# The SOPHIE search for northern extrasolar planets XII. Three giant planets suitable for astrometric mass determination with Gaia

J. Rey, G. Hebrard, F. Bouchy, V. Bourrier, I. Boisse, N. C. Santos, L.

Arnold, N. Astudillo-defru, X. Bonfils, S. Borgniet, et al.

► To cite this version:

J. Rey, G. Hebrard, F. Bouchy, V. Bourrier, I. Boisse, et al. The SOPHIE search for northern extrasolar planets XII. Three giant planets suitable for astrometric mass determination with Gaia. Astronomy & Astrophysics - A&A, 2017, 601, 10.1051/0004-6361/201630089. hal-01678415

HAL Id: hal-01678415

https://hal.science/hal-01678415v1

Submitted on 27 Jun 2025

**HAL** is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire **HAL**, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

<figure><img src="image_1.png" /></figure>

Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
# The SOPHIE search for northern extrasolar planets
## XII. Three giant planets suitable for astrometric mass determination with Gaia ⋆, ⋈

J. Rey<fnref n="1" />, G. Hébrard<fnref n="2" />,<fnref n="6" />, F. Bouchy<fnref n="1" />,<fnref n="3" />, V. Bourrier<fnref n="1" />, I. Boisse<fnref n="3" />, N. C. Santos<fnref n="4" />,<fnref n="5" />, L. Arnold<fnref n="6" />, N. Astudillo-Defru<fnref n="1" />, X. Bonfils<fnref n="7" />,<fnref n="8" />, S. Borgniet<fnref n="7" />,<fnref n="8" />, B. Courcol<fnref n="3" />, M. Deleuil<fnref n="3" />, X. Delfosse<fnref n="7" />,<fnref n="8" />, O. Demangeon<fnref n="3" />, R. F. Díaz<fnref n="1" />,<fnref n="11" />,<fnref n="12" />, D. Ehrenreich<fnref n="1" />, T. Forveille<fnref n="7" />,<fnref n="8" />, M. Marmier<fnref n="1" />, C. Moutou<fnref n="3" />,<fnref n="9" />, F. Pepe<fnref n="1" />, A. Santerne<fnref n="3" />, J. Sahlmann<fnref n="10" />, D. Ségransan<fnref n="1" />, S. Udry<fnref n="1" />, and P. A. Wilson<fnref n="2" />

Received 18 November 2016 / Accepted 25 January 2017

## ABSTRACT

We present new radial velocity measurements for three low-metallicity solar-like stars observed with the SOPHIE spectrograph and its predecessor ELODIE, both installed at the 193 cm telescope of the Haute-Provence Observatory, allowing the detection and characterization of three new giant extrasolar planets in intermediate periods of 1.7 to 3.7 yr. All three stars, HD 17674, HD 42012 and HD 29021 present single giant planetary companions with minimum masses between 0.9 and 2.5 $M_{Jup}$. The range of periods and masses of these companions, along with the distance of their host stars, make them good targets to look for astrometric signals over the lifetime of the new astrometry satellite Gaia. We discuss the preliminary astrometric solutions obtained from the first Gaia data release.

**Key words.** techniques: radial velocities – planetary systems – brown dwarfs – stars: individual: HD 17674 – stars: individual: HD 29021 – stars: individual: HD 42012

## 1. Introduction

Measuring radial velocities (RVs) was one of the first techniques used in the search for extrasolar planets and the one that led to the discovery of the first exoplanet around a solar-like star, 51 Peg b, by Mayor & Queloz (1995). More than twenty years later, the time range of radial velocity surveys is allowing us to probe the intermediate and external regions around other stars with a long-term accuracy which is high enough to detect giant planets. This is a key factor in finding planetary systems whose architecture resembles our own solar system and in

understanding their formation and evolution. Also, giant planets can play an important role in the dynamics of the systems, especially affecting the inner planets.

In October 2006, the SOPHIE consortium started a large programme to detect and characterize exoplanets (Bouchy et al. 2009a), allowing the discovery of several of them (e.g. Courcol et al. 2015; Díaz et al. 2016a; Hébrard et al. 2016). Some of the SOPHIE targets were first observed within the ELODIE historical programme initiated by M. Mayor and D. Queloz in 1994, this extends our baseline to over 22 yr and allows a long-term characterization of the orbits. We have also benefited from the extent of this RV survey to study stellar magnetic cycles. These activity cycles can produce variations in RVs and, if not properly identified, they could lead to a false detection by mimicking a planetary signature.

For non-transiting systems, RVs only provide a minimum value for the planetary mass, since the inclination of the orbit

<footnote n="1">¹ Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, 51 chemin des Maillettes, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
e-mail: javiera.rey@unige.ch</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095 CNRS, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, 98bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille UMR 7326, 13388 Marseille Cedex 13, France</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴ Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal</footnote>

<footnote n="5">⁵ Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal</footnote>

<footnote n="6">⁶ Observatoire de Haute-Provence, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Institut Pythéas UMS 3470, 04870 Saint-Michel-l'Observatoire, France</footnote>

<footnote n="7">⁷ Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, France</footnote>

<footnote n="8">⁸ CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, France</footnote>

<footnote n="9">⁹ Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Corporation, 65-1238 Mamalahoa Hwy, Kamuela, HI 96743, USA</footnote>

<footnote n="10">¹⁰ European Space Agency, Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA</footnote>

<footnote n="11">¹¹ Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina</footnote>

<footnote n="12">¹² CONICET – Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE), Buenos Aires, Argentina</footnote>

<footnote>* Based on observations collected with the SOPHIE spectrograph on the 1.93-m telescope at Observatoire de Haute-Provence (CNRS), France by the SOPHIE Consortium.</footnote>

<footnote>** Tables 5–7 are only available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or via http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/qcat?J/A+A/601/A9</footnote>
remains undetermined<fnref n="1" />. By combining RVs and astrometry we
are able to resolve this ambiguity, to fully determine the mass of
the companion, and to find the parameters of the 3D orbit (e.g.
Sahlmann et al. 2016).

