Latypov, R., Costin, G., Chistyakova, S., Hunt, E.J., Mukherjee, R., Naldrett, T., 2018. Platinum-bearing chromite layers are caused by pressure reduction during magma ascent. Nat. Commun. 9 (1), 462.

Latypov, R., Chistyakova, S., Barnes, S.J., Godel, B., Delaney, G.W., Cleary, P.W., Radermacher, V.J., Campbell, I., Jakata, K., 2022a. Chromitite layers indicate the existence of large, long-lived, and entirely molten magma chambers. Sci. Rep. 12 (1), 4092.

Latypov, R., Chistyakova, S., Hornsey, R.A., Costin, G., van der Merwe, M., 2022b. A 5-km-thick reservoir with > 380,000 km3 of magma within the ancient Earth's crust. Sci. Rep. 12 (1), 1-12.

Latypov, R.M., Namur, O., Bai, Y., Barnes, S.J., Chistyakova, S.Y., Holness, M.B., Iacono-Marziano, G., Kruger, W.A.J., O'Driscoll, B., Smith, W.D., Virtanen, V.J., Wang, C.Y., Xing, C.-M., Charlier, B., 2024a. Layered intrusions: Fundamentals, novel observations and concepts, and controversial issues. Earth Sci. Rev. 249, 104653.

Latypov, R.M., Chistyakova, S.Y., Letsoele, C., 2024b. Massive chromitites of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa: A critical review of existing hypotheses. Earth Sci. Rev. 256, 104858.

Latypov, R., Chistyakova, S., Barnes, S., Letsoele, C., Kruger, W., 2024c. Mostly solidified hardground at the top of the crystal pile in the Bushveld magma chamber. Lithos 478, 107621.

Le Vaillant, M., Barnes, S.J., Mole, D.R., Fiorentini, M.L., Laflamme, C., Denyszyn, S.W., Austin, J., Patterson, B., Godel, B.M., Hicks, J., 2020. Multidisciplinary study of a complex magmatic system: The Savannah Ni-Cu-Co Camp, Western Australia. Ore Geology Reviews 117, 103292.

Lesher, C.M., 2017. Roles of xenoliths, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenovolatiles, residues, and skarns in the genesis, transport, and localization of magmatic Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE sulfides and chromite. Ore Geol. Rev. 90, 465-484.

Lesher, C. M., & Groves, D. I. (1986). Controls on the formation of komatiite-associated nickel-copper sulfide deposits. *Geology and Metallurgy of Copper Deposits: Proceedings of the Copper Symposium 27th International Geological Congress Moscow, 1984*, 43-62.

Lesher, C.M., Burnham, O., 2001. Multicomponent elemental and isotopic mixing in Ni-Cu-(PGE) ores at Kambalda, Western Australia. *the Canadian Mineralogist* 39 (2), 421-446.

Leuthold, J., Blundy, J.D., Brooker, R.A., 2015. Experimental petrology constraints on the recycling of mafic cumulate: a focus on Cr-spinel from the Rum Eastern Layered Intrusion, Scotland. Contrib. Miner. Petrol. 170, 1-27.

Li, C., Lightfoot, P.C., Amelin, Y., Naldrett, A.J., 2000. Contrasting petrological and geochemical relationships in the Voisey's Bay and Mushuau intrusions, Labrador, Canada: implications for ore genesis. Econ. Geol. 95 (4), 771-799.

Li, C., Naldrett, A.J., 1999. Geology and petrology of the Voisey's Bay intrusion: reaction of olivine with sulfide and silicate liquids. Lithos 47, 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-4937(99)00005-5

Lima, H.A.F., Ferreira Filho, C.F., Pimentel, M.M., Dantas, E.L., de Araújo, S.M., 2008. Geology, petrology and geochronology of the layered mafic-ultramafic intrusions in the Porto Nacional area, central Brazil. J. S. Am. Earth Sci. 26 (3), 300-317.

Lindsley, D.H., Andersen, D.J., 1983. A two-pyroxene thermometer. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 88 (S02), A887-A906.

Lino, L.M., Carvalho, P.R., Vach, S.R.F., Quiroz-Valle, F.R., 2023. Evidence for silicate liquid immiscibility in recharging, alkali-rich tholeitic systems: the role of unmixing in the petrogenesis of intermediate, layered plutonic bodies and bimodal volcanic suites. Lithos 450, 107193.

Lipin, B.R., 1993. Pressure increases, the formation of chromite seams, and the development of the ultramafic series in the Stillwater Complex. Montana. *Journal of Petrology* 34 (5), 955-976.

Liu, M., Mao, J., Zhang, Z., Li, L., Long, T., Chao, W., 2024. Current supply status, demand trends and security measures of chromium resources in China. Green and Smart Mining Engineering 1 (1), 53-57.

Liu, Y., Samaha, N.-T., Baker, D.R., 2007. Sulfur concentration at sulfide saturation (SCSS) in magmatic silicate melts. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 71 (7), 1783-1799.

Liu, H., Sun, W., Zartman, R., Tang, M., 2019. Continuous plate subduction marked by the rise of alkali magmatism 2.1 billion years ago. *Nature. Communications* 10 (1), 3408.

Liu, M.-Y., Zhou, M.-F., Su, S.-G., Chen, X.-G., 2021. Contrasting Geochemistry of Apatite from Peridotites and Sulfide Ores of the Jinchuan Ni-Cu Sulfide Deposit. NW China. *Economic Geology* 116 (5), 1073-1092.

Maier, W.D., 2005. Platinum-group element (PGE) deposits and occurrences: Mineralization styles, genetic concepts, and exploration criteria. J. Afr. Earth Sc. 41 (3), 165-191.

Maier, W. D., & Barnes, S.-J. (2005). *Application of litho geochemistry to exploration for PGE deposits*.

Maier, W.D., Groves, D.I., 2011. Temporal and spatial controls on the formation of magmatic PGE and Ni-Cu deposits. Miner. Deposita 46 (8), 841-857.

Maier, W.D., Barnes, S.J., Gartz, V., Andrews, G., 2003. Pt-Pd reefs in magnetites of the Stella layered intrusion, South Africa: A world of new exploration opportunities for platinum group elements. Geology 31 (10), 885-888.

Maier, W.D., Barnes, S.-J., 2004. Pt/Pd and Pd/Ir ratios in mantle-derived magmas: a possible role for mantle metasomatism. S. Afr. J. Geol. 107 (3), 333-340.

Maier, W.D., Barnes, S.-J., Groves, D.I., 2013. The Bushveld Complex, South Africa: formation of platinum-palladium, chrome- and vanadium-rich layers via hydrodynamic sorting of a mobilized cumulate slurry in a large, relatively slowly cooling, subsiding magma chamber. Miner. Deposita 48 (1), 1-56.

