Weitz CM, Bishop JL, Grant JA (2013) Gypsum, opal, and fluvial channels within a trough of noctis labyrinthus, Mars: implications for aqueous activity during the Late Hesperian to Amazonian. *Planet Space Sci* 87:130–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2013.08.007

Weitz CM, Bishop JL, Baker LL, Berman DC (2014) Fresh exposures of hydrous Fe-bearing amorphous silicates on Mars. *Geophys Res Lett* 41:8744–8751. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL062065

Wendt L, Gross C, Kneissl T, Sowe M, Combe J-P, Le Deit L, McGuire PC, Neukum G (2011) Sulfates and iron oxides in Ophir Chasma, Mars, based on OMEGA and CRISM observations. *Icarus* 213:86–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2011.02.013

Werner SC (2009) The global Martian volcanic evolutionary history. *Icarus* 201(1):44–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2008.12.019

Wezel FC, Baioni D (2010) Evidence for subaqueously resedimented sulphate evaporites on Mars. *Planet Space Sci* 58:1500–1505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2010.07.003

Williams DA, Greeley R, Zuschneid W, Werner SC, Neukum G, Crown DA, Gregg TKP, Gwinner K, Raitala J, Patera H (2007) Insights into its volcanic history from Mars Express high resolution stereo camera. *J Geophys Res*, Planets 112:E10004. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JE002924

Williams JP, Dohm JM, Soare RJ, Flahaut J, Lopes RMC, Pathare AV, Fairén AG, Schulze-Makuch D, Buczkowski DL (2017) Long-lived volcanism within Argyre basin, Mars. *Icarus* 293:8–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2017.04.001

Wilson IG (1972) Aeolian bedforms – their development and origins. *Sedimentology* 19:173–210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1972.tb00020.x

Wilson L, Ghatan GJ, Head JW III, Mitchell KL (2004) Mars outflow channels: a reappraisal of the estimation of water flow velocities from water depths, regional slopes, and channel floor properties. *J Geophys Res*, Planets 109(E9). https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JE002281

Wilson SA, Howard AD, Moore JM, Grant JA (2016) A cold-wet middle-latitude environment on Mars during the Hesperian-Amazonian transition: Evidence from northern Arabia valleys and paleolakes. *J Geophys Res*, Planets 121. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JE005052

Woodley SZ, Butcher FEG, Fawdon P, Clark CD, Ng FSL, Davis JM, Gallagher C (2022) Multiple sites of recent wet-based glaciation identified from eskers in western Tempe Terra, Mars. *Icarus* 386:115147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2022.115147

Woolyer KD, Brookfield E (1966) The land system and its stream net. *Technical Memorandum* 66/5, CISRO Canbera

Wordsworth RD (2016) The climate of early Mars. *Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci* 44:381–408. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-060115-012355

Wordsworth R, Forget F, Millour E, Head JW, Madeleine J-B, Charnay B (2013) Global modelling of the early Martian climate under a denser CO2 atmosphere: water cycle and ice evolution. *Icarus* 222:1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2012.09.036

Wordsworth RD, Kerber L, Pierrehumbert RT, Forget F, Head JW (2015) Comparison of “warm and wet” and “cold and icy” scenarios for early Mars in a 3-D climate model. *J Geophys Res*, Planets 120(6):1201–1219. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JE004787

Wray JJ, Milliken RE, Dundas CM, Swayze GA, Andrews-Hanna JC, Baldridge AM, Squyres SW (2011) Columbus crater and other possible groundwater-fed paleolakes of Terra Sirenum, Mars. *J Geophys Res*, Planets 116(E1). https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JE003694

Xiao L, Huang J, Kusky T, Head JW, Zhao J, Wang J, Wang L, Yu W, Shi Y, Wu B, Qian Y (2023) Evidence for marine sedimentary rocks in Utopia Planitia: Zhurong rover observations. *Nat Sci Rev* 10:nwad137. https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwad137

**Publisher's Note** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

## Authors and Affiliations

R. Jaumann¹ ID · D. Tirsch² · S. Adeli² · R. Bahia³ · G. Michael¹,⁴ · L. Le Deit⁵ ·

A. Grau Galofre⁵ · J. Head⁶ · E. Bohacek³ · C. Gross¹ · S.G.H. Walter¹ · H. Hiesinger⁷
Weitz CM, Bishop JL, Grant JA (2013) Gypsum, opal, and fluvial channels within a trough of noctis labyrinthus, Mars: implications for aqueous activity during the Late Hesperian to Amazonian. *Planet Space Sci* 87:130–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2013.08.007

