# Holocene occupation of the Andean highlands: a new radiocarbon chronology for the Telarmachay rockshelter (Central Andes, Peru)

Manon Le Neün, Elise Dufour, Antoine Zazzo, Olivier Tombret, François Thil, Jane Wheeler, Thomas Cucchi, Nicolas Goepfert

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## To cite this version:

Manon Le Neün, Elise Dufour, Antoine Zazzo, Olivier Tombret, François Thil, et al.. Holocene occupation of the Andean highlands: a new radiocarbon chronology for the Telarmachay rockshelter (Central Andes, Peru). Quaternary Science Reviews, 2023, 312, pp.108146. 10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108146. hal-04135375

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Submitted on 20 Jun 2023

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This research was funded, in whole or in part, by [the Région Île-de-France and the Domaine d'Intérêt Majeur "Matériaux anciens et patrimoniaux" (DIM-MAP, AAP 2018-3, project CAMELIDOM), the Action Transversale du Muséum (ATM CHRONOCAM) and Ecole Doctorale 227 "Sciences de la nature et de l'Homme: évolution et écologie" of the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle and Sorbonne Université (ED227 MNHN-SU, France) and ANR CAMELANDES (ANR, Grant # -15-CE27-0002-01)]. A CC-BY public copyright license has been applied by the authors to the present document and will be applied to all subsequent versions up to the Author Accepted Manuscript arising from this submission, in accordance with the grant's open access conditions.
# Title: Holocene occupation of the Andean highlands: a new radiocarbon chronology for the Telarmachay rockshelter (Central Andes, Peru)

## Authors:

Manon Le Neün¹*, Elise Dufour¹, Antoine Zazzo¹, Olivier Tombret ¹, François Thil², Jane C. Wheeler³, Thomas Cucchi¹, Nicolas Goepfert⁴

¹AASPE-Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique: Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements UMR 7209 : MNHN, CNRS - Paris, France.

²LSCE-Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement UMR 8212: CNRS, CEA, UVSQ - Gif-sur-Yvette, France.

³CONOPA-Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo de Camélidos Sudamericanos, Av. Reusche M4, Pachacamac, Lima, Peru.

⁴ArchAm-Archéologie des Amériques UMR 8096: CNRS, Université Paris 1-Panthéon-Sorbonne – Paris, France.

<footnote>*Corresponding author: **Manon Le Neün**: manon.le-neun@edu.mnhn.fr and **Nicolas Goepfert**: nicolas.goepfert@cnrs.fr.</footnote>
**Abstract:**

The Andean highlands challenged but did not prevent human exploration and occupation starting in the Late Pleistocene. The timing and nature of these events is an ongoing area of research and debate for which reliable chronologies are required. Our goal is to revise the chronological framework of the Telarmachay rockshelter, a key site from the Andean highlands. To achieve this objective, we have conducted a new AMS dating programme utilizing 33 camelid bone samples from 6 archaeological layers and used a Bayesian modelling approach to determine the chrono-stratigraphy. Our chronology spans a greater than 5000 year sequence dated between 9.0-8.0 and 3.7-3.1 kyr BP, permitting reassessment of the antiquity and duration of the Telarmachay occupation, facilitating comparison with other sites, and allowing examination of domestic and symbolic practices in relation to Holocene climatic variation in the Central Andes. This study highlights the importance of the Junín area in the Andean highland occupation sequence. It also underlines the need for new radiocarbon dates to reassess previous data and directly date artifacts.

**Keywords:** Central Andes, Peru, Andean Prehistory, Holocene, Telarmachay, Radiocarbon AMS dating, South American Camelids.

**Introduction**

Determination of how and when the South American highlands were explored and colonized by humans is a subject of ongoing research and debate (Borrero and Santoro 2022). At an altitude of 3500-4500 meters above sea level, the puna is the highest ecosystem permanently inhabited by humans in the Andes (Tosi 1960; Dollfus 1978; Pulgar Vidal 1981; Olson *et al.* 2001; Aldenderfer 2006). This natural region extends from central Peru to central
Argentina and is composed of five ecoregions: the Central Andean dry puna, Central Andean puna, Central Andean wet puna, High Monte and the Southern Andean Steppe that includes Lake Titicaca, the largest lake in South America and one of the highest water surfaces on the planet (Troll 1968; Olson et al. 2001; Dinerstein et al. 2017). The puna is considered a harsh environment for human habitation due to low oxygen levels, high solar radiation, extreme temperature fluctuations and the high energetic cost of subsistence (Baker and Little 1976; Rademaker et al. 2014). Nonetheless, the harshness of the climate can be relative and perhaps should not be emphasized as a major factor effecting early human colonization (Capriles et al. 2016). The Andean highlands challenged, but did not prevent, human exploration and occupation starting in the Late Pleistocene (Dillehay 2014). The region provides a diversity of seasonally abundant food resources, as well as drinking water and siliceous rock for stone tool manufacture, that were available year around (Capriles et al. 2016; Rademaker and Moore 2019).

Recent research focused on the South-Central Andes has produced evidence of ancient hunter-gatherer occupation and the relationship between climate and nature of human occupation in southern Peru (Rademaker et al. 2014; Moore and Rademaker 2016; Chala-Aldana et al. 2017 Oct 27; Rademaker and Hodgins 2018; Karakostis et al. 2021; Meinekat et al. 2021), Northern Chile (Osorio et al. 2017), Bolivia (Capriles et al. 2016) and northwestern Argentina (Yacobaccio 2017)(Figure 1). Extensive work conducted by Rademaker and his team at Cuncaicha, in the high-altitude Pucuncho Basin, Peru, provides evidence of a coast-highland Paleoindian settlement system (Rademaker et al. 2014). Nevertheless, there is still debate as to whether or not these hunter-gatherers were year round residents occupying multiseasonal base camps, or if seasonal occupations were the norm (Capriles et al. 2016; Rademaker et al. 2016) in the Andean highlands at the end of the Pleistocene (Jodry and Santoro 2017). These recent studies, based on literature review and multidisciplinary
approaches comprising lithic, faunal and botanical analysis, as well as ¹⁴C dating, have undoubtedly re-evaluated previous knowledge and preconceptions about early occupation of the highlands.

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /><figcaption>Figure 1: study area: a., location of the Puna of Junín archaeological sites discussed in the text, the map was modified from © Google Earth; b., view of the Telarmachay rockshelter entrance; c., location and delimitation of the Central and South-Central Andean cultural regions.</figcaption></figure>

The Central Andes wet puna ecoregion was another major area of early settlement by human groups (Wheeler Pires-Ferreira et al. 1976; Lavallée et al. 1985; Rademaker and Moore 2019). The wet puna extends along the Andes of Peru and Bolivia with snow-capped peaks, mountain meadows, high lakes, plateaus and valley landscapes (Olson et al. 2001; Dinerstein et al. 2017). Apart from study of the Quishqui Punku site in Peru (Ortiz and Lynch 2016), current knowledge of the Central Andes is based mainly on pioneering studies carried out from
the 1950's to the 1990's in the puna and the lower elevation yunga natural region, at the sites
(in geographic order north to south) of Guitarrero (Lynch et al. 1985), Kotosh (Wing 1972),
Lauricocha (Cardich 1958; Cardich 1964; Wheeler Pires-Ferreira et al. 1976), Pachamachay
(Wing 1975; Wheeler Pires-Ferreira et al. 1976; Rick 1980; Kent 1982), Panaulauca (Wheeler
Pires-Ferreira et al. 1976, Moore 1989; Rick and Moore 1999), Uchcumachay (Wheeler Pires-
Ferreira et al. 1976; Kaulicke 1980; Kaulicke 1999) and Tarma (Wing 1972). Compared to the
South-Central Andes (Figure 1), the central part of Central Andes (Figure 1) has not benefited
from new research, such as recent bioarchaeological analysis and ¹⁴C dating. One reason is the
terrorist violence in Peru between the 1980s and 2000s that put an abrupt end to archaeological
fieldwork at high-altitude until quite recently (Salcedo Camacho and Marcos 2019). Of
particular interest is the Puna de Junín and the site of Telarmachay, a rockshelter located at an
altitude of 4420 meters above sea level (11° 11' S latitude and 75° 52' W longitude) (Lavallée
et al. 1985; Lavallée 1990) located 20 km from lake Junín (Figure 1). Telarmachay was
excavated under the direction of Danièle Lavallée and Michèle Julien as part of the "Junín-
Palcamayo" project between 1974 and 1980 (Lavallée et al. 1985; Lavallée 1990) and the
faunal remains were studied by Jane Wheeler (1976, 1985, 1999). Excavation of the 35 m²
surface and a depth of between 0.80 and 3 m of the site was performed by decapage, an unusual
method for the Andes at the time, allowing a thorough analysis of the use of space in the shelter
and the patterns of change through time. Lavallée and her team collected a large quantity of
well-preserved material including nearly 37,000 lithic and 400,000 faunal remains. Faunal
evidence suggested an *in situ* domestication process for the two wild South American camelid
(SAC) species (Wheeler 1985, 1999). To date, it is the oldest known domestication center in
the Andes (Lavallée et al. 1985; Wheeler 1985; Mengoni Goñalons and Yacobaccio 2006).

Three human burials were also recovered which count among the scarce skeletal remains dating
from the Preceramic period in the highlands (Julien et al. 1981; Lavallée et al. 1985; Santoro
et al. 2005; Fehren-Schmitz et al. 2015; Lindauer et al. 2015; Galván et al. 2016; Rademaker and Hodgins 2018; Haas et al. 2020; Nakatsuka et al. 2020). The stratigraphy of the site is composed of 6 layers classified from the oldest - layer VII - to the most recent - layer II - dated by radiocarbon and thermoluminescence (Pereyra Parra et al. 1982; Pereyra Parra et al. 1983; Lavallée et al. 1985; Lavallée 1990; Metcalf et al. 2016). Most of the ¹⁴C dates (29/33) were obtained before the advent of AMS and are therefore associated with large error bars (Appendix 1). Lavallée and colleagues rejected the anthropogenic nature of one Pleistocene charcoal date (Pucp-1825, 12 040 ± 120 BP) and described a sequence ranging between 9.0 to 2.0 kyr BP (Lavallée et al. 1985; Lavallée 1990) suggesting that the rockshelter and its surroundings exerted a strong attraction for human groups over 7000 years. Telarmachay thus offers the opportunity to document different aspects of domestic and symbolic life of the ancient human inhabitants and bring insight to the current debate about hunter-gatherer long-term residence at the site.

Understanding of the timing of major cultural events worldwide has improved thanks to advances in radiocarbon dating methods including AMS measurement, calibration and modelling using Bayesian statistics (Bronk Ramsey 2009a). These results make clear the importance of obtaining new dates in order to improve the chronostratigraphies of previously excavated sites. Indeed, the old dating systems affected by sampling problems and measurement accuracy or lack of calibration, make it impossible to relate major culture change events, identify transitional behaviours, or determine dispersal patterns linked to human activities (Higham et al. 2011). For the Andes, comparative syntheses of Peruvian coastal and high altitude sites (Rademaker et al. 2013 Appendices A and B; Salcedo Camacho and Marcos 2019), with sites in the central altiplano of Bolivia (Marsh 2015) and northern Chile and Argentina (Rademaker et al. 2018) demonstrate the need for new calibration of published dates. Chronostratigraphies have traditionally been based on analysis of charcoal samples, but new
techniques utilizing human and animal bone samples have, for example, made it possible to date the domestication of different animals worldwide (Brunson *et al.* 2020; Crombé *et al.* 2020), and date bones with cut marks and human produced modifications from Early Upper Palaeolithic sites in Europe (Higham *et al.* 2011). Direct dating of human and camelid bone remains from early high altitude sites in Peru (Fehren-Schmitz *et al.* 2015; Lindauer *et al.* 2015; Rademaker and Hodgins 2018) also demonstrates the importance of reevaluating chronological sequences, based on charcoal samples or accompanying artifacts, in order to improve the understanding of symbolic, domestic and strategic human practices.

Dating of the Telarmachay layers by Lavallée *et al.* (1985) was performed prior the advent of AMS and thus typically had an error of 100 years or greater resulting in errors bar on an order of half a millennium after calibration (Appendix 1). Our evaluation of these dates with the “SHcal20” curve Hogg *et al.* (2020) suggest that occupation could have begun as early as 14 kyr BP (Figure 2 - in blue). But this early date is based on one single charcoal which was rejected by Lavallée *et al.* (1985). Dates for the rest of the occupation range between 10-8 kyr BP to the beginning of our era. However, three samples of layer VI do not fall within their anticipated age range (Figure 2- in red). Calibration of the former corpus of dates, based on charcoal samples and four SAC bones (Metcalf *et al.* 2016), reveals shifts in layer boundary dates (Appendix 1 and Figure 2). Thus, there is a strong probability that the chronology of the site was biased and Telarmachay chronostratigraphy should be used cautiously.

The main goal of the present paper is to revise and re-evaluate the chronological framework of Telarmachay. To achieve this objective, we calibrated the previous charcoal dates and conducted a new AMS dating programme utilizing camelid bone samples from six layers, VII to II, at the site. The new chronological framework permits discussion of the antiquity and duration of the Telarmachay occupation, and the evolution of human domestic
and symbolic practices, the SAC domestication process, and human inhumation at the site, in relation to climatic variation during the Holocene.

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /></figure>

Figure 2: calibrated intervals (BP) from the charcoal dates obtained in the 1980s (Lavallée and Julien 1980; Lavallée et al. 1985) with the “SHcal20” curve (Hogg et al. 2020). The layer VII boundary start is in blue, the three displaced layer VI samples are in red and the four SAC bones dated by Metcalf et al. (2016) are in green.

## Material and Methods

### Selection of camelid bones
The archaeological dataset is composed of 39 samples including 26 talus, 7 mandibles, 2 phalanges, 1 calcaneus and 3 undetermined bones. Spatialization and archaeological structures were taken into account in order to homogenize the selection of samples. The distribution per layer is the following: VII: n = 4; VI: n = 10; V: n = 7; IV: n = 10; III: n= 4 and II: n = 3 (Appendix 2).

<figure><img src="image_5.png" /></figure>

Figure 3: Telarmachay rockshelter excavation plan based on Lavallée et al. (1985) which reports the excavation directed by Danièle Lavallée and Michèle Julien between 1974 and 1980. A disturbed area was identified under the rockshelter (grey gradient) and the boundaries for each layer are represented by black for the Layer VII, purple for layer VI, yellow for layer V and blue for layer IV). Numbers (“ECHO”) refer to radiocarbon dates performed using the compact AMS ECHoMICADAS and the SAC bone samples selected for this study. Their location is indicated on the excavation plan by the (yellow) squares.

## Preparation of samples and collagen extraction

The bones were mechanically cleaned by abrasion using a tungsten drill tool. They were then cut into 1 gr subsamples and ground to powder, sieved to separate the 350-700 µm grains from which 150 mgs were used for collagen extraction, following Zazzo *et al.* (2019). The bone was demineralised in a 1M HCl solution for 20 min at room temperature. Due to the good
preservation of the Telarmachay material, two 10 min treatments in NaOH (0.125M) were sufficient to remove any humic and fulvic acids. The samples were then solubilised in a 0.01M HCl solution for 17 h at 95°C and filtered. Finally, the gelatin samples were freeze-dried for 48 h and the collagen yield (%coll), expressed as the mass of collagen obtained per mass of processed bone sample, was calculated. Bone preparation and collagen extraction were performed in the *Plateau de sclérochronologie* (UMR7209, CNRS/MNHN,) and the laboratory of *Cosmochimie de l'Institut de minéralogie, de physique des matériaux et de cosmochimie* (IMPMC, UMR 7590 – Sorbonne Université, CNRS/MNHN/IRD) in Paris.

## Combustion, graphitization and radiocarbon measurement

2.5 mg of bone collagen from each sample were wrapped in an ultra-light tin capsule and combusted in an Elemental Analyser (EA) and then transferred to an AGE 3 automated compact graphitisation system. Two oxalic acid II standards and two phthalic anhydride blanks were treated with the unknowns for every 10 samples. The reduction was carried out in seven quartz reactors, each containing 5 mg of iron catalyst. Prior to burning each sample, an aliquot of that sample was burnt to minimise cross-contamination. Following combustion, %C and %N, as well as C/N atomic ratios of each individual sample were calculated. Only samples which met the three following quality control criteria were then pressed into targets and dated.

