longest word.

<figure><img src="image_9.png" /><figcaption>Figure 8: Length of words: mean value. Source: own.</figcaption></figure>

## 3.2 The most frequent words

Conjunctions and prepositions of course ranks among the most frequent words. Conjunction “a” is the most frequent in all speeches except Novotný (1964) – “v”, Svoboda (1973) – “v” and Hácha (1944) – “se”. Figure 10 is the list of sorted conjunctions and prepositions used from first to fourth position. The common words can be seen. The most frequent words with meaning will be presented in Figure 10 too. These words differ much more than prepositions. Presidents react on current political events such as crisis, protectorate, war or return of democracy. Meaning words can provide a quick preview of content. Comparison with inaugural speeches of US presidents can be interesting. As for words with meaning, for example Roosevelt (1933) said words: HAVE, NATIONAL and Truman (1949) used the words: WORD, HAVE, NATIONS, PEACE, FREEDOM, PEOPLE, FREE, UNITED, MORE, SECURITY, DEMOCRACY [7]. See Figure 9 or 10.
<table><caption>Figure 9: The most frequent words (Czech version). Source: own.</caption><thead><tr><th></th><th>Tomáš Garrique Masaryk (1850-1937)</th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th></tr><tr><th></th><th>1935: a, se, na, v</th><th>národů</th><th>stát</th><th>pokoj</th><th>V HOSPODÁŘSKÉM i politickém</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="6"><strong>Edvard Beneš (1884-1948)</strong></td></tr><tr><td>1936: a, aby, v, i</td><td>národ</td><td>prezident</td><td>stát</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1937: a, v, se, ze</td><td>demokracie</td><td>evropě</td><td>dneřní</td><td></td><td>BUDEME</td></tr><tr><td>1938: a, v, je, co</td><td>rok</td><td>státu</td><td>dobře</td><td></td><td>NA POLI politickém</td></tr><tr><td>1941: a, v, se, na</td><td>bude</td><td>zase</td><td>vánoce</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1942: a, se, to, ze</td><td>války</td><td>vítězství</td><td>dnes</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1943: a, ze, v, se</td><td>bude</td><td>německo</td><td>dnes</td><td></td><td>KDYBY SNAD tak zvaná slovenská vláda</td></tr><tr><td>1944: a, v, na, ze</td><td>naši</td><td>svazu</td><td>sovětského</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1945: a, v, na, ze</td><td>bude</td><td>dnes</td><td>roku</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1946: a, v, se, to</td><td>nové</td><td>dnes</td><td>války</td><td></td><td>po utrpeních VÁLEČNÝCH z rukou nepřátel</td></tr><tr><td>1947: a, v, na, o</td><td>život</td><td>bude</td><td>dneřní</td><td></td><td>o zření CLEVOKA na nového</td></tr><tr><td>1948: a, i, na, se</td><td>život</td><td>člověk</td><td>roku</td><td></td><td>I JO bude našemu životu prospělé</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6"><strong>Emil Hácha (1872-1945)</strong></td></tr><tr><td>1939:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1940: a, z, i, v</td><td>sdne</td><td>dětem</td><td>večer</td><td></td><td>NEMŮŽE</td></tr><tr><td>1941: a, v, se, na</td><td>národní</td><td>doba</td><td>národa</td><td></td><td>SVEŘOVY předod</td></tr><tr><td>1942: a, na, v, jim</td><td>vánoce</td><td>radosti</td><td>dnes</td><td></td><td>vedle ZÁŘÍČHOVÁNOVÍHO stromku</td></tr><tr><td>1943: se, a, v, čišť</td><td>hře</td><td>vánoce</td><td>děj</td><td></td><td>NEVÁHEJTĚ</td></tr><tr><td>1944: a, na, ze, v</td><td>hře</td><td>národu</td><td>spoluobčané</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1945: a, se, ze, v</td><td>válka</td><td>vánoce</td><td>radosti</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="6"><strong>Klement Gottwald (1896-1953)</strong></td></tr><tr><td>1949: a, v, k, na</td><td>našeho</td><td>plánu</td><td>roku</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1950: a, o, v, ze</td><td>procent</td><td>roku</td><td>více</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1951: a, v, na, o</td><td>roce</td><td>naše</td><td>minulém</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1952: a, v, na, se</td><td>míru</td><td>více</td><td>přímýslu</td><td></td><td>UBRÁNILI mír</td></tr><tr><td>1953: a, v, ze, na</td><td>míru</td><td>sovětského</td><td>vášky</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="6"><strong>Antonin Zápotocký (1884-1957)</strong></td></tr><tr><td>1954: a, v, i, na</td><td>hospodáštví</td><td>nuto</td><td>mír</td><td></td><td>KULIURNÍ (drupe našeho) lidu</td></tr><tr><td>1955: a, i, v, se</td><td>míru</td><td>národní</td><td>republiky</td><td></td><td>naše mírumilované BUDOVÁNÍ</td></tr><tr><td>1956: a, i, v, se</td><td>budování</td><td>míru</td><td>republiky</td><td></td><td>zaměstnancům V LIDOVÉ i státní správě</td></tr><tr><td>1957: a, i, v, na</td><td>lidu</td><td>roku</td><td>ubějí</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="6"><strong>Antonín Novotny (1904-1975)</strong></td></tr><tr><td>1958: a, v, se, na</td><td>stram</td><td>lidu</td><td>komunistické</td><td></td><td>PRÍLOŽIME-LI všichni ruku</td></tr><tr><td>1959: a, v, na, o</td><td>výsledky</td><td>práce</td><td>dnes</td><td></td><td>cílem je BUDOVAŤ socialistický říd</td></tr><tr><td>1960: a, v, se, na</td><td>zemědělsví</td><td>roce</td><td>československa</td><td></td><td>jak jASOU dosvadnění výsledky</td></tr><tr><td>1961: a, v, se, na</td><td>socialistické</td><td>roce</td><td>společnosti</td><td></td><td>ÚTEVŇOVAŤ naše československou</td></tr><tr><td>1962: a, v, na, ze</td><td>hospodáští</td><td>roku</td><td>rok</td><td></td><td>OBRAŽ státní čišťování důrvené</td></tr><tr><td>1963: a, na, v, se</td><td>jezdu</td><td>usnesení</td><td>socialistické</td><td></td><td>JEIČÍCI cílem je vytvořit</td></tr><tr><td>1964: a, v, na, i</td><td>hospodáští</td><td>roku</td><td>národní</td><td></td><td>CO DNEŠ může měti</td></tr><tr><td>1965: a, v, na, i</td><td>hospodáští</td><td>společnosti</td><td>roce</td><td></td><td>YVUDÍVÁLI měse socialusmus</td></tr><tr><td>1966: a, v, na, se</td><td>společnosti</td><td>hospodáští</td><td>vývoj</td><td></td><td>BUDOULI čitná národní výbory</td></tr><tr><td>1967: a, v, na, ze</td><td>hospodáští</td><td>životní</td><td>roce</td><td></td><td>UVOLNĚNí mezinárodního napětí</td></tr><tr><td>1968: a, v, na, ze</td><td>republiky</td><td>socialismu</td><td>národní</td><td></td><td>PUĐÍLÍ i lotos hospodášky vývoj</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6"><strong>Ludvík Svoboda (1895-1979)</strong></td></tr><tr><td>1969: a, v, i, na</td><td>rok</td><td>práce</td><td>lidu</td><td></td><td>která píše věchyna DRAMAŤA</td></tr><tr><td>1970: a, v, i, to</td><td>země</td><td>ražvoje</td><td>roce</td><td></td><td>ZABĚZŘECUJÍ vlěstranný ražvoj</td></tr><tr><td>1971: a, i, v, se</td><td>socialistické</td><td>práce</td><td>ražvoje</td><td></td><td>KAŽDĚHOV I naše</td></tr><tr><td>1972: a, v, vám, i</td><td>rok</td><td>program</td><td>komunistické</td><td></td><td>PREJÍVÁM vám</td></tr><tr><td>1973: v, a, se, i</td><td>roce</td><td>ášpečů</td><td>mezinárodní</td><td></td><td>USILJÍJEME o ražvoj</td></tr><tr><td>1974: a, se, v, pro</td><td>komunistické</td><td>ražvoj</td><td>roku</td><td></td><td>díky