# Rediscovery of the neotrichous species Tauriobia insueta Livshitz and Mitrofanov (Acari: Trombidiformes: Tetranychidae)

Theodoros I Stathakis, Yelena Tsaklidou, Eleni N Panou

► To cite this version:

Theodoros I Stathakis, Yelena Tsaklidou, Eleni N Panou. Rediscovery of the neotrichous species Tauriobia insueta Livshitz and Mitrofanov (Acari: Trombidiformes: Tetranychidae). Acarologia, 2024, 64 (4), pp.1126-1137. 10.24349/ogg4-hzaj. hal-04764590

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Acarologia

Open Science
in Acarology

# Rediscovery of the neotrichous species *Tauriobia insueta* Livshitz & Mitrofanov
*(Acari: Trombidiformes: Tetranychidae)*

Theodoros I. Stathakis IDª, Yelena Tsaklidou IDª, Eleni N. Panou IDª

## Original research

### ABSTRACT

The present study deals with the rediscovery of *Tauriobia insueta* Livshitz & Mitrofanov, 1967 a rare neotrichous spider mite species. It was originally described from pink rock-rose (*Cistus creticus* L., Cistaceae) in Ukraine. In the present work, the species is recorded for the first time from Greece and redescribed based on material collected from the same host plant. The immature stages are also described and the ontogenetic development of chaetotaxy is discussed. Additionally, a key to genera and subgenera of the tribe Hystrichonychini Pritchard & Baker, 1955 is provided.

**Keywords** spider mites; neotrichy; new record; Greek fauna; taxonomy

**Zoobank** http://zoobank.org/8E53DF75-D320-4140-8ADE-4782F6CE329A

### Introduction

The monotypic genus *Tauriobia* (Trombidiformes: Tetranychidae) was erected by Livshitz and Mitrofanov (1967) based on *Tauriobia insueta*, a species collected from *Cistus creticus* L. (Cistaceae) in Ukraine. It belongs to the tribe Hystrichonychini Pritchard & Baker, and it is characterized by unusually increased number of coxal setae, the presence of additional setae in the coxisternal area between 3a and 4a, and enriched chaetotaxy on other leg segments. Coxal and ventral hypertrichy in *Tauriobia* is a plethotrichous type of neotrichy which is also present in the genus *Neotrichobia* Tuttle & Baker (He et al. 2023). *Aplonobia* (*Brachynychus*) Mitrofanov & Strunkova also has coxal neotrichy (oligotrichous type) and the only case of dorsal neotrichy within the family Tetranychidae appears in the genus *Dasyobia* Strunkova (Lindquist 1985; Mahdavi *et al.* 2024).

*Tauriobia insueta* is known only from Ukraine (Migeon and Dorkeld 2024). It is reported for the second time in the world. The species is redescribed based on Greek material collected from the same host plant species. All immature stages are described for the first time. The ontogenetic development of leg and idiosomal chaetotaxy are discussed. Additionally, a key to genera and subgenera of the tribe Hystrichonychini Pritchard & Baker is provided.

### Material and methods

Plant samples were collected during a survey (2017–2018) for the mite fauna of phrygana vegetation of the Greek mountain Parnis, Co. Attica. Mites were extracted using Berlese-Tullgren funnels and stored in 70% ethanol. Permanent mounts were made using Hoyer's medium.

Received 27 July 2024
Accepted 30 October 2024
Published 31 October 2024

Corresponding author
Theodoros I. Stathakis ID:
theostathakis1@gmail.com

Academic editor
Migeon, Alain

https://doi.org/10.24349/ogg4-hzaj

ISSN 0044-586X (print)
ISSN 2107-7207 (electronic)