Maier, W.D., Rasmussen, B., Fletcher, I.R., Godel, B.M., Barnes, S.-J., Fischer, L.A., Yang, S.-H., Huhma, H., Lahaye, Y., 2014. Petrogenesis of the ~ 2.77 Ga Monts de Cristal complex, Gabon: Evidence for direct precipitation of Pt-arsenides from basaltic magma. J. Petrol. 56 (7), 285-1308.

Maier, W.D., Howard, H.M., Smithies, R.H., Yang, S.-H., Barnes, S.J., O'Brien, H., Huhma, H., Gardoll, S.J., 2015a. Magmatic ore deposits in mafic-ultramafic intrusions of the Giles Event, Western Australia. Ore Geol. Rev. 71, 405-436.

Maier, W.D., Määttä, S., Yang, S.-H., Oberthür, T., Lahaye, Y., Huhma, H., Barnes, S.-J., 2015b. Composition of the ultramafic-mafic contact interval of the Great Dyke of Zimbabwe at Ngezi mine: Comparisons to the Bushveld Complex and implications for the origin of the PGE reefs. Lithos 238, 207-222.

Maier, W.D., Barnes, S.-J., Karykowski, B.T., 2016. A chilled margin of komatiite and Mg- rich basaltic andesite in the western Bushveld Complex, South Africa. Contrib. Miner. Petrol. 171 (6), 1-22.

Maier, W.D., Halkoaho, T.A.A., Huhma, H., Hanski, E.J., Barnes, S.-J., 2018. The Penikat intrusion, Finland: geochemistry, geochronology, and origin of platinum-palladium reefs. J. Petrol. 59 (5), 967-1006.

Maier, W.D., Barnes, S.-J., Muir, D., Savard, D., Lahaye, Y., Smith, W.D., 2021. Formation of Bushveld anorthosite by reactive porous flow. Contrib. Miner. Petrol. 176, 1-12.

Maier, W.D., Barnes, S.-J., Smith, W.D., 2023. Petrogenesis of the Mesoarchaean Stella layered intrusion, South Africa: implications for the origin of PGE reefs in the upper portion of layered intrusions. Miner. Deposita 58 (8), 1477-1497.

Maier, R. P., Dare, S. A., & Smith, W. D. (2024). Petrogenesis of the 1149 Ma Etoile Suite Mafic Intrusion, Quebec: implications for vanadium mineralization in Proterozoic anorthosite-bearing terranes. Mineralium Deposita, 1-27. Mallmann, G., & O'Neill, H. S. C. (2009). The crystal/melt partitioning of V during mantle melting as a function of oxygen fugacity compared with some other elements (Al, P, Ca, Sc, Ti, Cr, Fe, Ga, Y, Zr and Nb). *Journal of Petrology*, 50(9), 1765-1794.

Mallmann, G., O'Neill, H.S.C., 2009. The crystal/melt partitioning of V during mantle melting as a function of oxygen fugacity compared with some other elements (Al, P, Ca, Sc, Ti, Cr, Fe, Ga, Y, Zr and Nb). J. Petrol. 50 (9), 1765-1794.

Mansur, E.T., Barnes, S.-J., 2020. The role of Te, As, Bi, Sn and Sb during the formation of platinum-group-element reef deposits: Examples from the Bushveld and Stillwater Complexes. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 272, 235-258.

Mansur, E.T., Barnes, S.-J., Duran, C.J., 2020a. An overview of chalcophile element contents of pyrrhotite, pentlandite, chalcopyrite, and pyrite from magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE sulfide deposits. Miner. Deposita 1-26.

Mansur, E.T., Ferreira Filho, C.F., Oliveira, D.P.L., 2020b. The Luanga deposit, Carajás Mineral Province, Brazil: Different styles of PGE mineralization hosted in a medium- size layered intrusion. Ore Geol. Rev. 118, 103340.

Mansur, E.T., Dare, A.S.A., Slagstad, T., Sandstad, J.S., 2024. Distribution of chalcophile elements during crystallization and alteration of magmatic Ni-Cu-Co sulfide deposits in the anorthositic Espedalen Complex, Norway: pentlandite as an indicator for tracking metal tenors. Miner. Deposita 1-25.

Markl, G., Marks, M., Schwinn, G., Sommer, H., 2001. Phase equilibrium constraints on intensive crystallization parameters of the Ilfmaussaq Complex, South Greenland. J. Petrol. 42 (12), 2231-2257.

Marks, M., Markl, G., 2015. The ilfmaussaq alkaline complex, South Greenland. In *Layered Intrusions*. Springer, pp. 649-691.

Marsh, J.S., Allen, P., Fenner, N., 2003. The geochemical structure of the Insizwa lobe of the Mount Ayliff Complex with implications for the emplacement and evolution of the complex and its Ni-sulfide potential. South African Journal of Geology 106 (4), 409-428.

Marsh, J.S., Pasecznyk, M.J., Boudreau, A.E., 2021. Formation of chromitite seams and associated anorthosites in layered intrusion by reactive volatile-rich fluid infiltration. J. Petrol. 62 (2), egaa109.

Mathez, E.A., Kinzler, R.J., 2017. Metasomatic chromitite seams in the Bushveld and Rum layered intrusions. Elements 13 (6), 397-402.

Mathison, C.I., 1987. Pyroxene oikocrysts in troctolitic cumulates—evidence for supercooled crystallization and postcumulus modification. Contrib. Miner. Petrol. 97 (2), 228-236.

Matzen, A.K., Baker, M.B., Beckett, J.R., Wood, B.J., Stolper, E.M., 2017. The effect of liquid composition on the partitioning of Ni between olivine and silicate melt. Contrib. Miner. Petrol. 172 (1), 1-18.

Mavrogenes, J.A., O'Neill, H.S.C., 1999. The relative effects of pressure, temperature and oxygen fugacity on the solubility of sulfide in mafic magmas. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 63 (7-8), 1173-1180.

Mayo, C.W., Crockett, W.H., 1964. Cognitive complexity and primacy-recency effects in impression formation. J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol. 68 (3), 335.

McBirney, A.R., 1987. Constitutional zone refining of layered intrusions. In *Origins of igneous layering*. Springer, pp. 437-452.

McBirney, A.R., 1995. Mechanisms of differentiation in the Skaergaard Intrusion. J. Geol. Soc. London 152 (3), 421-435.

McBirney, A.R., Noyes, R.M., 1979. Crystallization and Layering of the Skaergaard Intrusion. J. Petrol. 20 (3), 487-554.

McBirney, A.R., Sonnenthal, E.L., 1990. Metasomatic replacement in the Skærgaard Intrusion, East Greenland: Preliminary observations. Chem. Geol. 88 (3-4), 245-260.