The state of collagen preservation was assessed using the following criteria: (1) collagen yield (% coll), (2) percentage of carbon (%C) and nitrogen (%N) in collagen (Ambrose 1990) and (3) measurement of C/N atomic ratio (DeNiro 1985). For the collagen yield (%coll), samples with a higher than the cut-off value of 1 per cent are necessary and used by radiocarbon labs (Van Klinken 1999; Brock *et al.* 2010). The abundance of carbon and nitrogen in modern bones ranges from 13-47% and 4.8-17.3% respectively (Ambrose 1990), extraction residues containing less than 8% carbon and 3% nitrogen are then chemically and isotopically altered
(Oberlin and Valladas 2015). The C/N atomic ratio of unweathered bone collagen classically ranges from 2.9 to 3.6. A recent study has shown that the criteria for controlling collagen purity may be stricter for bones found in subsurface contexts or at mid-latitudes (Zazzo et al. 2019). The authors highlighted that collagen samples with C/N ratios outside the range of 3.1 to 3.3 or without at least 5% extraction efficiencies should be considered altered or contaminated and of unreliable dating.

The graphite targets were analyzed using the compact AMS ECHoMICADAS in the *Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement* (LSCE, UMR 8212, CNRS/CEA/UVSQ) in Saclay (France). Data reduction was performed using BATS software (version 4.07). Radiocarbon dates were calibrated using the latest Southern Hemisphere curve (SHcal20) (Hogg et al. 2020), the mixed curve IntCal20 (Reimer et al. 2020) and SHcal20 (Hogg et al. 2020) approach (Buck 2004; Ogburn 2012; Marsh et al. 2017; Marsh et al. 2018) and the latest version of Oxcal software (v4.4) (Bronk Ramsey 2009a; Ramsey and Lee 2013).

## Statistical analysis: Bayesian Modeling

A Bayesian modelling framework has been developed to analyze the corpus of radiocarbon dates. This approach allows stratigraphic information and radiocarbon age probabilities to be incorporated into a statistical model (Bronk Ramsey 2009b). The OxCal software uses a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method to successively sample solutions of Bayes' theorem, which is the basis of the Bayesian approach. The model data represents the radiocarbon measurements, or "likelihoods". The a priori laws in the model are composed of information on the relative previous sequences known a priori with the meticulous excavations realized by Danièle Lavallée and her team. We know, for example, that layer V is younger than layer VI, and we are able to use this order information statistically. The data are transformed using the calibration curve to form a new posterior distribution, called the posterior distribution.
The internal consistency of the posterior distributions of the model can be tested using fit
indices. Posterior distributions that appear reasonable produce high agreement indices, while
those that appear to differ produce lower indices, leading us to question their position or
reliability.

The model (v0) that we have developed consists of a series of six phases, represented by the
successive excavation layers or strata, and the boundaries between them (Appendix 6-c). Due
to the smaller number of dates in Phases III (n = 4) and II (n = 3), these have been grouped into
a single Phase “III-II”. We included all dates made on the bones in this study as well as the
four camelid bone dates from the Oxford laboratory and published by Metcalf et al. (2016).
We tried to include the charcoal dates but it caused the model to fail. This was probably due to
the large number of outliers and measurement uncertainties attached to these measurements.
Therefore, the model only contains the most recent bone for which the origin and radiocarbon
measurement is controlled by us. Dates were entered into Oxcal software. As the differences
in age per layer exceeded the uncertainty in ages, we sequenced these phases by postulating a
discontinuous phasing (with period of abandonment) between the six different layers of the
Telarmachay occupation. Each layer is thus separated by two boundaries (beginning and
end)(Appendix 6-c).

## Results

### New Radiocarbon dating of the camelid bones

Of the 39 skeletal elements sampled, 36 contained collagen and 33 of these were
selected for AMS $^{14}$C dating (Appendix 2). Well-preserved collagen with yields ranging from
7.3% to 25.3% was obtained from the 33 samples. The C/N values vary between 3.19 and 3.25
indicating an absence of soil carbon contamination (Appendix 2). The reliability of raw
radiocarbon ages from these bones is therefore excellent, placing the site occupation between
7 860 ± 30 and 3 420 ± 25 BP. Calibration with the latest Southern Hemisphere curve (SHcal20;
Hogg *et al.* 2020; Appendix 6-b) provides an occupation ranging from 8.7-8.5 and 3.8-3.5 kyr
BP (Appendix 2). We also tested the mixed calibration curve IntCal20 (Reimer *et al.* 2020) and
SHcal20 (Hogg *et al.* 2020) approach (Buck 2004; Ogburn 2012; Marsh *et al.* 2017; Marsh et
al. 2018; Appendix 6-e and f). This test provides a very slight difference (Appendix 4-a and b),
so we retained the latest Southern Hemisphere curve for the Bayesian model.

Bayesian modelling

The results obtained with the first Bayesian model (Appendix 6-c) do not converge and
the a priori proposed scheme is therefore not validated. This is most certainly related to the
fact that some bone samples are not in place in the stratigraphy. Given that all the measurements
have been validated from a physico-chemical point of view, there is not sufficient cause to
reject the dates manually. For this reason, we created a second Bayesian model (Appendix 6-
d) incorporating the possibility that each bone has a 5% probability to be an outlier within the
overall model. We add a symmetric 't' outlier density, based on the age of the sample, which is
used as a statistical weighting criterion in the modelling (Bronk Ramsey 2009b)(Appendix 4-
b). Our model identifies 14 samples with a probability of more than 5% of being outliers and
8 samples with a probability of more than 20 % (Appendix 3). Moreover, the convergence of
the dates resulting from this second model also suggests grouping layers III and II dates into a
single set (Table 1). We now provide a new chronostratigraphy with specified boundaries that
covers a period between 9.0-8.0 and 3.7-3.1 kyr BP (Figure 4).
<table><thead><tr><th>Layer number (BP)</th><th colspan="2">Boundary start</th><th colspan="2">Boundary end</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>III-II</td><td>5095</td><td>4433</td><td>3682</td><td>3119</td></tr><tr><td>IV</td><td>6605</td><td>5938</td><td>5849</td><td>4507</td></tr><tr><td>V</td><td>7067</td><td>6743</td><td>6650</td><td>6046</td></tr><tr><td>VI</td><td>7885</td><td>7720</td><td>7141</td><td>6887</td></tr><tr><td>VII</td><td>9016</td><td>8035</td><td>7934</td><td>7734</td></tr></tbody></table>

Table 1: new start and end boundaries for the Telarmachay layers from the Bayesian age model using a t-type outlier model method with prior probabilities set at 0.05. The model is based on camelid radiocarbon ages and calibrated using the (SHcal20) curve (Hogg et al. 2020).

<figure><img src="image_6.png" /></figure>

Figure 4: Start and end boundaries for the Telarmachay rockshelter layers from the Bayesian age model using a t-type outlier model method with prior probabilities set at 0.05 using Oxcal. The radiocarbon ages are calibrated using the (SHcal20) curve (Hogg et al. 2020).
*The dark outlines represent the posterior probability distributions (i.e., the results after the Bayesian modelling).*

## Differences between the two types of chronology at Telarmachay

Lavallée *et al.* (1985) proposed a continuous occupation of Telarmachay without significant abandonment during 7 millennia between 9.0 and 2.0 kyr BP. They claimed that the chronology was consistent despite 7 charcoal samples collected within the hearths of layers V and IV that were significantly younger than the rest of the samples. The analysis of sediment deposits indicated a hiatus between the end of layer VI and the beginning of layer V that is not reflected by the radiocarbon dates. Its duration would not have exceeded one or two centuries (Lavallée *et al.* 1985). Thermoluminescence dating of sherds from the two last layers of the chronology (III and II) suggested an earlier end boundary for the occupation around ca 3.2 and 2.1 kyr BP (dates provided by the authors: 1260 and 160 BCE; Pereyra Parra *et al.* 1982; Pereyra Parra *et al.* 1983). Our calibration of charcoal dates with the last curve of the southern hemisphere draws a different picture and shifts the layer boundaries as the occupation began around 14.2-13.5 kyr BP and ended around 2.3 and 1.8 kyr BP (Appendix 1 and 7 and Figure 2). Three charcoals from layer VI are too recent and therefore not in place (Figure 2 - in red).

We interpret these shifts as the result of possible movement in the stratigraphy. Our chronological frame based on the modelled radiocarbon age from camelid bones provides an occupation reduced to a 4 millennia period ranging between 9.0-8.0 and 3.7-3.1 kyr BP (Table 1, Figure 4 and Appendix 7). The main discrepancy in chronologies concerns layers III and II and questions the cultural attribution of the last occupation of the rockshelter (Appendix 7).

Different cultural chronologies are used in the Andes, even for the same cultural zone (Conlee and Ogburn 2004). Depending on the chronological classification system used and the date retained for the end of the layer, the final Telarmachay occupation corresponds to various
named periods. According to our bone dates the Telarmachay occupation ended during the Late Preceramic Period/Initial Period or Archaic/Formative Period. According to calibrated charcoal dates Telarmachay occupation ended during the Late Preceramic Period/Initial Period/Early Horizon/Early Intermediate Period, or the Formative Period (Figure 5).

Discussion

*Early occupation at the end of the Pleistocene?*

Recent research concerning the antiquity of early hunter-gatherer settlements in the Andean highlands has generated much discussion. Firm evidence now places the initial occupation of the highlands to 13,000 cal BP and the start of more intensive occupations around 10,000 years ago, followed by later regional variations (Albarracin-Jordan and Capriles 2011; Capriles and Albarracin-Jordan 2013; Rademaker et al. 2014; Capriles et al. 2016; Jodry and Santoro 2017; Loyola et al. 2017; Osorio et al. 2017). Calibration of the ¹⁴C dates from a single charcoal sample from Telarmachay provides an age between 14.2-13.5 kyr BP (Pucp-1825, Appendix 1 and Figure 2), suggesting that Telarmachay could have been occupied from the Late Pleistocene on. It is noteworthy that our sequence established from the camelid bones does not support anthropic activities preceding 9.0 kyr BP. Lavallée et al. (1985) initially rejected the anthropogenic nature of this charcoal sample arguing the Puna of Junín had probably not yet been released from the glaciers at that time. Climatic knowledge has progressed since the eighties, and sediment analysis of Lake Junín now shows that deglaciation began as early as 22.5 kyr BP (Woods et al. 2020). Stable isotope and lake level records of three proglacial lakes located between 9 and 10°S in the Peruvian Andes (Cordillera Blanca, Cordillera Huayhuash and Cordillera Raura) show that 12.0 and 8.0 kyr BP was a period of reduced glacial extent, marked by decreasing humidity with the arrival of arid and warm conditions (Stansell et al.
2013). Moreover, Rademaker *et al.* (2014) found that the Pucuncho Basin glaciers did not represent a barrier to human migration and settlement during the Pleistocene. An AMS radiocarbon date of 22.220 ± 130 BP from a metacarpal of *Vicugna* sp. recovered in the Cueva Rosello site, Puna of Junín, provided a calibrated age of 26.6-26.9 kyr BP (Shockey et al. 2009).

If the authors mentioned that ungulate remains from this site were carried into the cave by predators, the *Vicugna* sp. remain suggests that camelids also migrated into the puna ecosystem in Junín at least since the end of the Pleistocene (Shockey et al. 2009). It is therefore likely that the area around Telarmachay was habitable by 22.5 kyr BP and particularly from 12.0 kyr BP.

Calibration of the ¹⁴C dates available from the literature for 4 additional Junín sites indicates that the site of Pachamachay may also have been occupied at the end of the Pleistocene and that all the sites may also have been occupied over long periods (Figure 5; **Appendix 5**).

<figure><img src="image_7.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_8.png" /></figure>
Figure 5: Comparison of climate change, occupation chronologies at five major sites from the Puna of Junín (Peru, Central Andes) and cultural chronologies for the Central Andes: Archaic ca. 12-3.5 kyr BP) (Vaughn 2006); Preceramic ca. 11.5-6.75 kyr BP; Late Preceramic ca. 6.75-3.8 kyr BP; Formative Period ca. 3.5-2.5 kyr BP; IP Initial Period ca. 3.8-2.85 kyr BP; EH Early Horizon: ca. 2.85-2.2 kyr BP; EIP Early Intermediate Period ca. 2.2-1.5 kyr BP; MH Middle Horizon ca. 1.5-1.35 kyr BP; LIP Late Intermediate Period ca. 1.35-0.48 kyr BP (Keatinge 1988; Conlee and Ogburn 2004). General climatic conditions, aridity and temperature are indicated by different colours based on data from (Seltzer et al. 2002; Bird et al. 2011; Stansell et al. 2013; Woods et al. 2020). The two chronologies represented for Telarmachay were established from the calibration of 33 <sup>14</sup>C dates on SAC bone collagen (brown) and the calibration of <sup>14</sup>C charcoal dates (black) from Lavallée et al. (1995), Lavallée (1990). The main human activity chronologies at Telarmachay (brown) are based on Lavallée et al. (1985) and compared to the SAC bone collagen chronology.

Chronologies of other Junín sites are determined by the calibration of <sup>14</sup>C dates available from the literature: Pachamachay (Rick 1980; Rademaker and Moore 2019), Panaulauca (Moore 1998; Rick and Moore 1999; Rademaker and Moore 2019; Salcedo Camacho and Marcos 2019), Uchkumachay (Kaulicke 1999; Salcedo Camacho and Marcos 2019) and Cuchimachay (Salcedo Camacho and Marcos 2019; Appendix 5).

Holocene occupation

Our <sup>14</sup>C data confirm the attractiveness of Telarmachay rockshelter with long occupation by human groups encompassing the Early to Late Holocene. Throughout the occupation of the site there is continuity in the tools used for exploitation of animals, the main subsistence resource (Julien *et al.* 1987). These include stone tools (knives, scrapers and bifacial points) as well as bone tools used for hide processing (*queursoirs*, burnisher, punches)
or stone working (billet and pressure tool) (Julien et al. 1987). Tools used for stone working are limited, while the majority of tools (88.74%) seem to be related to processing of animals after hunting and for work on soft materials such as skins. Thus, the rockshelter was not only a place reserved for primary exploitation of large herbivores (butchery, consumption) but also for the transformation and manufacturing work directly related to raw animal matter (Lavallée et al. 1985).

According to Lavallée *et al.* (1985), an intensification in use of the rockshelter occurred through time corresponding to the deposition of layers VII to VI. At first, during the Late Holocene, a small area of habitation was available under the rockshelter and a low density of remains were found. However, the homogeneity of the deposits without abandonment and zooarchaeological remains suggested that the site was regularly used as a simple short hunting camp (Layer VII, now dated between 9.0 - 8.0 and 7.9 - 7.7 kyr BP (Table 1, figure 4). In the 1985 publication the limited faunal sample analyzed from this layer made it impossible to determine the season of occupation (Lavallée *et al.* 1985). Subsequent archaeozoological analysis found that young camelids (under one month) represented about 30 % of the total SAC remains, suggesting a seasonal occupation between November and March (Wheeler 1985; Wheeler 1999). Gradual intensification of rockshelter occupation is indicated by an increase in the density of tool remains in Layer VI (now dated between 7.9-7.7 and 7.1-6.9 kyr BP (Table 1, figure 4) and corresponds to the transition to the middle Holocene. Despite the large number of tools, stone working was limited and the tools were most likely made elsewhere (Lavallée *et al.* 1985). Our dating provides a maximum age (or *terminus post quem*) for human remains found in layer VI now dated be between 7.9-7.7 and 7.1-6.9 kyr BP. The burials of two women and a child indicates the existence of funerary practices at the rockshelter (Julien *et al.* 1981). They represent rare evidence of symbolic practices of the ancient puna hunter-gatherers and
may reflect, subject to a new study of the burials and their associated material, the female
participation in highland activities such as big-game hunting (Haas et al. 2020).

