# Three port converter control with automatic mode transition for interconnected and standalone DC microgrids

Athanasios Vasdaris, Georgios Salagiannis, Emmanuel Tatakis

► To cite this version:

Athanasios Vasdaris, Georgios Salagiannis, Emmanuel Tatakis. Three port converter control with automatic mode transition for interconnected and standalone DC microgrids. The 26th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications, GDR SEEDS France & EPE Association, Mar 2025, Paris, France. 10.34746/epe2025-0268 . hal-05085138

HAL Id: hal-05085138

https://utc.hal.science/hal-05085138v1

Submitted on 26 May 2025

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access
archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-
entific research documents, whether they are pub-
lished or not. The documents may come from
teaching and research institutions in France or
abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est
destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents
scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,
émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de
recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires
publics ou privés.

<figure><img src="image_1.png" /></figure>

Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
# Three port converter control with automatic mode transition for interconnected and standalone DC microgrids

Athanasios Vasdaris, Georgios Salagiannis and Emmanuel Tatakis

UNIVERSITY OF PATRAS

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

University Campus of Patras, GR26504 Rion-Patras, Greece

Tel.: +30/2610-996412

E-Mail: avasdaris@ac.upatras.gr, gsalagiannis@ac.upatras.gr, e.c.tatakis@ece.upatras.gr

URL: http://www.lemec.ece.upatras.gr

## Acknowledgements

The present work was financially supported by the Andreas Mentzelopoulos Foundation (Beneficiary Author: G.S.).

## Keywords

«Multi-port converters (MPC)», «Bi-directional converter», «Photovoltaic», «Battery», «Renewable energy systems».

## Abstract

Various Three-Port Converters (TPCs) are proposed in literature, usually operated in standalone networks without their control clearly discussed. In this paper, a new control scheme, offering smooth and automatic mode transitions in standalone and interconnected DC Microgrids operation, is presented. The control is applied in a TPC that consists of a boost and a bidirectional buck-boost converter, integrating a PV string and a battery with the DC Microgrid. In contrast to other proposed control systems, the one suggested here guarantees the required function of maximum power point tracking and output regulation in all corresponding modes. The proper operation of the system is evaluated through simulation studies.

## I. Introduction

Nowadays, the global energy crisis and the need for taking measures against climate change have led to an all-time high integration of renewable power generation in the energy market. Amongst the environmentally friendly power sources, the photovoltaics (PVs) have a leading role due to the abundance of solar irradiance in most of the world and the relatively easy installation. However, the intermittency of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) in general, poses challenges on grid

operation and planning. Therefore, Energy Storage Systems (ESS) consisting of batteries, supercapacitors, etc. are usually integrated into the systems to provide energy buffering during low-RES power generation [1].

Both PVs and batteries have DC characteristics. In this context, the setup and operation of smaller DC power networks, called DC Microgrids, have been extensively studied in the literature. These networks, depending on economic and technical conditions, may either be interconnected with other microgrids and the utility grid through central converters, or operate in standalone (islanded) mode.

