range of model parameters. Instead, the climate models predict a “cold and icy” climate, with MAT of ~225K, accompanied by an adiabatic cooling effect that produces snow and ice deposits in the high topography above about +1 km elevation. Although this ambient ‘cold and icy highlands’ scenario places glacial water as ice at the headlands of many valley network systems, it requires a transient heating mechanism (e.g., release of greenhouse gases, etc.) to melt the snow and ice to form the valley networks, open and closed-basin lakes. This debate is currently ongoing and Mars Express data are being used to marshal evidence to test both hypotheses, and to propose new experiments and future missions.

Geomorphic evidence for huge outflow channels, sourced primarily in the circum-Tharsis region, and mineralogic and geomorphic evidence for Interior Layered Deposits (ILD) on the floor of Valles Marineris, are also proxies for ambient climate conditions in the Hesperian. What is the origin, state, and depositional environment of the water that produced the outflow channels? Most hypotheses call on catastrophic release of overpressurized groundwater for the outflow channels, an interpretation that requires a global cold and icy ambient climate and a continuous global cryosphere that is sufficiently thick in equatorial regions. On the other hand, processes for the closely contemporaneous ILD deposits and adjacent similar deposits at Meridiani, require equatorial rainfall, shallow groundwater migration, and groundwater upwelling at mid-latitudes, a climate interpretation inconsistent with the presence of a global cryosphere. Furthermore, in a global cold climate, Tharsis is predicted to be the site of extensive snow and ice deposits, and the confluence of extensive Tharsis volcanism and surface snow and ice have compelled researchers to re-examine the role of volcano-ice interactions as a potential source of large quantities of liquid water. Whatever its origin, what is the fate of the massive volumes of water that flowed through the outflow channels? Detailed analysis of morphology and ages from Mars Express data show that the water debouched into the northern lowlands, and many investigators believe that it filled the lowlands with a vast ocean of liquid water that persisted for significantly long periods of time, such that subsequent impacting bolides into the ocean produced massive tsunamis (De Blasio 2020). Others have postulated that the outflow channels formed episodically, each separated by tens to hundreds of millions of years, and that any liquid water flowing into the northern lowlands would rapidly freeze and sublimate, returning to global cold traps. Mars Express data are essential to addressing these conundra, and in designing and planning new missions to help resolve them.

Mars Express data for Amazonian-aged morphologic features, deposits, and mineralogy have provided widely accepted evidence that the ambient Mars climate was cold, dry, and icy. Surfaces of these ages are characterized by Antarctic Dry Valley-like alteration environments (anhydrous ferric oxides), typical of very cold ambient temperatures, low atmospheric water abundances, and generally anhydrous conditions. Morphologic and topographic data and investigations from Mars Express have amply and convincingly compiled copious amounts of supporting data for the presence of this ambient climate in the form of a wide variety of glacial and periglacial landforms (e.g., lobate debris aprons, lineated valley fill, glacial mantles, contraction-crack polygons, etc.). Located at a full range of latitudes (all the way down to tropical mountain glaciers), these features, and the CSFD absolute model ages enabled by Mars Express data, reveal a record of the importance of obliquity changes driving mobilization of polar ice and its redistribution to varying latitudes throughout the Amazonian, as a modulator of the ambient cold and icy climate. The presence of gullies (alcove, channel, and fan) has been interpreted to indicate melting of snow and ice even under these extremely cold and dry conditions, similar to today's Antarctic Dry Valley climate, but alternate “dry” scenarios involving CO₂ sublimation appear to be a convincing contributor to currently observed changes in the gully morphology. Current debate centers on whether
range of model parameters. Instead, the climate models predict a “cold and icy” climate, with MAT of ~225K, accompanied by an adiabatic cooling effect that produces snow and ice deposits in the high topography above about +1 km elevation. Although this ambient ‘cold and icy highlands’ scenario places glacial water as ice at the headlands of many valley network systems, it requires a transient heating mechanism (e.g., release of greenhouse gases, etc.) to melt the snow and ice to form the valley networks, open and closed-basin lakes. This debate is currently ongoing and Mars Express data are being used to marshal evidence to test both hypotheses, and to propose new experiments and future missions.

Geomorphic evidence for huge outflow channels, sourced primarily in the circum-Tharsis region, and mineralogic and geomorphic evidence for Interior Layered Deposits (ILD) on the floor of Valles Marineris, are also proxies for ambient climate conditions in the Hesperian. What is the origin, state, and depositional environment of the water that produced the outflow channels? Most hypotheses call on catastrophic release of overpressurized groundwater for the outflow channels, an interpretation that requires a global cold and icy ambient climate and a continuous global cryosphere that is sufficiently thick in equatorial regions. On the other hand, processes for the closely contemporaneous ILD deposits and adjacent similar deposits at Meridiani, require equatorial rainfall, shallow groundwater migration, and groundwater upwelling at mid-latitudes, a climate interpretation inconsistent with the presence of a global cryosphere. Furthermore, in a global cold climate, Tharsis is predicted to be the site of extensive snow and ice deposits, and the confluence of extensive Tharsis volcanism and surface snow and ice have compelled researchers to re-examine the role of volcano-ice interactions as a potential source of large quantities of liquid water. Whatever its origin, what is the fate of the massive volumes of water that flowed through the outflow channels? Detailed analysis of morphology and ages from Mars Express data show that the water debouched into the northern lowlands, and many investigators believe that it filled the lowlands with a vast ocean of liquid water that persisted for significantly long periods of time, such that subsequent impacting bolides into the ocean produced massive tsunamis (De Blasio 2020). Others have postulated that the outflow channels formed episodically, each separated by tens to hundreds of millions of years, and that any liquid water flowing into the northern lowlands would rapidly freeze and sublimate, returning to global cold traps. Mars Express data are essential to addressing these conundra, and in designing and planning new missions to help resolve them.

Mars Express data for Amazonian-aged morphologic features, deposits, and mineralogy have provided widely accepted evidence that the ambient Mars climate was cold, dry, and icy. Surfaces of these ages are characterized by Antarctic Dry Valley-like alteration environments (anhydrous ferric oxides), typical of very cold ambient temperatures, low atmospheric water abundances, and generally anhydrous conditions. Morphologic and topographic data and investigations from Mars Express have amply and convincingly compiled copious amounts of supporting data for the presence of this ambient climate in the form of a wide variety of glacial and periglacial landforms (e.g., lobate debris aprons, lineated valley fill, glacial mantles, contraction-crack polygons, etc.). Located at a full range of latitudes (all the way down to tropical mountain glaciers), these features, and the CSFD absolute model ages enabled by Mars Express data, reveal a record of the importance of obliquity changes driving mobilization of polar ice and its redistribution to varying latitudes throughout the Amazonian, as a modulator of the ambient cold and icy climate. The presence of gullies (alcove, channel, and fan) has been interpreted to indicate melting of snow and ice even under these extremely cold and dry conditions, similar to today's Antarctic Dry Valley climate, but alternate “dry” scenarios involving CO₂ sublimation appear to be a convincing contributor to currently observed changes in the gully morphology. Current debate centers on whether
one process or the other dominates, or whether they might operate in concert over longer timescales.

Taken together, Mars Express geomorphological data have provided a giant leap in our documentation and understanding of the record of water-related process on Mars, and as proxies for deconvolving the complex and debated climate history of Mars. In addition to a significant increase in our understanding, these Mars Express data have sharpened the new questions that have arisen, giving rise to many concepts and future mission proposals to address outstanding question and resolve remaining conundra.

# 8 Summary and Conclusions

Mars Express data have provided substantial insights into the geological record of water-related processes on Mars, documenting the morphological characteristics, topographic relationships, and chronology of the associated landforms and deposits. Together, these data have revealed a consistent and compelling picture of the role of liquid water flow during the Late Noachian-Early Hesperian (e.g., valley networks, open and closed-basin lakes, and possible northern lowland oceans) and the role of these features in distinguishing between ambient “warm and wet” and “cold and icy” climates that might have been characteristic of early Mars. For the Early Hesperian period, Mars Express data have helped in characterizing volcanic landforms and their chronology, revealing evidence for volcano-ice interactions and the generation of meltwater, the role of volcanic eruption-induced warming and ice melting, as well as the potential contributions of degassed water to the atmosphere and its effects on climate. Important in this regard is the detailed morphologic, mineralogic and topographic characterization of the ILDs, dominated by sulphate deposits in various hydration states. For the Late Hesperian and Early Amazonian period, Mars Express data have revealed details of the morphology and chronology of the massive outflow channels, enabling improved assessment of the quantity of liquid water involved, the timing of its emplacement, and the testing of hypotheses for the formation and fate of a northern lowlands' ocean. For the Amazonian period, Mars Express data have enabled discovery and documentation of numerous occurrences of non-polar ice deposits, including tropical mountain glaciers associated with the Tharsis Montes; taken together, these deposits have been dated and reveal the presence of ancient ice preserved beneath sublimation till, providing a history of obliquity-induced climate change, and a roadmap for future robotic and human exploration missions. Gullies (alcoves, channels, and fans) mapped in association with a geologically recent obliquity-induced latitude-dependent ice mantle, have suggested either meltwater or CO₂-assisted erosion as the dominant process, a debate that continues today. All these features provide examples of various environments that are known to harbor life on Earth. These discoveries and hypotheses thus provide numerous compelling questions that can be addressed with future orbital-lander-rover-sample return robotic missions and coordinated human exploration expeditions.

Geomorphological features of aeolian deposition and erosion including transverse aeolian ridges, depositional wind streaks, the north polar erg, laminated polar terrain as well as smaller erosional features like ventifacts, grooves, periodic bedrock ridges are observed by HRSC. Complex dunes fields are found to comprise barchans, barchanoid ridges, transverse dunes, reversing dunes, star dunes and domes indicate complex multi-directional wind regimes. Dark multiple layers in impact crater point to the source dark dune fields that might have been locally derived from eroded outcrops of these lithified dark-toned layered rocks. Over its operational period HRSC images have captured multiple instances of dust devils
one process or the other dominates, or whether they might operate in concert over longer timescales.

Taken together, Mars Express geomorphological data have provided a giant leap in our documentation and understanding of the record of water-related process on Mars, and as proxies for deconvolving the complex and debated climate history of Mars. In addition to a significant increase in our understanding, these Mars Express data have sharpened the new questions that have arisen, giving rise to many concepts and future mission proposals to address outstanding question and resolve remaining conundra.

# 8 Summary and Conclusions

Mars Express data have provided substantial insights into the geological record of water-related processes on Mars, documenting the morphological characteristics, topographic relationships, and chronology of the associated landforms and deposits. Together, these data have revealed a consistent and compelling picture of the role of liquid water flow during the Late Noachian-Early Hesperian (e.g., valley networks, open and closed-basin lakes, and possible northern lowland oceans) and the role of these features in distinguishing between ambient “warm and wet” and “cold and icy” climates that might have been characteristic of early Mars. For the Early Hesperian period, Mars Express data have helped in characterizing volcanic landforms and their chronology, revealing evidence for volcano-ice interactions and the generation of meltwater, the role of volcanic eruption-induced warming and ice melting, as well as the potential contributions of degassed water to the atmosphere and its effects on climate. Important in this regard is the detailed morphologic, mineralogic and topographic characterization of the ILDs, dominated by sulphate deposits in various hydration states. For the Late Hesperian and Early Amazonian period, Mars Express data have revealed details of the morphology and chronology of the massive outflow channels, enabling improved assessment of the quantity of liquid water involved, the timing of its emplacement, and the testing of hypotheses for the formation and fate of a northern lowlands' ocean. For the Amazonian period, Mars Express data have enabled discovery and documentation of numerous occurrences of non-polar ice deposits, including tropical mountain glaciers associated with the Tharsis Montes; taken together, these deposits have been dated and reveal the presence of ancient ice preserved beneath sublimation till, providing a history of obliquity-induced climate change, and a roadmap for future robotic and human exploration missions. Gullies (alcoves, channels, and fans) mapped in association with a geologically recent obliquity-induced latitude-dependent ice mantle, have suggested either meltwater or CO₂-assisted erosion as the dominant process, a debate that continues today. All these features provide examples of various environments that are known to harbor life on Earth. These discoveries and hypotheses thus provide numerous compelling questions that can be addressed with future orbital-lander-rover-sample return robotic missions and coordinated human exploration expeditions.

Geomorphological features of aeolian deposition and erosion including transverse aeolian ridges, depositional wind streaks, the north polar erg, laminated polar terrain as well as smaller erosional features like ventifacts, grooves, periodic bedrock ridges are observed by HRSC. Complex dunes fields are found to comprise barchans, barchanoid ridges, transverse dunes, reversing dunes, star dunes and domes indicate complex multi-directional wind regimes. Dark multiple layers in impact crater point to the source dark dune fields that might have been locally derived from eroded outcrops of these lithified dark-toned layered rocks. Over its operational period HRSC images have captured multiple instances of dust devils
with diameters of 50 meters or greater. Comparison of the observed forward velocities with the wind regime predicted by the Martian Climate Database (MCD) show that the vortex directions were generally consistent with the modelled winds.

**Acknowledgements** The authors thank the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern, Switzerland for the support. We acknowledge support from ESA. Data Availability Statement The HRSC terrain models and image data are available at the data archives of ESA and NASA and in the map-based data portal at https://maps.planet.fu-berlin.de (Walter et al. 2018).

**Funding** Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.

**Declarations**

**Competing Interests** The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. All co-authors have seen and agree with the contents of the manuscript and there is no financial interest to report. We certify that the submission is original work and is not under review at any other publication.

**Open Access** This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

**References**

Abotalib AZ, Heggy E (2019) A deep groundwater origin for recurring slope lineae on Mars. Nat Geosci 12:235-241. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-019-0327-5

Adeli S, Hauber E, Le Deit L, Jaumann R (2015) Geologic evolution of the eastern Eridania basin: implications for aqueous processes in the southern highlands of Mars. J Geophys Res, Planets 120:1774-1799. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JE004898

Adeli S, Hauber E, Kleinhans MG, Le Deit L, Platz T, Fawdon P, Jaumann R (2016) Amazonian-aged fluvial system and associate ice-related features in Terra Cimmeria, Mars. Icarus 277:286-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2016.05.020

Al-Samir M, Nabhan S, Fritz J, Winkler A, Bishop JL, Gross C, Jaumann R (2017) The paleolacustrine evolution of Juventae Chasma and Maja Valles and its implications for the formation of interior layered deposits on Mars. Icarus 292:125-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2016.12.023

Andrews-Hanna JC, Phillips RJ, Zuber MT (2007) Meridiani Planum and the global hydrology of Mars. Nature 446:163-166. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05594

Ansan V, Mangold N, Masson P, Gailhardis E, Neukum G (2008) Topography of valley networks on Mars from Mars Express high resolution stereo camera digital elevation models. J Geophys Res 113:E07006. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JE002986

Arvidson RE et al (2011) Opportunity Mars rover mission: overview and selected results from purgatory riplines to traverses to endeavour crater. J Geophys Res 116:E00F15. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JE003746

Bagnold RA (1974) The physics of blown sand and desert dunes, 4th edn. Dover, Mineola. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-94-009-5682-7

Bahia RS (2022) Morphological and hydrological analysis of volcanic flank valleys evidence for a volcanic origin. Planet Space Sci 223:105592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2022.105592

Bahia RS, Covey-Crump S, Jones MA, Mitchell N (2022) Discordance analysis on a high-resolution valley network map of Mars: assessing the effects of scale on the conformity of valley orientation and surface slope direction. Icarus 383:115041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2022.115041

Bahia RS, Grau Galofre A, Mitchell N, Covey-Crump S, Jones M (2023) The fluvial and glacial history of the Argyre Region – as revealed by new valley mapping techniques. Icarus, Under Review

Baker V (2001) Water and the Martian landscape. Nature 412:228-236. https://doi.org/10.1038/35084172
with diameters of 50 meters or greater. Comparison of the observed forward velocities with the wind regime predicted by the Martian Climate Database (MCD) show that the vortex directions were generally consistent with the modelled winds.

**Acknowledgements** The authors thank the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern, Switzerland for the support. We acknowledge support from ESA. Data Availability Statement The HRSC terrain models and image data are available at the data archives of ESA and NASA and in the map-based data portal at https://maps.planet.fu-berlin.de (Walter et al. 2018).

**Funding** Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.

**Declarations**

**Competing Interests** The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. All co-authors have seen and agree with the contents of the manuscript and there is no financial interest to report. We certify that the submission is original work and is not under review at any other publication.

**Open Access** This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

**References**

Abotalib AZ, Heggy E (2019) A deep groundwater origin for recurring slope lineae on Mars. Nat Geosci 12:235-241. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-019-0327-5

Adeli S, Hauber E, Le Deit L, Jaumann R (2015) Geologic evolution of the eastern Eridania basin: implications for aqueous processes in the southern highlands of Mars. J Geophys Res, Planets 120:1774-1799. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JE004898

Adeli S, Hauber E, Kleinhans MG, Le Deit L, Platz T, Fawdon P, Jaumann R (2016) Amazonian-aged fluvial system and associate ice-related features in Terra Cimmeria, Mars. Icarus 277:286-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2016.05.020

Al-Samir M, Nabhan S, Fritz J, Winkler A, Bishop JL, Gross C, Jaumann R (2017) The paleolacustrine evolution of Juventae Chasma and Maja Valles and its implications for the formation of interior layered deposits on Mars. Icarus 292:125-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2016.12.023

Andrews-Hanna JC, Phillips RJ, Zuber MT (2007) Meridiani Planum and the global hydrology of Mars. Nature 446:163-166. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05594

Ansan V, Mangold N, Masson P, Gailhardis E, Neukum G (2008) Topography of valley networks on Mars from Mars Express high resolution stereo camera digital elevation models. J Geophys Res 113:E07006. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JE002986

Arvidson RE et al (2011) Opportunity Mars rover mission: overview and selected results from purgatory riplines to traverses to endeavour crater. J Geophys Res 116:E00F15. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JE003746

Bagnold RA (1974) The physics of blown sand and desert dunes, 4th edn. Dover, Mineola. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-94-009-5682-7

Bahia RS (2022) Morphological and hydrological analysis of volcanic flank valleys evidence for a volcanic origin. Planet Space Sci 223:105592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2022.105592

Bahia RS, Covey-Crump S, Jones MA, Mitchell N (2022) Discordance analysis on a high-resolution valley network map of Mars: assessing the effects of scale on the conformity of valley orientation and surface slope direction. Icarus 383:115041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2022.115041

Bahia RS, Grau Galofre A, Mitchell N, Covey-Crump S, Jones M (2023) The fluvial and glacial history of the Argyre Region – as revealed by new valley mapping techniques. Icarus, Under Review

Baker V (2001) Water and the Martian landscape. Nature 412:228-236. https://doi.org/10.1038/35084172
Baker VR, Strom RG, Gulick VC, Kargel JS, Komatsu G (1991) Ancient oceans, ice sheets and the hydro-logical cycle on Mars. Nature 352:589-594. https://doi.org/10.1038/352589a0

Baker VR, Carr MH, Gulick VC, Williams CR, Marley MS (1992) Channels and valley networks. In: Kiuffer HH, Jakosky BM, Snyder CW, Matthews MS (eds) Mars. University of Arizona Press, Tuscon, pp 493-522

Balme MR, Gallagher C (2009) An equatorial periglacial landscape on Mars. Earth Planet Sci Lett 285(1-2):1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.05.031

Balme M, Greeley R (2006) Dust devils on Earth and Mars. Rev Geophys 44(3). https://doi.org/10.1029/2005RG000188

Balme MR, Mangold N, Baratoux D, Costard F, Gosselin M, Masson P, Pinet P, Neukum G (2006) Orientation and distribution of recent gullies in the southern hemisphere of Mars: observations from High Resolution Stereo Camera/Mars Express (HRSC/MEX) and Mars Orbiter Camera/Mars Global Surveyor (MOC/MGS) data. J Geophys Res 111:E05001. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JE002607

Balme RM, Gallagher CJ, Gupta S, Murray JB (2011) Fill and spill in Lethe Vallis: a recent flood-routing system in Elysium Planitia, Mars. Geol Soc (Lond) Spec Publ 356(1):203-227. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP356.11

Balme MR, Gallagher CJ, Hauber E (2013) Morphological evidence for geologically young thaw of ice on Mars: a review of recent studies using high-resolution imaging data. Prog Phys Geogr 37(3):289-324. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133313477123

Bamberg M, Jaumann R, Asche H, Kneissl T, Michael GG (2014) Floor-fractured craters on Mars: observations and origin. Planet Space Sci 98:146-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2013.09.017

Baratti E, Pajola M, Rossato S, Mangili C, Coradini M, Montanari A, McBride K (2015) Hydraulic modeling of the tributary and the outlet of a Martian paleolake located in the memnonia quadrangle. J Geophys Res, Planets 120:1597-1619. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JE004812

Basilevsky AT, Werner SC, Neukum G, Head JW, Gasselt SV, Gwinner K, Ivanov BA (2006) Geologically recent tectonic, volcanic and fluvial activity on the eastern flank of the Olympus Mons volcano, Mars. Geophys Res Lett 33. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006GeoRL.3313201B/abstract

Basilevsky AT, Neukum G, Werner SC, Dumke A, van Gasselt S, Kneissl T, Zuschneid W, Rommel D, Wendt L, Chapman M, Head JW, Greeley R (2009) Episodes of floods in Mangala Valles, Mars, from the analysis of HRSC, MOC and THEMIS images. Planet Space Sci 57:917-943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2008.07.023

Becerra P, Sori MM, Byrne S (2017) Signals of astronomical climate forcing in the exposure topography of the North Polar Layered Deposits of Mars. Geophys Res Lett 44(1):62-70. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071197

Becerra P, Sori MM, Thomas N, Pommerol A, Simioni E, Sutton SS, Tulyakov S, Cremonese G (2019) Timescales of the climate record in the south polar ice cap of Mars. Geophys Res Lett 46(13):7268-7277. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL083588

Berman DC, Crown DA, Joseph ECS (2015) Formation and mantling ages of lobate debris aprons on Mars: insights from categorized crater counts. Planet Space Sci 111:83-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2015.03.013

Berman DC, Chuang FC, Smith IB, Crown DA (2021) Ice-rich landforms of the southern mid-latitudes of Mars: a case study in Nereidum Montes. Icarus 355:114170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2020.114170

Bernhardt H, Williams DA (2021) Geology and history of the Malea Planum region: a new view of Mars' oldest large volcanic province. Icarus 366:114518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114518

Bernhardt H, Hiesinger H, Ivanov MA, Ruesch O, Erkeling G, Reiss D (2016) Photogeologic mapping and the geologic history of the Hellas basin floor, Mars. Icarus 264:407-442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2015.09.031

Bibring J-P, Soufflot A, Berthé M, Langevin Y, Gondet B, Drossart P, Bouyé M, Combes M, Puget P, Semery A, Bellucci G, Formisano V, Moro V, Kottsov V, The OMEGA Co-I team, Bonello G, Erard S, Forni O, Gendrin A, Manaud N, Poulet F, Poulleau G, Encrenaz T, Fouchet T, Melchiori R, Altieri F, Ignatiev N, Titov D, Zasova L, Coradin A, Capacionni F, Cerroni P, Fonti S, Mangol N, Pinet P, Schmitt B, Sotin C, Hauber E, Hoffmann H, Jaumann R, Keller U, Arvidson R, Mustard J, Forget F (2004) OMEGA: Observatoire pour la Minéralogie, l'Éau, les Glaces et l'Activité. In: ESA-SP-1240. pp 37-49

Bibring JP, Langevin Y, Gendrin A, Gondet B, Poulet F, Berthé M, Omega Team (2005) Mars surface diversity as revealed by the OMEGA/Mars Express observations. Science 307(5715):1576-1581. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1108806

Bibring J-P, Langevin Y, Mustard JF, Poulet F, Arvidson RE, Gendrin A, Gondet B, Mangold N, Pinet P, Forget F et al (2006) Global mineralogical and aqueous Mars history derived from OMEGA/Mars Express data. Science 312:400-404. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1122659
Baker VR, Strom RG, Gulick VC, Kargel JS, Komatsu G (1991) Ancient oceans, ice sheets and the hydro-logical cycle on Mars. Nature 352:589-594. https://doi.org/10.1038/352589a0