Layer V, now dated between 7.1-6.8 and 6.6-6.0 kyr BP (Table 1, figure 4), witnesses
new steps in use of the rockshelter. First, the foundations of a true habitation structure are found
at the entrance of the shelter, extending the small naturally covered area to a larger living area
protected from the weather by a wall of stone blocks. The enlarged living area may indicate
more frequent, regular and longer, possibly seasonal, occupation periods (Lavallée et al. 1985).
This enlarged domestic interior space was not maintained in layer IV, formerly dated between
5 and 3.8 kyr BP and now corresponds to 6.4-6.0 and 5.8-4.5 kyr BP (Table 1, figure 4). Instead,
aligned blocks that may represent a low wall separating the interior and exterior of the shelter,
defining a small living space and possibly reflecting a smaller population than during Layer V.
This period also saw the emergence of a new mode of animal resource management based on
the use of domestic camelids even though game hunting persisted (Wheeler 1985). The
diachronic study of camelid bones uncovered the early domestication of the alpaca and llama
(Wheeler 1985) previously dated between 6.0 and 5.5 BP and 5.0 to 3.8 kyr BP, respectively,
and now between 7.1-6.8 and 6.6-6.0 kyr BP and between 6.4-6.0 and 5.8-4.5 kyr BP,
respectively. The new chronology confirms the antiquity of alpaca domestication in the Puna
of Junín and its precedence compared to other early occurrences identified between 3.5 and 2.4
kyr BP in the Southern Central Andes (Díaz-Maroto et al. 2021). Llama domestication in Junín
falls between that reported at centers located to the south that are dated around 7.1 kyr BP and
4.4 kyr BP (Mengoni Goñalons and Yacobaccio 2006; Cartajena et al. 2007; Mengoni
Goñalons 2008; Cartajena 2013). During layer IV occupation, llama and alpaca herding and
butchery activities may have occupied most of the time of the Telarmachay occupants (Lavallée
et al. 1985).
The early to mid-Holocene period is characterized by important climatic changes (Stansell et al. 2013) that may have influenced the occupation of Telarmachay. The Early Holocene is marked by arid and warm conditions (Stansell et al. 2013) with a significant reduction of the South American Monsoon (SASM)(Bird et al. 2011). Despite this long-term dry period, the presence of hunter-gatherers at Telarmachay suggests that the habitats surrounding the rock shelter were attractive. This is consistent with human presence elsewhere in the Andean highlands and the absence of hyper-arid conditions following the more humid Late Pleistocene phases (Jodry and Santoro 2017). Utilization of the rockshelter increased with the onset of colder and wetter conditions during the Middle Holocene (Stansell et al. 2013). Intensification of human occupation through the end of the Early Holocene and during the Middle Holocene is consistent with Rademaker and Moore's data (2019) which showed that after 9000 BP, the best-watered habitats were situated in the wet puna of the Central Andes. Panaulauca and Pachamachay rockshelter in the Puna of Junín were continuously occupied and increasingly used through the Middle Holocene as indicated by the volume of cultural material such as the count of formal chipped-stone tools and the weight of chipped-stone debitage and faunal remains (Rademaker and Moore 2019). In comparison, the dry puna of the South-Central Andes became drier (Rademaker and Moore 2019) and occupation density at the sites of Hakenasa (northern Chile) and Hornillos-2 (northwestern Argentina) decreased (Rademaker and Moore 2019). The influence of Early to Mid-Holocene climatic change was not recognized in the original Telarmachay studies due to the limitations of dating technology prior to the establishment of ¹⁴C calibration curves and the scarcity of climatic studies at the time.

Layers III and II, previously dated between 3.8-2.8 kyr BP and 2.8-2.0 kyr BP, now date between 5.2-4.4 and 3.7-3.1 kyr BP (Table 1, figure 4). This occupation corresponds to the end of the Middle Holocene, a period of glacial resurgence and abrupt drop in temperature around 5 kyr BP (Stansell et al. 2013), and is followed by the onset of warm and wet climatic
conditions with glacial retreat from 4 kyr BP at the Middle to Late Holocene transition. The apparent reduction of rockshelter interior living space (still delimited by blocks), a decrease in the quantity of bone remains and an apparent shift in animal procurement strategy suggests changes in the timing and duration of occupation. A smaller population may have occupied the site, and year-round presence of llama and alpaca herders is suggested by the reduced frequency of very young camelids (born during the rainy season) and the increase in hunted animal remains (deer). The presence of numerous lithic scrapers, bone needles and punches, knives made of SAC scapulae, and a bone spindle-whorls indicate SAC fiber exploitation and spinning (Lavallée and Julien 1980). It is thought that the rockshelter was no longer used seasonally but was occupied year round by a very small number of people caring for domestic camelid herds (Lavallée 1988). Rick and Moore (1999) also observed decreased occupation density at Panalauca during the late occupation based on faunal and lithic evidence (Rick and Moore 1999).

The changes in social organization that occurred in the Puna de Junín at the end of the Middle Holocene and during the transition to the Late Holocene have also been reported in other regions of the highlands (Keatinge 1988; Lavallée 1995). Aldenderfer (2004) considered that different areas of the Peruvian highlands Puna of Junín, Ayacucho Basin, the upper Osmore (Asana) drainage in Moquegua, Chila and Ilave drainages in the Lake Titicaca Basin and the Central Andean high sierra with the famous sites of Huaricoto, Kotosh, La Galgada and Piruru, were occupied by potential “leaders”. These leaders experimented with different leadership strategies and had varying degrees of success in the development of their personal prestige through the use of lineage, ritual, and possibly small-scale warfare and conflict (Aldenderfer 2004). However, Aldenderfer (2004) claims that there was no emergence of obvious persistent leadership in the Puna of Junín during the Late Preceramic Period. If small populations of possibly sedentary llama and alpaca herders were present, there was no emergence of inequality
(Aldenderfer 2004). In adjacent mountainous regions the sedentarization of the population marks the beginning of monumental architecture (such as Kotosh, Piruru or La Galgada) with the advent of a ruling class (Keatinge 1988; Lavallée 1995). The north-central coast saw the florescence and the development of early complex centralized political systems such as the Casma valley (Pozorski and Pozorski 2008). For instance, research in the small valleys of the *Norte Chico* region has revealed a pattern of more than 20 large sites (Caral, Chupacigarro, Era de Pando, Pueblo Nuevo, Lurihuasi, Allpacoto among others in the Supe valley) with major residential and ceremonial centers dated between 5 and 3.8 kyr BP (on the base of 3000 and 1800 B.C. proposed in Haas *et al.* 2004). Although there is no evidence of change in social organization at Telarmachay, changes in pastoral activities may be related to these overall economic and social changes experienced by Pre-Hispanic societies. However, the discrepancies observed between the chronologies of the last layers (III and II) make it difficult to compare precisely cultural phenomena among sites within an ecological zone or from different ecological zones. This issue is particularly stressed for discussing the introduction of ceramics in highlands, as compared to other Andean regions. The introduction of pottery is an important event in the emergence of Andean civilisation (Kanezaki *et al.* 2021). The ceramics found at Telarmachay are have been directly dated by thermoluminescence to ca 3.2 and 2.1 kyr BP (Pereyra Parra *et al.* 1982; Pereyra Parra *et al.* 1983). According to a recent study, early evidence of pottery in the Central Andes is found between 4 and 3 kyr BP (Kanezaki *et al.* 2021), in keeping with 14C dating of these layers

**Conclusion**

This study provides new boundary models of the start and end dates of the
archaeological layers of the key site of Telarmachay. Our chronology spans a greater than 4000
year sequence dated between 9.0-8.0 and 3.7-3.1 kyr BP. We compare this new sequence with previously established chronologies obtained through ¹⁴C dates on charcoals at Telarmachay, Panaulauca, Pachamachay, Uchkumachay and Cuchimachay to assess the antiquity and duration of the Telarmachay occupation, changes in the intensity of human occupation, subsistence practices and hunter-gatherer lifestyle, including the evolution of domestic and symbolic human strategies and practices in the Junín region as related to Holocene climatic variation. New dates and the reassessment of previous dates show that while the Andean highlands challenged human occupation it did not prevent human exploration and exploitation since the Late Pleistocene (Dillehay 2014). The Junín region was favorable to early human occupation thanks to a diversity of seasonally abundant food resources, with drinking water and siliceous rocks for stone tool manufacture available year around (Capriles et al. 2016; Rademaker and Moore 2019).

This study highlights the necessity of utilizing chronologies that make it easy to compare sites across the Central Andes. Furthermore, it also emphasizes the need for direct dating of artifacts that are linked to the cultural and social events and evolution under study. In this sense, the direct dating of SAC bones can provide a time frame to further explore the emergence of SAC domestication at the transition between Late Holocene to Middle Holocene and the subsequent economic development based on husbandry. Similarly, we provide a maximum age (or *terminus post quem*) for human remains at Telarmachay, but direct dating should be done to confirm their antiquity, as they are a rare witness of the funerary practices and symbolic activities of ancient highland hunter-gatherers. Finally, the transition to the Late Holocene saw another major step with the appearance of ceramics, although this requires further documentation with direct dating of sherds.
## Acknowledgements:

We want to thank Torben Rick and Amanda Lawrence for access to the Telarmachay materials from the Bioarchaeological collection of the Smithsonian Institution and the Natural History Museum and their help during a mission by Manon Le Neün at the Smithsonian. We also thank Sonia Guillén (Centro Mallqui, Peru) and Denise Pozzi-Escot (Museo de Sitio Pachacamac, Peru) for their invaluable administrative assistance. Melinda Zeder (SI-NHM, USA) and Katherine Moore (University of Pennsylvania Museum, USA) are warmly thanked for their help and useful advice to address the huge Telarmachay collection. Danièle Lavallée and Michelle Julien provided invaluable information on the excavation of Telarmachay that they led in the puna during the years 1970 and 1980 and are also warmly thanked. This study was supported by the Région Île-de-France and the Domaine d'Intérêt Majeur "Matériaux anciens et patrimoniaux" (DIM-MAP, AAP 2018-3, project CAMELIDOM), the Action Transversale du Muséum (ATM CHRONOCAM) and Ecole Doctorale 227 "Sciences de la nature et de l'Homme: évolution et écologie" of the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle and Sorbonne Université (ED227 MNHN-SU, France) and ANR CAMELANDES (ANR-15-CE27-0002-01) supervised by Nicolas Goepfert and Élise Dufour.

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Appendix(es):

**Appendix 1:** Telarmachay chronostratigraphy based on charcoal (Lavallée and Julien 1980; Lavallée et al. 1985) and SAC bones (Metcalf et al. 2016) after their calibration with the “Shcal20” curve (Hogg et al. 2020) in BP. Moreover, according to one of us (JCW), SAC bones samples highlighted in bold here (Metcalf et al. (2016)'s samples) have been erroneously identified as coming from Layer IV in Metcalf et al. (2016).

<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Layer dating boundaries</th><th rowspan="2">Square meter unit</th><th rowspan="2">Samples lab code</th><th colspan="2">¹⁴C age (BP)</th><th colspan="2">Calibrated range (2 sigmas)</th><th rowspan="2">%</th></tr><tr><th>Raw age</th><th>Error</th><th>Start (BP)</th><th>End (BP)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="4">Layer II, around 2800-2000 BP</td><td>?</td><td>R_Date II Gif-3772</td><td>2190</td><td>100</td><td>2350</td><td>1892</td><td>95.4</td></tr><tr><td>?</td><td>R_Date IIsup Gif-3774</td><td>2120</td><td>100</td><td>2330</td><td>1832</td><td>95.4</td></tr><tr><td>?</td><td>R_Date IImoy Gif-3773</td><td>2280</td><td>100</td><td>2689</td><td>1938</td><td>95.4</td></tr><tr><td>?</td><td>R_Date IIinf Gif-4187</td><td>2600</td><td>90</td><td>2847</td><td>2359</td><td>95.4</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Layer III, around 3800-2800 BP</td><td>?</td><td>R_Date IIIsup Gif-4188</td><td>3410</td><td>100</td><td>3873</td><td>3389</td><td>95.4</td></tr><tr><td>?</td><td>R_Date IIIinf Gif-4189</td><td>3470</td><td>100</td><td>3970</td><td>3450</td><td>95.4</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5">Layer IV, around 5000/4500 - 3800 BP</td><td>B7</td><td>R_Date IVa Gif-4835</td><td>3680</td><td>100</td><td>4288</td><td>3650</td><td>95.4</td></tr><tr><td>C8</td><td>R_Date IVa Gif-4836</td><td>3700</td><td>100</td><td>4343</td><td>3698</td><td>95.4</td></tr><tr><td>C11</td><td>R_Date IVa Gif-4834</td><td>3910</td><td>110</td><td>4785</td><td>3929</td><td>95.4</td></tr><tr><td>E9</td><td>R_Date IVc Gif-5045</td><td>4420</td><td>110</td><td>5320</td><td>4647</td><td>95.4</td></tr><tr><td>C6</td><td>R_Date IVa Gif-4837</td><td>4470</td><td>110</td><td>5445</td><td>4826</td><td>95.4</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="12">Layer V sup., around 5700-5000 BP<br>Layer V inf., around 6800-5700 BP</td><td>B6</td><td>R_Date Va Gif-5393</td><td>4430</td><td>70</td><td>5284</td><td>4845</td><td>95.4</td></tr><tr><td>B6</td><td>R_Date Va-b Lv-1190/1</td><td>4910</td><td>80</td><td>5889</td><td>5329</td><td>95.4</td></tr><tr><td>A6-7</td><td>R_Date Vc Lv-1276</td><td>5000</td><td>80</td><td>5908</td><td>5494</td><td>95.4</td></tr><tr><td>C6</td><td>R_Date Va Gif-5047</td><td>5190</td><td>110</td><td>6195</td><td>5607</td><td>95.4</td></tr><tr><td>A7</td><td>R_Date Vb-c Gif-5391</td><td>5320</td><td>120</td><td>6304</td><td>5750</td><td>95.4</td></tr><tr><td>E10</td><td>R_Date Va Gif-5046</td><td>5370</td><td>110</td><td>6391</td><td>5898</td><td>95.4</td></tr><tr><td>D9</td><td>R_Date Vb Lv-1134</td><td>5700</td><td>65</td><td>6627</td><td>6305</td><td>95.4</td></tr><tr><td>E9</td><td>R_Date Vc Lv-1192</td><td>6110</td><td>80</td><td>7165</td><td>6735</td><td>95.4</td></tr><tr><td>E8</td><td>R_Date Vc Gif-5392</td><td>6780</td><td>130</td><td>7922</td><td>7366</td><td>95.4</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="10">Layer VI, around 7200-6800 BP</td><td>?</td><td>R_Date TVI OXA-20857</td><td>6690</td><td>40</td><td>7591</td><td>7430</td><td>95.4</td></tr><tr><td>?</td><td>R_Date TVI OXA-20856</td><td>6220</td><td>40</td><td>7245</td><td>6949</td><td>95.4</td></tr><tr><td>?</td><td>R_Date TVI OXA-20855</td><td>6970</td><td>40</td><td>7919</td><td>7673</td><td>95.4</td></tr><tr><td>?</td><td>R_Date TVI OXA-20854</td><td>6965</td><td>40</td><td>7919</td><td>7671</td><td>95.4</td></tr><tr><td>B8</td><td>R_Date VIa Gif-5390</td><td>4220</td><td>110</td><td>5036</td><td>4415</td><td>95.4</td></tr><tr><td>C11</td><td>R_Date VIa Gif-5394</td><td>5320</td><td>110</td><td>6299</td><td>5755</td><td>95.4</td></tr><tr><td>D7</td><td>R_Date VIa Gif-5388</td><td>5580</td><td>120</td><td>6632</td><td>6005</td><td>95.4</td></tr><tr><td>D10</td><td>R_Date VIa Lv-1277</td><td>7150</td><td>90</td><td>8169</td><td>7731</td><td>95.4</td></tr><tr><td>C9</td><td>R_Date VIIa Lv-1278</td><td>7140</td><td>60</td><td>8028</td><td>7785</td><td>95.4</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>**Appendix 2:** Radiocarbon age obtained on camelid bone collagen from Telarmachay (Cal BP 2 sigmas) and calibrated dates (Cal BP) with the (SHcal20) curve (Hogg et al. 2020); elemental carbon (C%) and nitrogen (N%) contents, atomic C/N, and extraction yields of bone collagen.</caption><tr><td rowspan="4">Layer VII, around<br/>9000-7200 BP</td><td>C11</td><td>R_Date VIIa Gif-5389</td><td>7250</td><td>140</td><td>8344</td><td>7752</td><td>95.4</td></tr><tr><td>C8</td><td>R_Date VIIa Lv-1193</td><td>7620</td><td>60</td><td>8539</td><td>8206</td><td>95.4</td></tr><tr><td>C11</td><td>R_Date VIIb Lv-1279</td><td>8810</td><td>65</td><td>10130</td><td>9549</td><td>95.4</td></tr><tr><td>C6</td><td>R_Date VIIb Pucp-1825</td><td>12040</td><td>120</td><td>14161</td><td>13529</td><td>95.4</td></tr></table>

