<figure><img src="image_17.png" /></figure>

**Figure 2.** Kernel Density Estimation of all components of the stress tensor predicted by an elasto-viscoplastic (EVP) simulation using CraFT and the continuous transverse isotropic (CTI) using R³iCe after 0.01 macroscopic strain. The dashed lines show the results for simulations where grains are well discretize. The full line shows the result for the simulation with one orientation per element.

References

[1] E. J. Humphreys and M. Hatherly, *Recrystallization and related annealing phenomena*, second, Pergamon Press, 2004.

[2] T. Sakai, A. Belyakov, R. Kaibyshev, H. Miura and J. J. Jonas, "Dynamic and post-dynamic recrystallization under hot, cold and severe plastic deformation conditions", *Prog. Mater. Sci.* **60** (2014), pp. 130–207.

[3] T. Chauve, M. Montagnat and P. Vacher, "Strain field evolution during dynamic recrystallization nucleation; A case study on ice", *Acta Mater.* **101** (2015), pp. 116–124.

[4] B. Kamb, "Experimental recrystallization of ice under stress", in *Flow and Fracture of Rocks*, (H. C. Heard, I. Y. Borg, N. L. Carter and C. B. Raleigh, eds.), American Geophysical Union, 1972, pp. 211–241.

[5] J.-P. Poirier, *Creep of crystals: High-Temperature Deformation Processes in Metals, Ceramics and Minerals*, Cambridge University Press, 1985.

[6] E. J. Humphreys and M. Hatherly, *Recrystallization and related annealing phenomena*, Pergamon Press, 1996.

[7] R. D. Doherty et al., "Current issues in recrystallization: a review", *Mater. Sci. Eng. A* **238** (1997), no. 2, pp. 219–274.

[8] J. W. Glen and M. F. Perutz, "The Growth and Deformation of Ice Crystals", *J. Glaciol.* **2** (1954), no. 16, pp. 397–403.

[9] P. Duval, M. F. Ashby and I. Anderman, "Rate controlling processes in the creep of polycrystalline ice", *J. Phys. Chem.* **87** (1983), no. 21, pp. 4066–4074.

[10] O. Castelnau, H. Shoji, A. Mangeney, H. Milsch, P. Duval, A. Miyamoto, K. Kawada and O. Watanabe, "Anisotropic behavior of GRIP ices and flow in Central Greenland", *Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.* **154** (1998), no. 1-4, pp. 307–322.

[11] S. De la Chapelle, O. Castelnau, V. Y. Lipenkov and P. Duval, "Dynamic recrystallization and texture development in ice as revealed by the study of deep ice cores in Antarctica and Greenland", *J. Geophys. Res.* **103** (1998), no. B3, pp. 5091–5105.

[12] T. Thorsteinsson, J. Kipfstuhl and H. Miller, "Textures and fabrics in the GRIP ice core", *J. Geophys. Res.* **102** (1997), no. C12, pp. 26583–26600.

[13] M. Montagnat, D. Buiron, L. Arnaud, A. Broquet, P. Schlitz, R. Jacob and S. Kipfstuhl, "Measurements and numerical simulation of fabric evolution along the Talos Dome ice core, Antarctica", *Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.* **357-358** (2012), pp. 168–178.

[14] D. Samyn, A. Svensson and S. J. Fitzsimons, "Dynamic implications of discontinuous recrystallization in cold basal ice: Taylor Glacier, Antarctica", *J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf.* **113** (2008), no. F3, article no. F03S90.

[15] E. C. Smith, A. F. Baird, J. M. Kendall, C. Martín, R. S. White, A. M. Brisbourne and A. M. Smith, "Ice fabric in an Antarctic ice stream interpreted from seismic anisotropy", *Geophys. Res. Lett.* **44** (2017), no. 8, pp. 3710–3718.

