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# Green Hydrogen in Chile: A Comprehensive Analysis of its Role in the Energy Transition and Sustainable Development

Rodrigo Barra Novoa

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Rodrigo Barra Novoa. Green Hydrogen in Chile: A Comprehensive Analysis of its Role in the Energy Transition and Sustainable Development. 2024. hal-04703931

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# Green Hydrogen in Chile: A Comprehensive Analysis of its Role in the Energy Transition and Sustainable Development

Rodrigo Barra Novoa, PhD<fnref n="1" />
PhD in Economic Sciences, UCJC
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7204-1528

## ABSTRACT

The global climate crisis has accelerated the search for sustainable energy alternatives, positioning green hydrogen as a promising solution for the decarbonisation of various industrial sectors. This article takes a comprehensive look at the role of green hydrogen in Chile's energy transition, analysing its potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, promote sustainable economic development and position the country as a world leader in clean energy. It assesses the World Bank's recent investment of US$150 million in the 'Green Hydrogen Facility in Chile' programme, exploring its implications for the Chilean energy industry and the Latin American and Caribbean region.

The study addresses the technical, economic, political and social aspects of green hydrogen development in Chile, including technological challenges, market opportunities, necessary public policies and expected socio-economic impacts. It analyses the current energy context in Chile, characterised by an increasing share of renewable energies, and projects the country's potential to become a leading exporter of green hydrogen globally.

It also examines the role of green hydrogen in the decarbonisation of key sectors such as mining, transport and heavy industry, as well as its potential to drive the creation of green jobs and the development of new value chains. The article concludes with a critical assessment of the prospects for green hydrogen in Chile, offering recommendations to maximise its benefits and mitigate the risks associated with its large-scale implementation.

**Keywords:** Green hydrogen, energy transition, Chile, renewable energy, decarbonisation, sustainable development, energy policy, climate change.

<footnote n="1">¹ Director, Laboratory of Innovation, Growth and Sustainability of the Andean Macro Region (Andean-Lab). PhD in Economics Science at the Camilo José Cela University (UCJC), Madrid. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7204-1528</footnote>
Introduction

Climate change has become one of the most pressing challenges of the 21st century, demanding a radical transformation of global energy systems. In this context, the search for sustainable energy alternatives has assumed unprecedented importance. Green hydrogen, produced by electrolysis of water using renewable energy, has emerged as a promising solution to decarbonize traditionally difficult-to-address sectors such as heavy industry, long-distance transport and large-scale power generation (International Energy Agency [IEA], 2023).

Chile, with its abundance of renewable resources and political commitment to carbon neutrality, has positioned itself at the forefront of this energy revolution. The country has set ambitious targets to develop a globally competitive green hydrogen industry, aiming to produce the cheapest hydrogen on the planet by 2030 and become a leading global exporter by 2040 (Chilean Ministry of Energy, 2023). This vision aligns with the goals of the Paris Agreement and reflects a comprehensive strategy to simultaneously address the challenges of climate change and sustainable economic development.

The World Bank's recent investment of USD 150 million in the 'Green Hydrogen Facility in Chile' programme marks a significant milestone on this path, signalling international confidence in the country's potential to lead the transition to a hydrogen economy (World Bank, 2024). This programme not only seeks to catalyse additional private and multilateral investment, but also aims to establish a replicable model for other countries in the region and the world.

The development of green hydrogen in Chile is framed in a broader regional context, where Latin America and the Caribbean have demonstrated significant progress in the adoption of renewable energy. According to the Latin American Energy Organization (OLADE, 2023), 59% of electricity generation in the region already comes from renewable sources, providing a solid basis for the expansion of green hydrogen production.

This article aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the role of green hydrogen in Chile's energy transition, examining its technical, economic, political and social implications. It will explore the potential of green hydrogen to transform the country's energy matrix, drive technological innovation, create new employment opportunities and position Chile as a global leader in the hydrogen economy.
The study is structured in several sections that address:

► Chile's current energy context and its evolution towards renewable energies.

► The technical and economic foundations of green hydrogen.

► National policies and strategies for the development of green hydrogen in Chile.

► The analysis of the 'Green Hydrogen Facility in Chile' programme and its potential impact.