Baker VR, Carr MH, Gulick VC, Williams CR, Marley MS (1992) Channels and valley networks. In: Kiuffer HH, Jakosky BM, Snyder CW, Matthews MS (eds) Mars. University of Arizona Press, Tuscon, pp 493-522

Balme MR, Gallagher C (2009) An equatorial periglacial landscape on Mars. Earth Planet Sci Lett 285(1-2):1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.05.031

Balme M, Greeley R (2006) Dust devils on Earth and Mars. Rev Geophys 44(3). https://doi.org/10.1029/2005RG000188

Balme MR, Mangold N, Baratoux D, Costard F, Gosselin M, Masson P, Pinet P, Neukum G (2006) Orientation and distribution of recent gullies in the southern hemisphere of Mars: observations from High Resolution Stereo Camera/Mars Express (HRSC/MEX) and Mars Orbiter Camera/Mars Global Surveyor (MOC/MGS) data. J Geophys Res 111:E05001. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JE002607

Balme RM, Gallagher CJ, Gupta S, Murray JB (2011) Fill and spill in Lethe Vallis: a recent flood-routing system in Elysium Planitia, Mars. Geol Soc (Lond) Spec Publ 356(1):203-227. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP356.11

Balme MR, Gallagher CJ, Hauber E (2013) Morphological evidence for geologically young thaw of ice on Mars: a review of recent studies using high-resolution imaging data. Prog Phys Geogr 37(3):289-324. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133313477123

Bamberg M, Jaumann R, Asche H, Kneissl T, Michael GG (2014) Floor-fractured craters on Mars: observations and origin. Planet Space Sci 98:146-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2013.09.017

Baratti E, Pajola M, Rossato S, Mangili C, Coradini M, Montanari A, McBride K (2015) Hydraulic modeling of the tributary and the outlet of a Martian paleolake located in the memnonia quadrangle. J Geophys Res, Planets 120:1597-1619. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JE004812

Basilevsky AT, Werner SC, Neukum G, Head JW, Gasselt SV, Gwinner K, Ivanov BA (2006) Geologically recent tectonic, volcanic and fluvial activity on the eastern flank of the Olympus Mons volcano, Mars. Geophys Res Lett 33. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006GeoRL.3313201B/abstract

Basilevsky AT, Neukum G, Werner SC, Dumke A, van Gasselt S, Kneissl T, Zuschneid W, Rommel D, Wendt L, Chapman M, Head JW, Greeley R (2009) Episodes of floods in Mangala Valles, Mars, from the analysis of HRSC, MOC and THEMIS images. Planet Space Sci 57:917-943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2008.07.023

Becerra P, Sori MM, Byrne S (2017) Signals of astronomical climate forcing in the exposure topography of the North Polar Layered Deposits of Mars. Geophys Res Lett 44(1):62-70. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071197

Becerra P, Sori MM, Thomas N, Pommerol A, Simioni E, Sutton SS, Tulyakov S, Cremonese G (2019) Timescales of the climate record in the south polar ice cap of Mars. Geophys Res Lett 46(13):7268-7277. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL083588

Berman DC, Crown DA, Joseph ECS (2015) Formation and mantling ages of lobate debris aprons on Mars: insights from categorized crater counts. Planet Space Sci 111:83-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2015.03.013

Berman DC, Chuang FC, Smith IB, Crown DA (2021) Ice-rich landforms of the southern mid-latitudes of Mars: a case study in Nereidum Montes. Icarus 355:114170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2020.114170

Bernhardt H, Williams DA (2021) Geology and history of the Malea Planum region: a new view of Mars' oldest large volcanic province. Icarus 366:114518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114518

Bernhardt H, Hiesinger H, Ivanov MA, Ruesch O, Erkeling G, Reiss D (2016) Photogeologic mapping and the geologic history of the Hellas basin floor, Mars. Icarus 264:407-442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2015.09.031

Bibring J-P, Soufflot A, Berthé M, Langevin Y, Gondet B, Drossart P, Bouyé M, Combes M, Puget P, Semery A, Bellucci G, Formisano V, Moro V, Kottsov V, The OMEGA Co-I team, Bonello G, Erard S, Forni O, Gendrin A, Manaud N, Poulet F, Poulleau G, Encrenaz T, Fouchet T, Melchiori R, Altieri F, Ignatiev N, Titov D, Zasova L, Coradin A, Capacionni F, Cerroni P, Fonti S, Mangol N, Pinet P, Schmitt B, Sotin C, Hauber E, Hoffmann H, Jaumann R, Keller U, Arvidson R, Mustard J, Forget F (2004) OMEGA: Observatoire pour la Minéralogie, l'EAU, les Glaces et l'Activité. In: ESA-SP-1240. pp 37-49

Bibring JP, Langevin Y, Gendrin A, Gondet B, Poulet F, Berthé M, Omega Team (2005) Mars surface diversity as revealed by the OMEGA/Mars Express observations. Science 307(5715):1576-1581. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1108806

Bibring J-P, Langevin Y, Mustard JF, Poulet F, Arvidson RE, Gendrin A, Gondet B, Mangold N, Pinet P, Forget F et al (2006) Global mineralogical and aqueous Mars history derived from OMEGA/Mars Express data. Science 312:400-404. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1122659
Bishop JL et al (2008) Phyllosilicate diversity and past aqueous activity revealed at Mawrth Vallis, Mars. *Science* 321:830. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1159699

Bishop JL, Tirsch D, Tornabene LL, Jaumann R, McEwen AS, McGuire PC, Ody A, Poulet F, Clark RN, Parente M, McKeown NK, Mustard JF, Murchie SL, Voigt J, Aydin Z, Bamberg M, Petau A, Michael G, Seelos FP, Hash CD, Swayze GA, Neukum G (2013) Mineralogy and morphology of geologic units at Libya Montes, Mars: ancient aqueously derived outcrops, mafic flows, fluvial features, and impacts. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 118:487–513. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JE004151

Bishop JL, Fairén AG, Michalski JR, Gago-Duport L, Baker LL, Velbel MA, Gross C, Rampe EB (2018) Surface clay formation during short-term warmer and wetter conditions on a largely cold ancient Mars. *Nat Astron* 2(3):206–213. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-017-0377-9

Boatwright BD, Head JW (2021) A Noachian proglacial paleolake on Mars: fluvial activity and lake formation within a closed-source drainage basin crater and implications for early Mars climate. *Planet Sci J* 2(2):52. https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/abe773

Boatwright BD, Head JW (2022a) Constraining early Mars glacial conditions from paleodischarge estimates of intracrater inverted channels. *Geophys Res Lett* 49(21). https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL01227

Boatwright BD, Head JW (2022b) Noachian proglacial paleolakes on Mars: fluvial activity and lake formation within closed-source drainage basin craters. *Planet Sci J* 3(2):38. https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/abe773

Bouley S, Ansan V, Mangold N, Masson P, Neukum G (2009) Fluvial morphology of Naktong Vallis, Mars: a late activity with multiple processes. *Planet Space Sci* 57(8–9):982–999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2009.01.015

Bouley S, Baratoux D, Matsuyama I, Forget F, Séjourné A, Turbet M, Costard F (2016) Late Tharsis formation and implications for early Mars. *Nature* 531(7594):344–347. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17171

Bouquety A, Sejourne A, Costard F, Mercier D, Bouley S (2019) Morphometric evidence of 3.6 Ga glacial valleys and glacial cirques in Martian highlands: south of Terra Sabaea. *Geomorphology* 334:91–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j geomorph.2019.02.022

Bouquety A, Sejourne A, Costard F, Bouley S, Leyguarda E (2020) Glacial landscape and paleoglaciation in Terra Sabaea: evidence for a 3.6 Ga polythermal Plateau ice cap. *Geomorphology* 350:106858. https://hal.science/hal-02407216/document

Bramble MS, Goudge TA, Milliken RE, Mustard JF (2019) Testing the deltaic origin of fan deposits at Bradbury Crater, Mars. *Icarus* 319:363–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2018.09.024

Bramson AM, Byrne S, Bapst J (2017) Preservation of midlatitude ice sheets on Mars. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 122:2250–2266. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JE005357

Breed CS, Grolier MJ, McCauley JF (1979) Morphology and distribution of common ‘sand’ dunes on Mars – comparison with the Earth. *J Geophys Res* 84:8183–8204. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB084iB14p08183

Brož P, Hauber E, Burgt I, Špiller V, Michael G (2019) Subsurface sediment mobilization in the southern chryse planitia on Mars. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 124:703–720. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JE005868

Buffo JJ, Ojha L, Meyer CR, Ferrier KL, Palucis MC (2022) Revisiting subglacial hydrology as an origin for Mars’ valley networks. *Earth Planet Sci Lett* 594:117699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2022.117699

Buhler PB, Fassett CI, Head JW III, Lamb MP (2011) Evidence for paleolakes in Erythraea Fossa, Mars: implications for an ancient hydrological cycle. *Icarus* 213(1):104–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2011.03.004

Buhler PB, Fassett CI, Head III JW, Lamb MP (2014) Timescales of fluvial activity and intermittency in Milna Crater, Mars. *Icarus* 241:130–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2014.06.028

Burr DM, Zimbelman JR, Qualls FB, Chojnacki M, Murchie SL, Michaels TI (2011) The western medusae fossae formation, Mars: a possible source for dark aeolian sand. *Lunar Planet Inst Sci Conf Abstr* 42:1582

Butcher FEG, Conway SJ, Arnold NS (2016) Are the Dorsa Argentea on Mars eskers? *Icarus* 275:65–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2016.03.028

Butcher FEG, Balme MR, Gallagher C, Arnold NS, Conway SJ, Hagermann A, Lewis SR (2017) Recent basal melting of a mid-latitude glacier on Mars. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 122:2445–2468. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JE005434

Butcher FEG, Balme MR, Conway SJ, Gallagher C, Arnold NS, Storrar RD, Lewis SR, Hagermann A, Davis JM (2021) Sinuous ridges in Chukhung crater, Tempe Terra, Mars: Implications for fluvial, glacial, and glaciofluvial activity. *Icarus* 357:114131

Byrne S (2009) The polar deposits of Mars. *Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci* 37:535–560. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.031208.100101

Cabrol NA, Grin EA, Newsom HE, Landheim R, McKay CP (1999) Hydrogeologic evolution of Gale crater and its relevance to the exobiological exploration of Mars. *Icarus* 139(2):235–245. https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1999.6099

Cannon KM, Parman SW, Mustard JF (2017) Primordial clays on Mars formed beneath a steam or supercritical atmosphere. *Nature* 552(7683):88–91
Bishop JL et al (2008) Phyllosilicate diversity and past aqueous activity revealed at Mawrth Vallis, Mars. Science 321:830. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1159699

Bishop JL, Tirsch D, Tornabene LL, Jaumann R, McEwen AS, McGuire PC, Ody A, Poulet F, Clark RN, Parente M, McKeown NK, Mustard JF, Murchie SL, Voigt J, Aydin Z, Bamberg M, Petau A, Michael G, Seelos FP, Hash CD, Swayze GA, Neukum G (2013) Mineralogy and morphology of geologic units at Libya Montes, Mars: ancient aqueously derived outcrops, mafic flows, fluvial features, and impacts. J Geophys Res, Planets 118:487–513. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JE004151

Bishop JL, Fairén AG, Michalski JR, Gago-Duport L, Baker LL, Velbel MA, Gross C, Rampe EB (2018) Surface clay formation during short-term warmer and wetter conditions on a largely cold ancient Mars. Nat Astron 2(3):206–213. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-017-0377-9

Boatwright BD, Head JW (2021) A Noachian proglacial paleolake on Mars: fluvial activity and lake formation within a closed-source drainage basin crater and implications for early Mars climate. Planet Sci J 2(2):52. https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/abe773

Boatwright BD, Head JW (2022a) Constraining early Mars glacial conditions from paleodischarge estimates of intracrater inverted channels. Geophys Res Lett 49(21). https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL01227

Boatwright BD, Head JW (2022b) Noachian proglacial paleolakes on Mars: fluvial activity and lake formation within closed-source drainage basin craters. Planet Sci J 3(2):38. https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/abe773

Bouley S, Ansan V, Mangold N, Masson P, Neukum G (2009) Fluvial morphology of Naktong Vallis, Mars: a late activity with multiple processes. Planet Space Sci 57(8–9):982–999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2009.01.015

Bouley S, Baratoux D, Matsuyama I, Forget F, Séjourné A, Turbet M, Costard F (2016) Late Tharsis formation and implications for early Mars. Nature 531(7594):344–347. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17171

Bouquety A, Sejourne A, Costard F, Mercier D, Bouley S (2019) Morphometric evidence of 3.6 Ga glacial valleys and glacial cirques in Martian highlands: south of Terra Sabaea. Geomorphology 334:91–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j geomorph.2019.02.022

Bouquety A, Sejourne A, Costard F, Bouley S, Leyguarda E (2020) Glacial landscape and paleoglaciation in Terra Sabaea: evidence for a 3.6 Ga polythermal Plateau ice cap. Geomorphology 350:106858. https://hal.science/hal-02407216/document

Bramble MS, Goudge TA, Milliken RE, Mustard JF (2019) Testing the deltaic origin of fan deposits at Bradbury Crater, Mars. Icarus 319:363–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2018.09.024

Bramson AM, Byrne S, Bapst J (2017) Preservation of midlatitude ice sheets on Mars. J Geophys Res, Planets 122:2250–2266. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JE005357

Breed CS, Grolier MJ, McCauley JF (1979) Morphology and distribution of common ‘sand’ dunes on Mars – comparison with the Earth. J Geophys Res 84:8183–8204. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB084iB14p08183

Brož P, Hauber E, Burgt I, Špiller V, Michael G (2019) Subsurface sediment mobilization in the southern chryse planitia on Mars. J Geophys Res, Planets 124:703–720. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JE005868

Buffo JJ, Ojha L, Meyer CR, Ferrier KL, Palucis MC (2022) Revisiting subglacial hydrology as an origin for Mars’ valley networks. Earth Planet Sci Lett 594:117699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2022.117699

Buhler PB, Fassett CI, Head JW III, Lamb MP (2011) Evidence for paleolakes in Erythraea Fossa, Mars: implications for an ancient hydrological cycle. Icarus 213(1):104–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2011.03.004

Buhler PB, Fassett CI, Head III JW, Lamb MP (2014) Timescales of fluvial activity and intermittency in Milna Crater, Mars. Icarus 241:130–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2014.06.028

Burr DM, Zimbelman JR, Qualls FB, Chojnacki M, Murchie SL, Michaels TI (2011) The western medusae fossae formation, Mars: a possible source for dark aeolian sand. Lunar Planet Inst Sci Conf Abstr 42:1582

Butcher FEG, Conway SJ, Arnold NS (2016) Are the Dorsa Argentea on Mars eskers? Icarus 275:65–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2016.03.028

Butcher FEG, Balme MR, Gallagher C, Arnold NS, Conway SJ, Hagermann A, Lewis SR (2017) Recent basal melting of a mid-latitude glacier on Mars. J Geophys Res, Planets 122:2445–2468. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JE005434

Butcher FEG, Balme MR, Conway SJ, Gallagher C, Arnold NS, Storrar RD, Lewis SR, Hagermann A, Davis JM (2021) Sinuous ridges in Chukhung crater, Tempe Terra, Mars: Implications for fluvial, glacial, and glaciofluvial activity. Icarus 357:114131

Byrne S (2009) The polar deposits of Mars. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci 37:535–560. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.031208.100101

Cabrol NA, Grin EA, Newsom HE, Landheim R, McKay CP (1999) Hydrogeologic evolution of Gale crater and its relevance to the exobiological exploration of Mars. Icarus 139(2):235–245. https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1999.6099

Cannon KM, Parman SW, Mustard JF (2017) Primordial clays on Mars formed beneath a steam or supercritical atmosphere. Nature 552(7683):88–91
Carr MH (1996) Water on Mars. Oxford University Press, London. ISBN 9780195099386

Carr MH (2012) The fluvial history of Mars. Philos Trans R Soc A, Math Phys Eng Sci 370(1966):2193-2215

Carr MH, Clow GD (1981) Martian channels and valleys: their characteristics, distribution, and age. *Icarus* 48(1):91-117

Carr MH, Head JW (2003) Oceans on Mars: an assessment of the observational evidence and possible fate. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 108:5042. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002je001963

Carr MH, Head JW (2010) Geologic history of Mars. Earth Planet Sci Lett 294:185-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.06.042

Carr MH, Head JW (2015) Martian surface/near-surface water inventory: sources, sinks, and changes with time. *Geophys Res Lett* 42(3):726-732. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL062464

Carr M, Head J, (2019) Mars: formation and fate of a frozen Hesperian ocean. *Icarus* 319:433-443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. icarus.2018.08.021

Carter J, Poulet F, Bibring J-P, Mangold N, Murchie S (2013) Hydrous minerals on Mars as seen by the CRISM and OMEGA imaging spectrometers: updated global view. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 118:831-858. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JE004145

Carter J, Loizeau D, Mangold N, Poulet F, Bibring J-P (2015) Widespread surface weathering on early Mars: a case for a warmer and wetter climate. *Icarus* 248:373-382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. icarus.2014.11.011

Carter J, Riu L, Poulet F, Bibring J-P, Langevin Y, Gondet B (2023) A Mars orbital catalog of aqueous alteration signatures (MOCAAS). *Icarus* 389:115164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. icarus.2022.115164

Carter J et al (2024) Twenty years of Mars mineralogy with Mars Express. *Space Sci Rev*

Cassanelli JP, Head JW (2019) Glaciovolcanism in the Tharsis volcanic province of Mars: implications for regional geology and hydrology. *Planet Space Sci* 169:45-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2019.02.006

Cassanelli JP, Head JW (2026) Lava heating and loading of ice sheets on early Mars: predictions for meltwater generation, groundwater recharge, and resulting landforms. *Icarus* 71:237-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. icarus.2016.02.004

Cassanelli JP, Head JW, Fastook JL (2015) Sources of water for the outflow channels on Mars: implications of the late noachian "icy highlands" model for melting and groundwater recharge on the Tharsis rise. *Planet Space Sci* 108:54-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2015.01.002

Chapman MG, Neukum G, Dumke A, Michael G, van Gasselt S, Kneissl T, Zuschneid W et al (2010b) Noachian-Hesperian geologic history of the Echus Chasma and Kasei Valles system on Mars: new data and interpretations. *Earth Planet Sci Lett* 294(3-4):256-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.11.032

Chapman MG, Neukum G, Dumke A, Michael G, van Gasselt S, Kneissl T, Zuschneid W, Hauber E, Mangold N (2010a) Amazonian geologic history of the Echus Chasma and Kasei Valles system on Mars: new data and interpretations. *Sci Lett* 294(3-4):238-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.EPSL.2009.11.034

Chapman MG, Neukum G, Dumke A, Michael G, Kneissl T (2011) Dark material on valles marineris plateaus: a preliminary report. In: 42nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, p 2423. https://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2011/pdf/2423.pdf

Chojnacki M, Moersch JE, Burr DM (2010) Climbing and falling dunes in Valles Marineris, Mars. *Geophys Res Lett* 37. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL042263

Chojnacki M, Burr DM, Moersch JE (2014a) Valles Marineris dune fields as compared with other Martian populations: diversity of dune compositions, morphologies, and thermophysical properties. *Icarus* 230:96-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. icarus.2013.08.018

Chojnacki M, Burr DM, Moersch JE, Wray JJ (2014b) Valles Marineris dune sediment provenance and pathways. *Icarus* 232:187-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. icarus.2014.01.011

Chojnacki M, Johnson JR, Moersch JE, Fenton LK, Michaels TI, Bell JF (2015) Persistent aeolian activity at Endeavour crater, Meridiani Planum, Mars; new observations from orbit and the surface. *Icarus* 251:275-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. icarus.2014.04.044

Christensen PR (1983) Eolian intracrater deposits on Mars: physical properties and global distribution. *Icarus* 56:496-518. https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(83)90169-0

Clifford SM, Parker TJ (1999) Hydraulic and Thermal Arguments Regarding the Existence and Fate of a Primordial Martian Ocean. In: 30th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, p 1619. https://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/LPSC99/pdf/1619.pdf

Clifford SM, Parker TJ (2001) The evolution of the Martian hydrosphere: implications for the fate of aprimordial ocean and the current state of the northern plains. *Icarus* 154:40-79. https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.2001.6671

Costard F, Baker VR (2001) Thermokarst landforms and processes in Ares Vallis, Mars. *Geomorphology* 37:289-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(00)000088-X

Costard F, Séjourné A, Lagain A, Ormö J, Rodriguez JAP, Clifford S, Bouley S, Kelfoun K, Lavigne F (2019) The Lomonosov crater impact event: a possible mega-tsunami source on Mars. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 124:1840-1851. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JE006008
Carr MH (1996) Water on Mars. Oxford University Press, London. ISBN 9780195099386

Carr MH (2012) The fluvial history of Mars. Philos Trans R Soc A, Math Phys Eng Sci 370(1966):2193-2215

Carr MH, Clow GD (1981) Martian channels and valleys: their characteristics, distribution, and age. *Icarus* 48(1):91-117

Carr MH, Head JW (2003) Oceans on Mars: an assessment of the observational evidence and possible fate. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 108:5042. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002je001963

Carr MH, Head JW (2010) Geologic history of Mars. Earth Planet Sci Lett 294:185-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.06.042

Carr MH, Head JW (2015) Martian surface/near-surface water inventory: sources, sinks, and changes with time. *Geophys Res Lett* 42(3):726-732. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL062464

Carr M, Head J, (2019) Mars: formation and fate of a frozen Hesperian ocean. *Icarus* 319:433-443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. icarus.2018.08.021

Carter J, Poulet F, Bibring J-P, Mangold N, Murchie S (2013) Hydrous minerals on Mars as seen by the CRISM and OMEGA imaging spectrometers: updated global view. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 118:831-858. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JE004145

Carter J, Loizeau D, Mangold N, Poulet F, Bibring J-P (2015) Widespread surface weathering on early Mars: a case for a warmer and wetter climate. *Icarus* 248:373-382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. icarus.2014.11.011

Carter J, Riu L, Poulet F, Bibring J-P, Langevin Y, Gondet B (2023) A Mars orbital catalog of aqueous alteration signatures (MOCAAS). *Icarus* 389:115164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. icarus.2022.115164

Carter J et al (2024) Twenty years of Mars mineralogy with Mars Express. *Space Sci Rev*

Cassanelli JP, Head JW (2019) Glaciovolcanism in the Tharsis volcanic province of Mars: implications for regional geology and hydrology. *Planet Space Sci* 169:45-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2019.02.006

Cassanelli JP, Head JW (2026) Lava heating and loading of ice sheets on early Mars: predictions for meltwater generation, groundwater recharge, and resulting landforms. *Icarus* 71:237-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. icarus.2016.02.004

Cassanelli JP, Head JW, Fastook JL (2015) Sources of water for the outflow channels on Mars: implications of the late noachian "icy highlands" model for melting and groundwater recharge on the Tharsis rise. *Planet Space Sci* 108:54-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2015.01.002

Chapman MG, Neukum G, Dumke A, Michael G, van Gasselt S, Kneissl T, Zuschneid W et al (2010b) Noachian-Hesperian geologic history of the Echus Chasma and Kasei Valles system on Mars: new data and interpretations. *Earth Planet Space Sci* Lett 294(3-4):256-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.11.032

Chapman MG, Neukum G, Dumke A, Michael G, van Gasselt S, Kneissl T, Zuschneid W, Hauber E, Mangold N (2010a) Amazonian geologic history of the Echus Chasma and Kasei Valles system on Mars: new data and interpretations. *Sci Lett* 294(3-4):238-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.EPSL.2009.11.034

Chapman MG, Neukum G, Dumke A, Michael G, Kneissl T (2011) Dark material on valles marineris plateaus: a preliminary report. In: 42nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, p 2423. https://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2011/pdf/2423.pdf

Chojnacki M, Moersch JE, Burr DM (2010) Climbing and falling dunes in Valles Marineris, Mars. *Geophys Res Lett* 37. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL042263