<figure><img src="image_2.png" /></figure>

Stathakis T. I. *et al.*

Licensed under
Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0

<footnote>ªLaboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str., 11855, Athens, Greece.</footnote>
Drawings were made in pencil using a drawing tube (camera lucida) attached to a Zeiss
Axioskop 2 microscope and inked with Rotring rapidograph pens. For preparation of the
digital illustrations CorelDRAW X8 was used. Photos were taken with an Euromex Camera
model CMEX 5.0 adapted to the microscope. Measurements were made from slide mounted
specimens using stage calibrated ocular micrometers. Body length was measured from the
anterior margin of idiosoma to its posterior one, and the width at its broadest part. Setae were
measured from the center of the alveoli to their tips; distances between setae were measured
as the distance from the center of one setal base to the other. Legs were measured from
the base of trochanter to the base of ambulacrum. Leg setal counts are given in the order:
coxa-trochanter-femur-genu-tibia-tarsus. Numbers of setae refer to tactile setae, solenidia are
given in parentheses and alternative counts are given in brackets. All measurements are given
in micrometers (µm).

For the descriptions, the palp, leg and idiosomal chaetotaxy follow that of Lindquist (1985).

All specimens are deposited in LAZAU (The Acari collection of Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Agricultural University of Athens, Greece).

Taxonomy

Family Tetranychidae Donnadieu, 1875

Subfamily Bryobiinae Berlese, 1913

Tribe Hystrichonychini Pritchard & Baker, 1955

Genus *Tauriobia* Livshitz & Mitrofanov, 1967

*Tauriobia* Livshitz & Mitrofanov, 1967: 1850. Type-species: *Tauriobia insueta* Livshitz & Mitrofanov, 1967

Diagnosis (female)

True claws and empodia padlike with two rows of tenent hairs; 2 pairs of duplex setae on tarsus I, 1 pair on tarsus II; propodosoma with 3 pairs of setae (v₂, sc₁, sc₂), prodorsal lobes absent, opisthosoma with 10 pairs of setae (c₁₋₃, d₁₋₂, e₁₋₂, f₁₋₂, h₁); sacral setae f₁ in normal position; peritreme developed in a distal oval anastomosis; dorsal body setae set on tubercles, long, tapering, serrate and acute distally; one pair of aggenital (ag₁) setae, 2 pairs of genital setae (g₁₋₂), 3 pairs of pseudanal setae (ps₁₋₃) and 2 pairs of ventrocaudals (h₂₋₃) present ventrally; coxal and ventral hypertrichy; all tarsi with solenidia; tectal setae (tc', tc'') absent.

Tauriobia insueta Livshitz & Mitrofanov, 1967

(Figures 1–8)

Redescription

**Female** — Five specimens measured 475–500 long (excluding gnathosoma), 350–390 wide.

*Dorsum* (Figure 1A). Prodorsum with three pairs of setae (v₂, *sc*₁ and *sc*₂). Dorsal body setae inserted on obvious tubercles, long, tapering, serrate and acute distally (Figure 1B). Length of setae: v₂ 71–77; *sc*₁ 91–105; *sc*₂ 59–73; c₁ 91–105; c₂ 79–89; c₃ 59–77; d₁ 105–115; d₂ 89–105; e₁ 110–125; e₂ 105–115; f₁ 110–125; f₂ 75–97; h₁ 71–87. Distances between dorsal setae: v₂-v₂ 38–44, *sc*₁-*sc*₁ 130–145, *sc*₂-*sc*₂ 240–265, c₁-c₁ 105–115, c₂-c₂ 230–255, d₁-d₁ 24–28, d₂-d₂ 235–260, e₁-e₁ 34–38, e₂-e₂ 180–205, f₁-f₁ 38–50, f₂-f₂ 125–130, h₁-h₁ 59–73, v₂-*sc*₁ 97–110, *sc*₁-*sc*₂ 61–67, c₁-d₁ 65–79, d₁-e₁ 63–105, e₁-f₁ 91–110, f₁-f₂ 49–59, f₁-h₁ 55–75. Dorsocentral setae d₁, e₁ and f₁ almost contiguous. Dorsal surface smooth, with few wrinkles.
<figure><img src="image_3.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 1** *Tauriobia insueta* Livshitz & Mitrofanov (female). A – Dorsal view; B – Idiosomal seta; C – Coxisternal area; D – Anogenital area; E – Spermatheca. Scale bars=100 µm (A, C), 30 µm (B, D, E).</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 2** *Tauriobia insueta* Livshitz & Mitrofanov (female). A – Stylophore; B – Palp; C – Subcapitulum; D – Peritreme. Scale bars=30 µm (A, B, C, D).</figcaption></figure>

