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37. Mela P, Veltink PH, Huijing PA. The influence of stimulation frequency and ankle joint angle on the moment exerted by human dorsiflexor muscles. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2001; 11(1):53-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1050-6411(00)00036-5 PMID: 11166608

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48. Gavin JP, Cooper M, Wainwright TW. The effects of knee joint angle on neuromuscular activity during electrostimulation in healthy older adults. J Rehabil Assist Technol Eng. 2018; 5:2055668318779506. https://doi.org/10.1177/2055668318779506 PMID: 31191945

49. Debenham MIB, Power GA. The influence of preceding activity and muscle length on voluntary and electrically evoked contractions. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2019; 44(3):301-8. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2018-0104 PMID: 30189152

50. Frigon A, Thompson CK, Johnson MD, Manuel M, Hornby TG, Heckman CJ. Extra forces evoked during electrical stimulation of the muscle or its nerve are generated and modulated by a length-dependent intrinsic property of muscle in humans and cats. J Neurosci. 2011; 31(15):5579-88. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6641-10.2011 PMID: 21490198

51. Higgins JPT, Cochrane Collaboration. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Second edition. ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell; 2020. pages cm p.

52. de Ruiter CJ, Hoddenbach JG, Huurnink A, de Haan A. Relative torque contribution of vastus medialis muscle at different knee angles. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2008; 194(3):223-37. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1716.2008.01888.x PMID: 18691348

53. Scott W, Adams C, Fisher J, Fisher S, Jones K, Mathieu B. Electrically elicited quadriceps muscle torque: Comparison at three knee angles. Physiother Theory Pract. 2019;1-7.

54. Kooistra RD, de Ruiter CJ, de Haan A. Conventionally assessed voluntary activation does not represent relative voluntary torque production. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2007; 100(3):309-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-007-0425-8 PMID: 17357793

55. de Ruiter CJ, Kooistra RD, Paalman MI, de Haan A. Initial phase of maximal voluntary and electrically stimulated knee extension torque development at different knee angles. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2004; 97 (5):1693-701. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00230.2004 PMID: 15180971

56. Kooistra RD, de Ruiter CJ, de Haan A. Muscle activation and blood flow do not explain the muscle length-dependent variation in quadriceps isometric endurance. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2005; 98(3):810-6. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00712.2004 PMID: 15489262

57. Harnie J, Cattagni T, Cornu C, McNair P, Jubeau M. Acute effect of tendon vibration applied during isometric contraction at two knee angles on maximal knee extension force production. PLoS One. 2020; 15(11):e0242324. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242324 PMID: 33186411

58. Ando R, Tomita A, Watanabe K, Akima H. Knee joint angle and vasti muscle electromyograms during fatiguing contractions. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2018; 38(4):566-72. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpf.12372 PMID: 27194453

59. Lee SC, Braim A, Becker CN, Prosser LA, Tokay AM, Binder-Macleod SA. Diminished fatigue at reduced muscle length in human skeletal muscle. Muscle Nerve. 2007; 36(6):789-97. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.20873 PMID: 17691103

60. Marion MS, Wexler AS, Hull ML, Binder-Macleod SA. Predicting the effect of muscle length on fatigue during electrical stimulation. Muscle Nerve. 2009; 40(4):573-81. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.21459 PMID: 19626673

61. Sacco P, McIntyre DB, Jones DA. Effects of length and stimulation frequency on fatigue of the human tibialis anterior muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1994; 77(3):1148-54. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.77.3.1148 PMID: 7836116

62. Yanase K, Hasegawa S, Nakamura M, Tanaka H, Umehara J, Araki K, et al. Acute effect of electrical stimulation on the infraspinatus muscle using different types of muscle contractions and shoulder joint positions. Edizioni Minerva Medica. 2017; 176(12):8.

63. Frasson VB, Rassier DE, Herzog W, Vaz MA. Dorsiflexor and plantarflexor torque-angle and torque-velocity relationships of classical ballet dancers and volleyball players. Revista Brasileira de Biomecânica 2007; 8:31-6.

