151. Wilhelmsson, U.; Bushong, E.A.; Price, D.L.; Smarr, B.L.; Phung, V.; Terada, M.; Ellisman, M.H.; Pekny, M. Redefining the concept of reactive astrocytes as cells that remain within their unique domains upon reaction to injury. *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA* **2006**, *103*, 17513–17518. [CrossRef]

152. Zamanian, J.L.; Xu, L.; Foo, L.C.; Nouri, N.; Zhou, L.; Giffard, R.G.; Barres, B.A. Genomic analysis of reactive astrogliosis. *J. Neurosci.* **2012**, *32*, 6391–6410. [CrossRef]

153. Al Ahmad, A.; Taboada, C.B.; Gassmann, M.; Ogunshola, O.O. Astrocytes and pericytes differentially modulate blood-brain barrier characteristics during development and hypoxic insult. *J. Cereb. Blood Flow. Metab.* **2011**, *31*, 693–705. [CrossRef]

154. Ding, S. Dynamic reactive astrocytes after focal ischemia. *Neural Regen. Res.* **2014**, *9*, 2048–2052. [CrossRef]

155. Li, H.; Zhang, N.; Lin, H.Y.; Yu, Y.; Cai, Q.Y.; Ma, L.; Ding, S. Histological, cellular and behavioral assessments of stroke outcomes after photothrombosis-induced ischemia in adult mice. *BMC Neurosci.* **2014**, *15*, 58. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

156. Schroeter, M.; Schiene, K.; Kraemer, M.; Hagemann, G.; Weigel, H.; Eysel, U.T.; Witte, O.W.; Stoll, G. Astroglial responses in photochemically induced focal ischemia of the rat cortex. *Exp. Brain Res.* **1995**, *106*, 1–6. [CrossRef]

157. De Pablo, Y.; Nilsson, M.; Pekna, M.; Pekny, M. Intermediate filaments are important for astrocyte response to oxidative stress induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion. *Histochem. Cell Biol.* **2013**, *140*, 81–91. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

158. Li, L.; Lundkvist, A.; Andersson, D.; Wilhelmsson, U.; Nagai, N.; Pardo, A.C.; Nodin, C.; Stahlberg, A.; Aprico, K.; Larsson, K.; et al. Protective role of reactive astrocytes in brain ischemia. *J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab.* **2008**, *28*, 468–481. [CrossRef]

159. Zhou, Y.; Shao, A.; Yao, Y.; Tu, S.; Deng, Y.; Zhang, J. Dual roles of astrocytes in plasticity and reconstruction after traumatic brain injury. *Cell Commun. Signal.* **2020**, *18*, 62. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

160. Ben-Gigi, L.; Sweetat, S.; Besser, E.; Fellig, Y.; Wiederhold, T.; Polakiewicz, R.D.; Behar, O. Astrogliosis Induced by Brain Injury Is Regulated by Sema4B Phosphorylation. *eNeuro* **2015**, *2*. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

161. Rolls, A.; Shechter, R.; Schwartz, M. The bright side of the glial scar in CNS repair. *Nat. Rev. Neurosci.* **2009**, *10*, 235–241. [CrossRef]

162. Buffo, A.; Rolando, C.; Ceruti, S. Astrocytes in the damaged brain: Molecular and cellular insights into their reactive response and healing potential. *Biochem. Pharmacol.* **2010**, *79*, 77–89. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

163. Galindo, L.T.; Mundim, M.; Pinto, A.S.; Chiarantin, G.M.D.; Almeida, M.E.S.; Lamers, M.L.; Horwitz, A.R.; Santos, M.F.; Porcionatto, M. Chondroitin Sulfate Impairs Neural Stem Cell Migration Through ROCK Activation. *Mol. Neurobiol.* **2018**, *55*, 3185–3195. [CrossRef]

164. Diotel, N.; Charlier, T.D.; Lefebvre d'Hellencourt, C.; Couret, D.; Trudeau, V.L.; Nicolau, J.C.; Meilhac, O.; Kah, O.; Pellegrini, E. Steroid Transport, Local Synthesis, and Signaling within the Brain: Roles in Neurogenesis, Neuroprotection, and Sexual Behaviors. *Front. Neurosci.* **2018**, *12*, 84. [CrossRef]