<table><thead><tr><th>Layer</th><th>Square meter unit</th><th>anatomical part</th><th>taxa</th><th>ECHo</th><th>complete lab code</th><th>age (yr BP)</th><th>error</th><th>From (yr BP)</th><th>To (yr BP)</th><th>median</th><th>Yield (%)</th><th>%C</th><th>%N</th><th>C:N ratio</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>II</td><td>C6</td><td>talus</td><td>camelid</td><td>4226.1.1</td><td>tel-II-cam-4226.1.1</td><td>3 420</td><td>25</td><td>3812</td><td>3494</td><td>3619</td><td>22.9</td><td>43.8</td><td>15.9</td><td>3.21</td></tr><tr><td>II</td><td>E8</td><td>phalange</td><td>camelid</td><td>4224.1.1</td><td>tel-II-cam-4224.1.1</td><td>3 900</td><td>25</td><td>4411</td><td>4155</td><td>4290</td><td>17</td><td>43.0</td><td>15.7</td><td>3.20</td></tr><tr><td>II</td><td>D6</td><td>calcaneus</td><td>camelid</td><td>4225.1.1</td><td>tel-II-cam-4225.1.1</td><td>4 065</td><td>25</td><td>4613</td><td>4415</td><td>4486</td><td>16.3</td><td>43.8</td><td>15.9</td><td>3.21</td></tr><tr><td>III</td><td>B7?</td><td>talus</td><td>camelid</td><td>4221.1.1</td><td>tel-III-cam-4221.1.1</td><td>3 545</td><td>25</td><td>3882</td><td>3692</td><td>3776</td><td>24.6</td><td>44.1</td><td>16.0</td><td>3.22</td></tr><tr><td>III</td><td>C6</td><td>talus</td><td>camelid</td><td>4222.1.1</td><td>tel-III-cam-4222.1.1</td><td>3 920</td><td>25</td><td>4417</td><td>4158</td><td>4320</td><td>20.4</td><td>43.5</td><td>15.7</td><td>3.22</td></tr><tr><td>III</td><td>F10</td><td>talus</td><td>camelid</td><td>4223.1.1</td><td>tel-III-cam-4223.1.1</td><td>4 055</td><td>25</td><td>4575</td><td>4414</td><td>4481</td><td>20</td><td>43.6</td><td>15.9</td><td>3.21</td></tr><tr><td>III</td><td>D6</td><td>talus</td><td>camelid</td><td>4220.1.1</td><td>tel-III-cam-4220.1.1</td><td>5 140</td><td>30</td><td>5929</td><td>5744</td><td>5817</td><td>12</td><td>42.9</td><td>15.7</td><td>3.19</td></tr><tr><td>IV</td><td>B11?</td><td>talus</td><td>camelid</td><td>4213.1.1</td><td>tel-IV-cam-4213.1.1</td><td>4 240</td><td>121</td><td>4849</td><td>4589</td><td>4734</td><td>22.3</td><td>44.3</td><td>16.1</td><td>3.21</td></tr><tr><td>IV</td><td>A6</td><td>talus</td><td>camelid</td><td>4215.1.1</td><td>tel-IV-cam-4215.1.1</td><td>4 750</td><td>30</td><td>5579</td><td>5322</td><td>5439</td><td>8.1</td><td>42.4</td><td>15.4</td><td>3.21</td></tr><tr><td>IV</td><td>D6</td><td>mandible</td><td>camelid</td><td>4219.1.1</td><td>tel-IV-cam-4219.1.1</td><td>5 040</td><td>25</td><td>5894</td><td>5604</td><td>5731</td><td>17.7</td><td>41.6</td><td>15.1</td><td>3.22</td></tr><tr><td>IV</td><td>D11</td><td>mandible</td><td>camelid</td><td>4217.1.1</td><td>tel-IV-cam-4217.1.1</td><td>5 120</td><td>30</td><td>5918</td><td>5735</td><td>5815</td><td>14.8</td><td>42.8</td><td>15.4</td><td>3.23</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>IV</td>
      <td>D11</td>
      <td>mandible</td>
      <td>camelid</td>
      <td>4216.1.1</td>
      <td>tel-IV-cam-4216.1.1</td>
      <td>5 210</td>
      <td>30</td>
      <td>6106</td>
      <td>5759</td>
      <td>5934</td>
      <td>14.7</td>
      <td>42.8</td>
      <td>15.6</td>
      <td>3.21</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>IV</td>
      <td>D6</td>
      <td>mandible</td>
      <td>camelid</td>
      <td>4218.1.1</td>
      <td>tel-IV-cam-4218.1.1</td>
      <td>5 215</td>
      <td>30</td>
      <td>6109</td>
      <td>5761</td>
      <td>5939</td>
      <td>7.5</td>
      <td>41.2</td>
      <td>15.0</td>
      <td>3.22</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>IV</td>
      <td>E6</td>
      <td>talus</td>
      <td>camelid</td>
      <td>4214.1.1</td>
      <td>tel-IV-cam-4214.1.1</td>
      <td>5 395</td>
      <td>30</td>
      <td>6279</td>
      <td>6001</td>
      <td>6140</td>
      <td>19.7</td>
      <td>43.5</td>
      <td>15.7</td>
      <td>3.23</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>IV</td>
      <td>E11</td>
      <td>talus</td>
      <td>camelid</td>
      <td>4212.1.1</td>
      <td>tel-IV-cam-4212.1.1</td>
      <td>5 855</td>
      <td>30</td>
      <td>6734</td>
      <td>6499</td>
      <td>6626</td>
      <td>20.2</td>
      <td>41.9</td>
      <td>15.3</td>
      <td>3.20</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>V</td>
      <td>A7</td>
      <td>talus</td>
      <td>camelid</td>
      <td>4208.1.1</td>
      <td>tel-V-cam-4208.1.1</td>
      <td>4 160</td>
      <td>25</td>
      <td>4820</td>
      <td>4526</td>
      <td>4665</td>
      <td>24.8</td>
      <td>43.9</td>
      <td>16.0</td>
      <td>3.21</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>V</td>
      <td>E7</td>
      <td>talus</td>
      <td>camelid</td>
      <td>4206.1.1</td>
      <td>tel-V-cam-4206.1.1</td>
      <td>5 435</td>
      <td>25</td>
      <td>6290</td>
      <td>6014</td>
      <td>6220</td>
      <td>19.8</td>
      <td>43.2</td>
      <td>15.6</td>
      <td>3.23</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>V</td>
      <td>D10</td>
      <td>talus</td>
      <td>camelid</td>
      <td>4205.1.1</td>
      <td>tel-V-cam-4205.1.1</td>
      <td>5 780</td>
      <td>30</td>
      <td>6650</td>
      <td>6443</td>
      <td>6542</td>
      <td>20.8</td>
      <td>43.6</td>
      <td>15.8</td>
      <td>3.22</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>V</td>
      <td>E6</td>
      <td>talus</td>
      <td>camelid</td>
      <td>4207.1.1</td>
      <td>tel-V-cam-4207.1.1</td>
      <td>5 875</td>
      <td>25</td>
      <td>6744</td>
      <td>6505</td>
      <td>6654</td>
      <td>16.2</td>
      <td>43.2</td>
      <td>15.6</td>
      <td>3.23</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>V</td>
      <td>E6</td>
      <td>talus</td>
      <td>camelid</td>
      <td>4209.1.1</td>
      <td>tel-V-cam-4209.1.1</td>
      <td>5 935</td>
      <td>25</td>
      <td>6827</td>
      <td>6642</td>
      <td>6716</td>
      <td>15.6</td>
      <td>43.1</td>
      <td>15.6</td>
      <td>3.22</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>V</td>
      <td>E7</td>
      <td>mandible</td>
      <td>camelid</td>
      <td>4211.1.1</td>
      <td>tel-V-cam-4211.1.1</td>
      <td>6 095</td>
      <td>30</td>
      <td>7150</td>
      <td>6792</td>
      <td>6910</td>
      <td>14.7</td>
      <td>43.3</td>
      <td>15.6</td>
      <td>3.24</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>VI</td>
      <td>B7</td>
      <td>talus</td>
      <td>camelid</td>
      <td>4199.1.1</td>
      <td>tel-VI-cam-4199.1.1</td>
      <td>6 185</td>
      <td>30</td>
      <td>7163</td>
      <td>6938</td>
      <td>7050</td>
      <td>11.8</td>
      <td>42.9</td>
      <td>15.5</td>
      <td>3.23</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>VI</td>
      <td>B7</td>
      <td>talus</td>
      <td>camelid</td>
      <td>4203.1.1</td>
      <td>tel-VI-cam-4203.1.1</td>
      <td>6 280</td>
      <td>30</td>
      <td>7260</td>
      <td>7011</td>
      <td>7167</td>
      <td>14.9</td>
      <td>43.4</td>
      <td>15.8</td>
      <td>3.21</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>VI</td>
      <td>A6</td>
      <td>talus</td>
      <td>camelid</td>
      <td>4202.1.1</td>
      <td>tel-VI-cam-4202.1.1</td>
      <td>6 290</td>
      <td>30</td>
      <td>7263</td>
      <td>7016</td>
      <td>7191</td>
      <td>17.1</td>
      <td>42.1</td>
      <td>15.3</td>
      <td>3.20</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>VI</td>
      <td>locus_e<br>7</td>
      <td>NA</td>
      <td>camelid</td>
      <td>4204.1.1</td>
      <td>tel-VI-cam-4204.1.1</td>
      <td>6 920</td>
      <td>30</td>
      <td>7830</td>
      <td>7619</td>
      <td>7715</td>
      <td>13.3</td>
      <td>43.3</td>
      <td>15.7</td>
      <td>3.22</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>VI</td>
      <td>C7</td>
      <td>talus</td>
      <td>camelid</td>
      <td>4201.1.1</td>
      <td>tel-VI-cam-4201.1.1</td>
      <td>6 935</td>
      <td>30</td>
      <td>7836</td>
      <td>7663</td>
      <td>7727</td>
      <td>22</td>
      <td>43.5</td>
      <td>15.8</td>
      <td>3.21</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>VI</td>
      <td>C7</td>
      <td>talus</td>
      <td>camelid</td>
      <td>4200.1.1</td>
      <td>tel-VI-cam-4200.1.1</td>
      <td>7 010</td>
      <td>30</td>
      <td>7927</td>
      <td>7695</td>
      <td>7804</td>
      <td>11.8</td>
      <td>42.5</td>
      <td>15.5</td>
      <td>3.20</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>VII</td>
      <td>B6</td>
      <td>talus</td>
      <td>camelid</td>
      <td>4193.1.1</td>
      <td>tel-VII-cam-4193.1.1</td>
      <td>6 870</td>
      <td>30</td>
      <td>7744</td>
      <td>7584</td>
      <td>7662</td>
      <td>18.7</td>
      <td>41.6</td>
      <td>14.9</td>
      <td>3.25</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>VII</td>
      <td>B7</td>
      <td>talus</td>
      <td>camelid</td>
      <td>4196.1.1</td>
      <td>tel-VII-cam-4196.1.1</td>
      <td>6 975</td>
      <td>30</td>
      <td>7916</td>
      <td>7678</td>
      <td>7763</td>
      <td>22.2</td>
      <td>43.3</td>
      <td>15.7</td>
      <td>3.21</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>VII</td>
      <td>B11</td>
      <td>talus</td>
      <td>camelid</td>
      <td>4194.1.1</td>
      <td>tel-VII-cam-4194.1.1</td>
      <td>7 110</td>
      <td>30</td>
      <td>7974</td>
      <td>7794</td>
      <td>7894</td>
      <td>25.3</td>
      <td>41.9</td>
      <td>15.1</td>
      <td>3.25</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>VII</td>
      <td>B6</td>
      <td>talus</td>
      <td>camelid</td>
      <td>4195.1.1</td>
      <td>tel-VII-cam-4195.1.1</td>
      <td>7 320</td>
      <td>30</td>
      <td>8177</td>
      <td>8017</td>
      <td>8102</td>
      <td>22.6</td>
      <td>43.2</td>
      <td>15.7</td>
      <td>3.21</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
<table><tr><td>VII</td><td>E8</td><td>phalange</td><td>camelid</td><td>4197.1.1</td><td>tel-VII-cam-4197.1.1</td><td>7 395</td><td>30</td><td>8316</td><td>8029</td><td>8143</td><td>20.7</td><td>43.4</td><td>15.8</td><td>3.21</td></tr><tr><td>VII</td><td>A6</td><td>talus</td><td>camelid</td><td>4198.1.1</td><td>tel-VII-cam-4198.1.1</td><td>7 860</td><td>30</td><td>8724</td><td>8460</td><td>8598</td><td>23.1</td><td>44.0</td><td>16.0</td><td>3.22</td></tr></table>

**Appendix 3:** outlier probability results from the Bayesian age model using a t-type outlier model method with prior probabilities set at 0.05. In the first column are the prior outlier settings, and in the next column are the posterior probabilities obtained after the modelling of the results. Samples that have a greater than 5% and 20 % probability of being misplaced in the proposed stratigraphy are highlighted in black.

