then esterify"? Insights from the structural characterization of juvenile
hormone acid methyltransferase. *Insect Biochem Mol Biol* (2011) 41:228-
35. doi: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2010.12.008

49. Mercier J, Doucet D, Retnakaran A. Molecular physiology of crustacean and insect neuropeptides. *J Pestic Sci* (2007) 32:345-59. doi: 10.1584/jpestics.R07-04

50. Webster SG, Keller R, Dircksen H. The CHH-superfamily of multifunctional peptide hormones controlling crustacean metabolism, osmoregulation, moulting, and reproduction. *Gen Comp Endocrinol* (2012) 175:217-33. doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.11.035

51. Dircksen H. Insect ion transport peptides are derived from alternatively spliced genes and differentially expressed in the central and peripheral nervous system. *J Exp Biol* (2009) 212:401-12. doi: 10.1242/jeb.026112

52. Gáliková M, Dircksen H, Nässel DR. The thirsty fly: Ion transport peptide (ITP) is a novel endocrine regulator of water homeostasis in *Drosophila*. *PloS Genet* (2018) 14:e1007618. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007618

53. Sandve SR, Rohlfs RV, Hvidsten TR. Subfunctionalization versus neofunctionalization after whole-genome duplication. *Nat Genet* (2018) 50:908-9. doi: 10.1038/s41588-018-0162-4

54. Thornton JW, Need E, Crews D. Resurrecting the ancestral steroid receptor: ancient origin of estrogen signaling. *Science* (2003) 301:1714-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1086185

55. Escriva H, Bertrand S, Laudet V. The evolution of the nuclear receptor superfamily. *Essays Biochem* (2004) 40:11-26. doi: 10.1042/bse0400011

56. Bertrand S, Brunet FG, Escriva H, Parmentier G, Laudet V, Robinson-Rechavi M. Evolutionary genomics of nuclear receptors: from twenty-five ancestral genes to derived endocrine systems. *Mol Biol Evol* (2004) 21:1923-37. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msh200

57. Thomson SA, Baldwin WS, Wang YH, Kwon G, LeBlanc GA. Annotation, phylogenetics, and expression of the nuclear receptors in *Daphnia pulex*. *BMC Genomics* (2009) 10:500. doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-500

58. Campbell RK, Satoh N, Degnan BM. Piecing together evolution of the vertebrate endocrine system. *Trends Genet* (2004) 20:359-66. doi: 10.1016/j.tig.2004.06.005

59. Baker ME. Evolution of adrenal and sex steroid action in vertebrates: a ligand-based mechanism for complexity. *BioEssays News Rev Mol Cell Dev Biol* (2003) 25:396-400. doi: 10.1002/bies.10252

60. Baker ME. Trichoplax, the simplest known animal, contains an estrogen-related receptor but no estrogen receptor: Implications for estrogen receptor evolution. *Biochem Biophys Res Commun* (2008) 375:623-7. doi: 10.1016/j.bbkcr.2008.08.047

61. Bridgham JT, Brown JE, Rodriguez-Mari A, Catchen JM, Thornton JW. Evolution of a new function by degenerative mutation in cephalochordate steroid receptors. *PloS Genet* (2008) 4:e1000191. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000191

62. Baker ME. Steroid receptors and vertebrate evolution. *Mol Cell Endocrinol* (2019) 496:110526. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110526

63. Bonneton F, Zelus D, Iwema T, Robinson-Rechavi M, Laudet V. Rapid divergence of the ecydysone receptor in *Diptera* and *Lepidoptera* suggests coevolution between ECR and USP-RXR. *Mol Biol Evol* (2003) 20:541-53. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msg054

64. Grillo M, Casanova J, Averof M. Development: a deep breath for endocrine organ evolution. *Curr Biol* (2014) 24:R38-40. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.11.033

65. Sánchez-Higueras C, Sotillos S, Castelli-Gair Hombria J. Common origin of insect trachea and endocrine organs from a segmentally repeated precursor. *Curr Biol* (2014) 24:76-81. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.11.010

66. Siveter DJ, Williams M, Waloszek D. A phosphatocopid crustacean with appendages from the lower Cambrian. *Science* (2001) 293:479-81. doi: 10.1126/science.1061697

67. Han J, Morris SC, Ou Q, Shu D, Huang H. Meiofaunal deuterostomes from the basal Cambrian of Shaanxi (China). *Nature* (2017) 542:228-31. doi: 10.1038/nature21072

68. Richter S, Wirkner CS. What the ur-crustacean lookedlike. Poore G and Thiel M (eds). *Evolution and Biography (Volume 8 in the Series The Natural History of the Crustacea)*. Oxford University Press (2020). pp. 1-20.

69. Skinner DM, Graham DE, Holland CH, Mykles DL, Soumoff C, Yamaoka LH. "Control of molting incrustacea," In: Wenner AM. *Crustacean Issues 3: factors in adult growth*. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema Publishers (1985). p. 3-14. doi: 10.1201/9781315140681

70. Techa S, Chung JS. Ecdysteroids regulate the levels of Molt-Inhibiting Hormone (MIH) expression in the blue crab, *Callinectes sapidus*. *PloS One* (2015) 10:e0117278. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117278

71. Nagaraju GPC, Reddy PR, Reddy PS. *In vitro* methyl farnesoate secretion by mandibular organs isolated from different molt and reproductive stages of the crab *Oziotelphusa senex* *senex*. *Fish Sci* (2006) 72:410-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1444-2906.2006.01164.x

72. Chang ES, Mykles DL. Regulation of crustacean molting: A review and our perspectives. *Gen Comp Endocrinol* (2011) 172:323-30. doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.04.003

73. Chung JS. Hemolymph ecdysteroids during the last three molt cycles of the blue crab, *Callinectes sapidus*: quantitative and qualitative analyses and regulation. *Arch Insect Biochem Physiol* (2010) 73:1-13. doi: 10.1002/arch.20327

74. Chung JS, Dircksen H. Webster SG. A remarkable, precisely timed release of hyperglycemic hormone from endocrine cells in the gut is associated with ecdysis in the crab *Carcinus maenas*. *Proc Natl Acad Sci USA* (1999) 96:13103-7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.96.23.13103

75. Phlippen MK, Webster SG, Chung JS, Dircksen H. Ecdysis of decapod crustaceans is associated with a dramatic release of crustacean cardioactive peptide into the haemolymph. *J Exp Biol* (2000) 203:521-36.

76. Webster SG, Wilcockson DC, Mrinalini, Sharp JH. Bursicon and neuropeptide cascades during the ecdysis program of the shore crab, *Carcinus maenas*. *Gen Comp Endocrinol* (2013) 182:54-64. doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.11.018

77. Drach P. Mue et cycle d'intermue chez les crustacees decapodes. *Ann Inst Oceanic Monaco* (1939) 19:103-391.

78. Kuballa A, Elizur A. Novel molecular approach to study moulting in crustaceans. *Bull-Fish Res Agency Jpn* (2007) 20:53.

79. Liu L, Laufer H. Isolation and characterization of sinus gland neuropeptides with both mandibular organ inhibiting and hyperglycemic effects from the spider crab *Libinia emarginata*. *Arch Insect Biochem Physiol* (1996) 32:375-85. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6327(1996)32:3/4<375::AID-ARCH10>3.0.CO;2-9

80. Martin-Creuzburg D, Westerlund SA, Hoffmann KH. Ecdysteroid levels in *Daphnia magna* during a molt cycle: Determination by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). *Gen Comp Endocrinol* (2007) 151:66-71. doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.11.015

81. Sumiya E, Ogino Y, Miyakawa H, Hiruta C, Toyota K, Miyagawa S, et al. Roles of ecdysteroids for progression of reproductive cycle in the fresh water crustacean *Daphnia magna*. *Front Zool* (2014) 11:60. doi: 10.1186/s12983-014-0060-2

82. Drach P, Tchernigovtzeff C. Sur la méthode de détermination des stades d'intermue et son application générale aux crustacés. *Vie Milieu* (1967) 18A:595-610.

83. Alexander JL, Oliphant A, Wilcockson DC, Audsley N, Down RE, Lafont R, et al. Functional characterization and signaling systems of corazonin and red pigment concentrating hormone in the green shore crab, *Carcinus maenas*. *Front Neurosci* (2018) 11:752. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00752

84. Passano L. Neurosecretory control of molting in crabs by the X-organ sinus gland complex. *Physiol Comp Oecol* (1953) 3:5-1.

85. Brown FA. Hormones in the crustacea: Their sources and activities. *Q Rev Biol* (1944) 19:32-46. doi: 10.1086/394686

86. Knowles SFGW, Carlisle DB. Endocrine control in the crustacea. *Biol Rev* (1956) 31:396-467. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-185X.1956.tb01556.x

87. Webster SG, Keller R. Purification, characterisation and amino acid composition of the putative moulting-inhibiting hormone (MIH) of *Carcinus maenas* (Crustacea, Decapoda). *J Comp Physiol B* (1986) 156:617-24. doi: 10.1007/BF00692738

88. Chung JS, Webster SG. Moult cycle-related changes in biological activity of moulting-inhibiting hormone (MIH) and crustacean hyperglycaemic hormone (CHH) in the crab, *Carcinus maenas*. From target to transcript. *Eur J Biochem* (2003) 270:3280-8. doi: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03720.x

89. Chung JS, Webster SG. Dynamics of *in vivo* release of molt-inhibiting hormone and crustacean hyperglycemic hormone in the shore crab, *Carcinus maenas*. *Endocrinology* (2005) 146:5545-51. doi: 10.1210/en.2005-0859
then esterify"? Insights from the structural characterization of juvenile
hormone acid methyltransferase. *Insect Biochem Mol Biol* (2011) 41:228-
35. doi: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2010.12.008

49. Mercier J, Doucet D, Retnakaran A. Molecular physiology of crustacean and insect neuropeptides. *J Pestic Sci* (2007) 32:345-59. doi: 10.1584/jpestics.R07-04

50. Webster SG, Keller R, Dircksen H. The CHH-superfamily of multifunctional peptide hormones controlling crustacean metabolism, osmoregulation, moulting, and reproduction. *Gen Comp Endocrinol* (2012) 175:217-33. doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.11.035