McCallum, I.S., 1987. Petrology of the igneous rocks. Rev. Geophys. 25 (5), 1021-1042.

McCallum, I.S., 1996. The Stillwater Complex. Layered Intrusions 441-484.
McCallum, I.S., Meurer, W.P., 2002. A Traverse Through the Banded Series in the Picket Pin Area of the Stillwater Complex. In: 9th International Platinum Symposium, pp. 1-7.

McCuairg, T.C., Beresford, S.W., Hronsky, J.M.A., 2010. Translating the mineral systems approach into an effective exploration targeting system. Ore Geol. Rev. 38 (3), 128-138.

McDonald, I., Holwell, D.A., 2011. Geology of the northern Bushveld Complex and the setting and genesis of the Plafreeet Ni-Cu-PGE deposit. Rev. Econ. Geol. 17, 297-327.

McDonough, W.F., Sun, S.S., 1995. The composition of the Earth. Chem. Geol 120, 223-253.
Menand, T., 2011. Physical controls and depth of emplacement of igneous bodies: A review. *Tectonophysics* 500 (1-4), 11–19.

Menand, T., de Saint-Blanquat, M., & Annen, C. (2011). Emplacement of magma pulses and growth of magma bodies. In *Tectonophysics* (Vol. 500, Issues 1-4, pp. 1–2). Elsevier.

Meurer, W.P., Boudreau, A.E., 1998. Compaction of igneous cumulates part II: compaction and the development of igneous foliations. J. Geol. 106 (3), 293–304.

Miller, J. D., & Severson, M. J. (2009). Field Guide to the Geology and Mineralization of Mafic Layered Intrusions of the Duluth and Beaver Bay Complexes, Northeastern Minnesota.

Miller Jr, J.D., Ripley, E.M., 1996. Layered intrusions of the Duluth complex, Minnesota, USA. Layered Intrusions 257–301.

Miller Jr, J.D., Weiblen, P.W., 1990. Anorthositic rocks of the Duluth Complex: Examples of rocks formed from plagioclase crystal mush. J. Petrol. 31 (2), 295–339.

Miller Jr, J. D. (1999). Information Circular 44. Geochemical Evaluation of Platinum Group Element (PGE) Mineralization in the Sonju Lake Intrusion, Finland, Minnesota.

Mitchell, A.A., Scoon, R.N., 2012. The Platreef of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa: a new hypothesis of multiple, non-sequential magma replenishment based on observations at the Akanani Project, north-west of Mokopane. S. Afr. J. Geol. 115 (4), 535–550.

Mokchah, N., Mathieu, L., 2022. Origin and Evolution of the Iron-Rich Upper Unit and Fe-Ti-V Mineralization of the Neovearchean Lac Doré Layered Intrusion, Chibougamau, Québec. J. Petrol. 63 (3), egac006.

Molina, J.F., Cambeses, A., Moreno, J.A., Morales, I., Montero, P., Bea, F., 2021. A reassessment of the amphibole-plagioclase NaSi-CaAl exchange thermometer with applications to igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks. Am. Mineral. 106 (5), 782–800.

Mondal, S.K., Mathez, E.A., 2007. Origin of the UG2 chromitite layer, Bushveld Complex. J. Petrol. 48 (3), 495–510.

Morse, S.A., 1969. The Kiglapait Layered Intrusion, Labrador, Vol. 112. Geological Society of America.

Morse, S.A., 1981. Kiglapait geochemistry IV: the major elements. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 45 (3), 461–479.

Morse, S.A., Nolan, K.M., 1985. Kiglapait geochemistry VII: Yttrium and the rare earth elements. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 49 (7), 1621–1644.

Morse, S. A. (2015). Kiglapait Intrusion, Labrador. In *Layered Intrusions* (pp. 589–648). Springer.

Mudd, G.M., Jowitt, S.M., Werner, T.T., 2018. Global platinum group element resources, reserves and mining—a critical assessment. Sci. Total Environ. 622, 614–625.

Mukherjee, R., Latypov, R., Balakrishna, A., 2017. An intrusive origin for some UG-1 chromitite layers in the Bushveld Igneous Complex, South Africa: Insights from field relationships. Ore Geol. Rev. 90, 94–109.

Mungall, J.E., 2002. Kinetic controls on the partitioning of trace elements between silicate and sulfide liquids. J. Petrol. 43 (5), 749–768.

Mungall, J.E., 2005. Exploration for Platinum Group Element Deposits Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Course Series Volume 35. Short Course Series Volume 35.

Mungall, J.E., 2013. Geochemistry of Magmatic Ore Deposits. Second Edition, In Treatise on Geochemistry.

Mungall, J.E., 2015. Physical controls of nucleation, growth and migration of vapor bubbles in partially molten cumulates. Layered Intrusions 331–377.

Mungall, J. E., & Brenan, J. M. (2003). *Experimental evidence for the chalcophile behavior of the halogens*.

Mungall, J.E., Brenan, J.M., 2014. Partitioning of platinum-group elements and Au between sulfide liquid and basalt and the origins of mantle-crust fractionation of the chalcophile elements. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 125, 265–289.

Mungall, J.E., Harvey, J.D., Balch, S.J., Azar, B., Atkinson, J., Hamilton, M.A., 2010. Eagle's Nest: A Magmatic Ni-Sulfide Deposit in the James Bay Lowlands, Ontario, Canada. Economic Geology, Special Pu, pp. 539–557.

Mungall, J.E., Brenan, J.M., Godel, B.M., Barnes, S.J., Gaillard, F., 2015. Transport of metals and sulfur in magmas by flotation of sulfide melt on vapour bubbles. Nat. Geosci. 8 (3), 216–219.

Mungall, J.E., Kamo, S.L., McQuade, S., 2016. U-Pb geochronology documents out-of-sequence emplacement of ultramafic layers in the Bushveld Igneous Complex of South Africa. Nat. Commun. 7 (1), 1–13.

Mungall, J.E., Jenkins, C.M., Robb, S.J., Yao, Z., Brenan, J.M., 2020. Upgrading of magmatic sulfides, revisited. Econ. Geol. 115 (8), 1827–1833.

Naldrett, A.J., 2004. Magmatic Sulfide Deposits: Geology. Springer Science & Business Media, Geochemistry and Exploration.

Naldrett, A.J., & Lehmann, J. (1988). Spinel non-stoichiometry as the explanation for Ni-, Cu-and PGE-enriched sulfides in chromitites. In *Geo-platinum* 87 (pp. 93–109). Springer.

Naldrett, A.J., Wilson, A., Kinnaird, J., Yudovskaya, M., Chunnett, G., 2012. The origin of chromitites and related PGE mineralization in the Bushveld Complex: new mineralogical and petrological constraints. Miner. Deposita 47 (3), 209–232.