Chojnacki M, Burr DM, Moersch JE (2014a) Valles Marineris dune fields as compared with other Martian populations: diversity of dune compositions, morphologies, and thermophysical properties. *Icarus* 230:96-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. icarus.2013.08.018

Chojnacki M, Burr DM, Moersch JE, Wray JJ (2014b) Valles Marineris dune sediment provenance and pathways. *Icarus* 232:187-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. icarus.2014.01.011

Chojnacki M, Johnson JR, Moersch JE, Fenton LK, Michaels TI, Bell JF (2015) Persistent aeolian activity at Endeavour crater, Meridiani Planum, Mars; new observations from orbit and the surface. *Icarus* 251:275-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. icarus.2014.04.044

Christensen PR (1983) Eolian intracrater deposits on Mars: physical properties and global distribution. *Icarus* 56:496-518. https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(83)90169-0

Clifford SM, Parker TJ (1999) Hydraulic and Thermal Arguments Regarding the Existence and Fate of a Primordial Martian Ocean. In: 30th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, p 1619. https://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/LPSC99/pdf/1619.pdf

Clifford SM, Parker TJ (2001) The evolution of the Martian hydrosphere: implications for the fate of aprimordial ocean and the current state of the northern plains. *Icarus* 154:40-79. https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.2001.6671

Costard F, Baker VR (2001) Thermokarst landforms and processes in Ares Vallis, Mars. *Geomorphology* 37:289-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(00)000088-X

Costard F, Séjourné A, Lagain A, Ormö J, Rodriguez JAP, Clifford S, Bouley S, Kelfoun K, Lavigne F (2019) The Lomonosov crater impact event: a possible mega-tsunami source on Mars. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 124:1840-1851. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JE006008
Craddock RA, Howard AD (2002) The case for rainfall on a warm, wet early Mars. J Geophys Res, Planets 107(E11):21-1-21-36. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JE001505

Dang Y, Zhang F, Zhao J, Wang J, Xu Y, Huang T, Xiao L (2020) Diverse Polygonal Patterned Grounds in the Northern Eridania Basin, Mars: Possible Origins and Implications. J Geophys Res, Planets 125. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JE006647

Dasgupta D, Kundu A, Dasgupta N (2022) An insight to the cryospheric level in Mars: case study from the Thaumasia minor. Icarus 372:114725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114725

Davila AF, Fairén AG, Stokes CR, Platz T, Rodriguez AP, Lacelle D, Dohm J, Pollard W (2013) Evidence for Hesperian glaciation along the Martian dichotomy boundary. Geology 41(7):755-758. https://doi.org/10.1130/G34201.1

Davis JM, Gupta S, Balme M, Grindrod PM, Fawdon P, Dickeson ZI, Williams RME (2019) A diverse array of fluvial depositional systems in Arabia Terra: evidence for mid-Noachian to early Hesperian rivers on Mars. J Geophys Res, Planets 124:1913-1934. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JE005976

De Blasio FV (2014) Possible erosion marks of bottom oceanic currents in the northern lowlands of Mars. Planet Space Sci 93:10-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2014.01.014

De Blasio FV (2018) The pristine shape of Olympus Mons on Mars and the subaqueous origin of its aureole deposits. Icarus 302:44-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2017.11.003

De Blasio FV (2020) Frontal aureole deposit on acheron fossae ridge as evidence for landslide-generated tsunami on Mars. Planet Space Sci 187:104911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2020.104911

de Haas T, Conway SJ, Krautblatter M (2015) Recent (Late Amazonian) enhanced backweathering rates on Mars: paracratering evidence from gully alcoves. J Geophys Res, Planets 120:2169-2189. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JE004915

De Toffoli B, Plesa A-C, Hauber E, Breuer D (2021) Delta deposits on Mars: a global perspective. Geophys Res Lett 48:e94271. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL094271

Dehouck E, Mangold N, Le Mouélic S, Ansan V, Poulet F (2010) Ismenius Cavus, Mars: a deep paleolake with phyllosilicate deposits. Planet Space Sci 58:941-946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2010.02.005

Deutsch A, Head III JW, Palumbo AMM (2020) Assessing the termination of valley networks at the proposed Noachian ocean shoreline on Mars. In: AGU Fall Meeting 2020, pp P065-0004. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020AGUFMP065.0004D/abstract

Di Achille G, Hynek BM (2010) Ancient ocean on Mars supported by global distribution of deltas and valleys. Nat Geosci 3:459. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo0891

Di Achille G, Marinangeli L, Ori GG, Hauber E, Gwinner K, Reiss D, Neukum G (2006) Geological evolution of the Tyras Vallis paleolacustrine system, Mars. J Geophys Res 111:E04003. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JE002561

Di Achille G, Ori GG, Reiss D (2007) Evidence for late Hesperian lacustrine activity in Shalbatana Vallis, Mars. J Geophys Res 112:E07007. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JE002858

Di Achille G, Hynek BM, Searls ML (2009) Positive identification of lake strandlines in Shalbatana Vallis, Mars. Geophys Res Lett 36:L14201. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL038854

Diamant S, Bahia R, Miguel Y, Sefton-Nash E (2022) Martian paleolake outlet canyons – evidence for controls on valley network formation and a waning water cycle. EPSC Abstr 16:EPSC2022-268. https://doi.org/10.5194/epsc2022-268

Dickeson ZI, Davis JM (2020) Martian oceans. Astron Geophys 61:3.11-13.17. https://doi.org/10.1093/astrogeo/ataa038

Dickson JL, Fassett CI, Head JW (2009) Amazonian-aged fluvial valley systems in a climatic microenvironment on Mars: melting of ice deposits on the interior of Lyot crater. Geophys Res Lett 36:L08201. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL037472

Dickson JL, Palumbo AM, Head JW, Kerber L, Fassett CI, Kreslavsky MA (2023) Gullies on Mars could have formed by melting of water ice during periods of high obliquity. Science 80(6652):1363-1367. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abk2464

Dundas CM, Bramson AM, Ojha L, Wray JJ, Mellon MT, Byrne S et al (2018) Exposed subsurface ice sheets in the Martian mid-latitudes. Science 359(6372):199-201. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aa0161

Dundas CM, Mellon MT, Posiolova LV, Miljković K, Collins GS, Tornabene LL et al (2023) A large new crater exposes the limits of water ice on Mars. Geophys Res Lett 50:e2022GL00747. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL00747

Duran S, Coulthard TJ (2020) The Kasei Valles, Mars: a unified record of episodic channel flows and ancient ocean levels. Sci Rep 10:18571. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-75080-y

Duran S, Coulthard TJ, Baynes ERC (2019) Knickpoints in Martian channels indicate past ocean levels. Sci Rep 9:15153. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-51574-2

Edgett KS, Lancaster N (1993) Volcaniclastic aeolian dunes: terrestrial examples and application to Martian sands. J Arid Environ 25:271-297. https://doi.org/10.1006/jare.1993.1061
Craddock RA, Howard AD (2002) The case for rainfall on a warm, wet early Mars. J Geophys Res, Planets 107(E11):21-1-21-36. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JE001505

Dang Y, Zhang F, Zhao J, Wang J, Xu Y, Huang T, Xiao L (2020) Diverse Polygonal Patterned Grounds in the Northern Eridania Basin, Mars: Possible Origins and Implications. J Geophys Res, Planets 125. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JE006647

Dasgupta D, Kundu A, Dasgupta N (2022) An insight to the cryospheric level in Mars: case study from the Thaumasia minor. Icarus 372:114725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114725

Davila AF, Fairén AG, Stokes CR, Platz T, Rodriguez AP, Lacelle D, Dohm J, Pollard W (2013) Evidence for Hesperian glaciation along the Martian dichotomy boundary. Geology 41(7):755-758. https://doi.org/10.1130/G34201.1

Davis JM, Gupta S, Balme M, Grindrod PM, Fawdon P, Dickeson ZI, Williams RME (2019) A diverse array of fluvial depositional systems in Arabia Terra: evidence for mid-Noachian to early Hesperian rivers on Mars. J Geophys Res, Planets 124:1913-1934. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JE005976

De Blasio FV (2014) Possible erosion marks of bottom oceanic currents in the northern lowlands of Mars. Planet Space Sci 93:10-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2014.01.014

De Blasio FV (2018) The pristine shape of Olympus Mons on Mars and the subaqueous origin of its aureole deposits. Icarus 302:44-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2017.11.003

De Blasio FV (2020) Frontal aureole deposit on acheron fossae ridge as evidence for landslide-generated tsunami on Mars. Planet Space Sci 187:104911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2020.104911

de Haas T, Conway SJ, Krautblatter M (2015) Recent (Late Amazonian) enhanced backweathering rates on Mars: paracratering evidence from gully alcoves. J Geophys Res, Planets 120:2169-2189. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JE004915

De Toffoli B, Plesa A-C, Hauber E, Breuer D (2021) Delta deposits on Mars: a global perspective. Geophys Res Lett 48:e94271. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL094271

Dehouck E, Mangold N, Le Mouélic S, Ansan V, Poulet F (2010) Ismenius Cavus, Mars: a deep paleolake with phyllosilicate deposits. Planet Space Sci 58:941-946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2010.02.005

Deutsch A, Head III JW, Palumbo AMM (2020) Assessing the termination of valley networks at the proposed Noachian ocean shoreline on Mars. In: AGU Fall Meeting 2020, pp P065-0004. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020AGUFMP065.0004D/abstract

Di Achille G, Hynek BM (2010) Ancient ocean on Mars supported by global distribution of deltas and valleys. Nat Geosci 3:459. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo0891

Di Achille G, Marinangeli L, Ori GG, Hauber E, Gwinner K, Reiss D, Neukum G (2006) Geological evolution of the Tyras Vallis paleolacustrine system, Mars. J Geophys Res 111:E04003. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JE002561

Di Achille G, Ori GG, Reiss D (2007) Evidence for late Hesperian lacustrine activity in Shalbatana Vallis, Mars. J Geophys Res 112:E07007. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JE002858

Di Achille G, Hynek BM, Searls ML (2009) Positive identification of lake strandlines in Shalbatana Vallis, Mars. Geophys Res Lett 36:L14201. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL038854

Diamant S, Bahia R, Miguel Y, Sefton-Nash E (2022) Martian paleolake outlet canyons – evidence for controls on valley network formation and a waning water cycle. EPSC Abstr 16:EPSC2022-268. https://doi.org/10.5194/epsc2022-268

Dickeson ZI, Davis JM (2020) Martian oceans. Astron Geophys 61:3.11-13.17. https://doi.org/10.1093/astrogeo/ataa038

Dickson JL, Fassett CI, Head JW (2009) Amazonian-aged fluvial valley systems in a climatic microenvironment on Mars: melting of ice deposits on the interior of Lyot crater. Geophys Res Lett 36:L08201. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL037472

Dickson JL, Palumbo AM, Head JW, Kerber L, Fassett CI, Kreslavsky MA (2023) Gullies on Mars could have formed by melting of water ice during periods of high obliquity. Science 80(6652):1363-1367. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abk2464

Dundas CM, Bramson AM, Ojha L, Wray JJ, Mellon MT, Byrne S et al (2018) Exposed subsurface ice sheets in the Martian mid-latitudes. Science 359(6372):199-201. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aa0161

Dundas CM, Mellon MT, Posiolova LV, Miljković K, Collins GS, Tornabene LL et al (2023) A large new crater exposes the limits of water ice on Mars. Geophys Res Lett 50:e2022GL00747. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL00747

Duran S, Coulthard TJ (2020) The Kasei Valles, Mars: a unified record of episodic channel flows and ancient ocean levels. Sci Rep 10:18571. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-75080-y

Duran S, Coulthard TJ, Baynes ERC (2019) Knickpoints in Martian channels indicate past ocean levels. Sci Rep 9:15153. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-51574-2

Edgett KS, Lancaster N (1993) Volcaniclastic aeolian dunes: terrestrial examples and application to Martian sands. J Arid Environ 25:271-297. https://doi.org/10.1006/jare.1993.1061
Ehlmann BL, Buz J (2015) Mineralogy and fluvial history of the watersheds of Gale, Knobel, and Sharp craters: a regional context for the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity's exploration. Geophys Res Lett 42:264–273. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL062553

Ehlmann BL, Edwards CS (2014) Mineralogy of the Martian surface. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci 42:291–315. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-060313-055024

Ehlmann BL, Mustard JF, Murchie SL, Bibring JP, Meunier A, Fraeman AA, Langevin Y (2011) Subsurface water and clay mineral formation during the early history of Mars. Nature 479(7371):53–60. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10582

Ehlmann BL, Edgett KS, Sutter B, Achilles CN, Litvak ML, Lapotre MGA, Sullivan R, Fraeman AA, Arvidson RE, Blake DF, Bridges NT, Conrad PG, Cousin A, Downs RT, Gabriel TSJ, Gellert R, Hamilton VE, Hardgrove C, Johnson JR, Kuhn S, Mahaffy PR, Maurice S, McHenry M, Meslin PY, Ming DW, Minitti ME, Morookian JM, Morris RV, O'Connell-Cooper CD, Pinet PC, Rowland SK, Schröder S, Siebach KL, Stein NT, Thompson LM, Vaniman DT, Vasavada AR, Wellington DF, Wiens RC, Yen AS (2017) Chemistry, mineralogy, and grain properties at Namib and high dunes, Bagnold dune field, Gale crater, Mars: a synthesis of Curiosity rover observations. J Geophys Res, Planets 122:2510–2543. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JE005267

Erkeling G, Hiesinger H, Reiss D, Hielscher FJ, Ivanov MA (2011) The stratigraphy of the Amenthes region, Mars: time limits for the formation of fluvial, volcanic and tectonic landforms. Icarus 215(1):128–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2011.06.041

Erkeling G, Reiss D, Hiesinger H, Poulet F, Carter J, Ivanov MA, Hauber E, Jaumann R (2012) Valleys, paleolakes and possible shorelines at the Libya Montes/Isidis boundary: Implications for the hydrologic evolution of Mars. Icarus 219:393–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2012.03.012

Erkeling G, Reiss D, Hiesinger H, Ivanov MA, Hauber E, Bernhardt H (2014) Landscape formation at the Deuteronilus contact in southern Isidis Planitia, Mars: implications for an Isidis Sea? Icarus 242:329–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2014.08.015

Erkeling G, Ivanov MA, Tirsch D, Reiss D, Bishop JL, Tornabene LL, Hiesinger H, Jaumann R (2016) Bradbury crater, Mars: morphology, morphometry, mineralogy, and chronostratigraphy. In: 47th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, p 1451. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/77231194.pdf

Fairén AG, Haqq-Misra JD, McKay CP (2012) Reduced albedo on early Mars does not solve the climate paradox under a faint young Sun. Astron Astrophys 540:A13. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201118527

Fassett CI, Head JW III (2007) Valley formation on Martian volcanoes in the Hesperian: evidence for melting of summit snowpack, caldera lake formation, drainage and erosion on Ceraunius Tholus. Icarus 189(1):118–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.021

Fassett CI, Head JW (2006) Valleys on Hecates Tholus, Mars: origin by basal melting of summit snowpack. Planet Space Sci 54:370–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PSS.2005.12.011

Fassett CI, Head JW (2008a) The timing of Martian valley network activity: constraints from buffered crater counting. Icarus 195:61–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2007.12.009

Fassett C, Head J (2008b) Valley network-fed, open-basin lakes on Mars: distribution and implications for Noachian surface and subsurface hydrology. Icarus 198:37–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2008.06.016

Fassett CI, Head JW (2011) Sequence and timing of conditions on early Mars. Icarus 211:1204–1214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2010.11.014

Fassett CI, Dickson JL, Head JW, Levy JS, Marchant DR (2010) Supraglacial and proglacial valleys on Amazonian Mars. Icarus 208(1):86–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2010.02.021

Fassett CI, Levy JS, Dickson JL, Head JW III (2014) An extended period of episodic northern mid-latitude glaciation on Mars during the Middle to Late Amazonian: implications for long-term obliquity history. Geology 42:763–766. https://doi.org/10.1130/G35798.1

Fastook JL, Head JW (2014) Amazonian mid- to high-latitude glaciation on Mars: supply-limited ice sources, ice accumulation patterns, and concentric crater fill glacial flow and ice sequestration. Planet Space Sci 91:60–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2013.12.002

Fastook JL, Head JW, Marchant DR, Forget F (2008) Tropical mountain glaciers on Mars: altitude-dependence of ice accumulation, accumulation conditions, formation times, glacier dynamics, and implications for planetary spin-axis/orbital history. Icarus 198(2):305–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2008.08.008

Fastook JL, Head JW, Marchant DR, Forget F, Madeleine JB (2012) Early Mars climate near the Noachian-Hesperian boundary: independent evidence for cold conditions from basal melting of the south polar ice sheet (Dorsa Argentea Formation) and implications for valley network formation. Icarus 219(1):25–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2012.02.013

Favaro EA, Balme MR, Davis JM, Grindrod PM, Fawdon P, Barrett AM, Lewis SR (2021) The aeolian environment of the landing site for the ExoMars Rosalind Franklin Rover in Oxia Planum, Mars. J Geophys Res, Planets 126:e2020JE006723. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JE006723
Ehlmann BL, Buz J (2015) Mineralogy and fluvial history of the watersheds of Gale, Knobel, and Sharp craters: a regional context for the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity's exploration. Geophys Res Lett 42:264–273. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL062553

Ehlmann BL, Edwards CS (2014) Mineralogy of the Martian surface. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci 42:291–315. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-060313-055024

Ehlmann BL, Mustard JF, Murchie SL, Bibring JP, Meunier A, Fraeman AA, Langevin Y (2011) Subsurface water and clay mineral formation during the early history of Mars. Nature 479(7371):53–60. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10582

Ehlmann BL, Edgett KS, Sutter B, Achilles CN, Litvak ML, Lapotre MGA, Sullivan R, Fraeman AA, Arvidson RE, Blake DF, Bridges NT, Conrad PG, Cousin A, Downs RT, Gabriel TSJ, Gellert R, Hamilton VE, Hardgrove C, Johnson JR, Kuhn S, Mahaffy PR, Maurice S, McHenry M, Meslin PY, Ming DW, Minitti ME, Morookian JM, Morris RV, O'Connell-Cooper CD, Pinet PC, Rowland SK, Schröder S, Siebach KL, Stein NT, Thompson LM, Vaniman DT, Vasavada AR, Wellington DF, Wiens RC, Yen AS (2017) Chemistry, mineralogy, and grain properties at Namib and high dunes, Bagnold dune field, Gale crater, Mars: a synthesis of Curiosity rover observations. J Geophys Res, Planets 122:2510–2543. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JE005267

Erkeling G, Hiesinger H, Reiss D, Hielscher FJ, Ivanov MA (2011) The stratigraphy of the Amenthes region, Mars: time limits for the formation of fluvial, volcanic and tectonic landforms. Icarus 215(1):128–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2011.06.041

Erkeling G, Reiss D, Hiesinger H, Poulet F, Carter J, Ivanov MA, Hauber E, Jaumann R (2012) Valleys, paleolakes and possible shorelines at the Libya Montes/Isidis boundary: Implications for the hydrologic evolution of Mars. Icarus 219:393–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2012.03.012

Erkeling G, Reiss D, Hiesinger H, Ivanov MA, Hauber E, Bernhardt H (2014) Landscape formation at the Deuteronilus contact in southern Isidis Planitia, Mars: implications for an Isidis Sea? Icarus 242:329–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2014.08.015

Erkeling G, Ivanov MA, Tirsch D, Reiss D, Bishop JL, Tornabene LL, Hiesinger H, Jaumann R (2016) Bradbury crater, Mars: morphology, morphometry, mineralogy, and chronostratigraphy. In: 47th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, p 1451. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/77231194.pdf

Fairén AG, Haqq-Misra JD, McKay CP (2012) Reduced albedo on early Mars does not solve the climate paradox under a faint young Sun. Astron Astrophys 540:A13. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201118527

Fassett CI, Head JW III (2007) Valley formation on Martian volcanoes in the Hesperian: evidence for melting of summit snowpack, caldera lake formation, drainage and erosion on Ceraunius Tholus. Icarus 189(1):118–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.021

Fassett CI, Head JW (2006) Valleys on Hecates Tholus, Mars: origin by basal melting of summit snowpack. Planet Space Sci 54:370–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PSS.2005.12.011

Fassett CI, Head JW (2008a) The timing of Martian valley network activity: constraints from buffered crater counting. Icarus 195:61–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2007.12.009

Fassett C, Head J (2008b) Valley network-fed, open-basin lakes on Mars: distribution and implications for Noachian surface and subsurface hydrology. Icarus 198:37–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2008.06.016

Fassett CI, Head JW (2011) Sequence and timing of conditions on early Mars. Icarus 211:1204–1214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2010.11.014

Fassett CI, Dickson JL, Head JW, Levy JS, Marchant DR (2010) Supraglacial and proglacial valleys on Amazonian Mars. Icarus 208(1):86–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2010.02.021

Fassett CI, Levy JS, Dickson JL, Head JW III (2014) An extended period of episodic northern mid-latitude glaciation on Mars during the Middle to Late Amazonian: implications for long-term obliquity history. Geology 42:763–766. https://doi.org/10.1130/G35798.1

Fastook JL, Head JW (2014) Amazonian mid- to high-latitude glaciation on Mars: supply-limited ice sources, ice accumulation patterns, and concentric crater fill glacial flow and ice sequestration. Planet Space Sci 91:60–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2013.12.002

Fastook JL, Head JW, Marchant DR, Forget F (2008) Tropical mountain glaciers on Mars: altitude-dependence of ice accumulation, accumulation conditions, formation times, glacier dynamics, and implications for planetary spin-axis/orbital history. Icarus 198(2):305–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2008.08.008

Fastook JL, Head JW, Marchant DR, Forget F, Madeleine JB (2012) Early Mars climate near the Noachian-Hesperian boundary: independent evidence for cold conditions from basal melting of the south polar ice sheet (Dorsa Argentea Formation) and implications for valley network formation. Icarus 219(1):25–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2012.02.013

Favaro EA, Balme MR, Davis JM, Grindrod PM, Fawdon P, Barrett AM, Lewis SR (2021) The aeolian environment of the landing site for the ExoMars Rosalind Franklin Rover in Oxia Planum, Mars. J Geophys Res, Planets 126:e2020JE006723. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JE006723
Fenton LK (2020) Updating the global inventory of dune fields on Mars and identification of many small dune fields. *Icarus* 352:114018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2020.114018

Fergason RL, Hare TM, Laura J (2018) HRSC and MOLA blended digital elevation model at 200m v2. Astrogeology PDS Annex, U.S. Geological Survey. https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/search/map/mars_mgs_mola_mex_hrsc.blended_dem_global_200m

Flahaut J, Quantin C, Allemand P, Thomas P (2010) Morphology and geology of the ILD in Capri/Eos Chasma (Mars) from visible and infrared data. *Icarus* 207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2009.11.019

Flint JJ (1974) Stream gradient as a function of order, magnitude, and discharge. *Water Resour Res* 10:969-973. https://doi.org/10.1029/WR0101005p00969

Forget F, Hourdin F, Fournier R, Hourdin C, Talagrand O, Collins M, Lewis SR, Read PL, Huot J-P (1999) Improved general circulation models of the Martian atmosphere from the surface to above 80 km. *J Geophys Res* 104(E10):24155-24175. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JE001025

Forget F, Haberle RM, Montmessin F, Levrard B, Head JW (2006) Formation of glaciers on Mars by atmospheric precipitation at high obliquity. *Science* 311:368-371. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1120335

Forget F, Millour E, González-Galindo F, Spiga A, Lewis SR, Montabone L, Read PL, López-Valverde MA, Gilli G, Desjean MC, Huot JP, The McD/Gcm Development Team (2007) The new (version 4.2) Mars climate database. *LPI Contrib* 1353:3098

Fueten F, Stesky R, MacKinnon P, Hauber E, Zegers T, Gwinner K, Scholten F, Neukum G (2008) Stratigraphy and structure of interior layered deposits in West Candor Chasma, Mars, from High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) stereo imagery and derived elevations. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 113:E10008. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JE003053

