and earn a salary, but where their allegiance lies when it comes to conflict is not clear. The power of BWE is limited. The case of BWE proposing a municipal water supply project for downstream villages suffering from severe undersupply illustrates the power of the clans. The initiative was successfully opposed by Dar el Wasaa farmers who mobilized their political power to assert their customary rights to water.

Questions of water distribution recurrently produce conflict. “Under the threat and intermittent use of force, the upstream families maintain effective control over the water from the Yammouneh spring by diverting its supply to their agricultural land,” according to a study by Ghanem et al. (2017). The elders of Boudaai village negotiate water transfers when downstream needs become pressing but use their advantageous position to secure their needs first. Boudai families also act as intermediaries for other lowland villages. In a context of relative absence of state intervention, these local power dynamics leave little room for intervention by BWE. The failure of the WWTP project in Yammouneh as well as the problematic water supply further undermines the state authority’s position in the area. According to municipal members, pollution from untreated wastewater is a major threat to agriculture; the existing sewer network, which is of inadequate capacity or condition, overflows and wastewater seeps into the groundwater and pollutes the lake, which provides (domestic or irrigation) water to 42 villages. Indicating local dissatisfaction with the work of BWE, one of our interviewees said, “The percentage of pollution in the lake is 1,000%.”

The question of customary rights also appears in laat, although in a different form. There the WWTP did not start operations until the sewerage network was completed in 2009-2010. Yet, the plant remained inoperable: the minimum wastewater inflow requirement of 2,000 m³/day was not met because farmers resisted the diversion of raw wastewater to the plant. They repeatedly broke the conveyor to claim what they considered their water, not based on old water rights but rather based on practice-derived claims. Distrust and cost considerations acted as barriers to the adaptation of alternative/new water sources proposed by planners. Reconciliation with farmers took until 2013, yet today farmers in the proximity of the plant (and upstream) still use raw wastewater for irrigation.

In Hammana, the situation is different. Treated water from the WWTP is currently being reused downstream after being discharged into the river. It is diverted from the river into an existing collective irrigation network by farmers of the next downstream village. When WWTP operations were

interrupted for maintenance, raw wastewater was allowed to enter the river, resulting in a reduction of water in the irrigation canal. Farmers mobilized their municipality, which in turn submitted a formal complaint to the Mouhafaz denouncing the pollution of the river, leading to a conflict between municipalities. In this case, the fact that the rights to reused water are not regulated caused conflict. The municipality of Hammana carries the cost of treatment but does not profit from the reused water because the WWTP is situated at the lowest point of the village in the valley and like in Zahleh residents and farmers consider that the water rights lie with the municipality and the flows should be used within the village itself.

The case studies outlined above show that there are a multiplicity of interpretations and perceptions of customary or legal rights, which are mobilized to support claims to treated and untreated water. This requires irrigation management to come up with locally specific solutions that take into account the local power dynamics and customary arrangements. To be able to intervene productively in problems, the RWEs will have to go beyond the existing staff profiles. It seems reasonable to suggest that in fact new profiles with new competencies need to be defined to address these challenges which include technical and social skills such as mediation and negotiation. Creative solutions will have to be found to manage the mixture of private and public management arrangements including municipalities and regional authorities, landowners and tenant farmers, local notables and influential families. The importance of the role of the water guardians was clearly articulated in Bater, where their role in maintaining social peace is acknowledged in the public elections held under the purview of the municipality. Finally, who gets—or is denied—access to reused water is a central issue that may appear at the scale of irrigation network management by the water guardian or at an earlier level at the conception of water reuse projects. In one case study, this pitted large landowners owning around 1,000 ha owning their own well against numerous smaller farming enterprises drawing water from multiple sources (Zahleh case study in Annex 9B).

In conclusion, this chapter showed that many questions are yet to be addressed for the water reuse potential to be implemented in practice in Lebanon. While harnessing the WWTPs’ potential is indeed needed amidst increasing water shortages in different water basins, one cannot expect it to be successful without a larger national strategy that is focused on bringing solutions to the different institutional, financial and sociopolitical limitations discussed in this section.
Conclusion

Ambitious wastewater treatment and reuse goals were articulated by Lebanon's Ministry of Energy and Water with the publication of the National Water Sector Strategy in 2012. But efforts and experiences in developing water reuse remain limited and wastewater treatment was seriously impaired long before the impact of the current financial crisis which has further weakened the sector. This study hopes to enrich the policy discussion on the topic of water reuse and wastewater treatment at the national scale.

This detailed assessment of the technical potential for water reuse in Lebanon should serve as a useful entry point into the articulation of a reuse strategy at the national level. Our analysis is based on material characteristics such as geography, agricultural area, available water and treatment technology. At this level, it shows that the coastal wastewater treatment plants, which process the highest volumes, have little potential in their immediate surroundings. Only massive investment would allow conveying these waters to agricultural areas.

The selection of plants mentioned in Table 21 combines WWTPs that have relatively large reuse potential areas with those that have relatively small reuse potential areas. It provides a selection of seemingly easier-to-implement and operate potential reuse schemes as well as larger ones that are more complex to implement. It shows that this relatively simple model, on account of having only three criteria, already produces a level of analysis that is useful for different policy orientations and different donor interests. The model further shows that a lot of small plants mostly operating at the level of rural municipalities have or could have high reuse potential.

With the current economic and financial crisis and the accompanying deep political crisis in Lebanon, a rethinking of planning and policy practice is inevitable. The degradation of institutions and existing infrastructure caused by the crisis shows the limits of previous planning approaches. For the foreseeable future, sector development and management will be even more illusory to finance through user fees than it was in the past 30 years. Holding on to a development model that has proven its inability to recover costs will further negatively affect wastewater treatment and water reuse potential.

The failure of the development model of the last 30 years brings with it two implications with regard to potential:

* Materializing potential on a national scale will require a rethinking of developmental approaches on a fundamental level and across sectors. Where user fees do not suffice for RWEs to maintain operations, they will certainly not provide profits to the private sector as originally imagined by sector reform. Recentering the state and state building as goals of development efforts will have to be an essential aspect of future efforts.

* At the level of water reuse and wastewater treatment, projects with lower investment volumes and low maintenance cost will have a higher chance of materializing and operating over the long term.

But other factors will affect project outcomes such as the formulation of a governance framework for the planning, management and monitoring of reuse systems, as well as formulating qualitative standards. One topic particularly identified in our case studies is the issue of decision-making regarding water allocation. Formal and informal water rights will need to be integrated for project acceptance and outcomes. In a similar manner, reuse projects will have to engage with and understand local irrigation management practices. These vary across locations, where they can be communally managed such as in Bater, or privately such as in Zahleh, or through the municipalities in other places. Projects will also have to address questions of distribution and livelihood impacts—who will profit and who will not? Are projects to reinforce existing wealth disparities, or to address poverty and livelihoods?

In a context where RWEs are struggling to make ends meet, both financially and regarding human resources, it will be necessary to further create synergies with local institutions such as municipalities, farmers and farmer associations. The project in Wadi Qanoubine funded by AFD would be an experience to learn from in this regard. The participatory planning and implementation approach implemented in the IWMI ReWater MENA project, of which this study is a part, will hopefully provide valuable lessons to be integrated in an incremental and adaptive approach to reuse planning.
<table><caption>**Table 21.** Summary numbers for wastewater reuse potential and the main sites with high potential.</caption><thead><tr><th></th><th>Mm³/year</th><th>Mm³/season</th><th>% of total</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Total municipal wastewater generated</td><td>273.7-328.5</td><td>164.2-198.2</td><td>100</td></tr><tr><td>Total treated water produced</td><td>81.2</td><td>48.9</td><td>25-30</td></tr><tr><td>Total treated water discharged to sea</td><td>60.2</td><td>36.3</td><td>18-22</td></tr><tr><td>Total treated water discharged to inland water bodies</td><td>20.9</td><td>12.6</td><td>6.3-7.6</td></tr><tr><td>Total direct reuse (2020)</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Total indirect reuse</td><td colspan="3">Indirect reuse is widespread as water from rivers is persistently used for irrigation but cannot be quantified because of a lack of water use and water production data.</td></tr><tr><td>Area potentially irrigable with treated water at present</td><td colspan="3">2,208 ha</td></tr><tr><td>Treatment plants with high reuse potential (area)</td><td colspan="3"><ul><li>Zahleh (527.2 ha), Aitanit (32.6 ha), Ablah (28.6 ha), Fourzol (21.3 ha), Joub Janine (138.9 ha), (Bekaa)</li><li>Chabriha (326.3 ha) (Sour)</li><li>Tebnine (23.9 ha) (BintJbeil)</li><li>Hebarriye (11.2 ha) (Hasbaya)</li><li>Ijbaa (87.5 ha), Aintourine (91.9 ha) (Ehden)</li><li>Nabaa el Safaa (22.0 ha), Bater (15.6 ha), Barouk (12 ha), Ammantour (9.7 ha) (Chouf)</li><li>Hammana (19.5 ha) (Metn)</li><li>Qobayat (12.2 ha) (Akkar)</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table>
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# Annex 1. Some Characteristics of Lebanese Agriculture.

Lebanon is home to a diversity of agroclimatic zones that support a variety of crops and farming systems. The zones are classified according to environmental factors such as topography, altitude and water availability. For reasons of space, only a simplified description of these zones is presented here for reference, without detailing their respective farming systems, though an understanding of farming systems remains important for assessment of water reuse policy options and project planning.

* *Southern coastal plain.* This zone extends from the southern border to the caza (sub-district) of Jbeil (North). Vegetables, bananas and citrus are the main crops here, with greenhouses more widely evident to the north.

* *Northern coastal plain.* Olive plantations are the mainstay in this zone, which extends up to the northern border from Koura to Zgharta. However, tobacco, cereals, potatoes and legumes are also produced in the northern part of the plain.

* *Dry upland plain.* This agroclimatic zone includes the central and southern Bekaa plain. It is the largest and most fertile agricultural region of Lebanon, and the most intensively exploited. The main crops are wheat, potatoes and vines as well as a diversity of fruit trees and vegetables.

* *Arid upland plain.* This zone includes the Northern Bekaa where cereals, forage crops, vegetables and apricots are grown.

* *Lowland mountains.* This agroecological zone is located below 800 meters above sea level (masl), extending from Batroun to Minieh and the Akkar. A variety of fruit trees and vegetables are grown here.

* *Wet upland mountains.* This zone includes most of the Mount Lebanon mountain chain. It is mainly cropped with fruit trees (most important of them being apples) and a diversity of vegetables.

* *Arid upland mountains.* This zone extends from the northern Anti-Lebanon mountain chain, where mostly apricots and cherries are produced, to the slopes of Mount Hermon, where rainfed plantations grow, mainly olives.

* *Dry hills of the South.* This zone counts tobacco and olives as its most important crops.

Farming systems in Lebanon are distinguished according to size of holding, technology, division of labor including gender division, capital requirement, water needs and uses, among others. As farmer livelihoods ought to lie at the center of any strategic consideration of reuse potential, any such analysis can and should be expanded to include a variety of socioeconomic relationships, such as farm market relations, as well.

Larger landholdings in Lebanon are concentrated in the Bekaa, where the average size of a holding is 2.9 ha compared with the average of 1.3 ha for the country as a whole. In the South, coastal plantations of banana and citrus tend to be relatively large too, while in the water-poor southern hills farmers plant tobacco on only a few dunums.

Lebanon's agriculture sector in general is characterized by a high level of concentration of landownership (Table A1). According to the 2010 agricultural census,<fnref n="74" /> the top 1.8% of 169,512 landholders own 33% of all arable land. Concentration of irrigated land is even higher, with 42.6% of it held by the top 0.2% of landholders. In contrast, almost 94% of farmers work on less than 4 ha (48.8% of arable land and 39.4% of irrigated land); 70% of them work on less than 1 ha (MoA and FAO 2012).

This uneven distribution is reflected in the representation of small farmers in commodity chains. Markets for inputs are highly monopolistic. A 2003 study (Gaspard 2003)<fnref n="75" /> detailed how the market for agricultural inputs is controlled by just five companies with one of them having 59% of the market. Market power downstream is equally concentrated and controlled by wholesalers and powerful traders. While small farm operations have little choice, large farmers profit from vertical integration. In the potato sector, large landowners who have better storage capacities, transportation, on-farm infrastructure and access to capital/credit dominate the market and capture a large part of production from small farmers at low prices.<fnref n="76" />

<footnote n="74">⁷⁴ The study was published in 2012 but survey conducted in 2010.</footnote>

<footnote n="75">⁷⁵ For further discussion, see Hamade (2019).</footnote>

<footnote n="76">⁷⁶ The dynamics of large trader/farmer control of markets regarding potatoes are described in considerable detail for the Akkar region in Wood et al. (2020).</footnote>
<table><caption>**Table A1.** Distribution of land by size of holding.</caption><thead><tr><th>Size of holding (ha)</th><th>Number of farmers</th><th>Percentage of farmers</th><th>Percentage of all arable land</th><th>Percentage of all irrigated arable land</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>&lt; 0.5</td><td>118,865</td><td>49.1%</td><td>8.1%</td><td>6.5%</td></tr><tr><td>&lt; 1</td><td>26,269</td><td>70.1%</td><td>18.2%</td><td>14.2%</td></tr><tr><td>&lt; 2</td><td>13,977</td><td>85.6%</td><td>33.0%</td><td>26.0%</td></tr><tr><td>&lt; 4</td><td>7,312</td><td>93.9%</td><td>48.8%</td><td>39.3%</td></tr><tr><td>&gt; 10</td><td>1,996</td><td>1.8%</td><td>33.1%</td><td>42.60%</td></tr></tbody></table>

Source: Compiled from MoA and FAO 2012.

These dynamics are manifest in the poverty rates: According to the most recent survey, the poverty rate among the agriculturally active population is 40% (CAS and World Bank 2016) while other data show that the poverty rate for agricultural households is approximately 67% (Riachi 2013). Further, the current economic crisis has dramatically boosted poverty. This situation is also reflected by the distribution of poverty rates among governorates where agriculture is an important sector, such as the South where poverty is at 42% (UNDP 2008).<fnref n="77" />

Across the country, about half of the farmer population relies on agriculture as their only source of income while the other half is pluriactive. For most of the latter category of people, pluriactivity is a necessity because incomes or sustenance derived from agricultural activity do not suffice to support their livelihoods. Smallholders are much less likely to own machinery and generators or have access to irrigation and wells.

<footnote n="77">⁷⁷ Extreme poverty rates were measured at 11.64% and an astounding 17.75%. A 2016 UNDP report confirms the average poverty rate but seems to indicate a more even distribution (UNDP 2016).</footnote>
Annex 2. Database of Existing WWTPs.

<table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Wastewater treatment plant</th><th>Operational status</th><th>Current design capacity (m³/day)(2019/2020)</th><th>Average actual volume treated (m³/day)</th><th>Type of treatment</th><th>Design level of treatment</th><th>Actual level of treatment</th><th>Managing public authority</th><th>Wastewater type</th><th>Conflicting or unclear information</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1</td><td>Akkar El-Atika</td><td>Built, not operational</td><td>260</td><td>0</td><td>Settlement, sand filtration, extended aeration</td><td>Secondary</td><td></td><td>Municipality (tbc)<sup>78</sup></td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>Aammatour</td><td>Operational</td><td>900</td><td>275</td><td>Extended aeration, trickling filters, activated sludge</td><td>Tertiary</td><td>Tertiary</td><td>BMLWE</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>Ablah</td><td>Operational</td><td>2,000</td><td>1,300</td><td>Trickling filters</td><td>Secondary</td><td>Secondary</td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>Abou Qamha</td><td>Built, not operational</td><td>90</td><td></td><td>Anaerobic digestion/ closed settling tank followed by trickling filter</td><td>Secondary</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td>Location precision</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>Ain Horche</td><td>Operational</td><td>120</td><td>50</td><td>Oxidation pond - anaerobic digestion, aerobic treatment, settlement, extended aeration</td><td>Secondary</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>Ain Jarfa</td><td>Built, not operational</td><td>375</td><td>0</td><td>Extended aeration</td><td>Secondary</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>Ain Qenia</td><td>Built, not operational</td><td>1,100</td><td>0</td><td>Anaerobic digestion/ pretreatment of olive pressings</td><td>Unknown</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td>Conflicting location</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>Ainbal</td><td>Operational</td><td>2,200</td><td>550</td><td></td><td>Tertiary</td><td>Secondary</td><td>CDR</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

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<footnote n="78">78 Notes: tbc = To be confirmed. The information for these WWTPs needs to be double checked by direct contact with municipalities. This was not done in the framework of this study.</footnote>
<table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Wastewater treatment plant</th><th>Operational status</th><th>Current design capacity (m³/day)(2019/2020)</th><th>Average actual volume treated (m³/day)</th><th>Type of treatment</th><th>Design level of treatment</th><th>Actual level of treatment</th><th>Managing public authority</th><th>Wastewater type</th><th>Conflicting or unclear information</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>9</td><td>Aintourine</td><td>Partially operational</td><td>3,600</td><td>3,600</td><td></td><td>Tertiary</td><td>Secondary</td><td>CDR</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td>Aitanit/Machghara</td><td>Operational</td><td>5,000</td><td>1,200</td><td>Sedimentation tanks, anaerobic digestion, sludge drying beds, trickling filters, chlorination</td><td>Secondary</td><td>Secondary</td><td>Union of Municipalities of Lake Qaraoun</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>11</td><td>Baadarane</td><td>Operational</td><td>450</td><td>250</td><td>Activated sludge</td><td>Tertiary</td><td>Tertiary</td><td>BMLWE</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>12</td><td>Bakka 1</td><td>Built, not operational</td><td>60</td><td>0</td><td>Anaerobic digestion, extended aeration, non-electromechanical system (anaerobic fermentation - closed reactor, and aerobic treatment - open pond)</td><td>Secondary</td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>13</td><td>Bakka 2</td><td>Built, not operational</td><td>160</td><td>0</td><td>Anaerobic digestion, extended aeration, non-electromechanical system (anaerobic fermentation - closed reactor, and aerobic treatment - open pond)</td><td>Secondary</td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>14</td><td>Barouk</td><td>Under construction</td><td>1,800</td><td>0</td><td>Primary biofiltration, activated sludge with ultraviolet (UV) disinfection</td><td>Tertiary</td><td>CDR</td><td>Domestic</td><td>Conflicting volume</td></tr><tr><td>15</td><td>Bater</td><td>Operational</td><td>900</td><td>550</td><td>Extended aeration/ mixture of trickling filter and activated sludge</td><td>Tertiary</td><td>BMLWE</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>16</td><td>Bcharre</td><td>Under construction</td><td>5,000</td><td>0</td><td></td><td>Secondary</td><td>CDR</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

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<table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Wastewater treatment plant</th><th>Operational status</th><th>Current design capacity (m³/day)(2019/2020)</th><th>Average actual volume treated (m³/day)</th><th>Type of treatment</th><th>Design level of treatment</th><th>Actual level of treatment</th><th>Managing public authority</th><th>Wastewater type</th><th>Conflicting or unclear information</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>17</td><td>Bcharre wetland</td><td>Operational</td><td></td><td></td><td>Unknown</td><td></td><td></td><td>Municipality (tbc)</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>18</td><td>Beino</td><td>Built, not operational</td><td>120</td><td>0</td><td>Secondary</td><td></td><td></td><td>Municipality (tbc)</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>19</td><td>Beit Menzer</td><td>Built, not operational</td><td></td><td>0</td><td>Secondary</td><td></td><td></td><td>Municipality (tbc)</td><td>Domestic</td><td>Location precision</td></tr><tr><td>20</td><td>Berti</td><td>Operational</td><td>195</td><td>195</td><td>Extended aeration</td><td>Secondary</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>21</td><td>Bourj Rahal</td><td>Operational</td><td>300</td><td>240</td><td>Extended aeration</td><td>Tertiary</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>22</td><td>Bqerzla</td><td>Built, not operational</td><td>675</td><td>100</td><td>Anaerobic digestion, septic tank</td><td>Secondary</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Mixed</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>23</td><td>Bteddine El-Lekche</td><td>Partially operational</td><td>400</td><td>0</td><td>Extended aeration</td><td>Secondary</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>24</td><td>Chabriha</td><td>Under construction</td><td>36,000</td><td>17,000</td><td>Activated sludge</td><td>Tertiary</td><td></td><td>CDR</td><td>Mixed</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>25</td><td>Charbila</td><td>Partially operational</td><td>237</td><td>0</td><td>Anaerobic digestion wetland</td><td>Secondary</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>26</td><td>Charqiye</td><td>Operational</td><td>10,900</td><td>5,000</td><td>Oxidation ditch</td><td>Tertiary</td><td>Tertiary</td><td>CDR</td><td>Mixed</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>27</td><td>Chebaa</td><td>Built, not operational</td><td>900</td><td>0</td><td>Anaerobic digestion</td><td>Secondary</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>28</td><td>Chekka</td><td>Built, not operational</td><td>2,200</td><td>0</td><td>Extended aeration, activated sludge</td><td>Secondary</td><td></td><td>CDR</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>29</td><td>Chouaya</td><td>Built, not operational</td><td>50</td><td></td><td>Secondary</td><td></td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td>Unclear operational status</td></tr><tr><td>30</td><td>Dahr Er Ramli</td><td>Built, not operational</td><td></td><td></td><td>Activated sludge</td><td>Unknown</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td>Probably irreparable</td></tr><tr><td>31</td><td>Daoura</td><td>Built, not operational</td><td>1,000</td><td>0</td><td>Trickling filters</td><td>Secondary</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td>Location precision</td></tr></tbody></table>