165. Radak, D.; Katsiki, N.; Resanovic, I.; Jovanovic, A.; Sudar-Milovanovic, E.; Zafirovic, S.; Mousad, S.A.; Isenovic, E.R. Apoptosis and Acute Brain Ischemia in Ischemic Stroke. *Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol.* **2017**, *15*, 115–122. [CrossRef]

166. Sairanen, T.; Karjalainen-Lindsberg, M.L.; Paetau, A.; Ijas, P.; Lindsberg, P.J. Apoptosis dominant in the periinfarct area of human ischaemic stroke—A possible target of antiapoptotic treatments. *Brain* **2006**, *129*, 189–199. [CrossRef]

167. Otxoa-de-Amezaga, A.; Miro-Mur, F.; Pedragosa, J.; Gallizioli, M.; Justicia, C.; Gaja-Capdevila, N.; Ruiz-Jaen, F.; Salas-Perdomo, A.; Bosch, A.; Calvo, M.; et al. Microglial cell loss after ischemic stroke favors brain neutrophil accumulation. *Acta Neuropathol.* **2019**, *137*, 321–341. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

168. Perez-de-Puig, I.; Miro-Mur, F.; Ferrer-Ferrer, M.; Gelpi, E.; Pedragosa, J.; Justicia, C.; Urra, X.; Chamorro, A.; Planas, A.M. Neutrophil recruitment to the brain in mouse and human ischemic stroke. *Acta Neuropathol.* **2015**, *129*, 239–257. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

169. Rosell, A.; Cuadrado, E.; Ortega-Aznar, A.; Hernandez-Guillamon, M.; Lo, E.H.; Montaner, J. MMP-9-positive neutrophil infiltration is associated to blood-brain barrier breakdown and basal lamina type IV collagen degradation during hemorrhagic transformation after human ischemic stroke. *Stroke* **2008**, *39*, 1121–1126. [CrossRef]

170. Huang, L.; Wu, Z.B.; Zhuge, Q.; Zheng, W.; Shao, B.; Wang, B.; Sun, F.; Jin, K. Glial scar formation occurs in the human brain after ischemic stroke. *Int. J. Med. Sci.* **2014**, *11*, 344–348. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

171. Jin, K.; Wang, X.; Xie, L.; Mao, X.O.; Zhu, W.; Wang, Y.; Shen, J.; Mao, Y.; Banwait, S.; Greenberg, D.A. Evidence for stroke-induced neurogenesis in the human brain. *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA* **2006**, *103*, 13198–13202. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

172. Zambusi, A.; Ninkovic, J. Regeneration of the central nervous system-principles from brain regeneration in adult zebrafish. *World J. Stem Cells* **2020**, *12*, 8–24. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

173. Mashkaryan, V.; Siddiqui, T.; Popova, S.; Cosacak, M.I.; Bhattarai, P.; Brandt, K.; Govindarajan, N.; Petzold, A.; Reinhardt, S.; Dahl, A.; et al. Type 1 Interleukin-4 Signaling Obliterates Mouse Astroglia in vivo but Not in vitro. *Front. Cell Dev. Biol.* **2020**, *8*, 114. [CrossRef]

174. Celikkaya, H.; Cosacak, M.I.; Papadimitriou, C.; Popova, S.; Bhattarai, P.; Biswas, S.N.; Siddiqui, T.; Wistorf, S.; Nevado-Alcalde, I.; Naumann, L.; et al. GATA3 Promotes the Neural Progenitor State but Not Neurogenesis in 3D Traumatic Injury Model of Primary Human Cortical Astrocytes. *Front. Cell. Neurosci.* **2019**, *13*, 23. [CrossRef]

175. Chang, E.H.; Adorjan, I.; Mundim, M.V.; Sun, B.; Dizon, M.L.; Szele, F.G. Traumatic Brain Injury Activation of the Adult Subventricular Zone Neurogenic Niche. *Front. Neurosci.* **2016**, *10*, 332. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

176. Yoshiya, K.; Tanaka, H.; Kasai, K.; Irisawa, T.; Shiozaki, T.; Sugimoto, H. Profile of gene expression in the subventricular zone after traumatic brain injury. *J. Neurotrauma* **2003**, *20*, 1147–1162. [CrossRef]
151. Wilhelmsson, U.; Bushong, E.A.; Price, D.L.; Smarr, B.L.; Phung, V.; Terada, M.; Ellisman, M.H.; Pekny, M. Redefining the concept of reactive astrocytes as cells that remain within their unique domains upon reaction to injury. *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA* **2006**, *103*, 17513–17518. [CrossRef]