Unlike RVs, the amplitude of the astrometric signal will be
larger for longer periods. Even though a high degree of preci-
sion is needed to detect planets, some discoveries have been
claimed (Muterspaugh et al. 2010) and in other cases astrom-
etry has helped to determine the true nature of a substellar
object (Benedict et al. 2010; Sahlmann et al. 2011a). Many of
these projects were possible thanks to the HIPPARCOS astrom-
etry mission (ESA 1997). HIPPARCOS was developed by ESA
and was launched in 1989. It was the first satellite mission
dedicated to astrometry, and it reached a milliarcsecond accu-
racy, but its precision is still far from ideal for exoplanet de-
tections. This scenario is expected to change thanks to the mi-
croarcsecond precision of the Gaia satellite (Gaia Collaboration
2016b), which was launched in December 2013. With some as-
sumptions on planet occurrences, Perryman et al. (2014) have
estimated that more than 20 000 long-period massive planets
closer than 500 pc should be discovered for the nominal five-
year mission of Gaia. In September 2016, the first Gaia data re-
lease (DR1) became available (Gaia Collaboration et al. 2016a;
Lindegren et al. 2016). The preliminary astrometric solutions of
DR1 allow us to look for hints of substellar companions and dis-
cuss the better characterization that we will achieve thanks to the
synergy between RVs and astrometry after the nominal five-year
mission.

We report the detection of three Jupiter-mass planets around
the Sun-like stars HD 17674, HD 42012, and HD 29021 based
on ELODIE and SOPHIE RV measurements. The observations
are presented in Sect. 2, and we characterize the host stars in
Sect. 3. In Sect. 4, we describe the methodology used, as well as
the HIPPARCOS astrometric analysis. In Sect. 5, we present our
results and constrain the planetary parameters. We discuss Gaia
DR1 and the expected astrometric signals due to these planets in
Sect. 6 and, finally, we present our conclusions in Sect. 7.

## 2. Spectroscopic observations

Two of our stars (HD 17674, HD 42012) were first observed with
the cross-dispersed echelle spectrograph ELODIE, mounted on
the 193 cm telescope at the Haute-Provence observatory from
late 1993 to mid 2006 (Baranne et al. 1996). All three targets
were later observed with the fibre-fed cross-dispersed echelle
spectrograph SOPHIE, installed at the same telescope in 2006
(Bouchy et al. 2009a; Perruchot et al. 2008). SOPHIE is envi-
ronmentally stabilized to provide high-precision radial veloc-
ity measurements. All SOPHIE spectroscopic observations were
done using the fast reading mode of the detector and high-
resolution (HR) mode of the spectrograph, providing a resolu-
tion power of R = 75 000.

HD 29021 and HD 42012 were observed as part of the
volume-limited SOPHIE survey for giant planets (subprogram 2,
or SP2; Bouchy et al. 2009a; Hébrard et al. 2016). These targets
were observed in *objAB* mode, where fibre *A* is used to col-
lect the light from the star while fibre *B* monitors the sky
brightness variations, especially due to moonlight. A correction
is applied to observations where the sky fibre shows signif-
icant moonlight pollution, following the procedure described

by e.g. Bonomo et al. (2010). Spectra are acquired with a
constant signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) per pixel of around 50 at
550 nm to minimize the effects of the charge transfer ineffi-
ciency (CTI), characterized by Bouchy et al. (2009b). Neverthe-
less, some spectra with S/N lower than 25 were present in our
data set, and were therefore removed. For the data we keep,
we correct any remaining effects of the CTI using the empiri-
cal function described in Santerne et al. (2012).

Using all 39 SOPHIE spectral orders, corrected spectra are
cross-correlated with a numerical mask corresponding to the
spectral type of the observed stars in order to obtain the
cross-correlation functions (CCFs). We apply a Gaussian fit on
the CCFs to obtain the radial velocities (Baranne et al. 1996;
Pepe et al. 2002), and also to extract the CCF parameters
(FWHM and contrast) and the bisector span (BIS), as described
by Queloz et al. (2001). For the RV uncertainties, we use 1σ
values.

To account for the instrumental drift of the SOPHIE spectro-
graph, wavelength calibrations are made every 2–3 h during the
night and this value is interpolated for each exposure in *objAB*
mode only when the time between calibrations is not greater than
four hours, resulting in a correction of the order of 1 m s⁻<fnref n="1" />.

HD 17674 was part of the follow-up of ELODIE long periods
(subprogram 5, or SP5; Boisse et al. 2012; Bouchy et al. 2009a,
2016). Subprogram 5 needs a higher level of precision to detect
giant long-period planets (which are expected to have lower RV
semi-amplitudes than SP2 planets) and to constrain the offset be-
tween ELODIE and SOPHIE. All measurements for this target
were acquired using the *thosimult* mode, where the stellar spec-
trum from fibre *A* is recorded simultaneously with a thorium-
argon calibration from fibre *B* to estimate the instrumental drift
of the spectrograph. Since the information regarding moonlight
pollution is not available in this mode, we checked the values
of the barycentric Earth radial velocity and the closeness of the
Moon to ensure our spectra were not polluted.

To achieve the expected precision, our analysis did not in-
clude ELODIE spectra with S/N lower than 50 or SOPHIE spec-
tra with S/N lower than 80. We did not include SOPHIE spec-
tra with unusual ThAr flux since they could be polluted and
could affect our RV determination. SOPHIE spectra in *thosimult*
mode were reduced using the pipeline described by Bouchy et al.
(2009a). The cross-correlation process is the same as described
above.

In June 2011 (BJD = 2 455 730), the SOPHIE spectrograph
was upgraded. In order to minimize a systematic effect pro-
duced by a seeing change at the fibre input, referred to as
*seeing effect* (Boisse et al. 2010, 2011; Díaz et al. 2012), a
piece of octagonal-section fiber was installed in the SOPHIE
fiber link (Bouchy et al. 2013). Therefore, we distinguish two
different datasets: SOPHIE and SOPHIE+, before and after
BJD = 2 455 730, respectively. We applied a partial correction to
the SOPHIE data set to account for the seeing effect, which is
done by measuring the difference between the RVs on the blue
and red parts of the spectrum and using this value to decorrelate
the velocities measured using the entire detector (Bouchy et al.
2013; Díaz et al. 2012). Due to the scrambling properties before
BJD = 2 455 730, we quadratically added a systematic RV un-
certainty of 5 m s⁻<fnref n="1" /> on the SOPHIE data set. This value corre-
sponds to the RV precision measured on stable stars at that time
(Bouchy et al. 2013).