Namur, O., Charlier, B., Holness, M.B., 2012. Dual origin of Fe-Ti-P gabbros by immiscibility and fractional crystallization of evolved tholeiitic basalts in the Sept Iles layered intrusion. Lithos 154, 100–114.

Namur, O., Abily, B., Boudreau, A.E., Blanchette, F., Bush, J.W.M., Ceuleneer, G., Charlier, B., Donaldson, C.H., Duchesne, J.-C., Higgins, M.D., 2015. Igneous layering in basaltic magma chambers. In *Layered intrusions*. Springer, pp. 75–152.

Namur, O., Charlier, B., Toplis, M. J., Higgins, M. D., Liwanag, J., & vander Auwera, J. (2010). Crystallization sequence and magma chamber processes in the ferrobasaltic Sept Iles layered intrusion, Canada. *Journal of Petrology*, 51(6), 1203–1236. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egq016.

Namur, O., Charlier, B., Toplis, M. J., Higgins, M. D., Hounsell, V., Liégeois, J.-P., & vander Auwera, J. (2011). Differentiation of tholeiitic basalt to A-type granite in the Sept Iles layered intrusion, Canada. *Journal of Petrology*, 52(3), 487–539.

Nance, R.D., Murphy, J.B., Santosh, M., 2014. The supercontinent cycle: a retrospective essay. Gondw. Res. 25 (1), 4–29.

Naslund, H.R., 1989. Petrology of the Basistoppen Sill, East Greenland: a calculated magma differentiation trend. J. Petrol. 30 (2), 299–319.

Nebel, O., Arculus, R.J., Ivanic, T.J., Rapp, R., Wills, K.J.A., 2013. Upper Zone of the Archean Windurra layered mafic intrusion, Western Australia: insights into fractional crystallization in a large magma chamber. Journal of Mineralogy and Geochemistry 191 (1), 83–107.

Nicholson, D.M., Mathez, E.A., 1991. Petrogenesis of the Merensky Reef in the Rustenburg section of the Bushveld Complex. Contrib. Miner. Petrol. 107 (3), 293–309.

Nicklas, R.W., Puchtel, I.S., Baxter, E.F., 2024. Concordance of V-in-olivine and Fe- XANES oxybarometry methods in mid-ocean ridge basalts. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 625, 118492.

Nielsen, T.F.D., Andersen, J.C.Ø., Holness, M.B., Keiding, J.K., Rudashevsky, N.S., Rudashevsky, V.N., Salmonsen, L.P., Tegner, C., Veksler, I.V., 2015. The Skaergaard PGE and gold deposit: the result of in situ fractionation, sulfide saturation, and magma chamber-scale precious metal redistribution by immiscible Fe-rich melt. J. Petrol. 56 (8), 1643–1676.

Nielsen, T.F.D., Brooks, C.K., Keiding, J.K., 2019. Bulk liquid for the Skaergaard intrusion and its PGE-Au mineralization: composition, correlation, liquid line of descent, and timing of sulfide saturation and silicate-silicate immiscibility. J. Petrol. 60 (10), 1853–1880.

Nolan, K.M., Morse, S.A., 1986. Marginal rocks resembling the estimated bulk composition of the Kiglapait intrusion. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 50 (10), 2381–2386.

O'Driscoll, B., Stevenson, C.T.E., Troll, V.R., 2008. Mineral lamination development in layered gabbros of the British Palaeogene Igneous Province: a combined anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility, quantitative textural and mineral chemistry study. J. Petrol. 49 (6), 1187–1221.

O'Driscoll, B., Donaldson, C.H., Daly, J.S., Emeleus, C.H., 2009. The roles of melt infiltration and cumulate assimilation in the formation of anorthosite and a Cr-spinel seam in the Rum Eastern Layered Intrusion. NW Scotland. *Lithos* 111 (1–2), 6–20.

O'Driscoll, B., VanTongeren, J.A., 2017. Layered intrusions: from petrological paradigms to precious metal repositories. Elements: an International Magazine of Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and Petrology 13 (6), 383–389.

O'Neill, H.S.C., 2021. The thermodynamic controls on sulfide saturation in silicate melts with application to ocean floor basalts. Magma Redox Geochemistry 177–213.

Palin, R.M., Santosh, M., Cao, W., Li, S.-S., Hernández-Uribe, D., Parsons, A., 2020. Secular change and the onset of plate tectonics on Earth. Earth Sci. Rev. 207, 103172.

Parker, A.P., Clay, P.L., Boudreau, A.E., Burgess, R., O'Driscoll, B., 2022. Magmatic volatiles and platinum-group element mineralization in the Stillwater layered intrusion, USA. Am. Mineral. 107 (5), 797–814.

Parks, J., Hill, R.E.T., 1986. Phase compositions and cryptic variation in a 2.2-km section of the Windurra layered gabbroic intrusion, Yilgarn Block, Western Australia; a comparison with the Stillwater Complex. Econ. Geol. 81 (5), 1196–1202.

Pearson, D.G., Irvine, G.J., Ionov, D.A., Boyd, F.R., Dreibus, G.E., 2004. Re- Os isotope systematics and platinum group element fractionation during mantle melt extraction: a study of massif and xenolith peridotite suites. Chem. Geol. 208 (1–4), 29–59.

Peck, D.C., Keays, R.R., Ford, R.J., 1992. Direct crystallization of refractory platinum-group element alloys from boninitic magmas: Evidence from western Tasmania. Aust. J. Earth Sci. 39 (3), 373–387.

Pedersen, J.M., Ulrich, T., Whitehouse, M.J., Kent, A.J.R., Tegner, C., 2021. The volatile and trace element composition of apatite in the Skaergaard intrusion, East Greenland. Contrib. Miner. Petrol. 176 (12), 102.

Pehrsson, S.J., Eglington, B.M., Evans, D.A.D., Huston, D., Reddy, S.M., 2016. Metallogeny and its link to orogenic style during the Nuna supercontinent cycle. Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ. 424 (1), 83–94.

Pierru, R., Andrault, D., Manthilake, G., Monteux, J., Devidal, J.L., Guignot, N., King, A., Henry, L., 2022. Deep mantle origin of large igneous provinces and komatiites. *Science*. Advances 8 (44), eabo1036.

Polat, A., Fryer, B.J., Samson, I.M., Weisener, C., Appel, P.W.U., Frei, R., Windley, B.F., 2012. Geochemistry of ultramafic rocks and hornblende veins in the Fiskenasset layered anorthosite complex, SW Greenland: Evidence for hydrous upper mantle in the Archean. Precambr. Res. 214–215, 124–153.