UVĚDOMELEŽMU pochopit</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6"><strong>Gustav Husák (1913-1991)</strong></td></tr><tr><td>1975: a, v, i, se</td><td>lidu</td><td>roce</td><td>hospodáští</td><td></td><td>vášech MÍROVÝCH a ve světě</td></tr><tr><td>1976: a, v, i, na</td><td>lidu</td><td>československa</td><td>národní</td><td></td><td>přišťíme se všichni</td></tr><tr><td>1977: a, v, i, na</td><td>rok</td><td>práci</td><td>lidu</td><td></td><td>S VEDOMÍM odpovědných hospodářů</td></tr><tr><td>1978: a, v, i, se</td><td>lidu</td><td>rok</td><td>státu</td><td></td><td>PUSOBI vnější dopyta na naši ekonomiku</td></tr><tr><td>1979: a, v, se, i</td><td>lidu</td><td>rok</td><td>socialistické</td><td></td><td>V SOULADŮ se záměry plánu</td></tr><tr><td>1980: a, v, se, na</td><td>lidu</td><td>rok</td><td>socialistického</td><td></td><td>SOUČASNÉ jasou zdrojem sáky</td></tr><tr><td>1981: a, v, i, se</td><td>lidu</td><td>práce</td><td>roce</td><td></td><td>ve ZKUSENOSTÍ a budováním</td></tr><tr><td>1982: a, v, se, s</td><td>socialistického</td><td>práce</td><td>roku</td><td></td><td>UROVEN a hření a kvalitu veľkého práce</td></tr><tr><td>1983: a, v, na, i</td><td>lidu</td><td>státy</td><td>práte</td><td></td><td>K CÍLI váká může vést</td></tr><tr><td>1984: a, v, pro, se</td><td>lidu</td><td>svítěz</td><td>plátele</td><td></td><td>PEJÍALI jíme můžete závěry</td></tr><tr><td>1985: a, v, na, se</td><td>rok</td><td>národní</td><td>vlasti</td><td></td><td>SIROKA společenská a pracovní aktivita</td></tr><tr><td>1986: a, v, se, na</td><td>práce</td><td>lidu</td><td>rok</td><td></td><td>VYKONANOU práci přítom hodnotíme</td></tr><tr><td>1987: a, v, se, i</td><td>rok</td><td>národní</td><td>socialistické</td><td></td><td>hodnotíme VŠAK realisticky</td></tr><tr><td>1988: a, v, je, na</td><td>práci</td><td>roku</td><td>národní</td><td></td><td>uvádí jíme UPRÍMNÉ výsledky</td></tr><tr><td>1989: a, v, je, k</td><td>společnosti</td><td>zasedání</td><td>práci</td><td></td><td>VYUŽÍVÁME to, o p. možné uplatnit</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6"><strong>Václav Havel (1936-2011)</strong></td></tr><tr><td>1990: a, se, ze, v</td><td>republic</td><td>země</td><td>národy</td><td></td><td>BYLO by velmi nerozumné</td></tr><tr><td>1991: a, se, ze</td><td>rok</td><td>věřím</td><td>systém</td><td></td><td>MÍLI spoluobčané</td></tr><tr><td>1992: a, se, v, ze</td><td>nářek</td><td>stát</td><td>hláděme</td><td></td><td>TO věčkno je samozřejmě dobrá</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6"><strong>prěseda vlády Václav Klaus (1941)</strong></td></tr><tr><td>1993: a, se, v, na</td><td>české</td><td>republiky</td><td>stát</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="6"><strong>prěseda parlamentu Milan Uhde (1936)</strong></td></tr><tr><td>1995: a, se, je, ze</td><td>domov</td><td>stát</td><td>život</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="6"><strong>Václav Havel (1936-2011)</strong></td></tr><tr><td>1994: a, se, v, na</td><td>stát</td><td>obšanáké</td><td>společnosti</td><td></td><td>nei ÚČLU je věštem nestandardnímu</td></tr><tr><td>1995: a, se, v, je</td><td>stát</td><td>polityky</td><td>naděje</td><td></td><td>I NADEJE je práce, práce možně očitná</td></tr><tr><td>1996: a, se, ze, v</td><td>zemi</td><td>státu</td><td>společnosti</td><td></td><td>MYSLÍM, ze i soudobý vývoj</td></tr><tr><td>1997: a, k, se, je</td><td>znamení</td><td>člověk</td><td>věcí</td><td></td><td>coi NENÍ zároveň byloši</td></tr><tr><td>1998: a, se, to, v</td><td>politika</td><td>znaměna</td><td>věcí</td><td></td><td>MÍLI spoluobčané</td></tr><tr><td>1999: a, se, i, ze</td><td>zříž</td><td>evropy</td><td>leby</td><td></td><td>MÍRA našeho zápalu pro vizi</td></tr><tr><td>2000: a, se, i, ze</td><td>život</td><td>světa</td><td>lidi</td><td></td><td>VÍM, jak to zní něpopulárně</td></tr><tr><td>2001: a, v, je, se</td><td>zájmu</td><td>lidí</td><td>společnosti</td><td></td><td>VSÍCHNÍ píce vime</td></tr><tr><td>2002: a, se, o, ze, v</td><td>stálem</td><td>evropské</td><td>země</td><td></td><td>POMOHLÓ by nám, uvědomit si</td></tr><tr><td>2003: a, se, v, je</td><td>státu</td><td>rok</td><td>sozušti</td><td></td><td>MÍLI spoluobčané</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6"><strong>Václav Klaus (1941)</strong></td></tr><tr><td>2004: a, se, v, i</td><td>rok</td><td>zemi</td><td>české</td><td></td><td>že TÍMATO okamžikem</td></tr><tr><td>2005: a, se, v, na</td><td>rok</td><td>stát</td><td>země</td><td></td><td>UCÍME se rozlišovat</td></tr><tr><td>2006: a, se, v, se, ze</td><td>evropské</td><td>evropské</td><td>roku</td><td></td><td>po ODMÍ ŽNUTÍ EVROPSKÉ ústav y</td></tr><tr><td>2007: a, se, v, ze</td><td>rok</td><td>evropské</td><td>nic</td><td></td><td>NESMI nám být hostřejné</td></tr><tr><td>2008: a, se, v, i</td><td>rok</td><td>země</td><td>přícházejí</td><td></td><td>chtěl běv VÁS UBEZŘECÍ</td></tr><tr><td>2009: a, se, v, k</td><td>rok</td><td>unie</td><td>evropské</td><td></td><td>URČÍTE tímto kouzeľným proutkem</td></tr><tr><td>2010: a, se, v, to</td><td>rok</td><td>pokles</td><td>občanů</td><td></td><td>URČÍTE lépe než bylo</td></tr><tr><td>2011: a, se, v, to</td><td>rok</td><td>vláda</td><td>blasům</td><td></td><td>UVNÍŘT společnosti</td></tr><tr><td>2012: a, se, v, ze</td><td>rok</td><td>zemi</td><td>evropě</td><td></td><td>NÁROKY biťaj posilovány</td></tr><tr><td>2013: a, v, je, se</td><td>den</td><td>zemi</td><td>rok</td><td></td><td>UVNÍŘT občí</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6"><strong>Miláš Zeman (1944)</strong></td></tr><tr><td>2014: a, se, ze, jaem</td><td>rok</td><td>poděkovat</td><td>život</td><td></td><td>NEMLUVÍM teď o rodělení společnosti</td></tr><tr><td>2015: a, se, ze, jsem</td><td>roku</td><td>nukdy</td><td>rok</td><td></td><td>MAM-LI hodnotit vládu</td></tr><tr><td>2016: a, ze, je, se</td><td>země</td><td>roce</td><td>republiky</td><td></td><td>DRUHOU dobrou zprávou</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Figure 10: The most frequent words and words with the highest energy. Source: own.</caption><thead><tr><th></th><th>nations</th><th>states</th><th>serenity</th><th>ECONOMIC and political</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="5"><strong>Edvard Beneš (1884-1948)</strong></td></tr><tr><td>1936 and, that, in, even</td><td>nation</td><td>president</td><td>state</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>1937 and, in, with, that</td><td>democracy</td><td>Europe</td><td>today</td><td>we WILL</td></tr><tr><td>1938 and, in, is, what</td><td>year</td><td>state</td><td>good</td><td>political ARENA</td></tr><tr><td>1941 and, in, with, on</td><td>will</td><td>again</td><td>Christmas</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>1942 and, with, to, that</td><td>war</td><td>victory</td><td>today</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>1943 and, that, in, with</td><td>will</td><td>Germany</td><td>today</td><td>MAYBE IF so-called Slovak Government</td></tr><tr><td>1944 and, in, to, with</td><td>our</td><td>union</td><td>soviet</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>1945 