*Gnathosoma*. Length 145–170. Rostrum extending to middle of genu I (Figure 3A). Stylophore rounded, longer than wide (Figure 2A). Ventral infracapitular setae *m* smooth; three pairs of adoral setae (*or*₁⁻₃) visible; dorsal surface of palpcoxal bases with a pair of supracoxal setae (*ep*) with blunt end (Figure 2C). Setae *dPFe* serrated; *l'PGe* and all three palptibial setae (*l'PTi*, *l''PTi* and *dPTi*) smooth; terminal eupathidium *suζ* 15–17 long; lateral eupathidia *ul'lζ* 8–10 and *ul'l''ζ* 10–12 in length; solenidion *ω* 7–8 long; three smooth, tactile setae (*a*, *b*, *c*) (Figure 2B). Peritreme anastomosed distally in an oval enlargement: length 34–42, width 20–32 (Figure 2D).

*Venter*. Striation transverse between *1a* and *3a*, longitudinal between *3a* and *4a*, transverse just above and between *4a* (Figures 1C and 3B), irregular and longitudinal between *4a* and aggenital setae (*ag*), and arched immediately anterior to genital flap. Area between *3a* and *4a* with 4–7 additional setae; *ag* 42–50, *g*₁ 46–60 and *g*₂ 39–46 (Figure 1D). Sacculus of spermatheca bulblike 17–19 in length (Figure 1E). Three pairs of pseudanal setae (*ps*₁⁻₃) and two pairs of ventrocaudal (*h*₂⁻₃) setae present; *h*₂ 31–42, *h*₃ 31–35 in length.

*Legs* (Figures 4 and 5). Shorter than body length. Leg I 375–415 long, leg II 295–315, leg III 290–315, leg IV 315–345. Length of segments of leg I as follows: trochanter 22–30, femur 115–125, genu 55–59, tibia 105–110, tarsus 89–91. Leg setal counts as follows:

I [10–11] - 1 - [22–25] - [12–13] - [32–37] + (1) - [43–48] + (2–3) + 2 duplexes.
<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 3** *Tauriobia insueta* Livshitz & Mitrofanov (female). A – Propodosoma; B – Coxisternal area. Scale bars=100 µm (A), 50 µm (B).</figcaption></figure>

II [9–11] - 1 - [17–20] - [10–12] - [19–23] - [32–40] + (1) + 1 duplex.

III [6–7] - 1 - [14–17] - [10–12] - [18–20] - [29–36] + (3).

IV [6–7] - 1 - [12–16] - [10–11] - [19–21] - [28–37] + (2).

True claws padlike, empodial pads I–IV similar with two ventrally directed tenent hairs (Figure 4E). The number of setae on some leg segments differs between the original description and the material examined here (e.g. coxae 11-9-9-9 and tarsi 61-46-43-40 in the original description). However, due to the strong neotrichy these differences are considered intraspecific variations.

**Male**

Unknown. Despite the increased number of individuals collected, no males were detected. Probably this is a thelytokous species, a common form of parthenogenesis in the subfamily Bryobiinae (Bolland *et al.* 1981).