51. Dircksen H. Insect ion transport peptides are derived from alternatively spliced genes and differentially expressed in the central and peripheral nervous system. *J Exp Biol* (2009) 212:401-12. doi: 10.1242/jeb.026112

52. Gáliková M, Dircksen H, Nässel DR. The thirsty fly: Ion transport peptide (ITP) is a novel endocrine regulator of water homeostasis in *Drosophila*. *PloS Genet* (2018) 14:e1007618. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007618

53. Sandve SR, Rohlfs RV, Hvidsten TR. Subfunctionalization versus neofunctionalization after whole-genome duplication. *Nat Genet* (2018) 50:908-9. doi: 10.1038/s41588-018-0162-4

54. Thornton JW, Need E, Crews D. Resurrecting the ancestral steroid receptor: ancient origin of estrogen signaling. *Science* (2003) 301:1714-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1086185

55. Escriva H, Bertrand S, Laudet V. The evolution of the nuclear receptor superfamily. *Essays Biochem* (2004) 40:11-26. doi: 10.1042/bse0400011

56. Bertrand S, Brunet FG, Escriva H, Parmentier G, Laudet V, Robinson-Rechavi M. Evolutionary genomics of nuclear receptors: from twenty-five ancestral genes to derived endocrine systems. *Mol Biol Evol* (2004) 21:1923-37. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msh200

57. Thomson SA, Baldwin WS, Wang YH, Kwon G, LeBlanc GA. Annotation, phylogenetics, and expression of the nuclear receptors in *Daphnia pulex*. *BMC Genomics* (2009) 10:500. doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-500

58. Campbell RK, Satoh N, Degnan BM. Piecing together evolution of the vertebrate endocrine system. *Trends Genet* (2004) 20:359-66. doi: 10.1016/j.tig.2004.06.005

59. Baker ME. Evolution of adrenal and sex steroid action in vertebrates: a ligand-based mechanism for complexity. *BioEssays News Rev Mol Cell Dev Biol* (2003) 25:396-400. doi: 10.1002/bies.10252

60. Baker ME. Trichoplax, the simplest known animal, contains an estrogen-related receptor but no estrogen receptor: Implications for estrogen receptor evolution. *Biochem Biophys Res Commun* (2008) 375:623-7. doi: 10.1016/j.bbkcr.2008.08.047

61. Bridgham JT, Brown JE, Rodriguez-Mari A, Catchen JM, Thornton JW. Evolution of a new function by degenerative mutation in cephalochordate steroid receptors. *PloS Genet* (2008) 4:e1000191. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000191

62. Baker ME. Steroid receptors and vertebrate evolution. *Mol Cell Endocrinol* (2019) 496:110526. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110526

63. Bonneton F, Zelus D, Iwema T, Robinson-Rechavi M, Laudet V. Rapid divergence of the ecydysone receptor in *Diptera* and *Lepidoptera* suggests coevolution between ECR and USP-RXR. *Mol Biol Evol* (2003) 20:541-53. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msg054

64. Grillo M, Casanova J, Averof M. Development: a deep breath for endocrine organ evolution. *Curr Biol* (2014) 24:R38-40. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.11.033

65. Sánchez-Higueras C, Sotillos S, Castelli-Gair Hombria J. Common origin of insect trachea and endocrine organs from a segmentally repeated precursor. *Curr Biol* (2014) 24:76-81. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.11.010

66. Siveter DJ, Williams M, Waloszek D. A phosphatocopid crustacean with appendages from the lower Cambrian. *Science* (2001) 293:479-81. doi: 10.1126/science.1061697

67. Han J, Morris SC, Ou Q, Shu D, Huang H. Meiofaunal deuterostomes from the basal Cambrian of Shaanxi (China). *Nature* (2017) 542:228-31. doi: 10.1038/nature21072

68. Richter S, Wirkner CS. What the ur-crustacean lookedlike. Poore G and Thiel M (eds). *Evolution and Biography (Volume 8 in the Series The Natural History of the Crustacea)*. Oxford University Press (2020). pp. 1-20.

69. Skinner DM, Graham DE, Holland CH, Mykles DL, Soumoff C, Yamaoka LH. "Control of molting incrustacea," In: Wenner AM. *Crustacean Issues 3: factors in adult growth*. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema Publishers (1985). p. 3-14. doi: 10.1201/9781315140681

70. Techa S, Chung JS. Ecdysteroids regulate the levels of Molt-Inhibiting Hormone (MIH) expression in the blue crab, *Callinectes sapidus*. *PloS One* (2015) 10:e0117278. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117278

71. Nagaraju GPC, Reddy PR, Reddy PS. *In vitro* methyl farnesoate secretion by mandibular organs isolated from different molt and reproductive stages of the crab *Oziotelphusa senex* *senex*. *Fish Sci* (2006) 72:410-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1444-2906.2006.01164.x

72. Chang ES, Mykles DL. Regulation of crustacean molting: A review and our perspectives. *Gen Comp Endocrinol* (2011) 172:323-30. doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.04.003

73. Chung JS. Hemolymph ecdysteroids during the last three molt cycles of the blue crab, *Callinectes sapidus*: quantitative and qualitative analyses and regulation. *Arch Insect Biochem Physiol* (2010) 73:1-13. doi: 10.1002/arch.20327

74. Chung JS, Dircksen H. Webster SG. A remarkable, precisely timed release of hyperglycemic hormone from endocrine cells in the gut is associated with ecdysis in the crab *Carcinus maenas*. *Proc Natl Acad Sci USA* (1999) 96:13103-7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.96.23.13103

75. Phlippen MK, Webster SG, Chung JS, Dircksen H. Ecdysis of decapod crustaceans is associated with a dramatic release of crustacean cardioactive peptide into the haemolymph. *J Exp Biol* (2000) 203:521-36.

76. Webster SG, Wilcockson DC, Mrinalini, Sharp JH. Bursicon and neuropeptide cascades during the ecdysis program of the shore crab, *Carcinus maenas*. *Gen Comp Endocrinol* (2013) 182:54-64. doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.11.018

77. Drach P. Mue et cycle d'intermue chez les crustacees decapodes. *Ann Inst Oceanic Monaco* (1939) 19:103-391.

78. Kuballa A, Elizur A. Novel molecular approach to study moulting in crustaceans. *Bull-Fish Res Agency Jpn* (2007) 20:53.

79. Liu L, Laufer H. Isolation and characterization of sinus gland neuropeptides with both mandibular organ inhibiting and hyperglycemic effects from the spider crab *Libinia emarginata*. *Arch Insect Biochem Physiol* (1996) 32:375-85. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6327(1996)32:3/4<375::AID-ARCH10>3.0.CO;2-9

80. Martin-Creuzburg D, Westerlund SA, Hoffmann KH. Ecdysteroid levels in *Daphnia magna* during a molt cycle: Determination by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). *Gen Comp Endocrinol* (2007) 151:66-71. doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.11.015

81. Sumiya E, Ogino Y, Miyakawa H, Hiruta C, Toyota K, Miyagawa S, et al. Roles of ecdysteroids for progression of reproductive cycle in the fresh water crustacean *Daphnia magna*. *Front Zool* (2014) 11:60. doi: 10.1186/s12983-014-0060-2

82. Drach P, Tchernigovtzeff C. Sur la méthode de détermination des stades d'intermue et son application générale aux crustacés. *Vie Milieu* (1967) 18A:595-610.

83. Alexander JL, Oliphant A, Wilcockson DC, Audsley N, Down RE, Lafont R, et al. Functional characterization and signaling systems of corazonin and red pigment concentrating hormone in the green shore crab, *Carcinus maenas*. *Front Neurosci* (2018) 11:752. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00752

84. Passano L. Neurosecretory control of molting in crabs by the X-organ sinus gland complex. *Physiol Comp Oecol* (1953) 3:5-1.

85. Brown FA. Hormones in the crustacea: Their sources and activities. *Q Rev Biol* (1944) 19:32-46. doi: 10.1086/394686

86. Knowles SFGW, Carlisle DB. Endocrine control in the crustacea. *Biol Rev* (1956) 31:396-467. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-185X.1956.tb01556.x

87. Webster SG, Keller R. Purification, characterisation and amino acid composition of the putative moulting-inhibiting hormone (MIH) of *Carcinus maenas* (Crustacea, Decapoda). *J Comp Physiol B* (1986) 156:617-24. doi: 10.1007/BF00692738

88. Chung JS, Webster SG. Moult cycle-related changes in biological activity of moulting-inhibiting hormone (MIH) and crustacean hyperglycaemic hormone (CHH) in the crab, *Carcinus maenas*. From target to transcript. *Eur J Biochem* (2003) 270:3280-8. doi: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03720.x

89. Chung JS, Webster SG. Dynamics of *in vivo* release of molt-inhibiting hormone and crustacean hyperglycemic hormone in the shore crab, *Carcinus maenas*. *Endocrinology* (2005) 146:5545-51. doi: 10.1210/en.2005-0859
90. Nakatsuji T, Keino H, Tamura K, Yoshimura S, Kawakami T, Aimoto S, et al. Changes in the amounts of the Molt-Inhibiting Hormone in sinus glands during the molt cycle of the American crayfish, *Procambarus clarkii*. *Zoolog Sci* (2000) 17:1129-36. doi: 10.2108/zsj.17.1129

91. Watson RD, Lee KJ, Shihong Q, Ming L, Heidi RU, Robert DR, et al. Molecular cloning, expression, and tissue distribution of crustacean Molt-Inhibiting Hormone. *Am Zool* (2001) 41:407-17. doi: 10.1093/icb/41.3.407

92. Robert A, Monsinjon T, Delbecque J-P, Olivier S, Poret A, Foll FL, et al. Neuroendocrine disruption in the shore crab *Carcinus maenas*: Effects of serotonin and fluoxetine on *chh- and mih*-gene expression, glycaemia and ecdysteroid levels. *Aquat Toxicol* (2016) 175:192-204. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.03.025