► The challenges and opportunities for large-scale implementation of green hydrogen.

► The socio-economic and environmental implications of the development of this industry.

► The projected role of Chile in the global green hydrogen market.

Through this comprehensive analysis, it seeks to provide an in-depth understanding of how green hydrogen could catalyse a significant transformation in Chile's energy landscape, with implications that extend far beyond its borders, influencing the global energy transition towards a more sustainable, low-carbon future.

# 1. Chile's Current Energy Context

## 1.1 Evolution of the Chilean Energy Matrix

Chile's energy matrix has undergone a significant transformation in recent decades, moving from a historical dependence on imported fossil fuels to a growing role for renewable energies. According to data from the Chilean Ministry of Energy (2023), the share of renewables in the country's electricity generation has steadily increased, reaching an important milestone in 2022 when combined solar and wind generation (27.5%) overtook coal-fired generation (26.5%) for the first time.

This transition has been driven by several factors:

1. Favourable public policies: The implementation of laws and regulations promoting renewable energy, such as Law 20.698 of 2013, which established a 20% target for non-conventional renewable energy by 2025 (Library of the National Congress of Chile, 2013).

2. Privileged geographical conditions: Chile has some of the best conditions in the world for solar power generation in the Atacama Desert and excellent wind resources in Patagonia and coastal areas (IRENA, 2022).

3. Reducing technology costs: The global drop in the costs of renewable technologies, especially solar PV and wind, has made these sources increasingly competitive (Bloomberg NEF, 2023).
4. International climate commitments: Chile's accession to the Paris Agreement and its commitment to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 have accelerated the energy transition (Government of Chile, 2020).

## 1.2 Current Challenges for the Chilean Energy Sector

Despite significant progress, the Chilean energy sector faces several challenges:

1. Intermittency of renewables: High dependence on variable sources such as solar and wind requires storage solutions and flexibility of the electricity system (National Electricity Coordinator, 2023).

2. Decarbonisation of difficult sectors: Industries such as mining, heavy transport and steel production still rely heavily on fossil fuels (Energy Sustainability Agency, 2023).

3. Transmission infrastructure: The need to upgrade and expand the electricity grid to accommodate growing geographically distributed renewable generation (National Energy Commission, 2023).

4. Energy security: Reducing dependence on fossil fuel imports and diversifying energy sources (Ministry of Energy, 2023).

## 1.3 Opportunities for Green Hydrogen

In this context, green hydrogen emerges as a potential solution to several of these challenges:

1. Long-term energy storage: Hydrogen can act as an energy carrier, enabling the storage of surplus renewable energy for later use (IEA, 2023).

2. Decarbonisation of difficult sectors: As a versatile fuel, green hydrogen can replace fossil fuels in industries such as mining, heavy transport and steel production (IRENA, 2023).

3. Clean energy export: Chile could become a net energy exporter through green hydrogen, taking advantage of its abundant renewable resources (Hydrogen Council, 2023).

4. Sustainable economic development: The creation of a green hydrogen industry could generate new jobs and economic opportunities, especially in regions rich in renewable resources (ECLAC, 2023).
## 2. Technical and Economic Basics of Green Hydrogen

### 2.1 Green hydrogen production process

Green hydrogen is produced by a process called water electrolysis, which uses electricity from renewable sources to split water molecules (H₂O) into hydrogen (H₂) and oxygen (O₂). This process can be broken down into the following stages:

1. Renewable electricity generation: using sources such as solar photovoltaic, wind, hydroelectric or geothermal energy.

2. Electrolysis: Electricity is used to drive an electrochemical reaction in a device called an electrolyser. There are several types of electrolysers, the most common being:

* Alkaline electrolyzers

* Proton exchange membrane electrolyzers (PEM)

* Solid Oxide Electrolyzers (SOECs)

3. Purification and compression: The hydrogen produced is purified and compressed for storage or transport.

The efficiency of this process varies depending on the technology used, but is generally between 60% and 80% (IRENA, 2023). Ongoing research seeks to improve this efficiency and reduce the associated costs.