**Deutonymph (Figure 6)**

Five specimens measured, 515–555 long (including gnathosoma), 285–315 wide. Dorsal setae similar to female. Length of setae: $v_2$ 65–69; $sc_1$ 83–99; $sc_2$ 50–57; $c_1$ 89–95; $c_2$ 63–69; $c_3$ 50–57; $d_1$ 100–125; $d_2$ 79–89; $e_1$ 115–120; $e_2$ 99–110; $f_1$ 110–120; $f_2$ 77–85; $h_1$ 71–79. Coxisternal area with three pairs of setae (*1a, 3a, 4a*). Anogenital area with one pair of aggenital (*ag*), one pair of genital (*g*₁), three pairs of pseudanal setae (*ps*₁₋₃) and two pairs of ventrocaudal (*h*₂₋₃) setae present. Gnathosoma similar to female. Leg setal counts as follows:

I [6–7] - 1 - [11–13] - [6–8] - 18 + (1) - [25–28] + (2) + 2 duplexes.

II [5–7] - 1 - [10–11] - [7–8] - [10–11] - [20–23] + 1 duplex.

III 3 - 1 - [8–9] - 6 - [9–10] - [19–21] + (2).

IV [2–3] - 0 - [7–8] - [5–6] - [10–11] - [17–19] + (1).

**Protonymph (Figure 7)**

Ten specimens measured, 335–430 long (including gnathosoma), 225–285 wide. Dorsal setae similar to female. Length of setae: $v_2$ 44–50; $sc_1$ 59–61; $sc_2$ 34–40; $c_1$ 59–69; $c_2$ 42–50; $c_3$ 38–44; $d_1$ 75–91; $d_2$ 53–59; $e_1$ 83–105; $e_2$ 71–87; $f_1$ 79–89; $f_2$ 51–59; $h_1$ 48–53. Coxisternal area with two pairs of setae (*1a, 3a*). Anogenital area with one pair of aggenital (*ag*), three pairs of pseudanal setae (*ps*₁₋₃) and two pairs of ventrocaudal (*h*₂₋₃) setae present. Gnathosoma similar to female. Leg setal counts as follows:

I 4 - 0 - 6 - 5 - 11 + (1) - [17–18] + 2 duplexes.

II 3 - 0 - [5–6] - 5 - 5 - 13 + 1 duplex.

III 1 - 0 - 5 - 5 - 5 - 12 + (1).
<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 4** *Tauriobia insueta* Livshitz & Mitrofanov (female). A – Tibia, tarsus I; B – Trochanter, femur, genu I; C – Tibia, tarsus II; D – Trochanter, femur, genu II; E – Ambulacrum (only left claw drawn). Scale bars=30 µm (A, B, C, D, E).</figcaption></figure>

IV 0 - 0 - 2 - 4 - 5 - 6.

Larva (Figure 8)

Ten specimens measured, 295–325 long (including gnathosoma), 180–220 wide. Dorsal setae similar to female. Length of setae: *v*₂ 36–46; *sc*₁ 50–59; *sc*₂ 34–42; *c*₁ 59–67; *c*₂ 42–46; *c*₃ 40–44; *d*₁ 69–89; *d*₂ 51–59; *e*₁ 79–99; *e*₂ 37–79; *f*₁ 73–91; *f*₂ 50–61; *h*₁ 50–43. Coxisternal area with two pairs of setae (*la*, *3a*). Anogenital area with three pairs of pseudanal setae (*ps*₁₋₃) and two pairs of ventrocaudal (*h*₂₋₃) setae present. Gnathosoma similar to female. Leg setal counts as follows:

$$11 - 0 - 3 - 4 - 5 + (1) - 7 + 1 \text{ duplex.}$$
<figure><img src="image_7.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 5** *Tauriobia insueta* Livshitz & Mitrofanov (female). A – Tibia, tarsus III; B – Trochanter, femur, genu III; C – Tibia, tarsus IV; D – Trochanter, femur, genu IV. Scale bars=30 µm (A, B, C, D).</figcaption></figure>

II 0 - 0 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 7 + 1 duplex.

III 0 - 0 - 2 - 4 - 5 - 6.