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<table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Wastewater treatment plant</th><th>Operational status</th><th>Current design capacity (m³/day)(2019/2020)</th><th>Average actual volume treated (m³/day)</th><th>Type of treatment</th><th>Design level of treatment</th><th>Actual level of treatment</th><th>Managing public authority</th><th>Wastewater type</th><th>Conflicting or unclear information</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>32</td><td>Deir El-Ahmar</td><td>Partially operational</td><td>525</td><td>180</td><td>Extended aeration</td><td>Secondary</td><td>Primary</td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>33</td><td>Deir Mimas</td><td>Operational</td><td>200</td><td>200</td><td>Extended aeration</td><td>Tertiary</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>34</td><td>Dibbine</td><td>Built, not operational</td><td>600</td><td></td><td>Anaerobic digestion</td><td>Secondary</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>35</td><td>El Aichye</td><td>Under construction</td><td>600</td><td>0</td><td>Trickling filters</td><td>Tertiary</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>36</td><td>El Aichye</td><td>Built, not operational</td><td>150</td><td>0</td><td>Anaerobic digestion followed by open settling tanks</td><td>Secondary</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>37</td><td>El Jdeide</td><td>Operational</td><td>1,350</td><td>120</td><td>Activated sludge</td><td>Tertiary</td><td></td><td>BMLWE</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>38</td><td>El Meri</td><td>Built, not operational</td><td>220</td><td>0</td><td></td><td>Secondary</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>39</td><td>Fardis</td><td>Built, not operational</td><td>120</td><td>0</td><td></td><td>Secondary</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>40</td><td>Fourzol</td><td>Operational</td><td>0</td><td>1,000</td><td>Trickling filters, primary &amp; final clarifiers, chlorination</td><td>Secondary</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>41</td><td>Ghabbatiyeh</td><td>Built, not operational</td><td>250</td><td>0</td><td>Anaerobic digestion, followed by open settling tank</td><td>Secondary</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>42</td><td>Ghadir</td><td>Operational</td><td>138,000</td><td>60,000</td><td>Screening, grinding</td><td>Primary</td><td></td><td>BMLWE</td><td>Mixed</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>43</td><td>Gharifeh</td><td>Operational</td><td>1,125</td><td>0</td><td>Activated sludge</td><td>Secondary</td><td></td><td>Municipality (tbc)</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>44</td><td>Halta</td><td>Built, not operational</td><td>115</td><td>0</td><td></td><td>Unknown</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>45</td><td>Hammana</td><td>Operational</td><td>1,440</td><td>900</td><td>Extended aeration</td><td>Secondary</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>46</td><td>Haouch El Qinnabeh</td><td>Partially operational</td><td>100</td><td>0</td><td></td><td>Secondary</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

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<table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Wastewater treatment plant</th><th>Operational status</th><th>Current design capacity (m³/day)(2019/2020)</th><th>Average actual volume treated (m³/day)</th><th>Type of treatment</th><th>Design level of treatment</th><th>Actual level of treatment</th><th>Managing public authority</th><th>Wastewater type</th><th>Conflicting or unclear information</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>47</td><td>Hasbaya</td><td>Partially operational</td><td></td><td>0</td><td></td><td>Unknown</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>48</td><td>Haytoura</td><td>Operational</td><td>100</td><td></td><td>Closed settling tank followed by trickling filters</td><td>Secondary</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>49</td><td>Hebbariyeh</td><td>Operational</td><td>920</td><td>0</td><td>Anaerobic digestion (extended aeration)</td><td>Tertiary</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>50</td><td>Hmaira</td><td>Partially operational</td><td>252</td><td>126</td><td>Anaerobic digestion, upflow anaerobic sludge blanket</td><td>Secondary</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>51</td><td>Hnaider</td><td>Built, not operational</td><td>402</td><td>0</td><td>Advanced septic tank</td><td>Unknown</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>52</td><td>Iaat</td><td>Partially operational</td><td>24,000</td><td>5,000</td><td>Activated sludge, chlorination, oxidation ditches</td><td></td><td>Tertiary</td><td>Secondary</td><td>BWE</td><td>Mixed</td></tr><tr><td>53</td><td>Ijbaa</td><td>Partially operational</td><td>3,600</td><td>3,600</td><td></td><td>Tertiary</td><td>Secondary</td><td>CDR</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>54</td><td>Jabboule</td><td>Operational</td><td>90</td><td></td><td></td><td>Tertiary</td><td>Secondary</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>55</td><td>Jbaa</td><td>Built, not operational</td><td>1,050</td><td></td><td>Consecutive closed settling tanks</td><td>Secondary</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Mixed</td></tr><tr><td>56</td><td>JbaaEch-Chouf</td><td>Operational</td><td>225</td><td>175</td><td>Trickling filters, activated sludge, chlorination</td><td>Tertiary</td><td></td><td></td><td>BMLWE</td><td>Domestic</td></tr><tr><td>57</td><td>Jbeil</td><td>Under construction</td><td>10,000</td><td>0</td><td>Biofiltration</td><td>Tertiary</td><td></td><td></td><td>CDR</td><td>Mixed</td></tr><tr><td>58</td><td>Jebrayel</td><td>Built, not operational</td><td>120</td><td>0</td><td>Activated sludge</td><td>Secondary</td><td></td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td></tr></tbody></table>

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<table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Wastewater treatment plant</th><th>Operational status</th><th>Current design capacity (m³/day)(2019/2020)</th><th>Average actual volume treated (m³/day)</th><th>Type of treatment</th><th>Design level of treatment</th><th>Actual level of treatment</th><th>Managing public authority</th><th>Wastewater type</th><th>Conflicting or unclear Information</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>59</td><td>Joub Janine</td><td>Operational</td><td>10,000</td><td>6,000</td><td>Anaerobic oxidation, disinfection, extended aeration, activated sludge</td><td>Tertiary</td><td></td><td>BWE</td><td>Mixed</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>60</td><td>Kawkaba</td><td>Partially operational</td><td>135</td><td>135</td><td></td><td>Unknown</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>61</td><td>Kfar Fila</td><td>Built, not operational</td><td>525</td><td>0</td><td>Consecutive closed settling tanks</td><td>Secondary</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>62</td><td>KfarHamam</td><td>Built, not operational</td><td>115</td><td>0</td><td>Extended aeration</td><td>Tertiary</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>63</td><td>Kfar Sir</td><td>Under construction</td><td>1,218</td><td>0</td><td>Water stabilization pond (WSP)</td><td>Tertiary</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>64</td><td>Kfarqatra</td><td>Operational</td><td>250</td><td>90</td><td>Activated sludge</td><td>Secondary</td><td></td><td>CDR</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>65</td><td>Kfeir</td><td>Partially operational</td><td>425</td><td>0</td><td>Activated sludge</td><td>Secondary</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>66</td><td>Khiam</td><td>Built, not operational</td><td>6,000</td><td>0</td><td>Extended aeration - trickling filters</td><td>Secondary</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>67</td><td>Khreibet Ech-Chouf (El Khreibe)</td><td>Operational</td><td>450</td><td></td><td>Trickling filters, activated sludge</td><td>Tertiary</td><td></td><td>BMLWE</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>68</td><td>Knaisse 1</td><td>Operational</td><td>532</td><td>0</td><td>Advanced septic tank</td><td>Unknown</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>69</td><td>Knaisse 2</td><td>Operational</td><td>532</td><td>0</td><td>Advanced septic tank</td><td>Unknown</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>70</td><td>Maasser Ech-Chouf</td><td>Operational</td><td>450</td><td>100</td><td>Trickling filters, activated sludge</td><td>Tertiary</td><td></td><td>BMLWE</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>71</td><td>Majdala</td><td>Built, not operational</td><td>120</td><td>0</td><td></td><td>Secondary</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

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<table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Wastewater treatment plant</th><th>Operational status</th><th>Current design capacity (m³/day)(2019/2020)</th><th>Average actual volume treated (m³/day)</th><th>Type of treatment</th><th>Design level of treatment</th><th>Actual level of treatment</th><th>Managing public authority</th><th>Wastewater type</th><th>Conflicting or unclear information</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>72</td><td>Majdel Anjar/ El Marj</td><td>Under construction</td><td>45,000</td><td>0</td><td>Activated sludge, biological nitrogen removal, biological and chemical phosphorus removal</td><td>Tertiary</td><td></td><td>CDR</td><td>Mixed</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>73</td><td>Marj Ez-Zouhour</td><td>Built, not operational</td><td>120</td><td>0</td><td>Wetland</td><td>Secondary</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>74</td><td>Marjayoun</td><td>Built not operational</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Unknown</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>75</td><td>Mazraat Balde</td><td>Built, not operational</td><td></td><td>0</td><td></td><td>Unknown</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>76</td><td>Mimes (2)</td><td>Partially operational</td><td>120</td><td>0</td><td>Activated sludge</td><td>Secondary</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td>Not clear if existing</td></tr><tr><td>77</td><td>Moukhtara</td><td>Operational</td><td>450</td><td>175</td><td>Trickling filters, activated sludge, chlorination</td><td>Tertiary</td><td>Tertiary</td><td>BMLWE</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>78</td><td>Mristi</td><td>Operational</td><td>225</td><td>90</td><td>Trickling filters, activated sludge</td><td>Tertiary</td><td>Tertiary</td><td>BMLWE</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>79</td><td>Nabaa El Safa and Aain Zhalta</td><td>Under construction</td><td>3,000</td><td>0</td><td>Activated sludge</td><td>Tertiary</td><td></td><td>CDR</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>80</td><td>Jiyeh (Nabi Younes)</td><td>Partially operational</td><td>18,400</td><td>0</td><td>Sludge stabilization biofiltration</td><td>Tertiary</td><td>Secondary</td><td>CDR</td><td>Mixed</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>81</td><td>Qaytoule</td><td>Partially operational</td><td>980</td><td>0</td><td>Activated sludge</td><td>Unknown</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>82</td><td>Qbaiyat Akkar El Gharbie (Andket)</td><td>Operational</td><td>1,350</td><td>0</td><td>Extended aeration, trickling filters</td><td>Secondary</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>83</td><td>Qornayel</td><td>Built, not operational</td><td>900</td><td>0</td><td>Extended aeration</td><td>Secondary</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td>Location not verified</td></tr></tbody></table>

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<table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Wastewater treatment plant</th><th>Operational status</th><th>Current design capacity (m³/day)(2019/2020)</th><th>Average actual volume treated (m³/day)</th><th>Type of treatment</th><th>Design level of treatment</th><th>Actual level of treatment</th><th>Managing public authority</th><th>Wastewater type</th><th>Conflicting or unclear information</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>84</td><td>Rachaiya</td><td>Operational</td><td>600</td><td>0</td><td>Trickling filters, aerobic treatment, extended aeration</td><td>Secondary</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>85</td><td>Rahbe</td><td>Built, not operational</td><td>300</td><td>0</td><td>Trickling filters</td><td>Secondary</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>86</td><td>Rihane (Jezzine) Partially operational</td><td></td><td>820</td><td>0</td><td>Extended aeration</td><td>Tertiary</td><td></td><td></td><td>Domestic</td><td>No volume information</td></tr><tr><td>87</td><td>Rimhala</td><td>Operational</td><td></td><td>0</td><td></td><td>Unknown</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>88</td><td>Saghbine</td><td>Operational</td><td>560</td><td>100</td><td>Activated sludge, extended aeration with anoxic zone</td><td>Secondary</td><td>Secondary</td><td>CDR</td><td>Domestic</td><td>Operational status not clear</td></tr><tr><td>89</td><td>Batroun</td><td>Operational</td><td>3,000</td><td>3,000</td><td>Extended aeration, activated sludge</td><td>Tertiary</td><td></td><td>CDR</td><td>Domestic</td><td>Operational status not clear</td></tr><tr><td>90</td><td>Sayniq</td><td>Partially operational</td><td>65,000</td><td>55,000</td><td>Preliminary treatment</td><td>Secondary</td><td></td><td>SLWE</td><td>Mixed</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>91</td><td>Snaya</td><td>Partially operational</td><td>60</td><td>0</td><td>Anaerobic digestion followed by open settling tanks</td><td>Secondary</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>92</td><td>Tebnine</td><td>Operational</td><td>3,600</td><td>0</td><td>Oxidation ditch</td><td>Tertiary</td><td></td><td>SLWE</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>93</td><td>Tripoli</td><td>Partially operational</td><td>35,000</td><td>30,000</td><td>Activated sludge</td><td>Tertiary</td><td></td><td>CDR</td><td>Mixed</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>94</td><td>Wadi Jezzine</td><td>Built, not operational</td><td>150</td><td>0</td><td>Concentric tanks (aerobic treatment and sludge digestion with enzyme)</td><td>Secondary</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td>Location not verified</td></tr><tr><td>95</td><td>Wazzani</td><td>Built, not operational</td><td>50</td><td>0</td><td>Wetland</td><td>Unknown</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

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<table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Wastewater treatment plant</th><th>Operational status</th><th>Current design capacity (m³/day)(2019/2020)</th><th>Average actual volume treated (m³/day)</th><th>Type of treatment</th><th>Design level of treatment</th><th>Actual level of treatment</th><th>Managing public authority</th><th>Wastewater type</th><th>Conflicting or unclear information</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>96</td><td>Yammouneh</td><td>Built, not operational</td><td>800</td><td>50</td><td>Extended aeration, activated sludge</td><td>Secondary</td><td></td><td>BWE</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>97</td><td>Yanta 1 (northern)</td><td>Partially operational</td><td>200</td><td>50</td><td>Activated sludge, extended aeration, trickling filter</td><td>Secondary</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>98</td><td>Yanta 2 (southern)</td><td>Partially operational</td><td>300</td><td>50</td><td>Activated sludge, extended aeration, trickling filter</td><td>Secondary</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>99</td><td>Yohmor En Nabatiyeh</td><td>Operational</td><td>525</td><td>210</td><td>Water stabilization pond</td><td>Tertiary</td><td></td><td>SLWE</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100</td><td>Zahleh</td><td>Operational</td><td>35,000</td><td>25,000</td><td>Activated sludge, trickling filters, biological nitrogen removal, UV disinfection</td><td>Tertiary</td><td>Tertiary</td><td>CDR</td><td>Mixed</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>101</td><td>Zaoutar Ech-Charqiye</td><td>Operational</td><td>450</td><td>160</td><td>Water stabilization pond</td><td>Tertiary</td><td>Tertiary</td><td>SLWE</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>102</td><td>Araya</td><td>Operational</td><td>400</td><td>400</td><td>Activated sludge</td><td>Secondary</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>103</td><td>Qasmiyeh 1</td><td>Operational</td><td>45</td><td>45</td><td>Activated sludge</td><td>Secondary</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>104</td><td>Qasmiyeh 2</td><td>Operational</td><td>100</td><td>100</td><td>Activated sludge</td><td>Secondary</td><td></td><td>Municipality</td><td>Domestic</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Sources: Compilation based on MEW 2020; FAO 2016a; KREDO 2015a; MEW 2012; MoE 2004; ELARD 2015; GIZ 2009; Triple E 2020. Data for BWE and SLWE were validated by respective officials.
Annex 3. Database of Proposed WWTPs.

<table><thead><tr><th>ID</th><th>Village</th><th>Status</th><th>WWTP</th><th>Capacity (m³/day)</th><th>Technology</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1</td><td>Wadi Faara</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Wadi Faara</td><td>275</td><td>NA<sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>El Mdaouich</td><td>Proposed</td><td>El Mdaouich</td><td>858</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>El Boustane</td><td>Proposed</td><td>El Boustane</td><td>849</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>Sahel Hermel</td><td>Under execution</td><td>Sahel Hermel</td><td>2,500</td><td>Membrane bioreactor</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>Al-QaWadi El-Khanzir</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Al-QaWadi El-Khanzir</td><td>4,917</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>Al-Fakiat</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Al-Fakiat</td><td>17,296</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>Harbta</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Harbta</td><td>11,893</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>Ainata</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Ainata</td><td>618</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td>Chlifa</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Chlifa</td><td>0</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td>Chlifa</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Chlifa</td><td>4,220</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>11</td><td>Maaraboun</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Maaraboun</td><td>895</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>12</td><td>Jenta</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Jenta</td><td>512</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>13</td><td>Tamnine El-Tahta</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Tamnine El-Tahta</td><td>50,000</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>14</td><td>Tfeil</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Tfeil</td><td>268</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>15</td><td>Bizhel</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Bizhel</td><td>1,550</td><td>Membrane bioreactor</td></tr><tr><td>16</td><td>Mayrouba</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Mayrouba</td><td>5,148</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>17</td><td>Ghazir</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Ghazir</td><td>48,000</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>18</td><td>Aachqout</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Aachqout</td><td>4,477</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>19</td><td>Zouk Mousbeh</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Zouk Mousbeh</td><td>42,000</td><td>Membrane bioreactor</td></tr><tr><td>20</td><td>Ras El Matn</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Ras El Matn</td><td>17,400</td><td>Extended aeration activated sludge</td></tr><tr><td>21</td><td>Aabadiyé</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Aabadiyé</td><td>5,090</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>22</td><td>Aabadiyé</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Aabadiyé</td><td>13,000</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>23</td><td>Hlaliyé Baabda</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Hlaliyé Baabda</td><td>17,400</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>24</td><td>Charoun</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Charoun</td><td>2,253</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>25</td><td>Chaqra</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Chaqra</td><td>1,300</td><td>Activated sludge</td></tr><tr><td>26</td><td>Yaroun</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Yaroun</td><td>6,396</td><td>Activated sludge</td></tr><tr><td>27</td><td>Chourit</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Chourit</td><td>13,000</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>28</td><td>litige</td><td>Proposed</td><td>litige</td><td>10,200</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>29</td><td>Bchtfine</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Bchtfine</td><td>9,152</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>30</td><td>Faouarat Jaafar</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Faouarat Jaafar</td><td>2,353</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>31</td><td>Deir Baba</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Deir Baba</td><td>2,464</td><td>Activated sludge</td></tr><tr><td>32</td><td>BenouatiEch-Chouf</td><td>Proposed</td><td>BenouatiEch-Chouf</td><td>10,780</td><td>Biological aerated filter</td></tr><tr><td>33</td><td>Qreiaa</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Qreiaa</td><td>700</td><td>Activated sludge</td></tr><tr><td>34</td><td>DeirEl-MoukhallesEch-Chouf</td><td>Proposed</td><td>DeirEl-MoukhallesEch-Chouf</td><td>118</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>35</td><td>Hasbaiya</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Hasbaiya</td><td>12,442</td><td>Membrane bioreactor</td></tr><tr><td>36</td><td>Zabbougha</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Zabbougha</td><td>2,000</td><td>Membrane bioreactor</td></tr><tr><td>37</td><td>Zabbougha</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Zabbougha</td><td>2,000</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>38</td><td>Mar Boutros Karm Et-Tine</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Mar Boutros Karm Et-Tine</td><td>5,681</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>39</td><td>Abou Mizane</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Abou Mizane</td><td>1,018</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>40</td><td>Bteghrine</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Bteghrine</td><td>8,432</td><td>Activated sludge</td></tr><tr><td>41</td><td>Aayoun El-Matn</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Aayoun El-Matn</td><td>9,500</td><td>Extended aeration activated sludge</td></tr><tr><td>42</td><td>Beit Meri</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Beit Meri</td><td>4,700</td><td>Extended aeration activated sludge</td></tr><tr><td>43</td><td>Tartij</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Tartij</td><td>402</td><td>NA</td></tr></tbody></table>