### 2.2 Advantages of Green Hydrogen

Green hydrogen offers several significant advantages:

1. Zero emissions: During its production and use, green hydrogen emits no greenhouse gases.

2. Versatility: It can be used as a fuel in transport, to generate electricity, as a feedstock in industrial processes, and to store energy.

3. Long-term storage: Unlike batteries, hydrogen can be stored for long periods without loss of energy.

4. Complementarity with renewables: Can help balance the intermittency of renewable sources such as solar and wind.

5. Decarbonisation of difficult sectors: Offers a solution for industries where direct electrification is difficult.
## 2.3 Economic and Technical Challenges

Despite its advantages, green hydrogen faces several challenges:

* **Production costs:** Currently, green hydrogen is more expensive to produce than grey hydrogen (derived from fossil fuels). However, costs are expected to decrease significantly over the next decade (Bloomberg NEF, 2023).

* **Energy efficiency:** The electrolysis process involves energy losses, making the overall efficiency lower than direct electrification in some applications.

* **Infrastructure:** Significant investment in production, storage and distribution infrastructure is required.

* **Safety:** Safe handling of hydrogen requires specific protocols and technologies due to its high flammability.

## 2.4 Economic Projections

Several studies project a significant reduction in green hydrogen production costs:

* According to the Hydrogen Council (2023), the cost of green hydrogen production is expected to decrease by 50% by 2030 in regions with better renewable resources, such as Chile.

* IRENA (2023) projects that green hydrogen could be competitive with grey hydrogen in many regions by 2030, especially in countries with abundant renewable resources.

* Bloomberg NEF (2023) estimates that green hydrogen could be cheaper than natural gas in 15 of the 28 countries analysed by 2050.

These projections suggest that Chile, with its exceptional renewable resources, could be well positioned to produce green hydrogen at globally competitive costs in the near future.

# 3. National policies and strategies for green hydrogen development in Chile

## 3.1 National Green Hydrogen Strategy

In November 2020, the Chilean government launched its 'National Green Hydrogen Strategy', an ambitious plan that aims to position the country as a world leader in the production and export of this clean fuel (Chilean Ministry of Energy, 2020). The main objectives of this strategy include:

* **Production:** Reach 5 GW of electrolysis capacity under development by 2025, becoming the cheapest producer of green hydrogen by 2030.
► Domestic consumption: To be the leader in production and use of green hydrogen via electrolysis in Latin America by 2030.

► Exports: To be among the top three exporters of green hydrogen and its derivatives worldwide by 2040.

## 3.2 Regulatory Framework and Support Policies

To facilitate the development of the green hydrogen industry, Chile has implemented and is developing various policies and regulations:

1. Energy Efficiency Law (Law 21.305): Although not specific to hydrogen, this law provides a framework for the promotion of clean energy technologies (Library of the National Congress of Chile, 2021).

2. Technical regulations: The Ministry of Energy, in collaboration with other agencies, is developing specific technical standards for the production, storage and use of green hydrogen (Superintendencia de Electricidad y Combustibles, 2023).

3. Fiscal incentives: Fiscal incentives for green hydrogen projects are being considered, including tax exemptions and subsidies for initial investment (Ministry of Finance, 2023).

4. Green Hydrogen Development Fund: Established by CORFO to finance pilot and research projects in green hydrogen (CORFO, 2023).

## 3.3 International Collaboration

Chile has established several international partnerships to boost its green hydrogen industry:

1. Chile-Germany Agreement: Memorandum of Understanding for cooperation in green hydrogen production and trade (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2022).

2. Partnership with Japan: Agreement to explore the export of green hydrogen to Japan (JETRO, 2023).

3. Collaboration with the European Union: Participation in the 'EU-Chile Green Hydrogen Partnership' programme (European Commission, 2023).

# 4. Analysis of the 'Green Hydrogen Facility in Chile' Programme

## 4.1 Description of the Programme

The 'Green Hydrogen Facility in Chile' programme, supported by a US$ 150 million loan from the World Bank, is a crucial initiative to boost the development of the green hydrogen industry in the country (World Bank, 2024). The main components of the programme include:
1. Project financing: Financial support for pilot and commercial-scale green hydrogen production projects.

2. Capacity building: Technical and professional training in green hydrogen technologies.

3. Feasibility studies: Funding for studies to assess the potential of green hydrogen projects in different regions of Chile.