93. Sefiani M, Caer J-PL, Soyez D. Characterization of hyperglycemic and molt-inhibiting activity from sinus glands of the penaeid shrimp, *Penaeus vannamei*. *Gen Comp Endocrinol* (1996) 103:41-53. doi: 10.1006/gcen.1996.0092

94. Nakatsuji T, Sonobe H. Regulation of ecdysteroid secretion from the Y-organ by molt-inhibiting hormone in the American crayfish, *Procambarus clarkii*. *Gen Comp Endocrinol* (2004) 135:358-64. doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2003.11.001

95. Chung JS, Katayama H, Dircksen H. New functions of arthropod bursicon: inducing deposition and thickening of new cuticle and hemocyte granulation in the blue crab, *Callinectes sapidus*. *PloS One* (2012) 7(9):e46299. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046299

96. Christie AE, McCoole MD, Harmon SM, Baer KN, Lenz PH. Genomic analyses of the *Daphnia pulex* peptidome. *Gen Comp Endocrinol* (2011) 171:131-50. doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.01.002

97. Dircksen H, Neupert S, Predel R, Verleyen P, Huybrechts J, Strauss J, et al. Genomics, transcriptomics, and peptidomics of *Daphnia pulex* neuropeptides and protein hormones. *J Proteome Res* (2011) 10:4478-504. doi: 10.1021/pr200284e

98. Oliphant A, Alexander JL, Swain MT, Webster SG, Wilcockson DC. Transcriptomic analysis of crustacean neuropeptide signaling during the molt cycle in the green shore crab, *Carcinus maenas*. *BMC Genomics* (2018) 19:711. doi: 10.1186/s12864-018-5057-3

99. Nhut TM, Mykles DL, Elizur A, Ventura T. Ecdysis triggering hormone modulates molt behaviour in the redclawcrayfish *Cherax quadricarinatus*, providing a mechanistic evidence for conservedfunction in molt regulation across Pancrustacea. *Gen Comp Endocrinol* (2020) 298:113556. doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113556

100. Zhou L, Li S, Wang Z, Li F, Xiang J. An eclosion hormone-like gene participates in the molting process of Palaemonid shrimp *Exopalaemon carinicauda*. *Dev Genes Evol* (2017) 227:189-99. doi: 10.1007/s00427-017-0580-9

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108. Niwa R, Namiki T, Ito K, Shimada-Niwa Y, Kiuchi M, Kawaoka S, et al. Non-molting glossy shroud encodes a short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase that functions in the 'Black Box' of the ecdysteroid biosynthesis pathway. *Development* (2010) 137:1991. doi: 10.1242/dev.045641

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164. Reddy PS, Devi M, Sarojini R, Nagabhushanam R, Fingerman M. Cadmium chloride induced hyperglycemia in the red swamp crayfish, *Procambarus clarkii*: Possible role of crustacean hyperglycemic hormone. *Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol* (1994) 107:57–61. doi: 10.1016/1367-8280(94)90010-8

165. Reddy PS, Fingerman M. Effect of cadmium chloride on physiological color changes of thefiddler crab. *Uca Pugilator Ecotoxicol Environ Saf* (1995) 31:69–75. doi: 10.1006/eesa.1995.1045

166. Reddy PS, Nguyen LK, Obih P, Fingerman M. Effect of cadmium chloride on the distal retinal pigment cells of the fiddler crab, *Uca pugilator*. *Bull Environ Contam Toxicol* (1997) 58:504–10. doi: 10.1007/s001289900363

167. Reddy PS, Tuberty SR, Fingerman M. Effects of cadmium and mercury on ovarian maturation in the red swamp crayfish, *Procambarus clarkii*. *Ecotoxicol Environ Saf* (1997) 37:62–5. doi: 10.1006/eesa.1997.1523

168. Rodriguez EM, Greco LSL, Fingerman M. Inhibition of ovarian growth by cadmium in the fiddler crab, *Uca pugilator* (Decapoda, Ocypodidae). *Ecotoxicol Environ Saf* (2000) 46:202–6. doi: 10.1006/eesa.1999.1896
169. Medesani DA, Greco LSL, Rodriguez EM. Interference of cadmium and copper with the endocrine control of ovarian growth, in the estuarine crab *Chasmagnathus granulata*. *Aquat Toxicol* (2004) 69:165-74. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2004.05.003

170. Lorenzon S, Edomi P, Giulianini PG, Mettulio R, Ferrero EA. Variation of crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (cHH) level in the eyestalk and haemolymph of the shrimp *Palaemon elegans* following stress. *J Exp Biol* (2004) 207:4205-13. doi: 10.1242/jeb.01264

171. Lorenzon S, Edomi P, Giulianini PG, Mettulio R, Ferrero EA. Role of biogenic amines and cHH in the crustacean hyperglycemic stress response. *J Exp Biol* (2005) 208:3341-7. doi: 10.1242/jeb.01761

172. Fingerman M, Hanumate MM, Deshpande UD, Nagabhushanam R. Increase in the total reducing substances in the hemolymph of the freshwater crab, *Barytelphusa guerini*, produced by a pesticide (DDT) and an indolealkylamine (serotonin). *Experientia* (1981) 37:178-9. doi: 10.1007/BF01963219

173. Hanumante MM, Fingerman SW, Fingerman M. Antagonism of the inhibitory effect of the polychlorinated biphenyl preparation, Aroclor 1242, on color changes of the fiddler crab, *Uca pugilator*, by norepinephrine and drugs affecting noradrenergic neurotransmission. *Bull Environ Contam Toxicol* (1981) 26:479-84. doi: 10.1007/BF01622123

174. Reddy PS, Bhagyalakshmi A, Ramamurthi R. Effect of sumithion on ovarian growth of a fresh water rice field crab (*Oziotelphusa senex senex* Fabricius). *Toxicol Lett* (1983) 18:273-6. doi: 10.1016/0378-4274(83)90106-6

175. Bhagyalakshmi A, Reddy PS, Ramamurthi R. Changes in hemolymph glucose, hepatopancreas glycogen, total carbohydrates, phosphorylase and amino transferases of sumithion-stressed freshwater rice-field crab (*Oziotelphusa senex senex*). *Toxicol Lett* (1983) 18:277-84. doi: 10.1016/0378-4274(83)90107-8

176. Sarojini R, Nagabhushanam R, Fingerman M. A possible neurotransmitter-neuroendocrine mechanism in naphthalene-induced atresia of the ovary of the red swamp crayfish, *Procambarus clarkii*. *Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol* (1994) 108:33-8. doi: 10.1016/1367-8280 (94)90085-X

177. Staub GC. Fingerman M. A mechanism of action for the inhibition of black pigment dispersion in the fiddler crab, *Uca pugilator*, by naphthalene. *Comp Biochem Physiol Part C Comp Pharmacol* (1984) 79:447-53. doi: 10.1016/0742-8413(84)90229-9

178. Staub GC, Fingerman M. Effect of naphthalene on color changes of the sand fiddler crab, *Uca pugilator*. *Comp Biochem Physiol Part C Comp Pharmacol* (1984) 77:7-12. doi: 10.1016/0742-8413(84)90123-3

179. Fingerman M, Hanumante MM, Fingerman SW. The effects of biogenic amines on color changes of the fiddler crab, *Uca pugilator*: Further evidence for roles of 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine as neurotransmitters triggering release of erythrophorotropic hormones. *Comp Biochem Physiol Part C Comp Pharmacol* (1981) 68:205-11. doi: 10.1016/0306-4492(81)90017-4

180. Hanumante MM, Fingerman M. Further evidence for norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter stimulating release of melanin-dispersing hormone in the fiddler crab, *Uca pugilator*: The changes in the melanophores of the crabs following reserpine, 6-hydroxydopamine and bretylium administration. *Gen Pharmacol Vasc Syst* (1982) 13:99-103. doi: 10.1016/0306-3623(82)90063-5

181. Sarojini R, Nagabhushanam R, Fingerman M. Evidence of opioid involvement in the regulation of ovarian maturation of the fiddler crab, *Uca pugilator*. *Comp Biochem Physiol A Physiol* (1995) 111:279-82. doi: 10.1016/0300-9629(94)00214-E

182. Sarojini R, Nagabhushanam R, Fingerman M. *In vivo* assessment of opioid agonists and antagonists on ovarian maturation in the red swamp crayfish, *Procambarus clarkii*. *Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol* (1996) 115:149-53. doi: 10.1016/S0742-8413(96)00108-9

183. Campos B, Rivetti C, Kress T, Barata C, Dircksen H. Depressing antidepressant: Fluoxetine affects serotonin neurons causing adverse reproductive responses in *Daphnia magna*. *Environ Sci Technol* (2016) 50:6000-7. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00826

184. Robert A, Monsinjon T, Péden R, Rasoamampianina V, Le Mével J-C, Knigge T. *In vivo* effects of serotonin and fluoxetine on cardio-ventilatory functions in the shore crab *Carcinus maenas* (L. 1758). *Aquat Toxicol* (2019) 207:132-41. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.12.004

185. Camp AA, Yun J, Chambers SA, Haeba MH, LeBlanc GA. Involvement of glutamate and serotonin transmitter systems in male sex determination in *Daphnia pulex*. *J Insect Physiol* (2020) 121:104015. doi: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2020.104015

186. Ford AT, Feuerhelm E. Effects of the antidepressant fluoxetine on pigment dispersion in chromatophores of the common sand shrimp, *Crangon crangon*: repeated experiments paint an inconclusive picture. *Ecotoxicology* (2020) 29:1368-76. doi: 10.1007/s10646-020-02272-7

187. Nelson DR, Goldstone JV, Stegeman JJ. The cytochrome P450 genesis locus: the origin and evolution of animal cytochrome P450s. *Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci* (2013) 368:20120474. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0474

188. Baldwin WS, Marko PB, Nelson DR. The cytochrome P450 (CYP) gene superfamily in *Daphnia pulex*. *BMC Genomics* (2009) 10:169. doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-169

189. Ye H, Huang H, Li S, Wang G. Immunorecognition of estrogen and androgen receptors in the brain and thoracic ganglion mass of mud crab, *Scylla paramamosain*. *Prog Nat Sci* (2008) 18:691-5. doi: 10.1016/j.pnsc.2007.12.012