<table><thead><tr><td>ECHO</td><td>Prior</td><td>Posterior</td><td>Model</td><td>Type</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>4193.1.1</td><td>5</td><td>84</td><td>General</td><td>t</td></tr><tr><td>4194.1.1</td><td>5</td><td>3</td><td>General</td><td>t</td></tr><tr><td>4195.1.1</td><td>5</td><td>2</td><td>General</td><td>t</td></tr><tr><td>4197.1.1</td><td>5</td><td>2</td><td>General</td><td>t</td></tr><tr><td>4198.1.1</td><td>5</td><td>48</td><td>General</td><td>t</td></tr><tr><td>4196.1.1</td><td>5</td><td>20</td><td>General</td><td>t</td></tr><tr><td>4202.1.1</td><td>5</td><td>3</td><td>General</td><td>t</td></tr><tr><td>4203.1.1</td><td>5</td><td>2</td><td>General</td><td>t</td></tr><tr><td>4199.1.1</td><td>5</td><td>4</td><td>General</td><td>t</td></tr><tr><td>4200.1.1</td><td>5</td><td>7</td><td>General</td><td>t</td></tr><tr><td>4201.1.1</td><td>5</td><td>2</td><td>General</td><td>t</td></tr><tr><td>4204.1.1</td><td>5</td><td>3</td><td>General</td><td>t</td></tr><tr><td>OXA-20854</td><td>5</td><td>4</td><td>General</td><td>t</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tr><td>OXA-20855</td><td>5</td><td>3</td><td>General</td><td>t</td></tr><tr><td>OXA-20856</td><td>5</td><td>3</td><td>General</td><td>t</td></tr><tr><td>OXA-20857</td><td>5</td><td>3</td><td>General</td><td>t</td></tr><tr><td>4208.1.1</td><td><strong>5</strong></td><td><strong>100</strong></td><td><strong>General</strong></td><td><strong>t</strong></td></tr><tr><td>4209.1.1</td><td>5</td><td>2</td><td>General</td><td>t</td></tr><tr><td>4205.1.1</td><td>5</td><td>3</td><td>General</td><td>t</td></tr><tr><td>4206.1.1</td><td><strong>5</strong></td><td><strong>35</strong></td><td><strong>General</strong></td><td><strong>t</strong></td></tr><tr><td>4207.1.1</td><td>5</td><td>2</td><td>General</td><td>t</td></tr><tr><td>4211.1.1</td><td><strong>5</strong></td><td><strong>11</strong></td><td><strong>General</strong></td><td><strong>t</strong></td></tr><tr><td>4212.1.1</td><td><strong>5</strong></td><td><strong>93</strong></td><td><strong>General</strong></td><td><strong>t</strong></td></tr><tr><td>4213.1.1</td><td><strong>5</strong></td><td><strong>67</strong></td><td><strong>General</strong></td><td><strong>t</strong></td></tr><tr><td>4214.1.1</td><td><strong>5</strong></td><td><strong>7</strong></td><td><strong>General</strong></td><td><strong>t</strong></td></tr><tr><td>4215.1.1</td><td><strong>5</strong></td><td><strong>11</strong></td><td><strong>General</strong></td><td><strong>t</strong></td></tr><tr><td>4216.1.1</td><td>5</td><td>2</td><td>General</td><td>t</td></tr><tr><td>4217.1.1</td><td>5</td><td>2</td><td>General</td><td>t</td></tr><tr><td>4218.1</td><td>5</td><td>2</td><td>General</td><td>t</td></tr><tr><td>4219.1.1</td><td>5</td><td>4</td><td>General</td><td>t</td></tr><tr><td>4220.1.1</td><td><strong>5</strong></td><td><strong>100</strong></td><td><strong>General</strong></td><td><strong>t</strong></td></tr><tr><td>4221.1.1</td><td>5</td><td>2</td><td>General</td><td>t</td></tr><tr><td>4222.1.1</td><td>5</td><td>2</td><td>General</td><td>t</td></tr><tr><td>4223.1.1</td><td>5</td><td>2</td><td>General</td><td>t</td></tr><tr><td>4224.1.1</td><td>5</td><td>3</td><td>General</td><td>t</td></tr><tr><td>4225.1.1</td><td><strong>5</strong></td><td><strong>6</strong></td><td><strong>General</strong></td><td><strong>t</strong></td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>4226.1.1</td><td>5</td><td>6</td><td>General</td><td>t</td></tr></table>

**Appendix 4:** Radiocarbon age obtained on camelid bone collagen from Telarmachay (Cal BP 2 sigmas) and calibrated dates (Cal BP) with the mixed curve IntCal20 (Reimer et al. 2020) and SHcal20 (Hogg et al. 2020) approach (Buck 2004; Ogburn 2012; Marsh et al. 2017; Marsh et al. 2018) compared to radiocarbon age obtained with the SHcal20 curve (Hogg et al. 2020):

a. calibrated dates:

<table><thead><tr><th>Layer</th><th>ECHO</th><th>age (yr BP)</th><th>error</th><th>From (yr BP) mixed curve</th><th>To (yr BP) mixed curve</th><th>%</th><th>From (yr BP) SHcal20 curve</th><th>To (yr BP) SHcal20 curve</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>II</td><td>4226.1.1</td><td>3 420</td><td>25</td><td>3812</td><td>3499</td><td>95.4</td><td>3812</td><td>3494</td></tr><tr><td>II</td><td>4224.1.1</td><td>3 900</td><td>25</td><td>4413</td><td>4159</td><td>95.4</td><td>4411</td><td>4155</td></tr><tr><td>II</td><td>4225.1.1</td><td>4 065</td><td>25</td><td>4777</td><td>4417</td><td>95.4</td><td>4613</td><td>4415</td></tr><tr><td>III</td><td>4221.1.1</td><td>3 545</td><td>25</td><td>3881</td><td>3699</td><td>95.4</td><td>3882</td><td>3692</td></tr><tr><td>III</td><td>4222.1.1</td><td>3 920</td><td>25</td><td>4419</td><td>4186</td><td>95.4</td><td>4417</td><td>4158</td></tr><tr><td>III</td><td>4223.1.1</td><td>4 055</td><td>25</td><td>4575</td><td>4417</td><td>95.4</td><td>4575</td><td>4414</td></tr><tr><td>III</td><td>4220.1.1</td><td>5 140</td><td>30</td><td>5934</td><td>5746</td><td>95.4</td><td>5929</td><td>5744</td></tr><tr><td>IV</td><td>4213.1.1</td><td>4 240</td><td>121</td><td>4852</td><td>4624</td><td>95.4</td><td>4849</td><td>4589</td></tr><tr><td>IV</td><td>4215.1.1</td><td>4 750</td><td>30</td><td>5580</td><td>5324</td><td>95.4</td><td>5579</td><td>5322</td></tr><tr><td>IV</td><td>4219.1.1</td><td>5 040</td><td>25</td><td>5895</td><td>5608</td><td>95.4</td><td>5894</td><td>5604</td></tr><tr><td>IV</td><td>4217.1.1</td><td>5 120</td><td>30</td><td>5919</td><td>5745</td><td>95.4</td><td>5918</td><td>5735</td></tr><tr><td>IV</td><td>4216.1.1</td><td>5 210</td><td>30</td><td>6108</td><td>5772</td><td>95.4</td><td>6106</td><td>5759</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tr><td>IV</td><td>4218.1.1</td><td>5 215</td><td>30</td><td>6110</td><td>5895</td><td>95.4</td><td>6109</td><td>5761</td></tr><tr><td>IV</td><td>4214.1.1</td><td>5 395</td><td>30</td><td>6280</td><td>6005</td><td>95.4</td><td>6279</td><td>6001</td></tr><tr><td>IV</td><td>4212.1.1</td><td>5 855</td><td>30</td><td>6739</td><td>6503</td><td>95.4</td><td>6734</td><td>6499</td></tr><tr><td>V</td><td>4208.1.1</td><td>4 160</td><td>25</td><td>4822</td><td>4531</td><td>95.4</td><td>4820</td><td>4526</td></tr><tr><td>V</td><td>4206.1.1</td><td>5 435</td><td>25</td><td>6293</td><td>6032</td><td>95.4</td><td>6290</td><td>6014</td></tr><tr><td>V</td><td>4205.1.1</td><td>5 780</td><td>30</td><td>6654</td><td>6451</td><td>95.4</td><td>6650</td><td>6443</td></tr><tr><td>V</td><td>4207.1.1</td><td>5 875</td><td>25</td><td>6744</td><td>6561</td><td>95.4</td><td>6744</td><td>6505</td></tr><tr><td>V</td><td>4209.1.1</td><td>5 935</td><td>25</td><td>6795</td><td>6659</td><td>95.4</td><td>6827</td><td>6642</td></tr><tr><td>V</td><td>4211.1.1</td><td>6 095</td><td>30</td><td>7151</td><td>6796</td><td>95.4</td><td>7150</td><td>6792</td></tr><tr><td>VI</td><td>4199.1.1</td><td>6 185</td><td>30</td><td>7161</td><td>6955</td><td>95.4</td><td>7163</td><td>6938</td></tr><tr><td>VI</td><td>4203.1.1</td><td>6 280</td><td>30</td><td>7261</td><td>7021</td><td>95.4</td><td>7260</td><td>7011</td></tr><tr><td>VI</td><td>4202.1.1</td><td>6 290</td><td>30</td><td>7266</td><td>7022</td><td>95.4</td><td>7263</td><td>7016</td></tr><tr><td>VI</td><td>4204.1.1</td><td>6 920</td><td>30</td><td>7831</td><td>7662</td><td>95.4</td><td>7830</td><td>7619</td></tr><tr><td>VI</td><td>4201.1.1</td><td>6 935</td><td>30</td><td>7833</td><td>7671</td><td>95.4</td><td>7836</td><td>7663</td></tr><tr><td>VI</td><td>4200.1.1</td><td>7 010</td><td>30</td><td>7928</td><td>7709</td><td>95.4</td><td>7927</td><td>7695</td></tr><tr><td>VII</td><td>4193.1.1</td><td>6 870</td><td>30</td><td>7750</td><td>7590</td><td>95.4</td><td>7744</td><td>7584</td></tr><tr><td>VII</td><td>4196.1.1</td><td>6 975</td><td>30</td><td>7916</td><td>7684</td><td>95.4</td><td>7916</td><td>7678</td></tr><tr><td>VII</td><td>4194.1.1</td><td>7 110</td><td>30</td><td>7976</td><td>7800</td><td>95.4</td><td>7974</td><td>7794</td></tr><tr><td>VII</td><td>4195.1.1</td><td>7 320</td><td>30</td><td>8175</td><td>8024</td><td>95.4</td><td>8177</td><td>8017</td></tr><tr><td>VII</td><td>4197.1.1</td><td>7 395</td><td>30</td><td>8319</td><td>8034</td><td>95.4</td><td>8316</td><td>8029</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>VII</td><td>4198.1.1</td><td>7860</td><td>30</td><td>8755</td><td>8536</td><td>95.4</td><td>8724</td><td>8460</td></tr></table>

b. Bayesian modelings:

SHcal20 curve:

<table><thead><tr><th>Name</th><th>Unmodelled (BP)</th><th></th><th></th><th>Modelled (BP)</th><th></th><th></th><th>Indices</th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th></tr><tr><th></th><th>From</th><th>to</th><th>%</th><th>from</th><th>to</th><th>%</th><th>Acomb</th><th>A</th><th>L</th><th>P</th><th>C</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Amodel 11.3</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Aoverall 12"</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Boundary TII-II End</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>4387</td><td>3027</td><td>95.44</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>27.5</td></tr><tr><td>Interval Duration TII-II</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>113</td><td>1991</td><td>95.44</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>36.5</td></tr><tr><td>Span Span of TII-II</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>70</td><td>1385</td><td>95.44</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>41.2</td></tr><tr><td>R Date TII47-MUSE21074</td><td>3813</td><td>3494</td><td>95.44</td><td>4498</td><td>3491</td><td>95.44</td><td>87.2</td><td></td><td>87.3</td><td></td><td>51.3</td></tr><tr><td>R Date TII7-MUSE21073</td><td>4778</td><td>4415</td><td>95.44</td><td>4611</td><td>4413</td><td>95.44</td><td>108.2</td><td></td><td>96.9</td><td></td><td>95.7</td></tr><tr><td>R Date TII23-MUSE21070</td><td>4411</td><td>4155</td><td>95.44</td><td>4414</td><td>4152</td><td>95.44</td><td>101.3</td><td></td><td>96.1</td><td></td><td>87.3</td></tr><tr><td>R Date TIII50-MUSE21077</td><td>4576</td><td>4414</td><td>95.44</td><td>4575</td><td>4412</td><td>95.44</td><td>106.7</td><td></td><td>97.4</td><td></td><td>96.5</td></tr><tr><td>R Date TIII57-MUSE21076</td><td>4416</td><td>4158</td><td>95.44</td><td>4417</td><td>4157</td><td>95.44</td><td>103.3</td><td></td><td>98</td><td></td><td>92.3</td></tr><tr><td>R Date TIII56-MUSE21075</td><td>3882</td><td>3692</td><td>95.44</td><td>4471</td><td>3644</td><td>95.44</td><td>96.3</td><td></td><td>91.6</td><td></td><td>59.6</td></tr><tr><td>R Date TIII59-MUSE21069</td><td>5929</td><td>5745</td><td>95.44</td><td>4974</td><td>3470</td><td>95.44</td><td>6.2</td><td></td><td>0.7</td><td></td><td>71.5</td></tr><tr><td>Phase TIII-II</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.44</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.44</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Boundary TIII-II Start</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.44</td><td>5193</td><td>4431</td><td>95.44</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>84.2</td></tr><tr><td>Interval between TIV and TIII-II</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.44</td><td>0</td><td>1036</td><td>95.44</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>39.9</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tr><td>Boundary TIV End</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.44</td><td><b>5871</b></td><td><b>4515</b></td><td>95.44</td><td></td><td></td><td>11.8</td></tr><tr><td>Interval Duration TIV</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.44</td><td><b>214</b></td><td><b>1907</b></td><td>95.44</td><td></td><td></td><td>18.1</td></tr><tr><td>Span Span of TIV</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.44</td><td><b>132</b></td><td><b>1824</b></td><td>95.44</td><td></td><td></td><td>18</td></tr><tr><td>R Date<br>TIVCDF_109_2-<br>MUSE21092</td><td>5894</td><td>5604</td><td>95.44</td><td><b>5896</b></td><td><b>5604</b></td><td>95.44</td><td>100.9</td><td>96.9</td><td>96.2</td></tr><tr><td>R Date<br>TIVCDF_109_1-<br>MUSE21091</td><td>6108</td><td>5761</td><td>95.44</td><td><b>6107</b></td><td><b>5759</b></td><td>95.44</td><td>104.5</td><td>97.9</td><td>98.1</td></tr><tr><td>R Date<br>TIVCDF_105_2-<br>MUSE21090</td><td>5917</td><td>5735</td><td>95.44</td><td><b>5924</b></td><td><b>5726</b></td><td>95.44</td><td>102.2</td><td>97.3</td><td>97.9</td></tr><tr><td>R Date<br>TIVCDF_105_1-<br>MUSE21089</td><td>6106</td><td>5759</td><td>95.44</td><td><b>6106</b></td><td><b>5756</b></td><td>95.44</td><td>103.9</td><td>97.4</td><td>98</td></tr><tr><td>R Date TIV40-<br>MUSE21080</td><td>5579</td><td>5322</td><td>95.44</td><td><b>6026</b></td><td><b>5317</b></td><td>95.44</td><td>87</td><td>86.3</td><td>74.7</td></tr><tr><td>R Date TIV38-<br>MUSE21079</td><td>6278</td><td>6001</td><td>95.44</td><td><b>6279</b></td><td><b>5918</b></td><td>95.44</td><td>90.6</td><td>93.2</td><td>95.2</td></tr><tr><td>R Date TIV37-<br>MUSE21078</td><td>4848</td><td>4587</td><td>95.44</td><td><b>6133</b></td><td><b>4622</b></td><td>95.44</td><td>50</td><td>41.4</td><td>3.8</td></tr><tr><td>R Date TIV42-<br>MUSE21068</td><td>6734</td><td>6499</td><td>95.44</td><td><b>6590</b></td><td><b>5267</b></td><td>95.44</td><td>8.2</td><td>5.3</td><td>65.4</td></tr><tr><td>Phase TIV</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.44</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.44</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Boundary TIV Start</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.44</td><td><b>6602</b></td><td><b>5956</b></td><td>95.44</td><td></td><td></td><td>91.4</td></tr><tr><td>Interval between TV<br>and TIV</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.44</td><td><b>0</b></td><td><b>421</b></td><td>95.44</td><td></td><td></td><td>94.6</td></tr><tr><td>Boundary TV End</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.44</td><td><b>6646</b></td><td><b>6050</b></td><td>95.44</td><td></td><td></td><td>84.7</td></tr><tr><td>Interval Duration TV</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.44</td><td><b>190</b></td><td><b>919</b></td><td>95.44</td><td></td><td></td><td>86.5</td></tr><tr><td>Span Span of TV</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.44</td><td><b>140</b></td><td><b>762</b></td><td>95.44</td><td></td><td></td><td>82.8</td></tr><tr><td>R Date TVCDF_110-<br>MUSE21093</td><td>7150</td><td>6792</td><td>95.44</td><td><b>6994</b></td><td><b>6550</b></td><td>95.44</td><td>80.7</td><td>87.8</td><td>98.2</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>R Date TV17-MUSE21083</td><td>6744</td><td>6506</td><td>95.44</td><td><strong>6745</strong></td><td><strong>6504</strong></td><td>95.44</td><td>104.6</td><td>97.9</td><td>98.9</td></tr><tr><td>R Date TV12-MUSE21082</td><td>6290</td><td>6012</td><td>95.44</td><td><strong>6884</strong></td><td><strong>6122</strong></td><td>95.44</td><td>75.4</td><td>61</td><td>91</td></tr><tr><td>R Date TV9-MUSE21081</td><td>6651</td><td>6413</td><td>95.44</td><td><strong>6665</strong></td><td><strong>6411</strong></td><td>95.44</td><td>99.1</td><td>96.7</td><td>96.2</td></tr><tr><td>R Date TV24-MUSE21066</td><td>6827</td><td>6642</td><td>95.44</td><td><strong>6832</strong></td><td><strong>6635</strong></td><td>95.44</td><td>103.1</td><td>97.4</td><td>99.1</td></tr><tr><td>R Date TV34-MUSE21065</td><td>4820</td><td>4526</td><td>95.44</td><td><strong>6913</strong></td><td><strong>6163</strong></td><td>95.44</td><td>5.6</td><td></td><td>84.8</td></tr><tr><td>Phase TV</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.44</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.44</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Boundary TV Start</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.44</td><td><strong>7058</strong></td><td><strong>6720</strong></td><td>95.44</td><td></td><td></td><td>98.8</td></tr><tr><td>Interval between TVI and TV</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.44</td><td><strong>0</strong></td><td><strong>276</strong></td><td>95.44</td><td></td><td></td><td>99.4</td></tr><tr><td>Boundary TVI End</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.44</td><td><strong>7141</strong></td><td><strong>6880</strong></td><td>95.44</td><td></td><td></td><td>98.5</td></tr><tr><td>Interval Duration TVI</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.44</td><td><strong>631</strong></td><td><strong>952</strong></td><td>95.44</td><td></td><td></td><td>98.9</td></tr><tr><td>Span Span of TVI</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.44</td><td><strong>589</strong></td><td><strong>833</strong></td><td>95.44</td><td></td><td></td><td>98.3</td></tr><tr><td>R Date TVI OXA-20857</td><td>7603</td><td>7430</td><td>95.44</td><td><strong>7613</strong></td><td><strong>7428</strong></td><td>95.44</td><td>101.4</td><td>96.3</td><td>98.6</td></tr><tr><td>R Date TVI OXA-20856</td><td>7245</td><td>6949</td><td>95.44</td><td><strong>7252</strong></td><td><strong>6984</strong></td><td>95.44</td><td>103.1</td><td>97</td><td>98.3</td></tr><tr><td>R Date TVI OXA-20855</td><td>7918</td><td>7674</td><td>95.44</td><td><strong>7836</strong></td><td><strong>7666</strong></td><td>95.44</td><td>111.1</td><td>97</td><td>98.1</td></tr><tr><td>R Date TVI OXA-20854</td><td>7918</td><td>7671</td><td>95.44</td><td><strong>7836</strong></td><td><strong>7664</strong></td><td>95.44</td><td>111.8</td><td>97</td><td>98.4</td></tr><tr><td>R Date TVICDF_113-MUSE21094</td><td>7829</td><td>7619</td><td>95.44</td><td><strong>7791</strong></td><td><strong>7618</strong></td><td>95.44</td><td>108.8</td><td>98.1</td><td>98.6</td></tr><tr><td>R Date TVI88-MUSE21086</td><td>7835</td><td>7663</td><td>95.44</td><td><strong>7837</strong></td><td><strong>7057</strong></td><td>95.44</td><td>105.2</td><td>93.5</td><td>87.9</td></tr><tr><td>R Date TVI86-MUSE21085</td><td>7926</td><td>7695</td><td>95.44</td><td><strong>7870</strong></td><td><strong>7203</strong></td><td>95.44</td><td>86.8</td><td>92.8</td><td>94.1</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>R Date TVI83-MUSE21084</td><td>7163</td><td>6937</td><td>95.44</td><td><strong>7238</strong></td><td><strong>6951</strong></td><td>95.44</td><td>105.2</td><td>96</td><td>98.3</td></tr><tr><td>R Date TVI82-MUSE21064</td><td>7258</td><td>7012</td><td>95.44</td><td><strong>7262</strong></td><td><strong>7016</strong></td><td>95.44</td><td>107.1</td><td>97.2</td><td>98.3</td></tr><tr><td>R Date TVI81-MUSE21063</td><td>7262</td><td>7016</td><td>95.44</td><td><strong>7266</strong></td><td><strong>7019</strong></td><td>95.44</td><td>107.4</td><td>97.5</td><td>98.3</td></tr><tr><td>Phase TVI</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.44</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.44</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Boundary TVI Start</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.44</td><td><strong>7886</strong></td><td><strong>7719</strong></td><td>95.44</td><td></td><td></td><td>98</td></tr><tr><td>Interval between TVII and TVI</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.44</td><td><strong>0</strong></td><td><strong>116</strong></td><td>95.44</td><td></td><td></td><td>99.1</td></tr><tr><td>Boundary TVII End</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.44</td><td><strong>7939</strong></td><td><strong>7734</strong></td><td>95.44</td><td></td><td></td><td>96.6</td></tr><tr><td>Interval Duration TVII</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.44</td><td><strong>145</strong></td><td><strong>1240</strong></td><td>95.44</td><td></td><td></td><td>84.6</td></tr><tr><td>Span Span of TVII</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.44</td><td><strong>119</strong></td><td><strong>904</strong></td><td>95.44</td><td></td><td></td><td>83.6</td></tr><tr><td>R Date TVI72-MUSE21088</td><td>7916</td><td>7677</td><td>95.44</td><td><strong>8218</strong></td><td><strong>7749</strong></td><td>95.44</td><td>42.8</td><td>78.4</td><td>96</td></tr><tr><td>R Date TVI1-MUSE21087</td><td>8723</td><td>8460</td><td>95.44</td><td><strong>8718</strong></td><td><strong>7816</strong></td><td>95.44</td><td>60.7</td><td>55.8</td><td>84.1</td></tr><tr><td>R Date TVI42-MUSE21072</td><td>8317</td><td>8028</td><td>95.44</td><td><strong>8316</strong></td><td><strong>8025</strong></td><td>95.44</td><td>105.4</td><td>97.5</td><td>97.8</td></tr><tr><td>R Date TVI71-MUSE21071</td><td>8177</td><td>8017</td><td>95.44</td><td><strong>8179</strong></td><td><strong>8011</strong></td><td>95.44</td><td>101.9</td><td>98</td><td>98.4</td></tr><tr><td>R Date TVI74-MUSE21062</td><td>7973</td><td>7794</td><td>95.44</td><td><strong>8012</strong></td><td><strong>7832</strong></td><td>95.44</td><td>102.4</td><td>96.7</td><td>98.3</td></tr><tr><td>R Date TVI69-MUSE21061</td><td>7744</td><td>7584</td><td>95.44</td><td><strong>8659</strong></td><td><strong>7738</strong></td><td>95.44</td><td>5.6</td><td>12.8</td><td>46.3</td></tr><tr><td>Phase TVII</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.44</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.44</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Boundary TVII Start</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.44</td><td><strong>9025</strong></td><td><strong>8046</strong></td><td>95.44</td><td></td><td></td><td>72.7</td></tr><tr><td>Sequence Telarmachay</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.44</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.44</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>U(0,4)</td><td>3.98986e-17</td><td>4</td><td>95.44</td><td><strong>2.3</strong></td><td><strong>3.1</strong></td><td>95.44</td><td>100</td><td></td><td>22.4</td></tr><tr><td>T(5)</td><td>-2.65</td><td>2.65</td><td>95.44</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.44</td><td></td><td></td><td>77.1</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>Outlier Model General</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>-1921</td><td>2196</td><td>95.44</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>37.7</td></tr><tr><td>Curve SHCal20</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>