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<table><thead><tr><th>ID</th><th>Village</th><th>Status</th><th>WWTP</th><th>Capacity (m³/day)</th><th>Technology</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>44</td><td>KharbetJbayl</td><td>Proposed</td><td>KharbetJbayl</td><td>1,480</td><td>Low F/M<br>activated sludge<br>with oxidation<br>ditch</td></tr><tr><td>45</td><td>Ghalboun</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Ghalboun</td><td>1,875</td><td>Low F/M<br>activated sludge<br>with oxidation<br>ditch</td></tr><tr><td>46</td><td>Haqel</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Haqel</td><td>111</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>47</td><td>KfarMashoun</td><td>Proposed</td><td>KfarMashoun</td><td>985</td><td>Low F/M<br>activated sludge<br>with oxidation<br>ditch</td></tr><tr><td>48</td><td>Ferhet</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Ferhet</td><td>2,185</td><td>Low F/M<br>activated sludge<br>with oxidation<br>ditch</td></tr><tr><td>49</td><td>ZibdineEn-Nabatiyeh</td><td>Proposed</td><td>ZibdineEn-Nabatiyeh</td><td>635</td><td>Low F/M<br>activated sludge<br>with oxidation<br>ditch</td></tr><tr><td>50</td><td>Lassa</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Lassa</td><td>0</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>51</td><td>Bisri</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Bisri</td><td>270</td><td>Reed bed filter</td></tr><tr><td>52</td><td>Aazour</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Aazour</td><td>158</td><td>Reed bed filter</td></tr><tr><td>53</td><td>Roum</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Roum</td><td>616</td><td>Activated sludge</td></tr><tr><td>54</td><td>Sfaray</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Sfaray</td><td>402</td><td>Reed bed filter</td></tr><tr><td>55</td><td>Srayri</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Srayri</td><td>2,000</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>56</td><td>Kfar Qouq</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Kfar Qouq</td><td>1,243</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>57</td><td>Deir El-Aachayer</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Deir El-Aachayer</td><td>203</td><td>Membrane<br>bioreactor</td></tr><tr><td>58</td><td>Kfar Lichki</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Kfar Lichki</td><td>482</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>59</td><td>Aaqabet Rachaya</td><td>Under construction</td><td>Aaqabet Rachaya</td><td>12,182</td><td>Oxidation ditch<br>(extended<br>aeration)</td></tr><tr><td>60</td><td>Haouch El Qinnabé<br>Rachaiya</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Haouch El Qinnabé<br>Rachaiya</td><td>5,011</td><td>Oxidation ditch<br>(extended<br>aeration)</td></tr><tr><td>61</td><td>Ghaziyé</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Ghaziyé</td><td>40,221</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>62</td><td>Bourj Hammoud</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Bourj Hammoud</td><td>325,000</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>63</td><td>Bhannine</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Bhannine</td><td>3,920</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>64</td><td>Aslout</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Aslout</td><td>593</td><td>Trickling filter</td></tr><tr><td>65</td><td>ArbetKoshaya</td><td>Proposed</td><td>ArbetKoshaya</td><td>672</td><td>Trickling filter</td></tr><tr><td>66</td><td>Kfarsghab</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Kfarsghab</td><td>587</td><td>Trickling filter</td></tr><tr><td>67</td><td>Zahleh</td><td>Proposed</td><td>East Zahleh</td><td>0</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>68</td><td>Sohmor</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Sohmor</td><td>2,000</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>69</td><td>Kaftoune</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Kaftoune</td><td>3,266</td><td>Trickling filter</td></tr><tr><td>70</td><td>Btaaboura</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Btaaboura</td><td>191</td><td>Wetland</td></tr><tr><td>71</td><td>Behouaita</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Behouaita</td><td>116</td><td>Wetland</td></tr><tr><td>72</td><td>Bchernata</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Bchernata</td><td>132</td><td>Wetland</td></tr><tr><td>73</td><td>Izal</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Izal</td><td>1,258</td><td>Trickling filter</td></tr><tr><td>74</td><td>Qattine</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Qattine</td><td>8,988</td><td>Activated sludge</td></tr><tr><td>75</td><td>Tarane</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Tarane</td><td>993</td><td>Trickling filter</td></tr><tr><td>76</td><td>Beit Zoud</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Beit Zoud</td><td>199</td><td>Wetland</td></tr><tr><td>77</td><td>Beit Haouik</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Beit Haouik</td><td>414</td><td>Wetland</td></tr><tr><td>78</td><td>Qemmamine</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Qemmamine</td><td>215</td><td>Wetland</td></tr><tr><td>79</td><td>Btoumaz</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Btoumaz</td><td>3,413</td><td>Trickling filter</td></tr><tr><td>80</td><td>Beit Haouik</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Beit Haouik</td><td>1,474</td><td>Trickling filter</td></tr><tr><td>81</td><td>Btoumaz</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Btoumaz</td><td>545</td><td>Trickling filter</td></tr></tbody></table>

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<table><thead><tr><th>ID</th><th>Village</th><th>Status</th><th>WWTP</th><th>Capacity (m³/day)</th><th>Technology</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>82</td><td>Jairoun</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Jairoun</td><td>248</td><td>Wetland</td></tr><tr><td>83</td><td>Qarn</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Qarn</td><td>80</td><td>Wetland</td></tr><tr><td>84</td><td>Azqey</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Azqey</td><td>83</td><td>Wetland</td></tr><tr><td>85</td><td>Terbol</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Terbol</td><td>72</td><td>Wetland</td></tr><tr><td>86</td><td>Abdine</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Abdine</td><td>7,680</td><td>Wetland</td></tr><tr><td>87</td><td>Knate</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Knate</td><td>624</td><td>Rotating<br>biological<br>contractors (RBC)</td></tr><tr><td>88</td><td>Beit Menzer</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Beit Menzer</td><td>432</td><td>Wetland</td></tr><tr><td>89</td><td>Hadeth-el-Jebbé</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Hadeth-el-Jebbé</td><td>1,728</td><td>Activated sludge</td></tr><tr><td>90</td><td>Brissat</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Brissat</td><td>240</td><td>Wetland</td></tr><tr><td>91</td><td>Mazraet-Beni-Saab</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Mazraet-Beni-Saab</td><td>312</td><td>Wetland</td></tr><tr><td>92</td><td>Mazraet Assaf</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Mazraet Assaf</td><td>240</td><td>Wetland</td></tr><tr><td>93</td><td>Billa</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Billa</td><td>312</td><td>Wetland</td></tr><tr><td>94</td><td>Bane</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Bane</td><td>504</td><td>Wetland</td></tr><tr><td>95</td><td>Hasroune</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Hasroune</td><td>2,592</td><td>Activated sludge</td></tr><tr><td>96</td><td>Bazoune</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Bazoune</td><td>1,128</td><td>Rotating<br>biological<br>contractors (RBC)</td></tr><tr><td>97</td><td>Bkarkacha</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Bkarkacha</td><td>1,272</td><td>Rotating<br>biological<br>contractors (RBC)</td></tr><tr><td>98</td><td>Bikaakafra</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Bikaakafra</td><td>1,680</td><td>Activated sludge</td></tr><tr><td>99</td><td>Berhalioun</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Berhalioun</td><td>720</td><td>Wetland</td></tr><tr><td>100</td><td>El-Dimane</td><td>Proposed</td><td>El-Dimane</td><td>768</td><td>Wetland</td></tr><tr><td>101</td><td>Blaouza</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Blaouza</td><td>312</td><td>Wetland</td></tr><tr><td>102</td><td>Hadchite</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Hadchite</td><td>2,208</td><td>Activated sludge</td></tr><tr><td>103</td><td>Bcharré</td><td>Under construction</td><td>Bcharré</td><td>9,700</td><td>Activated sludge<br>with nutrient<br>removal</td></tr><tr><td>104</td><td>Mugher-el-Ahwel</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Mugher-el-Ahwel</td><td>432</td><td>Wetland</td></tr><tr><td>105</td><td>Blaouza</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Blaouza</td><td>672</td><td>Wetland</td></tr><tr><td>106</td><td>Hasroune</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Hasroune</td><td>384</td><td>Wetland</td></tr><tr><td>107</td><td>Knaiouer</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Knaiouer</td><td>384</td><td>Wetland</td></tr><tr><td>108</td><td>Tourza</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Tourza</td><td>1,493</td><td>Wetland</td></tr><tr><td>109</td><td>Thoum</td><td>Planned</td><td>Thoum</td><td>6,660</td><td>Activated sludge</td></tr><tr><td>110</td><td>KfarHalda</td><td>Planned</td><td>KfarHalda</td><td>3,525</td><td>Activated sludge</td></tr><tr><td>111</td><td>Kour</td><td>Planned</td><td>Kour</td><td>2,146</td><td>Activated sludge</td></tr><tr><td>112</td><td>Chabtine</td><td>Planned</td><td>Chabtine</td><td>1,040</td><td>Activated sludge</td></tr><tr><td>113</td><td>Harare</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Harare</td><td>1,432</td><td>Trickling filter</td></tr><tr><td>114</td><td>Michmiche</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Michmiche</td><td>8,043</td><td>Activated sludge</td></tr><tr><td>115</td><td>Habchite</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Habchite</td><td>584</td><td>Trickling filter</td></tr><tr><td>116</td><td>El-Krayat</td><td>Proposed</td><td>El-Krayat</td><td>508</td><td>Trickling filter</td></tr><tr><td>117</td><td>Chane</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Chane</td><td>1,083</td><td>Trickling filter</td></tr><tr><td>118</td><td>Danbou</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Danbou</td><td>6,769</td><td>Trickling filter</td></tr><tr><td>119</td><td>El-Houaïche</td><td>Proposed</td><td>El-Houaïche</td><td>660</td><td>Trickling filter</td></tr><tr><td>120</td><td>Mimnih</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Mimnih</td><td>575</td><td>Trickling filter</td></tr><tr><td>121</td><td>El-Houaïche</td><td>Proposed</td><td>El-Houaïche</td><td>396</td><td>Wetland</td></tr><tr><td>122</td><td>Jebrâil</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Jebrâil</td><td>17,275</td><td>Activated sludge</td></tr><tr><td>123</td><td>Akkar El-Atika</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Akkar El-Atika</td><td>3,411</td><td>Trickling filter</td></tr><tr><td>124</td><td>KobbetBchamra</td><td>Planned</td><td>KobbetBchamra</td><td>39,010</td><td>Activated sludge</td></tr><tr><td>125</td><td>Akkar El-Atika</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Akkar El-Atika</td><td>4,264</td><td>Trickling filter</td></tr><tr><td>126</td><td>El-Koubayet</td><td>Proposed</td><td>El-Koubayet</td><td>338</td><td>Wetland</td></tr><tr><td>127</td><td>Akroum</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Akroum</td><td>965</td><td>Trickling filter</td></tr><tr><td>128</td><td>Akroum</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Akroum</td><td>965</td><td>Trickling filter</td></tr><tr><td>129</td><td>Akroum</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Akroum</td><td>1,015</td><td>Trickling filter</td></tr><tr><td>130</td><td>SindianetZeidan</td><td>Proposed</td><td>SindianetZeidan</td><td>5,847</td><td>Trickling filter</td></tr><tr><td>131</td><td>Akroum</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Akroum</td><td>1,157</td><td>Trickling filter</td></tr></tbody></table>

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<table><thead><tr><th>ID</th><th>Village</th><th>Status</th><th>WWTP</th><th>Capacity (m³/day)</th><th>Technology</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>132</td><td>Douair Adouiyé</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Douair Adouiyé</td><td>2,858</td><td>Trickling filter</td></tr><tr><td>133</td><td>Mazraet-El-Nahrieh</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Mazraet-El-Nahrieh</td><td>626</td><td>Trickling filter</td></tr><tr><td>134</td><td>Akroum</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Akroum</td><td>406</td><td>Wetland</td></tr><tr><td>135</td><td>El-Bardé</td><td>Proposed</td><td>El-Bardé</td><td>102</td><td>Wetland</td></tr><tr><td>136</td><td>Akroum</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Akroum</td><td>534</td><td>Trickling filter</td></tr><tr><td>137</td><td>Mazraet-El-Nahrieh</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Mazraet-El-Nahrieh</td><td>372</td><td>Wetland</td></tr><tr><td>138</td><td>Hnaïder</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Hnaïder</td><td>1,316</td><td>Trickling filter</td></tr><tr><td>139</td><td>Deirine</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Deirine</td><td>435</td><td>Wetland</td></tr><tr><td>140</td><td>Mounjez</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Mounjez</td><td>508</td><td>Reed bed filter</td></tr><tr><td>141</td><td>Cheikh Zennad Tal Bibé</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Cheikh Zennad Tal Bibé</td><td>1,361</td><td>Trickling filter</td></tr><tr><td>142</td><td>Srar</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Srar</td><td>34</td><td>Wetland</td></tr><tr><td>143</td><td>Freidice</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Freidice</td><td>306</td><td>Wetland</td></tr><tr><td>144</td><td>Kachlak</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Kachlak</td><td>575</td><td>Trickling filter</td></tr><tr><td>145</td><td>Chikhlar</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Chikhlar</td><td>203</td><td>Wetland</td></tr><tr><td>146</td><td>Kfarnoune</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Kfarnoune</td><td>406</td><td>Wetland</td></tr><tr><td>147</td><td>Al-Kneissé</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Al-Kneissé</td><td>1,394</td><td>Trickling filter</td></tr><tr><td>148</td><td>Tal Biré</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Tal Biré</td><td>1,185</td><td>Trickling filter</td></tr><tr><td>149</td><td>Noura El-Faouka et Tahta</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Noura El-Faouka et Tahta</td><td>579</td><td>Trickling filter</td></tr><tr><td>150</td><td>Freidice</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Freidice</td><td>220</td><td>Wetland</td></tr><tr><td>151</td><td>Aaouainat</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Aaouainat</td><td>406</td><td>Wetland</td></tr><tr><td>152</td><td>Dabbabiyé Charkié</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Dabbabiyé Charkié</td><td>220</td><td>Wetland</td></tr><tr><td>153</td><td>Cheir Homeirine</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Cheir Homeirine</td><td>5,850</td><td>Trickling filter</td></tr><tr><td>154</td><td>Arida</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Arida</td><td>512</td><td>Trickling filter</td></tr><tr><td>155</td><td>Ouadi Khaled</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Ouadi Khaled</td><td>8,878</td><td>Activated sludge</td></tr><tr><td>156</td><td>Hekrel Dahiri</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Hekrel Dahiri</td><td>981</td><td>Trickling filter</td></tr><tr><td>157</td><td>Al-Semmakié</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Al-Semmakié</td><td>970</td><td>Trickling filter</td></tr><tr><td>158</td><td>Kafrra</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Kafra Bent Jbeil</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>159</td><td>Heloue</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Helouet Rachaya</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>160</td><td>Salhani</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Salhani</td><td>11,000</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>161</td><td>Jabal El-Botm</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Jabal El-Botm</td><td>1,500</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>162</td><td>Mansouri Sour</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Mansouri Sour</td><td>3,500</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>163</td><td>Naqoura</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Borj En-Naqoura</td><td>1,500</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>164</td><td>Jimjim</td><td>Proposed</td><td>Jimjim</td><td>4,500</td><td>NA</td></tr></tbody></table>

Source: NWSSU 2020 Geodatabase.

Note: *NA = Not available; F/M = Food-to-Mass Ratio.
# Annex 4. Code for CMD Area Delimitation.

A schematic overview of the modeling steps is presented here:

## Input:

- WWTP location file (with unique ID, elevation, latitude, longitude and WWTP name as attributes)

- DEM (digital elevation model) for Lebanon file

- Flow direction grid for Lebanon (derived from DEM) file

- Irrigation schemes file

## Logical steps:

- Read point and elevation of WWTP.

- Set of buffer diameter (maximum distance from WWTP to be irrigated)

- Set maximum elevation (to account for potential pumping).

- Subtract all points higher than maximum elevation from buffer (eliminate all areas higher than pumping maximum elevation).

- From closest point to WWTP at maximum pumping elevation define flow path (it is assumed that after pumping water conveyance occurs by gravity)

- Set buffer for flow path (includes areas from highest point following the terrain going downstream)

- Add irrigated areas.

- Output as GIS layer

- Set counter to next point

The code in R below was used to create command areas of WWTPs. The required inputs are three shape files describing (1) WWTP locations, (2) a digital elevation model.tif file, (3) shape file describing the irrigation perimeters as areas. This code was produced by Naga Manohar Velpuri, senior researcher at the International Water Management Institute.

The point buffer, elevation and stream buffer are the variables for two different modelling scenarios.

#install.packages("raster")

library(raster)

#install.packages("rgdal")

library(rgdal)

#install.packages("sf")

library.sf)

#install.packages("dplyr")

library(dplyr)

#install.packages("riverdist")

library(riverdist)

#install.packages("geosphere")

library(geosphere)

#install.packages("maptools")

library(maptools)

#install.packages("rgeos")

library(rgeos)

setwd("/home/.folder path to target folder to save output")

shp_wwtp ← readOGR("/home/....input shape file for WWTPS")

dem ← raster("/ /home/...dem_30m_fill.tif")

demFD ← raster("dem_30m_fillFD.tif")

irrg_schm ← st_read("/home/....../Irrigation_Schemes.shp")

irrg_schm_dis ← readOGR("Irrigation_Schemes_dis.shp")

lat ← shp_wwtp$Long

long ← shp_wwtp$Lat

name ← shp_wwtp$WWTP

id ← shp_wwtp>ID

elev ← shp_wwtp$Elevation
for(i in (1:length(id))){
  data <- data.frame(name[i], id[i], lat[i], long[i])
  names(data) <- c("name", "id", "lat", "long")
  point_geo <- st_as_sf(data, coordinates = c(x = "lat", y = "long"), crs = 4326)
  point_buff <- st_buffer(point_geo, 0.03)
  st_write(point_buff, "point_buff.shp", delete_layers = TRUE)
  x <- st_join(point_geo, irrg_schm, join = stWithin)
  schemeID <- x$OBJECTID
  wwtp_elev <- crop(dem, extent(point_buff))
  maxx <- elev[i] + 50
  wwtp_elev[wwtp_elev > maxx] <- NA
  cmd_irrg <- wwtp_elev

  cmd_low <- cmd_irrg
  cmd_low[cmd_low > min(cmd_low[, na.rm = TRUE])] <- NA
  lowp <- rasterToPoints(cmd_low, spatial=TRUE)

  cmd_hi <- cmd_irrg
  cmd_hi[cmd_hi < max(cmd_hi[, na.rm = TRUE])] <- NA
  hip <- rasterToPoints(cmd_hi, spatial=TRUE)

  loc <- c(x = lat[i], y = long[i])
  fdir_mask <- crop(dem_fd, extent(cmd_irrg))
  path <- flowPath(fdir_mask, loc)
  xy <- xyFromCell(fdir_mask, path)
  stream <- st_linerstring(xy)
  wwtp_stream <- st_sfc(stream) #convert stream line object to sf object

  if(is.na(schemeID)){
    buff_dist <- 0.0075 #USE buff distance as 750 m from the stream when high point is unknown and unrealistic.
    streambuff <- st_buffer(wwtp_stream, buff_dist) #generate buffer based on the buff_distance
    stream_buff <- st_sfc(streambuff) #verify simple feature geometry
  } else {
    xyp <- xyFromCell(dem, coordinates(hip)) #extract xy coordinates from the cell
    (coordinates of high points)
    coo <- coordinates(hip) #get coordinates of highest points
    dist <- dist2Line(coo, stream, distfun = distGeo) #compute distance to line feature
dis <- sort(dist[,1]) #sort distance from WWTP to higher elevation values

  buff_dist <- quantile(dis[1:(length(dis) * 0.25)], 0.98) #use closest 25 distance values (from WWTP to highest elevation) to compute buff_dist
  buff_dist <- as.numeric(format buff_dist, digit = 2))/100000 #convert buff_dist to degree decimals
  streambuff <- st_buffer(wwtp_stream, buff_dist) #generate buffer based on the buff_distance
  stream_buff <- st_sfc(streambuff) #verify simple feature geometry
}

st_write(wwtp_stream, "stream.shp", delete_layers = TRUE)
st_write(streambuff, "stream_buff.shp", delete_layers = TRUE) #write stream buffer to shp file
streambuffer <- readOGR("stream_buff.shp") #read streambuffer shp file
wwtp_cmd_area <- mask(cmd_irrg, streambuffer) #clip elevation cmd area to stream buffer
polys1 <- rasterToPolygons(wwtp_cmd_area) #convert raster to polygon shp file (usually converts each pixel to one polygon)
meanelev <- data.frame(mean polys1$dem_30m, na.rm = TRUE))
row.names(meanelev) <- c("o")
polys1$dem_30m <- 0 # (change the elevation for each pixel to 0; so that we can dissolve by this column)
region = unionSpatialPolygons polys1, IDs = polys1$dem_30m) #dissolve all the pixel polygons to one single polygon
cmnd.area.df <- SpatialPolygonsDataFrame(region, meanelev) #convert spatialpolygons to spatialPolygon data.
frame

outfile <- paste("commandarea_ID_potential", id[i], sep = "") #generate output file name
dn <- getwd() #get the working directory path
writeOGR(cmnd.area.df, dn, outfile, driver="ESRI Shapefile", overwrite_layers=TRUE) #write spatialPolygonData-Frame to shp file.
print(i)
infile ← paste(outfile, ".shp", sep = "")
cmd_area ← readOGR(infile)
irrg ← irrg_schm_dis[1]
cmd_area2 ← gIntersection(IRRG, cmd_area) #
if(lis null(cmd_area2)){
    cmd_area2Dem ← mask(dem, cmd_area2)
    cmd_area3 = rasterToPolygons(cmd_area2Dem) #convert raster to polygon shp file (usually converts
each pixel to one polygon)
    meanelev ← data.frame(mean(cmd_area3$dem_30m, na.rm = TRUE))
    row.names(meanelev) ← c("o")
    cmd_area3$dem_30m ← 0 # (change the elevation for each pixel to 0; so that we can dissolve by this
column)
    region = unionSpatialPolygons(cmd_area3, IDs = cmd_area3$dem_30m) #dissolve all the pixel
polygons to one single polygon
cmnd.area3.df ← SpatialPolygonsPFrame(region, meanelev)
outfile ← paste("commandarea_ID_irrigation_", id[i], sep = "") #generate output file name
dn ← getwd() #get the working directory path
writeOGR(cmnd.area3.df, dn, outfile, driver = "ESRI Shapefile", overwrite_layers = TRUE) #write spatial
Polygon Data Frame to shp file.
<figure><img src="image_27.png" /><figcaption>Figure A5.1. Command areas of proposed WWTPs.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_28.png" /><figcaption>Figure A5.2. Net irrigation requirement for the command areas of proposed WWTPs.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_29.png" /><figcaption>Figure A5.3. Agricultural areas in the command areas of proposed WWTPs.</figcaption></figure>
# Annex 6. Sample Water Quality Tests.