64. Chan AY, Lee FL, Wong PK, Wong CY, Yeung SS. Effects of knee joint angles and fatigue on the neuromuscular control of vastus medialis oblique and vastus lateralis muscle in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2001; 84(1-2):36-41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004210000326 PMID: 11394251

65. Bampouras TM, Reeves ND, Baltzopoulos V, Maganaris CN. The role of agonist and antagonist muscles in explaining isometric knee extension torque variation with hip joint angle. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2017; 117(10):2039-45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-017-3693-y PMID: 28803367

66. Noorkoiv M, Nosaka K, Blazevich AJ. Neuromuscular adaptations associated with knee joint angle-specific force change. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014; 46(8):1525-37. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000269 PMID: 24504427

67. Kubo K, Ohgo K, Takeishi R, Yoshinaga K, Tsunoda N, Kanehisa H, et al. Effects of isometric training at different knee angles on the muscle-tendon complex in vivo. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2006; 16(3):159-67. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2005.00450.x PMID: 16643193
48. Gavin JP, Cooper M, Wainwright TW. The effects of knee joint angle on neuromuscular activity during electrostimulation in healthy older adults. J Rehabil Assist Technol Eng. 2018; 5:2055668318779506. https://doi.org/10.1177/2055668318779506 PMID: 31191945

49. Debenham MIB, Power GA. The influence of preceding activity and muscle length on voluntary and electrically evoked contractions. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2019; 44(3):301-8. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2018-0104 PMID: 30189152

50. Frigon A, Thompson CK, Johnson MD, Manuel M, Hornby TG, Heckman CJ. Extra forces evoked during electrical stimulation of the muscle or its nerve are generated and modulated by a length-dependent intrinsic property of muscle in humans and cats. J Neurosci. 2011; 31(15):5579-88. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6641-10.2011 PMID: 21490198

51. Higgins JPT, Cochrane Collaboration. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Second edition. ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell; 2020. pages cm p.

52. de Ruiter CJ, Hoddenbach JG, Huurnink A, de Haan A. Relative torque contribution of vastus medialis muscle at different knee angles. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2008; 194(3):223-37. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1716.2008.01888.x PMID: 18691348

53. Scott W, Adams C, Fisher J, Fisher S, Jones K, Mathieu B. Electrically elicited quadriceps muscle torque: Comparison at three knee angles. Physiother Theory Pract. 2019;1-7.

54. Kooistra RD, de Ruiter CJ, de Haan A. Conventionally assessed voluntary activation does not represent relative voluntary torque production. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2007; 100(3):309-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-007-0425-8 PMID: 17357793

55. de Ruiter CJ, Kooistra RD, Paalman MI, de Haan A. Initial phase of maximal voluntary and electrically stimulated knee extension torque development at different knee angles. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2004; 97 (5):1693-701. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00230.2004 PMID: 15180971

56. Kooistra RD, de Ruiter CJ, de Haan A. Muscle activation and blood flow do not explain the muscle length-dependent variation in quadriceps isometric endurance. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2005; 98(3):810-6. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00712.2004 PMID: 15489262

57. Harnie J, Cattagni T, Cornu C, McNair P, Jubeau M. Acute effect of tendon vibration applied during isometric contraction at two knee angles on maximal knee extension force production. PLoS One. 2020; 15(11):e0242324. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242324 PMID: 33186411

58. Ando R, Tomita A, Watanabe K, Akima H. Knee joint angle and vasti muscle electromyograms during fatiguing contractions. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2018; 38(4):566-72. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpf.12372 PMID: 27194453

59. Lee SC, Braim A, Becker CN, Prosser LA, Tokay AM, Binder-Macleod SA. Diminished fatigue at reduced muscle length in human skeletal muscle. Muscle Nerve. 2007; 36(6):789-97. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.20873 PMID: 17691103

60. Marion MS, Wexler AS, Hull ML, Binder-Macleod SA. Predicting the effect of muscle length on fatigue during electrical stimulation. Muscle Nerve. 2009; 40(4):573-81. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.21459 PMID: 19626673

61. Sacco P, McIntyre DB, Jones DA. Effects of length and stimulation frequency on fatigue of the human tibialis anterior muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1994; 77(3):1148-54. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.77.3.1148 PMID: 7836116

62. Yanase K, Hasegawa S, Nakamura M, Tanaka H, Umehara J, Araki K, et al. Acute effect of electrical stimulation on the infraspinatus muscle using different types of muscle contractions and shoulder joint positions. Edizioni Minerva Medica. 2017; 176(12):8.