## Mixed curve:

<table><thead><tr><th>Name</th><th>Unmodell ed (BP)</th><th>Modelled (BP)</th><th>Indices</th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th></tr><tr><th></th><th>From</th><th>to</th><th>%</th><th>from</th><th>to</th><th>%</th><th>Acomb</th><th>A</th><th>L</th><th>P</th><th>C</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Amodel 7.6</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Aoverall 7.7"</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Boundary TII-II End</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3807</td><td>3043</td><td>95.4</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>92.6</td></tr><tr><td>Interval Duration TII-II</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.4</td><td>751</td><td>2316</td><td>95.4</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>38</td></tr><tr><td>Span Span of TII-II</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.4</td><td>633</td><td>2198</td><td>95.4</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>40.9</td></tr><tr><td>R Date TII47- MUSE21074</td><td>3813</td><td>3569</td><td>95.4</td><td>3824</td><td>3496</td><td>95.4</td><td>96.8</td><td>95.4</td><td>95.4</td><td>95.8</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>R Date TII7- MUSE21073</td><td>4781</td><td>4420</td><td>95.4</td><td>4614</td><td>4415</td><td>95.4</td><td>100.7</td><td>96.5</td><td>97</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>R Date TII23- MUSE21070</td><td>4414</td><td>4185</td><td>95.4</td><td>4414</td><td>4155</td><td>95.4</td><td>94</td><td>96.6</td><td>97.9</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>R Date TIII50- MUSE21077</td><td>4577</td><td>4419</td><td>95.4</td><td>4574</td><td>4416</td><td>95.4</td><td>102.7</td><td>97.2</td><td>96.8</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>R Date TIII57- MUSE21076</td><td>4416</td><td>4245</td><td>95.4</td><td>4419</td><td>4156</td><td>95.4</td><td>93.8</td><td>95.9</td><td>96.3</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>R Date TIII56- MUSE21075</td><td>3891</td><td>3699</td><td>95.4</td><td>3895</td><td>3692</td><td>95.4</td><td>95.1</td><td>96.6</td><td>97.3</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>R Date TIII59- MUSE21069</td><td>5982</td><td>5750</td><td>95.4</td><td>5820</td><td>3561</td><td>95.4</td><td>8</td><td>3.7</td><td>4.9</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phase TIII-II</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.4</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.4</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Boundary TIII-II Start</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.4</td><td>5849</td><td>4442</td><td>95.4</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>18.3</td></tr><tr><td>Interval between TIV and TIII-II</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.4</td><td>0</td><td>1048</td><td>95.4</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>43.6</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tr><td>Boundary TIV End</td><td></td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>5885</strong></td><td><strong>4547</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td></td><td></td><td>1.7</td></tr><tr><td>Interval Duration TIV</td><td></td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>160</strong></td><td><strong>1898</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td></td><td></td><td>3.9</td></tr><tr><td>Span Span of TIV</td><td></td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>112</strong></td><td><strong>1834</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td></td><td></td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>R Date<br>TIVCDF_109_2-<br>MUSE21092</td><td>5895</td><td>5658</td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>5897</strong></td><td><strong>5607</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td>96.1</td><td>96.7</td><td>55.2</td></tr><tr><td>R Date<br>TIVCDF_109_1-<br>MUSE21091</td><td>6105</td><td>5904</td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>6109</strong></td><td><strong>5761</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td>98.7</td><td>96.5</td><td>98.2</td></tr><tr><td>R Date<br>TIVCDF_105_2-<br>MUSE21090</td><td>5922</td><td>5748</td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>5924</strong></td><td><strong>5739</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td>95.2</td><td>97.2</td><td>71.5</td></tr><tr><td>R Date<br>TIVCDF_105_1-<br>MUSE21089</td><td>6102</td><td>5903</td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>6108</strong></td><td><strong>5759</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td>97.7</td><td>96.3</td><td>98.4</td></tr><tr><td>R Date TIV40-<br>MUSE21080</td><td>5580</td><td>5326</td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>6057</strong></td><td><strong>5321</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td>84.3</td><td>80.4</td><td>14.6</td></tr><tr><td>R Date TIV38-<br>MUSE21079</td><td>6282</td><td>6008</td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>6281</strong></td><td><strong>5871</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td>59</td><td>91.5</td><td>73.5</td></tr><tr><td>R Date TIV37-<br>MUSE21078</td><td>4853</td><td>4647</td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>6144</strong></td><td><strong>4649</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td>31.6</td><td>26.3</td><td>1.7</td></tr><tr><td>R Date TIV42-<br>MUSE21068</td><td>6740</td><td>6556</td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>6604</strong></td><td><strong>5368</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td>7.4</td><td>8.6</td><td>48.8</td></tr><tr><td>Phase TIV</td><td></td><td>95.4</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>95.4</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Boundary TIV Start</td><td></td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>6626</strong></td><td><strong>5968</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td></td><td></td><td>56.4</td></tr><tr><td>Interval between TV<br>and TIV</td><td></td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>0</strong></td><td><strong>426</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td></td><td></td><td>90.9</td></tr><tr><td>Boundary TV End</td><td></td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>6655</strong></td><td><strong>6050</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td></td><td></td><td>58.5</td></tr><tr><td>Interval Duration TV</td><td></td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>166</strong></td><td><strong>931</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td></td><td></td><td>60.9</td></tr><tr><td>Span Span of TV</td><td></td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>125</strong></td><td><strong>773</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td></td><td></td><td>56.5</td></tr><tr><td>R Date TVCDF_110-<br>MUSE21093</td><td>7152</td><td>6799</td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>6996</strong></td><td><strong>6621</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td>67</td><td>88.7</td><td>95.9</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>R Date TV17-MUSE21083</td><td>6745</td><td>6565</td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>6747</strong></td><td><strong>6555</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td>90.5</td><td>97.2</td><td>98.8</td></tr><tr><td>R Date TV12-MUSE21082</td><td>6289</td><td>6126</td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>6879</strong></td><td><strong>6126</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td>62.7</td><td>58.6</td><td>72.6</td></tr><tr><td>R Date TV9-MUSE21081</td><td>6659</td><td>6458</td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>6670</strong></td><td><strong>6411</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td>94.6</td><td>95.7</td><td>89.7</td></tr><tr><td>R Date TV24-MUSE21066</td><td>6826</td><td>6666</td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>6828</strong></td><td><strong>6652</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td>100</td><td>98.1</td><td>98.8</td></tr><tr><td>R Date TV34-MUSE21065</td><td>4824</td><td>4535</td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>6921</strong></td><td><strong>6177</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td>5.4</td><td></td><td>79.5</td></tr><tr><td>Phase TV</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.4</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.4</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Boundary TV Start</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>7071</strong></td><td><strong>6721</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.8</td></tr><tr><td>Interval between TVI and TV</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>0</strong></td><td><strong>270</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td></td><td></td><td>97.5</td></tr><tr><td>Boundary TVI End</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>7149</strong></td><td><strong>6892</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td></td><td></td><td>99.1</td></tr><tr><td>Interval Duration TVI</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>632</strong></td><td><strong>946</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td></td><td></td><td>98</td></tr><tr><td>Span Span of TVI</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>590</strong></td><td><strong>826</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td></td><td></td><td>97.9</td></tr><tr><td>R Date TVI OXA-20857</td><td>7612</td><td>7432</td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>7610</strong></td><td><strong>7431</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td>95.5</td><td>97.3</td><td>98.8</td></tr><tr><td>R Date TVI OXA-20856</td><td>7250</td><td>6981</td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>7253</strong></td><td><strong>6991</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td>99.5</td><td>96.5</td><td>98.2</td></tr><tr><td>R Date TVI OXA-20855</td><td>7920</td><td>7684</td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>7841</strong></td><td><strong>7668</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td>102.8</td><td>96.2</td><td>97.8</td></tr><tr><td>R Date TVI OXA-20854</td><td>7918</td><td>7682</td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>7832</strong></td><td><strong>7672</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td>105.8</td><td>97.4</td><td>98.2</td></tr><tr><td>R Date TVICDF_113-MUSE21094</td><td>7827</td><td>7671</td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>7793</strong></td><td><strong>7621</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td>103.5</td><td>98.1</td><td>98.8</td></tr><tr><td>R Date TVI88-MUSE21086</td><td>7832</td><td>7675</td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>7826</strong></td><td><strong>7665</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td>105.5</td><td>97.7</td><td>98.5</td></tr><tr><td>R Date TVI86-MUSE21085</td><td>7931</td><td>7730</td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>7870</strong></td><td><strong>7673</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td>65.3</td><td>94.4</td><td>96.6</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>R_Date TVI83-MUSE21084</td><td>7161</td><td>6961</td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>7237</strong></td><td><strong>6959</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td>101.6</td><td>95.5</td><td>98.6</td></tr><tr><td>R_Date TVI82-MUSE21064</td><td>7263</td><td>7025</td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>7262</strong></td><td><strong>7026</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td>94.8</td><td>97.9</td><td>98.6</td></tr><tr><td>R_Date TVI81-MUSE21063</td><td>7268</td><td>7031</td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>7267</strong></td><td><strong>7025</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td>95.4</td><td>97.5</td><td>98.6</td></tr><tr><td>Phase TVI</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.4</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Boundary TVI Start</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>7891</strong></td><td><strong>7727</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td></td><td></td><td>94.4</td></tr><tr><td>Interval between TVII and TVI</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>0</strong></td><td><strong>112</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td></td><td></td><td>97.1</td></tr><tr><td>Boundary TVII End</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>7943</strong></td><td><strong>7744</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td></td><td></td><td>89.2</td></tr><tr><td>Interval Duration TVII</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>147</strong></td><td><strong>1231</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td></td><td></td><td>73.6</td></tr><tr><td>Span Span of TVII</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>119</strong></td><td><strong>882</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td></td><td></td><td>72.4</td></tr><tr><td>R_date TVI72-MUSE21088</td><td>7917</td><td>7690</td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>8318</strong></td><td><strong>7746</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td>51.7</td><td>78.4</td><td>92.1</td></tr><tr><td>R_date TVI71-MUSE21087</td><td>8748</td><td>8543</td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>8720</strong></td><td><strong>7833</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td>56.8</td><td>59.4</td><td>81.9</td></tr><tr><td>R_date TVI74-MUSE21072</td><td>8323</td><td>8037</td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>8317</strong></td><td><strong>8029</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td>85.3</td><td>97.4</td><td>95.6</td></tr><tr><td>R_date TVI71-MUSE21071</td><td>8175</td><td>8028</td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>8176</strong></td><td><strong>8019</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td>100.3</td><td>97.9</td><td>97.8</td></tr><tr><td>R_date TVI74-MUSE21062</td><td>7975</td><td>7842</td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>8009</strong></td><td><strong>7838</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td>94.5</td><td>96.8</td><td>97.3</td></tr><tr><td>R_date TVI69-MUSE21061</td><td>7777</td><td>7611</td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>8577</strong></td><td><strong>7752</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td>5.4</td><td>8.2</td><td>56.3</td></tr><tr><td>Phase TVII</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.4</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.4</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Boundary TVII Start</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>9037</strong></td><td><strong>8048</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td></td><td></td><td>66.9</td></tr><tr><td>Sequence Telarmachay</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.4</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.4</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>U(0,4)</td><td>3.98986e-17</td><td>4</td><td>95.4</td><td><strong>2.272</strong></td><td><strong>3.108</strong></td><td>95.4</td><td>100</td><td></td><td>11.5</td></tr><tr><td>T(5)</td><td>-2.65</td><td>2.65</td><td>95.4</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.4</td><td></td><td></td><td>81.4</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>Outlier Model General</td><td></td><td>95.4</td><td><b>-1786</b></td><td><b>2218</b></td><td>95.4</td><td></td><td></td><td>36.6</td></tr><tr><td>Mix_Curves Mixed</td><td>9.29812e-16</td><td>100</td><td>95.4</td><td><b>35.2</b></td><td><b>100</b></td><td>95.4</td><td>100</td><td>99.5</td></tr><tr><td>Curve SHCal20</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.4</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Curve IntCal20</td><td></td><td></td><td>95.4</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>