190. Paolucci M, Cristo CD, Cosmo AD. Immunological evidence for progesterone and estradiol receptors in the freshwater crayfish *Austropotamobius pallipes*. *Mol Reprod Dev* (2002) 63:55-62. doi: 10.1002/mrd.10158

191. Gilda JE, Ghosh R, Cheah JX, West TM, Bodine SC, Gomes AV. Western blotting inaccuracies with unverified antibodies: Need for a Western Blotting Minimal Reporting Standard (WBMRS). *PloS One* (2015) 10:e0135392. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135392

192. Baldwin WS, Bailey R, Long KE, Klaine S. Incomplete ecdysis is an indicator of ecdysteroid exposure in *Daphnia magna*. *Environ Toxicol Chem* (2001) 20:1564-9. doi: 10.1002/etc.5620200721

193. Brennan SJ, Brougham CA, Roche JJ, Fogarty AM. Multi-generational effects of four selected environmental oestrogens on *Daphnia magna*. *Chemosphere* (2006) 64:49-55. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.11.046

194. Tsukimura B. Crustacean vitellogenesis: Its role in oocyte development. *Am Zool* (2015) 41:465-76. doi: 10.1093/icb/41.3.465

195. Hannas BR, Wang YH, Thomson S, Kwon G, Li H, LeBlanc GA. Regulation and dysregulation of vitellogenin mRNA accumulation in daphnids (*Daphnia magna*). *Aquat Toxicol* (2011) 101:351-7. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.11.006

196. Swetha CH, Girish BP, Reddy PS. Elucidation of the role of estradiol and progesterone in regulating reproduction in the edible crab, *Oziothelphusa senex senex*. *RSC Adv* (2016) 6:24959-67. doi: 10.1039/C5RA23637A

197. Umers KDL, Fabricant SA, Gawryszewski FM, Seago AE, Herberstein ME. Reversible colour change in Arthropoda. *Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc* (2014) 89:820-48. doi: 10.1111/brv.12079

198. McNamara JC, Milograna SR. Adaptive color change and the molecular endocrinology of pigmenttranslocation in crustacean chromatophores. In: Chang ES and Thiel M (Eds). *Nat Hist Crust Vol 4* (2015) 4:68-102. Physiology. Oxford University Press: Oxford, England ISBN: 9780199832415

199. Noël P, Chassard-Bouchaud C. "Chromatophores et pigmentation," In: *Traité de zoologie: anatomie, systématique, biologie: VII Crustacés: 1. Morphologie, physiologie, reproduction, systématique*. Paris: Masson (1994). p. 145-60.

200. Detto T, Hemmi JM, Backwell PRY. Colouration and colour changes of the fiddler crab, *Uca capricornis*: a descriptive study. *PloS One* (2008) 3:e1629. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001629

201. Wade NM, Melville-Smith R, Degnan BM, Hall MR. Control of shell colour changes in the lobster, *Panulirus cygnus*. *J Exp Biol* (2008) 211:1512-9. doi: 10.1242/jeb.012930

202. Fingerman M. Chromatophores. *Physiol Rev* (1965) 45:296-339. 10.1152/physrev.1965.45.2.296

203. Rao KR. Crustacean pigmentary-effector hormones: Chemistry and functions of RPCH, PDH, and related peptides. *Am Zool* (2001) 41:364-79. doi: 10.1093/icb/41.3.364

204. Davie PJ, Guinot D, Ng PK. Anatomy and functional morphology of Brachyura. In: Castro P, Davie PJF, Guinot D, Schram F and Von Vaupel Klein C, eds. *Treatise on Zoology-Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology. The Crustacea*, Volume 9 Part C (2 vols). Leiden: E.J. Brill. p. 11-163.
169. Medesani DA, Greco LSL, Rodriguez EM. Interference of cadmium and copper with the endocrine control of ovarian growth, in the estuarine crab *Chasmagnathus granulata*. *Aquat Toxicol* (2004) 69:165-74. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2004.05.003

170. Lorenzon S, Edomi P, Giulianini PG, Mettulio R, Ferrero EA. Variation of crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (cHH) level in the eyestalk and haemolymph of the shrimp *Palaemon elegans* following stress. *J Exp Biol* (2004) 207:4205-13. doi: 10.1242/jeb.01264

171. Lorenzon S, Edomi P, Giulianini PG, Mettulio R, Ferrero EA. Role of biogenic amines and cHH in the crustacean hyperglycemic stress response. *J Exp Biol* (2005) 208:3341-7. doi: 10.1242/jeb.01761

172. Fingerman M, Hanumate MM, Deshpande UD, Nagabhushanam R. Increase in the total reducing substances in the hemolymph of the freshwater crab, *Barytelphusa guerini*, produced by a pesticide (DDT) and an indolealkylamine (serotonin). *Experientia* (1981) 37:178-9. doi: 10.1007/BF01963219

173. Hanumante MM, Fingerman SW, Fingerman M. Antagonism of the inhibitory effect of the polychlorinated biphenyl preparation, Aroclor 1242, on color changes of the fiddler crab, *Uca pugilator*, by norepinephrine and drugs affecting noradrenergic neurotransmission. *Bull Environ Contam Toxicol* (1981) 26:479-84. doi: 10.1007/BF01622123

174. Reddy PS, Bhagyalakshmi A, Ramamurthi R. Effect of sumithion on ovarian growth of a fresh water rice field crab (*Oziotelphusa senex senex* Fabricius). *Toxicol Lett* (1983) 18:273-6. doi: 10.1016/0378-4274(83)90106-6

175. Bhagyalakshmi A, Reddy PS, Ramamurthi R. Changes in hemolymph glucose, hepatopancreas glycogen, total carbohydrates, phosphorylase and amino transferases of sumithion-stressed freshwater rice-field crab (*Oziotelphusa senex senex*). *Toxicol Lett* (1983) 18:277-84. doi: 10.1016/0378-4274(83)90107-8

176. Sarojini R, Nagabhushanam R, Fingerman M. A possible neurotransmitter-neuroendocrine mechanism in naphthalene-induced atresia of the ovary of the red swamp crayfish, *Procambarus clarkii*. *Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol* (1994) 108:33-8. doi: 10.1016/1367-8280 (94)90085-X

177. Staub GC. Fingerman M. A mechanism of action for the inhibition of black pigment dispersion in the fiddler crab, *Uca pugilator*, by naphthalene. *Comp Biochem Physiol Part C Comp Pharmacol* (1984) 79:447-53. doi: 10.1016/0742-8413(84)90229-9

178. Staub GC, Fingerman M. Effect of naphthalene on color changes of the sand fiddler crab, *Uca pugilator*. *Comp Biochem Physiol Part C Comp Pharmacol* (1984) 77:7-12. doi: 10.1016/0742-8413(84)90123-3

179. Fingerman M, Hanumante MM, Fingerman SW. The effects of biogenic amines on color changes of the fiddler crab, *Uca pugilator*: Further evidence for roles of 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine as neurotransmitters triggering release of erythrophorotropic hormones. *Comp Biochem Physiol Part C Comp Pharmacol* (1981) 68:205-11. doi: 10.1016/0306-4492(81)90017-4

180. Hanumante MM, Fingerman M. Further evidence for norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter stimulating release of melanin-dispersing hormone in the fiddler crab, *Uca pugilator*: The changes in the melanophores of the crabs following reserpine, 6-hydroxydopamine and bretylium administration. *Gen Pharmacol Vasc Syst* (1982) 13:99-103. doi: 10.1016/0306-3623(82)90063-5

181. Sarojini R, Nagabhushanam R, Fingerman M. Evidence of opioid involvement in the regulation of ovarian maturation of the fiddler crab, *Uca pugilator*. *Comp Biochem Physiol A Physiol* (1995) 111:279-82. doi: 10.1016/0300-9629(94)00214-E

182. Sarojini R, Nagabhushanam R, Fingerman M. *In vivo* assessment of opioid agonists and antagonists on ovarian maturation in the red swamp crayfish, *Procambarus clarkii*. *Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol* (1996) 115:149-53. doi: 10.1016/S0742-8413(96)00108-9

183. Campos B, Rivetti C, Kress T, Barata C, Dircksen H. Depressing antidepressant: Fluoxetine affects serotonin neurons causing adverse reproductive responses in *Daphnia magna*. *Environ Sci Technol* (2016) 50:6000-7. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00826

184. Robert A, Monsinjon T, Péden R, Rasoamampianina V, Le Mével J-C, Knigge T. *In vivo* effects of serotonin and fluoxetine on cardio-ventilatory functions in the shore crab *Carcinus maenas* (L. 1758). *Aquat Toxicol* (2019) 207:132-41. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.12.004

185. Camp AA, Yun J, Chambers SA, Haeba MH, LeBlanc GA. Involvement of glutamate and serotonin transmitter systems in male sex determination in *Daphnia pulex*. *J Insect Physiol* (2020) 121:104015. doi: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2020.104015

186. Ford AT, Feuerhelm E. Effects of the antidepressant fluoxetine on pigment dispersion in chromatophores of the common sand shrimp, *Crangon crangon*: repeated experiments paint an inconclusive picture. *Ecotoxicology* (2020) 29:1368-76. doi: 10.1007/s10646-020-02272-7

187. Nelson DR, Goldstone JV, Stegeman JJ. The cytochrome P450 genesis locus: the origin and evolution of animal cytochrome P450s. *Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci* (2013) 368:20120474. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0474

188. Baldwin WS, Marko PB, Nelson DR. The cytochrome P450 (CYP) gene superfamily in *Daphnia pulex*. *BMC Genomics* (2009) 10:169. doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-169

189. Ye H, Huang H, Li S, Wang G. Immunorecognition of estrogen and androgen receptors in the brain and thoracic ganglion mass of mud crab, *Scylla paramamosain*. *Prog Nat Sci* (2008) 18:691-5. doi: 10.1016/j.pnsc.2007.12.012