The interconnection of the RESs and ESSs with the DC Bus of a DC Microgrid is usually implemented with Single Input-Single Output (SISO) converters [2]. This straightforward approach is widely used as it offers high flexibility and low maintenance cost. However, during past years, the design of Multiple Input-Multiple Output (MIMO) converters has emerged to further reduce the volume and installation cost of power converters [3]. In this approach, RES and ESS units are integrated to the DC Microgrid with a single DC-DC converter, unifying the separate SISO converters used previously. Based on the level of integration, less or more components of the converter will be shared by the various power paths of the connected RESs and ESSs, leading to lower component count. The most frequent form of MIMO converters is the Three Port Converters (TPCs), where a RES, an ESS and a unidirectional or a bidirectional output are usually integrated [4]. A notable development in the combination of RES and ESS units is the use of Second Life Electric Vehicles Batteries (SLEVBs), as a cost-effective and sustainable solution for ESS. In this way, batteries from Electric Vehicles (EVs) are used to support the grid when they reach the end of their EV lifespan.
[5]. Furthermore, their integration is compatible with TPCs enhancing the versatility and efficiency of modern DC Microgrid designs. There is a plethora of both isolated and non-isolated TPC topologies already suggested in literature, where advanced techniques are implemented for increased efficiency and voltage gain capability [6]. However, most of the proposed converters are examined in standalone operation and their control and transition between different modes is usually omitted [7]. A non-isolated TPC with a complete control scheme is examined in [8], as a case study of the derivation process of a family of TPCs. The converter integrates a PV string and a battery, and it is assumed to operate either in a DC Microgrid connected with the utility grid or in islanded mode during maintenance. In the first case the network is considered robust, and the primary control target is not supporting the microgrid by providing or storing power but rather maintaining the battery in high SoC so that it can provide power when needed. A similar but generalized control approach is described in [9]. An alternative control scheme for a three-port bidirectional converter is proposed in [10], however the transition between modes is not considered and the control system varies depending on the operation of the DC Bus (stand-alone or part of DC Microgrid) increasing the complexity of it. A high step-up bidirectional TPC with different operating modes is proposed in [11]. Nevertheless, the control strategy about the mode transition and its automation is neglected. In addition, a control scheme for a TPC suitable for a stand-alone DC Bus is proposed in [12], however its control analysis is imperfect since the DC Bus voltage is not regulated in all different modes that performed.

In this work, the non-isolated TPC proposed in [8] is further examined and a new control scheme that can be also applied to other non-isolated TPCs is proposed. Here, the TPC, among other converters that operate in the same way, is responsible for supporting the DC Microgrid and maintaining the voltage level on its bus, regardless of the potential interconnection of the network with the utility grid. This is beneficial as the same control scheme can support all possible operating cases, i.e. a DC Microgrid interconnected with a robust grid, a DC Microgrid connected to a weak grid and finally a standalone DC Microgrid that operates not only during maintenance but on a constant basis in rural areas, where the utility grid cannot be accessed. This is beneficial compared to [8]

where only grid-tied and short-term maintenance applications are considered. Finally, instead of using the time-sharing technique, the converter is operated in a way where both maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and output regulation are achieved for all corresponding modes.

The paper is organized as follows: First, the converter used for the demonstration of the control scheme is presented along with all possible power paths. Second, the control system is developed and both the higher hierarchy and the compensator selection are explained. Then, the control scheme is validated through simulation studies. Finally, conclusions are made.

## II. Converter Analysis and Operation Modes

The operation of the TPC used for the validation of the control scheme is described here. The different operating modes are dependent on the power balance of the system. The TPC being studied is connected to a PV string, a battery and a DC Bus at the output port that could operate either as a stand-alone network or as part of a DC Microgrid (Fig. 1).

<figure><img src="image_2.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 1: Three Port Converter</figcaption></figure>

The PV source is connected to the DC Bus through a boost converter and the main switching component is $S_1$, while the connection between the DC Bus and the battery is made through a bidirectional buck-boost converter, where $S_3$ and $S_4$ work complimentary. Additionally, a branch that consists of a transistor and a diode in series ($S_2$ and $D_2$, respectively) is existent. Its purpose is to provide a direct connection between the PV and the battery. So, $S_2$ works as a simple switch (either fully on or off) and not in switching mode, while diode $D_2$ is used for protecting the battery from a short circuit, when $S_1$ is on. Finally, the study of the TPC and its control system was conducted assuming operation in CCM (Continuous Conduction Mode). At this point, a detailed analysis of all converters operating modes is performed. Also, the active power paths for each mode are shown in Fig. 2.
* **Mode 1 (PV and Battery to DC Bus):** This mode exists when the DC Bus requires more power than the PV is generating, so the battery is now responsible for supplying the remaining amount of power. Both boost converters from PV string to DC Bus and from the battery to DC Bus are operating and the TPC is working in Double Input Single Output (DISO) mode.

