efficiency of APL1C depletion was monitored at day 10 post dsAPL1C injection versus dsGFP control in whole mosquitoes using anti-APL1C antibody and anti-GADPH antibody as a loading control. C. APL1C protein level is still decreased 10 d after dsAPL1C injection. The loading control normalized APL1C protein band densities were compared between dsAPL1C and dsGFP (dotted line) injected mosquitoes.

(PDF)

**S13 Fig. Flow cytometric analysis of APL1C binding to P. berghei sporozoites in vivo.** A. GFP-expressing sporozoites perfused in mosquito hemolymph were gated in a side scatter height (SSC-H) versus GFP in a dot plot graph. B. The sporozoite population that expressed GFP was confirmed by CSP staining, which yielded the same number of events. C. APL1C gating strategy. The fluorescence corresponding to APL1C staining was determined from the GFP population. D. APL1C gating control to determine APL1C signal threshold. Sporozoites were incubated with an antibody different from anti-APL1C (mouse anti-CSP) and Alexa Fluor 555-conjugated anti-rabbit secondary antibody. E. APL1C labelling of hemolymph perfused sporozoites, at 12 d, 15 d and 22 d post mosquito infection. Sporozoites in each replicate are reported as percentage [%] or number of APL1C labelled sporozoites out of global sporozoites population per each collection timepoint.

(PDF)

**S14 Fig. APL1C antibody labelling of P. berghei sporozoites is specific to the APL1C protein.** A. Sporozoites perfused from control dsGFP-treated mosquitoes are labelled by APL1C protein. The top panel depicts merged images of representative sporozoites (scale bar 10 µm), whereas the images below show 3 channels of enlarged projections of sporozoites (scale bar 2 µm), indicated by the numbers on the merged image. B. Sporozoites perfused from dsAPL1C-treated mosquitoes are not labelled by APL1C protein. The top panel depicts merged images of representative sporozoites (scale bar 10 µm), whereas the images below show 3 channels of enlarged projections of sporozoites (scale bar 2 µm), indicated by the numbers on the merge picture.

(PDF)

**S15 Fig. Activity of APL1C and LRIM1 do not directly reduce P. berghei sporozoite numbers in the mosquito hemocoel.** A. APL1C was silenced by dsRNA treatment of mosquitoes at 9 d post-IBM, prior to sporozoite release from oocysts. At 17 d post-IBM, during sporozoite release, mosquitoes were perfused individually and the number of circulating sporozoites per individual mosquito was counted by flow cytometry in mosquitoes treated with dsAPL1C or control dsGFP. Graph presents the sporozoite number in perfused individuals between dsAPL1C- and dsGFP-treated mosquitoes. Each point represents a single perfused individual, bars represent mean with ±SEM. Sample sizes (N) show the number of independent replicate experiments, (n) the total number of perfused individuals across replicates. Data were compared between the two conditions by Mann-Whitney test. All statistical differences tested independently within replicates (individual p-values in S1 Table) (significance level of Mann-Whitney n.s. = not significant). B. APL1C silencing by dsAPL1C treatment 9 d post-IBM was still efficient at the time of mosquito perfusion, 17 d post-IBM, as verified by qPCR. The ratio of the normalized APL1C cDNA detection in dsAPL1C versus dsGFP treatments was calculated using triplicates from the same cDNA dilution. Graph represents mean with ±SEM of the transcript abundance fold change between dsAPL1C and dsGFP samples from independent biological replicates (N). Data for qPCR analysis was analyzed by unpaired t-test (significance levels of t-test p-values: *** p-value <0.001). C. Test of LRIM1 function for hemocoel sporozoite numbers. Description as in panel A but substituting dsLRIM1 in place of dsAPL1C. D.
LRIM1 silencing by dsLRIM1 treatment 9 d post-IBM was still efficient at the time of mosquito perfusion, 17 d post-IBM, as verified by qPCR. Description as in panel B but substituting dsLRIM1 in place of dsAPL1C.

(PDF)

**S16 Fig. Activity of TEP1 and TEP3 are not protective against *P. berghei* sporozoites.** A. TEP1 and TEP3 expression is efficiently silenced at the time of salivary gland dissection (10 d post-dsTEP1, dsTEP3 or dsTEP1/TEP3 injections). TEP1 and TEP3 silencing was verified by the qPCR measurement. The ratio of the normalized TEP1 or TEP3 cDNA detection in dsTEP1, dsTEP3 or dsTEP1/TEP3 versus dsGFP treatments was calculated using triplicates from the same cDNA dilution. Graphs represent mean with ±SEM of the expression fold change from independent biological replicates (N). Data for qPCR analysis was analyzed by unpaired t-test (significance levels of t-test p-values: ** p-value <0.01; *** p-value <0.001). B. TEP1, TEP3 or simultaneous TEP1/TEP3 depletion does not influence sporozoite salivary gland infection. The percentage of sporozoite-infected salivary glands (gray) or non-infected (white) in dsTEP1, dsTEP3 or dsTEP1/TEP3 mosquitoes and dsGFP injected control are shown in pie charts as the mean percentage obtained from independent number of biological replicates (N). Prevalence from each replicate was compared between the two conditions by chi-square test. All statistical differences were first tested independently within replicates (individual p-values in S2 Table), and if individual replicates showed a common trend of change, individual p-values were combined using the meta-analytical approach of Fisher (significance level of chi-square n.s. = not significant).

(PDF)

**S1 Table. Statistical analysis of APL1C abundance detected by confocal IFA on dissected fixed midguts.** Summary data for all experimental replicates testing the APL1C protein signal between indicated treatments (Condition). The number of tested midguts in each treatment are indicated in the column titled, Number of midguts. Statistically significant differences are indicated by green shading. Row indicates the treatment for a given replicate, with the corresponding replicates indicated in the following row(s) for the statistical analysis. Individual p-values were calculated per replicate by statistical comparison to the corresponding control experiment shown in column 1 (Experiment #) and indicated in "Tested conditions" column. If the replicates of a tested condition were consistent (in the same phenotypic direction, see Methods), then the individual p-values were combined by Fisher's method (Fisher combined prob). If the replicate phenotypes were not consistent, the individual p-values are shown but combining of p-values is not justified.