## WWTP: Zahleh

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Unit</th><th>Result in inlet</th><th>Result in outlet</th><th>Maximum admissible limit<sup>a</sup></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Chemical oxygen demand (COD)</td><td>mg/L O<sub>2</sub></td><td>800</td><td>50</td><td>125</td></tr><tr><td>Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)</td><td>mg/L</td><td>450</td><td>4</td><td>25</td></tr><tr><td>Total suspended solids (TSS)</td><td>mg/L</td><td>500</td><td>4</td><td>35</td></tr><tr><td>Ammonium</td><td>mg/L NH<sub>4</sub></td><td>45</td><td>2</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>Total nitrogen</td><td>mg/L TNb</td><td>70</td><td>8</td><td>30</td></tr><tr><td>Nitrate</td><td>mg/L NO<sub>3</sub></td><td>4</td><td>6</td><td>90</td></tr><tr><td>Nitrite</td><td>mg/L NO<sub>2</sub></td><td>0.3</td><td>0.9</td><td>90</td></tr><tr><td>Total phosphorus</td><td>mg/L P</td><td>11</td><td>3</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>pH</td><td></td><td>7.5</td><td>7.1</td><td>6-9</td></tr><tr><td>Conductivity</td><td>µS.cm<sup>-1</sup></td><td>1,800</td><td>2,000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Active chlorine (free Cl<sub>2</sub>)</td><td>mg/L</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Ultraviolet</td><td></td><td></td><td>Yes</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Total coliforms</td><td>Too numerous to count</td><td>200</td><td>200</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Fecal coliforms</td><td>Too numerous to count</td><td>100</td><td>100</td><td>0</td></tr></tbody></table>

Note: <sup>a</sup> According to Decision 8/1 and tender document for water discharge in surface water sources.

## WWTP: IAAT

<table><thead><tr><th>Parameter</th><th>Unit</th><th>Result in inlet</th><th>Result in outlet</th><th>Maximum admissible limit</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Chemical oxygen demand (COD)</td><td>mg/L O<sub>2</sub></td><td>1,200</td><td>180</td><td>125</td></tr><tr><td>Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)</td><td>mg/L</td><td>500</td><td>50</td><td>25</td></tr><tr><td>Total suspended solids (TSS)</td><td>mg/L</td><td>350</td><td>65</td><td>50</td></tr><tr><td>Ammonium</td><td>mg/L NH<sub>4</sub></td><td>30</td><td>8</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>Total nitrogen</td><td>mg/L TNb</td><td>40</td><td>20</td><td>30</td></tr><tr><td>Nitrate</td><td>mg/L NO<sub>3</sub></td><td>2</td><td>4</td><td>90</td></tr><tr><td>Nitrite</td><td>mg/L NO<sub>2</sub></td><td>0.4</td><td>0.5</td><td>90</td></tr><tr><td>Total phosphorus</td><td>mg/L P</td><td>8</td><td>6</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>pH</td><td></td><td>7.5</td><td>7.3</td><td>6-9</td></tr><tr><td>Conductivity</td><td>µS.cm<sup>-1</sup></td><td>800</td><td>1,500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Active chlorine (free Cl<sub>2</sub>)</td><td>mg/L</td><td>0</td><td>0.5</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Total coliforms</td><td>Too numerous to count</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Fecal coliforms</td><td>Too numerous to count</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr></tbody></table>
## WWTP: Tebnine (inlet)

<table><thead><tr><th>Date</th><th></th><th>TSS<br>mg/L</th><th>TVS<br>mg/L</th><th>COD<br>mg/L</th><th>BOD<sup>5</sup><br>mg/L</th><th>N-NH<sub>4</sub><br>mg/L N-NH<sub>4</sub></th><th>NTK<br>mg/L N</th><th>N-NO<sub>3</sub><br>mg/L N-NO<sub>3</sub></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="3">2019</td><td>August</td><td>402<br>Average<br>Maximum</td><td>346<br>495</td><td>702<br>895</td><td>516<br>586</td><td>49<br>52</td><td>75<br>82</td><td>22<br>45</td></tr><tr><td>September</td><td>328<br>Average<br>Maximum</td><td>284<br>397</td><td>588<br>655</td><td>347<br>387</td><td>42<br>46</td><td>72<br>85</td><td>14<br>23</td></tr><tr><td>October</td><td>373<br>Average<br>Maximum</td><td>323<br>505</td><td>621<br>770</td><td>392<br>428</td><td>43<br>45</td><td>63<br>69</td><td>15<br>18</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">November</td><td>Average<br>Maximum</td><td>323<br>431</td><td>273<br>400</td><td>565<br>755</td><td>353<br>374</td><td>48<br>50</td><td>70<br>82</td><td>15<br>22</td></tr><tr><td>December</td><td>289<br>Average<br>Maximum</td><td>240<br>463</td><td>534<br>740</td><td>185<br>315</td><td>43<br>50</td><td>58<br>80</td><td>5<br>8</td></tr><tr><td>January</td><td>155<br>Average<br>Maximum</td><td>124<br>353</td><td>273<br>252</td><td>36<br>70</td><td>15<br>26</td><td>26<br>38</td><td>7<br>10</td></tr><tr><td>2020</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

## WWTP: Tebnine (outlet)

<table><thead><tr><th>Date</th><th></th><th>TSS<br>mg/L</th><th>COD<br>mg/L</th><th>BOD<sup>5</sup><br>mg/L</th><th>N-NH<sub>4</sub><br>mg/L N-NH<sub>4</sub></th><th>NTK<br>mg/L N</th><th>N-NO<sub>3</sub><br>mg/L N-NO<sub>3</sub></th><th>Fecal coliforms<br>colonies/100 mL</th><th>E. coli</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="3">2019</td><td>August</td><td>4<br>Average<br>Maximum</td><td>31<br>65</td><td>3<br>4</td><td>0.67<br>1.4</td><td>2<br>6</td><td>1.6<br>3.2</td><td>26<br>60</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>September</td><td>3<br>Average<br>Maximum</td><td>39<br>5</td><td>60<br>60</td><td>0.32<br>0.43</td><td>0.6<br>0.6</td><td>2.2<br>3.2</td><td>40<br>82</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>October</td><td>5<br>Average<br>Maximum</td><td>32<br>7</td><td>60<br>7</td><td>0.83<br>1.68</td><td>2.8<br>4.2</td><td>2.2<br>3.4</td><td>64<br>89</td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">November</td><td>Average<br>Maximum</td><td>3<br>5</td><td>29<br>40</td><td>1<br>1</td><td>0.84<br>1.26</td><td>1.7<br>2.4</td><td>3.4<br>5.6</td><td>88<br>182</td><td>79<br>86</td></tr><tr><td>December</td><td>3<br>Average<br>Maximum</td><td>33<br>4</td><td>55<br>55</td><td>1<br>1</td><td>1.23<br>2.24</td><td>2.6<br>4.2</td><td>4.1<br>5.8</td><td>103<br>140</td><td>67<br>99</td></tr><tr><td>January</td><td>3<br>Average<br>Maximum</td><td>30<br>5</td><td>49<br>49</td><td>1<br>1</td><td>0.42<br>0.7</td><td>1.1<br>1.8</td><td>5.5<br>8.6</td><td>53<br>114</td><td>37<br>76</td></tr><tr><td>2020</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Annex 7. Irrigation Potential and Potential Scores of Existing WWTPs.</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">#</th><th rowspan="2">WWTP</th><th colspan="8">Base</th><th colspan="4">High-cost</th></tr><tr><th>Irrigation potential (ha) per season (IP<sup>a</sup>)</th><th>Reuse potential (ha) in command area (IP)</th><th>Reuse potential score (IP)</th><th>Irrigation potential (ha) per season (AP<sup>b</sup>)</th><th>Reuse potential score (AP)</th><th>Irrigation potential (ha) per season (IP)</th><th>Reuse potential score (IP)</th><th>Irrigation potential (ha) per season (AP)</th><th>Reuse potential score (AP)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1</td><td>Akkar El-Atika</td><td>8.3</td><td>8.3</td><td>0.94</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>8.1</td><td>8.1</td><td>0.94</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>Aammatour</td><td>31.7</td><td>31.7</td><td>0.94</td><td>9.7</td><td>0.94</td><td>27.1</td><td>27.1</td><td>1</td><td>8.3</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>Ablah</td><td>44.1</td><td>44.1</td><td>0.94</td><td>28.6</td><td>0.94</td><td>43.7</td><td>43.7</td><td>0.94</td><td>28.4</td><td>0.94</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>Abou Qamha</td><td>2.7</td><td>2.7</td><td>0.94</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>2.8</td><td>2.8</td><td>0.94</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>Ain Horche</td><td>3.9</td><td>3.9</td><td>0.79</td><td>1.6</td><td>0.79</td><td>3.9</td><td>3.9</td><td>0.79</td><td>1.6</td><td>0.79</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>Ain Jarfa</td><td>14.3</td><td>14.3</td><td>0.79</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>12.7</td><td>12.7</td><td>0.94</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>Ain Qenia</td><td>32.2</td><td>32.2</td><td>0.55</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>34.7</td><td>34.7</td><td>0.94</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>Ainbal</td><td>121.2</td><td>86</td><td>0.4</td><td>30.3</td><td>0.4</td><td>108.6</td><td>108.6</td><td>0.94</td><td>27.2</td><td>0.94</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td>Aintourine</td><td>91.9</td><td>91.9</td><td>0.79</td><td>91.9</td><td>0.4</td><td>96.3</td><td>96.3</td><td>1</td><td>96.3</td><td>0.55</td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td>Aitanit/ Machghara</td><td>136</td><td>84</td><td>0.94</td><td>32.6</td><td>0.94</td><td>127.4</td><td>127.4</td><td>1</td><td>30.6</td><td>0.94</td></tr><tr><td>11</td><td>Baadarane</td><td>12.9</td><td>12.9</td><td>1</td><td>7.1</td><td>1</td><td>13.9</td><td>13.9</td><td>1</td><td>7.7</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>12</td><td>Bakka 1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>13</td><td>Bakka 2</td><td>2.6</td><td>2.6</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>2.7</td><td>2.7</td><td>0.79</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>14</td><td>Barouk</td><td>38.6</td><td>38.6</td><td>1</td><td>12</td><td>0.82</td><td>45.1</td><td>45.1</td><td>1</td><td>14</td><td>0.75</td></tr><tr><td>15</td><td>Bater</td><td>25.4</td><td>25.4</td><td>1</td><td>15.6</td><td>1</td><td>26.9</td><td>26.9</td><td>1</td><td>16.4</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>16</td><td>Bcharre</td><td>133.5</td><td>16.6</td><td>0.55</td><td>41.4</td><td>0.61</td><td>131.1</td><td>93.6</td><td>0.7</td><td>40.6</td><td>0.7</td></tr><tr><td>17</td><td>Bcharre wetland</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0.94</td><td>0</td><td>0.94</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0.94</td><td>0</td><td>0.94</td></tr><tr><td>18</td><td>Beino</td><td>3.2</td><td>3.2</td><td>0.79</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>3.3</td><td>3.3</td><td>0.94</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>19</td><td>Beit Menzer</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0.79</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0.79</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>20</td><td>Berti</td><td>7.4</td><td>7.4</td><td>0.94</td><td>7.4</td><td>0.94</td><td>7.1</td><td>7.1</td><td>0.94</td><td>7.1</td><td>0.94</td></tr><tr><td>21</td><td>Bourj Rahal</td><td>6</td><td>6</td><td>1</td><td>4.8</td><td>1</td><td>6.2</td><td>6.2</td><td>1</td><td>5</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>22</td><td>Bqerzla</td><td>20.6</td><td>20.6</td><td>0.69</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>18.2</td><td>18.2</td><td>0.69</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>23</td><td>Bteddine El-Lekche</td><td>12</td><td>12</td><td>0.94</td><td>3.7</td><td>0.67</td><td>12.1</td><td>12.1</td><td>0.94</td><td>3.8</td><td>0.55</td></tr><tr><td>24</td><td>Chabriha</td><td>691</td><td>542.5</td><td>0.75</td><td>326.3</td><td>0.57</td><td>697.1</td><td>697.1</td><td>0.75</td><td>329.2</td><td>0.57</td></tr><tr><td>25</td><td>Charbila</td><td>6.3</td><td>6.3</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>0</td><td>5.8</td><td>5.8</td><td>0.94</td><td>1.8</td><td>0.55</td></tr><tr><td>26</td><td>Charqiye</td><td>308.7</td><td>8.2</td><td>0.69</td><td>141.6</td><td>0.69</td><td>260.6</td><td>184.9</td><td>0.69</td><td>119.5</td><td>0.69</td></tr><tr><td>27</td><td>Chebaa</td><td>19.3</td><td>8.3</td><td>0.7</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>29.4</td><td>29.4</td><td>0.94</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>28</td><td>Chekka</td><td>69.3</td><td>68.5</td><td>0.4</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>67.7</td><td>67.7</td><td>0.79</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>29</td><td>Chouaya</td><td>1.4</td><td>1.4</td><td>0.94</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>1.6</td><td>1.6</td><td>0.94</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>30</td><td>Dahr Er Ramli</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0.94</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0.94</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr></tbody></table>

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<table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>WWTP</th><th>Irrigation potential (ha) per season (IP<sup>a</sup>)</th><th>Reuse potential (ha) in command area (IP)</th><th>Reuse potential score (IP)</th><th>Irrigation potential (ha) per season (AP<sup>b</sup>)</th><th>Reuse potential score (AP)</th><th>Irrigation potential (ha) per season (IP)</th><th>Reuse potential score (IP)</th><th>Irrigation potential (ha) per season (AP)</th><th>Reuse potential score (AP)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>31</td><td>Daoura</td><td>52.2</td><td>52.2</td><td>0.55</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>34</td><td>0.94</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>32</td><td>Deir El-Ahmar</td><td>10</td><td>10</td><td>0.55</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>10.3</td><td>0.55</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>33</td><td>Deir Mimas</td><td>6.8</td><td>6.8</td><td>1</td><td>6.8</td><td>1</td><td>5.7</td><td>1</td><td>5.7</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>34</td><td>Dibbine</td><td>15.2</td><td>15.2</td><td>0.94</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>17.3</td><td>0.94</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>35</td><td>El Aakabe</td><td>16.1</td><td>16.1</td><td>0.85</td><td>5</td><td>0.67</td><td>14.7</td><td>0.85</td><td>4.6</td><td>0.6</td></tr><tr><td>36</td><td>El Aichye</td><td>4.8</td><td>4.8</td><td>0.94</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>4.1</td><td>0.94</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>37</td><td>El Jdeide</td><td>43.4</td><td>43.4</td><td>0.94</td><td>3.9</td><td>0.94</td><td>42.9</td><td>1</td><td>3.8</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>38</td><td>El Meri</td><td>5.8</td><td>5.8</td><td>0.7</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>5.3</td><td>0.94</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>39</td><td>Fardis</td><td>3.8</td><td>3.8</td><td>0.94</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>3.8</td><td>0.94</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>40</td><td>Fourzol</td><td>21.3</td><td>21.3</td><td>0.94</td><td>21.3</td><td>0.94</td><td>21.3</td><td>0.94</td><td>21.3</td><td>0.94</td></tr><tr><td>41</td><td>Ghabbatiyeh</td><td>6.4</td><td>6.4</td><td>0.94</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>7.1</td><td>0.94</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>42</td><td>Ghadir</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>43</td><td>Gharifeh</td><td>60</td><td>60</td><td>0.55</td><td>18.6</td><td>0.7</td><td>50.5</td><td>0.94</td><td>15.6</td><td>0.94</td></tr><tr><td>44</td><td>Halta</td><td>3</td><td>3</td><td>0.7</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>2.9</td><td>0.94</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>45</td><td>Hammana</td><td>31.1</td><td>31.1</td><td>0.7</td><td>19.5</td><td>0.7</td><td>31.2</td><td>0.7</td><td>19.5</td><td>0.94</td></tr><tr><td>46</td><td>Haouch El Qinnabel</td><td>4.4</td><td>4.4</td><td>0.55</td><td>1.4</td><td>0.52</td><td>3.6</td><td>0.79</td><td>1.1</td><td>0.4</td></tr><tr><td>47</td><td>Hasbaya</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0.79</td><td>0</td><td>0.52</td><td>0</td><td>0.94</td><td>0</td><td>0.55</td></tr><tr><td>48</td><td>Haytoura</td><td>2.4</td><td>2.4</td><td>0.94</td><td>0.7</td><td>0.94</td><td>2.5</td><td>0.94</td><td>0.8</td><td>0.94</td></tr><tr><td>49</td><td>Hebbariyeh</td><td>36</td><td>36</td><td>0.85</td><td>11.2</td><td>0.85</td><td>31.7</td><td>1</td><td>9.8</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>50</td><td>Hmaira</td><td>7.1</td><td>7.1</td><td>0.94</td><td>3.6</td><td>0.67</td><td>6.8</td><td>0.94</td><td>3.4</td><td>0.55</td></tr><tr><td>51</td><td>Hnaider</td><td>7.9</td><td>7.9</td><td>0.79</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>7.9</td><td>0.79</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>52</td><td>laat</td><td>458.5</td><td>458.5</td><td>0.69</td><td>95.5</td><td>0.23</td><td>500.3</td><td>0.69</td><td>104.2</td><td>0.23</td></tr><tr><td>53</td><td>Ijbaa</td><td>86.8</td><td>86.8</td><td>0.94</td><td>86.8</td><td>0.67</td><td>87.5</td><td>0.94</td><td>87.5</td><td>0.55</td></tr><tr><td>54</td><td>Jabboule</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>0.6</td><td>0.94</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>0.6</td><td>0.94</td></tr><tr><td>55</td><td>Jbaa</td><td>36.6</td><td>36.6</td><td>0.69</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>33.4</td><td>0.69</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>56</td><td>JbaaEch-Chouf</td><td>7.4</td><td>7.4</td><td>1</td><td>5.8</td><td>1</td><td>7.3</td><td>1</td><td>5.7</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>57</td><td>Jbeil</td><td>217</td><td>14.2</td><td>0.69</td><td>65.4</td><td>0.53</td><td>195.7</td><td>0.69</td><td>60.7</td><td>0.53</td></tr><tr><td>58</td><td>Jebrayel</td><td>4.4</td><td>4.4</td><td>0.94</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>4</td><td>0.94</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>59</td><td>Joub Janine</td><td>231.5</td><td>231.5</td><td>0.69</td><td>138.9</td><td>0.45</td><td>216.3</td><td>0.75</td><td>129.8</td><td>0.69</td></tr><tr><td>60</td><td>Kawkaba</td><td>4.2</td><td>4.2</td><td>0.94</td><td>4.2</td><td>0.67</td><td>4.4</td><td>0.94</td><td>4.4</td><td>0.55</td></tr><tr><td>61</td><td>Kfar Fila</td><td>20.7</td><td>20.7</td><td>0.55</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>17.6</td><td>0.94</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>62</td><td>KfarHamam</td><td>3.9</td><td>3.9</td><td>0.85</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>3.4</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>63</td><td>Kfar Sir</td><td>21.2</td><td>0</td><td>0.94</td><td>6.6</td><td>0.78</td><td>41.5</td><td>1</td><td>12.8</td><td>0.75</td></tr><tr><td>64</td><td>Kfarqatra</td><td>6.4</td><td>6.4</td><td>0.79</td><td>2.3</td><td>0.79</td><td>7.1</td><td>0.79</td><td>2.6</td><td>0.79</td></tr></tbody></table>

