**Editorial**

This is the Volume 18, Number 1 issue of OUSL Journal, the Journal of The Open University of Sri Lanka which is published biannually. The articles published in this Volume include research based on the disciplines of English Language Teaching, Modern Applied Mathematics, Comparative Philosophy, Chemistry, Education, Anthropology and Management.

Structured mode of professional writing is a strategy used by many a teacher of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) to help ESP learners to become familiar with the skill of writing. One of the disciplines where such structures become critical is the legal profession, and specifically, Letters of Demand, whose confidential nature has discouraged its study in academic contexts. The study titled *Move Analysis of Sri Lankan Legal Letters of Demand for Teaching English for Specific Purposes (ESP)*, analyzed 30 authentic legal Letters of Demand to identify patterns of organization. The Constructivist Grounded Theory methods were intersected with the move analysis to analyze emergent moves and steps of the letters. The results yielded four obligatory moves and an optional move used in such letters. The results of this study would contribute to the body of knowledge of ESP genre analysis and move analysis and to the field of teaching English for Legal Purposes.

Research on integrated time window and moving shipments inside a Cross-Dock Center (CDC) with the Vehicle Routing Problem and Cross-Docking (VRPCD) are investigated in the study titled *An Optimization Model for the Hard Time Windows Vehicle Routing Problem with Moving Shipments at the Cross Dock Center*. The study focuses on not only loading or unloading shipments at all the nodes, but also aspects of heterogeneous fleets of vehicles between pickup and delivery processes. The compatibility of the developed mixed integer nonlinear programming model to obtain
the optimal solutions to hard Time Windows Vehicle Routing Problem with Moving Shipments at the Cross Dock centre (TW-VRPCD-MS) was tested with randomly generated small-scale instances. The findings of this study recommend the application of heuristic or meta-heuristic approaches to solve large scale instances of TW-VRPCD-MS to obtain a near optimal solution in a reasonable computational time.

The Bhagavad Gita expounds the fundamentals of the Karmayoga, or the yoga of action. This yoga postulates the theory of niskama karma, the action that disregards the results. If the doer performs actions with craving or desires, the results of such action manipulate itself. When the doer rises above these binding factors of action, the mundane world no longer exists for him or her. Then one realizes that the creation dwells within, and attains liberation. One can become a yogi without leaving or abandoning one's society if one conducts his or her inherent duty. The paper titled *Karmayoga Analysed through Spinoza's Perspective on 'Eternity' and Bergson's 'Élan Vital*, attempts to engage in a comparative study of Shri Krishna's notion of Karmayoga with Spinoza's philosophy, which proposes thinking that is seemingly parallel for a surface reader.

Gold has been known for centuries, and recently, gold chemistry has become one of the most popular areas of research especially owing to its contributions to the field of medicine, where gold complexes of auranofin, myocrisin and solganol are used to treat arthritis. These Au(III) complexes bearing bipyridyl-type ligands, have exhibited promising anticancer and antitumor properties. Triphenylphosphine -Au(I) complexes with the P-Au-N bonds around the metal centre showed anticancer activity by inhibiting DHFR (dihydrofolate reductase) and TrxR (thioredoxin reductase) in breast cancer cells. Cyclometallated Au(III) complexes containing pyridine and bipyridine ligands have shown interesting photophysical properties. The paper on *Syntheses of Au(III) and Au(I) Complexes of 3,4,5,6-Tetraphenyl-2,2'-bipyridine*, explores the
chemistry of gold with the bulky bipyridine ligand 3,4,5,6-tetraphenyl-2,2'-bipyridine (LH). Reaction of 3,4,5,6-tetraphenyl-2,2'-bipyridine (LH) with HAuCl₄ in acetonitrile afforded the cyclometallated square-planar Au(III) complex [LAuCl]ClO₄ containing the anionic tridentate (N^uN^uC) ligand, via orthometallation. Synthetic routes to cyclometallated Au(III) complexes of the type [LAuCl]ClO₄, [LAu(DMAP)][ClO₄]₂, [LAu(PPh₃)][ClO₄]₂, and the uncyclometallation Au(III) salt [AuCl₂(LH)]Cl and the Au(I) complex [(LH)Au(PPh₃)]O₂CCF₃ are presented.

The study titled *School-related Factors that Favoured Significant Achievements in the Science Subject at the G.C.E (O/L) 2020: A Contextual Analysis on the Kilinochchi District, Sri Lanka*, examines the school-related factors that influenced the achievements in the Science subject at G.C.E (O/L) 2020 in the Kilinochchi District with a view to strengthening the dominant factors contributing to the progress of the O/L Science subject. The findings of the study indicate that the most dominant factors favoring achievements in science were the target-oriented work of teachers and the use of appropriate learning-materials with focused supervision.

The study titled *The Historiography of the Social, Environmental, Economic, and Political Systems of Pesalai, A Village in the Mannar District, Sri Lanka: A Content Analysis*, investigates the textual and historical construction found in a historical text titled *The Cultural Roots of the Pesalai Society*, by S.A. Miranda. Its historiography reveals many visible and latent facts and opinions about how the history of communities and regions is constructed according to the historian's perspective. Despite certain short-comings in the text, this historical discourse focuses on the social and environmental aspects. Generally, books on history tends to prioritize politics and economic affairs, but this text prioritizes people's lives integrated into environmental resources and sustainability making it a suitable subject for an anthropological reading.
Intention plays a critical role in the decision of kicking off any life engagement and provides a base for decisions to start a business or pursue a life plan. Hence, intention in entrepreneurial engagement is concerned with the creation of self-employment opportunities in a bid to create new ventures, develop new business concepts or create new values within existing firms to assist a depreciating and receding economy in a society, while also reducing unemployment situations. Several relevant studies have highlighted that cognitive focus/insight predict entrepreneur intention and engagement of individuals. However, this study delved into investigating some non-cognitive indices which are identified as key to facilitating survival skills towards achieving intentional processes in individuals, especially in adolescents, who are still at a teething stage as far as decision making about life courses is concerned. The paper titled *Influence of Socio-Demographic Factors on Entrepreneurial Intentions Among Senior Secondary School Adolescents in Osogbo local government, Osun State, Nigeria*, has investigated environment and role models as factors influencing entrepreneurial intentions of two hundred randomly selected senior secondary school adolescents in Osogbo local government area of Osun State, Nigeria. The researcher made use of a personally structured questionnaire on Dominant Environment, Role Model and Entrepreneurial Intention (DEROMEi) to test the three research questions raised to guide the study. Findings confirmed that: entrepreneurial intentions of adolescents are favourably and positively influenced by the environment. It also asserted that role model has no impact on entrepreneurial intention of students and that gender is not significant in the conception of entrepreneurial intentions. The findings of the study recommends that: adolescents should not be discouraged to go into entrepreneurship activities; parents and care givers who are entrepreneurs should be role models in nurturing entrepreneurial interests in their children; cost of acquisition of entrepreneurial skills should be affordable irrespective of the urbanization of the environment; promotion and enlightenment programmes on the benefits in entrepreneurship engagement should be facilitated in communities as this will
enhance adolescents' self-discovery in identifying their strengths, talents, boost their creativity and innovation.

We welcome your suggestions for further improvement of this Journal. We are looking forward to publishing your current research findings in our next issue.

**Professor Shyama R. Weerakoon**

Editor in Chief/OUSL Journal

Email: ouslj@ou.ac.lk

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0975-2738