(XLSX)

**S2 Table. Statistical analysis of *P. berghei* salivary gland infection prevalence and intensity following gene silencing.** Summary data for all experimental replicates testing the effect of targeted gene silencing compared to control treatment with dsGFP. Statistically significant differences are indicated by green shading. Row indicates targeted gene tested (injected dsRNA) for a given replicate, with the corresponding replicates indicated in the following row(s) for the tested targeted gene. Individual p-values were calculated per replicate by statistical comparison to the corresponding dsGFP control experiment shown in column 1 (experiment #). If the replicates of a tested gene were consistent (in the same phenotypic direction, see Methods), then the individual p-values were combined by Fisher's method (Fisher combined prob). If the replicate phenotypes were not consistent, the individual p-values are shown but combining of p-values is not justified.

(XLSX)
LRIM1 silencing by dsLRIM1 treatment 9 d post-IBM was still efficient at the time of mosquito perfusion, 17 d post-IBM, as verified by qPCR. Description as in panel B but substituting dsLRIM1 in place of dsAPL1C.

(PDF)

**S16 Fig. Activity of TEP1 and TEP3 are not protective against *P. berghei* sporozoites.** A. TEP1 and TEP3 expression is efficiently silenced at the time of salivary gland dissection (10 d post-dsTEP1, dsTEP3 or dsTEP1/TEP3 injections). TEP1 and TEP3 silencing was verified by the qPCR measurement. The ratio of the normalized TEP1 or TEP3 cDNA detection in dsTEP1, dsTEP3 or dsTEP1/TEP3 versus dsGFP treatments was calculated using triplicates from the same cDNA dilution. Graphs represent mean with ±SEM of the expression fold change from independent biological replicates (N). Data for qPCR analysis was analyzed by unpaired t-test (significance levels of t-test p-values: ** p-value <0.01; *** p-value <0.001). B. TEP1, TEP3 or simultaneous TEP1/TEP3 depletion does not influence sporozoite salivary gland infection. The percentage of sporozoite-infected salivary glands (gray) or non-infected (white) in dsTEP1, dsTEP3 or dsTEP1/TEP3 mosquitoes and dsGFP injected control are shown in pie charts as the mean percentage obtained from independent number of biological replicates (N). Prevalence from each replicate was compared between the two conditions by chi-square test. All statistical differences were first tested independently within replicates (individual p-values in S2 Table), and if individual replicates showed a common trend of change, individual p-values were combined using the meta-analytical approach of Fisher (significance level of chi-square n.s. = not significant).

(PDF)

**S1 Table. Statistical analysis of APL1C abundance detected by confocal IFA on dissected fixed midguts.** Summary data for all experimental replicates testing the APL1C protein signal between indicated treatments (Condition). The number of tested midguts in each treatment are indicated in the column titled, Number of midguts. Statistically significant differences are indicated by green shading. Row indicates the treatment for a given replicate, with the corresponding replicates indicated in the following row(s) for the statistical analysis. Individual p-values were calculated per replicate by statistical comparison to the corresponding control experiment shown in column 1 (Experiment #) and indicated in "Tested conditions" column. If the replicates of a tested condition were consistent (in the same phenotypic direction, see Methods), then the individual p-values were combined by Fisher's method (Fisher combined prob). If the replicate phenotypes were not consistent, the individual p-values are shown but combining of p-values is not justified.

(XLSX)

**S2 Table. Statistical analysis of *P. berghei* salivary gland infection prevalence and intensity following gene silencing.** Summary data for all experimental replicates testing the effect of targeted gene silencing compared to control treatment with dsGFP. Statistically significant differences are indicated by green shading. Row indicates targeted gene tested (injected dsRNA) for a given replicate, with the corresponding replicates indicated in the following row(s) for the tested targeted gene. Individual p-values were calculated per replicate by statistical comparison to the corresponding dsGFP control experiment shown in column 1 (experiment #). If the replicates of a tested gene were consistent (in the same phenotypic direction, see Methods), then the individual p-values were combined by Fisher's method (Fisher combined prob). If the replicate phenotypes were not consistent, the individual p-values are shown but combining of p-values is not justified.

(XLSX)
**S3 Table. Primer sequences used for plasmid construction.**
(XLSX)

**S4 Table. Primer sequences used for dsRNA synthesis and qPCR.**
(XLSX)

**Acknowledgments**

We thank the Institut Pasteur core facility, the Center for the Production and Infection of *Anopheles* (CEPIA) for rearing and infection of mosquitoes; the UtechS Photonic BioImaging facility (Imagopole C2RT), Institut Pasteur for confocal microscopy instruments and assistance, and the Image Analysis Hub, Institut Pasteur for assistance with image analysis.

**Author Contributions**

**Conceptualization:** Natalia Marta Zmarlak, Catherine Lavazec, Kenneth D. Vernick, Christian Mitri.

**Formal analysis:** Natalia Marta Zmarlak, Catherine Lavazec, Eduardo Aliprandini, Manuela Camille Aguirre-Botero, Christian Mitri.

**Funding acquisition:** Kenneth D. Vernick, Christian Mitri.

**Investigation:** Natalia Marta Zmarlak, Catherine Lavazec, Emma Brito-Fravallo, Corinne Genève, Eduardo Aliprandini, Manuela Camille Aguirre-Botero, Christian Mitri.

**Methodology:** Natalia Marta Zmarlak, Catherine Lavazec, Eduardo Aliprandini, Manuela Camille Aguirre-Botero, Kenneth D. Vernick, Christian Mitri.

**Project administration:** Kenneth D. Vernick, Christian Mitri.

**Resources:** Emma Brito-Fravallo, Corinne Genève.

**Supervision:** Kenneth D. Vernick, Christian Mitri.

**Writing – original draft:** Natalia Marta Zmarlak, Catherine Lavazec, Eduardo Aliprandini, Kenneth D. Vernick, Christian Mitri.