Fuller ER, Head JW, Planitia A (2002) The role of geologically recent volcanism and sedimentation in the formation of the smoothest plains on Mars. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 107:11-11-11-25. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002je001842

García-Arnay Á, Gutiérrez F (2020) Reconstructing paleolakes in Nepenthes Mensae, Mars, using the distribution of putative deltas, coastal-like features, and terrestrial analogs. *Geomorphology* 359:107129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j geomorph.2020.107129

Gardin E, Allemand P, Quantin C, Silvestro S, Delacourt C (2012) Dune fields on Mars: recorders of a climate change? *Planet Space Sci* 60:314-321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2011.10.004

Gendrin A, Mangold N, Bibring J-P, Langevin Y, Gondet B, Poulet F, Bonello G, Quantin C, Mustard J, Arvidson R (2005) Mouélic, Sulfates in Martian layered terrains: the OMEGA/Mars Express view. *Science* 307:1587-1591. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1109087

Ghatan GJ, Head JW III (2002) Candidate subglacial volcanoes in the south polar region of Mars: Morphology, morphometry, and eruption conditions. *J Geophys Res* 107(E7). https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JE001519

Ghatan GJ, Zimbelman JR (2006) Paucity of candidate coastal constructional landforms along proposed shorelines on Mars: implications for a northern lowlands-filling ocean. *Icarus* 185:171-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. icarus.2006.06.007

Goddard K, Warner NH, Gupta S, Kim J-R (2014) Mechanisms and timescales of fluvial activity at Mojave and other young Martian craters. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 119:604-634. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JE004564

Goudge TA, Head JW, Mustard JF, Fassett CI (2012a) An analysis of open-basin lake deposits on Mars: evidence for the nature of associated lacustrine deposits and post-lacustrine modification processes. *Icarus* 219(1):211-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. icarus.2012.02.027

Goudge TA, Mustard JF, Head JW, Fassett CI (2012b) Constraints on the history of open-basin lakes on Mars from the composition and timing of volcanic resurfacing. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 117. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JE004115

Goudge TA, Aureli KL, Head JW, Fassett CI, Mustard JF (2015) Classification and analysis of candidate impact crater-hosted closed-basin lakes on Mars. *Icarus* 260:346-367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. icarus.2015.07.026

Goudge TA, Fassett CI, Mohrig D (2019) Incision of paleolake outlet canyons on Mars from overflow flooding. *Geology* 47(1):7-10. https://doi.org/10.1130/G45397.1

Goudge TA, Morgan AM, Stucky de Quay G, Fassett CI (2021) The importance of lake breach floods for valley incision on early Mars. *Nature* 597(7878):645-649. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03860-1

Grau Galofre AG, Bahia RS, Jellinek AM, Whipple KX, Gallo R (2020a) Did Martian valley networks substantially modify the landscape? *Earth Planet Sci Lett* 547:116482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116482

Grau Galofre A, Jellinek AM, Osinski GR (2020b) Valley formation on early Mars by subglacial and fluvial erosion. *Nat Geosci* 13(10):663-668. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-020-0618-x

Grau Galofre A, Whipple KX, Christensen PR, Conway SJ (2022) Valley networks and the record of glaciation on ancient Mars. *Geophys Res Lett* 49(14). https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL097974
Fenton LK (2020) Updating the global inventory of dune fields on Mars and identification of many small dune fields. *Icarus* 352:114018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. icarus.2020.114018

Fergason RL, Hare TM, Laura J (2018) HRSC and MOLA blended digital elevation model at 200m v2. Astrogeology PDS Annex, U.S. Geological Survey. https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/search/map/mars_mgs_mola_mex_hrsc.blended_dem_global_200m

Flahaut J, Quantin C, Allemand P, Thomas P (2010) Morphology and geology of the ILD in Capri/Eos Chasma (Mars) from visible and infrared data. *Icarus* 207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. icarus.2009.11.019

Flint JJ (1974) Stream gradient as a function of order, magnitude, and discharge. *Water Resour Res* 10:969-973. https://doi.org/10.1029/WR0101005p00969

Forget F, Hourdin F, Fournier R, Hourdin C, Talagrand O, Collins M, Lewis SR, Read PL, Huot J-P (1999) Improved general circulation models of the Martian atmosphere from the surface to above 80 km. *J Geophys Res* 104(E10):24155-24175. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JE001025

Forget F, Haberle RM, Montmessin F, Levrard B, Head JW (2006) Formation of glaciers on Mars by atmospheric precipitation at high obliquity. *Science* 311:368-371. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1120335

Forget F, Millour E, González-Galindo F, Spiga A, Lewis SR, Montabone L, Read PL, López-Valverde MA, Gilli G, Desjean MC, Huot JP, The McD/Gcm Development Team (2007) The new (version 4.2) Mars climate database. *LPI Contrib* 1353:3098

Fuenet F, Stesky R, MacKinnon P, Hauber E, Zegers T, Gwinner K, Scholten F, Neukum G (2008) Stratigraphy and structure of interior layered deposits in West Candor Chasma, Mars, from High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) stereo imagery and derived elevations. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 113:E10008. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JE003053

Fuller ER, Head JW, Planitia A (2002) The role of geologically recent volcanism and sedimentation in the formation of the smoothest plains on Mars. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 107:11-11-11-25. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002je001842

García-Arnay Á, Gutiérrez F (2020) Reconstructing paleolakes in Nepenthes Mensae, Mars, using the distribution of putative deltas, coastal-like features, and terrestrial analogs. *Geomorphology* 359:107129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j geomorph.2020.107129

Gardin E, Allemand P, Quantin C, Silvestro S, Delacourt C (2012) Dune fields on Mars: recorders of a climate change? *Planet Space Sci* 60:314-321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2011.10.004

Gendrin A, Mangold N, Bibring J-P, Langevin Y, Gondet B, Poulet F, Bonello G, Quantin C, Mustard J, Arvidson R (2005) Mouélic, Sulfates in Martian layered terrains: the OMEGA/Mars Express view. *Science* 307:1587-1591. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1109087

Ghatan GJ, Head JW III (2002) Candidate subglacial volcanoes in the south polar region of Mars: Morphology, morphometry, and eruption conditions. *J Geophys Res* 107(E7). https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JE001519

Ghatan GJ, Zimbelman JR (2006) Paucity of candidate coastal constructional landforms along proposed shorelines on Mars: implications for a northern lowlands-filling ocean. *Icarus* 185:171-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. icarus.2006.06.007

Goddard K, Warner NH, Gupta S, Kim J-R (2014) Mechanisms and timescales of fluvial activity at Mojave and other young Martian craters. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 119:604-634. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JE004564

Goudge TA, Head JW, Mustard JF, Fassett CI (2012a) An analysis of open-basin lake deposits on Mars: evidence for the nature of associated lacustrine deposits and post-lacustrine modification processes. *Icarus* 219(1):211-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. icarus.2012.02.027

Goudge TA, Mustard JF, Head JW, Fassett CI (2012b) Constraints on the history of open-basin lakes on Mars from the composition and timing of volcanic resurfacing. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 117. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JE004115

Goudge TA, Aureli KL, Head JW, Fassett CI, Mustard JF (2015) Classification and analysis of candidate impact crater-hosted closed-basin lakes on Mars. *Icarus* 260:346-367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. icarus.2015.07.026

Goudge TA, Fassett CI, Mohrig D (2019) Incision of paleolake outlet canyons on Mars from overflow flooding. *Geology* 47(1):7-10. https://doi.org/10.1130/G45397.1

Goudge TA, Morgan AM, Stucky de Quay G, Fassett CI (2021) The importance of lake breach floods for valley incision on early Mars. *Nature* 597(7878):645-649. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03860-1

Grau Galofre AG, Bahia RS, Jellinek AM, Whipple KX, Gallo R (2020a) Did Martian valley networks substantially modify the landscape? *Earth Planet Sci Lett* 547:116482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116482

Grau Galofre A, Jellinek AM, Osinski GR (2020b) Valley formation on early Mars by subglacial and fluvial erosion. *Nat Geosci* 13(10):663-668. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-020-0618-x

Grau Galofre A, Whipple KX, Christensen PR, Conway SJ (2022) Valley networks and the record of glaciation on ancient Mars. *Geophys Res Lett* 49(14). https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL097974
Greeley R, Spudis PD (1981) Volcanism on Mars. *Rev Geophys* 19:13–41. https://doi.org/10.1029/RG019i001p00013

Greeley R, Skypeck A, Pollack JB (1993) Martian aeolian features and deposits: comparisons with general circulation model results. J Geophys Res 98(E2):3183–3196. https://doi.org/10.1029/92JE02580

Greeley R, Arvidson R, Bell JF III, Christensen P, Foley D, Haldemann A et al (2005) Martian variable features: new insight from the Mars Express Orbiter and the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit. J Geophys Res, Planets 110(E6). https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JE002403

Greeley R, Whelley PL, Arvidson RE, Cabrol NA, Foley D, Franklin BJ et al (2006) Active dust devils in Gusev crater, Mars: observations from the Mars exploration rover spirit. J Geophys Res, Planets 111(E12). https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JE002743

Grégoire M, Baratoux D, Mangold N, Arnalds O, Platvoet B, Bardinzeff J, Pinet P (2007) Which processes form the volcanic sands on Mars? AGU Fall Meeting abstracts, vol 31, p 0551

Greve R, Grieger B, Stenzel OJ (2010) MAIC-2, a latitudinal model for the Martian surface temperature, atmospheric water transport and surface glaciation. *Planet Space Sci* 58(6):931–940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2010.03.002

Grotzinger JP, Gupta S, Malin MC, Rubin DM, Schieber J, Siebach K, Wilson SA (2015) Deposition, exhumation, and paleoclimate of an ancient lake deposit, Gale crater. Mars Sci 350(6257):aac7575. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac7575

Guimpier A, Conway SJ, Mangeney A, Lucas A, Mangold N, Peruzzetto M, Pajola M, Lucchetti A, Munaretto G, Sæmundsson T, Johnsson A, Le Deit L, Grindrod P, Davis J, Thomas N, Cremonese G (2021) Dynamics of recent landslides (<20 My) on Mars: insights from high-resolution topography on Earth and Mars and numerical modelling. *Planet Space Sci* 206:105303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2021.105303

Gulick VC (2001) Origin of the valley networks on Mars: a hydrological perspective. *Geomorphology* 37(3–4):241–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(00)00086-6

Gulick V, Baker V (1989) Fluvial valleys and Martian palaeoclimates. Nature 341:514–516. https://doi.org/10.1038/341514a0

Gulick VC, Tyler D, McKay CP, Haberle RM (1997) Episodic ocean-induced CO₂ greenhouse on Mars: implications for fluvial valley formation. *Icarus* 130:68–86. https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1997.5802

Gwinner K, Scholten F, Spiegel M, Schmidt R, Giese B, Oberst J, Heipke C, Jaumann R, Neukum G (2009) Deviation and validation of high-resolution digital terrain models from Mars Express HRSC data. *Photogramm Eng Remote Sens* 75:1127–1142. 0099-1112/09/7509-1127i

Gwinner K, Scholten F, Preusker F, Elgner S, Roatsch T, Spiegel M, Schmidt R, Oberst J, Jaumann R, Heipke C (2010) Topography of Mars from global mapping by HRSC high-resolution digital terrain models and orthoimages: characteristics and performance. *Earth Planet Sci Lett* 294:506–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.11.007

Gwinner K, Jaumann R, Hauber HH, Heipke C, Oberst J, Neukum G, Ansan V, Bostelmann J, Dumke A, Elgner S, Erkeling G, Fueten F, Hoekzema NM, Kersten E, Loizeau D, Matz D-D, Mertens V, Michael G, Pasewaldt A, Pinet P, Preusker F, Reiss D, Roatsch T, Schmidt R, Scholten F, Spiegel M, Stesky R, Tirsch D, van Gasselt S, Wählisch M, Willner K (2016) The High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) of Mars Express and its approach to science analysis and mapping for Mars and its satellites. *Planet Space Sci* 196:93–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2016.02.014

Haack D, Adeli S, Hauber E (2021) Geological history of southeastern gorgonum chaos, Mars: a story of water and wind. J Geophys Res, Planets 126. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JE006903

Haberle RM, Murphy JR, Schaeffer J (2003) Orbital change experiments with a Mars general circulation model. *Icarus* 161(1):66–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0019-1035(02)00017-9

Hack JT (1957) Studies of longitudinal stream profiles in Virginia and Maryland. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 294-B. https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0294b/report.pdf

Harrison KP, Grimm RE (2005) Groundwater-controlled valley networks and the decline of surface runoff on early Mars. J Geophys Res 110:E12S16. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JE002455

Harrison TN, Malin MC, Edgett KS, Shean DE, Kennedy MR, Lipkaman LJ, Cantor BA, Posiolova LV (2010) Impact-induced overland fluid flow and channelized erosion at Lyot Crater, Mars. Geophys Res Lett 37(21). https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL045074

Harrison TN, Osinski GR, Tornabene LL, Jones E (2015) Global documentation of gullies with the Mars reconnaissance orbiter context camera and implications for their formation. *Icarus* 252:236–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2015.01.022

Hartmann WK, Neukum G (2001) Cratering chronology and the evolution of Mars. Space Sci Rev 96:165–194. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1035-0_6

Hauber E, van Gasselt S, Ivanov B, Werner S, Head JW, Neukum G, Jaumann R et al (2005) Discovery of a flank caldera and very young glacial activity at Hecates Tholus, Mars. Nature 434(7031):356–361. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03423
Greeley R, Spudis PD (1981) Volcanism on Mars. *Rev Geophys* 19:13–41. https://doi.org/10.1029/RG019i001p00013

Greeley R, Skypeck A, Pollack JB (1993) Martian aeolian features and deposits: comparisons with general circulation model results. J Geophys Res 98(E2):3183–3196. https://doi.org/10.1029/92JE02580

Greeley R, Arvidson R, Bell JF III, Christensen P, Foley D, Haldemann A et al (2005) Martian variable features: new insight from the Mars Express Orbiter and the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit. J Geophys Res, Planets 110(E6). https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JE002403

Greeley R, Whelley PL, Arvidson RE, Cabrol NA, Foley D, Franklin BJ et al (2006) Active dust devils in Gusev crater, Mars: observations from the Mars exploration rover spirit. J Geophys Res, Planets 111(E12). https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JE002743

Grégoire M, Baratoux D, Mangold N, Arnalds O, Platvoet B, Bardinzeff J, Pinet P (2007) Which processes form the volcanic sands on Mars? AGU Fall Meeting abstracts, vol 31, p 0551

Greve R, Grieger B, Stenzel OJ (2010) MAIC-2, a latitudinal model for the Martian surface temperature, atmospheric water transport and surface glaciation. *Planet Space Sci* 58(6):931–940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2010.03.002

Grotzinger JP, Gupta S, Malin MC, Rubin DM, Schieber J, Siebach K, Wilson SA (2015) Deposition, exhumation, and paleoclimate of an ancient lake deposit, Gale crater. Mars Sci 350(6257):aac7575. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac7575

Guimpier A, Conway SJ, Mangeney A, Lucas A, Mangold N, Peruzzetto M, Pajola M, Lucchetti A, Munaretto G, Sæmundsson T, Johnsson A, Le Deit L, Grindrod P, Davis J, Thomas N, Cremonese G (2021) Dynamics of recent landslides (<20 My) on Mars: insights from high-resolution topography on Earth and Mars and numerical modelling. *Planet Space Sci* 206:105303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2021.105303

Gulick VC (2001) Origin of the valley networks on Mars: a hydrological perspective. *Geomorphology* 37(3–4):241–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(00)00086-6

Gulick V, Baker V (1989) Fluvial valleys and Martian palaeoclimates. Nature 341:514–516. https://doi.org/10.1038/341514a0

Gulick VC, Tyler D, McKay CP, Haberle RM (1997) Episodic ocean-induced CO₂ greenhouse on Mars: implications for fluvial valley formation. *Icarus* 130:68–86. https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1997.5802

Gwinner K, Scholten F, Spiegel M, Schmidt R, Giese B, Oberst J, Heipke C, Jaumann R, Neukum G (2009) Deviation and validation of high-resolution digital terrain models from Mars Express HRSC data. *Photogramm Eng Remote Sens* 75:1127–1142. 0099-1112/09/7509-1127i

Gwinner K, Scholten F, Preusker F, Elgner S, Roatsch T, Spiegel M, Schmidt R, Oberst J, Jaumann R, Heipke C (2010) Topography of Mars from global mapping by HRSC high-resolution digital terrain models and orthoimages: characteristics and performance. *Earth Planet Sci Lett* 294:506–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.11.007

Gwinner K, Jaumann R, Hauber HH, Heipke C, Oberst J, Neukum G, Ansan V, Bostelmann J, Dumke A, Elgner S, Erkeling G, Fueten F, Hoekzema NM, Kersten E, Loizeau D, Matz D-D, Mertens V, Michael G, Pasewaldt A, Pinet P, Preusker F, Reiss D, Roatsch T, Schmidt R, Scholten F, Spiegel M, Stesky R, Tirsch D, van Gasselt S, Wählisch M, Willner K (2016) The High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) of Mars Express and its approach to science analysis and mapping for Mars and its satellites. *Planet Space Sci* 196:93–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2016.02.014

Haack D, Adeli S, Hauber E (2021) Geological history of southeastern gorgonum chaos, Mars: a story of water and wind. J Geophys Res, Planets 126. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JE006903

Haberle RM, Murphy JR, Schaeffer J (2003) Orbital change experiments with a Mars general circulation model. *Icarus* 161(1):66–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0019-1035(02)00017-9

Hack JT (1957) Studies of longitudinal stream profiles in Virginia and Maryland. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 294-B. https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0294b/report.pdf

Harrison KP, Grimm RE (2005) Groundwater-controlled valley networks and the decline of surface runoff on early Mars. J Geophys Res 110:E12S16. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JE002455

Harrison TN, Malin MC, Edgett KS, Shean DE, Kennedy MR, Lipkaman LJ, Cantor BA, Posiolova LV (2010) Impact-induced overland fluid flow and channelized erosion at Lyot Crater, Mars. Geophys Res Lett 37(21). https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL045074

Harrison TN, Osinski GR, Tornabene LL, Jones E (2015) Global documentation of gullies with the Mars reconnaissance orbiter context camera and implications for their formation. *Icarus* 252:236–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2015.01.022

Hartmann WK, Neukum G (2001) Cratering chronology and the evolution of Mars. Space Sci Rev 96:165–194. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1035-0_6

Hauber E, van Gasselt S, Ivanov B, Werner S, Head JW, Neukum G, Jaumann R et al (2005) Discovery of a flank caldera and very young glacial activity at Hecates Tholus, Mars. Nature 434(7031):356–361. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03423
Hauber E, van Gasselt S, Chapman MG, Neukum G (2008) Geomorphic evidence for former lobate debris aprons at low latitudes on Mars: Indicators of the Martian paleoclimate. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 113. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JE002897

Hauber E, Gwinner K, Kleinhans M, Reiss D, di Achille G, Ori G-G, Scholten F, Marinangeli L, Jaumann R, Neukum G (2009) Sedimentary deposits in Xanthe Terra: implications for the ancient climate on Mars. *Planet Space Sci* 57:944–957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2008.06.009

Hauber E, Reiss D, Ulrich M, Preusker F, Trauthan F, Zanetti M, Hiesinger H, Jaumann R, Johansson L, Johnsson A, Van Gasselt S (2011) Landscape evolution in Martian mid-latitude regions: insights from analogous periglacial landforms in Svalbard. *Geol Soc (Lond) Spec Publ* 356(1):111–131. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP356.7

Hauber E, Platz T, Reiss D, Le Deit L, Kleinhans MG, Marra WA, de Haas T, Carbonneau P (2013) Asynchronous formation of Hesperian and Amazonian-aged deltas on Mars and implications for climate. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 118:1529–1544. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgre.20107

Hayward RK (2011) Mars Global Digital Dune Database (MGD3): North polar region (MC-1) distribution, applications, and volume estimates. *Earth Surf Process Landf* 36:1967–1972. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.2219

Hayward RK, Mullins KF, Fenton LK, Hare TM, Titus TN, Bourke MC, Colaprete A, Christensen PR (2007) Mars global digital dune database and initial science results. *J Geophys Res* 112:E11007. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JE002943

Hayward RK, Fenton LK, Titus TN (2014) Mars Global Digital Dune Database (MGD3): global dune distribution and wind pattern observations. *Icarus* 230:38–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2013.04.011

Head III JW, Marchant DR, Ghatan GJ (2004) Glacial deposits on the rim of a Hesperian-Amazonian outflow channel source trough: Mangala Valles, Mars. *Geophys Res Lett* 31(10). https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020294

Head JW (2011) Geologic evidence for latitude-dependent water-related deposits on Mars: implications for climate history and the hydrological cycle on Mars. In: Mars atmosphere: modelling and observation, pp 427–430. https://www-mars.lmd.jussieu.fr/paris2011/abstracts/head_paris2011.pdf

Head JW, Marchant DR (2003) Cold-based mountain glaciers on Mars: western Arsia Mons. *Geology* 31(7):641–644. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0641:CMGOMW>2.0.CO;2

Head JW, Marchant DR (2014) The climate history of early Mars: insights from the Antarctic McMurdo Dry Valleys hydrologic system. *Antarct Sci* 26(6):774–800. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102014000686

Head JW, Pratt S (2001) Extensive Hesperian-aged south polar ice sheet on Mars: evidence for massive melting and retreat, and lateral flow and ponding of meltwater. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 106(E6):12275–12299. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JE001359

Head JW, Hiesinger H, Ivanov MA, Kreslavsky MA, Pratt S, Thomson BJ (1999) Possible ancient oceans on Mars: evidence from Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter data. *Science* 286:2134–2137. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.286.5447.2134

Head J, Mustard J, Kreslavsky M et al (2003) Recent ice ages on Mars. *Nature* 426:797–802. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02114

Head JW, Neukum G, Jaumann R, Hiesinger H, Hauber E, Carr M, Mangold N, Kreslavsky M, Milkovich S, The HRSC Co-Investigator Team (2005) Tropical to mid-latitude glaciation on Mars: evidence for snow and ice accumulation and flow in Mars Express HRSC data. *Nature* 434:346–351. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03359

Head JW, Marchant DR, Agnew MC, Fassett CI, Kreslavsky MA (2006) Extensive valley glacier deposits in the northern mid-latitudes of Mars: evidence for Late Amazonian obliquity-driven climate change. *Earth Planet Sci Lett* 241(3–4):663–671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.11.016

Head JW, Marchant DR, Kreslavsky MA (2008) Formation of gullies on Mars: link to recent climate history and insolation microenvironments implicate surface water flow origin. *Proc Natl Acad Sci* 105(36):13258–13263. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0803760105

Head JW, Marchant DR, Dickson JL, Kress AM, Baker DM (2010) Northern mid-latitude glaciation in the Late Amazonian period of Mars: criteria for the recognition of debris-covered glacier and valley glacier landsystem deposits. *Earth Planet Sci Lett* 294(3–4):306–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.06.041

Head J, Forget F, Wordsworth R, Turbet M, Cassanelli J, Palumbo A (2018) Two oceans on Mars? History, problems and prospects. In: The Ninth Moscow Solar System Symposium 9M-S3, pp 15–18

Hepburn AJ et al (2020b) Polyphase mid-latitude glaciation on Mars: chronology of the formation of superposed glacier-like forms from crater-count dating. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 125(2):e2019JE006102

Hepburn AJ, Ng FSL, Holt TO, Hubbard B (2020a) Late Amazonian Ice Survival in Kasei Valles, Mars. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 125. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JE006531

Hobley DEJ, Howard AD, Moore JM (2014) Fresh shallow valleys in the Martian midlatitudes as features formed by meltwater flow beneath ice. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 119(1):128–153. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JE004396
Hauber E, van Gasselt S, Chapman MG, Neukum G (2008) Geomorphic evidence for former lobate debris aprons at low latitudes on Mars: Indicators of the Martian paleoclimate. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 113. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JE002897