* **Mode 2 (PV to DC Bus and Battery):** In this mode, the power generated by the PV source is sufficient to supply both the DC Bus and charge the battery with the remaining power. The TPC is now working in Single Input Double Output mode (SIDO mode). In this case, there are two options for the realization of the power flow from the PV source to the other two ports. In the first, the time-sharing concept is implemented between $D_1$ and $S_2-D_2$ branches, so that power is transferred consecutively between ports, as described in [8]. The advantage offered by this method is that power is transferred to each port through a single stage processing, leading to increased efficiency. However, the output voltage cannot be controlled, as the only independent control element ($S_1$) will perform the MPPT. Therefore, this method is not suitable for standalone or islanded DC Microgrids. The second option is to select the branch to be active, based on the amount of power transferred in each port, aiming for the highest efficiency. This basically creates two sub modes:

* **Mode 2-a:** The upper branch of the system is activated ($S_2$ conduction) to establish a direct connection between the PV and the battery. The bidirectional buck-boost converter operates in boost mode and power is also transferred to the output.

* **Mode 2-b:** $S_2$ is inactive and power is transferred to the output through diode $D_1$. The remaining power is processed again by the buck-boost (working as a buck) converter and is used to charge the battery.

* **Mode 3:** (PV and DC Bus to Battery): This mode occurs when the DC Bus is connected to a DC microgrid having excess power. As a result, it can charge the battery. Also, the PV source generates power which is absorbed by the battery through the upper branch (DISO mode).

* **Mode 4 (Battery to DC Bus):** Here, the PV source is unable to provide power to the system (nighttime, heavy cloudy weather)

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 2: (a) Mode 1, (b) Mode 2-a, (c) Mode 2-b, (d) Mode 3, (e) Mode 4, (f) Mode 5, (g) Mode 6</figcaption></figure>
and the battery is responsible to power the DC Bus through the bidirectional buck-boost converter, which operates as a boost converter (SISO mode).

* **Mode 5 (PV to DC Bus):** This mode is a special case of mode 1, as it can only occur when the power required by the DC Bus is equal to the power that the PV can generate at that moment maintaining the required DC Bus voltage without battery assistance. Apparently, only the boost converter is operating in this mode (SISO mode).

* **Mode 6 (DC Bus to Battery):** In fact, this is a subcase of mode 3, with the main difference being that the PV source is disconnected from the system and the bidirectional buck-boost converter operates in buck mode (SISO mode).

### III. Control System

As previously mentioned, the converter can operate in 6 different modes, including both SISO and SIDO/DISO configurations. The PV source is always operated at its maximum power point (MPP), while the DC Bus voltage is regulated around its reference value by the battery and the proposed control scheme is presented in Fig. 3. The selection of the operating mode is based on the power balance and the DC Bus voltage, parameters which are affected by solar irradiance and the load demand. Therefore, any changes in these will result in adjustments of the battery contribution to maintain power balance. This is feasible as the control variables $d_1$ and $d_4$ of the system are independent.

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 3: Proposed Control Scheme</figcaption></figure>

Transistor $S1$ is solely responsible for MPPT, while $S_3$&$S_4$ regulates the DC Bus voltage by adjusting the battery power. When the DC Bus

voltage tends to increase above its reference value, which means it will receive more power than needed the duty cycle of $S_4$ will increase to provide the necessary amount of power to the battery, setting the DC Bus voltage back to its reference value.

On the other hand, if the DC Bus voltage tends to decrease, which means it will no longer receive the required power, the duty cycle of $S_4$ will slightly increase to draw more power from the battery and return the DC Bus voltage value back to its reference point. In this way, the duty cycles are continuously adjusted, resulting in a smooth and automatic mode transition without intense transient phenomena.

Transistor $S_2$, as already mentioned, acts as a simple switch, allowing excess power from the PV panel to charge the battery. In any other case the switch is off.