**Material examined**

The specimens were collected from *Cistus creticus* L. (Cistaceae), Parnis Mountain, Co. Attica, Greece (N38°08′21.62″ E23°44′23.86″, 511 m): 5 females, 2 deutonymphs, 18 protonymphs and 18 larvae, 28 Mar. 2017; 7 females, 32 deutonymphs and 10 protonymphs, 26 Apr. 2017; 9 females and 2 deutonymphs, 31 May 2017; 18 larvae, 8 Mar. 2018.
<figure><img src="image_8.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 6** *Tauriobia insueta* Livshitz & Mitrofanov (deutonymph). A – Dorsal view; B – Coxisternal area; C – Anogenital area; D – Tarsi I–IV. Scale bars=100 µm (A, B), 30 µm (C, D).</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_9.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 7** *Tauriobia insueta* Livshitz & Mitrofanov (protonymph). A – Dorsal view; B – Coxisternal area; C – Anogenital area; D – Tarsi I–IV. Scale bars=100 µm (A, B), 30 µm (C, D).</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_10.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 8** *Tauriobia insueta* Livshitz & Mitrofanov (larva). A – Dorsal view; B – Coxisternal area; C – Anogenital area; D – Tarsi I–III. Scale bars=100 µm (A, B), 30 µm (C, D).</figcaption></figure>
## Remarks on ontogenetic development

Neotrichy in *T. insueta* appears on both adult and immature stages. Exceptionally, the larva has a typical leg chaetotaxy: coxa I with one seta (1b), coxae II–III nude; trochanters I–III nude; femora I–II with three setae (d, v', bv''), respectively, femur III with two setae (d, ev'); genua I–III with four setae (l', l'', v', v'') respectively; tibiae I–III with five tactile setae (d, l', l'', v', v''), tibia I with solenidion (φ); tarsus I–III with six tactile setae, paired unguinals (u', u''), paired primiventrals (pv', pv'') and paired fastigials (ft', ft''), two eupathidial prorals (p'ζ, p''ζ); one fastigial (ft'') and one solenidion (φ'') forming duplex setae on tarsi I and II. In protonymphal stage, an oligotrichous type of neotrichy appears in coxal setation (4-3-1-0). Setae pv' changed to eupathidial form on tarsi I–II. Tectal setae (tc', tc'') are not added on legs I–III. In the deutonymphal stage number of coxal setae increases ([6–7]-[5–7]-3-[2–3]) and leg chaetotaxy becomes more enriched. The plethotrichous type of neotrichy appears in coxal setation of the adult female along with additional setae in area between 3a and 4a.

## Key to genera and subgenera of the Tribe Hystrichonychini Pritchard & Baker (after Bolland et al. 1998 and Mahdavi et al. 2024)