Hauber E, Gwinner K, Kleinhans M, Reiss D, di Achille G, Ori G-G, Scholten F, Marinangeli L, Jaumann R, Neukum G (2009) Sedimentary deposits in Xanthe Terra: implications for the ancient climate on Mars. *Planet Space Sci* 57:944–957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2008.06.009

Hauber E, Reiss D, Ulrich M, Preusker F, Trauthan F, Zanetti M, Hiesinger H, Jaumann R, Johansson L, Johnsson A, Van Gasselt S (2011) Landscape evolution in Martian mid-latitude regions: insights from analogous periglacial landforms in Svalbard. *Geol Soc (Lond) Spec Publ* 356(1):111–131. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP356.7

Hauber E, Platz T, Reiss D, Le Deit L, Kleinhans MG, Marra WA, de Haas T, Carbonneau P (2013) Asynchronous formation of Hesperian and Amazonian-aged deltas on Mars and implications for climate. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 118:1529–1544. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgre.20107

Hayward RK (2011) Mars Global Digital Dune Database (MGD3): North polar region (MC-1) distribution, applications, and volume estimates. *Earth Surf Process Landf* 36:1967–1972. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.2219

Hayward RK, Mullins KF, Fenton LK, Hare TM, Titus TN, Bourke MC, Colaprete A, Christensen PR (2007) Mars global digital dune database and initial science results. *J Geophys Res* 112:E11007. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JE002943

Hayward RK, Fenton LK, Titus TN (2014) Mars Global Digital Dune Database (MGD3): global dune distribution and wind pattern observations. *Icarus* 230:38–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2013.04.011

Head III JW, Marchant DR, Ghatan GJ (2004) Glacial deposits on the rim of a Hesperian-Amazonian outflow channel source trough: Mangala Valles, Mars. *Geophys Res Lett* 31(10). https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020294

Head JW (2011) Geologic evidence for latitude-dependent water-related deposits on Mars: implications for climate history and the hydrological cycle on Mars. In: Mars atmosphere: modelling and observation, pp 427–430. https://www-mars.lmd.jussieu.fr/paris2011/abstracts/head_paris2011.pdf

Head JW, Marchant DR (2003) Cold-based mountain glaciers on Mars: western Arsia Mons. *Geology* 31(7):641–644. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0641:CMGOMW>2.0.CO;2

Head JW, Marchant DR (2014) The climate history of early Mars: insights from the Antarctic McMurdo Dry Valleys hydrologic system. *Antarct Sci* 26(6):774–800. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102014000686

Head JW, Pratt S (2001) Extensive Hesperian-aged south polar ice sheet on Mars: evidence for massive melting and retreat, and lateral flow and ponding of meltwater. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 106(E6):12275–12299. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JE001359

Head JW, Hiesinger H, Ivanov MA, Kreslavsky MA, Pratt S, Thomson BJ (1999) Possible ancient oceans on Mars: evidence from Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter data. *Science* 286:2134–2137. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.286.5447.2134

Head J, Mustard J, Kreslavsky M et al (2003) Recent ice ages on Mars. *Nature* 426:797–802. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02114

Head JW, Neukum G, Jaumann R, Hiesinger H, Hauber E, Carr M, Mangold N, Kreslavsky M, Milkovich S, The HRSC Co-Investigator Team (2005) Tropical to mid-latitude glaciation on Mars: evidence for snow and ice accumulation and flow in Mars Express HRSC data. *Nature* 434:346–351. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03359

Head JW, Marchant DR, Agnew MC, Fassett CI, Kreslavsky MA (2006) Extensive valley glacier deposits in the northern mid-latitudes of Mars: evidence for Late Amazonian obliquity-driven climate change. *Earth Planet Sci Lett* 241(3–4):663–671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.11.016

Head JW, Marchant DR, Kreslavsky MA (2008) Formation of gullies on Mars: link to recent climate history and insolation microenvironments implicate surface water flow origin. *Proc Natl Acad Sci* 105(36):13258–13263. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0803760105

Head JW, Marchant DR, Dickson JL, Kress AM, Baker DM (2010) Northern mid-latitude glaciation in the Late Amazonian period of Mars: criteria for the recognition of debris-covered glacier and valley glacier landsystem deposits. *Earth Planet Sci Lett* 294(3–4):306–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.06.041

Head J, Forget F, Wordsworth R, Turbet M, Cassanelli J, Palumbo A (2018) Two oceans on Mars? History, problems and prospects. In: The Ninth Moscow Solar System Symposium 9M-S3, pp 15–18

Hepburn AJ et al (2020b) Polyphase mid-latitude glaciation on Mars: chronology of the formation of superposed glacier-like forms from crater-count dating. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 125(2):e2019JE006102

Hepburn AJ, Ng FSL, Holt TO, Hubbard B (2020a) Late Amazonian Ice Survival in Kasei Valles, Mars. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 125. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JE006531

Hobley DEJ, Howard AD, Moore JM (2014) Fresh shallow valleys in the Martian midlatitudes as features formed by meltwater flow beneath ice. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 119(1):128–153. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JE004396
Hodges CA, Moore HJ (1979) The subglacial birth of Olympus Mons and its aureoles. J Geophys Res, Solid Earth 84(B14):8061–8074. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB084iB14p08061

Hoke MTR, Hynek BM (2009) Roaming zones of precipitation on ancient Mars as recorded in valley networks. J Geophys Res 114. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JE003247

Hoke MTR, Hynek BM, Tucker GE (2011) Formation timescales of large Martian valley networks. Earth Planet Sci Lett 312(1–2):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.09.053

Holt JW, Safaeinili A, Plaut JJ, Head JW, Phillips RJ, Seu R et al (2008) Radar sounding evidence for buried glaciers in the southern mid-latitudes of Mars. Science 322(5905):1235–1238. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1164246

Howard AD, Moore JM, Irwin RP III (2005) An intense terminal epoch of widespread fluvial activity on early Mars: 1. Valley network incision and associated deposits. J Geophys Res 110:E12S14. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JE002459

Hubbard B, Souness C, Brough S (2014) Glacier-like forms on Mars. Cryosphere 8(6):2047–2061. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-2047-2014

Hynek BM, Phillips RJ (2001) Evidence for extensive denudation of the Martian highlands. Geology 29(5):407–410. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0407:EFEDOT>2.0.CO;2

Hynek BM, Beach M, Hoke MR (2010) Updated global map of Martian valley networks and implications for climate and hydrologic processes. J Geophys Res, Planets 115(E9). https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JE003548

Irwin III RP, Craddock RA, Howard AD (2005) Interior channels in Martian valley networks: discharge and runoff production. Geology 33(6):489–492. https://doi.org/10.1130/G21333.1

Ivanov BA (2001) Mars/Moon cratering rate ratio estimates. Space Sci Rev 96:87–104. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:101194121102

Ivanov MA, Hiesinger H, Erkeling G, Hielscher FJ, Reiss D (2012) Major episodes of geologic history of Isidis Planitia on Mars. Icarus 218:24–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2011.11.029

Ivanov MA, Hiesinger H, Erkeling G, Reiss D (2014) Mud volcanism and morphology of impact craters in Utopia Planitia on Mars: evidence for the ancient ocean. Icarus 228:121–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2013.09.018

Jackson B, Lorenz R, Davis K (2018) A framework for relating the structures and recovery statistics in pressure time-series surveys for dust devils. Icarus 299:166–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2017.07.027

Jaumann R, Hauber E, Lanz J, Hoffmann H, Neukum G (2002) Geomorpological record of water-related erosion on Mars. In: Horneck G, Baumstark-Kahn C (eds) Astrobiology. Springer, Berlin, pp 89–109. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59381-9_7

Jaumann R, Reiss D, Frei S, Neukum G, Scholten F, Gwinner K, Roatsch T, Matz K-M, Hauber E, Köhler U, Head JW, Hiesinger H, Carr M (2005) Interior channels in Martian Valleys: constraints on fluvial erosion by measurements of the Mars Express high resolution stereo camera. Geophys Res Lett 32:L16203. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023415

Jaumann R, Neukum G, Behnke T, Duxburry TC, Eichentopf K, van Gasselt S, Giese B, Gwinner K, Hauber E, Hoffmann H, Hoffmeister A, Köhler U, Matz K-D, McCord TB, Mertens V, Oberst J, Pischel R, Reiß D, Ress E, Roatsch T, Saiger P, Scholten F, Schwarz G, Stephan K, Wählisch M, The HRSC Co-Investigator Team (2007) The High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) experiment on Mars Express: instrument aspects and experiment conduct from interplanetary cruise through nominal mission. Planet Space Sci 55:928–952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2006.12003

Jaumann R, Nass A, Tirsch D, Reiss D, Neukum G (2010) The Western Libya Montes Valley System on Mars: evidence for episodic and multi-genetic erosion events during the Martian history. Earth Planet Sci Lett 294:272–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.09.026

Jaumann R, Tirsch D, Hauber E, Erkeling G, Le Deit L, Sowe M, Adeli S, Petau A, Reiss D, Hiesinger H (2014) Water and Martian Habitability. Planet Space Sci 98:128–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2014.02.013

Jaumann R, Tirsch D, Hauber E, Ansan V, Di Achille G, Erkeling G, Fueten F, Head J, Kleinhans MG, Mangold N, Michael GG, Pacifici A, Platz T, Pondrelli M, Raack J, Reiss D, Williams DA, Adeli S, Baratoux D, de Villiers G, Foing B, Gupta S, Gwinner K, Hiesinger H, Hoffmann H, Le Deit L, Marinangeli L, Matz K-D, Mertens V, Muller JP, Neukum G, Pasckert HJ, Roatsch T, Rossi AP, Scholten F, Sowe M, Voigt J, Warner N (2015) Quantifying geological processes on Mars – results of the High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) on Mars Express. Planet Space Sci 112:53–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2014.11.029

Jehl A, Pinet P, Baratoux D, Daydou Y, Chevrel S, Heuripeau F, Manaud N, Cord A, Rosemberg C, Neukum G, Gwinner K, Scholten F, Hoffman R, Roatsch T (2008) Gusev photometric variability as seen from orbit by HRSC/Mars-express. Icarus 197(2):403–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2008.05.022
Hodges CA, Moore HJ (1979) The subglacial birth of Olympus Mons and its aureoles. J Geophys Res, Solid Earth 84(B14):8061–8074. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB084iB14p08061

Hoke MTR, Hynek BM (2009) Roaming zones of precipitation on ancient Mars as recorded in valley networks. J Geophys Res 114. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JE003247

Hoke MTR, Hynek BM, Tucker GE (2011) Formation timescales of large Martian valley networks. Earth Planet Sci Lett 312(1–2):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.09.053

Holt JW, Safaeinili A, Plaut JJ, Head JW, Phillips RJ, Seu R et al (2008) Radar sounding evidence for buried glaciers in the southern mid-latitudes of Mars. Science 322(5905):1235–1238. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1164246

Howard AD, Moore JM, Irwin RP III (2005) An intense terminal epoch of widespread fluvial activity on early Mars: 1. Valley network incision and associated deposits. J Geophys Res 110:E12S14. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JE002459

Hubbard B, Souness C, Brough S (2014) Glacier-like forms on Mars. Cryosphere 8(6):2047–2061. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-2047-2014

Hynek BM, Phillips RJ (2001) Evidence for extensive denudation of the Martian highlands. Geology 29(5):407–410. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0407:EFEDOT>2.0.CO;2

Hynek BM, Beach M, Hoke MR (2010) Updated global map of Martian valley networks and implications for climate and hydrologic processes. J Geophys Res, Planets 115(E9). https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JE003548

Irwin III RP, Craddock RA, Howard AD (2005) Interior channels in Martian valley networks: discharge and runoff production. Geology 33(6):489–492. https://doi.org/10.1130/G21333.1

Ivanov BA (2001) Mars/Moon cratering rate ratio estimates. Space Sci Rev 96:87–104. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:101194121102

Ivanov MA, Hiesinger H, Erkeling G, Hielscher FJ, Reiss D (2012) Major episodes of geologic history of Isidis Planitia on Mars. Icarus 218:24–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2011.11.029

Ivanov MA, Hiesinger H, Erkeling G, Reiss D (2014) Mud volcanism and morphology of impact craters in Utopia Planitia on Mars: evidence for the ancient ocean. Icarus 228:121–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2013.09.018

Jackson B, Lorenz R, Davis K (2018) A framework for relating the structures and recovery statistics in pressure time-series surveys for dust devils. Icarus 299:166–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2017.07.027

Jaumann R, Hauber E, Lanz J, Hoffmann H, Neukum G (2002) Geomorpological record of water-related erosion on Mars. In: Horneck G, Baumstark-Kahn C (eds) Astrobiology. Springer, Berlin, pp 89–109. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59381-9_7

Jaumann R, Reiss D, Frei S, Neukum G, Scholten F, Gwinner K, Roatsch T, Matz K-M, Hauber E, Köhler U, Head JW, Hiesinger H, Carr M (2005) Interior channels in Martian Valleys: constraints on fluvial erosion by measurements of the Mars Express high resolution stereo camera. Geophys Res Lett 32:L16203. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023415

Jaumann R, Neukum G, Behnke T, Duxburry TC, Eichentopf K, van Gasselt S, Giese B, Gwinner K, Hauber E, Hoffmann H, Hoffmeister A, Köhler U, Matz K-D, McCord TB, Mertens V, Oberst J, Pischel R, Reiß D, Ress E, Roatsch T, Saiger P, Scholten F, Schwarz G, Stephan K, Wählisch M, The HRSC Co-Investigator Team (2007) The High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) experiment on Mars Express: instrument aspects and experiment conduct from interplanetary cruise through nominal mission. Planet Space Sci 55:928–952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2006.12003

Jaumann R, Nass A, Tirsch D, Reiss D, Neukum G (2010) The Western Libya Montes Valley System on Mars: evidence for episodic and multi-genetic erosion events during the Martian history. Earth Planet Sci Lett 294:272–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.09.026

Jaumann R, Tirsch D, Hauber E, Erkeling G, Le Deit L, Sowe M, Adeli S, Petau A, Reiss D, Hiesinger H (2014) Water and Martian Habitability. Planet Space Sci 98:128–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2014.02.013

Jaumann R, Tirsch D, Hauber E, Ansan V, Di Achille G, Erkeling G, Fueten F, Head J, Kleinhans MG, Mangold N, Michael GG, Pacifici A, Platz T, Pondrelli M, Raack J, Reiss D, Williams DA, Adeli S, Baratoux D, de Villiers G, Foing B, Gupta S, Gwinner K, Hiesinger H, Hoffmann H, Le Deit L, Marinangeli L, Matz K-D, Mertens V, Muller JP, Neukum G, Pasckert HJ, Roatsch T, Rossi AP, Scholten F, Sowe M, Voigt J, Warner N (2015) Quantifying geological processes on Mars – results of the High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) on Mars Express. Planet Space Sci 112:53–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2014.11.029

Jehl A, Pinet P, Baratoux D, Daydou Y, Chevrel S, Heuripeau F, Manaud N, Cord A, Rosemberg C, Neukum G, Gwinner K, Scholten F, Hoffman R, Roatsch T (2008) Gusev photometric variability as seen from orbit by HRSC/Mars-express. Icarus 197(2):403–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2008.05.022
Johnsson A, Reiss D, Hauber E, Hiesinger H, Zanetti M (2014) Evidence for very recent melt-water and debris flow activity in gullies in a young mid-latitude crater on Mars. *Icarus* 235:37–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2014.03.005

Jouannic G, Gargani J, Costard F, Ori GG, Marmo C, Schmidt F, Lucas A (2012) Morphological and mechanical characterization of gullies in a periglacial environment: the case of the Russell crater dune (Mars). *Planet Space Sci* 71:38–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2012.07.005

Kadish SJ, Head JW, Barlow NG (2010) Pedestal crater heights on Mars: a proxy for the thicknesses of past, ice-rich, Amazonian deposits. *Icarus* 210(1):92–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2010.06.021

Kahn RA, Martin TZ, Zurek RW, Lee SW (1992) The Martian dust cycle. Kieffer HH, Jakosky BM, Snyder CW, Matthews MS (eds) Mars. Univ. of Arizona Press, Tuscon, pp 1017–1053. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/4664642_The_Martian_Dust_Cycle

Kargel JS, Strom RG (1992) Ancient glaciation on Mars. *Geology* 20(1):3–7. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0003:AGOM>2.3.CO;2

Kereszturi A (2010) Analysis of two sections of Shalbatana Vallis' tributary channels. *Planet Space Sci* 58:2008–2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2010.10.001

Kereszturi Á (2014) Case study of climatic changes in Martian fluvial systems at Xanthe Terra. *Planet Space Sci* 96:35–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2014.03.014

Keske AL, Hamilton CW, McEwen AS, Daubar IJ (2015) Episodes of fluvial and volcanic activity in Mangala Valles, Mars. *Icarus* 245:333–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2014.09.040

Kite ES (2019) Geologic constraints on early Mars climate. *Space Sci Rev* 215:1–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-018-0575-5

Kleinhans MG, van de Kasteele HE, Hauber E (2010) Palaeoflow reconstruction from fan delta morphology on Mars. *Earth Planet Sci Lett* 294:378–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.11.025

Kneissl T, Reiss D, van Gasselt S, Neukum G (2010) Distribution and orientation of northern-hemisphere gullies on Mars from the evaluation of HRSC and MOC-NA data. *Earth Planet Sci Lett* 294(3–4):357–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.05.018

Kortenemi J, Kreslavsky MA (2013) Patterned ground in Martian high northern latitudes: morphology and age constraints. *Icarus* 225(2):960–970. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2012.09.032

Kostama VP, Kreslavsky MA, Head JW (2006) Recent high-latitude icy mantle in the northern plains of Mars: characteristics and ages of emplacement. *Geophys Res Lett* 33:L11201. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL025946

Kreslavsky MA, Head III J.W. (2002) Mars: nature and evolution of young latitude-dependent water-ice-rich mantle. *Geophys Res Lett* 29(15):14-1-14-4. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL015392

Lapotre MGA, Rampe EB (2018) Curiosity's investigation of the bagnold dunes, Gale crater: overview of the two-phase scientific campaign and introduction to the special collection. *Geophys Res Lett* 45:10,200–10,210. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL079032

Lapotre MGA, Ehlmann BL, Minson SE, Arvidson RE, Ayoub F, Fraeman AA, Ewing RC, Bridges NT (2017) Compositional variations in sands of the Bagnold Dunes, Gale crater, Mars, from visible-shortwave infrared spectroscopy and comparison with ground truth from the Curiosity rover. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 122:2489–2509. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JE005133

Laskar J, Correia ACM, Gastineau M, Joutel F, Levrard B, Robutel P (2004) Long term evolution and chaotic diffusion of the insolation quantities of Mars. *Icarus* 170:343–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2004.04.005

Le Deit L, Le Mouëlic S, Bourgeois O, Combe J-P, Mège D, Sotin C, Gendrin A, Hauber E, Mangold N, Bibring J-P (2008) Ferric oxides in East Candor Chasma, Valles Marineris (Mars) inferred from analysis of OMEGA/Mars Express data: Identification and geological interpretation. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 113:E07001. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JE002950

Le Deit L, Flahaut J, Quantin C, Hauber E, Mège D, Bourgeois O, Gurgurewicz J, Massé M, Jaumann R (2012) Extensive surface pedogenic alteration of the Martian Noachian crust suggested by Plateau phyllosilicates around Valles Marineris. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 117:E00J05. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JE003983

Le Deit L, Hauber E, Fueten F, Pondrelli M, Rossi AP, Jaumann R (2013) Sequence of infilling events in Gale crater, Mars: Results from morphology, stratigraphy, and mineralogy. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 118. https://doi.org/10.1002/2012JE004322

Levrard B, Forget F, Montmessin F, Laskar J (2007) Recent formation and evolution of northern Martian polar layered deposits as inferred from a global climate model. *J Geophys Res* 112:E06012. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006je002772

Levy JS, Head JW, Marchant DR (2009) Thermal contraction crack polygons on Mars: classification, distribution and climate implications from global HiRISE observations. *J Geophys Res* 114:E01007. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JE003273
Johnsson A, Reiss D, Hauber E, Hiesinger H, Zanetti M (2014) Evidence for very recent melt-water and debris flow activity in gullies in a young mid-latitude crater on Mars. *Icarus* 235:37–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2014.03.005

Jouannic G, Gargani J, Costard F, Ori GG, Marmo C, Schmidt F, Lucas A (2012) Morphological and mechanical characterization of gullies in a periglacial environment: the case of the Russell crater dune (Mars). *Planet Space Sci* 71:38–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2012.07.005

Kadish SJ, Head JW, Barlow NG (2010) Pedestal crater heights on Mars: a proxy for the thicknesses of past, ice-rich, Amazonian deposits. *Icarus* 210(1):92–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2010.06.021

Kahn RA, Martin TZ, Zurek RW, Lee SW (1992) The Martian dust cycle. Kieffer HH, Jakosky BM, Snyder CW, Matthews MS (eds) Mars. Univ. of Arizona Press, Tuscon, pp 1017–1053. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/4664642_The_Martian_Dust_Cycle

Kargel JS, Strom RG (1992) Ancient glaciation on Mars. *Geology* 20(1):3–7. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0003:AGOM>2.3.CO;2

Kereszturi A (2010) Analysis of two sections of Shalbatana Vallis' tributary channels. *Planet Space Sci* 58:2008–2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2010.10.001

Kereszturi Á (2014) Case study of climatic changes in Martian fluvial systems at Xanthe Terra. *Planet Space Sci* 96:35–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2014.03.014

Keske AL, Hamilton CW, McEwen AS, Daubar IJ (2015) Episodes of fluvial and volcanic activity in Mangala Valles, Mars. *Icarus* 245:333–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2014.09.040

Kite ES (2019) Geologic constraints on early Mars climate. *Space Sci Rev* 215:1–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-018-0575-5

Kleinhans MG, van de Kasteele HE, Hauber E (2010) Palaeoflow reconstruction from fan delta morphology on Mars. *Earth Planet Sci Lett* 294:378–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.11.025

Kneissl T, Reiss D, van Gasselt S, Neukum G (2010) Distribution and orientation of northern-hemisphere gullies on Mars from the evaluation of HRSC and MOC-NA data. *Earth Planet Sci Lett* 294(3–4):357–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.05.018

Kortenemi J, Kreslavsky MA (2013) Patterned ground in Martian high northern latitudes: morphology and age constraints. *Icarus* 225(2):960–970. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2012.09.032

Kostama VP, Kreslavsky MA, Head JW (2006) Recent high-latitude icy mantle in the northern plains of Mars: characteristics and ages of emplacement. *Geophys Res Lett* 33:L11201. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL025946

Kreslavsky MA, Head III J.W. (2002) Mars: nature and evolution of young latitude-dependent water-ice-rich mantle. *Geophys Res Lett* 29(15):14-1-14-4. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL015392

Lapotre MGA, Rampe EB (2018) Curiosity's investigation of the bagnold dunes, Gale crater: overview of the two-phase scientific campaign and introduction to the special collection. *Geophys Res Lett* 45:10,200–10,210. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL079032

Lapotre MGA, Ehlmann BL, Minson SE, Arvidson RE, Ayoub F, Fraeman AA, Ewing RC, Bridges NT (2017) Compositional variations in sands of the Bagnold Dunes, Gale crater, Mars, from visible-shortwave infrared spectroscopy and comparison with ground truth from the Curiosity rover. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 122:2489–2509. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JE005133

Laskar J, Correia ACM, Gastineau M, Joutel F, Levrard B, Robutel P (2004) Long term evolution and chaotic diffusion of the insolation quantities of Mars. *Icarus* 170:343–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2004.04.005

Le Deit L, Le Mouëlic S, Bourgeois O, Combe J-P, Mège D, Sotin C, Gendrin A, Hauber E, Mangold N, Bibring J-P (2008) Ferric oxides in East Candor Chasma, Valles Marineris (Mars) inferred from analysis of OMEGA/Mars Express data: Identification and geological interpretation. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 113:E07001. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JE002950

Le Deit L, Flahaut J, Quantin C, Hauber E, Mège D, Bourgeois O, Gurgurewicz J, Massé M, Jaumann R (2012) Extensive surface pedogenic alteration of the Martian Noachian crust suggested by Plateau phyllosilicates around Valles Marineris. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 117:E00J05. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JE003983