Finally, the SOPHIE spectrograph is affected by additional
instrumental drifts (e.g. due to interventions in the instrument,
lamp replacements). With the precision of SOPHIE+ this ef-
fect became detectable, and is well characterized thanks to the

<footnote n="1">¹ In some multi-planetary systems, there is dynamical interaction be-
tween the planets. In these cases the inclination, and therefore the true
masses, can be determined by RVs alone (e.g. Correia et al. 2010).</footnote>
<table><caption>**Table 1.** Target characteristics and summary of observations.</caption><thead><tr><th>Target name</th><th>RA (J2000)</th><th>Dec (J2000)</th><th>V</th><th>B-V</th><th>Spectral type</th><th>π [mas]</th><th>Distance [pc]</th><th>Time span [years]</th><th>Nmeas Elodie/Sophie</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>HD 17674</td><td>02:51:04.3</td><td>+30:17:12.3</td><td>7.56</td><td>0.58</td><td>G0V</td><td>22.46 ± 0.23<sup>(1)</sup></td><td>44.5 ± 0.8</td><td>18.37</td><td>8/93</td></tr><tr><td>HD 42012</td><td>06:09:56.5</td><td>+34:08:07.1</td><td>8.44</td><td>0.79</td><td>K0</td><td>26.94 ± 0.90<sup>(2)</sup></td><td>37.1 ± 1.2</td><td>8.24</td><td>1/31</td></tr><tr><td>HD 29021</td><td>04:37:52.2</td><td>+60:40:34.3</td><td>7.76</td><td>0.71</td><td>G5</td><td>32.64 ± 0.30<sup>(1)</sup></td><td>30.6 ± 0.4</td><td>4.41</td><td>0/66</td></tr></tbody></table>

**Notes.** (1) Parallaxes from Gaia DR1. Nominal uncertainties in the parallax, but adding a 0.3 mas systematic error is recommended (see Lindegren et al. 2016). (2) Parallax from HIPPARCOS archive, since no value is available from Gaia.

<table><caption>**Table 2.** Stellar parameters.</caption><thead><tr><th>Target Name</th><th>T<sub>eff</sub> [K]</th><th>log g [cgs]</th><th>Fe/H [dex]</th><th>M<sub>*</sub> [M<sub>☉</sub>]</th><th>R<sub>*</sub> [R<sub>☉</sub>]</th><th>Age [Gyr]</th><th>v sin i [km s<sup>-1</sup>]</th><th>log R'<sub>HK</sub></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>HD 17674</td><td>5904 ± 22</td><td>4.34 ± 0.03</td><td>-0.16 ± 0.02</td><td>0.98 ± 0.10<sup>(1)</sup></td><td>1.18 ± 0.1</td><td>8.4 ± 0.6</td><td>2.3 ± 1.0</td><td>-4.91 ± 0.17</td></tr><tr><td>HD 42012</td><td>5405 ± 45</td><td>4.45 ± 0.07</td><td>-0.09 ± 0.08</td><td>0.83 ± 0.08<sup>(1)</sup></td><td>0.82 ± 0.08</td><td>4.1 ± 3.6</td><td>2.2 ± 1.0</td><td>-5.00 ± 0.13</td></tr><tr><td>HD 29021</td><td>5560 ± 45</td><td>4.44 ± 0.03</td><td>-0.24 ± 0.02</td><td>0.85 ± 0.08<sup>(1)</sup></td><td>0.85 ± 0.09</td><td>7.4 ± 3.1</td><td>2.7 ± 1.0</td><td>-5.00 ± 0.14</td></tr></tbody></table>

**Notes.** (1) A conservative 10% error is used.

systematic observation of RV constant stars. The long-term variations of the zero point of the instrument identified by Courcol et al. (2015) added up to about ±10 m s⁻¹ over 3.5 yr. To correct for these effects, they used data from the monitored constant stars HD 185144, HD 9407, HD 221354, and HD 89269A, and from 51 other targets from their sample with at least ten measurements. Then they recursively built a RV constant master with these two data sets, starting with the constants and recursively adding corrected targets (from the 51-star sample) with a root mean square lower than a certain threshold (3 m s⁻¹). The complete process is detailed in Courcol et al. (2015). We applied the RV constant master correction to all of our SOPHIE+ data, achieving a RV precision in HR mode close to 2 m s⁻¹.

# 3. Spectral analysis

## 3.1. Stellar parameters

A spectroscopic analysis was performed on the combined high-resolution spectra obtained with SOPHIE. Exposures polluted by light from the Moon are not included on the combined spectrum. For HD 29021, 60 spectra were used, while for HD 42012, 20 were used. The average S/N of the spectra used for both targets was 50. For HD 17674, two spectra without simultaneous thorium-argon calibration were taken from the SOPHIE archive for this analysis. These two observations were made on October 25 and 26, 2009, in objA mode and with exposure times of 300 s, reaching a S/N of around 100.

Effective temperature $T_{\text{eff}}$, surface gravity log g and metallicity [Fe/H] were accurately derived using the method described in Santos et al. (2004) and Sousa et al. (2008). The procedure is based on the equivalent widths of the FeI and FeII lines and the iron excitation and ionization equilibrium, which is assumed to be in local thermodynamic equilibrium. Stellar masses $M_*$ are derived using the spectroscopic parameters as input for the calibration of Torres et al. (2010) with a correction following Santos et al. (2013). Errors were estimated from 10 000 random values of the stellar parameters within their error bars and assuming a Gaussian distribution. The stellar ages were derived by interpolation of the PARSEC<fnref n="2" /> (Bressan et al. 2012) tracks

using the method described by da Silva et al. (2006). Estimated errors only include the uncertainties intrinsic to this analysis, so for all computations requiring stellar masses (e.g. the masses of the companions), we decided to use a conservative 10% error. Finally, we estimated the projected stellar rotational velocities, v sin i, from the SOPHIE CCF as described by Boisse et al. (2010). All the obtained values are listed in Table 2.