**Writing – review & editing:** Natalia Marta Zmarlak, Catherine Lavazec, Eduardo Aliprandini, Kenneth D. Vernick, Christian Mitri.

**References**

1. Valanne S, Wang JH, Ramet M. The Drosophila Toll signaling pathway. J Immunol. 2011; 186(2):649-56. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1002302 PMID: 21209287

2. Akira S, Takeda K, Kaisho T. Toll-like receptors: critical proteins linking innate and acquired immunity. Nat Immunol. 2001; 2(8):675-80. https://doi.org/10.1038/90609 PMID: 11477402

3. Medzhitov R. Toll-like receptors and innate immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2001; 1(2):135-45. https://doi.org/10.1038/35100529 PMID: 11905821

4. Athman R, Philpott D. Innate immunity via Toll-like receptors and Nod proteins. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2004; 7(1):25-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2003.12.013 PMID: 15036136

5. Pancer Z, Amemiya CT, Ehrhardt GR, Ceitlin J, Gartland GL, Cooper MD. Somatic diversification of variable lymphocyte receptors in the agnathan sea lamprey. Nature. 2004; 430(6996):174-80. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02740 PMID: 15241406

6. Bella J, Hindle KL, McEwan PA, Lovell SC. The leucine-rich repeat structure. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2008; 65(15):2307-33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-008-8019-0 PMID: 18408889

7. Kobe B, Deisenhofer J. The leucine-rich repeat: a versatile binding motif. Trends Biochem Sci. 1994; 19(10):415-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/0968-0004(94)90090-6 PMID: 7817399
**S3 Table. Primer sequences used for plasmid construction.**
(XLSX)

**S4 Table. Primer sequences used for dsRNA synthesis and qPCR.**
(XLSX)

**Acknowledgments**

We thank the Institut Pasteur core facility, the Center for the Production and Infection of *Anopheles* (CEPIA) for rearing and infection of mosquitoes; the UtechS Photonic BioImaging facility (Imagopole C2RT), Institut Pasteur for confocal microscopy instruments and assistance, and the Image Analysis Hub, Institut Pasteur for assistance with image analysis.

**Author Contributions**

**Conceptualization:** Natalia Marta Zmarlak, Catherine Lavazec, Kenneth D. Vernick, Christian Mitri.

**Formal analysis:** Natalia Marta Zmarlak, Catherine Lavazec, Eduardo Aliprandini, Manuela Camille Aguirre-Botero, Christian Mitri.

**Funding acquisition:** Kenneth D. Vernick, Christian Mitri.

**Investigation:** Natalia Marta Zmarlak, Catherine Lavazec, Emma Brito-Fravallo, Corinne Genève, Eduardo Aliprandini, Manuela Camille Aguirre-Botero, Christian Mitri.

**Methodology:** Natalia Marta Zmarlak, Catherine Lavazec, Eduardo Aliprandini, Manuela Camille Aguirre-Botero, Kenneth D. Vernick, Christian Mitri.

**Project administration:** Kenneth D. Vernick, Christian Mitri.

**Resources:** Emma Brito-Fravallo, Corinne Genève.

**Supervision:** Kenneth D. Vernick, Christian Mitri.

**Writing – original draft:** Natalia Marta Zmarlak, Catherine Lavazec, Eduardo Aliprandini, Kenneth D. Vernick, Christian Mitri.

**Writing – review & editing:** Natalia Marta Zmarlak, Catherine Lavazec, Eduardo Aliprandini, Kenneth D. Vernick, Christian Mitri.

**References**

1. Valanne S, Wang JH, Ramet M. The Drosophila Toll signaling pathway. J Immunol. 2011; 186(2):649-56. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1002302 PMID: 21209287

2. Akira S, Takeda K, Kaisho T. Toll-like receptors: critical proteins linking innate and acquired immunity. Nat Immunol. 2001; 2(8):675-80. https://doi.org/10.1038/90609 PMID: 11477402

3. Medzhitov R. Toll-like receptors and innate immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2001; 1(2):135-45. https://doi.org/10.1038/35100529 PMID: 11905821

4. Athman R, Philpott D. Innate immunity via Toll-like receptors and Nod proteins. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2004; 7(1):25-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2003.12.013 PMID: 15036136

5. Pancer Z, Amemiya CT, Ehrhardt GR, Ceitlin J, Gartland GL, Cooper MD. Somatic diversification of variable lymphocyte receptors in the agnathan sea lamprey. Nature. 2004; 430(6996):174-80. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02740 PMID: 15241406

6. Bella J, Hindle KL, McEwan PA, Lovell SC. The leucine-rich repeat structure. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2008; 65(15):2307-33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-008-8019-0 PMID: 18408889

7. Kobe B, Deisenhofer J. The leucine-rich repeat: a versatile binding motif. Trends Biochem Sci. 1994; 19(10):415-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/0968-0004(94)90090-6 PMID: 7817399
8. Rottschaefer SM, Riehle MM, Coulibaly B, Sacko M, Niare O, Morlais I, et al. Exceptional diversity, maintenance of polymorphism, and recent directional selection on the APL1 malaria resistance genes of Anopheles gambiae. PLoS Biol. 2011; 9(3):e1000600. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000600 PMID: 21408087

9. Jones JD, Dangl JL. The plant immune system. Nature. 2006; 444(7117):323-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05286 PMID: 17108957

10. Brown GJ, Canete PF, Wang H, Medhavy A, Bones J, Roco JA, et al. TLR7 gain-of-function genetic variation causes human lupus. Nature. 2022; 605(7909):349-56. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04642-z PMID: 35477763

11. Pruitt RN, Locci F, Wanke F, Zhang L, Saile SC, Joe A, et al. The EDS1-PAD4-ADR1 node mediates Arabidopsis pattern-triggered immunity. Nature. 2021; 598(7881):495-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03829-0 PMID: 34497423

12. Waterhouse RM, Povelones M, Christophides GK. Sequence-structure-function relations of the mosquito leucine-rich repeat immune proteins. BMC Genomics. 2010; 11:531. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-11-531 PMID: 20920294