Le Deit L, Hauber E, Fueten F, Pondrelli M, Rossi AP, Jaumann R (2013) Sequence of infilling events in Gale crater, Mars: Results from morphology, stratigraphy, and mineralogy. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 118. https://doi.org/10.1002/2012JE004322

Levrard B, Forget F, Montmessin F, Laskar J (2007) Recent formation and evolution of northern Martian polar layered deposits as inferred from a global climate model. *J Geophys Res* 112:E06012. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006je002772

Levy JS, Head JW, Marchant DR (2009) Thermal contraction crack polygons on Mars: classification, distribution and climate implications from global HiRISE observations. *J Geophys Res* 114:E01007. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JE003273
Levy J, Head JW, Marchant DR (2010a) Concentric crater fill in the northern mid-latitudes of Mars: formation processes and relationships to similar landforms of glacial origin. *Icarus* 209:390–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2010.03.036

Levy JS, Marchant DR, Head JW (2010b) Thermal contraction crack polygons on Mars: a synthesis from HiRISE, Phoenix, and terrestrial analog studies. *Icarus* 206:229–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2009.09.005

Levy JS, Fassett CI, Head JW, Schwartz C, Watters JL (2014) Sequestered glacial ice contribution to the global Martian water budget: geometric constraints on the volume of remnant, midlatitude debris-covered glaciers. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 119:2188–2196. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JE004685

Levy JS, Fassett CI, Head JW (2016) Enhanced erosion rates on Mars during Amazonian glaciation. *Icarus* 264:213–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2015.09.037

Lewis SR, Collins M, Read PL, Forget F, Hourdin F, Fournier R, Hourdin C, Talagrand O, Huot J-P (1999) A climate database for Mars. *J Geophys Res* 104(E10):24177–24194. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JE001024

Liu J, Yue Z, Di K, Gou S, Niu S (2021) A study about the temporal constraints on the Martian Yardangs' development in medusae fossae formation. *Remote Sens* 13(7):1316. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13071316

Liu J et al (2023) Martian dunes indicative of wind regime shift in line with end of ice age. *Nature*. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06206-1

Loizeau D, Mangold N, Poulet F, Bibring J-P, Gendrin A, Ansan V, Gomez C, Gondet B, Langevin Y, Masson P, Neukum G (2007) Phyllosilicates in the Mawrth Vallis region of Mars. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 112(E8):E08S08. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JE002877

Loizeau D, Mangold N, Poulet F, Ansan V, Hauber E, Bibring J-P, Gondet B, Langevin Y, Masson P, Neukum G (2010) Stratigraphy in the Mawrth Vallis region through OMEGA, HRSC color imagery and DTM. *Icarus* 205:396–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2009.04.018

Loizeau D, Werner SC, Mangold N, Bibring J-P, Vago JL (2012) Chronology of deposition and alteration in the Mawrth Vallis region, Mars. *Planet Space Sci* 72:31–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2012.06.023

Loizeau D, Quantin-Nataf C, Carter J, Flahaut J, Thollot P, Lozac'h L, Millot C (2018) Quantifying widespread aqueous surface weathering on Mars: the plateaus south of Coprates Chasma. *Icarus* 302:451–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2017.11.002

Lopes RMC, Guest JE, Wilson CJ (1980) Origin of the Olympus Mons aureole and perimeter scarp. *Moon Planets* 22:221–234. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00898433

Lorenz RD (2020) Martian ripples making a splash. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 125(10):e2020JE006658. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JE006658

Lu Y, Edgett KS, Wu YZ (2021) Ripples, Transverse Aeolian Ridges, and Dark-Toned Sand Dunes on Mars: a Case Study in Terra Sabaea. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 126(10). https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JE006953

Lu Y et al (2022) Aeolian disruption and reworking of TARs at the Zhurong rover field site, southern Utopia Planitia, Mars. *Earth Planet Sci Lett* 595:117785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2022.117785

Lucchitta BK (2001) Antarctic ice streams and outflow channels on Mars. *Geophys Res Lett* 28(3):403–406. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL011924

Lucchitta BK, McEwen AS, Clow GD et al (1992) The canyon systems on Mars. In: Kieffer HH, Jakosky BM, Snyder CW (eds) Mars. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp 453–492

Luo W, Cang X, Howard A (2017) New Martian valley network volume estimate consistent with ancient ocean and warm and wet climate. *Nat Commun* 8:15766. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15766

Madeleine JB, Forget F, Head JW, Levrard B, Montmessin F, Millour E (2009) Amazonian northern mid-latitude glaciation on Mars: a proposed climate scenario. *Icarus* 203(3):90–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2009.04.037

Madeleine JB, Forget F, Millour E, Navarro T, Spiga A (2012) The influence of radiatively active water ice clouds on the Martian climate. *Geophys Res Lett* 39:L23202. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053564

Malin MC, Edgett KS (1999) Oceans or seas in the Martian northern lowlands: high resolution imaging tests of proposed coastlines. *Geophys Res Lett* 26:3049–3052. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999gl002342

Malin MC, Edgett KS (2000) Sedimentary rocks of early Mars. *Science* 290:1927–1937. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.290.5498.1927

Mandt K, Leone G (2015) Yardang. In: Hargitai H, Kereszturi Á (eds) *Encyclopedia of planetary landforms*. Springer, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3134-3_575

Mangold N (2003) Geomorphic analysis of lobate debris aprons on Mars at Mars Orbiter Camera scale: evidence for ice sublimation initiated by fractures. *J Geophys Res* 108(E4):8021. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JE001885

Mangold N (2005) High latitude patterned grounds on Mars: classification, distribution and climatic control. *Icarus* 174(2):336–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2004.07.030

Mangold N, Howard AD (2013) Outflow channels with deltaic deposits in Ismenius Lacus, Mars. *Icarus* 226:385–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2013.05.040
Levy J, Head JW, Marchant DR (2010a) Concentric crater fill in the northern mid-latitudes of Mars: formation processes and relationships to similar landforms of glacial origin. *Icarus* 209:390–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2010.03.036

Levy JS, Marchant DR, Head JW (2010b) Thermal contraction crack polygons on Mars: a synthesis from HiRISE, Phoenix, and terrestrial analog studies. *Icarus* 206:229–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2009.09.005

Levy JS, Fassett CI, Head JW, Schwartz C, Watters JL (2014) Sequestered glacial ice contribution to the global Martian water budget: geometric constraints on the volume of remnant, midlatitude debris-covered glaciers. *J Geophys Res*, Planets 119:2188–2196. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JE004685

Levy JS, Fassett CI, Head JW (2016) Enhanced erosion rates on Mars during Amazonian glaciation. *Icarus* 264:213–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2015.09.037

Lewis SR, Collins M, Read PL, Forget F, Hourdin F, Fournier R, Hourdin C, Talagrand O, Huot J-P (1999) A climate database for Mars. *J Geophys Res* 104(E10):24177–24194. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JE001024

Liu J, Yue Z, Di K, Gou S, Niu S (2021) A study about the temporal constraints on the Martian Yardangs' development in medusae fossae formation. *Remote Sens* 13(7):1316. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13071316

Liu J et al (2023) Martian dunes indicative of wind regime shift in line with end of ice age. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06206-1

Loizeau D, Mangold N, Poulet F, Bibring J-P, Gendrin A, Ansan V, Gomez C, Gondet B, Langevin Y, Masson P, Neukum G (2007) Phyllosilicates in the Mawrth Vallis region of Mars. *J Geophys Res*, Planets 112(E8):E08S08. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JE002877

Loizeau D, Mangold N, Poulet F, Ansan V, Hauber E, Bibring J-P, Gondet B, Langevin Y, Masson P, Neukum G (2010) Stratigraphy in the Mawrth Vallis region through OMEGA, HRSC color imagery and DTM. *Icarus* 205:396–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2009.04.018

Loizeau D, Werner SC, Mangold N, Bibring J-P, Vago JL (2012) Chronology of deposition and alteration in the Mawrth Vallis region, Mars. *Planet Space Sci* 72:31–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2012.06.023

Loizeau D, Quantin-Nataf C, Carter J, Flahaut J, Thollot P, Lozac'h L, Millot C (2018) Quantifying widespread aqueous surface weathering on Mars: the plateaus south of Coprates Chasma. *Icarus* 302:451–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2017.11.002

Lopes RMC, Guest JE, Wilson CJ (1980) Origin of the Olympus Mons aureole and perimeter scarp. *Moon Planets* 22:221–234. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00898433

Lorenz RD (2020) Martian ripples making a splash. *J Geophys Res*, Planets 125(10):e2020JE006658. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JE006658

Lu Y, Edgett KS, Wu YZ (2021) Ripples, Transverse Aeolian Ridges, and Dark-Toned Sand Dunes on Mars: a Case Study in Terra Sabaea. *J Geophys Res*, Planets 126(10). https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JE006953

Lu Y et al (2022) Aeolian disruption and reworking of TARs at the Zhurong rover field site, southern Utopia Planitia, Mars. *Earth Planet Sci Lett* 595:117785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2022.117785

Lucchitta BK (2001) Antarctic ice streams and outflow channels on Mars. *Geophys Res Lett* 28(3):403–406. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL011924

Lucchitta BK, McEwen AS, Clow GD et al (1992) The canyon systems on Mars. In: Kieffer HH, Jakosky BM, Snyder CW (eds) Mars. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp 453–492

Luo W, Cang X, Howard A (2017) New Martian valley network volume estimate consistent with ancient ocean and warm and wet climate. Nat Commun 8:15766. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15766

Madeleine JB, Forget F, Head JW, Levrard B, Montmessin F, Millour E (2009) Amazonian northern mid-latitude glaciation on Mars: a proposed climate scenario. *Icarus* 203(3):90–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2009.04.037

Madeleine JB, Forget F, Millour E, Navarro T, Spiga A (2012) The influence of radiatively active water ice clouds on the Martian climate. *Geophys Res Lett* 39:L23202. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053564

Malin MC, Edgett KS (1999) Oceans or seas in the Martian northern lowlands: high resolution imaging tests of proposed coastlines. *Geophys Res Lett* 26:3049–3052. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999gl002342

Malin MC, Edgett KS (2000) Sedimentary rocks of early Mars. *Science* 290:1927–1937. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.290.5498.1927

Mandt K, Leone G (2015) Yardang. In: Hargitai H, Kereszturi Á (eds) *Encyclopedia of planetary landforms*. Springer, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3134-3_575

Mangold N (2003) Geomorphic analysis of lobate debris aprons on Mars at Mars Orbiter Camera scale: evidence for ice sublimation initiated by fractures. *J Geophys Res* 108(E4):8021. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JE001885

Mangold N (2005) High latitude patterned grounds on Mars: classification, distribution and climatic control. *Icarus* 174(2):336–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2004.07.030

Mangold N, Howard AD (2013) Outflow channels with deltaic deposits in Ismenius Lacus, Mars. *Icarus* 226:385–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2013.05.040
Mangold N et al (2007) Mineralogy of the Nili Fossae region with OMEGA/Mars Express data: 2. Aqueous alteration of the crust. J Geophys Res 112:E08S04. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JE002835

Mangold N, Gendrin A, Gondet B, Mouelic SL, Quantin C, Ansan V, Bibring J-P, Langevin Y, Masson P, Neukum G (2008) Spectral and geological study of the sulfate rich region of West Candor Chasma, Mars. Icarus 194:519-543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2007.10.021

Mangold N, Adeli S, Conway S, Ansan V, Langlais B (2012a) A chronology of early Mars climatic evolution from impact crater degradation. J Geophys Res, Planets 194:E04003. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JE004005

Mangold N, Carter J, Poulet F, Dehouck E, Ansan V, Loizeau D (2012b) Late Hesperian aqueous alteration at Majuro crater, Mars. Planet Space Sci 72:18-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2012.03.014

Marra WA, Hauber E, de Jong SM, Kleinhans MG (2015) Pressurized groundwater systems in Lunae and Ophir Plana (Mars): Insights from small-scale morphology and experiments. Geo Res J 8:1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.grj.2015.08.001

Martin P, Titov D, González-Galindo F, Jaumann R, Määttänen A, Spohn T, Wilson C, Kminek G, Sefton-Nash E (2024) Mars Express: Pioneering two decades of European exploration of Mars. Space Sci Rev

Massé M, Le Mouélic S, Bourgeois O, Combe J-P, Le Deit L, Sinot C, Bibring J-P, Gondet B, Langevin Y (2008) Mineralogical composition, structure, morphology, and geological history of Aram Chaos crater fill on Mars derived from OMEGA Mars Express data. J Geophys Res 113:E12006. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JE003131

Masson P, Carr MH, Costard F, Greeley R, Hauber E, Jaumann R (2001) Geomorphologic evidence for liquid water. In: Kallenbach R, Geiss J, Hartmann WK (eds) Chronology and evolution on Mars. Space science series of ISSI, space science review, vol 96, pp 333-364. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011913809715

Masursky H (1973) An overview of geological results from Mariner 9. J Geophys Res 78(20):4009-4030. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB078i020p04009

McKee ED (1979) Introduction to a study of global sand seas. In: McKee ED (ed) A study of global sand seas. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 3. https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1052

McKeown NK, Bishop JL, Dobrea EZN, Ehlmann BL, Parente M, Mustard JF, Murchie SL, Swayze GA, Bibring J-P, Silver EA (2009) Characterization of phyllosilicates observed in the central Mawrth Vallis region, Mars, their potential formalational processes, and implications for past climate. J Geophys Res, Planets 114:E00D10. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JE003301

Melosh HJ (2011) Planetary surface processes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511977848

Michael GG (2013) Planetary surface dating from crater size frequency distribution measurements: multiple resurfacing episodes and differential isochron fitting. Icarus 226:885-890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2013.07.004

Michalski JR, Glotch TD, Rogers AD, Niles PB, Cuadros J, Ashley JW, Johnson SS (2019) The geology and astrobiology of McLaughlin crater, Mars: an ancient lacustrine basin containing turbidites, mudstones, and serpentinites. J Geophys Res, Planets 124:910-940. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JE005796

Milkovich SM, Head JW, Neukum G, HRSC Team (2008) Stratigraphic analysis of the northern polar layered deposits of Mars: implications for recent climate history. Planet Space Sci 56:266-288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2007.08.004

Milliken RE, Mustard JF, Goldsby DL (2003) Viscous flow features on the surface of Mars: observations from high-resolution Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) images. J Geophys Res 108(E6):5057. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JE002005

Millour E, Forget F, González-Galindo F, Spiga A, Lebonnois S, Montabone L et al (2008) The latest (version 4.3) Mars climate database. In: Mars atmosphere: modeling and observations, pp 1-4. http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/modeling2008/

Milton DJ (1973) Water and processes of degradation in the Martian landscape. J Geophys Res 78(20):4037-4047. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB078i020p04037

Mischna MA, Richardson MI, Wilson RJ, McCleese DJ (2003) On the orbital forcing of Martian water and CO2 cycles: a general circulation model study with simplified volatile schemes. J Geophys Res 108(E6):5062. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JE002051

Morgan GA, Head JW III, Marchant DR (2009) Lineated valley fill (LVF) and lobate debris aprons (LDA) in the Deuteronilus Mensae northern dichotomy boundary region, Mars: constraints on the extent, age and episodicity of Amazonian glacial events. Icarus 202(1):22-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2009.02.017

Morgan GA, Putzig NE, Perry MR, Sizemore HG, Bramson AM, Petersen EI, Bain ZM et al (2021) Availability of subsurface water-ice resources in the northern mid-latitudes of Mars. Nat Astron 5(3):230-236. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-020-01290-z

Mukherjee S, Singh D, Singh P, Roy N (2020) Morphological and morphometric analysis of a topographic depression near Huygens basin, Mars: identification of a putative endorheic playa. Geomorphology 351:106912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j geomorph.2019.106912
Mangold N et al (2007) Mineralogy of the Nili Fossae region with OMEGA/Mars Express data: 2. Aqueous alteration of the crust. J Geophys Res 112:E08S04. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JE002835

Mangold N, Gendrin A, Gondet B, Mouelic SL, Quantin C, Ansan V, Bibring J-P, Langevin Y, Masson P, Neukum G (2008) Spectral and geological study of the sulfate rich region of West Candor Chasma, Mars. Icarus 194:519-543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2007.10.021

Mangold N, Adeli S, Conway S, Ansan V, Langlais B (2012a) A chronology of early Mars climatic evolution from impact crater degradation. J Geophys Res, Planets 194:E04003. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JE004005

Mangold N, Carter J, Poulet F, Dehouck E, Ansan V, Loizeau D (2012b) Late Hesperian aqueous alteration at Majuro crater, Mars. Planet Space Sci 72:18-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2012.03.014

Marra WA, Hauber E, de Jong SM, Kleinhans MG (2015) Pressurized groundwater systems in Lunae and Ophir Plana (Mars): Insights from small-scale morphology and experiments. Geo Res J 8:1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.grj.2015.08.001

Martin P, Titov D, González-Galindo F, Jaumann R, Määttänen A, Spohn T, Wilson C, Kminek G, Sefton-Nash E (2024) Mars Express: Pioneering two decades of European exploration of Mars. Space Sci Rev

Massé M, Le Mouélic S, Bourgeois O, Combe J-P, Le Deit L, Sotin C, Bibring J-P, Gondet B, Langevin Y (2008) Mineralogical composition, structure, morphology, and geological history of Aram Chaos crater fill on Mars derived from OMEGA Mars Express data. J Geophys Res 113:E12006. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JE003131

Masson P, Carr MH, Costard F, Greeley R, Hauber E, Jaumann R (2001) Geomorphologic evidence for liquid water. In: Kallenbach R, Geiss J, Hartmann WK (eds) Chronology and evolution on Mars. Space science series of ISSI, space science review, vol 96, pp 333-364. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011913809715

Masursky H (1973) An overview of geological results from Mariner 9. J Geophys Res 78(20):4009-4030. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB078i020p04009

McKee ED (1979) Introduction to a study of global sand seas. In: McKee ED (ed) A study of global sand seas. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 3. https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1052

McKeown NK, Bishop JL, Dobrea EZN, Ehlmann BL, Parente M, Mustard JF, Murchie SL, Swayze GA, Bibring J-P, Silver EA (2009) Characterization of phyllosilicates observed in the central Mawrth Vallis region, Mars, their potential formalational processes, and implications for past climate. J Geophys Res, Planets 114:E00D10. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JE003301

Melosh HJ (2011) Planetary surface processes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511977848

Michael GG (2013) Planetary surface dating from crater size frequency distribution measurements: multiple resurfacing episodes and differential isochron fitting. Icarus 226:885-890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2013.07.004

Michalski JR, Glotch TD, Rogers AD, Niles PB, Cuadros J, Ashley JW, Johnson SS (2019) The geology and astrobiology of McLaughlin crater, Mars: an ancient lacustrine basin containing turbidites, mudstones, and serpentinites. J Geophys Res, Planets 124:910-940. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JE005796

Milkovich SM, Head JW, Neukum G, HRSC Team (2008) Stratigraphic analysis of the northern polar layered deposits of Mars: implications for recent climate history. Planet Space Sci 56:266-288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2007.08.004

Milliken RE, Mustard JF, Goldsby DL (2003) Viscous flow features on the surface of Mars: observations from high-resolution Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) images. J Geophys Res 108(E6):5057. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JE002005

Millour E, Forget F, González-Galindo F, Spiga A, Lebonnois S, Montabone L et al (2008) The latest (version 4.3) Mars climate database. In: Mars atmosphere: modeling and observations, pp 1-4. http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/modeling2008/

Milton DJ (1973) Water and processes of degradation in the Martian landscape. J Geophys Res 78(20):4037-4047. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB078i020p04037

Mischna MA, Richardson MI, Wilson RJ, McCleese DJ (2003) On the orbital forcing of Martian water and CO2 cycles: a general circulation model study with simplified volatile schemes. J Geophys Res 108(E6):5062. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JE002051

Morgan GA, Head JW III, Marchant DR (2009) Lineated valley fill (LVF) and lobate debris aprons (LDA) in the Deuteronilus Mensae northern dichotomy boundary region, Mars: constraints on the extent, age and episodicity of Amazonian glacial events. Icarus 202(1):22-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2009.02.017

Morgan GA, Putzig NE, Perry MR, Sizemore HG, Bramson AM, Petersen EI, Bain ZM et al (2021) Availability of subsurface water-ice resources in the northern mid-latitudes of Mars. Nat Astron 5(3):230-236. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-020-01290-z

Mukherjee S, Singh D, Singh P, Roy N (2020) Morphological and morphometric analysis of a topographic depression near Huygens basin, Mars: identification of a putative endorheic playa. Geomorphology 351:106912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j geomorph.2019.106912
Murchie SL et al (2009) A synthesis of Martian aqueous mineralogy after 1 Mars year of observations from the Mars reconnaissance orbiter. J Geophys Res, Planets 114:E00D06. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JE003342

Murchie SL, Mustard JF, Ehlmann BL, Milliken RE, Bishop JL, McKeown NK, Bibring JP (2009) A synthesis of Martian aqueous mineralogy after 1 Mars year of observations from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. J Geophys Res, Planets 114(E2). https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JE003342

Murray JB, Muller J-P, Neukum G, Werner SC, van Gasselt S, Hauber E, Markiewicz WJ, Head JW, Foing BH, Page D, Mitchell KL, Portyankina G, Co-Investigator Team (2005) The evidence from the Mars Express high resolution stereo camera for a frozen sea close to Mars' equator. Nature 434:352–356. http://www.nature.com/nature/index.html

Musiol S, Cailleau B, Platz T, Kneissl T, Dumke A, Neukum G (2011) Outflow activity near Hadriaca Patera, Mars: fluid-ectonic interaction investigated with high resolution stereo camera stereo data and finite element modeling. J Geophys Res, Planets 116:08001. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JE003791

Mustard J, Cooper C, Rifkin M (2001) Evidence for recent climate change on Mars from the identification of youthful near-surface ground ice. Nature 412:411–414. https://doi.org/10.1038/35086515

Mustard JF et al (2008) Hydrated silicate minerals on Mars observed by the Mars reconnaissance orbiter CRISM instrument. Nature 454(7202):305–309. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07097

Nedell SS, Squyres SW, Andersen DW (1987) Origin and evolution of the layered deposits in the Valles Marineris, Mars. Icarus 70:409–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(87)90086-8

Neukum G, Ivanov B, Hartmann W (2001) Cratering records in the inner Solar System in relation to the lunar reference system. Space Sci Rev 96:55–86. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011989004263

Neukum G, Jaumann R, Hoffmann H, Hauber E, Head JW, Basilevsky AT, Ivanov BA, Werner SC, van Gasselt S, Murray JB, McCord T, The HRSC Co-Investigator Team (2004) Mars: recent and episodic volcanic, hydrothermal, and glacial activity revealed by the Mars Express High Resolution Stereo Cam- era (HRSC) experiment. Nature 432:971–979. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03231

Neukum G, Basilevsky AT, Kneissl T, Chapman MG, van Gasselt S, Michael G, Jaumann R, Hoffmann H, Lanz JK (2010) The geologic evolution of Mars: episodicity of resurfacing events and ages from cratering analysis of image data and correlation with radiometric ages of Martian meteorites. Earth Planet Sci Lett 294:204–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.09.006

Niu S, Zhang F, Di K, Gou S, Yue Z (2022) Layered Ejecta Craters in the Candidate Landing Areas of China's First Mars Mission (Tianwen-1): Implications for Subsurface Volatile Concentrations. J Geophys Res, Planets 127. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JE007089

Orosei R et al (2024) Water ice in the subsurface and polar caps. Space Sci Rev

Pacifi A (2008) Geomorphological map of Ares Vallis, ASI planetary map series – map no. 1. Boll Soc Geol It (Ital J Geosci) 127(1):75–92

Pacifi A, Komatsu G, Pondrelli M (2009) Geological evolution of Ares Vallis on Mars: formation by multi-ple events of catastrophic flooding, glacial and periglacial processes. Icarus 202:60–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2009.02.029

Pajola M et al (2016a) The Simud-Tiu Valles hydrologic system: a multidisciplinary study of a possible site for future Mars on-site exploration. Icarus 268:355–381

