# ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Qinviridae 2023

Yuri I Wolf, Eugene V Koonin, Mart Krupovic, Jens H Kuhn

► To cite this version:

Yuri I Wolf, Eugene V Koonin, Mart Krupovic, Jens H Kuhn. ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Qinviridae 2023. Journal of General Virology, 2023, 104 (10), pp.001905. 10.1099/jgv.0.001905. pasteur-04240090

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Submitted on 13 Oct 2023

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# ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: *Qinviridae* 2023

Yuri I. Wolf¹, Eugene V. Koonin¹, Mart Krupovic² and Jens H. Kuhn³,*

## Abstract

*Qinviridae* is a family of negative-sense RNA viruses with genomes of 7.3–8.2 kb that have been associated with crustaceans, insects, gastropods, and nematodes. The qinvirid genome consists of two segments, each with at least one open reading frame (ORF). The large (L) segment ORF encodes a large protein containing an RNA-directed RNA polymerase (RdRP) domain. The small (S) segment ORF encodes a nucleocapsid protein. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the family *Qinviridae*, which is available at *ictv.global/report/qinviridae*.

<table><caption>**Table 1.** Characteristics of members of the family *Qinviridae*</caption><thead><tr><th>Example</th><th>Sānxiá qinvirus-like virus 1 (L:KX883996; S: KX883997), species Yingvirus sanxiaense, genus Yingvirus</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Virion</td><td>Unknown</td></tr><tr><td>Genome</td><td>7.3–8.2 kb of bisegmented negative-sense RNA</td></tr><tr><td>Replication</td><td>Unknown</td></tr><tr><td>Translation</td><td>Unknown</td></tr><tr><td>Host range</td><td>Decapod crustaceans; blattodean and dipteran insects; gastropods; nematodes</td></tr><tr><td>Taxonomy</td><td>Realm Riboviria, kingdom Orthornavirae, phylum Negarnaviricota, class Chunqiuviricetes, order Muvirales; the family includes the genus Yingvirus and >7 species.</td></tr></tbody></table>

## VIRION

Unknown.

## GENOME

The qinvirid genome comprises two segments of linear negative-sense RNA with a total length of 7.3–8.2 kb (large (L) segment: 5.6–6.6 kb; small (S) segment: 1.6–1.9 kb) [1–5] (Table 1, Fig. 1). The L segment ORF encodes an RdRP with a GDP:polyribonucleotidyltransferase (PRNTase) domain that is related to that of viruses in the order *Mononegavirales*, suggesting a similar capping mechanism. The S segment ORF (N) encodes a nucleocapsid protein

structurally related to the homologs encoded by mononegavirals, in particular paramyxovirids.

## REPLICATION

Unknown

## TAXONOMY

Current taxonomy: *ictv.global/taxonomy*. The family *Qinviridae* includes the genus *Yingvirus* and multiple species for viruses that infect crustaceans, insects, gastropods, and nematodes. Qinvirids are most closely related to other viruses in the subphylum *Haploviricotina*, such as aspivirids, jingchuvirals, mononegavirals, and yuevirids (Fig. 2).

Received 27 September 2023; Accepted 27 September 2023; Published 12 October 2023

**Author affiliations:** ¹National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA; ²Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Archaeal Virology Unit, Paris 75015, France; ³Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.

*Correspondence: Jens H. Kuhn, kuhnjens@mail.nih.gov

Keywords: ICTV Report; *Qinviridae*; Taxonomy; *yingvirus*.

Abbreviations: L, large; N, nucleocapsid; RdRP, RNA-directed RNA polymerase; S, small.

001905 © 2023 The Authors

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /></figure>
<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 1.** Genome organisation of a representative qinvirid, Sānxiá qinvirus-like virus 1. ORFs are coloured according to the predicted protein function (L, large protein gene encoding an RNA-directed RNA polymerase domain; N, gene encoding a nucleocapsid protein).</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 2.** Phylogenetic relationships of qinvirids. A phylogenetic tree was reconstructed for an alignment of the RdRP core domains of the ICTV Virus Metadata Resource (VMR) set of *Negarnaviricota* using the FastTree programme. Branches for other taxa are collapsed to order taxon; the complete tree is available in the full *Qinviridae* ICTV Report.</figcaption></figure>

## References

1. Shi M, Lin X-D, Tian J-H, Chen L-J, Chen X, et al. Redefining the invertebrate RNA virosphere. *Nature* 2016;540:539–543.

2. Käfer S, Paraskevopoulou S, Zirkel F, Wieseke N, Donath A, et al. Re-assessing the diversity of negative strand RNA viruses in insects. *PLoS Pathog* 2019;15:e1008224.

3. Mifsud JCO, Gallagher RV, Holmes EC, Geoghegan JL. Transcriptome mining expands knowledge of RNA viruses across the plant kingdom. *J Virol* 2022;96:e0026022.

## RESOURCES

Full ICTV Report on the family *Qinviridae*: ictv.global/report/qinviridae.

### Funding information

Production of this Profile, the ICTV Report, and associated resources was supported by the Microbiology Society. This work was supported in part through the Laulima Government Solutions, LLC, prime contract with the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), under Contract No. HHSN272201800013C. J.H.K. performed this work as an employee of Tunnell Government Services (TGS), a subcontractor of Laulima Government Solutions, LLC, under Contract No. HHSN272201800013C. The content of this publication should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services or of the institutions and companies affiliated with the authors, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organisations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

### Acknowledgements

We thank Stuart G. Siddell, Elliot J. Lefkowitz, Sead Sabanadzovic, Peter Simmonds, F. Murilo Zerbini, Evelien Adriaenssens, Luisa Rubino, Arvind Varsani (ICTV Report Editors), and Donald B. Smith (Managing Editor, ICTV Report). We thank Anya Crane (Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA) for critically editing the manuscript.

### Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

4. Olendraite I, Brown K, Firth AE. Identification of RNA virus-derived RdRp sequences in publicly available transcriptomic data sets. *Mol Biol Evol* 2023;40:msad060.

5. Rosario K, Van Bogaert N, López-Figueroa NB, Paliogiannis H, Kerr M, et al. Freshwater macrophytes harbor viruses representing all five major phyla of the RNA viral kingdom *Orthornavirae*. *PeerJ* 2022;10:e13875.