# Design of innovative diamond detectors for beam monitoring in highly radiative environment for applications in nuclear and medical physics

M.-L. Gallin-Martel, J.-L. Bouly, J. Collot, D. Dauvergne, P. Everaere, L.

Gallin-Martel, C. Hoarau, F. Lafont, E. Lagorio, S. Marcatili, et al.

► To cite this version:

M.-L. Gallin-Martel, J.-L. Bouly, J. Collot, D. Dauvergne, P. Everaere, et al. Design of innovative diamond detectors for beam monitoring in highly radiative environment for applications in nuclear and medical physics. MRS 2023 Spring Meeting, May 2023, Strasbourg, France. hal-04694008

HAL Id: hal-04694008

https://hal.science/hal-04694008v1

Submitted on 11 Sep 2024

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Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
# Design of innovative diamond detectors for beam monitoring in highly radiative environment for applications in nuclear and medical physics

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GRENOBLE | MODANE

M.-L. Gallin-Martel*, J.-L. Bouly, J. Collot, D. Dauvergne, P. Everaere, L. Gallin-Martel, C. Hoarau,

F. Lafont, E. Lagorio, S. Marcatili, R. Molle, J.-F. Muraz, N. Ponchant, F. Rarbi, M. Reynaud, O. Rossetto, J. Waquet, M. Yamouni

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A. Guertin, F. Haddad, C. Koumeir,

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /></figure>

V. Métivier, R. Molle, F. Poirier, N. Servagent

<figure><img src="image_5.png" /></figure>

L. Abbassi, T. Crozes, J.-F. Motte

<figure><img src="image_6.png" /></figure>

F. Lafont, T-N Tran - Thi

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IN2P3
Les deux infinis

UGA
Université
Grenoble Alpes

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*mlgallin@lpsc.in2p3.fr
Context

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**Development of new generations of ion accelerators:**

* medical applications: hadrontherapy, flash therapies and X-ray or synchrotron radiation therapy

⇒ very precise monitoring of the beam with rapid counting in a highly radiative environment.

<figure><img src="image_13.png" /></figure>

**The intrinsic qualities of diamond:**

* speed, low leakage current, excellent SNR, resistance to radiation

⇒ an excellent candidate to meet such monitoring requirements over a wide dynamic range from a fraction of pA (single particle) up to µA.
Context

<figure><img src="image_14.png" /></figure>

**Development of new generations of ion accelerators:**

* medical applications: **hadrontherapy, flash therapies** and X-ray or synchrotron radiation therapy

⇒ very precise monitoring of the beam with rapid counting in a highly radiative environment.

<figure><img src="image_15.png" /></figure>

**The intrinsic qualities of diamond:**

* speed, low leakage current, excellent SNR, resistance to radiation

⇒ an excellent candidate to meet such monitoring requirements over a wide dynamic range from a fraction of pA (single particle) up to µA.
# What is hadrontherapy in cancer treatment ?

<figure><img src="image_16.png" /></figure>
# Hadrontherapy in cancer treatment

<figure><img src="image_17.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_18.png" /></figure>

* Energy deposition at the end of ion path in the Bragg peak = dose deposition (Gy) very locally in the tumor volume

$$1 \text{ Gy} = 1 \text{ J/kg}$$
# Towards Flash therapies in cancer treatment: the new challenges for beam monitoring !

<figure><img src="image_19.png" /></figure>

Favaudon et al (2015)

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1278321815001201?via%3Dihub

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$$1 \text{ Gy} = 1 \text{ J/kg}$$

Vozenin et al., Clin Cancer Res 25 (2019) 35

http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-3375

36 weeks post-RT

<figure><img src="image_21.png" /><figcaption>necrotic lesions</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_22.png" /><figcaption>normal appearance of skin</figcaption></figure>

Conventional
(5 Gy/min)

FLASH
(300 Gy/s)

3 Gy/pulse

## Flash therapy vs conventional = high doses in a very short time

* → Short pulses to be monitored at **high beam intensity** !

* → High particle couting rate capabilities to be demonstrated

* → Bunch or train of bunches time stamps

Standard
Use

<figure><img src="image_23.png" /></figure>

Pulsing Mode

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# Towards Flash therapies in cancer treatment: the new challenges for beam monitoring !

<figure><img src="image_26.png" /></figure>

Favaudon et al (2015)

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1278321815001201?via%3Dihub

<figure><img src="image_27.png" /></figure>

1 Gy = 1 J/kg

Vozeninet al., Clin Cancer Res 25 (2019) 35

http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-3375

36 weeks post-RT

<figure><img src="image_28.png" /><figcaption>necrotic lesions</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_29.png" /><figcaption>normal appearance of skin</figcaption></figure>

Conventional
(5 Gy/min)

FLASH
(300 Gy/s)

3 Gy/pulse

## Flash therapy vs conventionnal = high doses in a very short time

* Short pulses to be monitored at **high beam intensity** !