The first control loop relates to the MPPT of the PV source. Transistor $S_1$ is controlled in a way that ensures that the PV will always operate in MPPT, regardless of the operating mode of the TPC. The algorithm implemented is Perturb and Observe (P&O), whose output produces the reference voltage at which the PV should be set at any moment.

The second control loop is responsible for the regulation of DC Bus voltage. Transistors $S_3$ and $S_4$ maintain it within the allowable limits, as discussed earlier. The error resulting from the comparison of the reference voltage and the actual value of DC Bus voltage, is fed to a compensator determining the duty cycle of $S_4$.

All control loops are implemented by a type III compensator. This type is used in cases where the uncompensated system has a low phase margin. One of those systems is a boost converter, because of the right half plane zero (RHPZ) of its transfer function. Consequently, using a simple PI controller may not achieve the necessary compensation, causing an unstable behavior. Type III compensator manages to achieve the targeted phase margin (PM>45°) for stability as shown in Fig. 4a, by placing zeros and poles at appropriate locations. Their values are derived based on the transfer function that needs to be compensated each time [13]. For the sake of completeness, the loop gain of the Buck converter is also shown in Fig. 4b.

To design and implement the appropriate controllers, it is necessary to know the transfer functions of the converters. Those are obtained with small signal analysis. For increased
accuracy, parasitic components have been added to the ideal models.

For Buck Converter the transfer function is [14]:

$$ \frac{\overline{v_o(s)}}{\overline{d(s)}} = \frac{A_1 s + B_1}{D \cdot s^2 + E \cdot s + F} \quad (1) $$

where:

$$ A_1 = R \cdot r_C \cdot C \cdot V_{eq} \quad (2) $$

$$ B_1 = R \cdot V_{eq} \quad (3) $$

$$ D = L \cdot C \cdot (R + r_C) \quad (4) $$

$$ E = L + C \cdot R_{eq} \cdot (R + r_C) \quad (5) $$

$$ F = R_{eq} + \frac{R^2}{R+r_C} \quad (6) $$

$$ R_{eq} = r_L + d \cdot r_{ds} + (1 - d) \cdot r_d + \frac{R \cdot r_C}{R+r_C} \quad (7) $$

$$ V_{eq} = V_{in} + V_f + (r_d - r_{ds}) \cdot I_L \quad (8) $$

$$ I_L = \frac{d \cdot V_i - (1-d) \cdot V_f}{r_L + d \cdot r_{ds} + (1-d) \cdot r_d + R} \quad (9) $$

For Boost Converter the transfer function is [15]:

$$ \frac{\overline{v_o(s)}}{\overline{d(s)}} = \frac{A_2 \cdot s^2 + B_2 \cdot s + C_2}{D \cdot s^2 + E \cdot s + F \cdot (1-d)^2} \quad (10) $$

where:

$$ A_2 = R \cdot r_C \cdot I_L \cdot L \cdot C \quad (11) $$

$$ B_2 = A_1 \cdot (1-d) - R \cdot I_L \cdot (L + C \cdot R_{eq} \cdot r_C) \quad (12) $$

$$ C_2 = R \cdot [V_{eq} \cdot (1-d) - R_{eq} \cdot I_L] \quad (13) $$

$$ R_{eq} = r_L + d \cdot r_{ds} + (1 - d) \cdot r_d + \frac{R \cdot r_C \cdot (1-d)}{R+r_C} \quad (14) $$

$$ V_{eq} = V_f + \frac{R \cdot V_C}{R+r_C} + (r_d - r_{ds} + \frac{R \cdot r_C}{R+r_C}) \cdot I_L \quad (15) $$

$$ I_L = \frac{V_i - (1-d) \cdot V_f}{R_{eq} + \frac{R^2 \cdot (1-d)^2}{R+r_C}} \quad (16) $$

The other values that appear in transfer functions are the inductance (L) and capacitance (C), the output load resistance (R), the duty cycle of mosfets (d), parasitic resistances r_L, r_C, r_ds, r_d, of inductor, capacitor, transistor and diode respectively. Lastly, V_i and V_f symbolize the input voltage and the forward voltage drop of diode respectively.