## 3.2. Bisector span analysis

In our analysis we studied the behaviour of the bisector span. Blended stellar systems could mimick the RV signature of a planet around a star, but a planet will only produce a shift of the stellar lines. Blended systems, on the other hand, will change the shape of the lines and this could be reflected in the bisector velocity span that we obtain from the CCFs. Bisector variations can also be produced by stellar activity over the timescale of the rotational period of the star (see e.g. Boisse et al. 2011) and also by stellar activity cycles. We examined the bisector for all of our candidates to look for correlations with the RV measurements or their residuals that could reveal the presence of a companion polluting the peak of the primary star or signs of stellar activity. None of our targets present correlations between the bisector span and the RVs. Regarding the behaviour of the bisector span during time, no significant variations were detected and all values lie within 3σ.

## 3.3. Activity indicators

The stellar activity level was estimated on each spectrum by measuring the emission in the core of the Ca II H and K lines using the calibration described in Boisse et al. (2010). The mean log $R'_{HK}$ values and standard deviation obtained from SOPHIE spectra are given in Table 2. We decided to extend our analysis by adding a second known stellar activity indicator, $H_\alpha$, for two main reasons: first, for ELODIE spectra the Ca II H and K lines fall in the first orders of the wavelength range where the S/N is very poor. Second, due to the lower S/N of the SP2 SOPHIE spectra, we also get a typically low flux in the Ca II H and K region. Nevertheless, for SP2 the average log $R'_{HK}$ value is a good enough indicator of the mean stellar activity level.

<footnote n="2">² http://stev.oapd.inaf.it/param</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_2.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 1.** SOPHIE activity indicators for HD 17674.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 2.** SOPHIE activity indicators for HD 42012.</figcaption></figure>

At the spectral location of $H_α$, both ELODIE and SOPHIE have a higher instrumental response, which allows us to better trace the long-term stellar activity induced by the increase and decrease of active regions. The indicator $H_α$ has proven to be a good chromospheric indicator even though it forms at lower altitudes in the stellar atmosphere than the Ca II H and K lines. In addition, Gomes da Silva et al. (2014) showed that around 23% of the FGK stars in their sample showed strong correlations (positive or negative) between $H_α$ and calcium indices. Because of this, $H_α$ has been used by several authors (e.g. Pasquini & Pallavicini 1991; Montes et al. 1995; Cincunegui et al. 2007a,b; Robertson et al. 2013, 2014; Neveu-Van Malle et al. 2016). The parameters used for our $H_α$ analysis can be found in Díaz et al. (2016a).

It is worth mentioning that SP5 aims to detect Saturn and Jupiter analogues; therefore, it is important to disentangle long-period planets from long-term stellar activity due to magnetic cycles. Having reliable values for both the $S_{\text{index}}$ and $H_α$ indices is another reason to ask for higher S/N for this programme. A longer baseline, like the one we have for $H_α$, will allow us to better identify long-term activity.

The periodograms of both $S_{\text{index}}$ and $H_α$ were compared with the estimated stellar rotational periods (Noyes et al. 1984) to detect the short timescale activity component, but no significant peaks were found near these values ($P_{\text{rot}} \sim 15, 40$, and 32 days for HD 17674, HD 42012, and HD 29021, respectively).

In Figs. 1–3, we show the evolution of the $H_α$ index along with other activity indicators for our three targets. For HD 17674 (Fig. 1), we see a significant long-term variation in $H_α$ of around

3000 days, but this variation is not seen in any of the other indicators. We find a moderate correlation between the $S_{\text{index}}$ and the FWHM (Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.7). For HD 42012 (Fig. 2), no significant variations were detected and a moderate correlation (Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.6) was detected between the $H_α$ index and the BIS. No significant variations or correlations between the indices were found for HD 29021 (Fig. 3).

Since stellar activity is not affecting the RVs or the residuals for our targets, no corrections were necessary for our data.

# 4. Data analysis

## 4.1. Method

ELODIE and SOPHIE radial velocities were fitted using the tools available in the Data and Analysis Center for Exoplanets (DACE<fnref n="3" />) developed by the National Centre of Competence in Research PlanetS. A preliminary solution is found using a periodogram of RVs which, for all three targets, shows clear peaks at the periods of each orbit. The analytical method used for computing the orbital parameters from the periodogram of RVs is described in detail in Delisle et al. (2016). The results of this first analytical approximation are used as uniform priors for a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) model that we used to determine our final parameters and errors. The algorithm used for the MCMC is described in detail in Díaz et al. (2014, 2016b).

<footnote n="3">³ The DACE platform is available at http://dace.unige.ch</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 3. SOPHIE activity indicators for HD 29021.</figcaption></figure>

For the MCMC, we fit five parameters of the Keplerian orbit and a linear drift (to set the intervals in Table 3). For HD 17674, we also fit the instrumental offset between SOPHIE and ELODIE. For HD 42012 the offset is fixed using Boisse et al. (2012) since we only use the ELODIE point to constrain any possible long-term drift. We did not model the stellar jitter because these targets are non-active G and K dwarfs and because no correlations with the activity indicators were found. For the orbital parameters, listed in Table 3, we used the mode estimate and the errors corresponding to the 68.3% confidence intervals. For the detection limits mentioned in Sects. 5.1 through 5.3, in the residuals we injected planets in circular orbits at different trial periods. Using a generalized Lomb-Scargle periodogram, an injected planet is considered detected when the false alarm probability is lower than 1%.

## 4.2. Astrometric analysis

We analysed the astrometric data available from the HIPPARCOS mission (ESA 1997) to search for signatures of orbital motion. We employed the new HIPPARCOS reduction (van Leeuwen 2007) and followed the procedure described in Sahlmann et al. (2011b). No significant orbital signals were detected in the HIPPARCOS astrometry for these stars. As was done in previous works (e.g. Díaz et al. 2012) by using the HIPPARCOS data and the parameters found from the RV analysis, we were able to set upper mass limits for two of the companions. For HD 17674, the upper mass limit of the companion is 89 $M_{\text{Jup}}$, and for HD 42012

it is 67 $M_{\text{Jup}}$. No constraints could be established for HD 29021 since the orbital period is not covered by HIPPARCOS data.

