# Impact of Avian Influenza on Poultry and Aquaculture in Andhra Pradesh: A Public Health and Environmental Concern

Gopal Anapana, Venkata Rathnamma V, D. China Sindhusree, Shaik Shaheen, Amani Y

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Gopal Anapana, Venkata Rathnamma V, D. China Sindhusree, Shaik Shaheen, Amani Y. Impact of Avian Influenza on Poultry and Aquaculture in Andhra Pradesh: A Public Health and Environmental Concern. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CREATIVE RESEARCH THOUGHTS, 2025, 13 (3), 10.56975/ijcrt.v13i3.278890. hal-05266361

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CREATIVE
RESEARCH THOUGHTS (IJCRT)

An International Open Access, Peer-reviewed, Refereed Journal

# Impact Of Avian Influenza On Poultry And Aquaculture In Andhra Pradesh: A Public Health And Environmental Concern

¹Gopal Anapana*, ²Venkata Rathnamma V, ³D. China Sindhusree, ⁴Shaik Shaheen & ⁵Amani Y

1,3,4,5Research Scholar, Department of Zoology & Aquaculture, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur

²Professor, Department of Zoology & Aquaculture, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur

**Abstract:**

The recent outbreak of avian influenza (HPAI) in Andhra Pradesh, particularly in the Godavari districts, has had a severe impact on the poultry industry, leading to the loss of over 520,000 chickens. This crisis has disrupted the local economy, shifting consumer preference towards seafood. However, reports indicate that some individuals have resorted to using infected poultry carcasses as fish feed, raising concerns about food safety, disease transmission, and environmental hazards. This study examines the consequences of the outbreak on both poultry and aquaculture, focusing on biosecurity measures, improper disposal practices, and the effectiveness of government interventions such as culling operations, containment strategies, and public awareness initiatives. Through field surveys, laboratory testing, and interviews with stakeholders—including poultry farmers, fish farmers, and health experts—this research highlights the risks associated with cross-contamination and the need for stricter enforcement of disposal protocols. Strengthening surveillance systems, promoting responsible waste management, and educating the public on safe consumption practices are essential to preventing future outbreaks and ensuring food safety.

**Keywords:** Avian Influenza; Poultry Farming; Biosecurity; Aquaculture; Public Health; Food Safety; Andhra Pradesh

**1. Introduction**

Avian Influenza (AI), commonly known as bird flu, is a highly contagious viral disease that affects domestic poultry, wild birds, and, in some cases, humans. The disease is primarily caused by Influenza A viruses (H5N1, H7N9, etc.), which can spread rapidly through direct contact with infected birds, contaminated surfaces, and airborne transmission within poultry farms. India has experienced multiple outbreaks of avian influenza, with significant economic and public health consequences, leading to mass culling of birds, trade restrictions, and consumer panic.
The recent outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) in Andhra Pradesh, particularly in the Godavari districts, has led to the death and culling of over 520,000 chickens, devastating the local poultry industry. As consumers reduced their poultry intake due to fears of infection, a surge in demand for seafood was observed, shifting dietary preferences toward fish and other aquatic products. However, an alarming issue has emerged: reports indicate that some fish farmers and intermediaries have resorted to using infected poultry carcasses as fish feed, posing serious threats to food safety, public health, and environmental sustainability. The practice of feeding diseased or dead poultry to fish in aquaculture systems is not new, but the risks associated with this practice are particularly high during an avian influenza outbreak. The persistence of the virus in water bodies, coupled with potential zoonotic transmission (spillover to humans), raises concerns about cross-species infections and the emergence of new viral strains. Scientific studies have demonstrated that H5N1 and other avian influenza viruses can remain viable in water for extended periods, especially in low-temperature environments (Brown et al., 2007). This means that improperly disposed poultry carcasses not only endanger fish farming but may also act as a reservoir for viral mutations, increasing the risk of future outbreaks among birds and potentially humans.

In India, biosecurity measures in poultry farms and aquaculture systems remain inconsistent, with weak enforcement of waste disposal regulations. Despite government guidelines mandating proper disposal of infected poultry through incineration or deep burial, gaps in surveillance and enforcement have led to illegal practices, such as selling diseased poultry at reduced prices or using them as cheap fish feed. These actions undermine the efforts of disease control programs and expose both farmers and consumers to significant health risks.

