# Comptes Rendus
## Géoscience
### Sciences de la Planète

Vazken Andréassian, Valérie Plagnes, Craig Simmons and Pierre Ribstein

**A hydrogeological acrostic: in honour of Ghislain de Marsily**

Volume 355, Special Issue S1 (2023), p. 1-8

Online since: 24 November 2023

**Part of Special Issue:** Geo-hydrological Data & Models

**Guest editors:** Vazken Andréassian (INRAE, France), Valérie Plagnes (Sorbonne Université, France), Craig Simmons (Flinders University, Australia) and Pierre Ribstein (Sorbonne Université, France)

https://doi.org/10.5802/crgeos.229

<figure><img src="image_1.png" /></figure>

This article is licensed under the
CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE.

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Research article

Geo-hydrological Data & Models

# A hydrogeological acrostic: in honour of Ghislain de Marsily

Vazken Andréassian<sup>a, *, a</sup>, Valérie Plagnes<sup>b, b</sup>, Craig Simmons<sup>c, c</sup> and Pierre Ribstein<sup>b, e</sup>

Manuscript received 28 June 2023, accepted 19 July 2023.

Great scientists are sometimes excessively modest, and ostentatious marks of appreciation may embarrass them. This special issue of *Comptes Rendus Géosciences* was initially thought as a hydrogeological firework launched by former students and current friends and colleagues of Professor Ghislain de Marsily to honour his multifaceted achievements and talents.

However, because we do not want to embarrass him more than strictly needed with our expressions of gratitude and admiration, we tried in this editorial to do so with as much discretion as we could. A recent biographical note by Simmons [2021] has already discussed the career, scientific contributions and international recognition of Ghislain de Marsily. These are not repeated here.

Inverse methods are the focus of several papers of this special issue: White and Lavenue [2023] review the *Pilot Point Method* for model inversion and uncertainty quantification, which has become a reference in the domain of inversion for groundwater

modelling. Juda et al. [2023] compare several stochastic inversion methods, using a synthetic example (a pumping test in a fluvial channelized aquifer). Ackerer et al. [2023] discuss the difficulties that occur during the identification of aquifer heterogeneity using inverse methods and underline how seminal ideas introduced by Ghislain de Marsily helped address key inversion issues (stabilization of the inverse problem and parsimonious reproduction of the natural heterogeneity of the subsurface). Delay et al. [2023] also investigated the flow inversion issue, adopting a geophysical point of view with information produced by a seismic survey: they compare inverted hydraulic conductivity maps with the distribution of porous bodies identified by seismic data, and discuss the disappointing lack of a match. They end up questioning the idea of guiding conventional inversions with a geophysically-based prior guess of the subsurface structure.

Several papers deal with catchment-scale hydrology: Oudin and Lalonde [2023] present an attempt to parameterize the effect of land use within a “Budyko-type” hydrological formula. Using a worldwide set of more than 5000 catchments, they show a clear modulation of land use on evapotranspiration, suggesting larger and lower evaporation rates over

<footnote><sup>a</sup> INRAE, UR HYCAR, Antony, France</footnote>

<footnote><sup>b</sup> Sorbonne Université, UMR METIS, Paris, France</footnote>

<footnote><sup>c</sup> University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia</footnote>

<footnote>*E-mails*: vazken.andreassian@inrae.fr (V. Andréassian), valerie.plagnes@sorbonne-universite.fr (V. Plagnes), Craig.Simmons@newcastle.edu.au (C. Simmons), pierre.ribstein@sorbonne-universite.fr (P. Ribstein)</footnote>

<footnote>* Corresponding author.</footnote>
croplands and urban areas respectively. Mathevet et al. [2023] present a diagnosis tool (a modification of the classical Taylor diagram) to analyze simulation results over large catchment sets to simultaneously visualize several error components. Kilic et al. [2023] presents an attempt to jointly model water and energy fluxes for the entire Seine catchment, both for surface- and groundwater.

Long-term observatories are also dealt with in this special issue: Chabaux et al. [2023] use the Strengbach Critical zone observatory (France), integrating petrological and hydrogeological information from boreholes and piezometers, to characterize water circulation channels at the catchment scale.

Aquifer properties are addressed in several of the papers: Dumont et al. [2023] present work on the Andesitic volcanic hydrosystems of Indonesia, using electrical resistivity tomography to characterize the aquifer and further parameterize the hydrological model structure. Malard et al. [2023] present a flow animation module (FAM) designed to increase the understanding of dynamic hydrogeological processes within a web-based modelling tool called Visual KARSYS. Jost et al. [2023] present their investigations relative to the link between gravel pit lakes and aquifers: they detail a gravel pit lake module developed for the CaWaQS modelling platform, which they test against the LAK package of Modflow.