Polito, P.A., Karykowski, B.T., Best, F.C., Crawford, A.J., 2017. Magnetite-hosted Cu-PGE and Fe-sulfide mineralization in 1078 Ma layered mafic intrusions in the west Musgraves region of Western Australia. Ore Geol. Rev. 90, 510–531.

Porwal, A., González-Álvarez, I., Markwitz, V., McCuaig, T.C., Mamuse, A., 2010. Weights-of-evidence and logistic regression modeling of magmatic nickel sulfide prospectivity in the Yilgarn Craton. Western Australia. *Ore Geology Reviews* 38 (3), 184–196.

Prendergast, M. D. (2021). Variant Offset-Type Platinum Group Element Reef Mineralization in Basal Olivine Cumulates of the Kapalagulu Intrusion, Western Tanzania. *Economic Geology*.

Prevec, S.A., 2018. Igneous rock associations 23. The Bushveld Complex, South Africa: new insights and paradigms. Geosci. Can. 45 (3), 117–135.

Prichard, H.M., Barnes, S.-J., Godel, B.M., Reddy, S.M., Vukmanovic, Z., Halfpenny, A., Neary, C.R., Fisher, P.C., 2015. The structure of and origin of nodular chromite from the Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus, revealed using high-resolution X-ray computed tomography and electron backscatter diffraction. Lithos 218, 87–98.
Prichard, H.M., Mondal, S.K., Mukherjee, R., Fisher, P.C., Giles, N., 2018. Geochemistry and mineralogy of Pd in the magnetite layer within the upper gabbro of the Mesoarchean Nuasahi Massif (Orissa, India). Miner. Deposita 53 (4), 547–564.

Puetz, S.J., Condie, K.C., 2019. Time series analysis of mantle cycles Part I: Periodictities and correlations among seven global isotopic databases. Geosci. Front. 10 (4), 1305–1326.

Queffurus, M., Barnes, S.-J., 2015. A review of sulfur to selenium ratios in magmatic nickel-copper and platinum-group element deposits. Ore Geol. Rev. 69, 301–324.

Reynolds, I.M., 1985. The nature and origin of titaniferous magnetite-rich layers in the upper zone of the Bushveld Complex; a review and synthesis. Econ. Geol. 80 (4), 1089–1108.

Ripley, E.M., 2005. Re/Os isotopic and fluid inclusion studies of fluid-rock interaction in the contact aureole of the Duluth Complex. Minnesota. *Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta Supplement* 69 (10), A332.

Ripley, E.M., Li, C., 2003. Sulfur isotope exchange and metal enrichment in the formation of magmatic Cu-Ni-(PGE) deposits. Econ. Geol. 98 (3), 635–641.

Ripley, E.M., Li, C., 2013. Sulfide Saturation in Mafic Magmas: Is External Sulfur Required for Magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) Ore Genesis? Econ. Geol. 108, 45–58.

Ripley, E.M., Severson, M.J., Hauck, S.A., 1998. Evidence for sulfide and Fe-Ti-P-rich liquid immiscibility in the Duluth Complex. Minnesota. *Economic Geology* 93 (7), 1052–1062.

Robins, B., 1972. Crescumulate layering in a gabbroic body on Seiland, northern Norway. Geol. Mag. 109 (6), 533–542.

Roman, A., Jaupart, C., 2016. The fate of mafic and ultramafic intrusions in the continental crust. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 453, 131–140.

Rose, L.A., Brenan, J.M., 2001. Wetting properties of Fe-Ni-Co-Cu-OS melts against olivine: Implications for sulfide melt mobility. Econ. Geol. 96 (1), 145–157.

Ruiz, F. V., della Giustina, M. E. S., de Oliveira, C. G., Dantas, E. L., & Hollanda, M. H. B. (2019). The 3.5 Ga São Tomé layered mafic-ultramafic intrusion, NE Brazil: Insights into a Palearchean Fe-Ti-V oxide mineralization and its reworking during West Gondwana assembly. *Precambrian Research*, **326**, 462–478.

Ryan, C.G., Kirkham, R., Moorhead, G.F., Parry, D., Jensen, M., Faulks, A., Hogan, S., Dunn, P.A., Dodanwela, R., Fisher, L.A., Pearce, M., Siddons, D.P., Kuczewski, A., Lundström, U., et al., 2018. Maia Mapper: High definition XRF imaging in the lab. *Journal of Instrumentation* 13, 8 p.

Samalens, N., Barnes, S.-J., Sawyer, E.W., 2017. The role of black shales as a source of sulfur and semimetals in magmatic nickel-copper deposits: Example from the Partridge River Intrusion, Duluth Complex, Minnesota, USA. Ore Geol. Rev. 81, 173–187.

Santosh, M., Groves, D.I., 2023. The Not-So-Boring Billion: A metallogenic conundrum during the evolution from Columbia to Rodinia supercontinents. Earth Sci. Rev. 236, 104287.

Sato, E., Sato, H., 2009. Study of effect of magma pocket on mixing of two magmas with different viscosities and densities by analogue experiments. J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res. 181 (1–2), 115–123.

Sawyer, E.W., 2014. The inception and growth of leucosomes: microstructure at the start of melt segregation in migmatites. J. Metam. Geol. 32 (7), 695–712.

Schoenberg, R., Kruger, F.J., Nägler, T.F., Meisel, T., Kramers, J.D., 1999. PGE enrichment in chromite layers and the Merensky Reef of the western Bushveld Complex; a Re–Os and Rb–Sr isotope study. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 172 (1–2), 49–64.

Schofield, N., Alsop, I., Warren, J., Underhill, J.R., Lehné, R., Beer, W., Lukas, V., 2014. Mobilizing salt: Magma-salt interactions. Geology 42 (7), 599–602.

Schoneveld, L., Barnes, S.J., Luolavirta, K., Hu, S., Verrall, M., Le Vaillant, M., 2024. Extent and survival of zoned pyroxene within intrusions hosting magmatic sulfides: Implications for zoned pyroxene as a prospectivity indicator. Miner. Deposita 1–17.

Schoneveld, L., Barnes, S. J., Makkonen, H. v, Le Vaillant, M., Paterson, D. J., Taranovic, V., Wang, K.-Y., & Mao, Y.-J. (2020). Zoned pyroxenes as prospectivity indicators for magmatic Ni-Cu sulfide mineralization. *Frontiers in Earth Science*, **8**, 256.

Scoates, J.S., Scoates, R.F.J., 2024. The Muskox intrusion: Overview of a major open-system layered intrusion and its role as a sub-volcanic magma reservoir in the Mackenzie large igneous province. Lithos 107560.