**Appendix 5:** Dates ¹⁴C of Junin's sites available in literature - Pachamachay (Rick 1980; Rademaker and Moore 2019), Panaulauca (Moore 1998; Rick and Moore 1999; Rademaker and Moore 2019; Salcedo Camacho and Marcos 2019), Uchkumachay (Kaulicke 1999; Salcedo Camacho and Marcos 2019) and Cuchimachay (Salcedo Camacho and Marcos 2019) - and their calibration with the “SHcal20” curve (Hogg et al. 2020) in BP.

<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Reference</th><th rowspan="2">Site</th><th rowspan="2">Samples lab code</th><th rowspan="2">Layer</th><th colspan="2">¹⁴C age (BP)</th><th colspan="2">Calibrated range (2 sigmas)</th><th rowspan="2">%</th></tr><tr><th>raw age</th><th>Error</th><th>Start (BP)</th><th>End (BP)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Lavallee et al. 1995, Wheeler 2000</td><td>cuchimachay</td><td>Ny-237</td><td>III A</td><td>5580</td><td>80</td><td>6539</td><td>6122</td><td>95.45</td></tr><tr><td>Rademaker and Moore 2019/Moore 1998</td><td>panaulauca</td><td>WSU-2940</td><td>phase 1</td><td>9650</td><td>145</td><td>11 266</td><td>10512</td><td>95.45</td></tr><tr><td>Rademaker and Moore 2019/Moore 1998</td><td>panaulauca</td><td>Beta-7724</td><td>phase 2a</td><td>8350</td><td>140</td><td>9549</td><td>8814</td><td>95.45</td></tr><tr><td>Rademaker and Moore 2019/Moore 1998</td><td>panaulauca</td><td>WSU-2939</td><td>phase 2b</td><td>7650</td><td>95</td><td>8594</td><td>8194</td><td>95.45</td></tr><tr><td>Rademaker and Moore 2019/Moore 1998</td><td>panaulauca</td><td>WSU-3002</td><td>phase 3</td><td>5990</td><td>90</td><td>7153</td><td>6505</td><td>95.45</td></tr><tr><td>Rademaker and Moore 2019/Moore 1998</td><td>panaulauca</td><td>WSU-2938</td><td>phase 4</td><td>5135</td><td>75</td><td>5999</td><td>5605</td><td>95.45</td></tr><tr><td>Salcedo Camacho and Marcos 2019</td><td>panaulauca</td><td>WSU-3001</td><td>18 phase 5</td><td>4040</td><td>60</td><td>4801</td><td>4250</td><td>95.45</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tr><td>Salcedo Camacho and Marcos 2019</td><td>panaulauca</td><td>WSU-3000</td><td>16 phase 5</td><td>3630</td><td>90</td><td>4218</td><td>3640</td><td>95.45</td></tr><tr><td>Moore 1998</td><td>panaulauca</td><td>WSU-2998</td><td>phase 7</td><td>2680</td><td>95</td><td>2992</td><td>2373</td><td>95.45</td></tr><tr><td>Moore 1998</td><td>panaulauca</td><td>WSU-2997</td><td>phase 8</td><td>1095</td><td>65</td><td>1177</td><td>794</td><td>95.45</td></tr><tr><td>Moore 1998</td><td>panaulauca</td><td>WSU-2996</td><td>phase 8</td><td>750</td><td>50</td><td>728</td><td>559</td><td>95.45</td></tr><tr><td>Salcedo Camacho and Marcos 2019/Kaulicke 1999</td><td>uchkumachay-tilarnioc</td><td>Oxa-510</td><td>5</td><td>6670</td><td>120</td><td>7700</td><td>7275</td><td>95.45</td></tr><tr><td>Rick 1980; Rademaker and Moore 2019; Salcedo Camacho and Marcos 2019</td><td>pachamachay</td><td>UCLA-2118A</td><td>32</td><td>11800</td><td>930</td><td>16997</td><td>11630</td><td>95.45</td></tr><tr><td>Rick 1980; Rademaker and Moore 2019; Salcedo Camacho and Marcos 2019</td><td>pachamachay</td><td>UCR-554</td><td>31</td><td>9010</td><td>285</td><td>11069</td><td>9456</td><td>95.45</td></tr><tr><td>Rick 1980; Rademaker and Moore 2019; Salcedo Camacho and Marcos 2019</td><td>pachamachay</td><td>UCR-555</td><td>28 II</td><td>8125</td><td>280</td><td>9659</td><td>8362</td><td>95.45</td></tr><tr><td>Rick 1980; Rademaker and Moore 2019; Salcedo Camacho and Marcos 2019</td><td>pachamachay</td><td>UCR-557</td><td>25 III</td><td>6580</td><td>255</td><td>7933</td><td>6890</td><td>95.45</td></tr><tr><td>Rick 1980; Rademaker and Moore 2019; Salcedo Camacho and Marcos 2019</td><td>pachamachay</td><td>UCLA-2118D</td><td>23 III</td><td>5080</td><td>60</td><td>5917</td><td>5605</td><td>95.45</td></tr><tr><td>Rick 1980; Rademaker and Moore 2019; Salcedo Camacho and Marcos 2019</td><td>pachamachay</td><td>UCR-556</td><td>19 IV</td><td>6100</td><td>250</td><td>7460</td><td>6354</td><td>95.45</td></tr><tr><td>Rick 1980; Rademaker and Moore 2019; Salcedo Camacho and Marcos 2019</td><td>pachamachay</td><td>UCLA-2118B</td><td>17 V</td><td>3800</td><td>60</td><td>4401</td><td>3928</td><td>95.45</td></tr><tr><td>Rick 1980; Rademaker and Moore 2019; Salcedo Camacho and Marcos 2019</td><td>pachamachay</td><td>LJ-3286</td><td>21 VI</td><td>3660</td><td>60</td><td>4146</td><td>3724</td><td>95.45</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>Salcedo Camacho and Marcos 2019</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rick 1980; Rademaker and Moore 2019; Salcedo Camacho and Marcos 2019</td><td>pachamachay</td><td>UCLA-2118C</td><td>13 VI</td><td>3640</td><td>60</td><td>4137</td><td>3719</td><td>95.45</td></tr></table>

**Appendix 6:** codes used for the different models presented in the manuscript, in the latest version of Oxcal software (v4.4):

- a. code used for the Radiocarbon age calibration of the charcoal from Lavallée and Julien (1980); Lavallée et al. (1985) and SAC bones (Metcalf et al. 2016) with the “Shcal20” curve (Hogg et al. 2020) in BP:

Plot()

{
  Curve("SHCal20","shcal20.14c");
}

Phase ("Telarmachay TVII")

{
  R_Date("VIIb Pucp-1825", 12040, 120);
  R_Date("VIIb Lv-1279", 8810, 65);
  R_Date("VIIa Lv-1193", 7620, 60);
  R_Date("VIIa Gif-5389", 7250, 140);
  R_Date("VIIa Lv-1278", 7140, 60);
};

Phase ("Telarmachay TVI")

{
  R_Date("VIa Lv-1277", 7150, 90);
  R_Date("VIa Gif-5388", 5580, 120);
  R_Date("VIa Gif-5394", 5320, 110);
  R_Date("VIa Gif-5390", 4220, 110);
};

Phase ("Telarmachay TV")

{
  R_Date("Vc Gif-5392", 6780, 130);
  R_Date("Vc Lv-1192", 6110, 80);
  R_Date("Vb Lv-1134", 5700, 65);
  R_Date("Va Gif-5046", 5370, 110);
  R_Date("Vb-c Gif-5391", 5320, 120);
  R_Date("Va Gif-5047", 5190, 110);
  R_Date("Vc Lv-1276", 5000, 80);
  R_Date("Va-b Lv-1190", 4910, 80);
  R_Date("Va Gif-5393", 4430, 70);
};

Phase ("Telarmachay TIV")

{
  R_Date("IVa Gif-4837", 4470, 110);
  R_Date("IVc Gif-5045", 4420, 110);
}
R_Date("IVa Gif-4834", 3910, 110);
R_Date("IVa Gif-4836", 3700, 100);
R_Date("IVa Gif-4835", 3680, 100);
};

Phase ("Telarmachay TIII")

{
  R_Date("IIIinf Gif-4189", 3470, 100);
  R_Date("IIIsup Gif-4188", 3410, 100);
};

Phase ("Telarmachay TII")

{
  R_Date("IIinf Gif-4187", 2600, 90);
  R_Date("IImoy Gif-3773", 2280, 100);
  R_Date("IIsup Gif-3774", 2120, 100);
  R_Date("IIsup Gif-3772", 2190, 100);
};

};

- b. code used for the Radiocarbon age obtained on camelid bone collagen from

Telarmachay (Cal BP 2 sigmas) and calibrated dates (Cal BP) with the (SHcal20) curve

(Hogg et al. 2020):

Plot()

{
  Curve("SHCal20", "shcal20.14c");
}

Phase ("Telarmachay TVII")

{
  R_Date("TVII69-MUSE21061", 6870, 30);
  R_Date("TVII74-MUSE21062", 7110, 30);
  R_Date("TVII71-MUSE21071", 7320, 30);
  R_Date("TVII42-MUSE21072", 7395, 30);
  R_Date("TVII1-MUSE21087", 7860, 30);
  R_Date("TVII72-MUSE21088", 6975, 30);
};

Phase ("Telarmachay TVI")

{
  R_Date("TVI81-MUSE21063", 6290, 30);
  R_Date("TVI82-MUSE21064", 6280, 30);
  R_Date("TVI83-MUSE21084", 6185, 30);
  R_Date("TVI86-MUSE21085", 7010, 30);
  R_Date("TVI88-MUSE21086", 6935, 30);
  R_Date("TVICDF_113-MUSE21094", 6920, 30);
  R_Date("TVI OXA-20854", 6965, 40);
  R_Date("TVI OXA-20855", 6970, 40);
  R_Date("TVI OXA-20856", 6920, 40);
  R_Date("TVI OXA-20857", 6960, 40);
};

Phase ("Telarmachay TV")

{
  R_Date("TV34-MUSE21065", 4160, 25);
  R_Date("TV24-MUSE21066", 5935, 25);
  R_Date("TV9-MUSE21081", 5780, 30);
  R_Date("TV12-MUSE21082", 5435, 25);
}
R Date("TV17-MUSE21083", 5875, 25);
R Date("TVCDF_110-MUSE21093", 6095, 30);
};

Phase ("Telarmachay TIV")

{
  R_date("TIV42-MUSE21068", 5855, 30);
  R_date("TIV37-MUSE21078", 4240, 25);
  R_date("TIV38-MUSE21079", 5395, 30);
  R_date("TIV40-MUSE21080", 4750, 30);
  R_date("TIVCDF_105_1-MUSE21089", 5210, 30);
  R_date("TIVCDF_105_2-MUSE21090", 5120, 30);
  R_date("TIVCDF_109_1-MUSE21091", 5215, 30);
  R_date("TIVCDF_109_2-MUSE21092", 5040, 25);
};

Phase ("Telarmachay TIII")

{
  R_date("TIII59-MUSE21069", 5140, 30);
  R_date("TIII56-MUSE21075", 3545, 25);
  R_date("TIII57-MUSE21076", 3920, 25);
  R_date("TIII50-MUSE21077", 4055, 25);
};

Phase ("Telarmachay TII")

{
  R_date("TII23-MUSE21070", 3900, 25);
  R_date("TII7-MUSE21073", 4065, 25);
  R_date("TII47-MUSE21074", 3420, 25);
};

- c. "v0" – first code of the **phases modelized (Bayesian model)** used for the Radiocarbon age obtained on camelid bone collagen from Telarmachay (Cal BP 2 sigmas) and calibrated dates (Cal BP) with the (SHcal20) curve (Hogg et al. 2020):

Options()

{
  kIterations=10;
  Resolution=1;
};

Plot()

