Enfin, afin d'éviter la dispersion dans l'air des gaz produits lors du dépôt, un système d'évacuation neutralise l'acide chlorhydrique par une solution de soude ; il récupère par aspiration les vapeurs du méthanol qui se dégagent pendant le dépôt.

<figure><img src="image_74.png" /><figcaption>Figure A.III.1 : Dispositif de réalisation des électrodes SnO₂.</figcaption></figure>

La décomposition thermique d'un aérosol est une technique de plus en plus utilisée pour déposer des films d'oxyde d'étain. Ainsi à l'échelle industrielle, elle permet à moindre coût d'obtenir des dépôts sur des grandes surfaces sous pression atmosphérique.
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**Résumé** : La présence d'un voile biologique, également appelé « biofilm », se développant sur des surfaces immergées en milieu aquatique est à l'origine de nombreux phénomènes comme l'accélération de la corrosion, la diminution de l'efficacité des échangeurs de chaleur, l'encrassement des circuits de climatisation... L'objectif de cette thèse est la validation d'une méthode électrochimique de mesure de l'épaisseur de ces biofilms. Basée sur l'analyse du courant de réduction d'un traceur électrochimique (oxygène ou ferricyanure) contrôlé par le transport de matière à travers une couche poreuse, cette méthode s'applique tout naturellement aux biofilms qui sont généralement composés de plus de 80 % d'eau, donc très poreux. La mise en évidence d'un comportement élastique des biofilms a conduit à l'élaboration d'une nouvelle méthode de calcul de l'épaisseur en fonction des conditions hydrodynamiques. Cette méthode développée sur électrode à disque tournant a été validée pour le jet immergé, en association avec l'observation optique des biofilms par traitement d'images. Suite à cette validation, un prototype de capteur biofilm, structuré autour d'une cellule à jets noyés multiples a été élaboré. Ce capteur, placé en dérivation sur un circuit d'eau, permet de suivre la capacité du milieu à produire un biofilm à la surface des parois en présence ou non de traitement biocide. Dans le prolongement de cette étude, les bases d'un capteur industriel ont été définies pour un développement futur.

**Mots Clés** : biofilm, couche poreuse, électrochimie, méthodes stationnaires, transport de matière, réduction de l'oxygène, analyse d'images, traitement biocide, détection, capteur.

**Abstract** : The biological film, called « biofilm », which develops on immersed surfaces in a natural aquatic environment leads to detrimental phenomena such as accelerated corrosion, reduction of piping system efficiency and fouling of air-conditioning circuits. The biofilm structure is composed of more than 80% water, and highly porous. The method developed in this thesis is based on analysis of the tracer reduction current controlled by the mass transport. During the biofilm development, different media (seawater, fresh water or artificial medium) are used. In the determination of biofilm thickness, an elastic behavior is shown, which can be more or less pronounced according to the experimental conditions. A biofilm sensor to determine in situ his thickness has then been developed. The methods of biofilm detection and monitoring are numerous and often based on biological parameters. Here, the sensor, based on an electrochemical method allows an evaluation of the capacity of a medium to develop a biofilm on a surface.

**Key-words** : biofilm, porous layer, electrochemistry, steady state methods, mass transport, oxygen reduction, image analysis, biocide treatment, detection, monitoring, sensor.