and, in, on, that</td><td>will</td><td>today</td><td>year</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>1946 and, in, with, it</td><td>new</td><td>today</td><td>war</td><td>after WAR suffering at the hands of enemies</td></tr><tr><td>1947 and, in, on, about</td><td>aparitions</td><td>will</td><td>today</td><td>the birth of a new MAN</td></tr><tr><td>1948 and, even, on, with</td><td>live</td><td>human</td><td>year</td><td>AND IT will be beneficial to our lives</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5"><strong>Emil Hácha (1872-1945)</strong></td></tr><tr><td>1939 -</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>CAN NOT</td></tr><tr><td>1940 and, from, even, in</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>FULL family circle</td></tr><tr><td>1941 and, in, with, on</td><td>heart</td><td>child</td><td>night</td><td>WORLD rebirth</td></tr><tr><td>1942 and, on, in, them</td><td>national</td><td>period</td><td>nations</td><td>beside the GLOWING Christmas tree</td></tr><tr><td>1943 with, in, and, all</td><td>Christmas</td><td>pleasures</td><td>today</td><td>DO NOT HESTATE</td></tr><tr><td>1944 and, on, that, in</td><td>empire</td><td>Christmas</td><td>plot</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>1945 and, with, that, in</td><td>war</td><td>nation</td><td>pleasures</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5"><strong>Klement Gotwald (1896-1953)</strong></td></tr><tr><td>1949 and, in, to, on</td><td>our</td><td>plan</td><td>year</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>1950 and, about, in, that</td><td>percent</td><td>year</td><td>more</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>1951 and, in, on, about</td><td>year</td><td>our</td><td>last</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>1952 and, in, on, with</td><td>year</td><td>more</td><td>industry</td><td>WITHSTOOD peace</td></tr><tr><td>1953 and, in, that, on</td><td>peace</td><td>soviet</td><td>war</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5"><strong>Antonín Zápotocký (1884-1957)</strong></td></tr><tr><td>1954 and, in, even, on</td><td>economy</td><td>necessary</td><td>peace</td><td>CULTURAL level of our people</td></tr><tr><td>1955 and, even, in, with</td><td>peace</td><td>nation</td><td>republic</td><td>our peaceful BUILDING</td></tr><tr><td>1956 and, even, in, with</td><td>building</td><td>peace</td><td>republic</td><td>employees IN POLK and state</td></tr><tr><td>1957 and, even, in, on</td><td>people</td><td>year</td><td>coal</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5"><strong>Antonín Novotný (1904-1975)</strong></td></tr><tr><td>1958 and, in, with, on</td><td>party</td><td>people</td><td>communistic</td><td>If we ENCLOSE hand</td></tr><tr><td>1959 and, in, on, about</td><td>results</td><td>work</td><td>today</td><td>the aim is to BUILD a socialist order</td></tr><tr><td>1960 and, in, with, on</td><td>agriculture</td><td>year</td><td>czehoslovakia</td><td>WHAT ARE the existing results</td></tr><tr><td>1961 and, in, with, on</td><td>socialistic</td><td>year</td><td>society</td><td>STRENGTHEN our czehoslovak</td></tr><tr><td>1962 and, in, on, with</td><td>economy</td><td>year</td><td>year</td><td>IMAGE of living standards growth</td></tr><tr><td>1963 and, in, with, on</td><td>congress</td><td>decree</td><td>socialistic</td><td>THEIR goal is to create</td></tr><tr><td>1964 and, in, on, even</td><td>economy</td><td>year</td><td>nation</td><td>WHAT TODAY can we say</td></tr><tr><td>1965 and, in, even, on</td><td>economy</td><td>society</td><td>year</td><td>We