13. Martinez-Barnetche J, Gomez-Barreto RE, Ovilla-Munoz M, Tellez-Sosa J, Garcia Lopez DE, Dinglasan RR, et al. Transcriptome of the adult female malaria mosquito vector Anopheles albimanus. BMC Genomics. 2012; 13:207. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-13-207 PMID: 22646700

14. Zhao L, Alto BW, Shin D. Transcriptional Profile of Aedes aegypti Leucine-Rich Repeat Proteins in Response to Zika and Chikungunya Viruses. Int J Mol Sci. 2019; 20(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20030615 PMID: 30708982

15. Zhu Y, Ragan EJ, Kanost MR. Leureptin: a soluble, extracellular leucine-rich repeat protein from Manduca sexta that binds lipopolysaccharide. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 2010; 40(10):713-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibmb.2010.07.002 PMID: 20688162

16. Mitri C, Bischoff E, Takashima E, Williams M, Eiglmeier K, Pain A, et al. An Evolution-Based Screen for Genetic Differentiation between Anopheles Sister Taxa Enriches for Detection of Functional Immune Factors. PLoS pathogens. 2015; 11(12):e1005306. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1005306 PMID: 26633695

17. Povelones M, Upton LM, Sala KA, Christophides GK. Structure-function analysis of the Anopheles gambiae LRIM1/APL1C complex and its interaction with complement C3-like protein TEP1. PLoS pathogens. 2011; 7(4):e1002023. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002023 PMID: 21533217

18. Vernick KD, Oduol F, Lazzaro BP, Glazebrook J, Xu J, Riehle M, et al. Molecular genetics of mosquito resistance to malaria parasites. Current topics in microbiology and immunology. 2005; 295:383-415. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-29088-5_15 PMID: 16265899

19. Herrin BR, Alder MN, Roux KH, Sina C, Ehrhardt GR, Boydston JA, et al. Structure and specificity of lamprey monoclonal antibodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008; 105(6):2040-5. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0711619105 PMID: 18238899

20. Alavi Y, Arai M, Mendoza J, Tufet-Bayona M, Sinha R, Fowler K, et al. The dynamics of interactions between Plasmodium and the mosquito: a study of the infectivity of Plasmodium berghei and Plasmodium gallinaceum, and their transmission by Anopheles stephensi, Anopheles gambiae and Aedes aegypti. Int J Parasitol. 2003; 33(9):933-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7519(03)00112-7 PMID: 12906877

21. Hillyer JF, Barreau C, Vernick KD. Efficiency of salivary gland invasion by malaria sporozoites is controlled by rapid sporozoite destruction in the mosquito haemocoel. Int J Parasitol. 2007; 37(6):673-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.12.007 PMID: 17275826

22. Povelones M, Waterhouse RM, Kafatos FC, Christophides GK. Leucine-rich repeat protein complex activates mosquito complement in defense against Plasmodium parasites. Science. 2009; 324 (5924):258-61. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1171400 PMID: 19264986

23. Baxter RH, Steinert S, Chelliah Y, Volohonsky G, Levashina EA, Deisenhofer J. A heterodimeric complex of the LRR proteins LRIM1 and APL1C regulates complement-like immunity in Anopheles gambiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010; 107(39):16817-22.

24. Fraiture M, Baxter RH, Steinert S, Chelliah Y, Frolet C, Quispe-Tintaya W, et al. Two mosquito LRR proteins function as complement control factors in the TEP1-mediated killing of Plasmodium. Cell Host Microbe. 2009; 5(3):273-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2009.01.005 PMID: 19286136

25. Williams M, Contet A, Hou CD, Levashina EA, Baxter RHG. Anopheles gambiae TEP1 forms a complex with the coiled-coil domain of LRIM1/APL1C following a conformational change in the thioester domain. PloS one. 2019; 14(6):e0218203. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218203 PMID: 31237887

26. Holm I, Lavazec C, Garnier T, Mitri C, Riehle MM, Bischoff E, et al. Diverged alleles of the Anopheles gambiae leucine-rich repeat gene APL1A display distinct protective profiles against Plasmodium falciparum. PloS one. 2012; 7(12):e52684. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0052684 PMID: 23285147
8. Rottschaefer SM, Riehle MM, Coulibaly B, Sacko M, Niare O, Morlais I, et al. Exceptional diversity, maintenance of polymorphism, and recent directional selection on the APL1 malaria resistance genes of Anopheles gambiae. PLoS Biol. 2011; 9(3):e1000600. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000600 PMID: 21408087

9. Jones JD, Dangl JL. The plant immune system. Nature. 2006; 444(7117):323-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05286 PMID: 17108957

10. Brown GJ, Canete PF, Wang H, Medhavy A, Bones J, Roco JA, et al. TLR7 gain-of-function genetic variation causes human lupus. Nature. 2022; 605(7909):349-56. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04642-z PMID: 35477763

11. Pruitt RN, Locci F, Wanke F, Zhang L, Saile SC, Joe A, et al. The EDS1-PAD4-ADR1 node mediates Arabidopsis pattern-triggered immunity. Nature. 2021; 598(7881):495-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03829-0 PMID: 34497423

12. Waterhouse RM, Povelones M, Christophides GK. Sequence-structure-function relations of the mosquito leucine-rich repeat immune proteins. BMC Genomics. 2010; 11:531. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-11-531 PMID: 20920294

13. Martinez-Barnetche J, Gomez-Barreto RE, Ovilla-Munoz M, Tellez-Sosa J, Garcia Lopez DE, Dinglasan RR, et al. Transcriptome of the adult female malaria mosquito vector Anopheles albimanus. BMC Genomics. 2012; 13:207. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-13-207 PMID: 22646700

14. Zhao L, Alto BW, Shin D. Transcriptional Profile of Aedes aegypti Leucine-Rich Repeat Proteins in Response to Zika and Chikungunya Viruses. Int J Mol Sci. 2019; 20(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20030615 PMID: 30708982

15. Zhu Y, Ragan EJ, Kanost MR. Leureptin: a soluble, extracellular leucine-rich repeat protein from Manduca sexta that binds lipopolysaccharide. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 2010; 40(10):713-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibmb.2010.07.002 PMID: 20688162