63. Frasson VB, Rassier DE, Herzog W, Vaz MA. Dorsiflexor and plantarflexor torque-angle and torque-velocity relationships of classical ballet dancers and volleyball players. Revista Brasileira de Biomecânica 2007; 8:31-6.

64. Chan AY, Lee FL, Wong PK, Wong CY, Yeung SS. Effects of knee joint angles and fatigue on the neuromuscular control of vastus medialis oblique and vastus lateralis muscle in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2001; 84(1-2):36-41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004210000326 PMID: 11394251

65. Bampouras TM, Reeves ND, Baltzopoulos V, Maganaris CN. The role of agonist and antagonist muscles in explaining isometric knee extension torque variation with hip joint angle. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2017; 117(10):2039-45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-017-3693-y PMID: 28803367

66. Noorkoiv M, Nosaka K, Blazevich AJ. Neuromuscular adaptations associated with knee joint angle-specific force change. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014; 46(8):1525-37. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000269 PMID: 24504427

67. Kubo K, Ohgo K, Takeishi R, Yoshinaga K, Tsunoda N, Kanehisa H, et al. Effects of isometric training at different knee angles on the muscle-tendon complex in vivo. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2006; 16(3):159-67. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2005.00450.x PMID: 16643193
68. Pedersen KK, Madsen MK, Hvid LG, Overgaard K. Concentric strength training at optimal or short muscle length improves strength equally but does not reduce fatigability of hamstring muscles. Physiol Rep. 2019; 7(16):e14196. https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.14196 PMID: 31423755

69. O'Sullivan K, McAuliffe S, Deburca N. The effects of eccentric training on lower limb flexibility: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2012; 46(12):838-45. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2011-090835 PMID: 22522590

70. de Boer MD, Maganaris CN, Seynnes OR, Rennie MJ, Narici MV. Time course of muscular, neural and tendinous adaptations to 23 day unilateral lower-limb suspension in young men. J Physiol. 2007; 583(Pt 3):1079-91. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2007.135392 PMID: 17656438

71. Visscher RMS, Rossi D, Friesenbichler B, Dohm-Acker M, Rosenheck T, Maffiuletti NA. Vastus medialis and lateralis activity during voluntary and stimulated contractions. Muscle Nerve. 2017; 56(5):968-74. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.25542 PMID: 28029696

72. Maffiuletti NA, Lepers R. Quadriceps femoris torque and EMG activity in seated versus supine position. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003; 35(9):1511-6. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000084426.03247.93 PMID: 12972870

73. Herzog W, Abrahamse SK, ter Keurs HE. Theoretical determination of force-length relations of intact human skeletal muscles using the cross-bridge model. Pflugers Arch. 1990; 416(1-2):113-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00370231 PMID: 2352828

74. Hali K, Zero AM, Rice CL. Effect of ankle joint position on triceps surae contractile properties and motor unit discharge rates. Physiol Rep. 2021; 8(24):e14680. https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.14680 PMID: 33356017

75. Landin D, Thompson M, Reid M. Knee and Ankle Joint Angles Influence the Plantarflexion Torque of the Gastrocnemius. J Clin Med Res. 2015; 7(8):602-6. https://doi.org/10.14740/jocmr2107w PMID: 26124905

76. Merlet AN, Cattagni T, Cornu C, Jubeau M. Effect of knee angle on neuromuscular assessment of plantar flexor muscles: A reliability study. PLoS One. 2018; 13(3):e0195220. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195220 PMID: 29596480