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<table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>WWTP</th><th>Irrigation potential (ha) per season (IP<sup>a</sup>)</th><th>Reuse potential (ha) in command area (IP)</th><th>Reuse potential score (IP)</th><th>Irrigation potential (ha) per season (AP<sup>b</sup>)</th><th>Reuse potential score (AP)</th><th>Irrigation potential (ha) per season (IP)</th><th>Reuse potential score (IP)</th><th>Irrigation potential (ha) per season (AP)</th><th>Reuse potential score (AP)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>65</td><td>Kfeir</td><td>12.1</td><td>12.1</td><td>0.55</td><td>3.8</td><td>0.52</td><td>14.2</td><td>0.94</td><td>4.4</td><td>0.55</td></tr><tr><td>66</td><td>Khiam</td><td>136</td><td>136</td><td>0.55</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>159.7</td><td>0.94</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>67</td><td>Khreibet Ech-Chouf (El Khreibe)</td><td>18</td><td>18</td><td>0.94</td><td>5.6</td><td>0.94</td><td>15.2</td><td>1</td><td>4.7</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>68</td><td>Knaisse 1</td><td>9.3</td><td>9.3</td><td>0.4</td><td>2.9</td><td>0.4</td><td>9.5</td><td>0.79</td><td>3</td><td>0.79</td></tr><tr><td>69</td><td>Knaisse 2</td><td>9.2</td><td>9.2</td><td>0.4</td><td>2.9</td><td>0.4</td><td>9.5</td><td>0.79</td><td>3</td><td>0.79</td></tr><tr><td>70</td><td>Maasser Ech-Chouf</td><td>11.6</td><td>11.6</td><td>1</td><td>2.6</td><td>1</td><td>12.8</td><td>1</td><td>2.8</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>71</td><td>Majdala</td><td>3.4</td><td>3.4</td><td>0.94</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>3.2</td><td>0.94</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>72</td><td>Majdel Anjar/ El Marj</td><td>933.9</td><td>933.9</td><td>0.54</td><td>289.5</td><td>0.38</td><td>925.6</td><td>0.54</td><td>286.9</td><td>0.38</td></tr><tr><td>73</td><td>Marj Ez-Zouhour</td><td>4.7</td><td>4.7</td><td>0.79</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>4.2</td><td>0.94</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>74</td><td>Marjayoun</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0.94</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0.94</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>75</td><td>Mazraat Balde</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0.79</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0.94</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>76</td><td>Mimes 2</td><td>4.7</td><td>4.7</td><td>0.55</td><td>1.5</td><td>0.55</td><td>3.7</td><td>3.7</td><td>1.1</td><td>0.55</td></tr><tr><td>77</td><td>Moukhtara</td><td>14.7</td><td>14.7</td><td>0.94</td><td>5.7</td><td>0.94</td><td>13.8</td><td>13.8</td><td>5.4</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>78</td><td>Mristi</td><td>7.7</td><td>7.7</td><td>1</td><td>3.1</td><td>1</td><td>7.1</td><td>7.1</td><td>2.8</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>79</td><td>Nabaa El Safa &amp; Aain Zhalta</td><td>71.1</td><td>71.1</td><td>0.94</td><td>22</td><td>0.78</td><td>69.8</td><td>69.8</td><td>21.6</td><td>0.7</td></tr><tr><td>80</td><td>Jiyeh (Nabi Younes)</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0.75</td><td>0</td><td>0.45</td><td>344.7</td><td>10.9</td><td>0.69</td><td>106.9</td></tr><tr><td>81</td><td>Qaytoule</td><td>24.2</td><td>24.2</td><td>0.94</td><td>7.5</td><td>0.67</td><td>24</td><td>24</td><td>7.4</td><td>0.55</td></tr><tr><td>82</td><td>Qbaiyat Akkar El Gharbie (Andket)</td><td>39.4</td><td>39.4</td><td>0.7</td><td>12.2</td><td>0.94</td><td>34.9</td><td>34.9</td><td>10.8</td><td>0.94</td></tr><tr><td>83</td><td>Qornayel</td><td>26.3</td><td>24.9</td><td>0.79</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>24.7</td><td>24.7</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>84</td><td>Rachaiya</td><td>16.3</td><td>16.3</td><td>0.4</td><td>5.1</td><td>0.55</td><td>16</td><td>16</td><td>4.9</td><td>0.79</td></tr><tr><td>85</td><td>Rahbe</td><td>8.6</td><td>8.6</td><td>0.94</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>8.4</td><td>8.4</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>86</td><td>Rihane (Jezzine)</td><td>14.4</td><td>2.4</td><td>0.94</td><td>4.5</td><td>0.67</td><td>17.3</td><td>17.3</td><td>5.4</td><td>0.58</td></tr><tr><td>87</td><td>Rimhala</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0.79</td><td>0</td><td>0.79</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0.79</td></tr><tr><td>88</td><td>Saghbine</td><td>14</td><td>14</td><td>1</td><td>2.5</td><td>1</td><td>12.9</td><td>12.9</td><td>2.3</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>89</td><td>Batroun</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0.85</td><td>0</td><td>0.85</td><td>56.1</td><td>2</td><td>56.1</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>90</td><td>Sayniq</td><td>1,360.1</td><td>218.6</td><td>0.3</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>1,466.8</td><td>399.9</td><td>0.3</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>91</td><td>Snaya</td><td>1.5</td><td>1.5</td><td>0.94</td><td>0.5</td><td>0.67</td><td>1.7</td><td>1.7</td><td>0.5</td><td>0.55</td></tr><tr><td>92</td><td>Tebnine</td><td>77.1</td><td>51.3</td><td>0.94</td><td>23.9</td><td>0.94</td><td>84.7</td><td>84.7</td><td>26.3</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>93</td><td>Tripoli</td><td>3,011.4</td><td>166.3</td><td>0.69</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>3,036.2</td><td>206.3</td><td>0.69</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>94</td><td>Wadi Jezzine</td><td>5.2</td><td>5.2</td><td>0.94</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>4.5</td><td>4.5</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>95</td><td>Wazzani</td><td>0.9</td><td>0.9</td><td>0.94</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0.9</td><td>0.9</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>96</td><td>Yammouneh</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0.94</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>16.8</td><td>16.8</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr></tbody></table>

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<table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>WWTP</th><th>Irrigation potential (ha) per season (IP<sup>a</sup>)</th><th>Reuse potential (ha) in command area (IP)</th><th>Reuse potential score (IP)</th><th>Irrigation potential (ha) per season (AP<sup>b</sup>)</th><th>Reuse potential score (AP)</th><th>Irrigation potential (ha) per season (IP)</th><th>Reuse potential score (IP)</th><th>Irrigation potential (ha) per season (AP)</th><th>Reuse potential score (AP)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>97</td><td>Yanta 1 (Northern)</td><td>5.1</td><td>5.1</td><td>0.79</td><td>1.3</td><td>0.52</td><td>4.5</td><td>0.79</td><td>1.1</td><td>0.4</td></tr><tr><td>98</td><td>Yanta 2 (Southern)</td><td>4.9</td><td>4.9</td><td>0</td><td>0.8</td><td>0</td><td>5.1</td><td>0.79</td><td>0.8</td><td>0.4</td></tr><tr><td>99</td><td>Yohmor En Nabatiyeh</td><td>16.9</td><td>16.9</td><td>0.94</td><td>6.7</td><td>0.94</td><td>14.6</td><td>14.6</td><td>1</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>100</td><td>Zahleh</td><td>738.1</td><td>738.1</td><td>0.69</td><td>527.2</td><td>0.69</td><td>738.6</td><td>738.6</td><td>527.5</td><td>0.69</td></tr><tr><td>101</td><td>Zaoutar Ech-Charqiye</td><td>10.9</td><td>10.9</td><td>1</td><td>3.9</td><td>1</td><td>11.6</td><td>11.6</td><td>1</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>102</td><td>Araya</td><td>9.5</td><td>9.5</td><td>0.79</td><td>9.5</td><td>0.79</td><td>9.7</td><td>9.7</td><td>4.1</td><td>0.79</td></tr><tr><td>103</td><td>Qasmiyeh 1</td><td>0.9</td><td>0.9</td><td>0.94</td><td>0.9</td><td>0.94</td><td>0.9</td><td>0.9</td><td>9.7</td><td>0.94</td></tr><tr><td>104</td><td>Qasmiyeh 2</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>0.94</td><td>2</td><td>0.94</td><td>2</td><td>0.94</td><td>0.9</td><td>0.94</td></tr></tbody></table>

Notes: <sup>a</sup> IP = Ideal potential.

<sup>b</sup> AP = Actual potential.
Annex 8. Results for Proposed WWTPs.

<table><thead><tr><th>WWTP</th><th>#</th><th>Capacity (m³/day)</th><th>Irrigation potential (ha) per season (IP<sup>a</sup>)</th><th>Potential area in command area (ha)</th><th>Reuse potential score</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Wadi Faara</td><td>1</td><td>275</td><td>5.4</td><td>5.4</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>El Mdaouich</td><td>2</td><td>858</td><td>23.8</td><td>5.1</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>El Boustane</td><td>3</td><td>849</td><td>15</td><td>12.4</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Sahel Hermel</td><td>4</td><td>2,500</td><td>60.8</td><td>60.8</td><td>0.65</td></tr><tr><td>Al-QaWadi El-Khanzir</td><td>5</td><td>4,917</td><td>100.7</td><td>100.7</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Al-Fakiat</td><td>6</td><td>17,296</td><td>314.2</td><td>66.1</td><td>0.48</td></tr><tr><td>Harbta</td><td>7</td><td>11,893</td><td>276.1</td><td>252.8</td><td>0.48</td></tr><tr><td>Ainata</td><td>8</td><td>618</td><td>14.7</td><td>14.7</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Chlifa</td><td>9</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Chlifa</td><td>10</td><td>4,220</td><td>81</td><td>81</td><td>0.48</td></tr><tr><td>Maaraboun</td><td>11</td><td>895</td><td>26.8</td><td>26.8</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Jenta</td><td>12</td><td>512</td><td>9.6</td><td>9.6</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Tamnine El-Tahta</td><td>13</td><td>50,000</td><td>1,099</td><td>609.3</td><td>0.48</td></tr><tr><td>Tfeil</td><td>14</td><td>268</td><td>5.8</td><td>5.8</td><td>0.63</td></tr><tr><td>Bizhel</td><td>15</td><td>1,550</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Mayrouba</td><td>16</td><td>5,148</td><td>149.2</td><td>7.1</td><td>0.48</td></tr><tr><td>Ghazir</td><td>17</td><td>48,000</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0.63</td></tr><tr><td>Aachqout</td><td>18</td><td>4,477</td><td>99.1</td><td>6.5</td><td>0.18</td></tr><tr><td>Zouk Mousbeh</td><td>19</td><td>42,000</td><td>792</td><td>17.1</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Ras El Matn</td><td>20</td><td>17,400</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0.63</td></tr><tr><td>Aabadiyé</td><td>21</td><td>5,090</td><td>96.2</td><td>7.7</td><td>0.63</td></tr><tr><td>Aabadiyé</td><td>22</td><td>13,000</td><td>245.1</td><td>6.8</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Hlaliyé Baabda</td><td>23</td><td>17,400</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0.63</td></tr><tr><td>Charoun</td><td>24</td><td>2,253</td><td>74.1</td><td>74.1</td><td>0.63</td></tr><tr><td>Chaqra</td><td>25</td><td>1,300</td><td>22</td><td>3.9</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Yaroun</td><td>26</td><td>6,396</td><td>129.9</td><td>123.2</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Chourit</td><td>27</td><td>13,000</td><td>258.1</td><td>4.2</td><td>0.18</td></tr><tr><td>Litige</td><td>28</td><td>10,200</td><td>343.5</td><td>1.8</td><td>0.18</td></tr><tr><td>Bchtfine</td><td>29</td><td>9,152</td><td>277.6</td><td>3.5</td><td>0.18</td></tr><tr><td>Faouarat Jaafar</td><td>30</td><td>2,353</td><td>62.7</td><td>48.2</td><td>0.48</td></tr><tr><td>Deir Baba</td><td>31</td><td>2,464</td><td>73.8</td><td>19.4</td><td>0.48</td></tr><tr><td>BenouatiEch-Chouf</td><td>32</td><td>10,780</td><td>302.6</td><td>35.5</td><td>0.48</td></tr><tr><td>Qreiaa</td><td>33</td><td>700</td><td>23.3</td><td>23.3</td><td>0.63</td></tr><tr><td>DeirEl-MoukhallesEch-Chouf</td><td>34</td><td>118</td><td>3.6</td><td>3.6</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Hasbaiya</td><td>35</td><td>12,442</td><td>379.7</td><td>375.5</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Zabbougha</td><td>36</td><td>2,000</td><td>38.1</td><td>0.5</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Zabbougha</td><td>37</td><td>2,000</td><td>43.3</td><td>5.4</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Mar Boutros Karm Et-Tine</td><td>38</td><td>5,681</td><td>107.8</td><td>5</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Abou Mizane</td><td>39</td><td>1,018</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0.63</td></tr><tr><td>Bteghrine</td><td>40</td><td>8,432</td><td>195.6</td><td>4.7</td><td>0.18</td></tr><tr><td>Aayoun El-Matn</td><td>41</td><td>9,500</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0.63</td></tr><tr><td>Beit Meri</td><td>42</td><td>4,700</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Tartij</td><td>43</td><td>402</td><td>12.4</td><td>12.4</td><td>0.63</td></tr><tr><td>Kharbet Jbayl</td><td>44</td><td>1,480</td><td>56.1</td><td>55.8</td><td>0.35</td></tr></tbody></table>

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<table><thead><tr><th>WWTP</th><th>#</th><th>Capacity (m³/day)</th><th>Irrigation potential (ha) per season (IP³)</th><th>Potential area in command area (ha)</th><th>Reuse potential score</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Ghalboun</td><td>45</td><td>1,875</td><td>51.4</td><td>26</td><td>0.18</td></tr><tr><td>Haqel</td><td>46</td><td>111</td><td>3</td><td>3</td><td>0.63</td></tr><tr><td>KfarMashoun</td><td>47</td><td>985</td><td>28.2</td><td>28.2</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Ferhet</td><td>48</td><td>2,185</td><td>53.5</td><td>50.8</td><td>0.63</td></tr><tr><td>ZibdineEn-Nabatiyeh</td><td>49</td><td>635</td><td>12</td><td>1</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Lassa</td><td>50</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Bisri</td><td>51</td><td>270</td><td>7.9</td><td>7.9</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Aazour</td><td>52</td><td>158</td><td>4.9</td><td>4.9</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Roum</td><td>53</td><td>616</td><td>19.6</td><td>17.1</td><td>0.48</td></tr><tr><td>Sfaray</td><td>54</td><td>402</td><td>9.9</td><td>9.9</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Srayri</td><td>55</td><td>2,000</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Kfar Qouq</td><td>56</td><td>1,243</td><td>32.4</td><td>32.4</td><td>0.63</td></tr><tr><td>Deir El-Aachayer</td><td>57</td><td>203</td><td>3.9</td><td>3.9</td><td>0.63</td></tr><tr><td>Kfar Lichki</td><td>58</td><td>482</td><td>9.4</td><td>9.4</td><td>0.63</td></tr><tr><td>Aaqabet Rachaya</td><td>59</td><td>12,182</td><td>381.6</td><td>54.7</td><td>0.63</td></tr><tr><td>Haouch El Qinnabé Rachaiya</td><td>60</td><td>5,011</td><td>221.4</td><td>43.9</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Ghaziyé</td><td>61</td><td>40,221</td><td>764.6</td><td>172.4</td><td>0.48</td></tr><tr><td>Bourj Hammoud</td><td>62</td><td>325,000</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0.7</td></tr><tr><td>Bhannine</td><td>63</td><td>3,920</td><td>102.8</td><td>47.9</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Aslout</td><td>64</td><td>593</td><td>13.2</td><td>13.2</td><td>0.63</td></tr><tr><td>Arbet Koshaya</td><td>65</td><td>672</td><td>18.8</td><td>18.8</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Kfarsghab</td><td>66</td><td>587</td><td>19.7</td><td>11.3</td><td>0.65</td></tr><tr><td>East Zahleh</td><td>67</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Sohmor</td><td>68</td><td>2,000</td><td>88.6</td><td>32.3</td><td>0.48</td></tr><tr><td>Kaftoune</td><td>69</td><td>3,266</td><td>158.4</td><td>158.4</td><td>0.18</td></tr><tr><td>Btaaboura</td><td>70</td><td>191</td><td>7.7</td><td>7.7</td><td>0.7</td></tr><tr><td>Behouaita</td><td>71</td><td>116</td><td>2.5</td><td>2.5</td><td>0.63</td></tr><tr><td>Bchernata</td><td>72</td><td>132</td><td>3.4</td><td>3.4</td><td>0.63</td></tr><tr><td>Izal</td><td>73</td><td>1,258</td><td>33.1</td><td>33.1</td><td>0.63</td></tr><tr><td>Qattine</td><td>74</td><td>8,988</td><td>274.1</td><td>84.9</td><td>0.48</td></tr><tr><td>Tarane</td><td>75</td><td>993</td><td>36.9</td><td>36.9</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Beit Zoud</td><td>76</td><td>199</td><td>6.9</td><td>6.9</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Beit Haouik</td><td>77</td><td>414</td><td>12.4</td><td>12.4</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Qemmamine</td><td>78</td><td>215</td><td>4.9</td><td>4.9</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Btoumaz</td><td>79</td><td>3,413</td><td>129.1</td><td>129.1</td><td>0.65</td></tr><tr><td>Beit Haouik</td><td>80</td><td>1,474</td><td>38.4</td><td>38.4</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Btoumaz</td><td>81</td><td>545</td><td>22</td><td>22</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Jairoun</td><td>82</td><td>248</td><td>6.2</td><td>6.2</td><td>0.63</td></tr><tr><td>Qarn</td><td>83</td><td>80</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Azqey</td><td>84</td><td>83</td><td>2.7</td><td>2.7</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Terbol</td><td>85</td><td>72</td><td>1.9</td><td>1.9</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Abdine</td><td>86</td><td>7,680</td><td>362.9</td><td>93.4</td><td>0.63</td></tr><tr><td>Knate</td><td>87</td><td>624</td><td>18.1</td><td>18.1</td><td>0.63</td></tr><tr><td>Beit Menzer</td><td>88</td><td>432</td><td>11.6</td><td>11.6</td><td>0.63</td></tr><tr><td>Hadeth-el-Jebbé</td><td>89</td><td>1,728</td><td>36.9</td><td>36.9</td><td>0.48</td></tr><tr><td>Brissat</td><td>90</td><td>240</td><td>5.3</td><td>5.3</td><td>0.93</td></tr></tbody></table>

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<table><thead><tr><th>WWTP</th><th>#</th><th>Capacity (m³/day)</th><th>Irrigation potential (ha) per season (IP<sup>a</sup>)</th><th>Potential area in command area (ha)</th><th>Reuse potential score</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Mazraet-Beni-Saab</td><td>91</td><td>312</td><td>13.9</td><td>13.9</td><td>0.63</td></tr><tr><td>Mazraet Assaf</td><td>92</td><td>240</td><td>10.8</td><td>10.8</td><td>0.7</td></tr><tr><td>Billa</td><td>93</td><td>312</td><td>15.9</td><td>15.9</td><td>0.63</td></tr><tr><td>Bane</td><td>94</td><td>504</td><td>13.7</td><td>13.7</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Hasroune</td><td>95</td><td>2,592</td><td>69.7</td><td>69.7</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Bazoune</td><td>96</td><td>1,128</td><td>29.7</td><td>29.7</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Bkarkacha</td><td>97</td><td>1,272</td><td>34.6</td><td>34.6</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Bikaakafra</td><td>98</td><td>1,680</td><td>45.9</td><td>45.9</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Berhalioun</td><td>99</td><td>720</td><td>35.6</td><td>35.6</td><td>0.63</td></tr><tr><td>El-Dimane</td><td>100</td><td>768</td><td>19</td><td>19</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Blaouza</td><td>101</td><td>312</td><td>7.7</td><td>7.7</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Hadchite</td><td>102</td><td>2,208</td><td>55</td><td>25.9</td><td>0.48</td></tr><tr><td>Bcharré</td><td>103</td><td>9,700</td><td>259.2</td><td>23.1</td><td>0.48</td></tr><tr><td>Mugher-el-Ahwel</td><td>104</td><td>432</td><td>20.1</td><td>20.1</td><td>0.35</td></tr><tr><td>Blaouza</td><td>105</td><td>672</td><td>15.9</td><td>15.9</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Hasroune</td><td>106</td><td>384</td><td>9.9</td><td>9.9</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Knaiouer</td><td>107</td><td>384</td><td>10</td><td>10</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Tourza</td><td>108</td><td>1,493</td><td>64.2</td><td>45.5</td><td>0.18</td></tr><tr><td>Thoum</td><td>109</td><td>6,660</td><td>389.5</td><td>14.8</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>KfarHalda</td><td>110</td><td>3,525</td><td>126.7</td><td>28.1</td><td>0.48</td></tr><tr><td>Kour</td><td>111</td><td>2,146</td><td>93.9</td><td>15.5</td><td>0.18</td></tr><tr><td>Chabtine</td><td>112</td><td>1,040</td><td>49.1</td><td>49.1</td><td>0.18</td></tr><tr><td>Harare</td><td>113</td><td>1,432</td><td>35</td><td>35</td><td>0.63</td></tr><tr><td>Michmiche</td><td>114</td><td>8,043</td><td>146</td><td>10.1</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Habchite</td><td>115</td><td>584</td><td>30.4</td><td>30.4</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>El-Krayat</td><td>116</td><td>508</td><td>11.2</td><td>11.2</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Chane</td><td>117</td><td>1,083</td><td>29.1</td><td>29.1</td><td>0.63</td></tr><tr><td>Danbou</td><td>118</td><td>6,769</td><td>197</td><td>197</td><td>0.18</td></tr><tr><td>El-Houaïche</td><td>119</td><td>660</td><td>19.4</td><td>19.4</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Mimnih</td><td>120</td><td>575</td><td>14.4</td><td>14.4</td><td>0.63</td></tr><tr><td>El-Houaïche</td><td>121</td><td>396</td><td>11.4</td><td>11.4</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Jebrâil</td><td>122</td><td>17,275</td><td>564</td><td>26.8</td><td>0.48</td></tr><tr><td>Akkar El-Atika</td><td>123</td><td>3,411</td><td>94.8</td><td>78.5</td><td>0.65</td></tr><tr><td>Kobbet Bchamra</td><td>124</td><td>39,010</td><td>871.1</td><td>455.3</td><td>0.48</td></tr><tr><td>Akkar El-Atika</td><td>125</td><td>4,264</td><td>128.2</td><td>52.2</td><td>0.48</td></tr><tr><td>El-Koubayet</td><td>126</td><td>338</td><td>7.9</td><td>7.9</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Akroum</td><td>127</td><td>965</td><td>20.9</td><td>20.9</td><td>0.63</td></tr><tr><td>Akroum</td><td>128</td><td>965</td><td>23.3</td><td>23.3</td><td>0.63</td></tr><tr><td>Akroum</td><td>129</td><td>1,015</td><td>19.8</td><td>19.8</td><td>0.63</td></tr><tr><td>Sindianet Zeidan</td><td>130</td><td>5,847</td><td>160.1</td><td>14.1</td><td>0.48</td></tr><tr><td>Akroum</td><td>131</td><td>1,157</td><td>27.8</td><td>27.8</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Douair Adouiyé</td><td>132</td><td>2,858</td><td>91.1</td><td>91.1</td><td>0.35</td></tr><tr><td>Mazraet-El-Nahrieh</td><td>133</td><td>626</td><td>18.7</td><td>18.7</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Akroum</td><td>134</td><td>406</td><td>9.9</td><td>9.9</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>El-Bardé</td><td>135</td><td>102</td><td>2.4</td><td>2.4</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Akroum</td><td>136</td><td>534</td><td>10.4</td><td>10.4</td><td>0.93</td></tr></tbody></table>