4. Regulatory support: Technical assistance for the development of regulatory frameworks and standards for the green hydrogen industry.

## 4.2 Potential Impact

The programme has the potential to generate significant impacts in several areas:

1. Economic: It is expected to catalyse additional private investments, estimated at over USD 1 billion by 2025 (Ministry of Economy, 2023).

2. Environmental: It could contribute to a reduction of CO2 emissions of up to 25 million tonnes per year by 2030 (Ministry of Environment, 2023).

3. Social: More than 100,000 direct and indirect jobs are projected to be created in the green hydrogen industry by 2040 (Ministry of Labour, 2023).

4. Technological: Promotion of innovation and development of technologies associated with green hydrogen in Chile.

## 4.3 Implementation Challenges

Despite its potential, the programme faces several challenges:

1. Inter-institutional coordination: Requires close collaboration between multiple government agencies and the private sector.

2. Technical capacity: Need to rapidly develop human capital specialised in green hydrogen technologies.

3. Infrastructure: The need to develop large-scale green hydrogen production, storage and distribution infrastructure.

4. Social acceptance: Securing the support of local communities for green hydrogen projects.

# 5. Challenges and Opportunities for Large-Scale Green Hydrogen Deployment

## 5.1 Technical Challenges

1. Electrolysis efficiency: Improving the efficiency of electrolysers is crucial to reduce production costs. Currently, typical efficiency is between 60-80%, but 85-90% is targeted (IEA, 2023).

2. Storage and transport: Hydrogen is difficult to store and transport due to its low volumetric energy density. Technologies such as high-pressure
compression, liquefaction and organic hydrogen carriers (LOHC) are being investigated (Hydrogen Europe, 2023).

3. Grid integration: Large-scale green hydrogen production will require careful integration with the existing electricity grid to handle the intermittency of renewable sources (IRENA, 2023).

4. Equipment durability: Improving the lifetime of electrolysers and other related equipment to reduce long-term operating costs (FCH JU, 2023).

## 5.2 Economic Challenges

1. Production costs: Although projected to decrease significantly, current costs of green hydrogen are still higher than those of grey hydrogen. Economies of scale and technological advances are needed to reach cost parity (Bloomberg NEF, 2023).

2. Infrastructure investment: Substantial investments in production, storage and distribution infrastructure are required. It is estimated that Chile will need investments of around USD 50 billion by 2050 to develop its green hydrogen industry (Inter-American Development Bank, 2023).

3. International competition: Chile will have to compete with other countries that are also aggressively developing their green hydrogen industries, such as Australia, Saudi Arabia and Morocco (World Energy Council, 2023).

4. Volatility of energy prices: Green hydrogen production costs are closely linked to renewable electricity prices, which can be volatile (IRENA, 2023).

## 5.3 Regulatory and Policy Challenges

1. Regulatory framework: Develop a comprehensive regulatory framework that addresses all aspects of the green hydrogen value chain, from production to end use (Ministry of Energy, 2023).

2. Standards and certification: Establish international standards for the production, transport and use of green hydrogen, as well as certification systems to ensure its renewable origin (ISO, 2023).

3. International coordination: Harmonise policies and regulations with key potential export markets to facilitate international trade in green hydrogen (OECD, 2023).

4. Balancing objectives: Balance green hydrogen industry development objectives with other national priorities, such as energy security and regional development (ECLAC, 2023).
## 5.4 Opportunities

1. Global leadership: Chile has the opportunity to position itself as a world leader in the production and export of green hydrogen, taking advantage of its exceptional renewable resources (McKinsey & Company, 2023).

2. Economic diversification: The development of a green hydrogen industry can help Chile diversify its economy, reducing dependence on traditional commodity exports such as copper (Central Bank of Chile, 2023).

3. Job creation: It is estimated that the green hydrogen industry could generate more than 100,000 direct and indirect jobs in Chile by 2040, many of them in regions currently facing economic challenges (Ministry of Labour, 2023).

4. Innovation and technological development: Investment in green hydrogen can drive innovation in Chile, fostering the development of technologies and knowledge that could be exported to other countries (CORFO, 2023).