16. Mitri C, Bischoff E, Takashima E, Williams M, Eiglmeier K, Pain A, et al. An Evolution-Based Screen for Genetic Differentiation between Anopheles Sister Taxa Enriches for Detection of Functional Immune Factors. PLoS pathogens. 2015; 11(12):e1005306. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1005306 PMID: 26633695

17. Povelones M, Upton LM, Sala KA, Christophides GK. Structure-function analysis of the Anopheles gambiae LRIM1/APL1C complex and its interaction with complement C3-like protein TEP1. PLoS pathogens. 2011; 7(4):e1002023. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002023 PMID: 21533217

18. Vernick KD, Oduol F, Lazzaro BP, Glazebrook J, Xu J, Riehle M, et al. Molecular genetics of mosquito resistance to malaria parasites. Current topics in microbiology and immunology. 2005; 295:383-415. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-29088-5_15 PMID: 16265899

19. Herrin BR, Alder MN, Roux KH, Sina C, Ehrhardt GR, Boydston JA, et al. Structure and specificity of lamprey monoclonal antibodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008; 105(6):2040-5. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0711619105 PMID: 18238899

20. Alavi Y, Arai M, Mendoza J, Tufet-Bayona M, Sinha R, Fowler K, et al. The dynamics of interactions between Plasmodium and the mosquito: a study of the infectivity of Plasmodium berghei and Plasmodium gallinaceum, and their transmission by Anopheles stephensi, Anopheles gambiae and Aedes aegypti. Int J Parasitol. 2003; 33(9):933-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7519(03)00112-7 PMID: 12906877

21. Hillyer JF, Barreau C, Vernick KD. Efficiency of salivary gland invasion by malaria sporozoites is controlled by rapid sporozoite destruction in the mosquito haemocoel. Int J Parasitol. 2007; 37(6):673-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.12.007 PMID: 17275826

22. Povelones M, Waterhouse RM, Kafatos FC, Christophides GK. Leucine-rich repeat protein complex activates mosquito complement in defense against Plasmodium parasites. Science. 2009; 324 (5924):258-61. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1171400 PMID: 19264986

23. Baxter RH, Steinert S, Chelliah Y, Volohonsky G, Levashina EA, Deisenhofer J. A heterodimeric complex of the LRR proteins LRIM1 and APL1C regulates complement-like immunity in Anopheles gambiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010; 107(39):16817-22.

24. Fraiture M, Baxter RH, Steinert S, Chelliah Y, Frolet C, Quispe-Tintaya W, et al. Two mosquito LRR proteins function as complement control factors in the TEP1-mediated killing of Plasmodium. Cell Host Microbe. 2009; 5(3):273-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2009.01.005 PMID: 19286136

25. Williams M, Contet A, Hou CD, Levashina EA, Baxter RHG. Anopheles gambiae TEP1 forms a complex with the coiled-coil domain of LRIM1/APL1C following a conformational change in the thioester domain. PloS one. 2019; 14(6):e0218203. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218203 PMID: 31237887

26. Holm I, Lavazec C, Garnier T, Mitri C, Riehle MM, Bischoff E, et al. Diverged alleles of the Anopheles gambiae leucine-rich repeat gene APL1A display distinct protective profiles against Plasmodium falciparum. PloS one. 2012; 7(12):e52684. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0052684 PMID: 23285147
27. Kwon H, Mohammed M, Franzen O, Ankarklev J, Smith RC. Single-cell analysis of mosquito hemocytes identifies signatures of immune cell subtypes and cell differentiation. *Elife*. 2021; 10:2020.07.11.197939. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.66192 PMID: 34318744

28. Christophides GK, Zdobnov E, Barillas-Mury C, Birney E, Blandin S, Blass C, et al. Immunity-related genes and gene families in Anopheles gambiae. *Science*. 2002; 298(5591):159–65. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1077136 PMID: 12364793

29. Riehle MM, Xu J, Lazzaro BP, Rottschaeger SM, Coulibaly B, Sacko M, et al. Anopheles gambiae APL1 is a family of variable LRR proteins required for Rel1-mediated protection from the malaria parasite, Plasmodium berghei. *PloS one*. 2008; 3(11):e3672. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0003672 PMID: 18989366

30. Dong Y, Aguilar R, Xi Z, Warr E, Mongin E, Dimopoulos G. Anopheles gambiae immune responses to human and rodent Plasmodium parasite species. *PLoS pathogens*. 2006; 2(6):e52. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.0020052 PMID: 16789837

31. Riehle MM, Markianos K, Niare O, Xu J, Li J, Toure AM, et al. Natural malaria infection in Anopheles gambiae is regulated by a single genomic control region. *Science*. 2006; 312(5773):577–9. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1124153 PMID: 16645095

32. Volohonsky G, Hopp AK, Saenger M, Soichot J, Scholze H, Boch J, et al. Transgenic Expression of the Anti-parasitic Factor TEP1 in the Malaria Mosquito Anopheles gambiae. *PLoS pathogens*. 2017; 13(1): e1006113. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006113 PMID: 28095489

33. Paskewitz SM, Brown MR, Lea AO, Collins FH. Ultrastructure of the encapsulation of Plasmodium cynomolgi (B strain) on the midgut of a refractory strain of Anopheles gambiae. *J Parasitol*. 1988; 74(3):432–9. PMID: 3379524

34. Reddy JT, Locke M. The Size Limited Penetration of Gold Particles through Insect Basal Laminae. *Journal of Insect Physiology*. 1990; 36(6):397–407.