In order to better understand how aquifers and rivers interact during extreme events, Pelletier and Andréassian [2023] study how yearly extremes of groundwater level and streamflow time series are related, using a large set of catchments and piezometers: the result is an aquifer typology, which distinguishes between aquifers that demonstrate correlations between groundwater level and streamflows only with high-flow events, only with low flows, with both types of events or with none of them.

New numerical approaches to characterize aquifers are investigated by Le Moine [2023], who presents a method for interpolating the elevation between talwegs using the Analytic Element Method and discusses a new index named *Height Above the Basal Envelope Surface of Talwegs (HABEST)* to characterize groundwater levels at catchment scale. Zimmer et al. [2023] present a retrospective analysis of the development of the theory of subsurface drainage, showing how a parsimonious parameterization of the physical system was sufficient for pre-

dicting the dynamics of subsurface drain flow rates. Gonçalvès et al. [2023] propose a conceptual model for the hydrogeological functioning of the Tindouf Aquifer, which spreads over Algeria, Morocco, Mauritania and Western Sahara (a region of lifelong interest for Ghislain de Marsily), building upon geomorphological, geological and hydrological remotely sensed and ground observations. Last, Schafmeister [2023] looks at aquifers from the radioactive waste repository point of view (which was also a topic of major interest for Ghislain de Marsily) and describes the current strategy in Germany, as well as the mistakes made in the seventies.

During the last decade, the issue of Water Security has been a topic of major interest for Ghislain de Marsily, and it is thus natural to see several related papers in this special issue: Billen and Garnier [2023] discuss the concept of water-agro-food system, first at the scale of the Seine basin, then enlarging it to the national, European and global scales. They couple it to the Riverstrahler model, in order to simultaneously address issues of food production, river water quality and nutrient delivery to the coastal zone. Meybeck et al. [2023] describe the work undertaken since 1989 in the framework of the interdisciplinary PIREN-Seine research program, combining historical river fluxes, material flows, river ecology, environmental history and political ecology. Last, Coudrain et al. [2023] discuss the Anthropocene concept, which tends to move science towards action, in order to actively promote solutions that adapt to changes.

Evaluation of hydrogeological models is a domain were Ghislain de Marsily had a remarkable contribution, being himself involved 30 years ago in the "impossible validation" controversy, which Andréassian [2023] revisits insisting on the necessity to look at the issue from two complementary points of view: model's explanatory power (theoretical content) and the point of view of its predictive power.

Modelling the impact of climatic changes is the topic of several of the contributions of this special issue. Autin et al. [2023] use a distributed energy-balance model to reconstruct the maximum extent of a tropical glacier during the Little Ice Age in the late 17th century, using physically coherent climate scenarios constrained by information taken from paleoclimate proxies and sensitivity studies of past glacier advances. Their results highlight the impor-
tance of the seasonal pattern of precipitation to per-
mit the existence of these glaciers.

An analysis of the complex interaction of water
quality and climatic changes is proposed by Gascuel-
Odoux et al. [2023], who propose a retrospective
analysis based on data from European observato-
ries. They argue for the need of a coupled ap-
proach because water quality integrates current and
past (legacy) conditions, flow pathways, and biogeo-
chemical reactivity. Besbes and Chahed [2023] dis-
cuss the predictability of water resources (blue and
green water) made directly with Global Climate Mod-
els (GCMs), in the case of Northern Tunisia. The au-
thors argue that the use of the raw GCMs predictions
on large basins is possible with precisions comparab-
le to what can be obtained with Regional Climate
Models in medium size basins.

Runoff and the specificities of its generation in Sa-
helian landscapes is addressed by two papers dealing
with the possible impact of climate change in Burk-
ina Faso: Yonaba et al. [2023] use the Soil and Water
Assessment Tool (SWAT) model to evaluate possible
future changes in surface runoff in the Tougou catch-
ment, paying special attention to the possible inter-
actions between future climate changes and land use
changes. Tirogo et al. [2023] focus on the impacts
of climate change and pumping on groundwater in
the Kou catchment: they show that the observed
decrease in groundwater levels is due to the com-
bined effect of precipitation deficits and increased
pumping.

Submarine springs and karsts are discussed by
Fleury et al. [2023], who analyze issues for the conser-
vation of the water resources in coastal karst aquifers:
they show that the possibility of natural seawater in-
trusion makes these aquifers particularly fragile, with
the combined effect of the increase of sea level, that
of more frequent and severe droughts, and that of an
increase in withdrawals from aquifers for urban de-
velopment. Sanz et al. [2023] analyze the controversy
on the possible salinization mechanisms for coastal
brackish springs (which present the puzzling charac-
teristic to be able to discharge high flow rates with
significant salinities at elevations of several meters
above sea level). They show that spring salinity is
mostly controlled by the weight of the water column
flowing towards the spring mouth (for low flow rates)
and by energy dissipation (for high flow rates). La-
bat et al. [2023] analyse a long-discharge time series

available at an hourly time step for the Baget karstic
spring (French Pyrenees). The analyses confirm the
multiscale nature and the non-stationarity of the hy-
drological response. Last, Vasseur [2023] present
a geothermal analysis of the Lez karstic spring (lo-
cated near Montpellier, France): temperature mea-
surements made above and below the underground
karst network allow building a model to estimate the
amount of geothermal energy captured by the flow
system.