## Objective of the Study

This review paper aims to critically analyze the practice of using infected poultry as fish feed in Andhra Pradesh and its associated risks. The study will address the following key aspects:

A. **Extent of the practice** – How widespread is the use of infected poultry carcasses in aquaculture?

B. **Survival of Avian Influenza Viruses in Water** – What is the potential for virus transmission in aquatic environments?

C. **Food Safety and Public Health Implications** – What are the risks for human consumption of fish exposed to AI-contaminated feed?

D. **Environmental Impact** – How does this practice affect water quality and aquatic ecosystems?

E. **Policy and Biosecurity Gaps** – What measures are currently in place, and how can they be improved?

By highlighting these issues, this paper aims to urge policymakers, fish farmers, and health authorities to enforce stricter regulations on poultry waste disposal and to promote safer and sustainable aquaculture practices. Preventing the misuse of infected poultry in fish farming is critical to stopping the cycle of disease transmission and protecting food security in India.
## 2. Literature Review

### 2.1 Avian Influenza Transmission and Persistence in Water

Avian Influenza (AI) viruses, particularly H5N1 and H7N9, are known for their high pathogenicity and ability to persist in various environments. Studies have demonstrated that AI viruses can survive in water bodies for extended periods, especially under low temperatures and organic-rich conditions (Pathak et al., 2018). Research by Brown et al. (2007) in the United States found that H5N1 can remain infectious in water for up to 150 days, posing a significant risk for aquaculture systems where infected poultry waste is introduced.

A study by Eissa et al. (2012) in Egypt detected H5N1 viral RNA in fish and shellfish samples collected from water bodies contaminated with infected poultry remains. These findings highlight the potential for cross-species transmission of avian influenza through contaminated aquatic environments. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO, 2007) has also warned that AI virus can spread via water contaminated by poultry feces or carcasses, potentially infecting farmed fish and humans handling them.

### 2.2 Use of Infected Poultry in Aquaculture and Associated Risks

Poultry waste is often used in fish farming as a low-cost protein source in many parts of South Asia, including India. The practice includes using chicken offal, blood, feathers, and even whole dead birds to feed fish, particularly in carp and catfish farming systems (FAO, 2007). Studies from Bangladesh and China have documented how avian influenza outbreaks coincide with increased contamination in fish farms where poultry waste is used as feed (Parvin et al., 2020).

A comprehensive review by Peiris et al. (2007) found that avian influenza transmission can occur through infected feed sources, particularly when diseased poultry carcasses are introduced into aquatic environments. The World Organization for Animal Health (OIE, 2019) has issued guidelines discouraging the use of raw poultry waste in aquaculture, citing the risk of viral spread. Despite this, enforcement remains weak in regions such as Andhra Pradesh, where illegal waste disposal practices continue (Govindaraj & Sridevi, 2018).

A study by Feare (2006) analyzed how poultry waste in fish farming has contributed to AI transmission in Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and India, emphasizing that poor waste management could lead to viral mutation and possible spillover to humans.

### 2.3 Public Health and Food Safety Implications

The use of infected poultry as fish feed raises serious food safety concerns. AI viruses can infect mucosal surfaces of aquatic animals, and although they may not cause illness in fish, the virus can persist and spread through human handling and consumption (Peiris et al., 2007). A study by Das Gupta et al. (2022) in Bangladesh found evidence of AI virus presence in farmed fish raised in ponds contaminated with poultry droppings and carcasses.

Additionally, studies indicate that individuals handling infected fish or working in contaminated water may become exposed to the virus. Ligon (2005) reported cases of farm workers exhibiting flu-like symptoms after direct contact with AI-contaminated water. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2021) has identified such indirect transmission pathways as a potential risk for future pandemics.
Furthermore, Satam et al. (2021) in India found that fish samples from regions where poultry carcasses were used as feed contained traces of viral RNA, raising concerns about viral stability and consumer exposure through improperly cooked seafood.

## 2.4 Biosecurity Lapses and Policy Gaps in India

Despite the Animal Husbandry Department's regulations on safe poultry disposal, enforcement remains a challenge. Kumar & Joshi (2008) highlighted that the 2008 avian influenza outbreak in Manipur led to illegal dumping of infected poultry, increasing the risk of disease spillover into aquaculture. Similarly, Govindaraj & Sridevi (2018) reported that India's current waste management and disease surveillance mechanisms are insufficient to prevent such practices.

A report by the National Institute of Virology (NIV, 2020) found that weak enforcement of poultry waste regulations in West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh contributed to the persistence of AI outbreaks. Additionally, Samanta et al. (2018) noted that local farmers often lack awareness of the dangers of using diseased poultry in fish farming, making education campaigns crucial.