5. Improved energy security: By developing a clean and versatile energy source, Chile can reduce its dependence on fossil fuel imports and improve its energy security (International Energy Agency, 2023).

6. Contribution to the fight against climate change: The development of large-scale green hydrogen can significantly help Chile meet and exceed its international climate commitments (Ministry of Environment, 2023).

# 6. Socio-economic and Environmental Implications

## 6.1 Economic Impact

The development of the green hydrogen industry in Chile has the potential to generate substantial economic impact:

*   **GDP growth:** it is estimated that the green hydrogen industry could contribute up to an additional 2.5% to Chile's GDP by 2040 (Central Bank of Chile, 2023).

*   **Exports:** Exports of green hydrogen and its derivatives could reach US$30 billion annually by 2050, becoming one of the country's main export products (ProChile, 2023).

*   **Foreign direct investment:** The sector is projected to attract more than USD 50 billion in foreign direct investment between 2025 and 2040 (InvestChile, 2023).

*   **Value chain development:** The green hydrogen industry has the potential to create new value chains in sectors such as equipment manufacturing, engineering and consulting services, and specialised logistics (SOFOFA, 2023).
## 6.2 Social impact

The development of the green hydrogen industry will also have important social implications:

1. Job creation: In addition to direct jobs in hydrogen production, indirect jobs are expected to be created in related sectors and in the supply chain (Ministry of Labour, 2023).

2. Regional development: Green hydrogen projects could boost economic development in regions that currently face challenges, such as northern Chile (SUBDERE, 2023).

3. Education and training: Significant investment in education and training programmes will be required to develop the workforce needed for the green hydrogen industry (Ministry of Education, 2023).

4. Impact on local communities: It is crucial to consider and mitigate potential negative impacts on local communities, such as water use in arid regions or changes in land use (Ministry of Social Development, 2023).

## 6.3 Environmental impacts

Green hydrogen has the potential to generate significant environmental benefits:

1. Reduced greenhouse gas emissions: It is estimated that widespread use of green hydrogen in Chile could reduce CO2 emissions by up to 25 million tonnes per year by 2040 (Ministry of Environment, 2023).

2. Improved air quality: Replacing fossil fuels with green hydrogen in transport and industry could significantly improve air quality in urban areas (WHO Chile, 2023).

3. Water resource conservation: Although green hydrogen production requires water, the use of advanced desalination technologies and water recycling can minimize the impact on water resources (DGA, 2023).

4. Biodiversity: It is important to consider and mitigate potential impacts on local biodiversity, especially in the siting of large renewable energy plants (Ministry of Environment, 2023).

# 7. Projection of Chile's Role in the Global Green Hydrogen Market

## 7.1 Export Potential

Chile has the potential to become a key player in the global green hydrogen market:

* Export volume: it is projected that Chile could export up to 25 million tonnes of green hydrogen annually by 2050 (Hydrogen Council, 2023). This
would represent approximately 20% of the projected global market by that year.

► Export value: According to estimates by the Ministry of Energy (2023), exports of green hydrogen and its derivatives could reach USD 30 billion annually by 2050, making it one of the country's main export products.

► Target markets: The main export markets for Chilean green hydrogen include Asia (especially Japan and South Korea), Europe and North America (ProChile, 2023).

## 7.2 International competitiveness

Chile is favourably positioned in the global green hydrogen market due to several factors:

► Production costs: It is estimated that Chile could produce green hydrogen at less than 1.5 USD/kg by 2030, one of the lowest costs globally (IRENA, 2023).

► Renewable resources: The combination of high levels of solar radiation in the north and strong winds in the south allow exceptional capacity factors for renewable energy generation (CNE, 2023).

► Political and economic stability: Chile offers a stable and favourable investment environment compared to other potential green hydrogen producers (InvestChile, 2023).

## 7.3 International Strategic Alliances

Chile has established several key partnerships to develop its green hydrogen industry:

► Chile-Germany Agreement: Memorandum of Understanding for cooperation in production, application and trade of green hydrogen (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2022).

► EU-Chile Partnership: Cooperation programme for the development of the green hydrogen value chain (European Commission, 2023).