77. Balnave CD, Allen DG. The effect of muscle length on intracellular calcium and force in single fibres from mouse skeletal muscle. J Physiol. 1996; 492 (Pt 3)(Pt 3):705-13. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1996.sp021339 PMID: 8734983

78. Miyamoto N, Oda S. Effect of joint angle on mechanomyographic amplitude during unfused and fused tetani in the human biceps brachii muscle. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2005; 95(2-3):221-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-005-1359-7 PMID: 16086146

79. Pethick J, Winter SL, Burnley M. Fatigue-induced changes in knee-extensor torque complexity and muscle metabolic rate are dependent on joint angle. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2021; 121(11):3117-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-021-04779-1 PMID: 34355267

80. Rassier DE, Tubman LA, MacIntosh BR. Length-dependent potentiation and myosin light chain phosphorylation in rat gastrocnemius muscle. Am J Physiol. 1997; 273(1 Pt 1):C198-204. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1997.273.1.C198 PMID: 9252457

81. Akima H, Tomita A, Ando R. Effect of knee joint angle on the neuromuscular activation of the quadriceps femoris during repetitive fatiguing contractions. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2019; 49:102356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2019.102356 PMID: 31557704

82. MacNaughton MB, MacIntosh BR. Impact of length during repetitive contractions on fatigue in rat skeletal muscle. Pflugers Arch. 2007; 455(2):359-66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-007-0273-8 PMID: 17473930

83. Ichikawa K, Jiang Y, Sugi M, Togo S, Yokoi H. Joint angle based motor point tracking stimulation for surface FES: A Study on biceps brachii. Med Eng Phys. 2021; 88:9-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medengphy.2020.11.014 PMID: 33485518

84. Conley CEW, Mattacola CG, Jochimsen KN, Dressler EV, Lattermann C, Howard JS. A Comparison of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Parameters for Postoperative Quadriceps Strength in Patients After Knee Surgery: A Systematic Review. Sports Health. 2021; 13(2):116-27. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738120964817 PMID: 33428557

85. Vaz MA, Frohlich M, Junior D, Schildt A, Thome PRO, Muller AF, et al. Development and reliability of a new system for bedside evaluation of non-volitional knee extension force. Med Eng Phys. 2021; 98:28-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medengphy.2021.10.007 PMID: 34848035

86. Toth MJ, Tourville TW, Voigt TB, Choquette RH, Anair BM, Falcone MJ, et al. Utility of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation to Preserve Quadriceps Muscle Fiber Size and Contractility After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries and Reconstruction: A Randomized, Sham-Controlled, Blinded Trial. Am J Sports Med. 2020; 48(10):2429-37. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546520933622 PMID: 32631074
68. Pedersen KK, Madsen MK, Hvid LG, Overgaard K. Concentric strength training at optimal or short muscle length improves strength equally but does not reduce fatigability of hamstring muscles. Physiol Rep. 2019; 7(16):e14196. https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.14196 PMID: 31423755

69. O'Sullivan K, McAuliffe S, Deburca N. The effects of eccentric training on lower limb flexibility: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2012; 46(12):838-45. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2011-090835 PMID: 22522590

70. de Boer MD, Maganaris CN, Seynnes OR, Rennie MJ, Narici MV. Time course of muscular, neural and tendinous adaptations to 23 day unilateral lower-limb suspension in young men. J Physiol. 2007; 583(Pt 3):1079-91. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2007.135392 PMID: 17656438

71. Visscher RMS, Rossi D, Friesenbichler B, Dohm-Acker M, Rosenheck T, Maffiuletti NA. Vastus medialis and lateralis activity during voluntary and stimulated contractions. Muscle Nerve. 2017; 56(5):968-74. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.25542 PMID: 28029696

72. Maffiuletti NA, Lepers R. Quadriceps femoris torque and EMG activity in seated versus supine position. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003; 35(9):1511-6. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000084426.03247.93 PMID: 12972870

73. Herzog W, Abrahamse SK, ter Keurs HE. Theoretical determination of force-length relations of intact human skeletal muscles using the cross-bridge model. Pflugers Arch. 1990; 416(1-2):113-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00370231 PMID: 2352828