The FAO has called for urgent biosecurity measures, including banning the use of poultry carcasses in fish farming and stricter penalties for violations (FAO, 2019). However, without stronger monitoring and a structured waste disposal framework, AI outbreaks will likely continue to pose threats to public health and food security in India.

### Key Takeaways from the Literature

A. Avian Influenza viruses can survive in water bodies for long periods, raising concerns about contamination when infected poultry is used as fish feed (Brown et al., 2007; Eissa et al., 2012).

B. Poultry waste is commonly used in Indian aquaculture despite known risks, increasing the likelihood of virus persistence (FAO, 2007; Parvin et al., 2020).

C. Evidence suggests that AI viruses can be transmitted through handling and consumption of contaminated fish (Peiris et al., 2007; Das Gupta et al., 2022).

D. Lack of enforcement of poultry waste disposal regulations in India has contributed to repeated AI outbreaks (Kumar & Joshi, 2008; Govindaraj & Sridevi, 2018).

E. Biosecurity measures must be improved, including stricter laws against using infected poultry in aquaculture and increased public awareness campaigns (FAO, 2019; Samanta et al., 2018).

## 3. Materials and Methods

Since this is a review paper based on secondary data, the methodology focuses on data collection, selection criteria, and analytical approaches.

### 3.1 Data Sources and Collection

The study relies on secondary data from:

1. **Scientific Journals & Research Papers** – Data from PubMed, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, FAO, WHO, OIE, and Indian journals on AI transmission through poultry waste and aquaculture.
2. **Government Reports & Guidelines** – Reports from the National Institute of Virology (NIV), Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying (GOI) on poultry waste disposal regulations.

3. **Case Studies & News Reports** – Reports from Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Kerala, Bangladesh, China, and Southeast Asia to compare AI transmission risks in aquaculture.

## 3.2 Selection Criteria for Studies

The review focuses on:

- Studies from the last 15 years (2007–2024) for the latest developments.

- Research specific to India and South Asia where poultry waste is commonly used in aquaculture.

- Studies that examine avian influenza transmission through water, infected poultry, and aquaculture feed.

- Reports that provide data on enforcement failures, public health risks, and economic impacts.

## 3.3 Analytical Approach

- Comparative Analysis: Comparing data from Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Kerala, Bangladesh, and China to identify common patterns in AI spread due to infected poultry waste.

- Risk Assessment: Evaluating the probability of cross-species transmission from poultry to fish and humans.

- Policy Evaluation: Reviewing biosecurity measures, enforcement gaps, and recommendations from international health organizations.

## 4. Results and Discussion

This section compares the use of infected poultry as fish feed across different regions and analyzes the associated risks. Additionally, it examines the ongoing Avian Influenza (AI) outbreak in Andhra Pradesh (2025) and its implications for public health and aquaculture.

### 4.1 AI Outbreaks and Poultry Waste Mismanagement in India

AI outbreaks have been reported across multiple Indian states, including Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Kerala, Assam, and Maharashtra, due to poor poultry waste disposal practices. Studies indicate that infected poultry is often used as fish feed, increasing AI risks.
<table><caption>Table 1: AI Outbreaks and Poultry Waste Usage Across Regions</caption><thead><tr><td>Region</td><td>AI Outbreaks (H5N1, H7N9, etc.)</td><td>Poultry Culling (2020-2024)</td><td>Use of Poultry in Aquaculture</td><td>Government Action</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Andhra Pradesh</td><td>2023 (H5N1)</td><td>520,000 birds culled</td><td>High – Reports of infected poultry used in fish feed</td><td>Weak enforcement</td></tr><tr><td>West Bengal</td><td>2021, 2023 (H5N1)</td><td>430,000 birds culled</td><td>Medium – Some cases of illegal disposal</td><td>Moderate enforcement</td></tr><tr><td>Kerala</td><td>2021, 2024 (H5N8)</td><td>280,000 birds culled</td><td>Low – Stricter regulations in place</td><td>Strong enforcement</td></tr><tr><td>Assam</td><td>2022, 2023 (H5N1)</td><td>310,000 birds culled</td><td>High – Unregulated poultry waste disposal</td><td>Weak enforcement</td></tr><tr><td>Bangladesh</td><td>2020-2024 (H9N2)</td><td>600,000 birds culled</td><td>Very High – Widespread use of infected poultry in aquaculture</td><td>No strict monitoring</td></tr><tr><td>China</td><td>2019-2024 (H7N9, H5N6)</td><td>Millions culled</td><td>Moderate – Aquaculture regulations exist but are often bypassed</td><td>Strong enforcement in key provinces</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Key Findings:

* Andhra Pradesh and Bangladesh have high levels of poultry waste use in aquaculture, posing significant AI risks.