190. Paolucci M, Cristo CD, Cosmo AD. Immunological evidence for progesterone and estradiol receptors in the freshwater crayfish *Austropotamobius pallipes*. *Mol Reprod Dev* (2002) 63:55-62. doi: 10.1002/mrd.10158

191. Gilda JE, Ghosh R, Cheah JX, West TM, Bodine SC, Gomes AV. Western blotting inaccuracies with unverified antibodies: Need for a Western Blotting Minimal Reporting Standard (WBMS). *PloS One* (2015) 10:e0135392. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135392

192. Baldwin WS, Bailey R, Long KE, Klaine S. Incomplete ecdysis is an indicator of ecdysteroid exposure in *Daphnia magna*. *Environ Toxicol Chem* (2001) 20:1564-9. doi: 10.1002/etc.5620200721

193. Brennan SJ, Brougham CA, Roche JJ, Fogarty AM. Multi-generational effects of four selected environmental oestrogens on *Daphnia magna*. *Chemosphere* (2006) 64:49-55. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.11.046

194. Tsukimura B. Crustacean vitellogenesis: Its role in oocyte development. *Am Zool* (2015) 41:465-76. doi: 10.1093/icb/41.3.465

195. Hannas BR, Wang YH, Thomson S, Kwon G, Li H, LeBlanc GA. Regulation and dysregulation of vitellogenin mRNA accumulation in daphnids (*Daphnia magna*). *Aquat Toxicol* (2011) 101:351-7. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.11.006

196. Swetha CH, Girish BP, Reddy PS. Elucidation of the role of estradiol and progesterone in regulating reproduction in the edible crab, *Oziothelphusa senex senex*. *RSC Adv* (2016) 6:24959-67. doi: 10.1039/C5RA23637A

197. Umers KDL, Fabricant SA, Gawryszewski FM, Seago AE, Herberstein ME. Reversible colour change in Arthropoda. *Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc* (2014) 89:820-48. doi: 10.1111/brv.12079

198. McNamara JC, Milograna SR. Adaptive color change and the molecular endocrinology of pigmenttranslocation in crustacean chromatophores. In: Chang ES and Thiel M (Eds). *Nat Hist Crust Vol 4* (2015) 4:68-102. Physiology. Oxford University Press: Oxford, England ISBN: 9780199832415

199. Noël P, Chassard-Bouchaud C. "Chromatophores et pigmentation," In: *Traité de zoologie: anatomie, systématique, biologie: VII Crustacés: 1. Morphologie, physiologie, reproduction, systématique*. Paris: Masson (1994). p. 145-60.

200. Detto T, Hemmi JM, Backwell PRY. Colouration and colour changes of the fiddler crab, *Uca capricornis*: a descriptive study. *PloS One* (2008) 3:e1629. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001629

201. Wade NM, Melville-Smith R, Degnan BM, Hall MR. Control of shell colour changes in the lobster, *Panulirus cygnus*. *J Exp Biol* (2008) 211:1512-9. doi: 10.1242/jeb.012930

202. Fingerman M. Chromatophores. *Physiol Rev* (1965) 45:296-339. 10.1152/physrev.1965.45.2.296

203. Rao KR. Crustacean pigmentary-effector hormones: Chemistry and functions of RPCH, PDH, and related peptides. *Am Zool* (2001) 41:364-79. doi: 10.1093/icb/41.3.364

204. Davie PJ, Guinot D, Ng PK. Anatomy and functional morphology of Brachyura. In: Castro P, Davie PJF, Guinot D, Schram F and Von Vaupel Klein C, eds. *Treatise on Zoology-Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology. The Crustacea*, Volume 9 Part C (2 vols). Leiden: E.J. Brill. p. 11-163.
205. O'Halloran M-J. Color control in shrimp. *Test Stud Lab Teach* (1990) 111990:15-26.

206. Stevens M, Lown AE, Wood LE. Camouflage and individual variation in shore crabs (*Carcinus maenas*) from different habitats. *PloS One* (2014) 9: e115586. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115586

207. Milograna SR, Bell FT, McNamara JC. Signal transduction, plasma membrane calcium movements, and pigment translocation in freshwater shrimp chromatophores. *J Exp Zool* (2010) 313A:605-17. doi: 10.1002/jez.633

208. Siegenthaler A, Mastin A, Dufaut C, Mondal D, Benvenuto C. Background matching in the brown shrimp *Crangon crangon*: adaptive camouflage and behavioural-plasticity. *Sci Rep* (2018) 8:3292. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-21412-y

209. Gaus G, Kleinholz LH, Kegel G, Keller R. Isolation and characterization of red-pigment-concentrating hormone (RPCH) from six crustacean species. *J Comp Physiol B* (1990) 160:373-9. doi: 10.1007/BF01075668

210. Marco HG, Verlinden H, Vanden Broeck J, Gade G. Characterisation and pharmacological analysis of a crustacean G protein-coupled receptor: the red pigment-concentrating hormone receptor of *Daphnia pulex*. *Sci Rep* (2017) 7:6851. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06805-9

211. Fernlund P, Josefsson L. Crustacean color-change hormone: Amino acid sequence and chemical synthesis. *Science* (1972) 177:173-5. doi: 10.1126/science.177.4044.173

212. Fernlund P. Structure of a light-adapting hormone from the shrimp, *Pandalus borealis*. *Biochim Biophys Acta* (1976) 439:17-25. doi: 10.1016/0005-2795(76)90155-0

213. Mangerich S, Keller R, Dircksen H. Immunocytochemical identification of structures containing putative red pigment-concentrating hormone in two species of decapod crustaceans. *Cell Tissue Res* (1986) 245:377-86. doi: 10.1007/BF00213945

214. Mangerich S, Keller R, Dircksen H, Rao KR, Riehm JP. Immunocytochemical localization of pigment-dispersing hormone (PDH) and its coexistence with FMRFamide-immunoreactive material in the eyestalks of the decapod crustaceans *Carcinus maenas* and *Orconectes limosus*. *Cell Tissue Res* (1987) 250:365-75. doi: 10.1007/BF00219081

215. Löhr J, Klein J, Webster S, Dircksen H. Quantification, immunoaffinity purification and sequence analysis of a pigment-dispersing hormone of the shore crab, *Carcinus maenas* (L.). *Comp Biochem Physiol B* (1993) 104:699-706. doi: 10.1016/0305-0491(93)90200-0

216. Sarojini R, Nagabhushanam R, Fingerman M. A neurotransmitter role for red-pigment-concentrating hormone in ovarian maturation in the red swamp crayfish *Procambarus clarkii*. *J Exp Biol* (1995) 198:1253-7.

217. Milograna SR, Bell FT, McNamara JC. Signaling events during cyclic guanosine monophosphate-regulated pigment aggregation in freshwater shrimp chromatophores. *Biol Bull* (2012) 223:178-91. doi: 10.1086/ BBLv223n2p178

218. Milograna SR, Ribeiro MR, Bell FT, McNamara JC. Pigment translocation in caridean shrimp chromatophores: Receptor type, signal transduction, second messengers, and cross talk among multiple signaling cascades. *J Exp Zool Part Ecol Genet Physiol* (2016) 325:565-80. doi: 10.1002/jez.2052

219. Hanumante MM, Fingerman M. 5-Hydroxytryptaminergic control of red pigment-dispersing hormone release in the fiddler crab, *Uca pugilator*. Effects of a 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitor and a 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor blocker on 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced and iproniazid-induced red pigment dispersion. *Gen Comp Endocrinol* (1981) 45:395-401. doi: 10.1016/0016-6480(81)90080-0

220. Bull JJ. Sex determining mechanisms: An evolutionary perspective. *Experientia* (1985) 41:1285-96. doi: 10.1007/BF01952071

221. Hattori RS, Gould RJ, Fujioka T, Saito T, Kurita J, Strüssmann CA, et al. Temperature-dependent sex determination in Hd-rR medaka *Oryzias latipes*: Gender sensitivity, thermal threshold, critical period, and DMRT1 expression profile. *Sex Dev* (2007) 1:138-46. doi: 10.1159/000100035

222. Piferrier F. Endocrine sex control strategies for the feminization of teleost fish. *Reprod Biotechnol Finfish Aquac* (2001) 197:229-81. doi: 10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00589-0

223. Staelens J, Rombaut D, Vercauteren I, Argue B, Benzie J, Vuylsteke M. High-density linkage maps and sex-linked markers for the black tiger shrimp (*Penaeus monodon*). *Genetics* (2008) 179:917. doi: 10.1534/genetics.107.080150

224. Li Y, Dierens L, Byrne K, Miggiano E, Lehnert S, Preston N, et al. QTL detection of production traits for the Kuruma prawn *Penaeus japonicus* (Bate) using AFLP markers. *Aquaculture* (2006) 258:198-210. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.04.027

225. Juchault P, Rigaud T. Evidence for female heterogamety in two terrestrial crustaceans and the problem of sex chromosome evolution in isopods. *Heredity* (1995) 75:466-71. doi: 10.1038/hdy.1995.163

226. Weeks SC, Benvenuto C, Sanderson TF, Duff RJ. Sex chromosome evolution in the clam shrimp, *Eulimnadia texana*. *J Evol Biol* (2010) 23:1100-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.01963.x

227. De Vos S, Bossier P, Van Stappen G, Vercauteren I, Sorgeloos P, Vuylsteke M. A first AFLP-based genetic linkage map for brine shrimp *Artemia franciscana* and its application in mapping the sex locus. *PloS One* (2013) 8:e57585. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057585

228. Kvist J, Athanásio CG, Pfrender ME, Brown JB, Colbourne JK, Mirbahai L. A comprehensive epigenomic analysis of phenotypically distinguishable, genetically identical female and male *Daphnia pulex*. *BMC Genomics* (2020) 21:17. doi: 10.1186/s12864-019-6415-5

229. Suzuki S, Yamasaki K. Sex-reversal of male *Armadillidium vulgare* (Isopoda, Malacostraca, Crustacea) following andrectomy and partial gonadectomy. *Gen Comp Endocrinol* (1991) 83:375-8. doi: 10.1016/0016-6480(91)90142-S

230. Suzuki S. Androgenic gland hormone is a sex-reversing factor but cannot be a sex-determining factor in the female crustacean isopod *Armadillidium vulgare*. *Gen Comp Endocrinol* (1999) 115:370-8. doi: 10.1006/gcen.1999.7324

231. Aflalo ED, Hoang TTT, Nguyen VH, Lam Q, Nguyen DM, Trinh QS, et al. A novel two-step procedure for mass production of all-male populations of the giant freshwater prawn *Macrobrachium rosenbergii*. *Aquaculture* (2006) 256:468-78. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.01.035

232. Parnes S, Khalaila I, Hulata G, Sagi A. Sex determination in crayfish: are intersex *Cherax quadricarinatus* (Decapoda, Parastacidae) genetically females? *Genet Res* (2003) 82:107-16. doi: 10.1017/S0016672303006372

233. Dunn AM, Hogg JC, Kelly A, Hatcher MJ. Two cues for sex determination in *Gammarus duebeni*: Adaptive variation in environmental sex determination? *Limnol Oceanogr* (2005) 50:346-53. doi: 10.4319/lo.2005.50.1.0346

234. Guler Y, Short S, Green Etxabe A, Sherhod CM, Kille P, Ford AT. Impacts of a newly identified behaviour-altering trematode on its host amphipod: from the level of gene expression to population. *Parasitology* (2015) 142:1469-80. doi: 10.1017/S0031182015000918

235. Bulnheim H. Microsporidian infections of amphipods with special reference to host-parasite relationships: a review. *Mar Fish Rev* (1975) 37:39-45.