## IV. Control system validation

In the previous sections, a detailed analysis of the TPC operation and its control scheme has been made. To prove the validity of the suggested control system, simulation studies are performed using the MATLAB/Simulink software, and the results are presented in the following waveforms. The power stage and the control system from Simulink are also shown in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 respectively. The specifications of the components that have been selected are grouped

in Table I. Moreover, the DC Bus voltage is rated at 400V, the MPP voltage of the PV source is

<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 4: Loop Gain Bode plot of (a) Boost Converter and (b) Buck Converter with Type III Compensator</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 5: Power Stage of TPC in MATLAB/Simulink</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_7.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 6: Control Scheme in MATLAB/Simulink</figcaption></figure>

$V_{MPP} = 180V$ and its current $I_{MPP} = 7.35A$ at STP, while the nominal voltage of the battery is $V_{bat} = 240V$. The maximum power that the PV source can generate is 1323W, which is also considered the nominal power of the TPC. The voltage level of PV source and battery are considerably high because of the low voltage gain of the boost converter. First, the proper function of MPPT is examined. Various irradiance changes are performed, and it is apparent that control responds as expected in all cases, since the power generated from the PV reaches the MPP in any situation. Moreover, its current always adapts to
all these changes as well as the voltage of the PV source as shown in Fig. 7.

<table><caption>Table I: Component Values</caption><thead><tr><th>Component</th><th>Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>F<sub>sw</sub></td><td>50kH</td></tr><tr><td>Inductor L<sub>1</sub></td><td>1mH/0.2Ω</td></tr><tr><td>Inductor L<sub>2</sub></td><td>800μH/0.2Ω</td></tr><tr><td>Capacitor C<sub>1</sub></td><td>400μF/0.05Ω</td></tr><tr><td>Capacitor C<sub>2</sub></td><td>400μF/0.05Ω</td></tr><tr><td>Capacitor C<sub>3</sub></td><td>300μF/0.01Ω</td></tr><tr><td>r<sub>ds1</sub>-r<sub>ds2</sub>-r<sub>ds3</sub>-<br>r<sub>ds4</sub>-r<sub>d1</sub>-r<sub>d2</sub>-<br>V<sub>f</sub></td><td>0.05Ω-0.1Ω-0.1Ω-<br>0.1Ω-1mΩ-1mΩ-<br>0.8V</td></tr></tbody></table>

<figure><img src="image_8.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 7: Irradiance of PV string, power, current and voltage of PV</figcaption></figure>

Then, it is important to examine if the DC Bus voltage is well regulated while changing the power demand of the load or the irradiance of the PV source. As can be seen from Fig. 8, the DC Bus voltage is kept at around 400V, which is its reference value and the current responds properly in those changes.

Additionally, there isn't any intense voltage drop, except in the case where the DC Bus shifts from a standalone network to being part of a DC microgrid instantly. This voltage drop is around 2V, which is acceptable.

Moreover, it is essential to examine the behavior of the battery in all those cases. As already mentioned, the battery is responsible for keeping

the voltage on the DC Bus regulated.

<figure><img src="image_9.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 8: DC Bus Power, Voltage and Current</figcaption></figure>

Therefore, as shown in Fig. 9, when the DC Bus needs power to keep its voltage stable the battery provides it and the SoC reduces, whereas not, the battery absorbs this power and the SoC increases.

<figure><img src="image_10.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 9: DC Bus Power, Battery Current, Battery Voltage, SoC</figcaption></figure>

Fig. 10 shows how the current flows through inductors L₁ and L₂, either the irradiance or the power requirements changes. A zoomed part is included to show these waveforms in the switching timescale. CCM operation is clearly achieved for a large range of load. Also, when the PV source is not producing any power, the current of inductor L₁ is zero, and when the battery is off the current of inductor L₂ is zero accordingly. The spike in inductor L₁ occurs because at that
moment $S_2$ is instantly conducting, while the spike in inductor $L_2$ is due to the transition of DC Bus, from a stand-alone network to a part of DC Microgrid. Therefore, the current has a negative value.