Scoates, J.S., Wall, C.J., Friedman, R.M., Weis, D., Mathez, E.A., VanTongeren, J.A., 2021. Dating the Bushveld Complex: Timing of Crystallization, Duration of Magmatism, and Cooling of the World's Largest Layered Intrusion and Related Rocks. Journal of Petrology.

Scoon, R.N., Costin, G., 2018. Chemistry, morphology and origin of magmatic-reaction chromite stringers associated with anorthosite in the Upper Critical Zone at Winnaarshoek, Eastern Limb of the Bushveld Complex. J. Petrol. 59 (8), 1551–1578.

Scoon, R.N., Mitchell, A.A., 2023. Petrogenesis of the Marginal Sill Phase and Lower Zone in the Eastern Limb of the Bushveld Complex: Incremental development of igneous layering and syn-magmatic emplacement of peridotite intrusions and sills. S. Afr. J. Geol. 126 (4), 425–450.

Sharpe, M.R., 1981. The chronology of magma influxes to the eastern compartment of the Bushveld Complex as exemplified by its marginal border groups. J. Geol. Soc. London 138 (3), 307–326.

She, Y.-W., Song, X.-Y., Yu, S.-Y., He, H., 2015. Variations of trace element concentration of magnetite and ilmenite from the Taihe layered intrusion, Emeishan large igneous province, SW China: Implications for magmatic fractionation and origin of Fe-Ti-V oxide ore deposits. J. Asian Earth Sci. 113, 1117–1131.

Shepherd, K., Namur, O., Toplis, M.J., Devidal, J.-L., Charlier, B., 2022. Trace element partitioning between clinopyroxene, magnetite, ilmenite and ferrobasaltic to dacitic magmas: an experimental study on the role of oxygen fugacity and melt composition. Contrib. Miner. Petrol. 177 (9), 90.

Simakin, A., Salova, T., Borisova, A.Y., Pokrovski, G.S., Shaposhnikova, O., Tyutyunnik, O., Bondarenko, G., Nekrasov, A., Isaenko, S.I., 2021. Experimental

Study of Pt Solubility in the CO-CO2 Fluid at Low f O2 and Subsolidus Conditions of the Ultramafic-Mafic Intrusions. Minerals 11 (2), 225.

Simandl, G.J., Paradis, S., 2022. Vanadium as a critical material: economic geology with emphasis on market and the main deposit types. Appl. Earth Sci. 131 (4), 218–236.

Simundic, A.-M., 2013. Bias in research. Biochemia Medica 23 (1), 12–15.

Smith, W.D., Fay, L., Mungall, J.E., Far, M.S., Djon, L., 2024. Olivine compositions reveal an andesitic parent magma for the Archean palladium-mineralized Lac des Iles Complex of Ontario. Canada. *Mineralium Deposita* 1–25.

Smith, W.D., Albrechtsen, B., Maier, W.D., Mungall, J.E., 2025. Petrogenesis and Ni-Cu-(PGE) prospectivity of the Mount Ayliff Complex in the Karoo Igneous Province: new insights from the Ingeli and Horseshoe lobes. Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ. 552 (1), SP552-2023.

Smith, C.H., Kapp, H.E., 1963. The Muskox intrusion, a recently discovered layered intrusion in the Coppermine River area, Northwest Territories, Canada. Mineralogical Society of America 1, 30–35.

Smith, W.D., Maier, W.D., 2021. The geotectonic setting, age and mineral deposit inventory of global layered intrusions. Earth Sci. Rev. 103736.

Smith, W.D., Maier, W.D., Barnes, S.J., Moorhead, G., Reid, D., Karykowski, B.T., 2021a. Element mapping the Merensky Reef of the Bushveld Complex. Geosci. Front. 12 (3), 101101.

Smith, W.D., Maier, W.D., Bliss, I., 2021b. The geology, geochemistry, and petrogenesis of the Huckleberry Cu-Ni-PGE prospect in the Labrador Trough, Canada: Perspectives for regional prospectivity. Ore Geol. Rev. 128, 103905.

Smith, W.D., Maier, W.D., Muir, D.D., Andersen, J.C.O., Williams, B.J., Henry, H., 2023. New perspectives on the formation of the Boulder Bed of the western Bushveld Complex. South Africa. *Mineralium Deposita* 58 (3), 617–638.

Smythe, D.J., Wood, B.J., Kiseeva, E.S., 2017. The S content of silicate melts at sulfide saturation: new experiments and a model incorporating the effects of sulfide composition. Am. Mineral. 102 (4), 795–803.

Solovova, I.P., Yudovskaya, M.A., Kinnaird, J.A., Wilson, A.H., Zinovieva, N.G., 2021. A siliceous komatitic source of Bushveld magmas revealed by primary melt inclusions in olivine. Lithos 388–389, 106094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2021.106094.

Song, X.-Y., Qi, H.-W., Hu, R.-Z., Chen, L.-M., Yu, S.-Y., Zhang, J.-F., 2013. Formation of thick stratiform Fe-Ti oxide layers in layered intrusion and frequent replenishment of fractionated mafic magma: evidence from the Panzhihua intrusion, SW China. *Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst.* 14 (3), 712–732.

Spandler, C.J., Eggins, S.M., Arculus, R.J., Mavrogenes, J.A., 2000. Using melt inclusions to determine parent-magma compositions of layered intrusions: Application to the Greenhills Complex (New Zealand), a platinum group minerals-bearing, island-arc intrusion. Geology 28 (11), 991–994.

Spandler, C.J., Mavrogenes, J., Arculus, R.J., 2005. Origin of chromitites in layered intrusions: Evidence from chromite-hosted melt inclusions from the Stillwater Complex. Geology 33 (11), 893–896. https://doi.org/10.1130/G21912.1.

Sparks, R. S. J., Annen, C., Blundy, J. D., Cashman, K. v, Rust, A. C., & Jackson, M. D. (2019). Formation and dynamics of magma reservoirs. *Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A*, **377**(2139), 20180019.

Spencer, C.J., Murphy, J.B., Kirkland, C.L., Liu, Y., Mitchell, R.N., 2018. A Palaeoproterozoic tectono-magmatic lull as a potential trigger for the supercontinent cycle. Nat. Geosci. 11 (2), 97–101.

Spier, C.A., Daczko, N.R., Zhou, R., 2024. Zircon coupled dissolution-precipitation textures distinguish xenocrystic cargo from rare magmatic zircon in the Palearchean Bauri Mafic-Ultramafic layered Complex. Brazil. *Precambrian Research* 404, 107342.

Straub, S.M., Gomez-Tuena, A., Stuart, F.M., Zellmer, G.F., Espinasa-Perena, R., Cai, Y., Iizuka, Y., 2011. Formation of hybrid arc andesites beneath thick continental crust. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 303 (3-4), 337–347.