# 5. Results

## 5.1. HD 17674

HD 17674 was observed with both ELODIE and SOPHIE spectrographs with, respectively, 8 and 93 measurements for a total time span of over 18 yr. One ELODIE point was excluded from the analysis, due to low S/N. For the same reason, nine SOPHIE points were not considered. Due to abnormal flux levels of the thorium-argon lamp, eight measurements were excluded. The 18 points that were excluded do not significantly change the solution we find, and would only increase the value of $\sigma_{(O-C)}$.

HD 17674 is a $V = 7.56$ mag G0V star with a mass of $M_*$ of $0.98 \pm 0.10 M_{\odot}$ located at 44.5 parsecs from the Sun. The parameters of the Keplerian fit are listed in Table 3 and the orbital solution is shown in Fig. 4.

Our analysis indicates the presence of a companion of minimum mass $M_c \sin i = 0.9 M_{\text{Jup}}$ on a 1.7-yr orbit (see Fig. 4). We find a non-significant eccentricity with an upper $3\sigma$ limit of $e = 0.13$. No significant long-term drift was detected in the data, and we can exclude giant planets more massive than $M_c \sin i = 2.4 M_{\text{Jup}}$ on circular orbits shorter than 37 yr. In Table 3 we included the 99% confidence intervals for this value. This target was also observed in high cadence to discard the presence of an inner companion. The periodogram of the residuals can be seen in Fig. 4 and does not show any significant signals. We can exclude the presence of giant planets more massive than 0.05 and 0.1 $M_{\text{Jup}}$ with periods shorter than 10 and 100 days, respectively. The dispersion of the residuals (Table 3) corresponds well to the expected precision for each instrument.

The instrumental offset between ELODIE and SOPHIE was left as a free parameter and was adjusted to $57 \pm 6 \text{ m s}^{-1}$, in agreement with the expected offset at $46 \pm 23 \text{ m s}^{-1}$ (Boisse et al. 2012).

In addition, we followed the procedure described by Díaz et al. (2016a) to calculate the luminosity of HD 17674 and to check whether the planet was in the habitable zone. We used the habitable zone calculator<fnref n="4" /> based on the work by Kopparapu et al. (2013). We chose the Runaway Greenhouse limit for our inner limit and the Maximum Greenhouse limit as the outer one. This yields a habitable zone between 1.2 AU and 2.1 AU. With a semi-major axis of 1.42 AU and an almost circular orbit, HD 17674 b falls well inside this region. This is important for habitability if exomoons can be detected with future techniques around this kind of target. Since HD 17674 is an evolved star, it is possible that the detected planet was outside the habitable zone when the star was still in the main sequence.

## 5.2. HD 42012

HD 42012 was observed once with ELODIE in *thosimult* mode in March 2004, twice with SOPHIE before the upgrade, and 29 times with SOPHIE+ for a total duration of 12 yr. No measurements were excluded from the analysis. The star is a $V = 8.44$ mag K0 star with a mass of $M_*$ of $0.83 \pm 0.08 M_{\odot}$ located at 37.1 parsecs from the Sun.

The Keplerian fit (see Fig. 5) indicates the presence of a companion of minimum mass $M_c \sin i = 1.6 M_{\text{Jup}}$ on a 2.3-yr orbit.

<footnote n="4">⁴ http://depts.washington.edu/naivpl/sites/default/files/hz.shtml</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 4.** Radial velocity curve (top) and residuals (middle) of HD 17674. ELODIE data shown in red, SOPHIE in orange, and SOPHIE+ in purple. The region in pink indicates the *Gaia* observation dates for DR1. Generalized Lomb-Scargle (GLS) periodogram (bottom) of the radial velocities after subtraction of the planetary orbit. False alarm probability lines are plotted for 50%, 10%, and 1%.</figcaption></figure>

We find a non-significant eccentricity with an upper $3\sigma$ limit of $e = 0.20$. All parameters are listed in Table 3.

The offset between ELODIE and SOPHIE was fixed using Boisse et al. (2012), which yields an absolute value of $134 \pm 23 \text{ m s}^{-1}$. We decided not to fit this parameter as we did for HD 17674; in this case, only one ELODIE point was available and thus the offset fitting would not be informative. Thanks to this additional point we can rule out any significant long-term drift. We can exclude giant planets more massive than $M_c \sin i = 2.1 M_{Jup}$ on circular orbits shorter than 16 yr. In Table 3 we included the 99% confidence intervals for this value. The periodogram of the residuals can be seen in Fig. 5 and it shows that no other significant signals are present in the data. The dispersion of the residuals is higher than expected for the precision of the instruments, which can indicate for example that we underestimated the activity level or there is an additional undetected companion. Nevertheless, we can exclude the presence of giant planets more massive than 0.06 and 0.02 $M_{Jup}$ with periods shorter than 10 and 100 days, respectively.

Following the same habitable zone analysis, this planet lies beyond the Maximum Greenhouse limit of HD 42012.

### 5.3. HD 29021

HD 29021 was only observed with SOPHIE+ with 66 measurements spanning almost 4.5 yr. Two measurements were excluded

<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 5.** Radial velocity curve (top) and residuals (middle) of HD 42012. GLS periodogram (bottom) of the RVs after subtraction of the planetary orbit. Colours and symbols are the same as in Fig. 4.</figcaption></figure>

from the analysis owing to low S/N. Nevertheless, their presence did not affect the resulting orbit in a significant way. The star is a $V = 7.76$ mag G5 star with a mass of $M_* \text{ of } 0.85 \pm 0.08 M_{\odot}$ located at 30.6 parsecs from the Sun.

The solution we find (see Fig. 6) corresponds to a companion of minimum mass $M_c \sin i = 2.4 M_{Jup}$ on a 3.7-yr eccentric orbit. All orbital parameters are listed in Table 3. No significant long-term drift was detected in the data, and we can exclude giant planets more massive than $M_c \sin i = 1.2 M_{Jup}$ on circular orbits shorter than 9 yr. In Table 3 we included the 99% confidence intervals for this value. The periodogram of the residuals is shown in Fig. 6 and, as in the previous cases, no other significant signals are present in the data. The dispersion of the residuals is also within the expected levels for SOPHIE+. We can exclude the presence of giant planets more massive than 0.1 and 0.3 $M_{Jup}$ with periods shorter than 10 and 100 days, respectively.