<table><tr><td>1. Prodorsum with 4 pairs of setae</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>— Prodorsum with 3 pairs of setae</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>2. Prodorsum with 4 prominent lobes over gnathosoma</td><td>Bryocopsis Meyer</td></tr><tr><td>— Prodorsum without prominent lobes over gnathosoma</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>3. Opisthosoma with 12 pairs of dorsal setae</td><td>Tetranychopsis Canestrini</td></tr><tr><td>— Opisthosoma with 9 pairs of dorsal setae</td><td>Notonychus Davis</td></tr><tr><td>4. Opisthosoma with 10 or more pairs of dorsal setae</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>— Opisthosoma with 8 or 9 pairs of dorsal setae</td><td>18</td></tr><tr><td>5. Body at least twice as long as broad; prodorsum with lobes over the gnathosoma more or less developed</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>— Body not elongate; prodorsum without lobes over the gnathosoma</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>6. Prodorsal lobes poorly developed</td><td>Dolichonobia Meyer</td></tr><tr><td>— Prodorsal lobes well developed</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>7. Prodorsum with 3 lobes over gnathosoma</td><td>Monoceronychus McGregor</td></tr><tr><td>— Prodorsum with 2 lobes over gnathosoma</td><td>Mesobryobia Wainstein</td></tr><tr><td>8. Setae f<sub>1</sub> in marginal position or nearly so</td><td>Neopetrobia Wainstein</td></tr><tr><td>9 — Setae f<sub>1</sub> in normal dorsal position</td><td>11</td></tr><tr><td>9. Integument with tuberculate or reticulate pattern</td><td>Neopetrobia (Reckia) Wainstein</td></tr><tr><td>— Integument without tuberculate or reticulate pattern</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>10. Dorsal setae generally flattened or foliate</td><td>Neopetrobia (Langella) Wainstein</td></tr><tr><td>— Dorsal setae rounded or spindle-shaped</td><td>Neopetrobia (Neopetrobia) Wainstein</td></tr><tr><td>11. Opisthosoma with 12 pairs of dorsal setae</td><td>Hystrichonychus McGregor</td></tr><tr><td>— Opisthosoma with 10 pairs of dorsal setae</td><td>12</td></tr></table>
<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>12. Tarsus I with 4 sets of duplex setae</td>
      <td><i>Parapetrobia</i> Meyer & Ryke</td>
      <td>13</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>— Tarsus I with 2 sets of duplex setae</td>
      <td></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>13. Setae <i>c</i><sub>1</sub>, <i>d</i><sub>1</sub>, <i>e</i><sub>1</sub> and <i>f</i><sub>1</sub> located on cushion-like plates</td>
      <td><i>Peltanobia</i> Meyer</td>
      <td>14</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>— Opisthosoma without plates</td>
      <td></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>14. Ventral and coxal hypertrichy</td>
      <td><i>Tauriobia</i> Livshitz & Mitrofanov</td>
      <td>15</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>— Coxal formula not exceeding 4-3-2-2</td>
      <td></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>15. Setae <i>c</i><sub>3</sub> moved in lateral position, posterior to <i>c</i><sub>2</sub> setae, forming an almost longitudinal arrangement with <i>c</i><sub>2</sub> and <i>e</i><sub>2</sub> setae</td>
      <td><i>Georgiobia</i> Wainstein</td>
      <td>16</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>— Setae <i>c</i><sub>3</sub> in normal position</td>
      <td></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>16. Peritreme termination simple</td>
      <td><i>Paraplonobia</i> Wainstein</td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>— Peritreme termination anastomosing</td>
      <td><i>Aplonobia</i> Womersley, 17</td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>17. Coxal formula not exceeding 3-3-1-1</td>
      <td><i>Aplonobia</i> (<i>Aplonobia</i>) Wainstein</td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>— Coxal formula not exceeding 4-3-2-2</td>
      <td><i>Aplonobia</i> (<i>Brachynychus</i>) Mitrofanov & Strunkova</td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>18. Opisthosoma with 9 pairs of dorsal setae; dorsocentral setae set on strong tubercles</td>
      <td></td>
      <td>19</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>— Opisthosoma with 8 pairs of dorsal setae</td>
      <td></td>
      <td>20</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>19. Tubercles of setae <i>c</i><sub>1</sub> and <i>d</i><sub>1</sub> very strong and contiguous</td>
      <td><i>Beerella</i> Wainstein</td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>— Tubercles of setae <i>c</i><sub>1</sub> and <i>d</i><sub>1</sub> less prominent and widely-spaced</td>
      <td><i>Magdalena</i> Baker & Tuttle</td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>20. Dorsal setae set on strong tubercles and mostly contiguous; setae <i>c</i><sub>2</sub> and <i>c</i><sub>3</sub> contiguous</td>
      <td><i>Porcupinychus</i> Anwarullah</td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>— Dorsal setae set on small tubercles and well separated</td>
      <td><i>Afronobia</i> Meyer</td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

ORCID

Theodoros I. Stathakis https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8023-1797

Yelena Tsaklidou https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1386-2763

Eleni N. Panou https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3309-1645

References

Bolland, H.R., Gutierrez, J., Flechtmann, C.H.W. 1998. World Catalogue of the Spider Mite Family (Acari: Tetranychidae). Brill Academic Publishers, Leiden. pp. 392.

Bolland, H.R., Gutierrez, J., Helle, W. 1981. Chromosomes in spider mites (Tetranychidae-Acari). Acarologia, 22(3): 271-275.

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