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216. Steen Krawcyk R, Vinther A, Petersen NC, et al. Effect of home-based high-intensity interval training in patients with Lacunar Stroke: a randomized controlled trial. *Front Neurol* 2019; 10: 664.

217. Ting SKS, Earnest A, Li H, et al. B vitamins and cognition in subjects with small vessel disease: a substudy of VITATOPS, a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. *J Neurol Sci* 2017; 379: 124-126.

218. Anadani M, Turan TN, Yaghi S, et al. Change in smoking behavior and outcome after ischemic stroke: post-hoc analysis of the SPS3 trial. *Stroke* 2023; 54: 921-927.

219. Verdelho A, Madureira S, Correia M, et al. Impact of physical activity in vascular cognitive impairment (AFIVASC): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. *Trials* 2019; 20: 114.

220. Verdelho A, Correia M, Ferro JM, et al. Physical activity self-report is not reliable among subjects with mild vascular cognitive impairment: the AFIVASC study. *J Alzheimers Dis* 2022; 87: 405-414.

221. Tan M, He F, Morris JK, et al. Reducing daily salt intake in China by 1 g could prevent almost 9 million cardiovascular events by 2030: a modelling study. *BMJ Nutr Prev Heal* 2022; 5: 164-170.

222. Heye AK, Thrippleton MJ, Chappell FM, et al. Blood pressure and sodium: association with MRI markers in cerebral small vessel disease. *J Cereb Blood Flow Metab* 2016; 36: 264-274.

223. Makin SDJ, Mubki GF, Doubal FN, et al. Small vessel disease and dietary salt intake: cross-sectional study and systematic review. *J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis* 2017; 26: 3020-3028.

224. Robinson AT, Edwards DG and Farquhar WB. The influence of dietary salt beyond blood pressure. *Curr Hypertens Rep* 2019; 21: 42.

225. Zhang WC, Zheng XJ, Du LJ, et al. High salt primes a specific activation state of macrophages, M(Na). *Cell Res* 2015; 25: 893-910.
196. Georgakis MK, Gill D, Webb AJS, et al. Genetically determined blood pressure, antihypertensive drug classes, and risk of stroke subtypes. *Neurology* 2020; 95: e353-e361.

197. Ovbiagele B, Diener HC, Yusuf S, et al.; PROFESS Investigators. Level of systolic blood pressure within the normal range and risk of recurrent stroke. *JAMA* 2011; 306: 2137-2144.

198. Ovbiagele B. Low-normal systolic blood pressure and secondary stroke risk. *J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis* 2013; 22: 633-638.

199. Lin MP, Ovbiagele B, Markovic D, et al. Systolic blood pressure and mortality after stroke: too low, no go? *Stroke* 2015; 46: 1307-1313.

200. Kim J, Gall SL, Nelson MR, et al. Lower systolic blood pressure is associated with poorer survival in long-term survivors of stroke. *J Hypertens* 2014; 32: 904-911.

201. Amarenco P, Benavente O, Goldstein LB, et al.; Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels Investigators. Results of the stroke prevention by aggressive reduction in cholesterol levels (SPARCL) trial by stroke sub-types. *Stroke* 2009; 40: 1405-1409.

202. Hosomi N, Nagai Y, Kohriyama T, et al.; J-STARS Collaborators. The Japan statin treatment against recurrent stroke (J-STARS): a multicenter, randomized, open-label, parallel-group Study. *EBioMedicine* 2015; 2: 1071-1078.

203. Amarenco P, Bogousslavsky J, Callahan A 3rd, et al.; Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) Investigators. High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack. *New Engl J Med* 2006; 355: 549-559.

204. Collins R, Armitage J, Parish S, et al.; Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. Effects of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin on stroke and other major vascular events in 20536 people with cerebrovascular disease or other high-risk conditions. *Lancet* 2004; 363: 757-767.

205. Amarenco P, Kim JS, Labreuche J, et al. A comparison of two LDL cholesterol targets after ischemic stroke. *New Engl J Med* 2020; 382: 9-19.

206. Authors/Task Force, Members ESC, Committee for Practice Guidelines ESC, National Cardiac Societies. 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. *Atherosclerosis* 2019; 290: 140-205.

207. Boehme AK, Esenwa C and Elkind MS. Stroke risk factors, genetics, and prevention. *Circ Res* 2017; 120: 472-495.

208. Rutten-Jacobs LC, Larsson SC, Malik R, et al.; MEGASTROKE consortium and International Stroke Genetics Consortium. Genetic risk, incident stroke, and the benefits of adhering to a healthy lifestyle: cohort study of 306 473 UK Biobank participants. *BMJ* 2018; 363: k4168.