{
  Curve("SHCal20","shcal20.14c");
  Sequence("Telarmachay")
}

{
  Boundary("TVII Start");
  Phase("TVII")
}

{
  R_date("TVII69-MUSE21061", 6870, 29);
  R_date("TVII74-MUSE21062", 7111, 29);
  R_date("TVII71-MUSE21071", 7319, 29);
  R_date("TVII42-MUSE21072", 7395, 29);
  R_date("TVII1-MUSE21087", 7859, 30);
  R_date("TVII72-MUSE21088", 6974, 29);
}
Span("Span of TVII");
Interval("Duration TVV");
};
Boundary("TVII End");
Interval("between TVII and TVI");
Boundary("TVI Start");
Phase("TVI")
{
    R_Date("TVI81-MUSE21063", 6290, 28);
    R_Date("TVI82-MUSE21064", 6278, 28);
    R_Date("TVI83-MUSE21084", 6187, 28);
    R_Date("TVI86-MUSE21085", 7012, 29);
    R_Date("TVI88-MUSE21086", 6937, 29);
    R_Date("TVI-MUSE21094", 6919, 30);
    R_Date("TVI OXA-20854", 6965, 40);
    R_Date("TVI OXA-20855", 6970, 40);
    R_Date("TVI OXA-20856", 6220, 40);
    R_Date("TVI OXA-20857", 6690, 40);
    Span("Span of TVI");
    Interval("Duration TVI");
};
Boundary("TVI End");
Interval("between TVI and TV");
Boundary("TV Start");
Phase("TV")
{
    R_Date("TV34-MUSE21065", 4160, 25);
    R_Date("TV24-MUSE21066", 5936, 27);
    R_Date("TV9-MUSE21081", 5782, 28);
    R_Date("TV12-MUSE21082", 5436, 27);
    R_Date("TV17-MUSE21083", 5877, 27);
    Span("Span of TV");
    Interval("Duration TV");
};
Boundary("TV End");
Interval("between TV and TIV");
Boundary("TIV Start");
Phase("TIV")
{
    R_Date("TIV42-MUSE21068", 5860, 29);
    R_Date("TIV37-MUSE21078", 4247, 26);
    R_Date("TIV38-MUSE21079", 5396, 29);
    R_Date("TIV40-MUSE21080", 4746, 28);
    R_Date("TIV-MUSE21089", 5211, 28);
    R_Date("TIV-MUSE21090", 5136, 28);
    R_Date("TIV-MUSE21091", 5213, 29);
    R_Date("TIV-MUSE21092", 5041, 28);
    Span("Span of TIV");
    Interval("Duration TIV");
};
Boundary("TIV End");
Interval("between TIV and TIII");
Boundary("TIII Start");
Phase("TIII")
{
R Date("TIII59-MUSE21069", 5146, 28);
R Date("TIII56-MUSE21075", 3550, 27);
R Date("TIII57-MUSE21076", 3929, 27);
R Date("TIII50-MUSE21077", 4057, 26);
Span("Span of TIII");
Interval("Duration TIII");
};
Boundary("TIII End");
Interval("between TIII and TII");
Boundary("TII Start");
Phase("TII")
{
R Date("TII23-MUSE21070", 3905, 26);
R Date("TII7-MUSE21073", 4068, 26);
R Date("TII47-MUSE21074", 3423, 25);
Span("Span of TII");
Interval("Duration TII");
};
Boundary("TII End");
};
}

- d. code of the phases modelized (“second” Bayesian model) used for the Radiocarbon age obtained on camelid bone collagen from Telarmachay (Cal BP 2 sigmas) and calibrated dates (Cal BP) with the (SHcal20) curve (Hogg et al. 2020):

Options()
{
kIterations=10;
Resolution=1;
};
Plot()
{
Curve("SHCal20","shcal20.14c");
Outlier_Model("General",T(5),U(0,4),"t");
Sequence("Telarmachay")
{
Boundary("TVII Start");
Phase("TVII")
{
R Date("TVII69-MUSE21061", 6870, 30)
{
Outlier("General", 0.05);
};
R Date("TVII74-MUSE21062", 7110, 30)
{
Outlier("General", 0.05);
};
R Date("TVII71-MUSE21071", 7320, 30)
{
Outlier("General", 0.05);
};
R Date("TVII42-MUSE21072", 7395, 30)
```json
{
  Outlier("General", 0.05);
};
R_Date("TVII1-MUSE21087", 7860, 30)
{
  Outlier("General", 0.05);
};
R_Date("TVII72-MUSE21088", 6975, 30)
{
  Outlier("General", 0.05);
};
Span("Span of TVII");
Interval("Duration TVII");
};
Boundary("TVII End");
Interval("between TVII and TVI");
Boundary("TVI Start");
Phase("TVI")
{
  R_Date("TVI81-MUSE21063", 6290, 30)
  {
    Outlier("General", 0.05);
  };
  R_Date("TVI82-MUSE21064", 6280, 30)
  {
    Outlier("General", 0.05);
  };
  R_Date("TVI83-MUSE21084", 6185, 30)
  {
    Outlier("General", 0.05);
  };
  R_Date("TVI86-MUSE21085", 7010, 30)
  {
    Outlier("General", 0.05);
  };
  R_Date("TVI88-MUSE21086", 6935, 30)
  {
    Outlier("General", 0.05);
  };
  R_Date("TVICDF_113-MUSE21094", 6920, 30)
  {
    Outlier("General", 0.05);
  };
  R_Date("TVI OXA-20854", 6965, 40)
  {
    Outlier("General", 0.05);
  };
  R_Date("TVI OXA-20855", 6970, 40)
  {
    Outlier("General", 0.05);
  };
  R_Date("TVI OXA-20856", 6970, 40)
  {
    Outlier("General", 0.05);
  }
};
```
R Date("TVI OXA-20857",6690, 40)
{
    Outlier("General", 0.05);
};
Span("Span of TVI");
Interval("Duration TVI");
};
Boundary("TVI End");
Interval("between TVI and TV");
Boundary("TV Start");
Phase("TV")
{
    R Date("TV34-MUSE21065", 4160, 25)
    {
        Outlier("General", 0.05);
    };
    R Date("TV24-MUSE21066", 5935, 25)
    {
        Outlier("General", 0.05);
    };
    R Date("TV9-MUSE21081", 5780, 30)
    {
        Outlier("General", 0.05);
    };
    R Date("TV12-MUSE21082", 5435, 25)
    {
        Outlier("General", 0.05);
    };
    R Date("TV17-MUSE21083", 5875, 25)
    {
        Outlier("General", 0.05);
    };
    R Date("TVCDF_110-MUSE21093", 6095, 30)
    {
        Outlier("General", 0.05);
    };
    Span("Span of TV");
    Interval("Duration TV");
};
Boundary("TV End");
Interval("between TV and TIV");
Boundary("TIV Start");
Phase("TIV")
{
    R Date("TIV42-MUSE21068", 5855, 30)
    {
        Outlier("General", 0.05);
    };
    R Date("TIV37-MUSE21078", 4240, 25)
    {
        Outlier("General", 0.05);
    };
    R Date("TIV38-MUSE21079", 5395, 30)
    {
        Outlier("General", 0.05);
    };
}
R_Date("TIV40-MUSE21080", 4750, 30)

Outlier("General", 0.05);

R_Date("TIVCDF_105_1-MUSE21089", 5210, 30)

Outlier("General", 0.05);

R_Date("TIVCDF_105_2-MUSE21090", 5120, 30)

Outlier("General", 0.05);

R_Date("TIVCDF_109_1-MUSE21091", 5215, 30)

Outlier("General", 0.05);

R_Date("TIVCDF_109_2-MUSE21092", 5040, 25)

Outlier("General", 0.05);

Span("Span of TIV");
Interval("Duration TIV");

Boundary("TIV End");
Interval("between TIV and TIII-II");
Boundary("TIII-II Start");

Phase("TIII-II")
R_Date("TIII59-MUSE21069", 5140, 30)

Outlier("General", 0.05);

R_Date("TIII56-MUSE21075", 3545, 25)

Outlier("General", 0.05);

R_Date("TIII57-MUSE21076", 3920, 25)

Outlier("General", 0.05);

R_Date("TIII50-MUSE21077", 4055, 25)

Outlier("General", 0.05);

R_Date("TII23-MUSE21070", 3900, 25)

Outlier("General", 0.05);

R_Date("TII7-MUSE21073", 4065, 25)

Outlier("General", 0.05);

R_Date("TII47-MUSE21074", 3420, 25)

{
Outlier("General", 0.05);
};
Span("Span of TII-II");
Interval("Duration TII-II");
};
Boundary("TII-II End");
};
};

e. code used for the radiocarbon age of camelid bone collagen from Telarmachay (Cal BP 2 sigmas) and calibrated with the mixed curve IntCal20 (Reimer et al. 2020) and SHcal20 (Hogg et al. 2020) approach (Buck 2004; Ogburn 2012; Marsh et al. 2017; Marsh et al. 2018):

Plot()
{
  Curve("IntCal20","IntCal20.14c");
  Curve("SHCal20","shcal20.14c");
  Mix_Curve("Mixed","IntCal20","SHCal20",U(0,100));
  Phase ("Telarmachay TVII")
  {
    R_Date("TVII69-MUSE21061", 6870, 30);
    R_Date("TVII74-MUSE21062", 7110, 30);
    R_Date("TVII71-MUSE21071", 7320, 30);
    R_Date("TVII42-MUSE21072", 7395, 30);
    R_Date("TVII1-MUSE21087", 7860, 30);
    R_Date("TVII72-MUSE21088", 6975, 30);
  };
  Phase ("Telarmachay TVI")
  {
    R_Date("TVI81-MUSE21063", 6290, 30);
    R_Date("TVI82-MUSE21064", 6280, 30);
    R_Date("TVI83-MUSE21084", 6185, 30);
    R_Date("TVI86-MUSE21085", 7010, 30);
    R_Date("TVI88-MUSE21086", 6935, 30);
    R_Date("TVICDF_113-MUSE21094", 6920, 30);
    R_Date("TVI OXA-20854", 6965, 40);
    R_Date("TVI OXA-20855",6970, 40);
    R_Date("TVI OXA-20856",6220, 40);
    R_Date("TVI OXA-20857",6690, 40);
  };
  Phase ("Telarmachay TV")
  {
    R_Date("TV34-MUSE21065", 4160, 25);
    R_Date("TV24-MUSE21066", 5935, 25);
    R_Date("TV9-MUSE21081", 5780, 30);
    R_Date("TV12-MUSE21082", 5435, 25);
    R_Date("TV17-MUSE21083", 5875, 25);
    R_Date("TVCDF_110-MUSE21093", 6095, 30);
  };
  Phase ("Telarmachay TIV")
  {
    R_Date("TIV42-MUSE21068", 5855, 30);
    R_Date("TIV37-MUSE21078", 4240, 25);
  }
}
R_date("TIV38-MUSE21079", 5395, 30);
R_date("TIV40-MUSE21080", 4750, 30);
R_date("TIVCDF_105_1-MUSE21089", 5210, 30);
R_date("TIVCDF_105_2-MUSE21090", 5120, 30);
R_date("TIVCDF_109_1-MUSE21091", 5215, 30);
R_date("TIVCDF_109_2-MUSE21092", 5040, 25);
};
Phase ("Telarmachay TIII")
{
    R_date("TIII59-MUSE21069", 5140, 30);
    R_date("TIII56-MUSE21075", 3545, 25);
    R_date("TIII57-MUSE21076", 3920, 25);
    R_date("TIII50-MUSE21077", 4055, 25);
};
Phase ("Telarmachay TII")
{
    R_date("TII23-MUSE21070", 3900, 25);
    R_date("TII7-MUSE21073", 4065, 25);
    R_date("TII47-MUSE21074", 3420, 25);
};

- f. code of the **phases modelized (Bayesian model)** used for the Radiocarbon age obtained on camelid bone collagen from Telarmachay (Cal BP 2 sigmas) and calibrated dates (Cal BP) with the **mixed curve IntCal20** (Reimer et al. 2020) and **SHcal20** (Hogg et al. 2020) approach (Buck 2004; Ogburn 2012; Marsh et al. 2017; Marsh et al. 2018):

Options()

{
kIterations=10;
Resolution=1;
}

Plot()

{
    Curve("IntCal20", "IntCal20.14c");
    Curve("SHCal20", "shcal20.14c");
    Mix_Curve("Mixed", "IntCal20", "SHCal20", U(0,100));
    Outlier_Model("General", T(5), U(0,4), "t");
    Sequence("Telarmachay")
{
    Boundary("TVII Start");
    Phase("TVII")
{
    R_date("TVII69-MUSE21061", 6870, 30)
    {
        Outlier("General", 0.05);
    };
    R_date("TVII74-MUSE21062", 7110, 30)
    {
        Outlier("General", 0.05);
    };
    R_date("TVII71-MUSE21071", 7320, 30)
}
```json
{
  Outlier("General", 0.05);
  R_Date("TVII42-MUSE21072", 7395, 30)
  {
    Outlier("General", 0.05);
    R_Date("TVII1-MUSE21087", 7860, 30)
    {
      Outlier("General", 0.05);
      R_Date("TVII72-MUSE21088", 6975, 30)
      {
        Outlier("General", 0.05);
      }
      Span("Span of TVII");
      Interval("Duration TVII");
    }
    Boundary("TVII End");
    Interval("between TVII and TVI");
    Boundary("TVI Start");
    Phase("TVI")
    {
      R_Date("TVI81-MUSE21063", 6290, 30)
      {
        Outlier("General", 0.05);
      }
      R_Date("TVI82-MUSE21064", 6280, 30)
      {
        Outlier("General", 0.05);
      }
      R_Date("TVI83-MUSE21084", 6185, 30)
      {
        Outlier("General", 0.05);
      }
      R_Date("TVI86-MUSE21085", 7010, 30)
      {
        Outlier("General", 0.05);
      }
      R_Date("TVI88-MUSE21086", 6935, 30)
      {
        Outlier("General", 0.05);
      }
      R_Date("TVICDF_113-MUSE21094", 6920, 30)
      {
        Outlier("General", 0.05);
      }
      R_Date("TVI OXA-20854", 6965, 40)
      {
        Outlier("General", 0.05);
      }
      R_Date("TVI OXA-20855", 6970, 40)
      {
        Outlier("General", 0.05);
      }
    }
  }
}
```
R Date("TVI OXA-20856",6220, 40)
{
    Outlier("General", 0.05);
};
R Date("TVI OXA-20857",6690, 40)
{
    Outlier("General", 0.05);
};
Span("Span of TVI");
Interval("Duration TVI");
};
Boundary("TVI End");
Interval("between TVI and TV");
Boundary("TV Start");
Phase("TV")
{
    R Date("TV34-MUSE21065", 4160, 25)
    {
        Outlier("General", 0.05);
    };
    R Date("TV24-MUSE21066", 5935, 25)
    {
        Outlier("General", 0.05);
    };
    R Date("TV9-MUSE21081", 5780, 30)
    {
        Outlier("General", 0.05);
    };
    R Date("TV12-MUSE21082", 5435, 25)
    {
        Outlier("General", 0.05);
    };
    R Date("TV17-MUSE21083", 5875, 25)
    {
        Outlier("General", 0.05);
    };
    R Date("TVCDF_110-MUSE21093", 6095, 30)
    {
        Outlier("General", 0.05);
    };
    Span("Span of TV");
    Interval("Duration TV");
};
Boundary("TV End");
Interval("between TV and TIV");
Boundary("TIV Start");
Phase("TIV")
{
    R Date("TIV42-MUSE21068", 5855, 30)
    {
        Outlier("General", 0.05);
    };
    R Date("TIV37-MUSE21078", 4240, 25)
    {
        Outlier("General", 0.05);
    };
}
Outlier("General", 0.05);
};
R_Date("TII47-MUSE21074", 3420, 25)
{
  Outlier("General", 0.05);
};
Span("Span of TII-II");
Interval("Duration TII-II");
};
Boundary("TII-II End");
};
};

**Appendix 7:** comparison for the Telarmachay chronostratigraphies by layers:

* "Charcoal chronology": based on charcoal radiocarbon ages (Lavallée and Julien 1980; Lavallée et al. 1985) and SAC bones (Metcalf et al. 2016) after their calibration with the "Shcal20" curve (Hogg et al. 2020) in BP.

* "Bones chronology": based on the Bayesian age model using a t-type outlier model method with prior probabilities set at 0.05. The model is based camelid radiocarbon ages and calibrated using the (SHcal20) curve (Hogg et al. 2020).

<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Layer number</th><th colspan="2">« First » chronology</th><th colspan="2">« New » chronology</th></tr><tr><th>Boundary start</th><th>Boundary end</th><th>Boundary start</th><th>Boundary end</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>III-II</td><td>4.0-3.5</td><td>2.3-1.8</td><td>5.2-4.4</td><td>3.8-3.0</td></tr><tr><td>IV</td><td>5.4-4.8</td><td>4.3-3.7</td><td>6.4-6.0</td><td>5.8-4.5</td></tr><tr><td>V</td><td>7.9-7.4</td><td>5.3-4.8</td><td>7.1-6.8</td><td>6.6-6.0</td></tr><tr><td>VI</td><td>8.2-7.7</td><td>5.0-4.4</td><td>7.9-7.7</td><td>7.1-6.9</td></tr><tr><td>VII</td><td>14.2-13.5</td><td>8.3-7.8</td><td>9.1-8.0</td><td>7.9-7.7</td></tr></tbody></table>