152. Zamanian, J.L.; Xu, L.; Foo, L.C.; Nouri, N.; Zhou, L.; Giffard, R.G.; Barres, B.A. Genomic analysis of reactive astrogliosis. *J. Neurosci.* **2012**, *32*, 6391–6410. [CrossRef]

153. Al Ahmad, A.; Taboada, C.B.; Gassmann, M.; Ogunshola, O.O. Astrocytes and pericytes differentially modulate blood-brain barrier characteristics during development and hypoxic insult. *J. Cereb. Blood Flow. Metab.* **2011**, *31*, 693–705. [CrossRef]

154. Ding, S. Dynamic reactive astrocytes after focal ischemia. *Neural Regen. Res.* **2014**, *9*, 2048–2052. [CrossRef]

155. Li, H.; Zhang, N.; Lin, H.Y.; Yu, Y.; Cai, Q.Y.; Ma, L.; Ding, S. Histological, cellular and behavioral assessments of stroke outcomes after photothrombosis-induced ischemia in adult mice. *BMC Neurosci.* **2014**, *15*, 58. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

156. Schroeter, M.; Schiene, K.; Kraemer, M.; Hagemann, G.; Weigel, H.; Eysel, U.T.; Witte, O.W.; Stoll, G. Astroglial responses in photochemically induced focal ischemia of the rat cortex. *Exp. Brain Res.* **1995**, *106*, 1–6. [CrossRef]

157. De Pablo, Y.; Nilsson, M.; Pekna, M.; Pekny, M. Intermediate filaments are important for astrocyte response to oxidative stress induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion. *Histochem. Cell Biol.* **2013**, *140*, 81–91. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

158. Li, L.; Lundkvist, A.; Andersson, D.; Wilhelmsson, U.; Nagai, N.; Pardo, A.C.; Nodin, C.; Stahlberg, A.; Aprico, K.; Larsson, K.; et al. Protective role of reactive astrocytes in brain ischemia. *J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab.* **2008**, *28*, 468–481. [CrossRef]

159. Zhou, Y.; Shao, A.; Yao, Y.; Tu, S.; Deng, Y.; Zhang, J. Dual roles of astrocytes in plasticity and reconstruction after traumatic brain injury. *Cell Commun. Signal.* **2020**, *18*, 62. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

160. Ben-Gigi, L.; Sweetat, S.; Besser, E.; Fellig, Y.; Wiederhold, T.; Polakiewicz, R.D.; Behar, O. Astrogliosis Induced by Brain Injury Is Regulated by Sema4B Phosphorylation. *eNeuro* **2015**, *2*. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

161. Rolls, A.; Shechter, R.; Schwartz, M. The bright side of the glial scar in CNS repair. *Nat. Rev. Neurosci.* **2009**, *10*, 235–241. [CrossRef]

162. Buffo, A.; Rolando, C.; Ceruti, S. Astrocytes in the damaged brain: Molecular and cellular insights into their reactive response and healing potential. *Biochem. Pharmacol.* **2010**, *79*, 77–89. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

163. Galindo, L.T.; Mundim, M.; Pinto, A.S.; Chiarantin, G.M.D.; Almeida, M.E.S.; Lamers, M.L.; Horwitz, A.R.; Santos, M.F.; Porcionatto, M. Chondroitin Sulfate Impairs Neural Stem Cell Migration Through ROCK Activation. *Mol. Neurobiol.* **2018**, *55*, 3185–3195. [CrossRef]

164. Diotel, N.; Charlier, T.D.; Lefebvre d'Hellencourt, C.; Couret, D.; Trudeau, V.L.; Nicolau, J.C.; Meilhac, O.; Kah, O.; Pellegrini, E. Steroid Transport, Local Synthesis, and Signaling within the Brain: Roles in Neurogenesis, Neuroprotection, and Sexual Behaviors. *Front. Neurosci.* **2018**, *12*, 84. [CrossRef]

165. Radak, D.; Katsiki, N.; Resanovic, I.; Jovanovic, A.; Sudar-Milovanovic, E.; Zafirovic, S.; Mousad, S.A.; Isenovic, E.R. Apoptosis and Acute Brain Ischemia in Ischemic Stroke. *Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol.* **2017**, *15*, 115–122. [CrossRef]