have BUILT socialism</td></tr><tr><td>1966 and, in, on, with</td><td>society</td><td>economy</td><td>progression</td><td>IF THEY WANT national committees</td></tr><tr><td>1967 and, in, on, that</td><td>economy</td><td>vital</td><td>year</td><td>THAW of international tensions</td></tr><tr><td>1968 and, in, even, on</td><td>republic</td><td>socialismus</td><td>national</td><td>IF IT GOES this year economic development</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5"><strong>Ludvík Svoboda (1895-1979)</strong></td></tr><tr><td>1969 and, in, even, on</td><td>year</td><td>work</td><td>people</td><td>that despite all the DRAMA</td></tr><tr><td>1970 and, in, even, on</td><td>country</td><td>advancement</td><td>year</td><td>ENSURING all-round development</td></tr><tr><td>1971 and, even, in, with</td><td>socialistic</td><td>work</td><td>advancement</td><td>EACH of us</td></tr><tr><td>1972 and, in, You, even</td><td>year</td><td>program</td><td>communistic</td><td>1WISH you all</td></tr><tr><td>1973 and, in, with, even</td><td>year</td><td>achievements</td><td>international</td><td>We SEEK to develop</td></tr><tr><td>1974 and, with, in, for</td><td>communistic</td><td>advancement</td><td>year</td><td>thanks CONSCIOUS understanding</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5"><strong>Gustáv Husák (1913-1991)</strong></td></tr><tr><td>1975 and, in, even, with</td><td>people</td><td>year</td><td>economy</td><td>ALL PEACEKEEPING force in the world</td></tr><tr><td>1976 and, in, even, on</td><td>people</td><td>czehoslovak ac</td><td>national</td><td>LET US ALL</td></tr><tr><td>1977 and, in, even, on</td><td>year</td><td>work</td><td>people</td><td>AWARE responsible landlords</td></tr><tr><td>1978 and, in, even, with</td><td>people</td><td>year</td><td>public</td><td>OPERATES external impacts on our economy</td></tr><tr><td>1979 and, in, with, even</td><td>people</td><td>year</td><td>socialistic</td><td>in ACCORDANCE with the intent Plan</td></tr><tr><td>1980 and, in, with, on</td><td>people</td><td>year</td><td>socialistic</td><td>CURRENT are a source of security</td></tr><tr><td>1981 and, in, even, with</td><td>people</td><td>work</td><td>year</td><td>in-building EXPERIENCE</td></tr><tr><td>1982 and, in, with, with</td><td>people</td><td>socialistic</td><td>year</td><td>LEVEL, quality, management of all labor</td></tr><tr><td>1983 and, in, on, even</td><td>people</td><td>states</td><td>work</td><td>however, it lead to the DESTINATION</td></tr><tr><td>1984 and, in, for, with</td><td>people</td><td>world</td><td>friends</td><td>WE ADOPTED the necessary conclusions</td></tr><tr><td>1985 and, in, on, with</td><td>year</td><td>nation</td><td>motherland</td><td>BROAD social and work-related activity</td></tr><tr><td>1986 and, in, with, on</td><td>work</td><td>people</td><td>year</td><td>work DONE we simultaneously evaluate</td></tr><tr><td>1987 and, in, with, even</td><td>year</td><td>work</td><td>socialistic</td><td>HOWEVER realistically evaluate</td></tr><tr><td>1988 and, in, is, on</td><td>work</td><td>year</td><td>national</td><td>We SINCERELY welcome the results</td></tr><tr><td>1989 and, in, on, about</td><td>society</td><td>meeting</td><td>work</td><td>We UTILIZE what may be exercised</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5"><strong>Václav Havel (1936-2011)</strong></td></tr><tr><td>1990 and, with, that, in</td><td>republic</td><td>country</td><td>nations</td><td>It WOULD be very unwise</td></tr><tr><td>1991 and, in, with, that</td><td>year</td><td>believe</td><td>system</td><td>DEAR