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<table><thead><tr><th>WWTP</th><th>#</th><th>Capacity (m³/day)</th><th>Irrigation potential (ha) per season (IP<sup>a</sup>)</th><th>Potential area in command area (ha)</th><th>Reuse potential score</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Mazraet-El-Nahrieh</td><td>137</td><td>372</td><td>9.2</td><td>9.2</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Hnaïder</td><td>138</td><td>1,316</td><td>26.4</td><td>26.4</td><td>0.63</td></tr><tr><td>Deirine</td><td>139</td><td>435</td><td>10.7</td><td>10.7</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Mounjez</td><td>140</td><td>508</td><td>10.7</td><td>10.7</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Cheikh Zennad Tal Bibé</td><td>141</td><td>1,361</td><td>36.1</td><td>36.1</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Srar</td><td>142</td><td>34</td><td>0.8</td><td>0.8</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Freidice</td><td>143</td><td>306</td><td>6</td><td>6</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Kachlak</td><td>144</td><td>575</td><td>11.2</td><td>11.2</td><td>0.65</td></tr><tr><td>Chikhlar</td><td>145</td><td>203</td><td>4.8</td><td>4.8</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Kfarnoune</td><td>146</td><td>406</td><td>9.2</td><td>9.2</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Al-Kneissé</td><td>147</td><td>1,394</td><td>38.4</td><td>38.4</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Tal Biré</td><td>148</td><td>1,185</td><td>32.1</td><td>32.1</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Noura El-Faouka et Tahta</td><td>149</td><td>579</td><td>11.1</td><td>11.1</td><td>0.65</td></tr><tr><td>Freidice</td><td>150</td><td>220</td><td>4.3</td><td>4.3</td><td>0.65</td></tr><tr><td>Aaouainat</td><td>151</td><td>406</td><td>8.6</td><td>8.6</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Dabbabiyé Charkié</td><td>152</td><td>220</td><td>4.5</td><td>4.5</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Cheir Homeirine</td><td>153</td><td>5,850</td><td>141.5</td><td>141.5</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Arida</td><td>154</td><td>512</td><td>13.4</td><td>13.4</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Ouadi Khaled</td><td>155</td><td>8,878</td><td>209.4</td><td>64.5</td><td>0.48</td></tr><tr><td>Hekrel Dahiri</td><td>156</td><td>981</td><td>27.5</td><td>27.5</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Al-Semmakié</td><td>157</td><td>970</td><td>27</td><td>27</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Kafra Bent Jbeil</td><td>158</td><td></td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0.63</td></tr><tr><td>Helouet Rachaya</td><td>159</td><td></td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0.63</td></tr><tr><td>Salhani</td><td>160</td><td>11,000</td><td>557.2</td><td>7.5</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Jabal El-Botm</td><td>161</td><td>1,500</td><td>32.7</td><td>32.7</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>Mansouri Sour</td><td>162</td><td>3,500</td><td>66</td><td>66</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><td>BorjEn-Naqoura</td><td>163</td><td>1,500</td><td>28</td><td>22</td><td>0.63</td></tr><tr><td>Jimjim</td><td>164</td><td>4,500</td><td>69.7</td><td>3.2</td><td>0.48</td></tr></tbody></table>

Note: a IP = Ideal potential.
# Annex 9. Case Studies.

## A. Case Study: Ablah WWTP

### Characteristics of Ablah WWTP

<table><tr><td>Location</td><td>On the right bank of Litani River (Figure A9.1), in the Ablah agricultural plain (Figure A9.2)</td></tr><tr><td>Design capacity</td><td>2,000 m³/day</td></tr><tr><td>Actual average daily flow</td><td>1,200-1,500 m³/day<sup>79</sup></td></tr><tr><td>Treatment technologies</td><td>Secondary treatment: Trickling filters; chlorine treatment</td></tr><tr><td>Level of treatment</td><td>Secondary</td></tr><tr><td>Effluent quality</td><td>Category 2 according to Lebanese guidelines (FAO 2010)</td></tr><tr><td>Effluent discharge location</td><td>Litani River</td></tr><tr><td>Operation interval</td><td>2012-present</td></tr><tr><td>Managing institution(s)</td><td>Ablah Municipality</td></tr><tr><td>O&M expenditure</td><td>USD 50,000 per year<sup>80</sup></td></tr><tr><td>Problems</td><td>Needs laboratory equipment</td></tr></table>

### Potential for Water Reuse in Irrigation

<table><tr><td>Villages included in WWTP command area</td><td colspan="2">Ablah and Fourzol (Figure A9.3)</td></tr><tr><td>Number of farmers</td><td colspan="2">100 (in Ablah)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Actual reuse potential area</td><td>Lower cost scenario</td><td>28.6 ha</td></tr><tr><td>Higher cost scenario</td><td>28.4 ha</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Ideal reuse potential area</td><td>Lower cost scenario</td><td>44.1 ha</td></tr><tr><td>Higher cost scenario</td><td>43.7 ha</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Actual reuse potential score</td><td>Lower cost scenario</td><td>0.94</td></tr><tr><td>Higher cost scenario</td><td>0.94</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Ideal reuse potential score</td><td>Lower cost scenario</td><td>0.94</td></tr><tr><td>Higher cost scenario</td><td>0.94</td></tr><tr><td>Existing agriculture and main crops</td><td colspan="2">Fruit trees (96%), mainly vineyards with some vegetables (Figure A9.4)</td></tr><tr><td>Existing irrigation systems</td><td colspan="2">The main water source is groundwater. Individual pumping from the Litani River used to be practiced but has almost stopped.<br/>Private wells with low yields (1-5 L/s) generally used individually.<br/>Several wells can be found in one small plot</td></tr><tr><td>Irrigation governance and water rights</td><td colspan="2">Private, mostly individual management of wells.<br/>The government (BWE) does not have a role in irrigation management on the ground but is planning a future role in conformity with Law 221.</td></tr><tr><td>Existing water reuse practices (informal reuse)</td><td colspan="2">A collective reuse irrigation system was built in 2014. It serves an area of 20 ha and benefits about 35 farmers. Water is distributed to plots through a pressure network. Drippers are used on the plots.<br/>This system operated only for a year and stopped because of a complaint from a resident whose house was next to the storage reservoir.<br/>Currently, only 4 farmers use the treated effluent through a direct connection to the WWTP facilitated by the operator.</td></tr></table>

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<footnote n="79">79 Interview, chief operator of Zahleh WWTP, April 2019.</footnote>

<footnote n="80">80 According to the mayor of Ablah.</footnote>
<table><thead><tr><td>Opportunities and obstacles to organized reuse</td><td>Opportunities</td><td>Obstacles</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td></td><td><ul><li>High potential for reuse because of effluent quality, crop types and sustainable management and governance of the treatment and reuse system.</li><li>Ablah Municipality ready to manage the system. No conflict with Fourzol even if Fourzol could technically benefit from effluent.</li><li>Reuse would reduce the cost of pumping from wells, and alleviate pressure on groundwater</li><li>If farmers are willing to pay, reuse could contribute to the cost of treatment.</li></ul></td><td><ul><li>The legal conflict between Ablah Municipality and the complaining resident constrains the use of the system.</li><li>Absence of a formal wastewater regulatory framework.</li><li>The WWTP is also 'informally' managed by Ablah WWTP. By law, it should be under the responsibility of the BWE.</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table>
Wastewater treatment plant of Ablah - Bekaa

<figure><img src="image_30.png" /></figure>

:: Distribution of WWTP by Watersheds and Irrigation Schemes ::

<caption>Figure A9.1. Location of the Ablah WWTP.</caption>
Wastewater treatment plant of Ablah - Bekaa

<figure><img src="image_31.png" /></figure>

:: General Satellite Image View ::

<caption>Figure A9.2. Satellite view of the Ablah WWTP command area.</caption>
<figure><img src="image_32.png" /><figcaption>Figure A9.3. Net irrigation requirement map of the Ablah WWTP.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_33.png" /><figcaption>Figure A9.4. LULC map of the vicinity of Ablah WWTP.</figcaption></figure>
## B. Case Study: Zahleh WWTP

### Characteristics of Zahleh WWTP

<table><tr><td>Location</td><td>Zahleh, Haouch El Oumara region (Figure A9.5)<br/>On the right bank of the Litani River, in the Zahleh agricultural plain, on the frontier of Barr Elias (Figure A9.6)</td></tr><tr><td>Operational status</td><td>Fully operational</td></tr><tr><td>Design capacity</td><td>35,000 m³/day<br/>Phase 1: 37,000 m³/day (implemented)<br/>Phase 2: 56,000 m³/day (planned for 2030)</td></tr><tr><td>Actual average daily flow</td><td>25,000-28,000 m³/day<sup>81</sup></td></tr><tr><td>Treatment technologies</td><td>Secondary treatment: Activated sludge with biological nitrogen removal.<br/>Tertiary treatment: UV technology (operational)</td></tr><tr><td>Level of treatment</td><td>Tertiary</td></tr><tr><td>Effluent quality</td><td>Category 1 according to Lebanese guidelines (FAO 2010)</td></tr><tr><td>Effluent discharge location</td><td>Litani River</td></tr><tr><td>Operation interval</td><td>October 2017-present</td></tr><tr><td>Managing institution(s)</td><td>CDR through build-operate-transfer (BOT) contract with SUEZ company. Management was to be transferred to BWE after the end of contract but this has been delayed.</td></tr><tr><td>O&M expenditure</td><td>Not available</td></tr><tr><td>Problems</td><td>Serious sludge disposal problem.<br/>O&M costs exceeding the capacity of BWE to recover costs.</td></tr></table>

### Potential for Water Reuse in Irrigation

<table><tr><td>Villages included in the WWTP command area</td><td colspan="2">Zahleh and Barr Elias (Figure A9.7).</td></tr><tr><td>Number of farmers</td><td colspan="2">400-500</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Actual reuse potential area</td><td>Lower cost scenario</td><td>572.2 ha</td></tr><tr><td>Higher cost scenario</td><td>572.5 ha</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Actual reuse potential score</td><td>Lower cost scenario</td><td>0.69</td></tr><tr><td>Higher cost scenario</td><td>0.69</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Ideal reuse potential area</td><td>Lower cost scenario</td><td>738.1 ha</td></tr><tr><td>Higher cost scenario</td><td>738.6 ha</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Ideal reuse potential score</td><td>Lower cost scenario</td><td>0.69</td></tr><tr><td>Higher cost scenario</td><td>0.69</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Existing agriculture and main crops</td><td colspan="2">Wheat and potato and summer vegetables (tomato, leafy vegetables, onion, garlic, beans and fava beans and others) (Figure A9.8).</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Alternation on the same plot: Between wheat/potato; potato/potato; wheat/summer vegetables; potato/summer vegetables; wheat/fallow</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Fruit trees (apple, peach, pear, kaki, almond and others): 8% in Zahleh and 2% in Barr Elias</td></tr></table>

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<footnote n="81">81 Interview, Chief Operator of Zahleh WWTP, April 2019.</footnote>
<table><tr><td>Existing irrigation systems</td><td><p>Diversity of irrigation systems:</p><ul><li>1 collective open canal network supplied by the Berdaouni River (Zahleh)</li><li>Collective highly productive wells (40 L/s) in karstic aquifers supplying large plots through double pumping via pipes and ditches (Zahleh)</li><li>Individual wells giving medium yields (5-10 L/s) located in quaternary aquifers and supplying medium plots (Zahleh)</li><li>Collective pumps on the Ghozayel River supplying large plots through double pumping via pipes and ditches (Barr Elias)</li><li>Individual pumps on the Litani supplying medium plots (Barr Elias)</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>Irrigation governance and water rights</td><td><ul><li>Government (BWE) does not have a role in irrigation management on the ground but is planning a future role in accordance with Law 221.</li><li>Irrigation systems are chiefly managed by the local communities following customary water rights (legalized) and community arrangements (informal).</li><li>The Berdaouni system is managed by the Berdaouni Irrigation Committee supported by the Zahleh Municipality.</li><li>Collective wells and pumps are managed following water/land-use arrangements.</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>Existing water reuse practices (informal reuse)</td><td>There is indirect reuse from the Litani River by farmers in Zahleh and Barr Elias downstream of the WWTP to supplement pumping from wells and the Litani River.</td></tr><tr><td>Obstacles and opportunities to organized reuse</td><td><table><thead><tr><th>Opportunities</th><th>Obstacles</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><ul><li>Large volume of exceptionally good quality water would allow complementing the use of declining water sources and reduce pressure on groundwater.</li><li>Farmers already use the treated water downstream to irrigate vegetables which means that there won't be an issue of social acceptability.</li></ul></td><td><ul><li>The financial sustainability of operating Zahleh WWTP is not ensured.</li><li>Absence of a formal wastewater regulatory framework (water allocation, management and governance of reuse system, cost-recovery mechanisms, etc.).</li><li>Many irrigation systems and water rights exist in the command area. This complicates the design and future management of a reuse system (who should benefit from the system? Who should manage it?)</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></table>
<figure><img src="image_34.png" /><figcaption>Figure A9.5. Location of the Zahleh WWTP.</figcaption></figure>
Wastewater treatment plant of Zahleh - Bekaa

<figure><img src="image_35.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_36.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_37.png" /></figure>

:: General Satellite Image View ::

<caption>Figure A9.6. Satellite view of the Zahleh WWTP command area.</caption>
Wastewater treatment plant of Zahleh - Bekaa

<figure><img src="image_38.png" /></figure>

:: Net Irrigation Requirements and Crop Suitability ::

<caption>Figure A9.7. The net irrigation requirement of the Zahleh WWTP.</caption>
<figure><img src="image_39.png" /><figcaption>Figure A9.8. LULC map of the vicinity of the Zahleh WWTP.</figcaption></figure>
C. Case Study: Aintourine WWTP

Characteristics of Aintourine WWTP

<table><tr><td>Location</td><td>Aintourine village (Figures A9.9, A9.10)</td></tr><tr><td>Operational status</td><td>Partial/Not operational</td></tr><tr><td>Design capacity</td><td>3,600 m³/day</td></tr><tr><td>Actual average daily flow</td><td>3,600 m³/day</td></tr><tr><td>Treatment technologies</td><td>Activated sludge</td></tr><tr><td>Design level of treatment</td><td>Tertiary</td></tr><tr><td>Actual level of treatment</td><td>Unclear</td></tr><tr><td>Effluent quality</td><td>Currently untreated</td></tr><tr><td>Effluent discharge location</td><td>Wastewater overflows without treatment to Wadi Qadisha, and through Arai'er to Bneshai. It is then mixed with stormwater and continues to the Jouiit River, eventually discharging into the Abou Ali River.</td></tr><tr><td>Operation interval</td><td>Not available</td></tr><tr><td>Energy supply</td><td>Not available</td></tr><tr><td>Managing institution(s)</td><td>North Lebanon Water Establishment is responsible according to Law 221 but has not taken operational responsibility yet.</td></tr><tr><td>O&M costs and recovery</td><td>USD 650,000 to 900,000 per year (for both plants, Ijbaa and Aintourine).<br>CDR covers the costs during the period of operation agreed upon within the loan agreement. NLWE should be able to cover the costs after the transfer through wastewater fees levied on residents. Currently, such fees are not included in the water bill yet.</td></tr><tr><td>Problems</td><td><ul><li>NLWE not able to take over the management of the plant after the end of contract between CDR and the current contracted operator.</li><li>Lack of trust from the side of the municipality toward CDR and the operator regarding the state of management and operation of the WWTP.</li><li>Dispute between the government and the municipality: The municipality demands to be involved in management since it contributed to the construction of the sewage collection network while government is not responsive.</li></ul></td></tr></table>
Potential for Water Reuse in Irrigation

<table><tr><td>Villages included in the WWTP command area</td><td colspan="2">Aito, Sebaal, Ijbaa (Figure A9.11)</td></tr><tr><td>Number of farmers</td><td colspan="2">About 200</td></tr><tr><td>Actual reuse potential area</td><td>Lower cost scenario</td><td>91.9 ha</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Higher cost scenario</td><td>96.3 ha</td></tr><tr><td>Actual reuse potential score</td><td>Lower cost scenario</td><td>0.4</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Higher cost scenario</td><td>0.55</td></tr><tr><td>Ideal reuse potential area</td><td>Lower cost scenario</td><td>91.9 ha</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Higher cost scenario</td><td>96.3 ha</td></tr><tr><td>Ideal reuse potential score</td><td>Lower cost scenario</td><td>0.79</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Higher cost scenario</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Existing agriculture and main crops</td><td colspan="2">Mainly fruit trees (apple and pear) with some vegetables (Figure A9.12) (MoA and FAO 2012).</td></tr><tr><td>Existing irrigation systems</td><td colspan="2">According to MoA and FAO (2012), around 60% of farmers in Ayto practice irrigation (35% of total cultivated area) while the rest do not. Farmers who irrigate use water from rivers (17%), wells (17%), reservoirs (16%) while others use 'other sources'.</td></tr><tr><td>Irrigation governance and water rights</td><td colspan="2">Individual/community management of existing systems (diversion/pumping from rivers and private wells).<br>The government (NWE) does not have a role in irrigation management on the ground but is planning a future role in conformity with Law 221.<sup>82</sup></td></tr><tr><td>Existing water reuse practices (informal reuse)</td><td colspan="2">Probably indirect reuse at the level of Ayto and Sebaal but this was not identified during field visits.<br>According to a key informant, farmers tap into raw sewage networks to irrigate their orchards.<sup>83</sup></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Opportunities and obstacles to organized reuse</td><td>Opportunities</td><td>Obstacles</td></tr><tr><td><ul><li>If WWTP is operated well, there is high potential for indirect reuse because of effluent quality and crop type.</li><li>Municipalities are active in the region, essentially because of a strong political party representing a majority in the Ehden region (one authority).</li><li>Existence of know-how and local governance in irrigation</li></ul></td><td><ul><li>Future management (hence effective operation of WWTP) is unclear.</li><li>This valley is steep, which is an obstacle to indirect reuse (without implementing new infrastructure).</li><li>Multiplicity of water rights might be an obstacle.</li></ul></td></tr></table>

<footnote n="82">82 According to KII.</footnote>

<footnote n="83">83 According to KII.</footnote>
## D. Case Study: Ijbaa WWTP

### Characteristics of Ijbaa WWTP

<table><tr><td>Location</td><td>Ayto village (Figures A9.9, A9.10)</td></tr><tr><td>Operational status</td><td>Partial/not operational</td></tr><tr><td>Design capacity</td><td>3,600 m³/day</td></tr><tr><td>Actual average daily flow</td><td>Unclear</td></tr><tr><td>Treatment technologies</td><td>Activated sludge</td></tr><tr><td>Design level of treatment</td><td>Tertiary</td></tr><tr><td>Actual level of treatment</td><td>Secondary</td></tr><tr><td>Effluent quality</td><td>Unclear</td></tr><tr><td>Effluent discharge location</td><td>Nahr Abou Ali</td></tr><tr><td>Operation interval</td><td>Not available</td></tr><tr><td>Energy supply</td><td>Not available</td></tr><tr><td>Managing institution(s)</td><td>North Lebanon Water Establishment is responsible according to Law 221 but has not taken operational responsibility yet.</td></tr><tr><td>O&M costs and recovery</td><td>USD 650,000 to 900,000 per year (equivalent to LL 1 billion before the economic crisis) for both plants, Ijbaa and Aintourine.</td></tr><tr><td>Problems</td><td><ul><li>NLWE not able to take over management of the plant after the end of contract between CDR and the current contract operator.</li><li>Lack of trust from the side of the municipality toward CDR and the operator regarding management and operation.</li><li>Dispute between government and municipality: The municipality demands to be involved in management since it contributed to the construction of the sewage collection network while government is not responsive.</li></ul></td></tr></table>
Potential for Water Reuse in Irrigation

<table><tr><td>Villages included in the WWTP command area</td><td colspan="2">Parts of Aintourine, Kfarsghab, ArbetKoshaya, Bane (Figure A9.11)</td></tr><tr><td>Number of farmers</td><td colspan="2">Around 100</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Actual reuse potential area</td><td>Lower cost scenario</td><td>86.8 ha</td></tr><tr><td>Higher cost scenario</td><td>87.5 ha</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Actual reuse potential score</td><td>Lower cost scenario</td><td>0.67</td></tr><tr><td>Higher cost scenario</td><td>0.55</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Ideal reuse potential area</td><td>Lower cost scenario</td><td>86.6 ha</td></tr><tr><td>Higher cost scenario</td><td>87.5 ha</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Ideal reuse potential score</td><td>Lower cost scenario</td><td>0.94</td></tr><tr><td>Higher cost scenario</td><td>0.94</td></tr><tr><td>Existing agriculture and main crops</td><td colspan="2">Mainly fruit trees (apple) with some green leafy vegetables (Figure A9.12).</td></tr><tr><td>Existing irrigation systems</td><td colspan="2">According to the MoA and FAO census of 2010, most farmers in Aintourine practice irrigation with the main source being a river. Gravity irrigation is widely used on the plot.</td></tr><tr><td>Irrigation governance and water rights</td><td colspan="2">Individual/community management of existing systems (diversion/pumping from rivers and private wells).<sup>84</sup><br/>The government (NWE) does not have a role in irrigation management on the ground but is planning a future role in conformity with Law 221.</td></tr><tr><td>Existing water reuse practices (informal reuse)</td><td colspan="2">Probably indirect reuse downstream at the level of Aintourine and other villages but this was not identified during field visits.<br/>According to a key informant, farmers tap into raw sewage networks to irrigate their orchards.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Opportunities and obstacles to organized reuse</td><td>Opportunities</td><td>Obstacles</td></tr><tr><td><ul><li>If WWTP is well operated, there is high potential for indirect reuse because of effluent quality and crop types.</li><li>Municipalities are active in the region, essentially because of a strong political party representing the majority in the Ehden region (one authority).</li><li>Existence of a local water committee.</li><li>Existence of knowhow and local governance in irrigation.</li></ul></td><td><ul><li>Future management (hence effective operation of WWTP) is unclear.</li><li>Distrust toward CDR from the side of the municipalities.</li><li>The valley is steep, which is an obstacle to indirect reuse (without implementing new infrastructure).</li><li>Multiplicity of water rights might be an obstacle.</li></ul></td></tr></table>