Sullivan, N.A., Zajacz, Z., Brenan, J.M., Hinde, J.C., Tsay, A., Yin, Y., 2022a. The solubility of gold and palladium in magmatic brines: Implications for PGE enrichment in mafic-ultramafic and porphyry environments. *Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta* 316, 230–252.

Sullivan, N.A., Zajacz, Z., Brenan, J.M., Tsay, A., 2022b. The solubility of platinum in magmatic brines: Insights into the mobility of PGE in ore-forming environments. *Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta* 316, 253–272.

Sun, J., Melo, A. T., Kim, J. D., & Wei, X. (2020). Unveiling the 3D undercover structure of a Precambrian intrusive complex by integrating airborne magnetic and gravity gradient data into 3D quasi-geology model building. *Interpretation*, **8**(4), SS15–SS29.

Sushchenko, A., Groshev, N., Rundkvist, T., Kompanchenko, A., Savchenko, Y., 2023. Apatite as an Indicator for the Formation of PGE Mineralization as Exemplified by Anorthosites of the Kievey Deposit, Fedorova-Pana Layered Complex, Kola Peninsula, Russia. Minerals 13 (12), 1473.

Swanson-Hysell, N.L., Hoaglund, S.A., Crowley, J.L., Schmitz, M.D., Zhang, Y., Miller Jr, J.D., 2021. Rapid emplacement of massive Duluth Complex intrusions within the North American Midcontinent rift. Geology 49 (2), 185–189.

Tang, Q., Li, C., Ripley, E.M., Bao, J., Su, T., Xu, S., 2021. Sr-Nd-Hf-O isotope constraints on crustal contamination and mantle source variation of three Fe-Ti-V oxide ore deposits in the Emeishan large igneous province. *Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta* 292, 364–381.

Tang, D., Qin, K., Evans, N.J., Fang, L., 2023. Silicate mineral inclusions in chromite from the Eastern Bushveld complex: Implications for the origin and evolution of hydrous melt during chromite mineralization in the Critical Zone. Lithos 438, 106997.

Tanner, D., McDonald, I., Harmer, R.E.J., Muir, D.D., Hughes, H.S.R., 2019. A record of assimilation preserved by exotic minerals in the lowermost platinum-group element deposit of the Bushveld Complex: The Volspruit Sulfide Zone. Lithos 324, 584–608.
Taranovic, V., Barnes, S.J., Beresford, S., Williams, M., MacRae, C., Schoneveld, L.E., 2022. Nova-Bollinger Ni-Cu sulfide ore deposits, Fraser zone, Western Australia: Petrogenesis of the host intrusions. *Econ. Geol.* 117 (2), 455–484.

Tegner, C., Robins, B., Reginiussen, H., Grundvig, S., 1999. Assimilation of crustal xenoliths in a basaltic magma chamber: Sr and Nd isotopic constraints from the Hasvik layered intrusion. *Norway. Journal of Petrology* 40 (3), 363–380.

Tegner, C., Thy, P., Holness, M.B., Jakobsen, J.K., Lesher, C.E., 2009. Differentiation and compaction in the Skaergaard intrusion. *J. Petrol.* 50 (5), 813–840.

Tollari, N., Barnes, S.-J., Cox, R.A., Nabil, H., 2008. Trace element concentrations in apatites from the Sept-Iles Intrusive Suite, Canada—implications for the genesis of nelsonites. *Chem. Geol.* 252 (3-4), 180–190.

Toplis, M.J., Carroll, M.R., 1995. An experimental study of the influence of oxygen fugacity on Fe-Ti oxide stability, phase relations, and mineral—melt equilibria in ferro-basaltic systems. *J. Petrol.* 36 (5), 1137–1170.

Toplis, M.J., Corgne, A., 2002. An experimental study of element partitioning between magnetite, clinopyroxene and iron-bearing silicate liquids with particular emphasis on vanadium. *Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology* 144 (1), 22–37.

Ulmer, G., 1969. Experimental investigations of chromite spinels. *Magmatic Ore Deposits* 114–131.

Upton, B.G.J., Parsons, I., Emeleus, C.H., Hodson, M.E., 1996. Layered Alkaline Igneous Rocks of the Gardar Province, South Greenland. in *Developments in Petrology* Vol. 15, 331–363.

Van Tongeren, J.A., Mathez, E.A., 2012. Large-scale liquid immiscibility at the top of the Bushveld Complex. *South Africa. Geology* 40 (6), 491–494.

Veksler, I. V. (2006). Crystallized melt inclusions in gabbroic rocks. In: Webster, J. D. (ed.) Melt Inclusions in Plutonic Rocks. Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Courses 36, 100'122. *Veksler, I. V., & Charlier, B.* (2015). Silicate liquid immiscibility in layered intrusions. *In Layered intrusions* (pp. 229–258). Springer.

Virtanen, V.J., Heinonen, J.S., Barber, N., Molnár, F., 2021. The effects of assimilation on sulfide saturation and the formation of norite-hosted Cu-Ni deposits in the Duluth Complex, Minnesota. In: Lithosphere 2021: Eleventh Symposium on Structure, Composition and Evolution of the Lithosphere, p. 147.

Virtanen, V.J., Heinonen, J.S., Barber, N.D., Molnár, F., 2022. Complex effects of assimilation on sulfide saturation revealed by modeling with the Magma Chamber Simulator: A case study on the Duluth Complex, Minnesota, USA. *Econ. Geol.* 117 (8), 1881–1899.

Virtanen, V.J., Höytiä, H.M.A., Iacono-Marziano, G., Yang, S., Moilanen, M., Törmänen, T., 2024a. From the mantle source to the crustal sink: magmatic differentiation and sulfide saturation of the Paleoproterozoic komatiites of the Central Lapland Greenstone Belt, Finland. *Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology* 179 (7), 73.

Virtanen, V.J., Heinonen, J.S., Märki, L., Galvez, M.E., Molnár, F., 2024b. Sedimentary and metamorphic processes priming black shale for magmatic assimilation of sulfur: an example from the Virginia Formation, Minnesota, United States. *Mineralium Deposito* 1–17.

Vogel, D.C., Keays, R.R., James, R.S., Reeves, S.J., 1999. The geochemistry and petrogenesis of the Agnew Intrusion, Canada: A product of S-undersaturated, high-Al and low-Ti tholeitic magmas. *J. Petrol.* 40 (3), 423–450.

von Gruenewaldt, G., 1993. Ilmenite-apatite enrichments in the Upper Zone of the Bushveld Complex: a major titanium-rock phosphate resource. *Int. Geol. Rev.* 35 (11), 987–1000.

Voordouw, R., Gutzmer, J., Beukes, N.J., 2009. Intrusive origin for upper group (UG1, UG2) stratiform chromitite seams in the Dwars River area, Bushveld Complex, South Africa. *Mineralogy and Petrology* 97 (1–2), 75.