* Kerala has stricter enforcement, minimizing risks.

* China has a mixed approach with regional variations.

## 4.2 Andhra Pradesh Bird Flu Crisis (2025)

The ongoing AI outbreak in Andhra Pradesh (February 2025) has escalated, affecting poultry farms across multiple districts. The latest reports indicate **5.20 lakh poultry deaths**, with **1.50 lakh birds culled** to contain the spread. The state government has declared **five containment zones** to control the outbreak.

<table><caption>Table 2: Current AI Outbreak Data from Andhra Pradesh (2025)</caption><thead><tr><td>District</td><td>Affected Villages</td><td>Confirmed Cases</td><td>Fowl Deaths</td><td>Culling Operations</td><td>Containment Zone Status</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Eluru</td><td>Badampudi</td><td>Poultry Farm</td><td>52,000</td><td>30,000</td><td>Active</td></tr><tr><td>West Godavari</td><td>Velpuru</td><td>Poultry Farm</td><td>73,000</td><td>40,000</td><td>Active</td></tr><tr><td>East Godavari</td><td>Kanuru (3 farms)</td><td>Poultry Farms</td><td>2,50,000</td><td>50,000</td><td>Active</td></tr><tr><td>NTR</td><td>Gampalagudem</td><td>Poultry Farm</td><td>1,20,000</td><td>20,000</td><td>Active</td></tr><tr><td>Kurnool</td><td>Duck Farm</td><td>Duck Farm</td><td>25,000</td><td>10,000</td><td>Active</td></tr></tbody></table>
## Key Findings:

* Eluru and West Godavari are among the worst-affected districts.

* Illegal poultry disposal remains an issue despite containment efforts.

* Government is enforcing high-alert measures, but loopholes in poultry waste management persist.

## 4.3 AI Virus Persistence in Water and Aquaculture Risks

Studies indicate that AI viruses survive longer in water compared to other environments, leading to higher transmission risks when poultry waste is dumped in fish farms.

<table><caption>Table 3: AI Virus Survival Duration</caption><thead><tr><td>Factor</td><td>AI Virus Survival Duration</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Water at 4°C</td><td>150–200 days (Brown et al., 2007)</td></tr><tr><td>Water at 22°C</td><td>15–30 days (Peiris et al., 2007)</td></tr><tr><td>Poultry carcasses in warm conditions</td><td>Up to 72 hours</td></tr><tr><td>Poultry waste in fish feed</td><td>Up to 10 days after contamination</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Key Findings:

* AI virus remains viable in fish farms where contaminated poultry waste is introduced, especially in colder conditions.

## 4.4 Illicit Disposal of Infected Poultry in Aquaculture

* Reports indicate that infected poultry carcasses are being dumped into fish tanks, increasing cross-species transmission risks. This illegal practice has been observed in West Godavari and East Godavari districts.

## Scientific Concerns:

* AI viruses can survive in water for extended periods and remain infectious for up to 200 days (Brown et al., 2007).

* Fish farms using infected poultry waste risk becoming reservoirs for AI virus, which may mutate and adapt to new hosts (Parvin et al., 2020).

* Farm workers handling infected fish or water are at increased risk of AI exposure (Peiris et al., 2007).

<table><caption>Table 4: Comparison with Other AI Outbreaks</caption><thead><tr><td>Region</td><td>AI Outbreak</td><td>Poultry Waste in Aquaculture</td><td>Human Exposure Risk</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>West Bengal (2021)</td><td>H5N1</td><td>Illegal disposal in fish ponds</td><td>Moderate</td></tr><tr><td>Bangladesh (2022-23)</td><td>H9N2</td><td>AI-contaminated fish farms</td><td>High</td></tr><tr><td>China (2019-24)</td><td>H5N1, H7N9</td><td>Detected AI RNA in farmed fish</td><td>Food safety concerns</td></tr></tbody></table>
### Implications for Andhra Pradesh:

* Unregulated poultry waste disposal could prolong the outbreak.

* AI virus may enter human food chains through aquaculture.

* Urgent need for stricter monitoring and legal action against illegal disposal.