236. Zupo V, Messina P. How do dietary diatoms cause the sex reversal of the shrimp *Hippolyte inermis* Leach (Crustacea, Decapoda). *Mar Biol* (2007) 151:907-17. doi: 10.1007/s00227-006-0524-9

237. Charniaux-Cotton H. Discovery in an amphipod crustacean (*Orchestia gammarella*) of an endocrine gland responsible for the differentiation of primary and secondary male sex characteristics. *C R Acad Sci Paris* (1954) 239:780-2.

238. Charniaux-Cotton H. Vitellogenesis and its control in Malacostracan crustacea. *Am Zool* (1985) 25:197-206. doi: 10.1093/icb/25.1.197

239. Sagi A, Snir E, Khalaila I. Sexual differentiation in decapod crustaceans: role of the androgenic gland. *Invertebr Reprod Dev* (1997) 31:55-61. doi: 10.1080/07924259.1997.9672563

240. Charniaux-Cotton H. Surgical castration in an amphipod crustacean (*Orchestia gammarella*) and determination of the secondary sexual characteristics: first results. *CR Acad Sci Paris* (1952) 234:2570-2.

241. Charniaux-Cotton H. Etude du déterminisme des caractères sexuels secondaires par castration chirurgicale et implantation d'ovaire chez un Crustacé Amphipode (*Orchestia gammarella*). *C R Acad Sci Paris* (1953) 236:141-3.

242. Charniaux-Cotton H. Contrôle hormonal de la différenciation du sexe et de la reproduction chez les Crustacés supérieurs. *Bull Soc Zool* (1958) 82:314-36.

243. Charniaux-Cotton H, Payen G. Sexual differentiation. In: Bliss DE and Mantel LH, editors. *The Biology of Crustacea, Volume 9*. New York: Academic Press (1985).

244. Ford AT. Can you feminise a crustacean? *Aquat Toxicol* (2008) 88:316-21. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2008.04.013
205. O'Halloran M-J. Color control in shrimp. *Test Stud Lab Teach* (1990) 111990:15-26.

206. Stevens M, Lown AE, Wood LE. Camouflage and individual variation in shore crabs (*Carcinus maenas*) from different habitats. *PloS One* (2014) 9: e115586. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115586

207. Milograna SR, Bell FT, McNamara JC. Signal transduction, plasma membrane calcium movements, and pigment translocation in freshwater shrimp chromatophores. *J Exp Zool* (2010) 313A:605-17. doi: 10.1002/jez.633

208. Siegenthaler A, Mastin A, Dufaut C, Mondal D, Benvenuto C. Background matching in the brown shrimp *Crangon crangon*: adaptive camouflage and behavioural-plasticity. *Sci Rep* (2018) 8:3292. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-21412-y

209. Gaus G, Kleinholz LH, Kegel G, Keller R. Isolation and characterization of red-pigment-concentrating hormone (RPCH) from six crustacean species. *J Comp Physiol B* (1990) 160:373-9. doi: 10.1007/BF01075668

210. Marco HG, Verlinden H, Vanden Broeck J, Gade G. Characterisation and pharmacological analysis of a crustacean G protein-coupled receptor: the red pigment-concentrating hormone receptor of *Daphnia pulex*. *Sci Rep* (2017) 7:6851. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06805-9

211. Fernlund P, Josefsson L. Crustacean color-change hormone: Amino acid sequence and chemical synthesis. *Science* (1972) 177:173-5. doi: 10.1126/science.177.4044.173

212. Fernlund P. Structure of a light-adapting hormone from the shrimp, *Pandalus borealis*. *Biochim Biophys Acta* (1976) 439:17-25. doi: 10.1016/0005-2795(76)90155-0

213. Mangerich S, Keller R, Dircksen H. Immunocytochemical identification of structures containing putative red pigment-concentrating hormone in two species of decapod crustaceans. *Cell Tissue Res* (1986) 245:377-86. doi: 10.1007/BF00213945

214. Mangerich S, Keller R, Dircksen H, Rao KR, Riehm JP. Immunocytochemical localization of pigment-dispersing hormone (PDH) and its coexistence with FMRFamide-immunoreactive material in the eyestalks of the decapod crustaceans *Carcinus maenas* and *Orconectes limosus*. *Cell Tissue Res* (1987) 250:365-75. doi: 10.1007/BF00219081

215. Löhr J, Klein J, Webster S, Dircksen H. Quantification, immunoaffinity purification and sequence analysis of a pigment-dispersing hormone of the shore crab, *Carcinus maenas* (L.). *Comp Biochem Physiol B* (1993) 104:699-706. doi: 10.1016/0305-0491(93)90200-0

216. Sarojini R, Nagabhushanam R, Fingerman M. A neurotransmitter role for red-pigment-concentrating hormone in ovarian maturation in the red swamp crayfish *Procambarus clarkii*. *J Exp Biol* (1995) 198:1253-7.

217. Milograna SR, Bell FT, McNamara JC. Signaling events during cyclic guanosine monophosphate-regulated pigment aggregation in freshwater shrimp chromatophores. *Biol Bull* (2012) 223:178-91. doi: 10.1086/ BBLv223n2p178

218. Milograna SR, Ribeiro MR, Bell FT, McNamara JC. Pigment translocation in caridean shrimp chromatophores: Receptor type, signal transduction, second messengers, and cross talk among multiple signaling cascades. *J Exp Zool Part Ecol Genet Physiol* (2016) 325:565-80. doi: 10.1002/jez.2052

219. Hanumante MM, Fingerman M. 5-Hydroxytryptaminergic control of red pigment-dispersing hormone release in the fiddler crab, *Uca pugilator*. Effects of a 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitor and a 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor blocker on 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced and iproniazid-induced red pigment dispersion. *Gen Comp Endocrinol* (1981) 45:395-401. doi: 10.1016/0016-6480(81)90080-0

220. Bull JJ. Sex determining mechanisms: An evolutionary perspective. *Experientia* (1985) 41:1285-96. doi: 10.1007/BF01952071

221. Hattori RS, Gould RJ, Fujioka T, Saito T, Kurita J, Strüssmann CA, et al. Temperature-dependent sex determination in Hd-rR medaka *Oryzias latipes*: Gender sensitivity, thermal threshold, critical period, and DMRT1 expression profile. *Sex Dev* (2007) 1:138-46. doi: 10.1159/000100035

222. Piferrer F. Endocrine sex control strategies for the feminization of teleost fish. *Reprod Biotechnol Finfish Aquac* (2001) 197:229-81. doi: 10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00589-0

223. Staelens J, Rombaut D, Vercauteren I, Argue B, Benzie J, Vuylsteke M. High-density linkage maps and sex-linked markers for the black tiger shrimp (*Penaeus monodon*). *Genetics* (2008) 179:917. doi: 10.1534/genetics.107.080150

224. Li Y, Dierens L, Byrne K, Miggiano E, Lehnert S, Preston N, et al. QTL detection of production traits for the Kuruma prawn *Penaeus japonicus* (Bate) using AFLP markers. *Aquaculture* (2006) 258:198-210. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.04.027

225. Juchault P, Rigaud T. Evidence for female heterogamety in two terrestrial crustaceans and the problem of sex chromosome evolution in isopods. *Heredity* (1995) 75:466-71. doi: 10.1038/hdy.1995.163

226. Weeks SC, Benvenuto C, Sanderson TF, Duff RJ. Sex chromosome evolution in the clam shrimp, *Eulimnadia texana*. *J Evol Biol* (2010) 23:1100-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.01963.x

227. De Vos S, Bossier P, Van Stappen G, Vercauteren I, Sorgeloos P, Vuylsteke M. A first AFLP-based genetic linkage map for brine shrimp *Artemia franciscana* and its application in mapping the sex locus. *PloS One* (2013) 8:e57585. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057585

228. Kvist J, Athanásio CG, Pfrender ME, Brown JB, Colbourne JK, Mirbahai L. A comprehensive epigenomic analysis of phenotypically distinguishable, genetically identical female and male *Daphnia pulex*. *BMC Genomics* (2020) 21:17. doi: 10.1186/s12864-019-6415-5

229. Suzuki S, Yamasaki K. Sex-reversal of male *Armadillidium vulgare* (Isopoda, Malacostraca, Crustacea) following andrectomy and partial gonadectomy. *Gen Comp Endocrinol* (1991) 83:375-8. doi: 10.1016/0016-6480(91)90142-S

230. Suzuki S. Androgenic gland hormone is a sex-reversing factor but cannot be a sex-determining factor in the female crustacean isopod *Armadillidium vulgare*. *Gen Comp Endocrinol* (1999) 115:370-8. doi: 10.1006/gcen.1999.7324

231. Aflalo ED, Hoang TTT, Nguyen VH, Lam Q, Nguyen DM, Trinh QS, et al. A novel two-step procedure for mass production of all-male populations of the giant freshwater prawn *Macrobrachium rosenbergii*. *Aquaculture* (2006) 256:468-78. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.01.035

232. Parnes S, Khalaila I, Hulata G, Sagi A. Sex determination in crayfish: are intersex *Cherax quadricarinatus* (Decapoda, Parastacidae) genetically females? *Genet Res* (2003) 82:107-16. doi: 10.1017/S0016672303006372

233. Dunn AM, Hogg JC, Kelly A, Hatcher MJ. Two cues for sex determination in *Gammarus duebeni*: Adaptive variation in environmental sex determination? *Limnol Oceanogr* (2005) 50:346-53. doi: 10.4319/lo.2005.50.1.0346

234. Guler Y, Short S, Green Etxabe A, Sherhod CM, Kille P, Ford AT. Impacts of a newly identified behaviour-altering trematode on its host amphipod: from the level of gene expression to population. *Parasitology* (2015) 142:1469-80. doi: 10.1017/S0031182015000918

235. Bulnheim H. Microsporidian infections of amphipods with special reference to host-parasite relationships: a review. *Mar Fish Rev* (1975) 37:39-45.