In the field of Geostatistics, four contributions are
presented: first, Noetinger [2023] presents a study
dealing with the upscaling of random fields, for im-
proving quantitative hydrogeological predictions. He
discusses how upscaling techniques allow lowering
the dimension of the parameter space and, in the sto-
chastic case, reduce the interaction between the con-
ductivity spatial distribution and the flow pattern.
Chihi et al. [2023] present a geostatistical analysis of
a multiscale groundwater reservoir system, combin-
ing geological-geophysical investigations, geostatis-
tics, and 3D geological modelling in the Jeffara basin
of southeast Tunisia. The behaviour of a complex
heterogeneous lacustrine carbonate formation in Ar-
gentina is modelled by Teles et al. [2023], using a bi-
variate plurigaussian geostatistical method to con-
strain the porosity simulation. Last, de Fouquet and
Nos [2023] discuss the cokriging of transmissivity us-
ing head measurements and show that the estima-
tion is improved in comparison with the case of head
data from a single flow.

Little would have been achieved without a deep
understanding of geology: First, Ledoux et al. [2023]
examine chemical osmosis mechanisms and their
impact on a collapsed salt cavity: the goal is to
understand the mechanisms likely to generate salt
fluxes towards surrounding aquifers and to allow
the establishment of brine and dissolved salt bal-
ance. Davy et al. [2023] focus on fractured rock
aquifers and propose three scale-independent indi-
cators describing the fundamental characteristics of
the flow/permeability relationship.

Yearning for the end of this already-too-long ed-
itorial, it seems natural to allocate these last lines
to thank all the participants of this special issue for
their enthusiasm, as well as the editorial team of the
*Compte Rendus Géosciences*, who helped us achieve
what we believe is a well-deserved tribute to our great
colleague, friend, researcher and teacher, who has
had a lasting impact on Geosciences over at least half a century.

## Conflicts of interest

Authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

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## Appendix

This appendix lists (in alphabetic order) the original works of Ghislain de Marsily which were cited by the papers in this special issue. This list is obviously not an exhaustive one, and is only aimed at providing a rapidly accessible account of Ghislain de Marsily's scientific production.

Ahmed, S., de Marsily, G., and Talbot, A. (1988). Combined use of hydraulic an electrical properties of an aquifer in a geostatistical estimation of transmissivity. *Groundwater*, 26(1), 78–86.

Arfib, B. and de Marsily, G. (2004). Modeling the salinity of an inland coastal brackish karstic spring
with a conduit-matrix model. *Water Resour. Res.*, 40(11), article no. W11506, 1-10.

Arfib, B., **de Marsily**, G., and Ganoulis, J. (2002). Les sources karstiques côtières en Méditerranée: étude des mécanismes de pollution saline de l'Almyros d'Héraklion (Crète), observations et modélisation. *Bull. Soc. Géol. France*, 173(3), 245-253.

Cacas, M. C., Ledoux, E., **de Marsily**, G., Barbreau, A., Calmels, P., Gaillard, B., and Magritta, R. (1990). Modeling fracture flow with a stochastic discrete fracture network: calibration and validation. 2. The transport model. *Water Resour. Res.*, 26(3), 491-500.

Cacas, M. C., Ledoux, E., **de Marsily**, G., Tillie, B., Barbreau, A., Durand, E., Feuga, G., and Peaudecerf, P. (1990). Modeling fracture flow with a stochastic discrete fracture network: calibration and validation. 1. The flow model. *Water Resour. Res.* 26(3), 479-489.

Castro, M. C., Goblet, P., Ledoux, E., Violette, S., and **de Marsily**, G. (1998). Noble gases as natural tracers of water circulation in the Paris Basin: 2. Calibration of a groundwater flow model using noble gas isotope data, *Water Resour. Res.*, 34(10), 2467-2483.

Chihi, H., **de Marsily**, G., Belayouni, H., and Yahyaoui, H. (2015). Relationship between tectonic structures and hydrogeochemical compartmentalization in aquifers: Example of the “Jefaara of Medenine” system, south-east Tunisia. *J. Hydrol. Reg. Stud.*, 4(part B), 410-430.

Chihi, H., **de Marsily**, G., Bourges, M., and Sbeaa, M. (2016). A constrained geostatistical approach for efficient multilevel aquifer system characterization. *J. Water Resour. Hydraul. Eng.*, 5(3), 80-95.