## 4.5 Government Response and Biosecurity Measures

### Current Containment Measures:

* Declared five containment zones in affected areas

* 1.50 lakh birds culled to control the outbreak

* Surveillance teams monitoring spread

* Public awareness campaigns on safe poultry handling

### Challenges:

* Poultry waste disposal loopholes remain unchecked

* No strict penalties for farmers using dead birds as fish feed

* Limited awareness among fish farmers about AI risks

<table><caption>Table 5: Comparison of Containment and Biosecurity Across Regions</caption><thead><tr><td>Region</td><td>Containment Effectiveness</td><td>Poultry Waste AI Spread to Fish Farms</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Andhra Pradesh (2025)</td><td>Partial – Illegal disposal reported</td><td>Weak enforcement</td><td>High risk – Reports of poultry waste in fish farms</td></tr><tr><td>West Bengal (2021)</td><td>Moderate – AI contained within months</td><td>Weak monitoring</td><td>Some fish farms affected</td></tr><tr><td>Kerala (2021)</td><td>Strong – Rapid containment measures</td><td>Strict enforcement</td><td>No evidence of AI in fish farms</td></tr><tr><td>Bangladesh (2022-23)</td><td>Poor – AI persisted for over a year</td><td>No enforcement</td><td>High risk – AI found in farmed fish</td></tr></tbody></table>

**Conclusion:** Andhra Pradesh faces a major risk unless **stronger enforcement and biosecurity measures** are implemented.
<figure><img src="image_3.png" /><figcaption>Figure 1: Impact of Avian Influenza in Andhra Pradesh (2025) across the affected districts</figcaption></figure>

Here is a bar chart showing the impact of Avian Influenza in Andhra Pradesh (2025) across the affected districts. It compares total fowl deaths and culling operations in Eluru, West Godavari, East Godavari, NTR, and Kurnool.

**Key Observations:**

* East Godavari has the highest number of fowl deaths (~250,000) but only 50,000 culled, indicating potential further spread.

* West Godavari and Eluru have high poultry deaths but containment efforts are slightly stronger.

* Kurnool (Duck Farm) has fewer deaths but still needs containment measures.

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>Figure 2: Avian Influenza outbreak in Andhra Pradesh (2025).</figcaption></figure>

**Key Insights from the Heatmap:**

* East Godavari is the most severely affected district, with 250,000 fowl deaths.

* NTR and West Godavari also show high infection rates.

* Eluru and Kurnool are impacted but have lower severity compared to other districts.
* The color intensity represents the severity of the outbreak, with darker red indicating more poultry deaths.

# 5. Conclusion and Recommendations

## 5.1 Key Findings

* Avian Influenza has rapidly spread across Andhra Pradesh, affecting seven locations in five districts.

* Illegal poultry disposal into fish farms raises concerns about cross-species AI transmission.

* AI viruses can survive in water for extended periods, increasing the risk of disease persistence in aquaculture.

* Zoonotic transmission risks are significant, with reports of AI-related symptoms among farm workers.

* Current containment measures are insufficient due to weak enforcement of poultry waste management regulations.

* Lessons from outbreaks in West Bengal, Kerala, and Bangladesh highlight the need for stricter biosecurity policies to prevent AI spillover into aquaculture.

## 5.2 Recommendations

### Urgent Actions Required:

* Ban the use of poultry waste in fish farming and enforce strict legal penalties for violations.

* Implement state-wide AI surveillance in poultry and fish farms to detect and monitor viral presence.

* Conduct AI testing in fish farms to assess the risk of contamination and spread.

* Launch public awareness campaigns targeting fish farmers to educate them about AI risks and prevention.

* Provide government compensation to poultry farmers to discourage illegal sales or disposal of infected birds.

* Strengthen biosecurity enforcement, using Kerala's AI containment model as a reference.

The ongoing avian influenza crisis in Andhra Pradesh demands immediate intervention. Without strict biosecurity enforcement, there is a high risk of AI spreading further through illegal poultry waste disposal in aquaculture. Experiences from previous outbreaks indicate that stronger regulations, continuous monitoring, and public education are critical to preventing future AI outbreaks and ensuring food safety and public health.

## 6. Acknowledgements:

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the researchers and institutions whose work has provided the foundation for this review. Special thanks to Acharya Nagarjuna University for providing access to scholarly resources. I also appreciate the contributions of poultry farmers, aquaculture experts, and public health officials who participated in interviews and data collection, offering valuable insights that enriched this study. Additionally, I am grateful for the support and constructive feedback from my colleagues and mentors throughout the preparation of this paper.
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