Vukmanovic, Z., Holness, M.B., Monks, K., Andersen, J.C., 2018. The Skaergaard trough layering: sedimentation in a convecting magma chamber. *Contrib. Miner. Petrol.* 173 (5), 1–18.

Vukmanovic, Z., Holness, M.B., Stock, M.J., Roberts, R.J., 2019. The creation and evolution of crystal mush in the Upper Zone of the Rustenburg Layered Suite, Bushveld Complex, South Africa. *J. Petrol.* 60 (8), 1523–1542.

Wager, L.R., Brown, G.M., 1968. Layered igneous intrusions. *Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh* and London, pp. 1–588.

Wager, L.R., Deer, W.A., 1939. Geological Investigations in East Greenland. Part III. The Petrology of the Skaergaard Intrusion, Kangerdlugssuaq, East Greenland. *Geogr. J.* 95 (5), 394.

Wager, L.R., Brown, G.M., Wadsworth, W.J., 1960. Types of igneous cumulates. *Journal of Petrology* 1 (1), 73–85.

Wall, C.J., Scoates, J.S., Weis, D., Friedman, R.M., Amini, M., Meurer, W.P., 2018. The stillwater complex: Integrating zircon geochronological and geochemical constraints on the age, emplacement history and crystallization of a large, open-system layered intrusion. *J. Petrol.* 59 (1), 153–190.

Walter, M.J., 1998. Melting of garnet peridotite and the origin of komatiite and depleted lithosphere. *J. Petrol.* 39 (1), 29–60.

Wang, K., Wang, C.Y., Ren, Z.-Y., 2018. Apatite-hosted melt inclusions from the Panzhihua gabbroic-layered intrusion associated with a giant Fe-Ti oxide deposit in SW China: insights for magma unmixing within a crystal mush. *Contrib. Miner. Petrol.* 173, 1–14.

Waters, D.J., Lovegrove, D.P., 2002. Assessing the extent of disequilibrium and overstepping of prograde metamorphic reactions in metapelite from the Bushveld Complex aureole, South Africa. *J. Metam. Geol.* 20 (1), 135–149.

Waterton, P., Mungall, J., Pearson, D.G., 2021. The komatiite-mantle platinum-group element paradox. *Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta* 313, 214–242.

Wieser, P., & Glee son, M. (2022). *PySulfSat: an open-source Python3 tool for modelling sulfide and sulfate saturation*.

Wieser, P.E., Vukmanovic, Z., Kilian, R., Ringe, E., Holness, M.B., Maclennan, J., Edmonds, M., 2019. To sink, swim, twin, or nucleate: A critical appraisal of crystal aggregation processes. *Geology* 47 (10), 948–952.

Wilson, A.H., 2012. A chill sequence to the Bushveld Complex: insight into the first stage of emplacement and implications for the parental magmas. *J. Petrol.* 53 (6), 1123–1168.

Wilson, J. R., Robins, B., Nielsen, F. M., Duchesne, J.-C., & vander Auwera, J. (1996). The Bjerkrem-Sokndal Layered Intrusion, Southwest Norway. *Developments in Petrology*, 15(C), 231–255.

Wilson, P.I.R., McCaffrey, K.J.W., Wilson, R.W., Jarvis, I., Holdsworth, R.E., 2016. Deformation structures associated with the Trachyte Mesa intrusion, Henry Mountains, Utah: Implications for sill and laccolith emplacement mechanisms. *J. Struct. Geol.* 87, 30–46.

Wilson, A.H., Tredoux, M., 1990. Lateral and vertical distribution of platinum-group elements and petrogenetic controls on the sulfide mineralization in the P1 pyroxenite layer of the Darwendale subchamber of the Great Dyke, Zimbabwe. *Econ. Geol.* 85 (3), 556–584.

Xing, C.-M., Wang, C.Y., Charlier, B., Namur, O., 2022. Ubiquitous dendritic olivine constructs initial crystal framework of mafic magma chamber. *Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.* 594, 117710.

Yang, S.-H., Hanski, E., Li, C., Maier, W. D., Huhma, H., Mokrushin, A. v., Latypov, R., Lahaye, Y., O'Brien, H., & Qu, W.-J. (2016). Mantle source of the 2.44–2.50-Ga mantle plume-related magmatism in the Fennoscandian Shield: evidence from Os, Nd, and Sr isotope compositions of the Monchepluton and Kemi intrusions. *Mineralium Deposito*, 51, 1055–1073.

Yang, S.-H., Maier, W.D., Godel, B.M., Barnes, S.-J., Hanski, E.J., O'Brien, H., 2019. Parental magma composition of the Main Zone of the Bushveld Complex: evidence from in situ LA-ICP-MS trace element analysis of silicate minerals in the cumulate rocks. *J. Petrol.* 60 (2), 359–392.

Yao, Z., Mungall, J.E., 2020. Flotation mechanism of sulfide melt on vapour bubbles in partially molten magmatic systems. *Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.* 542, 116298.

Yao, Z., Mungall, J.E., 2022. Magnetite layer formation in the Bushveld complex of South Africa. *Nat. Commun.* 13 (1), 1–11.

Yao, Z., Qin, K., Mungall, J.E., 2018. Tectonic controls on Ni and Cu contents of primary mantle-derived magmas for the formation of magmatic sulfide deposits. *Am. Mineral.* 103 (10), 1545–1567.

Yao, Z., Mungall, J.E., Jenkins, M.C., 2021. The Rustenburg Layered Suite formed as a stack of mush with transient magma chambers. *Nat. Commun.* 12 (1), 505.

Yasseri, T., Reher, J., 2022. Fooled by facts: quantifying anchoring bias through a large-scale experiment. *J. Comput. Soc. Sci.* 5 (1), 1001–1021.

Yudovskaya, M., Belousova, E., Kinnaird, J., Dubinina, E., Grobler, D.F., Pearson, N., 2017. Re- Os and S isotope evidence for the origin of Platreef mineralization (Bushveld Complex). *Geoch. Cosmo. Acta.* 214, 282–307.

Zhang, X., Song, X.-Y., Chen, L.-M., Xie, W., Yu, S.-Y., Zheng, W.-Q., Deng, Y.-F., Zhang, J.-F., Gui, S.-G., 2012. Fractional crystallization and the formation of thick Fe–Ti–V oxide layers in the Baima layered intrusion, SW China. *Ore Geol. Rev.* 49, 96–108.

Zientek, M. L., Causey, J. D., Parks, H. L., & Miller, R. J. (2014). *Platinum-group elements in southern Africa: mineral inventory and an assessment of undiscovered mineral resources*. US Geological Survey.