209. Krawcyk RS, Vinther A, Petersen NC, et al. High-intensity training in patients with lacunar stroke: a one-year follow-up. *J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis* 2023; 32: 106973.

210. van Dijk EJ, Prins ND, Vrooman HA, et al. Progression of cerebral small vessel disease in relation to risk factors and cognitive consequences: Rotterdam scan study. *Stroke* 2008; 39: 2712-2719.

211. Clancy U, Appleton JP, Arteaga C, et al. Clinical management of cerebral small vessel disease: a call for a holistic approach. *Chin Med J* 2021; 134: 127-142.

212. Liu D, Cai X, Yang Y, et al. Associations of life's simple 7 with cerebral small vessel disease. *Stroke* 2022; 53: 2859-2867.

213. Billinger SA, Arena R, Bernhardt J, et al.; American Heart Association Stroke Council, Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing, Council on Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Health, Council on Epidemiology and Prevention and Council on Clinical Cardiology. Physical activity and exercise recommendations for stroke survivors: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. *Stroke* 2014; 45: 2532-2553.

214. Liu L, Chen W, Zhou H, et al.; *Chinese Stroke Association Stroke Council Guideline Writing Committee*. Chinese Stroke Association guidelines for clinical management of cerebrovascular disorders: executive summary and 2019 update of clinical management of ischaemic cerebrovascular diseases. *Stroke Vasc Neurol* 2020; 5: 159-176.

215. García Pastor A, López-Cancio Martínez E, Rodríguez-Yáñez M, et al.; Ad hoc committee of the Spanish Society of Neurology's Cerebrovascular Disease Study Group. Recommendations of the Spanish Society of Neurology for the prevention of stroke. Interventions on lifestyle and air pollution. *Neurologia* 2021; 36: 377-387.

216. Steen Krawcyk R, Vinther A, Petersen NC, et al. Effect of home-based high-intensity interval training in patients with Lacunar Stroke: a randomized controlled trial. *Front Neurol* 2019; 10: 664.

217. Ting SKS, Earnest A, Li H, et al. B vitamins and cognition in subjects with small vessel disease: a substudy of VITATOPS, a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. *J Neurol Sci* 2017; 379: 124-126.

218. Anadani M, Turan TN, Yaghi S, et al. Change in smoking behavior and outcome after ischemic stroke: post-hoc analysis of the SPS3 trial. *Stroke* 2023; 54: 921-927.

219. Verdelho A, Madureira S, Correia M, et al. Impact of physical activity in vascular cognitive impairment (AFIVASC): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. *Trials* 2019; 20: 114.

220. Verdelho A, Correia M, Ferro JM, et al. Physical activity self-report is not reliable among subjects with mild vascular cognitive impairment: the AFIVASC study. *J Alzheimers Dis* 2022; 87: 405-414.

221. Tan M, He F, Morris JK, et al. Reducing daily salt intake in China by 1 g could prevent almost 9 million cardiovascular events by 2030: a modelling study. *BMJ Nutr Prev Heal* 2022; 5: 164-170.

222. Heye AK, Thrippleton MJ, Chappell FM, et al. Blood pressure and sodium: association with MRI markers in cerebral small vessel disease. *J Cereb Blood Flow Metab* 2016; 36: 264-274.

223. Makin SDJ, Mubki GF, Doubal FN, et al. Small vessel disease and dietary salt intake: cross-sectional study and systematic review. *J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis* 2017; 26: 3020-3028.

224. Robinson AT, Edwards DG and Farquhar WB. The influence of dietary salt beyond blood pressure. *Curr Hypertens Rep* 2019; 21: 42.

225. Zhang WC, Zheng XJ, Du LJ, et al. High salt primes a specific activation state of macrophages, M(Na). *Cell Res* 2015; 25: 893-910.
226. Dickinson KM, Keogh JB and Clifton PM. Effects of a low-salt diet on flow-mediated dilatation in humans. *Am J Clin Nutr* 2009; 89: 485-490.

227. Stocker SD, Lang SM, Simmonds SS, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid hypernatremia elevates sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure via the rostral ventrolateral medulla. *Hypertension* 2015; 66: 1184-1190.

228. Kivipelto M, Palmer K, Hoang TD, et al. Trials and treatments for vascular brain health: risk factor modification and cognitive outcomes. *Stroke* 2022; 53: 444-456.

229. Ngandu T, Lehtisalo J, Solomon A, et al. A 2 year multidomain intervention of diet, exercise, cognitive training, and vascular risk monitoring versus control to prevent cognitive decline in at-risk elderly people (FINGER): a randomised controlled trial. *Lancet* 2015; 385: 2255-2263.