Pajola M et al (2016) Eridania Basin: an ancient paleolake floor as the next landing site for the Mars 2020 rover. Icarus 275:163–182

Pajola M, Rossato S, Baratti E, Mangili C, Mancarella F, McBride K, Coradini M (2016a) The Simud–Tiu Valles hydrologic system: a multidisciplinary study of a possible site for future Mars on-site exploration. Icarus 268:355–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2015.12.049

Palucis MC, Dietrich WE, Williams RME, Hayes AG, Parker T, Sumner DY, Mangold N, Lewis K, Newsom H (2016) Sequence and relative timing of large lakes in Gale crater (Mars) after the formation of Mount Sharp. J Geophys Res, Planets 121:472–496. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JE004905

Palucis MC, Dietrich WE, Williams RME, Hayes AG, Parker T, Sumner DY, Mangold N, Lewis K, Newsom H (2016) Sequence and relative timing of large lakes in Gale crater (Mars) after the formation of Mount Sharp. J Geophys Res, Planets 121:472–496. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JE004905

Palumbo AM, Head JW (2017) Impact cratering as a cause of climate change, surface alteration, and resur-facing during the early history of Mars. Meteorit Planet Sci 53:687–725. https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.13001

Palumbo A, Head J, Wordsworth R (2018) Late Noachian Icy Highlands climate model: exploring the possi-bility of transient melting and fluvial/lacustrine activity through peak annual and seasonal temperatures. Icarus 300:261–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2017.09.007

Pan C, Edwards CS, Bennett KA (2019) Composition and sources of dark aeolian sediments within Martian craters associated with central mounds. In: 50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston. Abstract #2249. https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2019/pdf/2249.pdf
Murchie SL et al (2009) A synthesis of Martian aqueous mineralogy after 1 Mars year of observations from the Mars reconnaissance orbiter. J Geophys Res, Planets 114:E00D06. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JE003342

Murchie SL, Mustard JF, Ehlmann BL, Milliken RE, Bishop JL, McKeown NK, Bibring JP (2009) A synthesis of Martian aqueous mineralogy after 1 Mars year of observations from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. J Geophys Res, Planets 114(E2). https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JE003342

Murray JB, Muller J-P, Neukum G, Werner SC, van Gasselt S, Hauber E, Markiewicz WJ, Head JW, Foing BH, Page D, Mitchell KL, Portyankina G, Co-Investigator Team (2005) The evidence from the Mars Express high resolution stereo camera for a frozen sea close to Mars' equator. Nature 434:352–356. http://www.nature.com/nature/index.html

Musiol S, Cailleau B, Platz T, Kneissl T, Dumke A, Neukum G (2011) Outflow activity near Hadriaca Patera, Mars: fluid-ectonic interaction investigated with high resolution stereo camera stereo data and finite element modeling. J Geophys Res, Planets 116:08001. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JE003791

Mustard J, Cooper C, Rifkin M (2001) Evidence for recent climate change on Mars from the identification of youthful near-surface ground ice. Nature 412:411–414. https://doi.org/10.1038/35086515

Mustard JF et al (2008) Hydrated silicate minerals on Mars observed by the Mars reconnaissance orbiter CRISM instrument. Nature 454(7202):305–309. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature0797

Nedell SS, Squyres SW, Andersen DW (1987) Origin and evolution of the layered deposits in the Valles Marineris, Mars. Icarus 70:409–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(87)90086-8

Neukum G, Ivanov B, Hartmann W (2001) Cratering records in the inner Solar System in relation to the lunar reference system. Space Sci Rev 96:55–86. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011989004263

Neukum G, Jaumann R, Hoffmann H, Hauber E, Head JW, Basilevsky AT, Ivanov BA, Werner SC, van Gasselt S, Murray JB, McCord T, The HRSC Co-Investigator Team (2004) Mars: recent and episodic volcanic, hydrothermal, and glacial activity revealed by the Mars Express High Resolution Stereo Cam- era (HRSC) experiment. Nature 432:971–979. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03231

Neukum G, Basilevsky AT, Kneissl T, Chapman MG, van Gasselt S, Michael G, Jaumann R, Hoffmann H, Lanz JK (2010) The geologic evolution of Mars: episodicity of resurfacing events and ages from cratering analysis of image data and correlation with radiometric ages of Martian meteorites. Earth Planet Sci Lett 294:204–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.09.006

Niu S, Zhang F, Di K, Gou S, Yue Z (2022) Layered Ejecta Craters in the Candidate Landing Areas of China's First Mars Mission (Tianwen-1): Implications for Subsurface Volatile Concentrations. J Geophys Res, Planets 127. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JE007089

Orosei R et al (2024) Water ice in the subsurface and polar caps. Space Sci Rev

Pacifi A (2008) Geomorphological map of Ares Vallis, ASI planetary map series – map no. 1. Boll Soc Geol It (Ital J Geosci) 127(1):75–92

Pacifi A, Komatsu G, Pondrelli M (2009) Geological evolution of Ares Vallis on Mars: formation by multi-ple events of catastrophic flooding, glacial and periglacial processes. Icarus 202:60–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2009.02.029

Pajola M et al (2016a) The Simud-Tiu Valles hydrologic system: a multidisciplinary study of a possible site for future Mars on-site exploration. Icarus 268:355–381

Pajola M et al (2016) Eridania Basin: an ancient paleolake floor as the next landing site for the Mars 2020 rover. Icarus 275:163–182

Pajola M, Rossato S, Baratti E, Mangili C, Mancarella F, McBride K, Coradini M (2016a) The Simud–Tiu Valles hydrologic system: a multidisciplinary study of a possible site for future Mars on-site exploration. Icarus 268:355–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2015.12.049

Palucis MC, Dietrich WE, Williams RME, Hayes AG, Parker T, Sumner DY, Mangold N, Lewis K, Newsom H (2016) Sequence and relative timing of large lakes in Gale crater (Mars) after the formation of Mount Sharp. J Geophys Res, Planets 121:472–496. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JE004905

Palucis MC, Dietrich WE, Williams RME, Hayes AG, Parker T, Sumner DY, Mangold N, Lewis K, Newsom H (2016) Sequence and relative timing of large lakes in Gale crater (Mars) after the formation of Mount Sharp. J Geophys Res, Planets 121:472–496. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JE004905

Palumbo AM, Head JW (2017) Impact cratering as a cause of climate change, surface alteration, and resur-facing during the early history of Mars. Meteorit Planet Sci 53:687–725. https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.13001

Palumbo A, Head J, Wordsworth R (2018) Late Noachian Icy Highlands climate model: exploring the possi-bility of transient melting and fluvial/lacustrine activity through peak annual and seasonal temperatures. Icarus 300:261–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2017.09.007

Pan C, Edwards CS, Bennett KA (2019) Composition and sources of dark aeolian sediments within Martian craters associated with central mounds. In: 50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston. Abstract #2249. https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2019/pdf/2249.pdf
Parker TJ, Saunders RS, Schneeberger DM (1989) Transitional morphology in West Deuteronilus Mensae, Mars: implications for modification of the lowland/upland boundary. *Icarus* 82:111–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(89)90027-4

Parker TJ, Gorsline DS, Saunders RS, Pieri DC, Schneeberger DM (1993) Coastal geomorphology of the Martian northern plains. *J Geophys Res* 98:11061. https://doi.org/10.1029/93JE00618

Parsons R, Holt J (2016) Constraints on the formation and properties of a Martian lobate debris apron: insights from high-resolution topography, SHARAD radar data, and a numerical ice flow model. *J Geophys Res*, Planets 121:432–453. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JE004927

Parsons RA, Moore JM, Howard AD (2013) Evidence for a short period of hydrologic activity in Newton crater, Mars, near the Hesperian-Amazonian transition. *J Geophys Res*, Planets 118(5):1082–1093. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgre.20088

Parsons RA, Kanzaki T, Hemmi R, Miyamoto H (2021) Cold-based glaciation of pavonis mons, Mars: evidence for moraine deposition during glacial advance. *Prog Earth Planet Sci* 7:1–21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-020-0323-9

Peel SE, Fassett CI (2013) Valleys in pit craters on Mars: characteristics, distribution, and formation mechanisms. *Icarus* 225(1):272–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2013.03.031

Penido JC, Fassett CI, Som SM (2013) Scaling relationships and concavity of small valley networks on Mars. *Planet Space Sci* 75:105–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2012.09.009

Peterson CM (1981) Hebes Chasma – Martian pyroclastic sink. *Lunar and Planetary Science Conference XII*, abstract 828-829. https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1981LPI....12.828P

Plaut JJ, Safaeinili A, Holt JW, Phillips RJ, Head JW III, Seu R, Putzig NE, Frigeri A (2009) Radar evidence for ice in lobate debris aprons in the mid-northern latitudes of Mars. *Geophys Res Lett* 36:L02203. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL036379

Pondrelli M, Rossi AP, Ori GG, Gasselt S, Praeg D, Ceramicola S (2011a) Mud volcanoes in the geologic record of Mars: the case of firsoff crater. *Earth Planet Sci Lett* 304:511–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.02.027

Pondrelli M, Rossi AP, Platz T, Ivanov A, Marinangeli L, Baliva A (2011b) Geological, geomorphological, facies and allostratigraphic maps of the Eberswalde fan delta. *Planet Space Sci* 59:1166–1178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2010.10.009

Pondrelli M, Rossi AP, Le Deit L, Gasselt S, Fueten F, Glamoclija M (2015) Equatorial layered deposits in the Firsoff crater area: process variability and habitability potential. *Geol Soc Am Bull* 127:1064–1089. https://doi.org/10.1130/B31225.1

Pondrelli M, Rossi AP, Le Deit L, Schmidt G, Pozzobon R, Hauber E, Salese F (2019) Groundwater control and process variability on the Equatorial Layered Deposits of Kotido crater, Mars. *J Geophys Res*, Planets 124:779–800. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JE005656

Poulet F et al (2007) Martian surface mineralogy from observatoire Pour La Minéralogie, l'Eau, Les Glaces et l'Activité on Board the Mars Express Spacecraft (OMEGA/MEx): global mineral maps. *J Geophys Res*, Planets 112(E8). https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JE002840

Poulet F et al (2008) Abundance of minerals in the phyllosilicate-rich units on Mars. *Astron Astrophys* 487(2):L41–L44. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:200810150

Poulet F, Carter J, Bishop JL, Loizeau D, Murchie SM (2014) Mineral abundances at the final four Curiosity study sites and implications for their formation. *Icarus* 231:65–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2013.11.023

Poulet F, Gross C, Horgan B, Loizeau D, Bishop JL, Carter J, Orgel C (2020) Mawrth Vallis, Mars: a fascinating place for future in situ exploration. *Astrobiology* 20(2). https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2019.2074

Quantin C, Allemand P, Mangold N, Dromart G, Delacourt C (2005) Fluviual and lacustrine activity on layered deposits in Melas Chasma, Valles Marineris, Mars. *J Geophys Res*, Planets 110(E12). https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JE002440

Quantin-Nataf C, Carter J, Mandon L, Thollot P, Balme M, Volat M, Pan L, Loizeau D, Millot C, Breton S, Dehouck E, Fawdon P, Gupta S, Davis J, Grindrod PM, Pacifici A, Bultel B, Allemand P, Ody A, Lozach L, Broyer J (2021) Oxia planum: the landing site for the ExoMars “Rosalind Franklin” rover mission: geological context and prelanding interpretation. *Astrobiology* 21(3):345–366. https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2019.2191

Raack J, Reiss D, Hiesinger H (2012) Gullies and their relationships to the dust–ice mantle in the northwestern Argyre Basin, Mars. *Icarus* 219(1):129–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2012.02.025

Ramsdale JD, Balme MR, Conway SJ, Gallagher C (2015) Ponding, draining and tilting of the cerberus plains; a cryolacustrine origin for the sinuous ridge and channel networks in Rahway Vallis, Mars. *Icarus* 253:256–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2015.03.005

Reiss D, Jaumann R (2003) Recent debris flows on Mars: Seasonal observations of the Russell Crater dune field. *Geophys Res Lett* 30(6). https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016704
Parker TJ, Saunders RS, Schneeberger DM (1989) Transitional morphology in West Deuteronilus Mensae, Mars: implications for modification of the lowland/upland boundary. Icarus 82:111–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(89)90027-4

Parker TJ, Gorsline DS, Saunders RS, Pieri DC, Schneeberger DM (1993) Coastal geomorphology of the Martian northern plains. J Geophys Res 98:11061. https://doi.org/10.1029/93JE00618

Parsons R, Holt J (2016) Constraints on the formation and properties of a Martian lobate debris apron: insights from high-resolution topography, SHARAD radar data, and a numerical ice flow model. J Geophys Res, Planets 121:432–453. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JE004927

Parsons RA, Moore JM, Howard AD (2013) Evidence for a short period of hydrologic activity in Newton crater, Mars, near the Hesperian-Amazonian transition. J Geophys Res, Planets 118(5):1082–1093. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgre.20088

Parsons RA, Kanzaki T, Hemmi R, Miyamoto H (2021) Cold-based glaciation of pavonis mons, Mars: evidence for moraine deposition during glacial advance. Prog Earth Planet Sci 7:1–21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-020-0323-9

Peel SE, Fassett CI (2013) Valleys in pit craters on Mars: characteristics, distribution, and formation mechanisms. Icarus 225(1):272–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2013.03.031

Penido JC, Fassett CI, Som SM (2013) Scaling relationships and concavity of small valley networks on Mars. Planet Space Sci 75:105–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2012.09.009

Peterson CM (1981) Hebes Chasma – Martian pyroclastic sink. Lunar and Planetary Science Conference XII, abstract 828-829. https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1981LPI....12.828P

Plaut JJ, Safaeinili A, Holt JW, Phillips RJ, Head JW III, Seu R, Putzig NE, Frigeri A (2009) Radar evidence for ice in lobate debris aprons in the mid-northern latitudes of Mars. Geophys Res Lett 36:L02203. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL036379

Pondrelli M, Rossi AP, Ori GG, Gasselt S, Praeg D, Ceramicola S (2011a) Mud volcanoes in the geologic record of Mars: the case of firsoff crater. Earth Planet Sci Lett 304:511–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.02.027

Pondrelli M, Rossi AP, Platz T, Ivanov A, Marinangeli L, Baliva A (2011b) Geological, geomorphological, facies and allostratigraphic maps of the Eberswalde fan delta. Planet Space Sci 59:1166–1178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2010.10.009

Pondrelli M, Rossi AP, Le Deit L, Gasselt S, Fueten F, Glamoclija M (2015) Equatorial layered deposits in the Firsoff crater area: process variability and habitability potential. Geol Soc Am Bull 127:1064–1089. https://doi.org/10.1130/B31225.1

Pondrelli M, Rossi AP, Le Deit L, Schmidt G, Pozzobon R, Hauber E, Salese F (2019) Groundwater control and process variability on the Equatorial Layered Deposits of Kotido crater, Mars. J Geophys Res, Planets 124:779–800. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JE005656

Poulet F et al (2007) Martian surface mineralogy from observatoire Pour La Minéralogie, l’Eau, Les Glaces et l’Activité on Board the Mars Express Spacecraft (OMEGA/MEx): global mineral maps. J Geophys Res, Planets 112(E8). https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JE002840

Poulet F et al (2008) Abundance of minerals in the phyllosilicate-rich units on Mars. Astron Astrophys 487(2):L41–L44. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:200810150

Poulet F, Carter J, Bishop JL, Loizeau D, Murchie SM (2014) Mineral abundances at the final four Curiosity study sites and implications for their formation. Icarus 231:65–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2013.11.023

Poulet F, Gross C, Horgan B, Loizeau D, Bishop JL, Carter J, Orgel C (2020) Mawrth Vallis, Mars: a fascinating place for future in situ exploration. Astrobiology 20(2). https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2019.2074

Quantin C, Allemand P, Mangold N, Dromart G, Delacourt C (2005) Fluvial and lacustrine activity on layered deposits in Melas Chasma, Valles Marineris, Mars. J Geophys Res, Planets 110(E12). https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JE002440

Quantin-Natac C, Carter J, Mandon L, Thollot P, Balme M, Volat M, Pan L, Loizeau D, Millot C, Breton S, Dehouck E, Fawdon P, Gupta S, Davis J, Grindrod PM, Pacifici A, Bultel B, Allemand P, Ody A, Lozach L, Broyer J (2021) Oxia planum: the landing site for the ExoMars “Rosalind Franklin” rover mission: geological context and prelanding interpretation. Astrobiology 21(3):345–366. https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2019.2191

Raack J, Reiss D, Hiesinger H (2012) Gullies and their relationships to the dust–ice mantle in the northwestern Argyre Basin, Mars. Icarus 219(1):129–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2012.02.025

Ramsdale JD, Balme MR, Conway SJ, Gallagher C (2015) Ponding, draining and tilting of the cerberus plains; a cryolacustrine origin for the sinuous ridge and channel networks in Rahway Vallis, Mars. Icarus 253:256–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2015.03.005

Reiss D, Jaumann R (2003) Recent debris flows on Mars: Seasonal observations of the Russell Crater dune field. Geophys Res Lett 30(6). https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016704
Reiss R, Zanetti M, Neukum G (2011) Multitemporal observations of identical active dust devils on Mars with the High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) and Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC). *Icarus* 215(1):358–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2011.06.011

Richardson M, Wilson R (2002) A topographically forced asymmetry in the Martian circulation and climate. *Nature* 416:298–301. https://doi.org/10.1038/416298a

Ringrose TJ, Towner MC, Zarnecki JC (2003) Convective vortices on Mars: a reanalysis of Viking Lander 2 meteorological data, sols 1-60. *Icarus* 163:78–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00073-3

Rivera-Hernández F, Palucis MC (2019) Do deltas along the crustal dichotomy boundary of Mars in the Gale crater region record a northern ocean? *Geophys Res Lett* 46:8689. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL083046

Rodriguez JP, Tanaka KL, Yamamoto A, Berman DC, Zimbelman JR, Kargel JS, Sasaki S, Jinguo Y, Miyamoto H (2010) The sedimentology and dynamics of crater-affiliated wind streaks in western Arabia Terra, Mars and Patagonia, Argentina. *Geomorphology* 121(1-2):30–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.07.020

Rodriguez JAP, Leonard GJ, Platz T, Tanaka KL, Kargel JS, Fairén AG, Gulick V, Baker VR, Glines N, Miyamoto H, Jianguo Y, Oguma M (2015) New insights into the Late Amazonian zonal shrinkage of the Martian southern polar Plateau. *Icarus* 248:407–411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2015.01.009

Rodriguez JPA, Robertson DK, Kargel JS, Baker VR, Berman DC, Cohen J, Costard F, Komatsu G, Lopez A, Miyamoto H, Zarroca M (2022) Evidence of an oceanic impact and megatsunami sedimentation in Chryse Planitia, Mars. *Sci Rep* 12:19589. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-18082-2

Rossi AP, Neukum G, Pondrelli M, Gasselt S, Zegers T, Hauber E, Chicarro FB (2008) Large-scale spring deposits on Mars? *J Geophys Res, Planets* 113. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JE003062

Russell PS, Head JW III (2002) The Martian hydrosphere/cryosphere system: implications of the absence of hydrologic activity at Lyot crater. *Geophys Res Lett* 29(17):8-1-8-4. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL015178

Salese F, Di Achille G, Neesemann A et al (2016) Hydrological and sedimentary analyses of well-preserved paleofluvial-paleoalustrine systems at Moa Valles, Mars. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 121:194–232. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JE004891

Sautter V, Toplis MJ, Wiens RC, Cousin A, Fabre C, Gasnault O, Maurice S, Forni O, Lasue J, Ollila A, Bridges JC, Mangold N, Le Mouélic S, Fisk M, Meslin PY, Beck P, Pinet P, Le Deit L, Rapin W, Stolper EM, Newsom H, Dyar D, Lanza N, Vaniman D, Clegg S, Wray JJ (2015) In situ evidence for continental crust on early Mars. *Nat Geosci* 8:605. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2474. https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo2474#supplementary-information

Scalon KE, Head JW, Fastook JL, Wordsworth RD (2018) The dorsa argentea formation and the noachian-hesperian climate transition. *Icarus* 299:339–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2017.07.031

Schmidt G, Pondrelli M, Salese F, Rossi AP, Le Deit L, Fueten F, Salvini F (2021) Depositional controls of the layered deposits of Arabia Terra, Mars: hints from basin geometries and stratigraphic trends. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 126:e2021JE006974. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JE006974

Scholten F, Gwinner K, Roatsch T, Matz K-D, Wählisch M, Giese B, Oberst J, Jaumann R, Neukum G, The HRSC Co-Investigator Team (2005) Mars Express HRSC data processing – methods and operational aspects. *Photogramm Eng Remote Sens* 71:1143–1152. https://doi.org/10.14358/PERS.71.10.1143

Schultz PH, Lutz AB (1988) Polar wandering of Mars. *Icarus* 73:91–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(88)90087-5

Seybold HJ, Kite E, Kirchner JW (2018) Branching geometry of valley networks on Mars and Earth and its implications for early Martian climate. *Sci Adv* 4(6):eaar6692. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aar6692

Shi Y, Zhao J, Xiao L, Yang Y, Wang J (2022) An arid-semiarid climate during the Noachian-Hesperian transition in the Huygens region, Mars: evidence from morphological studies of valley networks. *Icarus* 373:114789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114789

Sholes SF, Rivera-Hernández F (2022) Constraints on the uncertainty, timing, and magnitude of potential Mars oceans from topographic deformation models. *Icarus* 378:114934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2022.114934

Sholes SF, Montgomery DR, Catling DC (2019) Quantitative high-resolution reexamination of a hypothesized ocean shoreline in Cydonia Mensae on Mars. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 124:316–336. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JE005837

Sholes SF, Dickeson ZI, Montgomery DR, Catling DC (2021) Where are Mars' hypothesized ocean shorelines? Large lateral and topographic offsets between different versions of paleoshoreline maps. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 126:e06486. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020je006486

Silvestro S, Fenton LK, Ori GG (2008) Complex dunes in the southern hemisphere of Mars: age and wind regimes. In: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, vol 39, p 1893. https://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2008/pdf/1893.pdf
Reiss R, Zanetti M, Neukum G (2011) Multitemporal observations of identical active dust devils on Mars with the High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) and Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC). *Icarus* 215(1):358–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2011.06.011

Richardson M, Wilson R (2002) A topographically forced asymmetry in the Martian circulation and climate. *Nature* 416:298–301. https://doi.org/10.1038/416298a

Ringrose TJ, Towner MC, Zarnnecki JC (2003) Convective vortices on Mars: a reanalysis of Viking Lander 2 meteorological data, sols 1-60. *Icarus* 163:78–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00073-3

Rivera-Hernández F, Palucis MC (2019) Do deltas along the crustal dichotomy boundary of Mars in the Gale crater region record a northern ocean? *Geophys Res Lett* 46:8689. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL083046

Rodriguez JP, Tanaka KL, Yamamoto A, Berman DC, Zimbelman JR, Kargel JS, Sasaki S, Jinguo Y, Miyamoto H (2010) The sedimentology and dynamics of crater-affiliated wind streaks in western Arabia Terra, Mars and Patagonia, Argentina. *Geomorphology* 121(1-2):30–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.07.020

Rodriguez JAP, Leonard GJ, Platz T, Tanaka KL, Kargel JS, Fairén AG, Gulick V, Baker VR, Glines N, Miyamoto H, Jianguo Y, Oguma M (2015) New insights into the Late Amazonian zonal shrinkage of the Martian southern polar Plateau. *Icarus* 248:407–411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2015.01.009

Rodriguez JPA, Robertson DK, Kargel JS, Baker VR, Berman DC, Cohen J, Costard F, Komatsu G, Lopez A, Miyamoto H, Zarroca M (2022) Evidence of an oceanic impact and megatsunami sedimentation in Chryse Planitia, Mars. *Sci Rep* 12:19589. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-18082-2

Rossi AP, Neukum G, Pondrelli M, Gasselt S, Zegers T, Hauber E, Chicarro FB (2008) Large-scale spring deposits on Mars? *J Geophys Res, Planets* 113. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JE003062