166. Sairanen, T.; Karjalainen-Lindsberg, M.L.; Paetau, A.; Ijas, P.; Lindsberg, P.J. Apoptosis dominant in the periinfarct area of human ischaemic stroke—A possible target of antiapoptotic treatments. *Brain* **2006**, *129*, 189–199. [CrossRef]

167. Otxoa-de-Amezaga, A.; Miro-Mur, F.; Pedragosa, J.; Gallizioli, M.; Justicia, C.; Gaja-Capdevila, N.; Ruiz-Jaen, F.; Salas-Perdomo, A.; Bosch, A.; Calvo, M.; et al. Microglial cell loss after ischemic stroke favors brain neutrophil accumulation. *Acta Neuropathol.* **2019**, *137*, 321–341. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

168. Perez-de-Puig, I.; Miro-Mur, F.; Ferrer-Ferrer, M.; Gelpi, E.; Pedragosa, J.; Justicia, C.; Urra, X.; Chamorro, A.; Planas, A.M. Neutrophil recruitment to the brain in mouse and human ischemic stroke. *Acta Neuropathol.* **2015**, *129*, 239–257. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

169. Rosell, A.; Cuadrado, E.; Ortega-Aznar, A.; Hernandez-Guillamon, M.; Lo, E.H.; Montaner, J. MMP-9-positive neutrophil infiltration is associated to blood-brain barrier breakdown and basal lamina type IV collagen degradation during hemorrhagic transformation after human ischemic stroke. *Stroke* **2008**, *39*, 1121–1126. [CrossRef]

170. Huang, L.; Wu, Z.B.; Zhuge, Q.; Zheng, W.; Shao, B.; Wang, B.; Sun, F.; Jin, K. Glial scar formation occurs in the human brain after ischemic stroke. *Int. J. Med. Sci.* **2014**, *11*, 344–348. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

171. Jin, K.; Wang, X.; Xie, L.; Mao, X.O.; Zhu, W.; Wang, Y.; Shen, J.; Mao, Y.; Banwait, S.; Greenberg, D.A. Evidence for stroke-induced neurogenesis in the human brain. *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA* **2006**, *103*, 13198–13202. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

172. Zambusi, A.; Ninkovic, J. Regeneration of the central nervous system-principles from brain regeneration in adult zebrafish. *World J. Stem Cells* **2020**, *12*, 8–24. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

173. Mashkaryan, V.; Siddiqui, T.; Popova, S.; Cosacak, M.I.; Bhattarai, P.; Brandt, K.; Govindarajan, N.; Petzold, A.; Reinhardt, S.; Dahl, A.; et al. Type 1 Interleukin-4 Signaling Obliterates Mouse Astroglia in vivo but Not in vitro. *Front. Cell Dev. Biol.* **2020**, *8*, 114. [CrossRef]

174. Celikkaya, H.; Cosacak, M.I.; Papadimitriou, C.; Popova, S.; Bhattarai, P.; Biswas, S.N.; Siddiqui, T.; Wistorf, S.; Nevado-Alcalde, I.; Naumann, L.; et al. GATA3 Promotes the Neural Progenitor State but Not Neurogenesis in 3D Traumatic Injury Model of Primary Human Cortical Astrocytes. *Front. Cell. Neurosci.* **2019**, *13*, 23. [CrossRef]

175. Chang, E.H.; Adorjan, I.; Mundim, M.V.; Sun, B.; Dizon, M.L.; Szele, F.G. Traumatic Brain Injury Activation of the Adult Subventricular Zone Neurogenic Niche. *Front. Neurosci.* **2016**, *10*, 332. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

176. Yoshiya, K.; Tanaka, H.; Kasai, K.; Irisawa, T.; Shiozaki, T.; Sugimoto, H. Profile of gene expression in the subventricular zone after traumatic brain injury. *J. Neurotrauma* **2003**, *20*, 1147–1162. [CrossRef]
177. Wang, W.; Hu, C.K.; Zeng, A.; Alegre, D.; Hu, D.; Gotting, K.; Ortega Granillo, A.; Wang, Y.; Robb, S.; Schnittker, R.; et al. Changes in regeneration-responsive enhancers shape regenerative capacities in vertebrates. *Science* **2020**, *369*. [CrossRef]