Following the same analysis as before, this planet lies beyond the outer limit of the habitable zone of HD 29021.

## 6. Gaia astrometry

Due to the characteristics of our planets and their host stars, we were also interested in studying the expected astrometric detection with *Gaia* and its microarcsecond precision. In this section, we will discuss four different approaches.

In astrometry, several factors will determine the detectability of a planet, the number of field crossings of the star and their distribution, the orbital period of the planet, the orbital phase of elliptical orbits, and of course the mission duration. The periods
<table><caption>**Table 3.** Orbital parameters.</caption><thead><tr><th>Parameters</th><th>HD 17674</th><th>HD 42012</th><th>HD 29021</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>P [days]<sup>(1)</sup></td><td>623.8<sup>+1.6</sup><sub>-1.5</sub></td><td>857.5<sup>+6.2</sup><sub>-6.3</sub></td><td>1362.3<sup>+4.6</sup><sub>-4.0</sub></td></tr><tr><td>K [m s<sup>-1</sup>]<sup>(1)</sup></td><td>21.1<sup>+0.6</sup><sub>-0.5</sub></td><td>39.0 ± 0.9</td><td>56.4 ± 0.9</td></tr><tr><td>e<sup>(1)</sup></td><td>&lt;0.13</td><td>&lt;0.2</td><td>0.459 ± 0.008</td></tr><tr><td>T<sub>p</sub> [RJD]<sup>(1)</sup></td><td>2 455 904.8 ± 3</td><td>2 455 386.2 ± 10</td><td>2 455 823.9<sup>+6.1</sup><sub>-5.7</sub></td></tr><tr><td>ω [deg]<sup>(1)</sup></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>179.5 ± 2.0</td></tr><tr><td>a [AU]<sup>(1)</sup></td><td>1.42<sup>+0.04</sup><sub>-0.05</sub></td><td>1.67<sup>+0.05</sup><sub>-0.06</sub></td><td>2.28<sup>+0.07</sup><sub>-0.08</sub></td></tr><tr><td>M<sub>c</sub> sin i [M<sub>Jup</sub>]<sup>(1)</sup></td><td>0.87<sup>+0.07</sup><sub>-0.06</sub></td><td>1.6 ± 0.1</td><td>2.4 ± 0.2</td></tr><tr><td>ELODIE σ(res) [m s<sup>-1</sup>]</td><td>8.24</td><td>7.73</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>SOPHIE σ(res) [m s<sup>-1</sup>]</td><td>8.23</td><td>20.07</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>SOPHIE+ σ(res) [m s<sup>-1</sup>]</td><td>3.12</td><td>8.61</td><td>3.93</td></tr><tr><td>RV drift [m s<sup>-1</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>]<sup>(2)</sup></td><td>[-0.7; +2.2]</td><td>[-3.9; -0.1]</td><td>[-3.2; +0.6]</td></tr></tbody></table>

**Notes.** (1) Uncertainties correspond to the 68.3% confidence intervals. (2) 99% confidence intervals.

<figure><img src="image_7.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 6.** Radial velocity curve (top) and residuals (middle) of HD 29021. GLS periodogram (bottom) of the RVs after subtraction of the planetary orbit. Colours and symbols are the same as in Fig. 4.</figcaption></figure>

for which Gaia will be most efficient are $0.2 \le P \le 6$ yr (Perryman et al. 2014), so our periods between 1.7 and 3.7 yr are well in this interval, which means that at least one full orbit will be covered during the five-year mission of Gaia. Casertano et al. (2008) estimated from their numerical double-blind simulations that a planet will be detected by Gaia with a small number of false positives, if the astrometric signal-to-noise per field crossing $S/N_1$ meas > 3 and the period $P \le 5$ yr. The value $S/N_1$ meas will be the first estimator that we will discuss. It is

defined as $S/N_1$ meas $\equiv \alpha/\sigma_{fov}$, where $\sigma_{fov}$ is the accuracy of a single field-of-view crossing and $\alpha$ is the astrometric signature given by

$$ \alpha = \left( \frac{M_p}{M_{Jup}} \right) \left( \frac{M_{\star}}{M_{\odot}} \right)^{-1} \left( \frac{a_p}{1 \text{ AU}} \right) \left( \frac{d}{1 \text{ pc}} \right)^{-1} * 954.6 \mu\text{as}, \quad (1) $$

for a circular orbit. Values for our three planets are listed in Table 4. As in Perryman et al. (2014), we take the latest estimates of $\sigma_{fov} = 34.2 \mu\text{as}$, which is constant for targets with magnitude $G \le 12$ in the G band of Gaia. Using the detection criterion of Casertano et al. (2008) and $\sigma_{fov} = 34.2 \mu\text{as}$, a planet around a star with magnitude $G \le 12$ and period $P \le 5$ yr would be detectable by Gaia if $\alpha \ge 103 \mu\text{as}$. According to this, HD 29021 b could be detected by Gaia alone. Since this target is eccentric, in Table 4 we gave an estimate of the maximum value of $\alpha$ when the planet is at apastron. In Fig. 6 we can also see which part of the orbit was covered by Gaia DR1. For their final number of detections, Perryman et al. (2014) consider that a more liberal threshold of $S/N_1$ meas > 2 is a reasonable approximation. In this case, we would need $\alpha \ge 68 \mu\text{as}$ and hence HD 42012 b could also be detected.

As Perryman et al. (2014) indicate in their work, while $S/N_1$ meas provides some indication of planet detection numbers, it is a simplistic approach. So as a second estimate, we calculate the expected signal-to-noise at the end of the mission<fnref n="5" /> $S/N_{Nmeas}$ (see Table 4) using the number of measurements provided by the Gaia Observation Forecast Tool<fnref n="6" />. If we combine astrometric data with RVs, an astrometric orbit could be retrieved with an astrometric signal-to-noise down to 6.2 (Sahlmann et al. 2011a). By the end of the mission, all three planets could be detected using a combined analysis with estimated values of $S/N_{Nmeas} = 8.0, 19.5$, and 69.2 for HD 17674, HD 42012, and HD 29021, respectively.