35. Pumpuni CB, Demaio J, Kent M, Davis JR, Beier JC. Bacterial population dynamics in three anopheline species: the impact on Plasmodium sporogonic development. *Am J Trop Med Hyg*. 1996; 54(2):214–8. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1996.54.214 PMID: 8619451

36. Mitri C, Bischoff E, Belda Cuesta E, Volant S, Ghozlane A, Eiglmeier K, et al. Leucine-Rich Immune Factor APL1 Is Associated With Specific Modulation of Enteric Microbiome Taxa in the Asian Malaria Mosquito Anopheles stephensi. *Frontiers in microbiology*. 2020; 11:306. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.00306 PMID: 32174902

37. Kwon H, Smith RC. Chemical depletion of phagocytic immune cells in Anopheles gambiae reveals dual roles of mosquito hemocytes in anti-Plasmodium immunity. *Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A*. 2019; 116(28):14119–28. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1900147116 PMID: 31235594

38. Mitri C, Jacques JC, Thiery I, Riehle MM, Xu J, Bischoff E, et al. Fine pathogen discrimination within the APL1 gene family protects Anopheles gambiae against human and rodent malaria species. *PLoS pathogens*. 2009; 5(9):e1000576. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000576 PMID: 19750215

39. Simonetti AB, Billingsley PF, Winger LA, Sinden RE. Kinetics of expression of two major Plasmodium berghei antigens in the mosquito vector, Anopheles stephensi. *The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology*. 1993; 40(5):569–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1993.tb06109.x PMID: 8401470

40. Garver LS, Bahia AC, Das S, Souza-Neto JA, Shiao J, Dong Y, et al. Anopheles Imd pathway factors and effectors in infection intensity-dependent anti-Plasmodium action. *PLoS pathogens*. 2012; 8(6): e1002737. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002737 PMID: 22685401

41. Blandin S, Shiao SH, Moita LF, Janse CJ, Waters AP, Kafatos FC, et al. Complement-like protein TEP1 is a determinant of vectorial capacity in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. *Cell*. 2004; 116(5):661–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0092-8674(04)00173-4 PMID: 15006349

42. Alder MN, Rogozin IB, Iyer LM, Glazko GV, Cooper MD, Pancer Z. Diversity and function of adaptive immune receptors in a jawless vertebrate. *Science*. 2005; 310(5756):1970–3. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1119420 PMID: 16373579

43. Herrin BR, Cooper MD. Alternative adaptive immunity in jawless vertebrates. *J Immunol*. 2010; 185(3):1367–74. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.0903128 PMID: 20660361

44. Sutoh Y, Kasahara M. The immune system of jawless vertebrates: insights into the prototype of the adaptive immune system. *Immunogenetics*. 2021; 73(1):5–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00251-020-01182-6 PMID: 33159554

45. Wu F, Chen L, Liu X, Wang H, Su P, Han Y, et al. Lamprey variable lymphocyte receptors mediate complement-dependent cytotoxicity. *J Immunol*. 2013; 190(3):922–30. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1200876 PMID: 23293356
27. Kwon H, Mohammed M, Franzen O, Ankarklev J, Smith RC. Single-cell analysis of mosquito hemocytes identifies signatures of immune cell subtypes and cell differentiation. *Elife*. 2021; 10:2020.07.11.197939. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.66192 PMID: 34318744

28. Christophides GK, Zdobnov E, Barillas-Mury C, Birney E, Blandin S, Blass C, et al. Immunity-related genes and gene families in Anopheles gambiae. *Science*. 2002; 298(5591):159–65. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1077136 PMID: 12364793

29. Riehle MM, Xu J, Lazzaro BP, Rottschaeger SM, Coulibaly B, Sacko M, et al. Anopheles gambiae APL1 is a family of variable LRR proteins required for Rel1-mediated protection from the malaria parasite, Plasmodium berghei. *PloS one*. 2008; 3(11):e3672. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0003672 PMID: 18989366

30. Dong Y, Aguilar R, Xi Z, Warr E, Mongin E, Dimopoulos G. Anopheles gambiae immune responses to human and rodent Plasmodium parasite species. *PLoS pathogens*. 2006; 2(6):e52. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.0020052 PMID: 16789837

31. Riehle MM, Markianos K, Niare O, Xu J, Li J, Toure AM, et al. Natural malaria infection in Anopheles gambiae is regulated by a single genomic control region. *Science*. 2006; 312(5773):577–9. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1124153 PMID: 16645095

32. Volohonsky G, Hopp AK, Saenger M, Soichot J, Scholze H, Boch J, et al. Transgenic Expression of the Anti-parasitic Factor TEP1 in the Malaria Mosquito Anopheles gambiae. *PLoS pathogens*. 2017; 13(1): e1006113. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006113 PMID: 28095489

33. Paskewitz SM, Brown MR, Lea AO, Collins FH. Ultrastructure of the encapsulation of Plasmodium cynomolgi (B strain) on the midgut of a refractory strain of Anopheles gambiae. *J Parasitol*. 1988; 74(3):432–9. PMID: 3379524

34. Reddy JT, Locke M. The Size Limited Penetration of Gold Particles through Insect Basal Laminae. *Journal of Insect Physiology*. 1990; 36(6):397–407.

35. Pumpuni CB, Demaio J, Kent M, Davis JR, Beier JC. Bacterial population dynamics in three anopheline species: the impact on Plasmodium sporogonic development. *Am J Trop Med Hyg*. 1996; 54(2):214–8. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1996.54.214 PMID: 8619451

36. Mitri C, Bischoff E, Belda Cuesta E, Volant S, Ghozlane A, Eiglmeier K, et al. Leucine-Rich Immune Factor APL1 Is Associated With Specific Modulation of Enteric Microbiome Taxa in the Asian Malaria Mosquito Anopheles stephensi. *Frontiers in microbiology*. 2020; 11:306. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.00306 PMID: 32174902

37. Kwon H, Smith RC. Chemical depletion of phagocytic immune cells in Anopheles gambiae reveals dual roles of mosquito hemocytes in anti-Plasmodium immunity. *Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A*. 2019; 116(28):14119–28. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1900147116 PMID: 31235594

38. Mitri C, Jacques JC, Thiery I, Riehle MM, Xu J, Bischoff E, et al. Fine pathogen discrimination within the APL1 gene family protects Anopheles gambiae against human and rodent malaria species. *PLoS pathogens*. 2009; 5(9):e1000576. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000576 PMID: 19750215