178. Marques, I.J.; Lupi, E.; Mercader, N. Model systems for regeneration: Zebrafish. *Development* **2019**, *146*. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

179. Muramatsu, R.; Takahashi, C.; Miyake, S.; Fujimura, H.; Mochizuki, H.; Yamashita, T. Angiogenesis induced by CNS inflammation promotes neuronal remodeling through vessel-derived prostacyclin. *Nat. Med.* **2012**, *18*, 1658–1664. [CrossRef]

180. Bradbury, E.J.; Burnside, E.R. Moving beyond the glial scar for spinal cord repair. *Nat. Commun.* **2019**, *10*, 3879. [CrossRef]

181. Tang, B.L. The astrocyte scar—Not so inhibitory after all? *Neural Regen. Res.* **2016**, *11*, 1054–1055. [CrossRef]

182. Yang, T.; Dai, Y.; Chen, G.; Cui, S. Dissecting the Dual Role of the Glial Scar and Scar-Forming Astrocytes in Spinal Cord Injury. *Front. Cell. Neurosci.* **2020**, *14*, 78. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

183. Steinke, D.; Hoegg, S.; Brinkmann, H.; Meyer, A. Three rounds (1R/2R/3R) of genome duplications and the evolution of the glycolytic pathway in vertebrates. *BMC Biol.* **2006**, *4*, 16. [CrossRef]

184. Ruan, L.; Wang, B.; ZhuGe, Q.; Jin, K. Coupling of neurogenesis and angiogenesis after ischemic stroke. *Brain Res.* **2015**, *1623*, 166–173. [CrossRef]

185. Simoes, A.R.; Rhiner, C. A Cold-Blooded View on Adult Neurogenesis. *Front. Neurosci.* **2017**, *11*, 327. [CrossRef]

186. Sullivan, J.M.; Benton, J.L.; Sandeman, D.C.; Beltz, B.S. Adult neurogenesis: A common strategy across diverse species. *J. Comp. Neurol.* **2007**, *500*, 574–584. [CrossRef]
177. Wang, W.; Hu, C.K.; Zeng, A.; Alegre, D.; Hu, D.; Gotting, K.; Ortega Granillo, A.; Wang, Y.; Robb, S.; Schnittker, R.; et al. Changes in regeneration-responsive enhancers shape regenerative capacities in vertebrates. *Science* **2020**, *369*. [CrossRef]

178. Marques, I.J.; Lupi, E.; Mercader, N. Model systems for regeneration: Zebrafish. *Development* **2019**, *146*. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

179. Muramatsu, R.; Takahashi, C.; Miyake, S.; Fujimura, H.; Mochizuki, H.; Yamashita, T. Angiogenesis induced by CNS inflammation promotes neuronal remodeling through vessel-derived prostacyclin. *Nat. Med.* **2012**, *18*, 1658–1664. [CrossRef]

180. Bradbury, E.J.; Burnside, E.R. Moving beyond the glial scar for spinal cord repair. *Nat. Commun.* **2019**, *10*, 3879. [CrossRef]

181. Tang, B.L. The astrocyte scar—Not so inhibitory after all? *Neural Regen. Res.* **2016**, *11*, 1054–1055. [CrossRef]

182. Yang, T.; Dai, Y.; Chen, G.; Cui, S. Dissecting the Dual Role of the Glial Scar and Scar-Forming Astrocytes in Spinal Cord Injury. *Front. Cell. Neurosci.* **2020**, *14*, 78. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

183. Steinke, D.; Hoegg, S.; Brinkmann, H.; Meyer, A. Three rounds (1R/2R/3R) of genome duplications and the evolution of the glycolytic pathway in vertebrates. *BMC Biol.* **2006**, *4*, 16. [CrossRef]

184. Ruan, L.; Wang, B.; ZhuGe, Q.; Jin, K. Coupling of neurogenesis and angiogenesis after ischemic stroke. *Brain Res.* **2015**, *1623*, 166–173. [CrossRef]

185. Simoes, A.R.; Rhiner, C. A Cold-Blooded View on Adult Neurogenesis. *Front. Neurosci.* **2017**, *11*, 327. [CrossRef]

186. Sullivan, J.M.; Benton, J.L.; Sandeman, D.C.; Beltz, B.S. Adult neurogenesis: A common strategy across diverse species. *J. Comp. Neurol.* **2007**, *500*, 574–584. [CrossRef]