shows (Section 4.3.4), magnetism can trigger defect phase
transformations, yielding a novel field of research.

Another extension is an explicit consideration of the
impact of external magnetic field on defect properties, defect
chemistry, and kinetics in magnetically-sensitive materials.
This are still highly controversial and speculative issues that
provide a rich playground for experimental and theoretical
investigations. While a dramatic impact of even small mag-
netic fields, µB ≪ kT,²⁷⁶ on the dislocation dynamics was
frequently reported in experimental studies,²⁹¹⁻²⁹³ its theo-
retical explanation is not fully developed despite several
attempts.²⁹⁴⁻²⁹⁷ First frameworks to include the impact of
magnetic field on diffusion or phase transformation in
ferromagnetic Fe–C alloys are available,²⁹⁸,²⁹⁹ though a
proper theoretical description of the fundamental processes
is still missing. Further contributions to this research, both
via controlled and reproducible experiments as well as from
ab initio approaches are highly desired.

For most of these challenges, a combination of
the atomistic modelling methodologies discussed here,
including density functional theory, machine learning po-
tentials and effective interaction models, is required. At the
same time, further experimental improvements to provide
atomic-scale magnetic details would enable an even closer
integration of experimental and modelling activities. In
this spirit, the present review provides not only a summary
of achievements in the consideration of magnetism in Fe-
based alloys, but opens the field for a lot of further
investigations.

**Acknowledgments:** We gratefully acknowledge financial support by the German Research Foundation and French National Research Agency within the DFG-ANR project MAGIKID (DFG project number: 316673557, HI1300/13-1, and DI 1419/14-1). MM and RD further acknowledge support via DFG projects 405621081, 405621217 and 403582885, and computational resources from the Interdisciplinary Centre for Advanced Materials Simulation (ICAMS) and the Center for Interface Dominated High Performance Materials (ZGH), both at the Ruhr-Universität Bochum. AE, TH and RD acknowledge financial support by the International Max-Planck Research School SurMat.

**Research ethics:** Not applicable.

**Informed consent:** Not applicable.

**Author contributions:** All authors have accepted re-
sponsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and
approved its submission.

**Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning**
**Tools:** None declared.

**Conflict of interest:** The authors state no conflict of interest.

**Research funding:** German Research Foundation and French National Research Agency within the DFG-ANR project MAGIKID (DFG project number: 316673557, HI1300/13-1, and DI 1419/14-1).

**Data availability:** Not applicable.

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