Russell PS, Head JW III (2002) The Martian hydrosphere/cryosphere system: implications of the absence of hydrologic activity at Lyot crater. *Geophys Res Lett* 29(17):8-1-8-4. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL015178

Salese F, Di Achille G, Neesemann A et al (2016) Hydrological and sedimentary analyses of well-preserved paleofluvial-paleoalustrine systems at Moa Valles, Mars. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 121:194–232. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JE004891

Sautter V, Toplis MJ, Wiens RC, Cousin A, Fabre C, Gasnault O, Maurice S, Forni O, Lasue J, Ollila A, Bridges JC, Mangold N, Le Mouélic S, Fisk M, Meslin PY, Beck P, Pinet P, Le Deit L, Rapin W, Stolper EM, Newsom H, Dyar D, Lanza N, Vaniman D, Clegg S, Wray JJ (2015) In situ evidence for continental crust on early Mars. *Nat Geosci* 8:605. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2474. https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo2474#supplementary-information

Scalon KE, Head JW, Fastook JL, Wordsworth RD (2018) The dorsa argentea formation and the noachian-hesperian climate transition. *Icarus* 299:339–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2017.07.031

Schmidt G, Pondrelli M, Salese F, Rossi AP, Le Deit L, Fueten F, Salvini F (2021) Depositional controls of the layered deposits of Arabia Terra, Mars: hints from basin geometries and stratigraphic trends. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 126:e2021JE006974. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JE006974

Scholten F, Gwinner K, Roatsch T, Matz K-D, Wählisch M, Giese B, Oberst J, Jaumann R, Neukum G, The HRSC Co-Investigator Team (2005) Mars Express HRSC data processing – methods and operational aspects. *Photogramm Eng Remote Sens* 71:1143–1152. https://doi.org/10.14358/PERS.71.10.1143

Schultz PH, Lutz AB (1988) Polar wandering of Mars. *Icarus* 73:91–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(88)90087-5

Seybold HJ, Kite E, Kirchner JW (2018) Branching geometry of valley networks on Mars and Earth and its implications for early Martian climate. *Sci Adv* 4(6):eaar6692. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aar6692

Shi Y, Zhao J, Xiao L, Yang Y, Wang J (2022) An arid-semiarid climate during the Noachian-Hesperian transition in the Huygens region, Mars: evidence from morphological studies of valley networks. *Icarus* 373:114789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114789

Sholes SF, Rivera-Hernández F (2022) Constraints on the uncertainty, timing, and magnitude of potential Mars oceans from topographic deformation models. *Icarus* 378:114934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2022.114934

Sholes SF, Montgomery DR, Catling DC (2019) Quantitative high-resolution reexamination of a hypothesized ocean shoreline in Cydonia Mensae on Mars. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 124:316–336. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JE005837

Sholes SF, Dickeson ZI, Montgomery DR, Catling DC (2021) Where are Mars' hypothesized ocean shorelines? Large lateral and topographic offsets between different versions of paleoshoreline maps. *J Geophys Res, Planets* 126:e06486. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020je006486

Silvestro S, Fenton LK, Ori GG (2008) Complex dunes in the southern hemisphere of Mars: age and wind regimes. In: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, vol 39, p 1893. https://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2008/pdf/1893.pdf
Silvestro S, Di Achille G, Ori GG (2010) Dune morphology, sand transport pathways and possible source areas in East Thaumasia Region (Mars). Geomorphology 121:84–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j geomorph. 2009.07.019

Sinha RK, Ray D (2021) Extensive glaciation in the Erebus Montes region of Mars. Icarus 367:114557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. icarus.2021.114557

Smith DE, Zuber MT, Solomon SC, Phillips RJ, Head JW, Garvin JB, Banerdt WB, Muhleman DO, Pettengill GH, Neumann GA, Lemoine FG, Abshire JB, Aharonson O, Brown CD, Hauck SA, Ivanov AB, Mc- Govern PJ, Zwally HJ, Duxbury TC (1999) The global topography of Mars and implications for surface evolution. Science 285:1495–1503. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5419.1495

Smith IB, Putzig NE, Holt JW, Phillips RJ (2016) An ice age recorded in the polar deposits of Mars. Science 352(6289):1075–1078. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad6968

Smith IB, Hayne PO, Byrne S, Becerra P, Kahre M, Calvin W, Hvidberg C et al (2020) The holy grail: a road map for unlocking the climate record stored within Mars’ polar layered deposits. Planet Space Sci 184:104841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2020.104841

Soare JR, Williams J-P, Hepburn AJ, Butcher FEG (2022) A billion or more years of possible periglacial/glacial cycling in Protonilus Mensae, Mars. Icarus 385:115115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. icarus.2022.11511

Sowe M (2009) Interior layered deposits in chaotic terrains on Mars. PhD thesis, FU, Berlin. https://refubium. fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/2695?locale-attribute=en

Sowe M, Wendt L, McGuire PC, Neukum G (2012) Hydrated minerals in the deposits of Aureum Chaos. Icarus 218:406–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. icarus.2011.12.009

Squyres SW, Carr MH (1986) Geomorphic evidence for the distribution of ground ice on Mars. Science 231(4735):249–252. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.231.4735.249

Squyres SW, Clifford SM, Kuz'min RO, Zimbalman JR, Costard FM (1992) Ice in the Martian regolith. In: Kieffer HH et al (eds) Mars. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp 523–554. https://repository.si.edu/ bitstream/handle/10088/8625/199220.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Stanzel C, Pätzold M, Greeley R, Hauber E, Neukum G (2006) Dust devils on Mars observed by the high resolution stereo camera. Geophys Res Lett 33:L11202. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL025816

Stanzel C, Pätzold M, Williams DA, Whelley PL, Greeley R, Neukum G, The HRSC Co-Investigator Team (2008) Dust devil speeds, directions of motion and general characteristics observed by the Mars Express high resolution stereo camera. Icarus 197:39–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. icarus.2008.04.017

Stillman DE, Michaels TI, Grimm RE, Hanley J (2016) Observations and modeling of northern mid- latitude recurring slope lineae (RSL) suggest recharge by a present-day Martian briny aquifer. Icarus 265:125–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. icarus.2015.10.007

Stucky de Quay G, Goudge TA, Fassett CI (2020) Precipitation and aridity constraints from paleolakes on early Mars. Geology 48(12):1189–1193. https://doi.org/10.1130/G47886.1

Stuurman CM, Osinski GR, Holt JW, Levy JS, Brothers TC, Kerrigan M, Campbell BA (2016) SHARAD detection and characterization of subsurface water ice deposits in Utopia Planitia, Mars. Geophys Res Lett 43:9484–9491. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070138

Tanaka KL (1985) Ice-lubricated gravity spreading of the Olympus Mons aureole deposits. Icarus 62(2):191–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(85)90117-4

Tanaka K (2000) Dust and ice deposition in the Martian geologic record. Icarus 144(2):254–266. https://doi. org/10.1006/icar.1999.6297

Tanaka KL, Kolb EJ (2001) Geologic history of the polar regions of Mars based on Mars Global Surveyor data: I. Noachian and Hesperian Periods. Icarus 154(1):3–21. https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.2001.6676

Tanaka KL, Scott DH (1987) Geology map of the polar regions of Mars. USGS Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-1802-C, 1:15,000,000. https://doi.org/10.3133/I1802C

Tanaka KL, Skinner JA, Hare TM (2005) Geologic map of the northern plains of Mars. U.S. geological survey sci. inv. map, vol 28888. http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS92955

Tanaka KL, Skinner JA Jr, Dohm JM, Irwin RP III, Kolb EJ, Fortezzo CM, Platz T, Michael GG, Hare TM (2014) Geologic map of Mars: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3292, scale 1:20,000,000, pamphlet 43 p. https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3292

Thomas P (1984) Martian intracrater spotches: occurrence, morphology, and colors. Icarus 57:205–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(84)90066-6

Thomas P, Veverka J, Lee S, Bloom A (1981) Classification of wind streaks on Mars. Icarus 45(1):124–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(81)90010-5

Thomas P, Squyres S, Herkenhoff K, Howard A, Murray B (1992) Polar deposits of Mars. In: Kieffer HH et al (eds) Mars. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp 767–795

Thomas N et al (2024) Seasonal and short timescale changes on the Martian surface: Multi-spacecraft perspectives. Space Sci Rev 220
Silvestro S, Di Achille G, Ori GG (2010) Dune morphology, sand transport pathways and possible source areas in East Thaumasia Region (Mars). Geomorphology 121:84–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j geomorph. 2009.07.019

Sinha RK, Ray D (2021) Extensive glaciation in the Erebus Montes region of Mars. Icarus 367:114557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. icarus.2021.114557

Smith DE, Zuber MT, Solomon SC, Phillips RJ, Head JW, Garvin JB, Banerdt WB, Muhleman DO, Pettengill GH, Neumann GA, Lemoine FG, Abshire JB, Aharonson O, Brown CD, Hauck SA, Ivanov AB, Mc- Govern PJ, Zwally HJ, Duxbury TC (1999) The global topography of Mars and implications for surface evolution. Science 285:1495–1503. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5419.1495

Smith IB, Putzig NE, Holt JW, Phillips RJ (2016) An ice age recorded in the polar deposits of Mars. Science 352(6289):1075–1078. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad6968

Smith IB, Hayne PO, Byrne S, Becerra P, Kahre M, Calvin W, Hvidberg C et al (2020) The holy grail: a road map for unlocking the climate record stored within Mars’ polar layered deposits. Planet Space Sci 184:104841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2020.104841

Soare JR, Williams J-P, Hepburn AJ, Butcher FEG (2022) A billion or more years of possible periglacial/glacial cycling in Protonilus Mensae, Mars. Icarus 385:115115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. icarus.2022.11511

Sowe M (2009) Interior layered deposits in chaotic terrains on Mars. PhD thesis, FU, Berlin. https://refubium. fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/2695?locale-attribute=en

Sowe M, Wendt L, McGuire PC, Neukum G (2012) Hydrated minerals in the deposits of Aureum Chaos. Icarus 218:406–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. icarus.2011.12.009

Squyres SW, Carr MH (1986) Geomorphic evidence for the distribution of ground ice on Mars. Science 231(4735):249–252. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.231.4735.249

Squyres SW, Clifford SM, Kuz'min RO, Zimbalman JR, Costard FM (1992) Ice in the Martian regolith. In: Kieffer HH et al (eds) Mars. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp 523–554. https://repository.si.edu/ bitstream/handle/10088/8625/199220.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Stanzel C, Pätzold M, Greeley R, Hauber E, Neukum G (2006) Dust devils on Mars observed by the high resolution stereo camera. Geophys Res Lett 33:L11202. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL025816

Stanzel C, Pätzold M, Williams DA, Whelley PL, Greeley R, Neukum G, The HRSC Co-Investigator Team (2008) Dust devil speeds, directions of motion and general characteristics observed by the Mars Express high resolution stereo camera. Icarus 197:39–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. icarus.2008.04.017

Stillman DE, Michaels TI, Grimm RE, Hanley J (2016) Observations and modeling of northern mid- latitude recurring slope lineae (RSL) suggest recharge by a present-day Martian briny aquifer. Icarus 265:125–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. icarus.2015.10.007

Stucky de Quay G, Goudge TA, Fassett CI (2020) Precipitation and aridity constraints from paleolakes on early Mars. Geology 48(12):1189–1193. https://doi.org/10.1130/G47886.1

Stuurman CM, Osinski GR, Holt JW, Levy JS, Brothers TC, Kerrigan M, Campbell BA (2016) SHARAD detection and characterization of subsurface water ice deposits in Utopia Planitia, Mars. Geophys Res Lett 43:9484–9491. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070138

Tanaka KL (1985) Ice-lubricated gravity spreading of the Olympus Mons aureole deposits. Icarus 62(2):191–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(85)90117-4

Tanaka K (2000) Dust and ice deposition in the Martian geologic record. Icarus 144(2):254–266. https://doi. org/10.1006/icar.1999.6297

Tanaka KL, Kolb EJ (2001) Geologic history of the polar regions of Mars based on Mars Global Surveyor data: I. Noachian and Hesperian Periods. Icarus 154(1):3–21. https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.2001.6676

Tanaka KL, Scott DH (1987) Geology map of the polar regions of Mars. USGS Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-1802-C, 1:15,000,000. https://doi.org/10.3133/I1802C

Tanaka KL, Skinner JA, Hare TM (2005) Geologic map of the northern plains of Mars. U.S. geological survey sci. inv. map, vol 28888. http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS92955

Tanaka KL, Skinner JA Jr, Dohm JM, Irwin RP III, Kolb EJ, Fortezzo CM, Platz T, Michael GG, Hare TM (2014) Geologic map of Mars: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3292, scale 1:20,000,000, pamphlet 43 p. https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3292

Thomas P (1984) Martian intracrater spotches: occurrence, morphology, and colors. Icarus 57:205–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(84)90066-6

Thomas P, Veverka J, Lee S, Bloom A (1981) Classification of wind streaks on Mars. Icarus 45(1):124–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(81)90010-5

Thomas P, Squyres S, Herkenhoff K, Howard A, Murray B (1992) Polar deposits of Mars. In: Kieffer HH et al (eds) Mars. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp 767–795

Thomas N et al (2024) Seasonal and short timescale changes on the Martian surface: Multi-spacecraft perspectives. Space Sci Rev 220
Tirsch D (2009) Dark Dunes on Mars – Analyses on origin, morphology, and mineralogical composition of the dark material in Martian craters. PhD thesis, Freie Universität Berlin. https://doi.org/10.17169/refubium-13574

Tirsch D, Jaumann R, Helbert J, Reiss D, Forget F, Poulet F, Neukum G (2006) Recent and fossil deposits of dark material in Martian Craters. Eur Planet Sci Congr 2006:406. https://elib.dlr.de/48047/1/Europlanet_poster_2006.pdf

Tirsch D, Jaumann R, Pacifici A, Poulet F (2011) Dark aeolian sediments in Martian craters: Composition and sources. J Geophys Res, Planets 116. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JE003562

Tirsch D, Erkeling G, Bishop JL, Tornabene LL, Hiesinger H, Jaumann R (2016) Lacustrine mineral deposits and their geologic context at bradbury crater on Mars. In: 7th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2016/pdf/1444.pdf

Tirsch D, Bishop JL, Voigt JRC, Tornabene LL, Erkeling G, Jaumann R (2018) Geology of central Libya Montes, Mars: aqueous alteration history from mineralogical and morphological mapping. Icarus 314:12–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2018.05.006

Tornabene LL, Osinski GR, McEwen AS, Wray JJ, Craig MA, Sapers HM, Christensen PR (2013) An impact origin for hydrated silicates on Mars: a synthesis. J Geophys Res, Planets 118(5):994–1012. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgre.20082

Tuhi S, Harish AA, Kimi KB, Vigneshwaran K, Sharini KS, Priya RKS, Vijayan S (2022) Ma’adim Vallis, Mars: insights into episodic and late-stage water activity from an impact crater. Icarus 387:115214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2022.115214

van Berk W, Fu Y, Ilger J-M (2012) Reproducing early Martian atmospheric carbon dioxide partial pressure by modeling the formation of Mg-Fe-Ca carbonate identified in the Comanche rock outcrops on Mars. J Geophys Res 117:E10008. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JE004173

van Gasselt S, Hauber E, Neukum G (2010) Lineated valley fill at the Martian dichotomy boundary: nature and history of degradation. J Geophys Res 115:E08003. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JE003336

van Kan Parker M, Zegers T, Kneissl T, Ivanov B, Foing B, Neukum G (2010) 3D structure of the Gusev crater region. Earth Planet Sci Lett 294(3–4):411–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.01.013

Viola D, McEwen AS (2018) Geomorphological evidence for shallow ice in the southern hemisphere of Mars. J Geophys Res, Planets 123:262–277. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JE005366

Volat M, Quantin-Natac F, Dehecq A (2022) Digital elevation model workflow improvements for the MarsSI platform and resulting orthorectified mosaic of Oxia Planum, the landing site of the ExoMars 2022 rover. Planet Space Sci 222:105552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2022.105552

von Paris P, Petau A, Grenfell JL, Hauber E, Breuer D, Jaumann R, Rauer H, Tirsch D (2014) Estimating precipitation on early Mars using a radiative-convective model of the atmosphere and comparison with inferred runoff from geomorphology. Planet Space Sci 105:133–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2014.11.018

Walter SHG, Muller JP, Sidiropoulos P, Tao Y, Gwinner K, Putri ARD, Kim JR, R van Gasselt S S, Michael GG, Watson G, Schreiner BP (2018) The Web-Based Interactive Mars Analysis and Research System for HRSC and the iMars Project. Earth Space Sci 5:308–323. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018EA000389

Wang J, Xiao L, Reiss D, Hiesinger H, Huang J, Xu Y et al (2018) Geological features and evolution of Yardangs in the Qaidam Basin, Tibetan Plateau (NW China): a terrestrial analogue for Mars. J Geophys Res, Planets 123:2336–2364. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JE005719

Ward AW (1979) Yardangs on Mars: evidence of recent wind erosion. J Geophys Res 84(B14):8147–8166. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB084iB14p08147

Ward AW, Doyle KB, Helm PJ, Weisman MK, Witbeck NE (1985) Global map of eolian features on Mars. J Geophys Res, Solid Earth 90(B2):2038–2056. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB090iB02p02038

Warner N, Gupta S, Muller J-P, Kim J-R, Lin S-Y (2009) A refined chronology of catastrophic outflow events in Ares Vallis, Mars. Earth Planet Sci Lett 288:58–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.09.008

Warner N, Gupta S, Kim JR, Lin SY, Muller JP (2010b) Hesperian equatorial thermokarst lakes in Ares Vallis as evidence for transient warm conditions on Mars. Geology 38(1):71–74. https://doi.org/10.1130/G30579.1

Warner N, Gupta S, Lin SY, Kim JR, Muller JP, Morley J (2010a) Late Noachian to Hesperian climate change on Mars: Evidence of episodic warming from transient crater lakes near Ares Vallis. J Geophys Res, Planets 115(E6). https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JE003522

Warner NH, Gupta S, Kim J-R, Muller J-P, Le Corre L, Morley J, Lin S-Y, McGonigle C (2011) Constraints on the origin and evolution of Iani Chaos, Mars. J Geophys Res, Planets 116:E06003. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JE003787

Warner NH, Sowe M, Gupta S, Dumke A, Goddard K (2013) Fill and spill of giant lakes in the eastern Valles Marineris region of Mars. Geology G34172. https://doi.org/10.1130/G34172.1

Weiss DK, Head JW, Palumbo AM, Cassanelli JP (2017) Extensive Amazonian-aged fluvial channels on Mars: evaluating the role of Lyot crater in their formation. Geophys Res Lett 44(11):5336–5344. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073821
Tirsch D (2009) Dark Dunes on Mars – Analyses on origin, morphology, and mineralogical composition of the dark material in Martian craters. PhD thesis, Freie Universität Berlin. https://doi.org/10.17169/refubium-13574

Tirsch D, Jaumann R, Helbert J, Reiss D, Forget F, Poulet F, Neukum G (2006) Recent and fossil deposits of dark material in Martian Craters. Eur Planet Sci Congr 2006:406. https://elib.dlr.de/48047/1/Europlanet_poster_2006.pdf

Tirsch D, Jaumann R, Pacifici A, Poulet F (2011) Dark aeolian sediments in Martian craters: Composition and sources. J Geophys Res, Planets 116. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JE003562

Tirsch D, Erkeling G, Bishop JL, Tornabene LL, Hiesinger H, Jaumann R (2016) Lacustrine mineral deposits and their geologic context at bradbury crater on Mars. In: 7th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2016/pdf/1444.pdf

Tirsch D, Bishop JL, Voigt JRC, Tornabene LL, Erkeling G, Jaumann R (2018) Geology of central Libya Montes, Mars: aqueous alteration history from mineralogical and morphological mapping. Icarus 314:12–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2018.05.006

Tornabene LL, Osinski GR, McEwen AS, Wray JJ, Craig MA, Sapers HM, Christensen PR (2013) An impact origin for hydrated silicates on Mars: a synthesis. J Geophys Res, Planets 118(5):994–1012. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgre.20082

Tuhi S, Harish AA, Kimi KB, Vigneshwaran K, Sharini KS, Priya RKS, Vijayan S (2022) Ma’adim Vallis, Mars: insights into episodic and late-stage water activity from an impact crater. Icarus 387:115214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2022.115214

van Berk W, Fu Y, Ilger J-M (2012) Reproducing early Martian atmospheric carbon dioxide partial pressure by modeling the formation of Mg-Fe-Ca carbonate identified in the Comanche rock outcrops on Mars. J Geophys Res 117:E10008. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JE004173

van Gasselt S, Hauber E, Neukum G (2010) Lineated valley fill at the Martian dichotomy boundary: nature and history of degradation. J Geophys Res 115:E08003. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JE003336

van Kan Parker M, Zegers T, Kneissl T, Ivanov B, Foing B, Neukum G (2010) 3D structure of the Gusev crater region. Earth Planet Sci Lett 294(3–4):411–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.01.013

Viola D, McEwen AS (2018) Geomorphological evidence for shallow ice in the southern hemisphere of Mars. J Geophys Res, Planets 123:262–277. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JE005366

Volat M, Quantin-Natac F, Dehecq A (2022) Digital elevation model workflow improvements for the MarsSI platform and resulting orthorectified mosaic of Oxia Planum, the landing site of the ExoMars 2022 rover. Planet Space Sci 222:105552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2022.105552

von Paris P, Petau A, Grenfell JL, Hauber E, Breuer D, Jaumann R, Rauer H, Tirsch D (2014) Estimating precipitation on early Mars using a radiative-convective model of the atmosphere and comparison with inferred runoff from geomorphology. Planet Space Sci 105:133–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2014.11.018

Walter SHG, Muller JP, Sidiropoulos P, Tao Y, Gwinner K, Putri ARD, Kim JR, R van Gasselt S S, Michael GG, Watson G, Schreiner BP (2018) The Web-Based Interactive Mars Analysis and Research System for HRSC and the iMars Project. Earth Space Sci 5:308–323. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018EA000389

Wang J, Xiao L, Reiss D, Hiesinger H, Huang J, Xu Y et al (2018) Geological features and evolution of Yardangs in the Qaidam Basin, Tibetan Plateau (NW China): a terrestrial analogue for Mars. J Geophys Res, Planets 123:2336–2364. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JE005719

Ward AW (1979) Yardangs on Mars: evidence of recent wind erosion. J Geophys Res 84(B14):8147–8166. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB084iB14p08147

Ward AW, Doyle KB, Helm PJ, Weisman MK, Witbeck NE (1985) Global map of eolian features on Mars. J Geophys Res, Solid Earth 90(B2):2038–2056. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB090iB02p02038

Warner N, Gupta S, Muller J-P, Kim J-R, Lin S-Y (2009) A refined chronology of catastrophic outflow events in Ares Vallis, Mars. Earth Planet Sci Lett 288:58–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.09.008

Warner N, Gupta S, Kim JR, Lin SY, Muller JP (2010b) Hesperian equatorial thermokarst lakes in Ares Vallis as evidence for transient warm conditions on Mars. Geology 38(1):71–74. https://doi.org/10.1130/G30579.1

Warner N, Gupta S, Lin SY, Kim JR, Muller JP, Morley J (2010a) Late Noachian to Hesperian climate change on Mars: Evidence of episodic warming from transient crater lakes near Ares Vallis. J Geophys Res, Planets 115(E6). https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JE003522

Warner NH, Gupta S, Kim J-R, Muller J-P, Le Corre L, Morley J, Lin S-Y, McGonigle C (2011) Constraints on the origin and evolution of Iani Chaos, Mars. J Geophys Res, Planets 116:E06003. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JE003787

Warner NH, Sowe M, Gupta S, Dumke A, Goddard K (2013) Fill and spill of giant lakes in the eastern Valles Marineris region of Mars. Geology G34172. https://doi.org/10.1130/G34172.1

Weiss DK, Head JW, Palumbo AM, Cassanelli JP (2017) Extensive Amazonian-aged fluvial channels on Mars: evaluating the role of Lyot crater in their formation. Geophys Res Lett 44(11):5336–5344. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073821