230. Lehtisalo J, Rusanen M, Solomon A, et al. Effect of a multi-domain lifestyle intervention on cardiovascular risk in older people: the FINGER trial. *Eur Heart J* 2022; 43: 2054-2061.

231. Mead GE, Sposato LA, Sampaio Silva G, et al. A systematic review and synthesis of global stroke guidelines on behalf of the World Stroke Organization. *Int J Stroke* 2023; 18: 499-531.

232. Feigin VL, Brainin M, Norrving B, et al. World Stroke Organization (WSO): Global Stroke Fact Sheet 2022. *Int J Stroke* 2022; 17: 18-29.

233. Ismail Z, Black SE, Camicioli R, et al.; CCCDTD5 participants. Recommendations of the 5th Canadian Consensus Conference on the diagnosis and treatment of dementia. *Alzheimers Dement* 2020; 16: 1182-1195.

234. Rojas-Rozo L, Vedel I, Sivananthan S, et al. Latest Canadian consensus conference on the diagnosis and treatment of dementia for primary care clinicians. *Ann Fam Med* 2022; 20 (Supplement 1): 2931.

235. Smith EE, Barber P, Field TS, et al. Canadian consensus conference on diagnosis and treatment of dementia (CCCDTD)5: guidelines for management of vascular cognitive impairment. *Alzheimers Dement* 2020; 6(1): e12056.

236. Peng D; Geriatric Neurology Group, Chinese Society of Geriatrics and Clinical Practice Guideline for Cognitive Impairment of Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Writing Group. Clinical practice guideline for cognitive impairment of cerebral small vessel disease. *Aging Med* 2019; 2: 64-73.

237. Gorelick PB, Scuteri A, Black SE, et al.; American Heart Association Stroke Council, Council on Epidemiology and

Prevention, Council on Cardiovascular Nursing, Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention, and Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia. Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American heart association/American stroke association. *Stroke* 2011; 42: 2672-2713.

238. Mohr JP, Thompson JL, Lazar RM, et al.; Warfarin-Aspirin Recurrent Stroke Study Group. A comparison of warfarin and aspirin for the prevention of recurrent ischemic stroke. *New Engl J Med* 2001; 345: 1444-1451.

239. ESPRIT Study Group Halkes PH and van Gijn J. Medium intensity oral anticoagulants versus aspirin after cerebral ischaemia of arterial origin (ESPRIT): a randomised controlled trial. *Lancet Neurol* 2007; 6: 115-124.

240. The Stroke Prevention in Reversible Ischemia Trial (SPIRIT) Study Group. A randomized trial of anticoagulants versus aspirin after cerebral ischemia of presumed arterial origin. The stroke prevention in reversible ischemia trial (SPIRIT) Study Group. *Ann Neurol* 1997; 42: 857-865.

241. Saxena R and Koudstaal PJ. Anticoagulants for preventing stroke in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation and a history of stroke or transient ischaemic attack. *Cochrane Database Syst Rev* 2004; CD000185.

242. Saxena R and Koudstaal P. Anticoagulants versus antiplatelet therapy for preventing stroke in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation and a history of stroke or transient ischemic attack. *Cochrane Database Syst Rev* 2004; CD000187.

243. Evans A, Perez I, Yu G, et al. Secondary stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: lessons from clinical practice. *Stroke* 2000; 31: 2106-2111.

244. Ölmestig J, Marlet IR, Hansen RH, et al. Tadalafil may improve cerebral perfusion in small-vessel occlusion stroke: a pilot study. *Brain Commun* 2020; 2: fcaa020.

245. Webb A, Werring D, Dawson J, et al. Design of a randomised, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled trial of effects of sildenafil on cerebrovascular function in small vessel disease: Oxford haemodynamic adaptation to reduce pulsatility trial (OxHARP). *Eur Stroke J* 2021; 6: 283-290.

246. Brown RB, Tozer DJ, Loubière L, et al. MINocyclinE to reduce inflammation and blood brain barrier leakage in small vessel disease (MINERVA) trial study protocol. *Eur Stroke J* 2022; 7: 323-330.
226. Dickinson KM, Keogh JB and Clifton PM. Effects of a low-salt diet on flow-mediated dilatation in humans. *Am J Clin Nutr* 2009; 89: 485-490.

227. Stocker SD, Lang SM, Simmonds SS, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid hypernatremia elevates sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure via the rostral ventrolateral medulla. *Hypertension* 2015; 66: 1184-1190.