236. Zupo V, Messina P. How do dietary diatoms cause the sex reversal of the shrimp *Hippolyte inermis* Leach (Crustacea, Decapoda). *Mar Biol* (2007) 151:907-17. doi: 10.1007/s00227-006-0524-9

237. Charniaux-Cotton H. Discovery in an amphipod crustacean (*Orchestia gammarella*) of an endocrine gland responsible for the differentiation of primary and secondary male sex characteristics. *C R Acad Sci Paris* (1954) 239:780-2.

238. Charniaux-Cotton H. Vitellogenesis and its control in Malacostracan crustacea. *Am Zool* (1985) 25:197-206. doi: 10.1093/icb/25.1.197

239. Sagi A, Snir E, Khalaila I. Sexual differentiation in decapod crustaceans: role of the androgenic gland. *Invertebr Reprod Dev* (1997) 31:55-61. doi: 10.1080/07924259.1997.9672563

240. Charniaux-Cotton H. Surgical castration in an amphipod crustacean (*Orchestia gammarella*) and determination of the secondary sexual characteristics: first results. *CR Acad Sci Paris* (1952) 234:2570-2.

241. Charniaux-Cotton H. Etude du déterminisme des caractères sexuels secondaires par castration chirurgicale et implantation d'ovaire chez un Crustacé Amphipode (*Orchestia gammarella*). *C R Acad Sci Paris* (1953) 236:141-3.

242. Charniaux-Cotton H. Contrôle hormonal de la différenciation du sexe et de la reproduction chez les Crustacés supérieurs. *Bull Soc Zool* (1958) 82:314-36.

243. Charniaux-Cotton H, Payen G. Sexual differentiation. In: Bliss DE and Mantel LH, editors. *The Biology of Crustacea, Volume 9*. New York: Academic Press (1985).

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278. Li S, Friesen JA, Holford KC, Borst DW. Methyl farnesoate synthesis in the lobster mandibular organ: The roles of HMG-CoA reductase and farnesoic acid O-methyltransferase. *Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol* (2010) 155:49–55. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.09.016

279. White AF. Metabolism of the juvenile hormone analogue methyl farnesoate 10, 11-epoxide in two insect species. *Life Sci* (1972) 11:201–10. doi: 10.1016/0024-3205(72)90110-5

280. Homola E, Chang ES. Assay methods for methyl farnesoate esterases in crustaceans. *Arch Insect Biochem Physiol* (1997) 36:115–28. doi: 10.1002/ (SICI)1520-6327(1997)36:2<115::AID-ARCH>3.0.CO;2-U

281. Wainwright G, Webster SG, Wilkinson MC, Chung JS, Rees HH. Structure and significance of mandibular organ-inhibiting hormone in the crab, *Cancer pagurus* involvement in multihormonal regulation of growth and reproduction. *J Biol Chem* (1996) 271:12749–54. doi: 10.1042/ bj3340651

282. Wainwright G, Webster SG, Rees HH. Neuropeptide regulation of biosynthesis of the juvenoid, methyl farnesoate, in the edible crab, *Cancer pagurus*. *Biochem J* (1998) 334:651–7. doi: 10.1042/bj3340651

283. Laufer H, Landau M, Homola E, Borst DW. Methyl farnesoate: Its site of synthesis and regulation of secretion in a juvenile crustacean. *Insect Biochem (1987) 17:1129–31. doi: 10.1016/0020-1790(87)90134-X

284. LeBlanc GA, Wang YH, Holmes CN, Kwon G, Medlock EK. A transgenerational endocrine signaling pathway in Crustacea. *PloS One* (2013) 8:e61715. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061715
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272. Olmstead AW, LeBlanc GA. Juvenoid hormone methyl farnesoate is a sex determinant in the crustacean *Daphnia magna*. *J Exp Zool* (2002) 293:736–9. doi: 10.1002/jez.10162

273. Tatarazako N, Oda S, Watanabe H, Morita M, Iguchi T. Juvenile hormone agonists affect the occurrence of male *Daphnia*. *Chemosphere* (2003) 53:827–33. doi: 10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00761-6

274. Kato Y, Kobayashi K, Watanabe H, Iguchi T. Environmental sex determination in the branchiopod crustacean *Daphnia magna*: deep conservation of a Doublesex gene in the sex-determining pathway. *PloS Genet* (2011) 7:e1001345. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001345

275. Nong QD, Mohamad Ishak NS, Matsuura T, Kato Y, Watanabe H. Mapping the expression of the sex determining factor Doublesex1 in *Daphnia magna* using a knock-in reporter. *Sci Rep* (2017) 7:13521. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-13730-4

276. Toyota K, Kato Y, Sato M, Sugiura N, Miyagawa S, Miyakawa H, et al. Molecular cloning of doublesex genes of four cladocera (water flea) species. *BMC Genomics* (2013) 14:239. doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-239

277. Bellés X, Martin D, Piulachs M-D. The mevalonate pathway and the synthesis of juvenile hormone in insects. *Annu Rev Entomol* (2004) 50:181–99. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ento.50.071803.130356

278. Li S, Friesen JA, Holford KC, Borst DW. Methyl farnesoate synthesis in the lobster mandibular organ: The roles of HMG-CoA reductase and farnesoic acid O-methyltransferase. *Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol* (2010) 155:49–55. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.09.016

279. White AF. Metabolism of the juvenile hormone analogue methyl farnesoate 10, 11-epoxide in two insect species. *Life Sci* (1972) 11:201–10. doi: 10.1016/0024-3205(72)90110-5

280. Homola E, Chang ES. Assay methods for methyl farnesoate esterases in crustaceans. *Arch Insect Biochem Physiol* (1997) 36:115–28. doi: 10.1002/ (SICI)1520-6327(1997)36:2<115::AID-ARCH>3.0.CO;2-U

281. Wainwright G, Webster SG, Wilkinson MC, Chung JS, Rees HH. Structure and significance of mandibular organ-inhibiting hormone in the crab, *Cancer pagurus* involvement in multihormonal regulation of growth and reproduction. *J Biol Chem* (1996) 271:12749–54. doi: 10.1042/ bj3340651

282. Wainwright G, Webster SG, Rees HH. Neuropeptide regulation of biosynthesis of the juvenoid, methyl farnesoate, in the edible crab, *Cancer pagurus*. *Biochem J* (1998) 334:651–7. doi: 10.1042/bj3340651

283. Laufer H, Landau M, Homola E, Borst DW. Methyl farnesoate: Its site of synthesis and regulation of secretion in a juvenile crustacean. *Insect Biochem (1987) 17:1129–31. doi: 10.1016/0020-1790(87)90134-X

284. LeBlanc GA, Wang YH, Holmes CN, Kwon G, Medlock EK. A transgenerational endocrine signaling pathway in Crustacea. *PloS One* (2013) 8:e61715. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061715
285. Miyakawa H, Toyota K, Hirakawa I, Ogino Y, Miyagawa S, Oda S, et al. A mutation in the receptor Methoprene-tolerant alters juvenile hormone response in insects and crustaceans. *Nat Commun* (2013) 4:1856. doi: 10.1038/ncomms2868

286. Wilson TG. Fabian J. A *Drosophila melanogaster* mutant resistant to a chemical analog of juvenile hormone. *Dev Biol* (1986) 118:190-201. doi: 10.1016/0012-1606(86)90087-4

287. Tiu SH-K, Hult EF, Yagi KJ, Tobe SS. Farnesoic acid and methyl farnesoate production during lobster reproduction: Possible functional correlation with retinoid X receptor expression. *Gen Comp Endocrinol* (2012) 175:259-69. doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.11.016

288. Durica DS, Wu X, Anilkumar G, Hopkins PM, Chung AC-K. Characterization of crab EcR and RXR homologs and expression during limb regeneration and oocyte maturation. *Mol Cell Endocrinol* (2002) 189:59-76. doi: 10.1016/S0303-7207(01)00740-7

289. Kim H-W, Lee SG, Mykles DL. Ecdysteroid-responsive genes, RXR and E75, in the tropical land crab, *Gecarcinus lateralis*: Differential tissue expression of multiple RXR isoforms generated at three alternative splicing sites in the hinge and ligand-binding domains. *Mol Cell Endocrinol* (2005) 242:80-95. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2005.08.001

290. Dai T-H, Sserwadda A, Song K, Zang Y-N, Shen H-S. Cloning and Expression of Ecdysone Receptor and Retinoid X Receptor from *Procambarus clarkii*: Induction by Eyestalk Ablation. *Int J Mol Sci* (2016) 17(10):1739. doi: 10.3390/ijms17101739

291. Gouveia D, Bonneton F, Almunia C, Armengaud J, Quéau H, Degli-Esposti D, et al. Identification, expression, and endocrine-disruption of three ecdysone-responsive genes in the sentinel species *Gammarus fossarum*. *Sci Rep* (2018) 8:3793. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-22235-7