* High particle couting rate capabilities to be demonstrated

* Bunch or train of bunches time stamps

<figure><img src="image_30.png" /></figure>

LPSC

GRENOBLE | MODANE

Diamond beam monitors to be
instrumented + FE electronics = QDC

ANR DIAMMONI 2020-2024

<figure><img src="image_31.png" /></figure>

Subatech

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ARRONAX
# Diamond as beam monitors

## Solid state ionization chamber

### Diamond Assets:

- Intrinsic radiation hardness

- Fast signal risetime enables timing precision of a few tens of ps

- Low noise

### Issues:

- Cost

- Availability of large area

<figure><img src="image_33.png" /></figure>
# Diamond as beam monitors

## Solid state ionization chamber

### Diamond Assets:

- Intrinsic radiation hardness

- Fast signal risetime enables timing precision of a few tens of ps

- Low noise

### Issues:

- Cost

- Availability of large area

<figure><img src="image_34.png" /></figure>

## Diamond metallisation

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# Diamond as beam monitors

## Solid state ionization chamber

### Diamond Assets:

- Intrinsic radiation hardness

- Fast signal risetime enables timing precision of a few tens of ps

- Low noise

### Issues:

- Cost

- Availability of large area

<figure><img src="image_41.png" /></figure>

## Diamond metallisation

<figure><img src="image_42.png" /></figure>

## Detector assembly

<figure><img src="image_43.png" /></figure>
# Diamond as beam monitors

## Solid state ionization chamber

### Diamond Assets :

- ☐ Intrinsic radiation hardness

- ☐ Fast signal risetime enables timing precision of a few tens of ps

- ☐ Low noise

### Issues :

- ☐ Cost

- ☐ Availability of large area

<figure><img src="image_44.png" /></figure>

## Read-out electronics

- Fast current preamplifier

- Charge preamplifier

- Electrometer

## Diamond metallisation

<figure><img src="image_45.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_46.png" /></figure>

## Detector assembly

<figure><img src="image_47.png" /></figure>
# Diamond as beam monitors

## Solid state ionization chamber

### Diamond Assets :

- Intrinsic radiation hardness

- Fast signal risetime enables timing precision of a few tens of ps

- Low noise

### Issues :

- Cost

- Availability of large area

<figure><img src="image_48.png" /></figure>

## Diamond metallisation

<figure><img src="image_49.png" /></figure>

## Detector assembly

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## Read-out electronics

- Fast current preamplifier

- Charge preamplifier

- Electrometer

<figure><img src="image_51.png" /></figure>

Band Width: 2 GHz

Gain: 40 dB

Impedance: 50 Ω

Dynamic range: ~ +/- 1 V

Power Supply: 12 V / 100 mA
# Diamond as beam monitors

## Solid state ionization chamber

**Diamond Assets :**

* Intrinsic radiation hardness

* Fast signal risetime enables timing precision of a few tens of ps

* Low noise

**Issues :**

* Cost

* Availability of large area

<figure><img src="image_52.png" /></figure>

## Diamond metallisation

<figure><img src="image_53.png" /></figure>

## Detector assembly

<figure><img src="image_54.png" /></figure>

## Read-out electronics

* Fast current preamplifier

* Charge preamplifier

* Electrometer

## Read out electronics @ LPSC

<figure><img src="image_55.png" /></figure>

### Discret

<figure><img src="image_56.png" /></figure>

C. Hoarau et al 2021 JINST 16 T04005
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/16/04/T04005
# Diamond as beam monitors

## Solid state ionization chamber

**Diamond Assets :**

* Intrinsic radiation hardness

* Fast signal risetime enables timing precision of a few tens of ps

* Low noise

**Issues :**

* Cost

* Availability of large area

<figure><img src="image_57.png" /></figure>

## Diamond metallisation

<figure><img src="image_58.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_59.png" /></figure>

## Detector assembly

<figure><img src="image_60.png" /></figure>

## Read-out electronics

* Fast current preamplifier

* Charge preamplifier

* Electrometer

## Read out electronics @ LPSC

<figure><img src="image_61.png" /></figure>

### Discret

<figure><img src="image_62.png" /></figure>
# Diamond detector for beam monitoring: sCVD ? pCVD ? DOI ?

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# Diamond detector for beam monitoring: sCVD ? pCVD ? DOI ?

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XBIC = X rays Beam Induced Current
@ ESRF (France) : Photons 8.5 keV
# Diamond detector for beam monitoring: sCVD ? pCVD ? DOI ?