fellows</td></tr><tr><td>1992 and, with, in, that</td><td>year</td><td>state</td><td>search</td><td>THIS is all good, of course,</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5"><strong>Prime minister Václav Klaus (1941)</strong></td></tr><tr><td>1993 and, with, in, on</td><td>czech</td><td>republic</td><td>state</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5"><strong>Chair of parliament Milan Uhde (1936)</strong></td></tr><tr><td>1993 and, with, je, that</td><td>home</td><td>state</td><td>life</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5"><strong>Václav Havel (1936-2011)</strong></td></tr><tr><td>1994 and, with, in, on</td><td>polity</td><td>civil</td><td>society</td><td>than RESPECT for all nonstandard</td></tr><tr><td>1995 and, with, in, is</td><td>polity</td><td>politics</td><td>hope</td><td>even HOPE is work, may be difficult</td></tr><tr><td>1996 and, with, that, in</td><td>country</td><td>state</td><td>society</td><td>I THINK that contemporary developments</td></tr><tr><td>1997 and, to, with, is</td><td>sign</td><td>human</td><td>things</td><td>This is NOT the same time being</td></tr><tr><td>1998 and, with, to, in</td><td>policy</td><td>means</td><td>things</td><td>DEAR fellows</td></tr><tr><td>1999 and, with, in, even</td><td>wall</td><td>Europe</td><td>years</td><td>RATE our passion for vision</td></tr><tr><td>2000 and, with, even, that</td><td>life</td><td>world</td><td>peoples</td><td>I KNOW how unpopular it sounds</td></tr><tr><td>2001 and, in, is, with</td><td>interest</td><td>people</td><td>society</td><td>We ALL know yet</td></tr><tr><td>2002 and, with, about, that</td><td>polity</td><td>European</td><td>country</td><td>It would help us realize</td></tr><tr><td>2003 and, with, in, is</td><td>year</td><td>cohabitation</td><td>year</td><td>DEAR fellows</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5"><strong>Václav Klaus (1941)</strong></td></tr><tr><td>2004 and, with, in, even</td><td>year</td><td>country</td><td>czech</td><td>that THIS moment</td></tr><tr><td>2005 and, with, in, on</td><td>year</td><td>state</td><td>country</td><td>are LEARNING to distinguish</td></tr><tr><td>2006 and, with, that, in</td><td>European</td><td>life</td><td>year</td><td>after the rejection of the European Constitution</td></tr><tr><td>2007 and, with, in, that</td><td>year</td><td>European</td><td>nothing</td><td>MUST NOT be indifferent to us</td></tr><tr><td>2008 and, with, in, even</td><td>year</td><td>country</td><td>coming</td><td>I would like to ASSURE you</td></tr><tr><td>2009 and, in, with, to</td><td>year</td><td>Union</td><td>european</td><td>CERTAINLY this magic wand</td></tr><tr><td>2010 and, with, in, it</td><td>year</td><td>decrease</td><td>citizen</td><td>CERTAINLY better than</td></tr><tr><td>2011 and, with, in, it</td><td>year</td><td>government</td><td>voices</td><td>INSIDE society</td></tr><tr><td>2012 and, with, in, that</td><td>year</td><td>country</td><td>Europe</td><td>CLAIMS are strengthening</td></tr><tr><td>2013 and, in, is, am</td><td>day</td><td>country</td><td>year</td><td>INSIDE municipalities</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5"><strong>Milol Zeman (1944)</strong></td></tr><tr><td>2014 and, with, that, am</td><td>year</td><td>thank</td><td>life</td><td>I AM NOT TALKING about the division of society</td></tr><tr><td>2015 and, with, that, with</td><td>public</td><td>never</td><td>year</td><td>IF I HAVE TO evaluate government</td></tr><tr><td>2016 and, that, is, with</td><td>country</td><td>year</td><td>republic</td><td>SECOND good news</td></tr></tbody></table>