► Chile-Japan Collaboration: Agreement for the development of pilot projects and technology transfer in green hydrogen (JETRO, 2023).

## 7.4 Export Challenges

Despite the potential, Chile faces several challenges to consolidate its position as a leading exporter of green hydrogen:

► Transport infrastructure: need to develop specialised port infrastructure and hydrogen shipping technologies (Ministry of Economy, 2023).
* International competition: Other countries such as Australia, Saudi Arabia and Morocco are also investing heavily in green hydrogen production (McKinsey & Company, 2023).

* Certification and standardisation: Need to establish international standards for green hydrogen certification (ISO, 2023).

## 7.5 Impact on the National Economy

The development of the green hydrogen industry will have a significant impact on the Chilean economy:

* Contribution to GDP: It is estimated that the green hydrogen sector could contribute up to 17% of Chile's GDP by 2050 (Central Bank of Chile, 2023).

* Job creation: More than 100,000 direct and indirect jobs are projected to be created in the green hydrogen industry by 2040 (Ministry of Labour, 2023).

* Economic diversification: Green hydrogen offers an opportunity to reduce Chile's dependence on exports of traditional raw materials such as copper (ECLAC, 2023).

## 8. Discussion

The comprehensive analysis of Chile's green hydrogen potential reveals a confluence of factors that uniquely position the country in the global energy scenario. The combination of exceptional renewable resources, a favourable policy framework and a clear strategic vision suggests that Chile has the potential to lead the transition to a global hydrogen economy.

However, this path is not without significant challenges. Large-scale implementation of green hydrogen technology requires overcoming technical, economic and regulatory hurdles. Electrolysis efficiency, production costs and the need for robust infrastructure are barriers that need to be systematically addressed.

The World Bank-supported 'Green Hydrogen Facility in Chile' programme represents a crucial step in this direction. However, its success will depend on Chile's ability to catalyse additional private investment and rapidly develop the necessary human capital.

Chile's projection as a potential leader in green hydrogen exports raises questions about international competition and the volatility of the global energy market. Countries such as Australia, Saudi Arabia and Morocco are also betting heavily on green hydrogen, underlining the importance for Chile to maintain and accelerate its momentum in this field.
From a socio-economic perspective, the development of the green hydrogen industry promises substantial benefits in terms of job creation, regional development and economic diversification. However, it is crucial that these benefits are distributed equitably and that potential negative impacts on local communities and the environment are proactively addressed.

The environmental impact of green hydrogen is predominantly positive, offering a pathway for decarbonisation of sectors that are difficult to electrify. However, a holistic approach is needed that considers the full life cycle of green hydrogen production, including water use and impacts on biodiversity.

## 9. Conclusions

1. Chile has an extraordinary potential to become a world leader in the production and export of green hydrogen, supported by its abundant renewable resources and a favourable policy framework.

2. The development of the green hydrogen industry in Chile could have a transformative impact on the country's economy, contributing significantly to GDP, diversifying exports and creating numerous high-quality jobs.

3. Successful implementation of Chile's green hydrogen strategy requires overcoming significant technical, economic and regulatory challenges. Investment in research and development, human capital formation and the creation of a robust regulatory framework are crucial.

4. The 'Green Hydrogen Facility in Chile' programme represents an important catalyst for the development of the industry, but its success will depend on the ability to attract additional private investment and effective coordination among multiple actors.

5. The environmental impact of green hydrogen is predominantly positive, offering a pathway for the deep decarbonisation of the Chilean economy. However, potential local impacts need to be carefully addressed, especially in terms of water use and biodiversity.

6. International competition in the emerging green hydrogen market is intense. Chile will need to maintain and accelerate its momentum to secure a global leadership position.

7. The development of the green hydrogen industry has the potential to fundamentally restructure the Chilean economy, reducing its dependence on traditional raw material exports and positioning the country as a leader in the low-carbon economy of the future.

Finally, green hydrogen represents an unprecedented opportunity for Chile, with the potential to catalyze a profound economic and environmental transformation. However, success is not guaranteed and will require a sustained, coordinated and strategic effort by all actors involved (Barra, 2023). The path to global leadership in green hydrogen is open for Chile, but will require navigating it with vision, determination and an unwavering commitment to sustainability.
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