<figure><img src="image_68.png" /></figure>

XBIC = X rays Beam Induced Current

@ ESRF (France) : Photons 8.5 keV=> 2D « current maps » with CVD diamonds

ML Gallin-Martel Diamond and related materials 112 (2021) 108236

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2020.108236
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Source: The pulsing chopper-based system of the
ARRONAX C70XP Cyclotron, Poirier et al., International Particle
Accelerator Conference, 2019. URL
https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2019-TUPTS008

* 68 MeV proton / 70 MeV alpha particles cyclotron

* Beam intensity up to 20µA

* Continuous or pulse mode beam delivery with tunable dt and dit time duration

* Bunch : 4ns ON, 29ns OFF (f = 30,45 MHz)
# Beam test set-up in ARRONAX with 68 MeV proton beams

<figure><img src="image_72.png" /><figcaption>## Diamond set-up</figcaption></figure>

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## Train Counting Mode

Beam intensity up to 300 nA measured on diamond

Single bunch

<figure><img src="image_76.png" /></figure>

E6

4,5 x 4,5 mm²

68 MeV Proton beam

### Pulsing Mode

train 1

train 3

<figure><img src="image_77.png" /></figure>

I = 10nA, dt = 10µs, dit = 1s

QDC board
developed @ LPSC

DAQ
developed @ LPSC

R. Molle

PhD Thesis

LPSC ARRONAX SUBATECH

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Train - Diamond signal

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Time (µs)

DSO Lecroy
2 GHz; 10 or 20 GS/s

Train integral = DSO post analysis

<figure><img src="image_83.png" /></figure>

Train integral = on line measurement with LPSC QDC

<figure><img src="image_84.png" /></figure>

FE elec.
+ DAQ
validation
## Study of linearity as a function of beam intensity

<figure><img src="image_85.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_86.png" /></figure>

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DIAMMONI equipped with :
150 µm thick sCVD diamonds mounted on PCB
+ QDC FE
+ DAQ

<figure><img src="image_88.png" /></figure>

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GRENOBLE | MODANE

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for monitoring proton beams in FLASH conditions
## 150 µm sCVD diamond signal for different beam intensities
(amplitude normalized)

<figure><img src="image_93.png" /></figure>

## PyDiam simulation package in Python 3 R. Molle PhD thesis

<figure><img src="image_94.png" /></figure>

## Simulation with a gaseous ionisation chamber

<figure><img src="image_95.png" /></figure>

## Incoming particles

<figure><img src="image_96.png" /></figure>
## Objectives of the “aging” experimental set-up:

* each area corresponds to a beam intensity (= flux = $\varphi$)

* Irradiation of each zone until obtaining an identical cumulative fluence (= $\varphi$) between the zones at the end of the experiment

### Before irradiation

sCVD 500µm E6

<figure><img src="image_97.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_98.png" /><figcaption>XBIC mapping at ESRF</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_99.png" /><figcaption>Targeting objective</figcaption></figure>
## See session M04, talk 526 F. Lafont

This diamond was irradiated with 68-MeV alpha particles at ARRONAX with a fluence of approximately $10^{15}$ ions/cm²

The absolute values cannot be compared since the beam intensity is not the same

The current scales are in relation to the X-beam intensities in the two experiments (before vs after irradiation)

=> The main observation is that the XBIC is close to the leakage current in the irradiated areas which means that the charges are no longer collected.

Before
irradiation

sCVD 500µm E6

<figure><img src="image_100.png" /></figure>

XBIC mapping at ESRF

<figure><img src="image_101.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_102.png" /></figure>

XBIC mapping at ESRF

In blue the areas of less effective
charge collection

After
irradiation

To understand if the origin of this degradation, Bragg diffraction imaging was performed.

No irradiation-related structural defects are visible => the vacancies created by the irradiation are too far from one another to induce a significant deformation of the crystalline mesh.

From simple calculations, we estimated the displacements per atom to be of the order of few p.p.m.
## Impact of flux on charge collection efficiency

<figure><img src="image_103.png" /><figcaption>CCE : Charge Collection Efficiency</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_104.png" /></figure>

Charge normalized by alpha particle

With increasing flux, charge collection decreases.

The fluence creates damage in the detector.

→ It results in the creation of traps that disrupt the collection of charges.

Possibly reversible phenomenon: annealing?

Annealing studies are on going ! Results soon ...
Conclusion

➤ The development are in connection with collaborations established at CNRS and ESRF

➤ It has been done in the context of interdisciplinary research IN2P3 INP skills exchanges take place between

* characterization: sources (labs) + accelerator beams @ IN2P3 GIP - ARRONAX, XBIC @ ESRF +...

* Instrumentation (IN2P3 labs, Institut Néel, etc.)

➤ A diamond beam monitor + FE electronics and DAQ has been developed in the context of ANR-DIAMMONI :

* it satisfies beam monitoring in the FLASH therapy condition (linear response in the range 1 to 4 10⁵ Gy/s)

* the proposed detection systems will bring significant added value to the transfer of high dose rate flash radiotherapy to clinical trials

➤ Aging studies are on going for a better understanding of the impact of very high fluences (up to 10¹⁵ ions/cm²) on charge collection
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GRENOBLE | MODANE

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THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION !

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IN2P3
Les deux infinis

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