<footnote n="84">84 According to key informants.</footnote>

<footnote n="85">85 According to key informants.</footnote>
Wastewater treatment plants of Aaintourinr - Ijbaa - North Lebanon

<figure><img src="image_40.png" /></figure>

:: Distribution of WWTP by Watersheds and Irrigation Schemes ::

<caption>Figure A9.9. The Aintourine and Ijbaa WWTPs.</caption>
Wastewater treatment plants of Aaintourine - Ijbaa - North Lebanon

<figure><img src="image_41.png" /></figure>

:: General Satellite Image View ::

<caption>Figure A9.10. Satellite image of the Aaintourine-Ijbaa WWTP area.</caption>
<figure><img src="image_42.png" /><figcaption>Figure A9.11. Net irrigation requirement in the command areas of the Aintourine and Ijbaa WWTPs.</figcaption></figure>
Wastewater treatment plants of Aaintourine - Ijbaa - North Lebanon

<figure><img src="image_43.png" /></figure>

Land Cover Land Use Classes

Field crops

Olive

Fruit trees

Abandoned agricultural lands

Forest

Urban and agricultural mixed areas

Urban zone

Aaintourine Ijbaa WWTP

Permanent

Seasonal

Contour lines

Command Areas

<figure><img src="image_44.png" /></figure>

Mohafaza

Amar

Amar

Amar

Amar

Amar

Amar

Amar

Amar

Amar

Amar

Amar

Amar

Amar

<figure><img src="image_45.png" /></figure>

Caza

Caza

Caza

Caza

Caza

Caza

Caza

Caza

Caza

Caza

Caza

Caza

Caza

Caza

- Source: Land cover land use map, NCRS Lebanon 2017

- This map was elaborated in 2017 based on 2013 Geo Eye satellite imagery

:: Land Cover Land Use Map ::

<caption>Figure A9.12. LULC map of the vicinity of the Aaintourine and Ijbaa WWTPs.</caption>
E. Case Study: Chabriha/Sour WWTP

Characteristics of Chabriha WWTP

<table><tr><td>Location</td><td>Chabriha<sup>86</sup> (Sour) (Figures A9.13, A9.14)</td></tr><tr><td>Operational status</td><td>Partially operational</td></tr><tr><td>Operation interval</td><td>Should start operating in the summer 2020<sup>87</sup></td></tr><tr><td>Design capacity</td><td>35,000 m<sup>3</sup>/day</td></tr><tr><td>Actual average daily flow</td><td>17,000 m<sup>3</sup>/day<sup>88</sup></td></tr><tr><td>Treatment technologies</td><td>Activated sludge</td></tr><tr><td>Level of treatment</td><td>Tertiary (UV treatment)</td></tr><tr><td>Effluent quality</td><td>Should be of category 1 or 2 since it undergoes tertiary treatment</td></tr><tr><td>Effluent discharge location</td><td>Mediterranean Sea</td></tr><tr><td>Energy supply</td><td>Public network (EDL) and private generator. There is a system of biogas production from sludge that should produce 500 KVA. It should cover 25% of the energy needed for operation.<sup>89</sup></td></tr><tr><td>Managing institution(s)</td><td>Currently managed by CDR through OTV-Veolia company. The contract is expected to last until 2026. After that, it would be transferred to the SLWE. The SLWE has the authority to follow up on operations, such as performing field visits, to ensure that the process is working properly, requesting water quality tests, etc.</td></tr><tr><td>O&M costs and recovery</td><td>Not available</td></tr><tr><td>Problems</td><td>Delay in start of operations</td></tr></table>

<footnote n="86">86 Name given by the locals to this location.</footnote>

<footnote n="87">87 Interview, director of the wastewater program at CDR. Construction started around 10 years ago. The consultant was Cabinet Merlin.</footnote>

<footnote n="88">88 Interview, engineer, SLWE.</footnote>

<footnote n="89">89 Interview, engineer, OTV company.</footnote>
## Potential for Water Reuse in Irrigation

Villages included in the WWTP command area

Parts of Abbassyeh, Sour and Mheilib are included in the WWTP's command area. However, treated water could be conveyed beyond the limits of the command area through the existing irrigation scheme of Qasmieh Ras-El-Ain (Figure A9.15)

<table><tr><td>Number of farmers</td><td>To be confirmed</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Actual reuse potential area</td><td>Lower cost scenario</td><td>326.3 ha</td></tr><tr><td>Higher cost scenario</td><td>392.1 ha</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Actual reuse potential score</td><td>Lower cost scenario</td><td>0.57</td></tr><tr><td>Higher cost scenario</td><td>0.57</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Ideal reuse potential area</td><td>Lower cost scenario</td><td>542.5 ha</td></tr><tr><td>Higher cost scenario</td><td>697.1 ha</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Ideal reuse potential score</td><td>Lower cost scenario</td><td>0.69</td></tr><tr><td>Higher cost scenario</td><td>0.69</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>Existing agriculture and main crops</td><td>Banana, citrus trees, and vegetables (Figure A9.16)</td></tr><tr><td>Existing irrigation systems</td><td>Open canal irrigation network (Qasmieh Ras-El-Ain) supplied by water from local springs and Lake Qaraoun.<br>Many wells drilled within the system to complement surface water in the summer (Raad 2004).</td></tr><tr><td>Irrigation governance and water rights</td><td>The Litani River Authority (LRA) manages the Qasmieh Ras-El-Ain irrigation system and provides water to farmers at a cost.<br>Wells are drilled and managed individually by farmers.</td></tr><tr><td>Existing water reuse practices (informal reuse)</td><td>There is no existent use of the effluent. It is discharged into the sea. However, farmers might be tapping into sewage networks.</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>Sludge disposal and existing reuse practices</td><td>There is a system of biogas production from sludge.</td></tr></table>

Opportunities and obstacles to organized reuse

Opportunities

* High potential for reuse in view of effluent quality, crop types and existence of agricultural areas suffering from water shortage in the summer at the level of the command area. Organized and expanded water reuse could alleviate pressure on irrigation water use.

* An irrigation reuse system is planned and partly implemented (pumps and conveyance pipe to be connected to the Qasmieh Ras-El-Ain canals)

Obstacles

* The LRA is currently opposed to the idea of a reuse system and is not ready to consider water exchange between sectors.
Wastewater treatment plant of Chabriha (Sour) - South Lebanon

<figure><img src="image_46.png" /><figcaption>Figure A9.13. The WWTP at Chabriha (Sour).</figcaption></figure>
Wastewater treatment plant of Chabriha (Sour) - South Lebanon

<figure><img src="image_47.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_48.png" /></figure>

:: General Satellite Image View ::

<caption>Figure A9.14. Satellite image of the Chabriha (Sour) WWTP.</caption>
<figure><img src="image_49.png" /><figcaption>Figure A9.15. Net irrigation requirement at the Chabriha (Sour) WWTP.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_50.png" /><figcaption>Figure A9.16. LULC map of the vicinity of Chabriha (Sour) WWTP.</figcaption></figure>
## F. Case Study: Hammana WWTP

### Characteristics of Hammana WWTP

<table><tr><td>Location</td><td>Hammana (Figures A9.17, A9.18)</td></tr><tr><td>Operational status</td><td>Fully operational</td></tr><tr><td>Operation interval</td><td>Constructed in 1969, rehabilitated in 2000 and upgraded in 2014</td></tr><tr><td>Design capacity</td><td>1,000 m³/day</td></tr><tr><td>Actual average daily flow</td><td>700 m³/day (winter) - 1,500 m³/day (summer)<sup>90</sup></td></tr><tr><td>Treatment technologies</td><td>Activated sludge</td></tr><tr><td>Design level of treatment</td><td>Secondary</td></tr><tr><td>Actual level of treatment</td><td>Secondary</td></tr><tr><td>Effluent quality<sup>91</sup></td><td>Category 2 according to Lebanese guidelines (FAO 2010)</td></tr><tr><td>Effluent discharge location</td><td>Seasonal river</td></tr><tr><td>Energy supply</td><td>Three sources: Public network (EDL), private generator and solar panel system</td></tr><tr><td>Managing institution(s)</td><td>Hammana Municipality contracts an enterprise founded and managed by an engineer from the village<sup>92</sup></td></tr><tr><td>O&M costs and recovery</td><td>USD 300,000-333,000/year<sup>93</sup><br>Paid by Hammana Municipality</td></tr><tr><td>Problems</td><td><ul><li>Wastewater entering the WWTP exceeds design capacity in the summer and disrupts the process. The plant needs to be upgraded to be able to treat 25% more of the current flow during summer.<sup>94</sup></li><li>Additionally, sewage network needs rehabilitation.<sup>95</sup></li></ul></td></tr></table>

<footnote n="90">⁹⁰ Interview, Chief Operator, Hammana WWTP, February 2020.</footnote>

<footnote n="91">⁹¹ Water quality testing occurs every 3-6 months for BOD, COD, pH, and sometimes P and N.</footnote>

<footnote n="92">⁹² The enterprise Triple E operates four other plants in Lebanon. It has implemented many other small- or medium-scale WWTPs appropriate for single municipalities or residential compounds and units. All contractors and subcontractors as well as laborers are locals, as insisted upon by the Mayor because it makes coordination with the municipality easier. The worker is Syrian and has been living and working in Hammana for more than 20 years. He works on a part-time basis in agriculture to supplement his income.</footnote>

<footnote n="93">⁹³ Interviews, Hammana Municipal board members, February 2020.</footnote>

<footnote n="94">⁹⁴ The municipality has plans to implement another plant/treatment unit. At this stage, only the land for the project has been secured, but no funding is available. The current financial crisis in Lebanon suggests that funding will only become available from external funding/NGO project.</footnote>

<footnote n="95">⁹⁵ During the CEDRE donor conference in 2018, funds (from Kuwait) were allocated for a regional infrastructure rehabilitation project for the upper Metn. The project envisions a functional sewer network and three WWTPs. Rehabilitation of the Hammana sewage network is part of this project. This Information was obtained from the Hammana Municipality.</footnote>
Potential for Water Reuse in Irrigation

<table><tr><td>Villages included in the WWTP command area</td><td colspan="2">Parts of Hammana, Khraybeh, Bmariam and Chbanieh (Figure A9.19)</td></tr><tr><td>Number of farmers</td><td colspan="2">Around 200 in the whole potential area</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Actual reuse potential area</td><td>Lower cost scenario</td><td>19.5 ha</td></tr><tr><td>Higher cost scenario</td><td>19.5 ha</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Actual reuse potential score</td><td>Lower cost scenario</td><td>0.7</td></tr><tr><td>Higher cost scenario</td><td>0.94</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Ideal reuse potential area</td><td>Lower cost scenario</td><td>31.1 ha</td></tr><tr><td>Higher cost scenario</td><td>31.2 ha</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Ideal reuse potential score</td><td>Lower cost scenario</td><td>0.7</td></tr><tr><td>Higher cost scenario</td><td>0.94</td></tr><tr><td>Existing agriculture and main crops</td><td colspan="2">Mainly fruit trees (apple) with some vegetables (Figure A9.20).</td></tr><tr><td>Existing irrigation systems</td><td colspan="2">Mostly spring and river-based open canal irrigation systems with some reliance on groundwater wells in Hammana.</td></tr><tr><td>Irrigation governance and water rights</td><td colspan="2">Individual/community management of existing systems (diversion/ pumping from rivers and private wells)<br/>The government (BMLWE) does not have a role in irrigation management on the ground but is planning a future role in conformity with Law 221.<sup>96</sup></td></tr><tr><td>Existing water reuse practices (informal reuse)</td><td colspan="2">Indirect reuse downstream at the level of Khraybeh.<sup>97</sup> Farmers divert diluted water into irrigation canals.<br/>Reuse was initially considered as part of the WWTP's rehabilitation in 2000, whereby treated water would be pumped to lands in Hammana supplied by the spring area.<sup>98</sup></td></tr><tr><td>Sludge disposal and existing reuse practices</td><td colspan="2">Local sludge disposal and reuse is unclear<br/>The CDR plans to treat and dispose sewage from the whole region, including Hammana at the level of the Bourj Hammoud area.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Opportunities and obstacles to organized reuse</td><td>Opportunities</td><td>Obstacles</td></tr><tr><td><ul><li>High potential for reuse because of effluent quality, crop types and existence of agricultural areas suffering from water shortage in the summer at the level of the command area.<sup>99</sup> Organized and expanded water reuse could alleviate pressure on irrigation water use.</li><li>The functioning of Hammana WWTP seems to be sustainable. The municipality is ready to cover costs and the technical know-how exists.</li><li>Installation of solar panels has reduced the cost of energy and has had a positive impact on financial sustainability.</li></ul></td><td><ul><li>The plant needs rehabilitation/ upgrading to ensure proper treatment of greater collected volume of wastewater.</li><li>Monitoring of treated effluent is not adequate.<sup>100</sup></li><li>A multiplicity of irrigation systems and user groups in the command area might create conflicts over water allocation if an infrastructure is planned. For example, the Hammana Municipality considers it has the right to use the water it is treating while it is already used</li><li>Pumping water to Hammana village comes with a financial cost while storing it for use downstream might not be accepted without compensation.<sup>101</sup></li></ul></td></tr></table>

<footnote n="96">⁹⁶ Hammana Municipality also manages its own drinking water system based on an acquired water right linked to the Chaghour spring (effluent of Nahr Beirut).</footnote>

<footnote n="97">⁹⁷ Interview, worker at WWTP.</footnote>

<footnote n="98">⁹⁸ This option was never realized because of the cost it entailed. This information was obtained from Hammana municipal board members in February 2020.</footnote>

<footnote n="99">⁹⁹ This was found to be the case both at the level of Hammana and Khraybeh. In Hammana, increased water shortage as well as reduced water quality was reported after the construction of the Qaysamani dam in the Chaghour spring catchment area.</footnote>

<footnote n="100">¹⁰⁰ As compared with the Monitoring Protocol proposed by the FAO guidelines for Lebanon (FAO 2010).</footnote>

<footnote n="101">¹⁰¹ The WWTP operator reported an incident where the interruption of the plant's operation for annual cleaning led to complaints from the downstream municipality of Khraybeh since it compromised farmers' access to irrigation water. "There is no planning or a law or regulation that regulates...it will create clashes at some point," he underlined.</footnote>
Wastewater treatment plant of Hammana - Mount Lebanon

<figure><img src="image_51.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_52.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_53.png" /></figure>

:: Distribution of WWTP by Watersheds and Irrigation Schemes ::

<caption>Figure A9.17. Location map of the Hammana WWTP.</caption>
Wastewater treatment plant of Hammana - Mount Lebanon

<figure><img src="image_54.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_55.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_56.png" /></figure>

:: General Satellite Image View ::

<caption>Figure A9.18. Satellite map of the Hammana WWTP.</caption>
Wastewater treatment plant of Hammana - Mount Lebanon

<figure><img src="image_57.png" /></figure>

:: Net Irrigation Requirements and Crop Suitability ::

<caption>Figure A9.19. Net irrigation requirement of Hammana command area.</caption>
<figure><img src="image_58.png" /><figcaption>Figure A9.20. LULC map of the vicinity of the Hammana WWTP.</figcaption></figure>
G. Case Study: laat WWTP

Characteristics of laat WWTP

<table><tr><td>Location</td><td>Iaat (Figures A9.21, A9.22)</td></tr><tr><td>Operational status</td><td>Partial/not operational</td></tr><tr><td>Operation interval</td><td>2011 until today (only partial operation)<sup>102</sup></td></tr><tr><td>Design capacity</td><td>Conflicting information<sup>103</sup> (ranging from 5,000 to 24,000 m<sup>3</sup>/day)</td></tr><tr><td>Actual average daily flow</td><td>Less than 1,000 m<sup>3</sup>/day in summer because of illegal tapping into the sewage network upstream (FAO 2016b).<br>In winter, more than 16,500 m<sup>3</sup>/day since effluent is mixed with stormwater because of heavy rains.<sup>104</sup></td></tr><tr><td>Treatment technologies</td><td>Activated sludge + oxidation ditches</td></tr><tr><td>Level of treatment</td><td>Secondary + disinfection unit</td></tr><tr><td>Effluent quality</td><td>Not compliant with MoE standards and FAO guidelines</td></tr><tr><td>Effluent discharge location</td><td>Litani River</td></tr><tr><td>Energy supply</td><td>Not available</td></tr><tr><td>Managing institution(s)</td><td>Bekaa Water Establishment</td></tr><tr><td>O&M costs and recovery</td><td>Estimated at around USD 925,000/year, of which USD 150,888/year goes to power consumption (KREDO 2015b).</td></tr><tr><td>Problems</td><td>The laat WWTP has never operated adequately, and has suffered from chronic management problems caused by different factors: First, the implemented sewage collection networks were not sufficient to convey the minimum amount of effluent needed for operation; second, farmers tapping into the sewage network upstream further decreased the inflow. Another problem is blamed on the operator in charge who failed to ensure proper operation.<sup>105</sup> Today the laat plant is in a seriously damaged state due to years of partial operation and lack of maintenance. The MEW is planning to rehabilitate it as part of its national strategy. However, the financial sustainability of the plant is at risk because of the incapacity of BWE to secure funds for its operation.</td></tr></table>

<footnote n="102">102 Although construction was completed by 2007, the laat WWTP did not start operating until the sewage network was established in late 2009. Operations, however, stopped because the plant was only receiving influent quantities of 300-700 m³/day—too low to meet the operational minimum limit of 2,000 m³/day needed by a plant designed for 12,000 m³/day. While all wastewater connections were completed by 2010, an average of only 1,500 m³/day reached the WWTP.</footnote>

<footnote n="103">103 5,000 m³/day (Difaf 2017); 12,000 m³/day (FAO 2016a); 24,000 m³/day (KREDO 2015a).</footnote>

<footnote n="104">104 Conflicting information from different reports: 800 m³/day according to Difaf (2017); 8,000 m³/day according to World Bank (2012) and FAO (2016a).</footnote>

<footnote n="105">105 According to officials in BWE.</footnote>
## Potential for Water Reuse in Irrigation

<table><tr><td>Villages included in the WWTP command area</td><td>Mainly in laat and part of Chlifa (Figure A9.23)</td></tr><tr><td>Number of farmers</td><td>Around 200 in the whole potential area<fnref n="106" /></td></tr><tr><td>Actual reuse potential area</td><td>Lower cost scenario 95.5 ha<br>Higher cost scenario 104.2 ha</td></tr><tr><td>Actual reuse potential score</td><td>Lower cost scenario 0.225<br>Higher cost scenario 0.23</td></tr><tr><td>Ideal reuse potential area</td><td>Lower cost scenario 458.5 ha<br>Higher cost scenario 500.3 ha</td></tr><tr><td>Ideal reuse potential score</td><td>Lower cost scenario 0.69<br>Higher cost scenario 0.69</td></tr><tr><td>Existing agriculture and main crops</td><td>Mainly potato, wheat and barley (FAO 2016b) (Figure A9.24)</td></tr><tr><td>Existing irrigation systems</td><td>Mostly wells used individually or collectively</td></tr><tr><td>Irrigation governance and water rights</td><td>Individual/community management of existing systems<br>The government (BMLWE) does not have a role in irrigation management on the ground but is planning a future role in conformity with Law 221.</td></tr><tr><td>Existing wastewater reuse practices (informal reuse)</td><td>Farmers use raw and/or treated wastewater for irrigation especially in summer.<br>An FAO project implemented a pilot reuse system, but it was not used by farmers.<br>Treated effluent is discharged into the Assi River and is also used for irrigation (Difaf 2017).</td></tr><tr><td>Sludge disposal and existing reuse practices</td><td>Local sludge disposal and reuse is unclear<br>CDR plans to treat and dispose sewage from the whole region, including Hammana at the level of Bourj Hammoud area.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Opportunities and obstacles to organized reuse</td><td><strong>Opportunities</strong><ul><li>An alternative water source is highly needed in this area where farmers tap raw wastewater sewage to save on the pumping costs of groundwater. If granted reliable access, treated water is a good alternative to the use of raw wastewater and/or groundwater which comes with high pumping costs, especially since little or no pumping is required in this area.</li><li>A large agricultural area could be irrigated with treated water if the WWTP is rehabilitated and managed properly and sustainably.</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td><strong>Obstacles</strong><ul><li>The plant needs costly rehabilitation to become operational, and its financial sustainability is not guaranteed.</li><li>Existing irrigation practices with raw wastewater are less costly than accessing treated water.</li><li>Governmental authorities are not able to prevent the use of raw sewage.</li></ul></td></tr></table>

Sources: Compiled based on Difaf 2017; FAO 2016b; KREDO 2015b; Localiban 2016; World Bank 2012; Mhanna 2016; WaterSUM n.d.