The Gaia DR1 released in September 2016 (Lindegren et al. 2016) contains provisional astrometric results for over one billion sources brighter than G magnitude 20.7 for the first 418 days of the mission. Using DR1, we discuss a third indicator. An orbiting companion of planetary mass will produce a perturbation in the stellar motion, and this will be reflected as a deviation

<footnote n="5">⁵ Estimated until June 20, 2019.</footnote>

<footnote n="6">⁶ http://gaia.esac.esa.int/gost/</footnote>
<table><caption>**Table 4.** Data from Gaia DR1 and estimated values.</caption><thead><tr><th>Target name</th><th>α [μas]</th><th>Nmeas DR1</th><th>Nmeas end of mission</th><th>S/N<sub>1 meas</sub></th><th>S/N<sub>Nmeas</sub></th><th>Astrometric excess noise [mas]</th><th>ΔQ</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>HD 17674</td><td>27</td><td>32<sup>(1)</sup></td><td>101</td><td>0.8</td><td>8.0</td><td>0.33</td><td>3.04</td></tr><tr><td>HD 42012</td><td>83</td><td>5<sup>(1)</sup></td><td>66</td><td>2.4</td><td>19.5</td><td>0.28</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>HD 29021</td><td>201<sup>(2)</sup></td><td>14<sup>(1)</sup></td><td>133</td><td>6.0</td><td>69.2</td><td>0.52</td><td>2.15</td></tr></tbody></table>

**Notes.** The number of Gaia observations is determined for each target using the Gaia Observation Forecast Tool. The S/N is calculated for one measurement, the measurements available in DR1, and the expected values at the end of the mission. (1) Number of matched observations from the Gaia archive. Using the Forecast Tool, the expected number of observations were 35, 5 and 19 respectively. (2) The detectability of eccentric orbits will vary over the orbital phase, so the astrometric signal given for HD 29021 corresponds to apastron.

of the astrometric data from the five-parameter model. In Gaia DR1, this value is called astrometric excess noise $\epsilon_i$ [mas] and is listed in Table 4. As Lindegren et al. (2016) describe in their work, $\epsilon_i = 0$ when the source is astrometrically well behaved, and a value larger than 0 indicates that the residuals are statistically larger than expected. But since DR1 only presents a preliminary solution, the calibration modelling errors are high and this leads to a significant value (~0.5 mas) of the astrometric excess noise for nearly all sources. Nevertheless, Lindegren et al. (2016) also mention that a source with a value of $\epsilon_i$ above 1–2 mas could indicate the presence of an astrometric binary or a problematic source. This is not the case for any of the $\epsilon_i$ listed in Table 4. This is especially important for HD 29021 b where we could not set an upper-mass limit from the HIPPARCOS data.

A final indicator worth mentioning is the astrometric $\Delta Q$. This quantity is defined for the Tycho-Gaia (TGAS) astrometric solution and it is sensitive to the difference of HIPPARCOS and TGAS proper motions. It was first introduced by Michalik et al. (2014), in the context of the Hundred Thousand Proper Motions project, and was also used by Lindegren et al. (2016) in their work on Gaia DR1 with a slightly different definition of the parameter that only considers the differences on proper motions.

For single stars, $\Delta Q$ is expected to follow a chi-squared distribution with two degrees of freedom (Lindegren et al. 2016). Deviations from this theoretical distribution could be caused, for example, by binaries with periods of 10–50 yr that will have increased values of $\Delta Q$ (Michalik et al. 2014). This latter work also demonstrated a strong dependency of $\Delta Q$ on the quality of the Gaia solution, so even though the full sensitivity of this parameter is not reached in DR1, it will increase in the next Gaia releases. We compared the $\Delta Q$ values of the present TGAS solution for our targets (see Table 4) with Fig. C.3 of Lindegren et al. (2016). Our values are not significantly high and are placed in the region where the highest relative frequency is expected, near the theoretically expected distribution.

## 7. Discussion and conclusions

We have reported the detection of three new Jupiter-mass companions orbiting the solar-type stars HD 17674, HD 29021, and HD 42012. We found no evidence of additional giant companions. As a reference for this population of objects, as of October 2016, the exoplanets.eu database (Schneider et al. 2011) listed around 200 planets with masses between 0.8 and 15 $M_{Jup}$ and periods longer than 600 days.

The three host stars present a subsolar metallicity, which is unusual for stars with giant planetary companions (Johnson et al. 2010), but also reinforces the result found by Adibekyan et al. (2013), who showed that planets orbiting metal-poor stars have longer periods than those around metal-rich ones. The fact that

these companions all make, as far as our analysis can tell, single giant-planet systems, may also be linked to the low heavy-element content of their birth nebulosity.

We expect that for the last Gaia data release (programmed for 2022) these three new planets will be fully characterized with a joint astrometric and radial velocity analysis.

**Acknowledgements.** We gratefully acknowledge the Programme National de Planétologie (telescope time attribution and financial support) of CNRS/INSU, the Swiss National Science Foundation, and the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (grant ANR-08-JCJC-0102-01) for their support. We warmly thank the OHP staff for their support on the 1.93 m telescope. J.R. acknowledges support from CONICYT-Becas Chile (grant 72140583). J.S. is supported by an ESA Research Fellowship in Space Science. A.S. is supported by the European Union under a Marie Curie Intra-European Fellowship for Career Development with reference FP7-PEOPLE-2013-IEF, number 627202. This work has been carried out in the frame of the National Centre for Competence in Research “PlanetS” supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). D.S., R.F.D., N.A., V.B., D.E., F.P., and S.U. acknowledge the financial support of the SNSF. P.A.W. acknowledges the support of the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR), under programme ANR-12-BS05-0012 “Exo-Atmos”. The IA team was supported by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) (project Ref. PTDC/FIS-AST/1526/2014) through national funds and by FEDER through COMPETE2020 (Ref. POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016886), and through grant UID/FIS/04434/2013 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007672). N.C.S. was supported by FCT through the Investigador FCT contract reference IF/00169/2012 and POPH/FSE (EC) by FEDER funding through the programme “Programa Operacional de Factores de Competitividade – COMPETE”. This research has made use of the SIMBAD database and of the VizieR catalogue access tool operated at CDS, France. This work has made use of data from the European Space Agency (ESA) mission Gaia (http://www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia), processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC, http://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/gaia/dpac/consortium). Funding for the DPAC has been provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the Gaia Multilateral Agreement.