[16] B. M. Minchew, C. R. Meyer, A. A. Robel, G. H. Gudmundsson and M. Simons, "Processes controlling the down-stream evolution of ice rheology in glacier shear margins: case study on Rutford Ice Stream, West Antarctica", *J. Glaciol.* **64** (2018), no. 246, pp. 583–594.
<figure><img src="image_18.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 2.** Kernel Density Estimation of all components of the stress tensor predicted by an elasto-viscoplastic (EVP) simulation using CraFT and the continuous transverse isotropic (CTI) using R³iCe after 0.01 macroscopic strain. The dashed lines show the results for simulations where grains are well discretize. The full line shows the result for the simulation with one orientation per element.</figcaption></figure>

**References**

[1] E. J. Humphreys and M. Hatherly, *Recrystallization and related annealing phenomena*, second, Pergamon Press, 2004.

[2] T. Sakai, A. Belyakov, R. Kaibyshev, H. Miura and J. J. Jonas, "Dynamic and post-dynamic recrystallization under hot, cold and severe plastic deformation conditions", *Prog. Mater. Sci.* **60** (2014), pp. 130–207.

[3] T. Chauve, M. Montagnat and P. Vacher, "Strain field evolution during dynamic recrystallization nucleation; A case study on ice", *Acta Mater.* **101** (2015), pp. 116–124.

[4] B. Kamb, "Experimental recrystallization of ice under stress", in *Flow and Fracture of Rocks*, (H. C. Heard, I. Y. Borg, N. L. Carter and C. B. Raleigh, eds.), American Geophysical Union, 1972, pp. 211–241.

[5] J.-P. Poirier, *Creep of crystals: High-Temperature Deformation Processes in Metals, Ceramics and Minerals*, Cambridge University Press, 1985.

[6] E. J. Humphreys and M. Hatherly, *Recrystallization and related annealing phenomena*, Pergamon Press, 1996.

[7] R. D. Doherty et al., "Current issues in recrystallization: a review", *Mater. Sci. Eng. A* **238** (1997), no. 2, pp. 219–274.

[8] J. W. Glen and M. F. Perutz, "The Growth and Deformation of Ice Crystals", *J. Glaciol.* **2** (1954), no. 16, pp. 397–403.

[9] P. Duval, M. F. Ashby and I. Anderman, "Rate controlling processes in the creep of polycrystalline ice", *J. Phys. Chem.* **87** (1983), no. 21, pp. 4066–4074.

[10] O. Castelnau, H. Shoji, A. Mangeney, H. Milsch, P. Duval, A. Miyamoto, K. Kawada and O. Watanabe, "Anisotropic behavior of GRIP ices and flow in Central Greenland", *Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.* **154** (1998), no. 1-4, pp. 307–322.

[11] S. De la Chapelle, O. Castelnau, V. Y. Lipenkov and P. Duval, "Dynamic recrystallization and texture development in ice as revealed by the study of deep ice cores in Antarctica and Greenland", *J. Geophys. Res.* **103** (1998), no. B3, pp. 5091–5105.

[12] T. Thorsteinsson, J. Kipfstuhl and H. Miller, "Textures and fabrics in the GRIP ice core", *J. Geophys. Res.* **102** (1997), no. C12, pp. 26583–26600.

[13] M. Montagnat, D. Buiron, L. Arnaud, A. Broquet, P. Schlitz, R. Jacob and S. Kipfstuhl, "Measurements and numerical simulation of fabric evolution along the Talos Dome ice core, Antarctica", *Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.* **357–358** (2012), pp. 168–178.

[14] D. Samyn, A. Svensson and S. J. Fitzsimons, "Dynamic implications of discontinuous recrystallization in cold basal ice: Taylor Glacier, Antarctica", *J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf.* **113** (2008), no. F3, article no. F03S90.

[15] E. C. Smith, A. F. Baird, J. M. Kendall, C. Martín, R. S. White, A. M. Brisbourne and A. M. Smith, "Ice fabric in an Antarctic ice stream interpreted from seismic anisotropy", *Geophys. Res. Lett.* **44** (2017), no. 8, pp. 3710–3718.