**de Marsily**, G. (1978). De l'identification des systèmes hydro-géologiques. *Thèse de doctorat d'Etat de l'Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris*.

**de Marsily**, G. (1980). Introduction. In: **de Marsily**, G. and Merriam, D. F., editors, (1982). *Predictive Geology with Emphasis on Nuclear-Waste Disposal*, pages xi-xv. Pergamon Press, England.

**de Marsily**, G. (1982). Predictive Geology—with emphasis to nuclear waste disposal. In: **de Marsily**, G. and Merriam, D. F., editors, *Proceedings IAMG at 26th IGC Paris 1980*, Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK.

**de Marsily**, G. (1986). *Quantitative Hydrogeology*, page 440. Academic Press, New York.

**de Marsily**, G. (1994). Quelques réflexions sur l'utilisation des modèles en hydrologie. [Tribune libre]. *Rev. Sci. Eau/J. Water Sci.*, 7(3), 219-234.

**de Marsily**, G. (2003). Perspective importance of the maintenance of temporary ponds in arid climates for the recharge of groundwater. *C. R. Geosci.*, 335, 933-934.

**de Marsily**, G. (2007). An overview of the world's water resources problems in 2050. *Ecohydrol. Hydrobiol.*, 7, 147-155.

**de Marsily**, G. (2008). Eau, changements climatiques, alimentation et évolution démographique. *Rev. Sci. Eau*, 21(2), 111-128.

**de Marsily**, G. (2009). *L'eau, un trésor en partage*. Dunod, Paris.

**de Marsily**, G. (2020). Will we soon run out of water? *Ann. Nutr. Metab.*, 76(1), 10-16.

**de Marsily**, G. and Tardieu, B. (2018). *Stratégie d'utilisation des ressources du sous-sol pour la transition énergétique française : les métaux rares*, Académie des Sciences, Académie des Technologies, Paris, France, https://www.academie-sciences.fr/fr/Rapports-ouvrages-avise-et-recommandations-de-l-Academie/utilisation-des-ressources-du-sous-sol-pour-la-transition-energetique.html.

**de Marsily**, G. and Abarca-del-Rio, R. (2016). Water and food in the twenty-first century. In: *Re-mote Sensing and Water Resources*, pages 313-337. Springer, Cham.

**de Marsily**, G. and Besbes, M. (2017). Les Eaux souterraines. In: "Annales Des Mines - Responsabilité et Environnement", 2017/2 B°86, pages 25-30.

**de Marsily**, G. and Chabaux, F. (2020). Des géosciences aux sciences de la Planète / From Geoscience to Sciences of the Planet. *C. R. Géosci.*, 352, 1-6.

**de Marsily**, G., Combes, P., and Goblet, P. (1992). Comment on "Ground-water models cannot be validated", by L. F. Konikow and J. D. Bredehoeft. *Adv. Water Resour.*, 15, 367-369.

**de Marsily**, G., Delay, F., Gonçalvès, J., Renard, Ph., Teles, V., and Violette, S. (2005). Dealing with spatial heterogeneity. *Hydrogeol. J.*, 13, 161-183.

**de Marsily**, G., Delay, F., Teles, V., and Schafmeister, M. T. (1998). Some current methods to represent the heterogeneity of natural media in hydrogeology. *Hydrogeol. J.*, 6, 115-130.

**de Marsily**, G., Delhomme, J. P., Coudrain-Ribstein,
A., and Lavenue, A. M. (2000). Four decades of inverse problems in hydrogeology. In: Zhang, D. and Winter, C. L., editors, *Theory, Modeling, and Field Investigation in Hydrogeology: A Special Volume in Honor of Shlomo P. Neuman's 60th Birthday*, Geological Society of America Special Paper 348, pages 1–17. Boulder, Colorado.

**de Marsily**, G., Delhomme, J.-P., Delay, F., and Buoro, A. (1999). Regards sur 40 ans de problèmes inverses en hydrogéologie. *C. R. Acad. Sci. Ser. IIA Earth Planet. Sci.*, 329(2), 73–87.

**de Marsily**, G. and Lallier-Vergès, E. (2015). Les recherches sur l'eau: de nombreux défis pour l'avenir. In: *L'eau à découvert*, éditions du CNRS, pages 320-321.

**de Marsily**, G., Lavedan, G., Boucher, M., and Fasamino, G. (1984). Interpretation of interference tests in a well field using geostatistical techniques to fit the permeability distribution in a reservoir model. In: *Geostatistics for Natural Resources Characterization*, pages 831–849. NATO advanced Study Institute.

**de Marsily**, G., Ledoux, E., Levassor, A., Poitrinal, D., and Salem, A. (1978). Modelling of large multilayered aquifer systems: theory and applications. *J. Hydrol.*, 36, 1–34.

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