74. Hali K, Zero AM, Rice CL. Effect of ankle joint position on triceps surae contractile properties and motor unit discharge rates. Physiol Rep. 2021; 8(24):e14680. https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.14680 PMID: 33356017

75. Landin D, Thompson M, Reid M. Knee and Ankle Joint Angles Influence the Plantarflexion Torque of the Gastrocnemius. J Clin Med Res. 2015; 7(8):602-6. https://doi.org/10.14740/jocmr2107w PMID: 26124905

76. Merlet AN, Cattagni T, Cornu C, Jubeau M. Effect of knee angle on neuromuscular assessment of plantar flexor muscles: A reliability study. PLoS One. 2018; 13(3):e0195220. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195220 PMID: 29596480

77. Balnave CD, Allen DG. The effect of muscle length on intracellular calcium and force in single fibres from mouse skeletal muscle. J Physiol. 1996; 492 (Pt 3)(Pt 3):705-13. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1996.sp021339 PMID: 8734983

78. Miyamoto N, Oda S. Effect of joint angle on mechanomyographic amplitude during unfused and fused tetani in the human biceps brachii muscle. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2005; 95(2-3):221-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-005-1359-7 PMID: 16086146

79. Pethick J, Winter SL, Burnley M. Fatigue-induced changes in knee-extensor torque complexity and muscle metabolic rate are dependent on joint angle. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2021; 121(11):3117-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-021-04779-1 PMID: 34355267

80. Rassier DE, Tubman LA, MacIntosh BR. Length-dependent potentiation and myosin light chain phosphorylation in rat gastrocnemius muscle. Am J Physiol. 1997; 273(1 Pt 1):C198-204. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1997.273.1.C198 PMID: 9252457

81. Akima H, Tomita A, Ando R. Effect of knee joint angle on the neuromuscular activation of the quadriceps femoris during repetitive fatiguing contractions. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2019; 49:102356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2019.102356 PMID: 31557704

82. MacNaughton MB, MacIntosh BR. Impact of length during repetitive contractions on fatigue in rat skeletal muscle. Pflugers Arch. 2007; 455(2):359-66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-007-0273-8 PMID: 17473930

83. Ichikawa K, Jiang Y, Sugi M, Togo S, Yokoi H. Joint angle based motor point tracking stimulation for surface FES: A Study on biceps brachii. Med Eng Phys. 2021; 88:9-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medengphy.2020.11.014 PMID: 33485518

84. Conley CEW, Mattacola CG, Jochimsen KN, Dressler EV, Lattermann C, Howard JS. A Comparison of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Parameters for Postoperative Quadriceps Strength in Patients After Knee Surgery: A Systematic Review. Sports Health. 2021; 13(2):116-27. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738120964817 PMID: 33428557

85. Vaz MA, Frohlich M, Junior D, Schildt A, Thome PRO, Muller AF, et al. Development and reliability of a new system for bedside evaluation of non-volitional knee extension force. Med Eng Phys. 2021; 98:28-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medengphy.2021.10.007 PMID: 34848035

86. Toth MJ, Tourville TW, Voigt TB, Choquette RH, Anair BM, Falcone MJ, et al. Utility of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation to Preserve Quadriceps Muscle Fiber Size and Contractility After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries and Reconstruction: A Randomized, Sham-Controlled, Blinded Trial. Am J Sports Med. 2020; 48(10):2429-37. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546520933622 PMID: 32631074
87. Rassier DE, MacIntosh BR. Length-dependent twitch contractile characteristics of skeletal muscle. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2002; 80(10):993-1000. https://doi.org/10.1139/y02-127 PMID: 12450066

88. Gravholt A, Herskind J, Kloster CT, Hvid LG, Overgaard K. Torque and Discomfort During Electrically Evoked Muscle Contractions in Healthy Young Adults: Influence of Stimulation Current and Pulse Frequency. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2023; 104(3):444-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2022.09.004 PMID: 36167118
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