Figures are divided into some subsections. As mentioned before, the Czechoslovak Republic had two presidents between 1940 and 1945. In 1993 the second anomaly appeared. The Czechoslovak republic ceased to exist. Since 1993 the country was divided into two smaller autonomous countries: The Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic. So, the president Václav Havel had no speech in 1993. Prime ministers were speaking to their nations instead of president.

Rows are sorted by years. Each row has its color depending on president or prime minister. Colors were chosen according to all figures. The first column contains first four most frequent conjunctions and prepositions. Then there are three columns containing the most frequent words sorted by order. The last column shows the word with the highest energy. Those words are written by uppercase.

## 3.3 Number of words

Scatter chart will be used to demonstrate a vocabulary richness. Coordinates on axis x means total number of words in speech and coordinates on axis y means total number of different words. Functional dependency can be modeled by Gompertz curve. Presidents with values above the curve have greater ratio of words than other presidents. Language richness of speeches under the curve can be considered lesser. In article [9] author mentioned that thematic concentration of president Havel is surprisingly low. But this claim doesn't seem to correspond with language richness. According to the Figure 10, ratio of number of different words and total number of words is greater as for Havel. This could be caused by choosing different methods of evaluating language richness.

<figure><img src="image_10.png" /><figcaption>Figure 11: Number of different words. Source: own.</figcaption></figure>
## 4 Conclusions

This article's goal is to present results of our research and show that data we already had can be processed in different way. The extraction of information is much discussed nowadays. Main purpose of research is finding the words with the greatest energy. Because they have historical importance, they can be used as keywords and they even characterize the speaker.

Scale of publication doesn't allow to detail comment and the description of used algorithms. Many hours of machine time have been needed during the calculations of phonetic parameters of speeches. Archive [13] contains 74 speeches. So, this is more than 19 hours of recordings to be analyzed. Before calculation of mean values of ZCR and Log energy, there was an extensive table for each speech. Presented parameters were created by reducing the table containing millions of values (each frame parameter values) into one mean value. Unreduced data may be used for further analysis.

Comparing the table of most frequent thematic words with table containing the words pronounced with the greatest energy brings almost no match. The speaker didn't emphasize the most frequent words. But he chose to highlight other words. For example, Masaryk talked about economy. Beneš emphasized the war and human kind. Novotný insisted on hard work and improving the communistic country. Havel emphasized the very first words: "Dear fellow citizens." It can provide some information without listening to the whole speech. It even characterizes the president himself and an era of each president (the most important events, standard of living, relationship between president and citizens).

## 5 References

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