<figure><img src="image_11.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 10: Inductors $L_1, L_2$ Current</figcaption></figure>

After validating the accomplishment of the control targets, the power balancing of the TPC is studied (Fig.11). Changes are performed in the PV string irradiance and the power requirement of the DC Bus, which basically are the changes that were depicted in the above graphs. The scenario that is implemented is the following: in the early morning hours the irradiance is typically low, so the PV source generates some power but not enough to cover the power demand of DC Bus. So, the battery is responsible for covering the remaining power and thus the TPC is operating in **mode 1**. Then, the PV source starts to generate more power, while the DC Bus demand is stable. As a result, the battery power is reducing until it becomes zero because the PV source is capable for supplying power and keeping the voltage at DC Bus stable. The TPC is now working in **mode 5**. Afterwards, many

changes are applied in both the irradiance and the DC Bus power demand are applied and the TPC passes from **mode 5** to **mode 1** once again. It is important to note that the battery behaves always in a way to keep the power balance and the DC Bus voltage stable. Then, DC Bus power is instantly reducing, while the PV source power is stable. So now, the PV source is sufficient to supply both the DC Bus and the battery and the TPC shifts from **mode 5** to **mode 2**. Afterwards DC Bus power demand is increased to a value that the PV source is unable to supply it by itself and as a result the TPC passes from **mode 2** to **mode 1**. Then for a brief time DC Bus power decreases once again, while the PV source power is stable, driving the TPC back to **mode 2**. Thereafter, irradiance goes down to zero (night time), which means that PV source cannot generate any power. So now, the battery is the only source that can supply the DC Bus and the TPC now works in **mode 4**. A proper dimensioning of the ESS is required based on the demanded autonomy and power consumption during nighttime. Also, as mentioned, the control system can support the operation of the TPC on a DC Microgrid which can also send power back to the converter if needed. This is what happens when the power of the DC Bus transitions from positive value to negative and the battery is now charged. TPC passes from **mode 4** to **mode 6**, while the DC Bus supplies the battery, irradiance starts to increase once again, which means it can also charge the battery, as a result the TPC shifts from **mode 6** to **mode 3**. Notably, when solar irradiance increases from 0 W/m², leading to increased power generation by the PV system, the boost converter remains initially inactive. This occurs because, during that time, the PV system charges the input capacitor, raising its voltage to a level sufficient for the MPPT control to operate and produce the appropriate duty cycle for $S_1$. Lastly DC Bus changes its condition and works now as a standalone network, whereas the PV source generates sufficient power to supply both the DC Bus and charge the battery. So TPC passes from **mode 3** to **mode 2**.

In all these transitions, the PV operates always in MPP, and the DC Bus voltage remains around its reference value, as can be seen from the above graphs. Moreover, the transitions are done automatically and smoothly without having any intense transient phenomena.
<figure><img src="image_12.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 11: PV source, DC Bus and Battery Power</figcaption></figure>

## V. Conclusion

In this paper, an efficient control scheme is proposed for a TPC, suitable for either standalone or interconnected DC Microgrid operation. A PV string, a battery and the DC Bus of the microgrid are integrated with a single converter and all the operating modes are explained. The MPPT and the output regulation are guaranteed in every corresponding mode. The design of the control system for the accomplishment of the control targets and the selection of the compensators are described clearly. Finally, the proper function of the control scheme is validated in MATLAB/Simulink, for varying irradiance and DC Microgrid bidirectional load profiles.

## References

[1] D. A. Elalfy, E. Gouda, M. F. Kotb, V. Bureš, and B. E. Sedhom, "Comprehensive review of energy storage systems technologies, objectives, challenges, and future trends," *Energy Strategy Rev.*, vol. 54, p. 101482, Jul. 2024.