228. Kivipelto M, Palmer K, Hoang TD, et al. Trials and treatments for vascular brain health: risk factor modification and cognitive outcomes. *Stroke* 2022; 53: 444-456.

229. Ngandu T, Lehtisalo J, Solomon A, et al. A 2 year multidomain intervention of diet, exercise, cognitive training, and vascular risk monitoring versus control to prevent cognitive decline in at-risk elderly people (FINGER): a randomised controlled trial. *Lancet* 2015; 385: 2255-2263.

230. Lehtisalo J, Rusanen M, Solomon A, et al. Effect of a multi-domain lifestyle intervention on cardiovascular risk in older people: the FINGER trial. *Eur Heart J* 2022; 43: 2054-2061.

231. Mead GE, Sposato LA, Sampaio Silva G, et al. A systematic review and synthesis of global stroke guidelines on behalf of the World Stroke Organization. *Int J Stroke* 2023; 18: 499-531.

232. Feigin VL, Brainin M, Norrving B, et al. World Stroke Organization (WSO): Global Stroke Fact Sheet 2022. *Int J Stroke* 2022; 17: 18-29.

233. Ismail Z, Black SE, Camicioli R, et al.; CCCDTD5 participants. Recommendations of the 5th Canadian Consensus Conference on the diagnosis and treatment of dementia. *Alzheimers Dement* 2020; 16: 1182-1195.

234. Rojas-Rozo L, Vedel I, Sivananthan S, et al. Latest Canadian consensus conference on the diagnosis and treatment of dementia for primary care clinicians. *Ann Fam Med* 2022; 20 (Supplement 1): 2931.

235. Smith EE, Barber P, Field TS, et al. Canadian consensus conference on diagnosis and treatment of dementia (CCCDTD)5: guidelines for management of vascular cognitive impairment. *Alzheimers Dement* 2020; 6(1): e12056.

236. Peng D; Geriatric Neurology Group, Chinese Society of Geriatrics and Clinical Practice Guideline for Cognitive Impairment of Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Writing Group. Clinical practice guideline for cognitive impairment of cerebral small vessel disease. *Aging Med* 2019; 2: 64-73.

237. Gorelick PB, Scuteri A, Black SE, et al.; American Heart Association Stroke Council, Council on Epidemiology and

Prevention, Council on Cardiovascular Nursing, Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention, and Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia. Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American heart association/American stroke association. *Stroke* 2011; 42: 2672-2713.

238. Mohr JP, Thompson JL, Lazar RM, et al.; Warfarin-Aspirin Recurrent Stroke Study Group. A comparison of warfarin and aspirin for the prevention of recurrent ischemic stroke. *New Engl J Med* 2001; 345: 1444-1451.

239. ESPRIT Study Group Halkes PH and van Gijn J. Medium intensity oral anticoagulants versus aspirin after cerebral ischaemia of arterial origin (ESPRIT): a randomised controlled trial. *Lancet Neurol* 2007; 6: 115-124.

240. The Stroke Prevention in Reversible Ischemia Trial (SPIRIT) Study Group. A randomized trial of anticoagulants versus aspirin after cerebral ischemia of presumed arterial origin. The stroke prevention in reversible ischemia trial (SPIRIT) Study Group. *Ann Neurol* 1997; 42: 857-865.

241. Saxena R and Koudstaal PJ. Anticoagulants for preventing stroke in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation and a history of stroke or transient ischaemic attack. *Cochrane Database Syst Rev* 2004; CD000185.

242. Saxena R and Koudstaal P. Anticoagulants versus antiplatelet therapy for preventing stroke in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation and a history of stroke or transient ischemic attack. *Cochrane Database Syst Rev* 2004; CD000187.

243. Evans A, Perez I, Yu G, et al. Secondary stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: lessons from clinical practice. *Stroke* 2000; 31: 2106-2111.

244. Ölmestig J, Marlet IR, Hansen RH, et al. Tadalafil may improve cerebral perfusion in small-vessel occlusion stroke: a pilot study. *Brain Commun* 2020; 2: fcaa020.

245. Webb A, Werring D, Dawson J, et al. Design of a randomised, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled trial of effects of sildenafil on cerebrovascular function in small vessel disease: Oxford haemodynamic adaptation to reduce pulsatility trial (OxHARP). *Eur Stroke J* 2021; 6: 283-290.

246. Brown RB, Tozer DJ, Loubière L, et al. MINocyclinE to reduce inflammation and blood brain barrier leakage in small vessel disease (MINERVA) trial study protocol. *Eur Stroke J* 2022; 7: 323-330.