39. Simonetti AB, Billingsley PF, Winger LA, Sinden RE. Kinetics of expression of two major Plasmodium berghei antigens in the mosquito vector, Anopheles stephensi. *The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology*. 1993; 40(5):569–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1993.tb06109.x PMID: 8401470

40. Garver LS, Bahia AC, Das S, Souza-Neto JA, Shiao J, Dong Y, et al. Anopheles Imd pathway factors and effectors in infection intensity-dependent anti-Plasmodium action. *PLoS pathogens*. 2012; 8(6): e1002737. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002737 PMID: 22685401

41. Blandin S, Shiao SH, Moita LF, Janse CJ, Waters AP, Kafatos FC, et al. Complement-like protein TEP1 is a determinant of vectorial capacity in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. *Cell*. 2004; 116(5):661–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0092-8674(04)00173-4 PMID: 15006349

42. Alder MN, Rogozin IB, Iyer LM, Glazko GV, Cooper MD, Pancer Z. Diversity and function of adaptive immune receptors in a jawless vertebrate. *Science*. 2005; 310(5756):1970–3. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1119420 PMID: 16373579

43. Herrin BR, Cooper MD. Alternative adaptive immunity in jawless vertebrates. *J Immunol*. 2010; 185(3):1367–74. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.0903128 PMID: 20660361

44. Sutoh Y, Kasahara M. The immune system of jawless vertebrates: insights into the prototype of the adaptive immune system. *Immunogenetics*. 2021; 73(1):5–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00251-020-01182-6 PMID: 33159554

45. Wu F, Chen L, Liu X, Wang H, Su P, Han Y, et al. Lamprey variable lymphocyte receptors mediate complement-dependent cytotoxicity. *J Immunol*. 2013; 190(3):922–30. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1200876 PMID: 23293356
46. Williams M, Summers BJ, Baxter RH. Biophysical analysis of anopheles gambiae leucine-rich repeat proteins APL1A1, APL1B [corrected] and APL1C and their interaction with LRIM1. PloS one. 2015; 10 (3):e0118911. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118911 PMID: 25775123

47. Touray MG, Seeley DC Jr., Miller LH. Plasmodium gallinaceum: differential lysis of two developmental stages of malaria sporozoites by the alternative pathway of complement. Experimental parasitology. 1994; 78(3):294-301.

48. Warburg A, Miller LH. Sporogonic development of a malaria parasite in vitro. Science. 1992; 255 (5043):448-50. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1734521 PMID: 1734521

49. Recio-Totoro B, Conde R, Claudio-Piedras F, Lanz-Mendoza H. Affinity purification of Plasmodium ookinetes from in vitro cultures using extracellular matrix gel. Parasitol Int. 2021; 80:102242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2020.102242 PMID: 33152548

50. Greenwalt DE, Goreva YS, Siljestrom SM, Rose T, Harbach RE. Hemoglobin-derived porphyrins preserved in a Middle Eocene blood-engorged mosquito. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013; 110(46):18496-500. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1310885110 PMID: 24127577

51. Mitri C, Bischoff E, Eiglmeier K, Holm I, Dieme C, Brito-Fravallo E, et al. Gene copy number and function of the APL1 immune factor changed during Anopheles evolution. Parasit Vectors. 2020; 13(1):18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3868-y PMID: 31931885

52. Bukhari T, Amanianda V, Bischoff E, Brito-Fravallo E, Eiglmeier K, Riehle MM, et al. Genetics and immunity of Anopheles response to the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae overlap with immunity to Plasmodium. Scientific reports. 2022; 12(1):6315. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10190-3 PMID: 35428783

53. Carissimo G, Pondeville E, McFarlane M, Dietrich I, Mitri C, Bischoff E, et al. Antiviral immunity of Anopheles gambiae is highly compartmentalized, with distinct roles for RNA interference and gut microbiota. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015; 112(2):E176-85. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1412984112 PMID: 25548172

54. Redmond SN, Eiglmeier K, Mitri C, Markianos K, Guelbeogo WM, Gneme A, et al. Association mapping by pooled sequencing identifies TOLL 11 as a protective factor against Plasmodium falciparum in Anopheles gambiae. BMC Genomics. 2015; 16(1):779. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-015-2009-z PMID: 26462916

55. Harris C, Lambrechts L, Rousset F, Abate L, Nsango SE, Fontenille D, et al. Polymorphisms in Anopheles gambiae immune genes associated with natural resistance to Plasmodium falciparum. PLoS pathogens. 2010; 6(9):e1001112. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1001112 PMID: 20862317

56. Ishino T, Orito Y, Chinzei Y, Yuda M. A calcium-dependent protein kinase regulates Plasmodium ooki-nete access to the midgut epithelial cell. Mol Microbiol. 2006; 59(4):1175-84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.05014.x PMID: 16430692

57. Bhattacharyya MK, Kumar N. Effect of xanthurenic acid on infectivity of Plasmodium falciparum to Anopheles stephensi. Int J Parasitol. 2001; 31(10):1129-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7519(01)00222-3 PMID: 11429178

58. Ponnudurai T, Lensen AH, Leeuwenberg AD, Meuwissen JH. Cultivation of fertile Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes in semi-automated systems. 1. Static cultures. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1982; 76 (6):812-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(82)90116-x PMID: 6761910

59. Castillo JC, Ferreira ABB, Trisnadi N, Barillas-Mury C. Activation of mosquito complement antiplasmodial response requires cellular immunity. Science immunology. 2017; 2(7). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.aal1505 PMID: 28736767

60. Tsuboi T, Cao YM, Hitsumoto Y, Yanagi T, Kanbara H, Torii M. Two antigens on zygotes and ookinetes of Plasmodium yoelii and Plasmodium berghei that are distinct targets of transmission-blocking immunity. Infect Immun. 1997; 65(6):2260-4. https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.65.6.2260-2264.1997 PMID: 9169761

61. Schindelin J, Arganda-Carreras I, Frise E, Kaynig V, Longair M, Pietzsch T, et al. Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nat Methods. 2012; 9(7):676-82. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2019 PMID: 22743772

62. Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods. 2001; 25(4):402-8. https://doi.org/10.1006/meth.2001.1262 PMID: 11846609

63. Tavares J, Formaglio P, Medvinsky A, Menard R, Amino R. Imaging sporozoite cell traversal in the liver of mice. Methods Mol Biol. 2013; 923:401-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-026-7_28 PMID: 22990794

64. Yoshida N, Nussenzweig RS, Potocnjak P, Nussenzweig V, Aikawa M. Hybridoma produces protective antibodies directed against the sporozoite stage of malaria parasite. Science. 1980; 207(4426):71-3. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.6985745 PMID: 6985745
46. Williams M, Summers BJ, Baxter RH. Biophysical analysis of anopheles gambiae leucine-rich repeat proteins APL1A1, APL1B [corrected] and APL1C and their interaction with LRIM1. PloS one. 2015; 10 (3):e0118911. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118911 PMID: 25775123

47. Touray MG, Seeley DC Jr., Miller LH. Plasmodium gallinaceum: differential lysis of two developmental stages of malaria sporozoites by the alternative pathway of complement. Experimental parasitology. 1994; 78(3):294-301.

48. Warburg A, Miller LH. Sporogonic development of a malaria parasite in vitro. Science. 1992; 255 (5043):448-50. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1734521 PMID: 1734521

49. Recio-Totoro B, Conde R, Claudio-Piedras F, Lanz-Mendoza H. Affinity purification of Plasmodium ookinetes from in vitro cultures using extracellular matrix gel. Parasitol Int. 2021; 80:102242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2020.102242 PMID: 33152548

50. Greenwalt DE, Goreva YS, Siljestrom SM, Rose T, Harbach RE. Hemoglobin-derived porphyrins preserved in a Middle Eocene blood-engorged mosquito. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013; 110(46):18496-500. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1310885110 PMID: 24127577

51. Mitri C, Bischoff E, Eiglmeier K, Holm I, Dieme C, Brito-Fravallo E, et al. Gene copy number and function of the APL1 immune factor changed during Anopheles evolution. Parasit Vectors. 2020; 13(1):18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3868-y PMID: 31931885

52. Bukhari T, Amanianda V, Bischoff E, Brito-Fravallo E, Eiglmeier K, Riehle MM, et al. Genetics and immunity of Anopheles response to the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae overlap with immunity to Plasmodium. Scientific reports. 2022; 12(1):6315. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10190-3 PMID: 35428783

53. Carissimo G, Pondeville E, McFarlane M, Dietrich I, Mitri C, Bischoff E, et al. Antiviral immunity of Anopheles gambiae is highly compartmentalized, with distinct roles for RNA interference and gut microbiota. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015; 112(2):E176-85. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1412984112 PMID: 25548172

54. Redmond SN, Eiglmeier K, Mitri C, Markianos K, Guelbeogo WM, Gneme A, et al. Association mapping by pooled sequencing identifies TOLL 11 as a protective factor against Plasmodium falciparum in Anopheles gambiae. BMC Genomics. 2015; 16(1):779. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-015-2009-z PMID: 26462916

55. Harris C, Lambrechts L, Rousset F, Abate L, Nsango SE, Fontenille D, et al. Polymorphisms in Anopheles gambiae immune genes associated with natural resistance to Plasmodium falciparum. PLoS pathogens. 2010; 6(9):e1001112. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1001112 PMID: 20862317

56. Ishino T, Orito Y, Chinzei Y, Yuda M. A calcium-dependent protein kinase regulates Plasmodium ooki-nete access to the midgut epithelial cell. Mol Microbiol. 2006; 59(4):1175-84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.05014.x PMID: 16430692

57. Bhattacharyya MK, Kumar N. Effect of xanthurenic acid on infectivity of Plasmodium falciparum to Anopheles stephensi. Int J Parasitol. 2001; 31(10):1129-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7519(01)00222-3 PMID: 11429178

58. Ponnudurai T, Lensen AH, Leeuwenberg AD, Meuwissen JH. Cultivation of fertile Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes in semi-automated systems. 1. Static cultures. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1982; 76 (6):812-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(82)90116-x PMID: 6761910

59. Castillo JC, Ferreira ABB, Trisnadi N, Barillas-Mury C. Activation of mosquito complement antiplasmodial response requires cellular immunity. Science immunology. 2017; 2(7). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.aal1505 PMID: 28736767

60. Tsuboi T, Cao YM, Hitsumoto Y, Yanagi T, Kanbara H, Torii M. Two antigens on zygotes and ookinetes of Plasmodium yoelii and Plasmodium berghei that are distinct targets of transmission-blocking immunity. Infect Immun. 1997; 65(6):2260-4. https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.65.6.2260-2264.1997 PMID: 9169761

61. Schindelin J, Arganda-Carreras I, Frise E, Kaynig V, Longair M, Pietzsch T, et al. Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nat Methods. 2012; 9(7):676-82. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2019 PMID: 22743772

62. Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods. 2001; 25(4):402-8. https://doi.org/10.1006/meth.2001.1262 PMID: 11846609

63. Tavares J, Formaglio P, Medvinsky A, Menard R, Amino R. Imaging sporozoite cell traversal in the liver of mice. Methods Mol Biol. 2013; 923:401-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-026-7_28 PMID: 22990794

64. Yoshida N, Nussenzweig RS, Potocnjak P, Nussenzweig V, Aikawa M. Hybridoma produces protective antibodies directed against the sporozoite stage of malaria parasite. Science. 1980; 207(4426):71-3. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.6985745 PMID: 6985745
65. Osta MA, Christophides GK, Kafatos FC. Effects of mosquito genes on Plasmodium development. Science. 2004; 303(5666):2030–2. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1091789 PMID: 15044804

66. Fisher RA. Statistical Methods for Research Workers. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd; 1925. 356 p.
65. Osta MA, Christophides GK, Kafatos FC. Effects of mosquito genes on Plasmodium development. Science. 2004; 303(5666):2030–2. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1091789 PMID: 15044804

66. Fisher RA. Statistical Methods for Research Workers. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd; 1925. 356 p.