[2] T. Dragičević, X. Lu, J. C. Vasquez, and J. M. Guerrero, "DC Microgrids—Part II: A Review of Power Architectures, Applications, and Standardization Issues," *IEEE Trans. Power Electron.*, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 3528–3549, May 2016.

[3] Z. Rehman, I. Al-Bahadly, and S. Mukhopadhyay, "Multiinput DC–DC converters in renewable energy applications – An overview," *Renew.*

Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 41, pp. 521–539, Jan. 2015.

[4] N. Zhang, D. Sutanto, and K. M. Muttaqi, "A review of topologies of three-port DC–DC converters for the integration of renewable energy and energy storage system," *Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.*, vol. 56, pp. 388–401, Apr. 2016.

[5] M. T. Sarker, M. H. S. M. Haram, S. J. Shern, G. Ramasamy, and F. Al Farid, "Second-Life Electric Vehicle Batteries for Home Photovoltaic Systems: Transforming Energy Storage and Sustainability," *Energies*, vol. 17, no. 10, Art. no. 10, Jan. 2024.

[6] G. Salagiannis and E. Tatakis, "Review on Non-Isolated Multiport Converters for Residential DC Microgrids," *Energies*, vol. 17, no. 1, Art. no. 1, Jan. 2024.

[7] K. Varesi, S. Hossein Hosseini, M. Sabahi, E. Babaei, S. Saeidabadi, and N. Vosoughi, "Design and Analysis of a Developed Multiport High Step-Up DC–DC Converter With Reduced Device Count and Normalized Peak Inverse Voltage on the Switches/Diodes," *IEEE Trans. Power Electron.*, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 5464–5475, Jun. 2019.

[8] T. Cheng and D. D.-C. Lu, "Three-Port Converters with a Flexible Power Flow for Integrating PV and Energy Storage into a DC Bus," *J. Power Electron.*, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 1433–1444, 2017.
[9] H. Aljarajreh, D. D.-C. Lu, Y. P. Siwakoti, R. P. Aguilera, and C. K. Tse, "A Method of Seamless Transitions Between Different Operating Modes for Three-Port DC-DC Converters," *IEEE Access*, vol. 9, pp. 59184–59195, 2021

[10] I. Askarian, M. Pahlevani, and A. M. Knight, "Three-Port Bidirectional DC/DC Converter for DC Nanogrids," *IEEE Trans. Power Electron.*, vol. 36, no. 7, pp. 8000–8011, Jul. 2021.

[11] M. Al-Soeidat, H. Khawaldeh, D. D.-C. Lu, and J. Zhu, "A Novel High Step-up Three-Port Bidirectional DC/DC Converter for PV-Battery Integrated System," in *2020 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)*, Mar. 2020, pp. 3352–3357.

[12] K. Tomas-Manez, A. Anthon, Z. Zhang, Z. Ouyang, and T. Franke, "High efficiency non-isolated three port DC-DC converter for PV-battery systems," in *2016 IEEE 8th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (IPEMC-ECCE Asia)*, May 2016, pp. 1806–1812.

[13] R. Sheehan and L. Diana, "Switch-mode power converter compensation made easy," *Tex. Instrum. Dallas TX USA*, 2016, Accessed: Oct. 02, 2024. [Online]. Available: http://e2e.ti.com/cfs-file/__key/communityserver-discussions-components-files/196/COMPENSATION.pdf

[14] M. M. Garg and M. Kumar Pathak, "Performance Comparison of Non-ideal and Ideal Models of DC-DC Buck Converter," in *2018 8th IEEE India International Conference on Power Electronics (IICPE)*, Dec. 2018, pp. 1–6.

[15] H. Abdel-Gawad and V. K. Sood, "Small-signal analysis of boost converter, including parasitics, operating in CCM," in *2014 6th IEEE Power India International Conference (PIICON)*, Dec. 2014, pp. 1–5.