## References

* Adibekyan, V. Z., Figueira, P., Santos, N. C., et al. 2013, A&A, 560, A51

* Baranne, A., Queloz, D., Mayor, M., et al. 1996, A&AS, 119, 373

* Benedict, G. F., McArthur, B. E., Bean, J. L., et al. 2010, AJ, 139, 1844

* Boisse, I., Eggenberger, A., Santos, N. C., et al. 2010, A&A, 523, A88

* Boisse, I., Bouchy, F., Hébrard, G., et al. 2011, A&A, 528, A4

* Boisse, I., Pepe, F., Perrier, C., et al. 2012, A&A, 545, A55

* Bonomo, A. S., Santerne, A., Alonso, R., et al. 2010, A&A, 520, A65

* Bouchy, F., Hébrard, G., Udry, S., et al. 2009a, A&A, 505, 853

* Bouchy, F., Isambert, J., Lovis, C., et al. 2009b, in EAS Pub. Ser., 37, ed. P. Kern, 247

* Bouchy, F., Díaz, R. F., Hébrard, G., et al. 2013, A&A, 549, A49

* Bouchy, F., Ségransan, D., Díaz, R. F., et al. 2016, A&A, 585, A46

* Bressan, A., Marigo, P., Girardi, L., et al. 2012, MNRAS, 427, 127

* Casertano, S., Lattanzi, M. G., Sozzetti, A., et al. 2008, A&A, 482, 699

* Cincunegui, C., Díaz, R. F., & Mauas, P. J. D. 2007a, A&A, 461, 1107

* Cincunegui, C., Díaz, R. F., & Mauas, P. J. D. 2007b, A&A, 469, 309

* Correia, A. C. M., Couetdic, J., Laskar, J., et al. 2010, A&A, 511, A21

* Courcol, B., Bouchy, F., Pepe, F., et al. 2015, A&A, 581, A38

* da Silva, L., Girardi, L., Pasquini, L., et al. 2006, A&A, 458, 609
Delisle, J.-B., Ségransan, D., Buchschacher, N., & Alesina, F. 2016, A&A, 590, A134

Díaz, R. F., Santerne, A., Sahlmann, J., et al. 2012, A&A, 538, A113

Díaz, R. F., Almenara, J. M., Santerne, A., et al. 2014, MNRAS, 441, 983

Díaz, R. F., Rey, J., Demangeon, O., et al. 2016a, A&A, 591, A146

Díaz, R. F., Ségransan, D., Udry, S., et al. 2016b, A&A, 585, A134

ESA 1997, The HIPPARCOS and Tycho catalogues. Astrometric and photometric
star catalogues derived from the ESA HIPPARCOS Space Astrometry Mission,
ESA SP, 1200

Gaia Collaboration, (Brown, A. G. A., et al.) 2016a, A&A, 595, A2

Gaia Collaboration (Prusti et al.), 2016b, A&A, 595, A1

Gomes da Silva, J., Santos, N. C., Boisse, I., Dumusque, X., & Lovis, C. 2014, A&A, 566, A66

Hébrard, G., Arnold, L., Forveille, T., et al. 2016, A&A, 588, A145

Johnson, J. A., Aller, K. M., Howard, A. W., & Crepp, J. R. 2010, PASP, 122, 905

Kopparapu, R. K., Ramirez, R., Kasting, J. F., et al. 2013, ApJ, 765, 131

Lindegren, L., Lammers, U., Bastian, U., et al. 2016, A&A, 595, A4

Mayor, M., & Queloz, D. 1995, Nature, 378, 355

Michalik, D., Lindegren, L., Hobbs, D., & Lammers, U. 2014, A&A, 571, A85

Montes, D., Fernandez-Figueroa, M. J., de Castro, E., & Cornide, M. 1995, A&A, 294, 165

Muterspaugh, M. W., Lane, B. F., Kulkarni, S. R., et al. 2010, AJ, 140, 1657

Neveu-VanMalle, M., Queloz, D., Anderson, D. R., et al. 2016, A&A, 586, A93

Noyes, R. W., Hartmann, L. W., Baliunas, S. L., Duncan, D. K., & Vaughan, A. H. 1984, ApJ, 279, 763

Pasquini, L., & Pallavicini, R. 1991, A&A, 251, 199

Pepe, F., Mayor, M., Galland, F., et al. 2002, A&A, 388, 632

Perruchot, S., Kohler, D., Bouchy, F., et al. 2008, in Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy II, Proc. SPIE, 7014, 70140

Perryman, M., Hartman, J., Bakos, G. Á., & Lindegren, L. 2014, ApJ, 797, 14

Queloz, D., Henry, G. W., Sivan, J. P., et al. 2001, A&A, 379, 279

Robertson, P., Endl, M., Cochran, W. D., & Dodson-Robinson, S. E. 2013, ApJ, 764, 3

Robertson, P., Mahadevan, S., Endl, M., & Roy, A. 2014, Science, 345, 440

Sahlmann, J., Lovis, C., Queloz, D., & Ségransan, D. 2011a, A&A, 528, L8

Sahlmann, J., Ségransan, D., Queloz, D., et al. 2011b, A&A, 525, A95

Sahlmann, J., Lazorenko, P. F., Ségransan, D., et al. 2016, A&A, 595, A77

Santerne, A., Díaz, R. F., Moutou, C., et al. 2012, A&A, 545, A76

Santos, N. C., Israelian, G., & Mayor, M. 2004, A&A, 415, 1153

Santos, N. C., Sousa, S. G., Mortier, A., et al. 2013, A&A, 556, A150

Schneider, J., Dedieu, C., Le Sidaner, P., Savalle, R., & Zolotukhin, I. 2011, A&A, 532, A79

Sousa, S. G., Santos, N. C., Mayor, M., et al. 2008, A&A, 487, 373

Torres, G., Andersen, J., & Giménez, A. 2010, A&ARv, 18, 67

van Leeuwen, F. 2007, A&A, 474, 653