[16] B. M. Minchew, C. R. Meyer, A. A. Robel, G. H. Gudmundsson and M. Simons, "Processes controlling the down-stream evolution of ice rheology in glacier shear margins: case study on Rutford Ice Stream, West Antarctica", *J. Glaciol.* **64** (2018), no. 246, pp. 583–594.
[17] R. E. Thomas et al., "Microstructure and Crystallographic Preferred Orientations of an Azimuthally Oriented Ice Core from a Lateral Shear Margin: Priestley Glacier, Antarctica", *Front. Earth Sci.* **9** (2021), article no. 702213.

[18] E. C. Pettit, T. Thorsteinsson, P. Jacobson and E. D. Waddington, "The role of crystal fabric in flow near an ice divide", *J. Glaciol.* **53** (2007), no. 181, pp. 277–288.

[19] F. Gillet-Chaulet, *Modélisation de l'écoulement de la glace polaire anisotrope et premières applications au forage de Dôme C.*, PhD thesis, Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble I, Grenoble, France, 2006.

[20] C. Martín, G. H. Gudmundsson, H. D. Pritchard and O. Gagliardini, "On the effects of anisotropic rheology on ice flow, internal structure, and the age-depth relationship at ice divides", *J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf.* **114** (2009), no. F4, article no. F04001.

[21] Y. Ma, O. Gagliardini, C. Ritz, F. Gillet-Chaulet, G. Durand and M. Montagnat, "Enhancement factors for grounded ice and ice shelves inferred from an anisotropic ice-flow model", *J. Glaciol.* **56** (2010), no. 199, pp. 805–812.

[22] W. F. Budd, R. C. Warner, T. H. Jacka, J. Li and A. Treverrow, "Ice flow relations for stress and strain-rate components from combined shear and compression laboratory experiments", *J. Glaciol.* **59** (2013), no. 214, pp. 374–392.

[23] F. S. McCormack, R. C. Warner, H. Seroussi, C. F. Dow, J. L. Roberts and A. Treverrow, "Modeling the Deformation Regime of Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica, Using a Simple Flow Relation for Ice Anisotropy (ESTAR)", *J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf.* **127** (2022), no. 3, article no. e2021JF006332.

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[28] T. H. Jacka and L. Jun, "The steady-state crystal size of deforming ice", *Ann. Glaciol.* **20** (1994), pp. 13–18.

[29] M. Montagnat, T. Chauve, F. Barou, A. Tommasi, B. Beausir and C. Fressengeas, "Analysis of dynamic recrystallization of ice from EBSD orientation mapping", *Front. Earth Sci.* **3** (2015), pp. 1–13article no. 81.

[30] C. Qi, D. L. Goldsby and D. J. Prior, "The down-stress transition from cluster to cone fabrics in experimentally deformed ice", *Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.* **471** (2017), pp. 136–147.

[31] B. Journaux, T. Chauve, M. Montagnat, A. Tommasi, F. Barou, D. Mainprice and L. Gest, "Recrystallization processes, microstructure and crystallographic preferred orientation evolution in polycrystalline ice during high-temperature simple shear", *Cryosphere* **13** (2019), no. 5, pp. 1495–1511.

[32] F. Grennerat, M. Montagnat, O. Castelnau, P. Vacher, H. Moulinec, P. Suquet and P. Duval, "Experimental characterization of the intragranular strain field in columnar ice during transient creep", *Acta Mater.* **60** (2012), no. 8, pp. 3655–3666.

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[18] E. C. Pettit, T. Thorsteinsson, P. Jacobson and E. D. Waddington, "The role of crystal fabric in flow near an ice divide", *J. Glaciol.* **53** (2007), no. 181, pp. 277–288.

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[20] C. Martín, G. H. Gudmundsson, H. D. Pritchard and O. Gagliardini, "On the effects of anisotropic rheology on ice flow, internal structure, and the age-depth relationship at ice divides", *J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf.* **114** (2009), no. F4, article no. F04001.

[21] Y. Ma, O. Gagliardini, C. Ritz, F. Gillet-Chaulet, G. Durand and M. Montagnat, "Enhancement factors for grounded ice and ice shelves inferred from an anisotropic ice-flow model", *J. Glaciol.* **56** (2010), no. 199, pp. 805–812.

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