<footnote n="106">¹⁰⁶ Estimate based on MoA-FAO census of 2010.</footnote>
Wastewater treatment plant of laat - Baalback El Hermel

<figure><img src="image_59.png" /></figure>

:: Distribution of WWTP by Watersheds and Irrigation Schemes ::

<caption>Figure A9.21. Location map of the laat WWTP.</caption>
Wastewater treatment plants of laat - Baalback el Hermel

<figure><img src="image_60.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_61.png" /></figure>

:: General Satellite Image View ::

<caption>Figure A9.22. Satellite map of the laat WWTP.</caption>
<figure><img src="image_62.png" /><figcaption>Figure A9.23. Net irrigation requirement at the laat WWTP.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_63.png" /><figcaption>Figure A9.24. LULC map of the vicinity of the laat WWTP.</figcaption></figure>
## H. Case Study: Yammouneh WWTP

### Characteristics of Yammouneh WWTP

<table><tr><td>Location</td><td>Yammouneh (Figures A9.25, A9.26)</td></tr><tr><td>Operational status</td><td>Partially operational (only preliminary treatment)</td></tr><tr><td>Operation interval</td><td>Completed in 2004, operated for two years under CDR before being transferred to BWE.</td></tr><tr><td>Design capacity</td><td>788 m³/day (KREDO 2015a)</td></tr><tr><td>Actual average daily flow</td><td>50 m³/day<fnref n="107" /></td></tr><tr><td>Treatment technologies</td><td>Activated sludge</td></tr><tr><td>Level of treatment</td><td>Secondary</td></tr><tr><td>Effluent quality</td><td>Not compliant with MoE standards</td></tr><tr><td>Effluent discharge location</td><td>Yammouneh Lake</td></tr><tr><td>Energy supply</td><td>Not available</td></tr><tr><td>Managing institution(s)</td><td>Bekaa Water Establishment<fnref n="108" />, <fnref n="109" /></td></tr><tr><td>O&M costs and recovery</td><td>Not available. Costs should be recovered by the BWE.</td></tr><tr><td>Problems</td><td><ul><li>Many items of equipment of the WWTP are damaged and need to be replaced.</li><li>Parts of the sewage collection network are reported to be leaking and contaminating Lake Yammouneh.<fnref n="110" /></li><li>BWE is unable to pay for O&M costs. Sustainability of the WWTP is uncertain.</li><li>Distrust from Yammouneh Municipality toward the planning, implementation and management of the WWTP by governmental authorities.</li></ul></td></tr></table>

<footnote n="107">¹⁰⁷ This was the average daily flow during the period when it was operational (KREDO 2015a)</footnote>

<footnote n="108">¹⁰⁸ Two 'daily workers' from Yammouneh are hired by the BWE.</footnote>

<footnote n="109">¹⁰⁹ The Yammouneh Municipality is not directly involved in operating the WWTP but participates in discussions during the preparation phase of upcoming projects (sewers, building of new station, rehabilitation of the existing station) and shares maps and data. The municipality is also involved in the repairs and maintenance of sewer lines even though the vice mayor considers that it is not in the municipality's mandate to carry out such tasks (Interview, February 2020).</footnote>

<footnote n="110">¹¹⁰ Recently, BWE and MEW made plans to rehabilitate the WWTP with an extension of the sewage network. Dar El Handassah Nazih Taleb was asked to perform an assessment and rehabilitation study within a budget of USD 250,000 (according to an interview with BWE in February 2020).</footnote>
Potential for Water Reuse in Irrigation<fnref n="111" />

<table><tr><td>Villages included in the WWTP command area</td><td colspan="2">Two main scenarios are possible: 1) treated water is diverted to the side of Yammouneh to be used in the Yammouneh plain; 2) treated water is diverted to the irrigation canals supplied by Yammouneh Lake through a tunnel dug through the mountain and is used by the villages of Chlifa, Deir El Wessaa, Btedhi, Mrah El Sayeh, Flewa, Boudai, Saideh and Chmistar (Figure A9.27).</td></tr><tr><td>Number of farmers</td><td colspan="2">Around 100 farmers</td></tr><tr><td>Actual reuse potential area</td><td>Lower cost scenario</td><td>0 ha</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Higher cost scenario</td><td>0 ha</td></tr><tr><td>Actual reuse potential score</td><td>Lower cost scenario</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Higher cost scenario</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Ideal reuse potential area</td><td>Lower cost scenario</td><td>16.8 ha</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Higher cost scenario</td><td>16.8 ha</td></tr><tr><td>Ideal reuse potential score</td><td>Lower cost scenario</td><td>0.94</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Higher cost scenario</td><td>0.94</td></tr><tr><td>Existing agriculture and main crops</td><td colspan="2">Wheat, potato, vegetables, and cannabis, which is planted widely in the region (Figure A9.28).</td></tr><tr><td>Existing irrigation systems</td><td colspan="2"><ul><li>Open canal systems are used to distribute water from local springs in the Yammouneh plain. In the summer, most of the land is irrigated by private wells.</li><li>Water collected in the Yammouneh Lake is diverted to the eastern part of the mountain through a tunnel. From there, water goes into two main canals and is distributed to several villages through open-canal networks.<sup>112</sup> Wells are used to complement the use of surface water especially in the villages downstream.</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>Irrigation governance and water rights</td><td colspan="2"><ul><li>At the level of Yammouneh plain, irrigation is managed by the farming community.</li><li>The irrigation network supplied by Yammouneh Lake through the mountain tunnel is managed by the BWE.<sup>113</sup> However, local communities and tribal power dynamics influence water allocation.</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>Existing wastewater reuse practices (informal reuse)</td><td colspan="2">Wastewater (or partially treated water) is reused indirectly by farmers benefiting from Yammouneh Lake.</td></tr><tr><td>Sludge disposal and existing reuse practices</td><td colspan="2">Unclear</td></tr><tr><td>Opportunities and obstacles to organized reuse</td><td>Opportunities</td><td>Obstacles</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><ul><li>Organized reuse could alleviate pressure on irrigation water use from groundwater in the summer.</li><li>The municipality of Yammouneh is willing to contribute to planning, implementation and management of a reuse project. The municipality does not seem to mind that treated water is allocated outside the Yammouneh plain.</li></ul></td><td><ul><li>The WWTP is currently not operational and its rehabilitation requires large funding.</li><li>It is unclear how BWE will be able to financially support the operation of the WWTP.</li><li>The multiplicity of irrigation systems and user groups included in the command area might create conflicts over water allocation if infrastructure is planned.</li></ul></td></tr></table>

<footnote n="111">¹¹¹ Most of the information in this section was obtained from interviews with BWE employees, the vice-mayor of Yammouneh and farmer/environmental activist Nasser Chreifin, February 2020.</footnote>

<footnote n="112">¹¹² This project was built during the French Mandate with the purpose of irrigating a part of the Northern Bekaa. As per the plan, 30% of the water should go to Chlifa, Deir El Wessaa, Btedhi, Abou Slaybi and Mrah El Sayeh, and 70% of the water to Flewa, Boudai, Saideh and Chmistar.</footnote>

<footnote n="113">¹¹³ A team of 15 employees working for BWE manage water distribution. Farmers subscribe to the service and pay the following irrigation fees: LL 6,000/hour in winter; LL 7,000/hour in spring; LL 9,000/hour in summer.</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_64.png" /><figcaption>Figure A9.25. Location map of the Yammouneh WWTP.</figcaption></figure>
Wastewater treatment plants of Yammouneh - Baalback el Hermel

<figure><img src="image_65.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_66.png" /></figure>

:: General Satellite Image View ::

<caption>Figure A9.26. Satellite map of the Yammouneh WWTP</caption>
<figure><img src="image_67.png" /><figcaption>Figure A9.27. Net irrigation requirement at the Yammouneh WWTP.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_68.png" /><figcaption>Figure A9.28. LULC map of the Yammouneh WWTP area.</figcaption></figure>
# Annex 10. Questionnaire Samples.

## Interview Questionnaire for AFD

### Introduction

The purpose of this study is to produce a realistic assessment/baseline of the potential for use of treated wastewater (WW) for irrigation. This has a number of dimensions, and talks about the immediate as well as future potential related to existing and planned WWTPs.

### Purpose of the Interview

* Understanding AFD's strategy for the wastewater sector, its technical and governance components.

* Understanding AFD's wastewater treatment project for North Lebanon, and if possible, obtaining data about different planned as well as operating plants.

* Understanding the place of wastewater reuse in this project.

* Reaction to the current crisis and planning regarding WW management and reuse (if applicable).

### Questions

* We understand that AFD has been funding a project regarding the improvement of wastewater management capacity in the Akkar region. Can you give us more details about the project?

* When did the project start? Who initiated it/how did it come to be? What are the different components of the project? WWTPs, Networks? Capacity building? Technical assistance?

* Would it be possible to share explanatory project documents/designs including locations, technical specs of WWTPs, etc.?

* Which Lebanese institutions are directly involved in the planning and implementation of the project?

* What role do municipalities have? Municipalities seem to have a larger role in this project. Was this strategy suggested by MEW or CDR or is it AFD policy to go for more local participation? And why?

* What role for NLWE?

* What is the planning horizon and project implementation schedule?

* How do you think this project has been impacted by the multiple crises that Lebanon is suffering currently?

* How is sustainability of the project affected by the current economic crisis?

* Is there a role for wastewater reuse in the project?

* If so, what are the main challenges facing the water reuse components of the project? (economic, administrative, social, cultural, political)?

* Does AFD have other experiences with wastewater reuse in Lebanon? If so, what are they and what are the lessons learned from these experiences/projects?

* Do you have other observations on the potential/necessity for wastewater reuse?

* What are the implications of the multiple and recurrent crisis for the water/wastewater sectors and for WW reuse?

* According to your experience, what are the three most important challenges to implementation of (wastewater management and) treated wastewater reuse projects in Lebanon today?

* Which do you think are the three most difficult and most urgent administrative hurdles to overcome? And how do you think this could be achieved?

* What other administrative issues could potentially improve wastewater management and eventually reuse? From past interviews we know that reflections about different types of collaboration between RWEs and municipalities are being considered. Have you encountered similar reflections? What obstacles exist to such a strategy?

* How does AFD plan its development strategy for the Lebanese wastewater sector in the light of these observations?
# Interview Questionnaire for MEW

## Introduction

The purpose of the study is to produce a realistic assessment/baseline of the potential for treated wastewater reuse for irrigation. This has a number of dimensions, and talks about the immediate as well as future potential related to existing and planned WWTPs.

## Topics

* Challenges regarding general planning, implementation and management of the wastewater sector more generally as well as the place of reuse in these plans.

* The mechanics of interdepartmental and interministerial coordination. MEW-CDR-OPM-MoA-MoE/MEW-GD-RWE-LRA. How does this affect planning (for WW reuse)?

## Questions

* What are the experiences of MEW with treated WW reuse? Have there been any successful projects MEW has been directly involved with?

* According to your experience, what are the three most important challenges to the implementation of (wastewater management and) treated wastewater reuse projects in Lebanon today? (the law and implementation decrees as well as standards regarding reuse water quality are in the process of production. Have these efforts been coordinated with MEW and if so, how?)

* Water quality management is probably the most important technical issue regarding wastewater reuse. What are the three most important technical issues related to quality management?

* Beyond water quality management, what are the three most important technical challenges to treated wastewater reuse?

* What do you think are the three most difficult and most urgent administrative hurdles to overcome? And how do you think this could be achieved? (Code d'leau—is it law and why is it still under discussion?)

* Specifically, how would you assess the role of CDR in the process? How do you think this could be better managed?

* How does the monitoring of RWEs by MEW work? How do you think the legal relationships between RWE and MEW could and should be improved? Where do you think more decentralization or recentralization could/would be called for? Which responsibilities should be given to RWEs and which should be given to MEW? How would this improve the operation of RWEs and MEW?

* What are the other administrative issues that could potentially improve wastewater management and reuse?

* How do you think WW reuse management responsibilities should be divided among the different actors? More precisely, (1) who should be responsible for water supply to farmers and allocate water within irrigation systems, and (2) who should be responsible of monitoring water quality?

* How do you think cooperation between RWEs and municipalities can be strengthened? What do you think are possibilities to organize cooperation between RWEs and municipalities on WW treatment? What could be the terms of such cooperation? Do you see possibilities to achieve a division of fees that can benefit both? Would such a partnership have to go through the ministry? It was mentioned to us that a similar agreement was discussed with the Union of Municipalities of Lake Qaraoun for the management of the Aitanit WWTP. Can you tell us more about this experience?

* What are the economic challenges that you see facing the wastewater sector?

* Can you identify any social/cultural obstacles that could stand in the way of the implementation of the reuse project? If so, how could they affect such projects directly?

* Can you think of political obstacles that could arise or have arisen in relation to wastewater treatment and water reuse projects?

* How far has the update of the wastewater management master plan progressed?

* Can you share with us the updated wastewater management master plan as well as the corresponding data?

* Does MEW currently plan with wastewater reuse as a component of wastewater resource management and irrigation management?

* The consultant producing the updated WW management plant, Bureau Technique pour le Développement (BTD), seemed to favor large-scale WWTPs over smaller WWTPs citing the failure of small plants. Yet, in the Chouf, in the Bekaa, smaller plants seem to be working whereas none of the larger plants seem to be working at capacity? How has the ministry guided master planning by the consultant?
* The current crises in Lebanon will certainly impact the work of MEW: How is the current health crisis affecting the ministry's work in the sector? How is the financial crisis affecting the work of MEW? With USD shortages affecting numerous projects, what are potential solutions to address the dramatic exchange rate issues?

* Do you think that treated WW reuse could/should or could not/should not be a source of additional funds for RWEs?

* Given the large investment needs of the RWEs and the ministries and the large risks such investments pose for the private sector, how do you think MEW or the government/state could mobilize additional financial resources?

* Do you expect that foreign funding will be forthcoming in the future? What are the dangers to foreign funding that you can identify? In the potential absence of international funding, is MEW exploring other options?

* Coordination and cooperation between ministries and within ministries seem to be problematic at times? As the difficulty of obtaining the GIS data for this study confirmed.

* What do you think would be useful steps to effectively improve these difficulties? Where do you think such reforms should start?

* What are the implications of multiple and recurrent crises for the water/wastewater sectors and for water reuse?

## Interview Questionnaire for WWTP Operator/BWE Official

* What is your role at the plant and what tasks are you responsible for?

* How long have you been with BWE or with the company/operator?

* When was the plant built?

* How long has the plant been operational?

* Have there been issues with operations and maintenance?

* Which institutions are responsible for the operations and maintenance of the plant? How is it organized (type of contract)?

* What are the costs associated with O&M? Where does funding/cost recovery come from?

* How many workers are there in the plant?

* How many hours a day does the plant operate?

* What obstacles interfere with the proper operation of the plant?

* What is the role of CDR/MEW/RWE/municipality in the management of the plant?

* Does a wastewater tariff exist? What do you think the best structure for a tariff would be?

* What is the fate of the treated effluent? Does the WWTP incorporate a water reuse system?

* How often are lab tests performed?

* Can we have a copy of the latest lab tests or information about the ranges in which the test fall?

* Is wastewater currently used for irrigation?

* What do you think of treated water reuse in agriculture? What obstacles might impede treated WW reuse? What would make a treated water reuse system successful?

* Do you think farmers should be paying for water in general? And treated wastewater in particular?
Annex 11. Selected Bibliography of Other Useful Documents.

Abi Saab, M.T.; Jammoul, D.; Makhlouf, H.; Fahed, S.; Lebbous, N.; Hajjar, C.; Abi Saad, R.; Younes, M.; Hajj, M.; Todorovic, M. 2018. Assessing the performance of constructed wetland for water quality management of a southern Mediterranean river. *Water and Environment Journal* 32(4):508-518. https://doi.org/10.1111/wej.12348

Abi Saab, M.T.; Zaghrini, J.; Makhlouf, H.; Fahed, S.; Romanos, D.; Khairallah, Y.; Hajjar, C.; Abi Saad, R.; Sellami, M.H.; Todorovic, M. 2021. Table grapes irrigation with treated municipal wastewater in a Mediterranean environment. *Water and Environment Journal* 35(2):617-627. https://doi.org/10.1111/wej.12656

Al Koussa, H.; Nawas, T. 2017. Bacterial contamination of urban water wells in the Nuwayri region of Beirut, Lebanon. *IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology* 11(5):81-85. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/2402-1105038185

Allès, C. 2019. *La dimension spatiale de l'État au Liban: Une analyse à partir des politiques publiques de l'eau potable et de l'assainissement* (The spatial dimension of the State in Lebanon: An analysis of public policies on drinking water and sanitation). PhD thesis, Université de Nantes, France.

Baumann, H. (Ed.) 2016. *Citizen Hariri: Lebanon's neoliberal reconstruction*. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.

Beveridge, R.; Moss, T.; Naumann, M. 2017. Sociospatial understanding of water politics: Tracing the multidimensionality of water reuse. *Water Alternatives* 10(1):22-40. http://www.water-alternatives.org/index.php/alldoc/articles/vol10/v10issue1/340-a10-1-2

Catafago, S.; Jaber, B. 2001. *Analyse des stratégies et prospectives de l'eau au Liban. Rapport I: Monographies de l'eau au Liban*. Sophia Antipolis, France: Plan Bleu.

CDR (Council for Development and Reconstruction). 2005. *Development programme 2006-2009: Wastewater sector*. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Al-Handasa.

CDR. 2018. *Progress report 2017*. Beirut, Lebanon: CDR.

Darwish, M.R.; El-Awar, F.A.; Sharara, M.; Hamdar, B. 1999. Economic-environmental approach for optimum wastewater utilization in irrigation: A case study in Lebanon. *Applied Engineering in Agriculture* 15(1):41-48. doi: 10.13031/2013.5798

ELARD (Earth Link & Advanced Resources Development). 2014. *Environmental and social safeguard studies for Lake Qaraoun Pollution Prevention Project: Expansion of Zahleh Sewage Networks*. Beirut, Lebanon: ELARD. (Environmental Assessment Report).

Gharios, G.; Farajalla, N. 2019. Connecting various investment plans to address new challenges in the current water management structure of Lebanon. *Water Utility Journal* 24:49-61.

Husseiki, M.; Nassar, E.; Daoud, R.; El Achkar, R. 2016. Economic benefit of using treated water for irrigation in Bekka region, Lebanon. *Lebanese Science Journal* 18(1):47-52.

JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency). 2003. *The study on water resources management master plan in the Republic of Lebanon*. Beirut, Lebanon: JICA. Unpublished.

Karam, F.; Mouneimne, A.H.; El-Ali, F.; Mordovanaki, G.; Rouphael, Y. 2013. Wastewater management and reuse in Lebanon. *Journal of Applied Sciences Research* 9(4):2868-2879. Available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249967889_Wastewater_management_and_reuse_in_Lebanon

Makdisi, S. (Ed.) 2004. *The lessons of Lebanon: The economics of war and development*. London, United Kingdom: IB Tauris. 256p.

Massoud, M.; El-Fadel, M. 2002. Economic feasibility of wastewater reuse in agriculture: A case study. In *Proceedings of the International Symposium on Environmental Pollution Control and Waste Management, Tunis, Tunisia, January 7-10, 2002*. pp. 598-607.

MEW (Ministry of Energy and Water). 2000. *Law No. 221 of May 29: Organization of the water sector*. Beirut, Lebanon: MEW, Republic of Lebanon.

MEW. 2001. *Law No. 377 of December 14: Organization of the water sector*. Beirut, Lebanon: MEW, Republic of Lebanon.

MoE (Ministry of Environment). 2001. *Lebanese standards for wastewater treatment and release. Decision issued by the Ministry of Environment: Decision 8/1 on January 30, 2001*. Beirut, Lebanon: MoE, Republic of Lebanon.

UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). 1970. *Liban: Étude des eaux souterraines*. New York, USA: UNDP.
IWMI Research Report Series

<figure><img src="image_69.png" /></figure>

**181** Analysis of Water Reuse Potential for Irrigation in Lebanon
https://doi.org/10.5337/2022.211

<figure><img src="image_70.png" /></figure>

**180** Scaling Up Index-based Flood Insurance for Agricultural Resilience and Flood-proofing Livelihoods in Developing Countries
https://doi.org/10.5337/2021.213

<figure><img src="image_71.png" /></figure>

**179** Examining Social Accountability Tools in the Water Sector: A Case Study from Nepal
https://doi.org/10.5337/2021.211

<figure><img src="image_72.png" /></figure>

**178** Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Small-scale Irrigation in Ghana: Suitability Mapping and Business Models
https://doi.org/10.5337/2021.209

<figure><img src="image_73.png" /></figure>

**177** Environmental Risks from Pesticide Use: The Case of Commercial Banana Farming in Northern Lao PDR
https://doi.org/10.5337/2021.207

<figure><img src="image_74.png" /></figure>

**176** Underground Transfer of Floods for Irrigation (UTFI): Exploring Potential at the Global Scale
https://doi.org/10.5337/2020.204
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