292. Wang YH, Wang G, LeBlanc GA. Cloning and characterization of the retinoid X receptor from a primitive crustacean *Daphnia magna*. *Gen Comp Endocrinol* (2007) 150:309-18. doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.08.002

293. Wang YH, LeBlanc GA. Interactions of methyl farnesoate and related compounds with a crustacean retinoid X receptor. *Mol Cell Endocrinol* (2009) 309:109-16. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.05.016

294. Wang YH, Kwon G, Li H, LeBlanc GA. Tributyltin synergizes with 20-hydroxyecdysone to produce endocrine toxicity. *Toxicol Sci* (2011) 123:71-9. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr154

295. Li Y, Ginjupalli GK, Baldwin WS. The HR97 (NR1L) group of nuclear receptors: A new group of nuclear receptors discovered in *Daphnia* species. *Gen Comp Endocrinol* (2014) 206:30-42. doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.07.022

296. Hyde CJ, Fitzgibbon QP, Elizur A, Smith GG, Ventura T. Transcriptional profiling of spiny lobster metamorphosis reveals three new additions to the nuclear receptor superfamily. *BMC Genomics* (2019) 20:531. doi: 10.1186/s12864-019-5925-5

297. Wang HY, Olmstead AW, Li H, LeBlanc GA. The screening of chemicals for juvenoid-related endocrine activity using the water flea *Daphnia magna*. *Aquat Toxicol* (2005) 74:193-204. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2005.05.010

298. Olmstead AW, LeBlanc GA. Insecticidal juvenile hormone analogs stimulate the production of male offspring in the crustacean *Daphnia magna*. *Environ Health Perspect* (2003) 111:919-24. doi: 10.1289/ehp.5982

299. Dodson SI, Merritt CM, Shannahan J-P, Shults CM. Low exposure concentrations of atrazine increase male production in *Daphnia pulicaria*. *Environ Toxicol Chem* (1999) 18:1568-73. doi: 10.1002/etc.5620180732

300. Cooper RL, Stoker TE, Tyrey L, Goldman JM, McElroy WK. Atrazine disrupts the hypothalamic control of pituitary-ovarian function. *Toxicol Sci* (2000) 53:297-307. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/53.2.297

301. DeFur PL, Crane M, Ingersoll C, Tattersfield L. *Endocrine disruption in invertebrates: endocrinology, testing, andassessment*. Pensacola: SETAC technical publication series. SETAC press (1999).

302. Ford AT, LeBlanc GA. Endocrine disruption in invertebrates: A survey of research progress. *Environ Sci Technol* (2020) 54:13365-9. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04226

303. Katsiadaki I. Are marine invertebrates really at risk from endocrine-disrupting chemicals? *Curr Opin Environ Sci Health* (2019) 11:37-42. doi: 10.1016/j.coesh.2019.06.005

304. Cuvillier-Hot V, Lenoir A. Invertebrates facing environmental contamination by endocrine disruptors: Novel evidences and recent insights. *Mol Cell Endocrinol* (2020) 504:110712. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110712

305. Short S, Yang G, Kille P, Ford AT. Vitellogenin is not an appropriate biomarker of feminisation in a Crustacean. *Aquat Toxicol* (2014) 153:89-97. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.11.014

306. Matozzo V, Gagné F, Marin MG, Ricciardi F, Blaise C. Vitellogenin as a biomarker of exposure to estrogenic compounds in aquatic invertebrates: A review. *Environ Int* (2008) 34:531-45. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2007.09.008

307. Jayasankar V, Tomy S, Wilder M. Insights on molecular mechanisms of ovarian development in decapod crustacea: Focus on vitellogenesis-stimulating factors and pathways. *Front Endocrinol* (2020) 11:577925. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2020.577925

308. Villeneuve DL, Crump D, Garcia-Reyero N, Hecker M, Hutchinson TH, LaLone CA, et al. Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) development I: Strategies and principles. *Toxicol Sci* (2014) 142:312-20. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu199

**Conflict of Interest:** The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Copyright © 2021 Knigge, LeBlanc and Ford. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
285. Miyakawa H, Toyota K, Hirakawa I, Ogino Y, Miyagawa S, Oda S, et al. A mutation in the receptor Methoprene-tolerant alters juvenile hormone response in insects and crustaceans. *Nat Commun* (2013) 4:1856. doi: 10.1038/ncomms2868

286. Wilson TG. Fabian J. A *Drosophila melanogaster* mutant resistant to a chemical analog of juvenile hormone. *Dev Biol* (1986) 118:190-201. doi: 10.1016/0012-1606(86)90087-4

287. Tiu SH-K, Hult EF, Yagi KJ, Tobe SS. Farnesoic acid and methyl farnesoate production during lobster reproduction: Possible functional correlation with retinoid X receptor expression. *Gen Comp Endocrinol* (2012) 175:259-69. doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.11.016

288. Durica DS, Wu X, Anilkumar G, Hopkins PM, Chung AC-K. Characterization of crab EcR and RXR homologs and expression during limb regeneration and oocyte maturation. *Mol Cell Endocrinol* (2002) 189:59-76. doi: 10.1016/S0303-7207(01)00740-7

289. Kim H-W, Lee SG, Mykles DL. Ecdysteroid-responsive genes, RXR and E75, in the tropical land crab, *Gecarcinus lateralis*: Differential tissue expression of multiple RXR isoforms generated at three alternative splicing sites in the hinge and ligand-binding domains. *Mol Cell Endocrinol* (2005) 242:80-95. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2005.08.001

290. Dai T-H, Sserwadda A, Song K, Zang Y-N, Shen H-S. Cloning and Expression of Ecdysone Receptor and Retinoid X Receptor from *Procambarus clarkii*: Induction by Eyestalk Ablation. *Int J Mol Sci* (2016) 17(10):1739. doi: 10.3390/ijms17101739

291. Gouveia D, Bonneton F, Almunia C, Armengaud J, Quéau H, Degli-Esposti D, et al. Identification, expression, and endocrine-disruption of three ecdysone-responsive genes in the sentinel species *Gammarus fossarum*. *Sci Rep* (2018) 8:3793. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-22235-7

292. Wang YH, Wang G, LeBlanc GA. Cloning and characterization of the retinoid X receptor from a primitive crustacean *Daphnia magna*. *Gen Comp Endocrinol* (2007) 150:309-18. doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.08.002

293. Wang YH, LeBlanc GA. Interactions of methyl farnesoate and related compounds with a crustacean retinoid X receptor. *Mol Cell Endocrinol* (2009) 309:109-16. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.05.016

294. Wang YH, Kwon G, Li H, LeBlanc GA. Tributyltin synergizes with 20-hydroxyecdysone to produce endocrine toxicity. *Toxicol Sci* (2011) 123:71-9. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr154

295. Li Y, Ginjupalli GK, Baldwin WS. The HR97 (NR1L) group of nuclear receptors: A new group of nuclear receptors discovered in *Daphnia* species. *Gen Comp Endocrinol* (2014) 206:30-42. doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.07.022

296. Hyde CJ, Fitzgibbon QP, Elizur A, Smith GG, Ventura T. Transcriptional profiling of spiny lobster metamorphosis reveals three new additions to the nuclear receptor superfamily. *BMC Genomics* (2019) 20:531. doi: 10.1186/s12864-019-5925-5

297. Wang HY, Olmstead AW, Li H, LeBlanc GA. The screening of chemicals for juvenoid-related endocrine activity using the water flea *Daphnia magna*. *Aquat Toxicol* (2005) 74:193-204. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2005.05.010

298. Olmstead AW, LeBlanc GA. Insecticidal juvenile hormone analogs stimulate the production of male offspring in the crustacean *Daphnia magna*. *Environ Health Perspect* (2003) 111:919-24. doi: 10.1289/ehp.5982

299. Dodson SI, Merritt CM, Shannahan J-P, Shults CM. Low exposure concentrations of atrazine increase male production in *Daphnia pulicaria*. *Environ Toxicol Chem* (1999) 18:1568-73. doi: 10.1002/etc.5620180732

300. Cooper RL, Stoker TE, Tyrey L, Goldman JM, McElroy WK. Atrazine disrupts the hypothalamic control of pituitary-ovarian function. *Toxicol Sci* (2000) 53:297-307. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/53.2.297

301. DeFur PL, Crane M, Ingersoll C, Tattersfield L. *Endocrine disruption in invertebrates: endocrinology, testing, andassessment*. Pensacola: SETAC technical publication series. SETAC press (1999).

302. Ford AT, LeBlanc GA. Endocrine disruption in invertebrates: A survey of research progress. *Environ Sci Technol* (2020) 54:13365-9. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04226

303. Katsiadaki I. Are marine invertebrates really at risk from endocrine-disrupting chemicals? *Curr Opin Environ Sci Health* (2019) 11:37-42. doi: 10.1016/j.coesh.2019.06.005

304. Cuvillier-Hot V, Lenoir A. Invertebrates facing environmental contamination by endocrine disruptors: Novel evidences and recent insights. *Mol Cell Endocrinol* (2020) 504:110712. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110712

305. Short S, Yang G, Kille P, Ford AT. Vitellogenin is not an appropriate biomarker of feminisation in a Crustacean. *Aquat Toxicol* (2014) 153:89-97. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.11.014

306. Matozzo V, Gagné F, Marin MG, Ricciardi F, Blaise C. Vitellogenin as a biomarker of exposure to estrogenic compounds in aquatic invertebrates: A review. *Environ Int* (2008) 34:531-45. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2007.09.008

307. Jayasankar V, Tomy S, Wilder M. Insights on molecular mechanisms of ovarian development in decapod crustacea: Focus on vitellogenesis-stimulating factors and pathways. *Front Endocrinol* (2020) 11:577925. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2020.577925

308. Villeneuve DL, Crump D, Garcia-Reyero N, Hecker M, Hutchinson TH, LaLone CA, et al. Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) development I: Strategies and principles. *Toxicol Sci* (2014) 142:312-20. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu199

**Conflict of Interest:** The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Copyright © 2021 Knigge, LeBlanc and Ford. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.