Weitz CM, Bishop JL, Baker LL, Berman DC (2014) Fresh exposures of hydrous Fe-bearing amorphous silicates on Mars. *Geophys Res Lett* 41:8744–8751. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL062065

Wendt L, Gross C, Kneissl T, Sowe M, Combe J-P, Le Deit L, McGuire PC, Neukum G (2011) Sulfates and iron oxides in Ophir Chasma, Mars, based on OMEGA and CRISM observations. *Icarus* 213:86–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2011.02.013

Werner SC (2009) The global Martian volcanic evolutionary history. *Icarus* 201(1):44–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2008.12.019

Wezel FC, Baioni D (2010) Evidence for subaqueously resedimented sulphate evaporites on Mars. *Planet Space Sci* 58:1500–1505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2010.07.003

Williams DA, Greeley R, Zuschneid W, Werner SC, Neukum G, Crown DA, Gregg TKP, Gwinner K, Raitala J, Patera H (2007) Insights into its volcanic history from Mars Express high resolution stereo camera. *J Geophys Res*, Planets 112:E10004. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JE002924

Williams JP, Dohm JM, Soare RJ, Flahaut J, Lopes RMC, Pathare AV, Fairén AG, Schulze-Makuch D, Buczkowski DL (2017) Long-lived volcanism within Argyre basin, Mars. *Icarus* 293:8–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2017.04.001

Wilson IG (1972) Aeolian bedforms – their development and origins. *Sedimentology* 19:173–210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1972.tb00020.x

Wilson L, Ghatan GJ, Head JW III, Mitchell KL (2004) Mars outflow channels: a reappraisal of the estimation of water flow velocities from water depths, regional slopes, and channel floor properties. *J Geophys Res*, Planets 109(E9). https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JE002281

Wilson SA, Howard AD, Moore JM, Grant JA (2016) A cold-wet middle-latitude environment on Mars during the Hesperian-Amazonian transition: Evidence from northern Arabia valleys and paleolakes. *J Geophys Res*, Planets 121. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JE005052

Woodley SZ, Butcher FEG, Fawdon P, Clark CD, Ng FSL, Davis JM, Gallagher C (2022) Multiple sites of recent wet-based glaciation identified from eskers in western Tempe Terra, Mars. *Icarus* 386:115147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2022.115147

Woodyer KD, Brookfield E (1966) The land system and its stream net. *Technical Memorandum* 66/5, CISRO Canbera

Wordsworth RD (2016) The climate of early Mars. *Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci* 44:381–408. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-060115-012355

Wordsworth R, Forget F, Millour E, Head JW, Madeleine J-B, Charnay B (2013) Global modelling of the early Martian climate under a denser CO2 atmosphere: water cycle and ice evolution. *Icarus* 222:1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2012.09.036

Wordsworth RD, Kerber L, Pierrehumbert RT, Forget F, Head JW (2015) Comparison of “warm and wet” and “cold and icy” scenarios for early Mars in a 3-D climate model. *J Geophys Res*, Planets 120(6):1201–1219. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JE004787

Wray JJ, Milliken RE, Dundas CM, Swayze GA, Andrews-Hanna JC, Baldridge AM, Squyres SW (2011) Columbus crater and other possible groundwater-fed paleolakes of Terra Sirenum, Mars. *J Geophys Res*, Planets 116(E1). https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JE003694

Xiao L, Huang J, Kusky T, Head JW, Zhao J, Wang J, Wang L, Yu W, Shi Y, Wu B, Qian Y (2023) Evidence for marine sedimentary rocks in Utopia Planitia: Zhurong rover observations. *Nat Sci Rev* 10:nwad137. https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwad137

**Publisher's Note** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

## Authors and Affiliations

R. Jaumann¹ ID · D. Tirsch² · S. Adeli² · R. Bahia³ · G. Michael¹,⁴ · L. Le Deit⁵ ·

A. Grau Galofre⁵ · J. Head⁶ · E. Bohacek³ · C. Gross¹ · S.H.G. Walter¹ · H. Hiesinger⁷

<figure><img src="image_15.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_16.png" /></figure>
1 Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Geological Sciences, Planetary Sciences and Remote Sensing, Berlin, Germany

2 Institute of Planetary Research, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Berlin, Germany

3 European Space Agency, Noordwijk, The Netherlands

4 Center for Lunar and Planetary Sciences, CAS Institute of Geochemistry, Guiyang, China

5 Nantes Université, Univ Angers, Le Mans Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géosciences, LPG UMR 6112, 44000, Nantes, France

6 Departement of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Brown Univ. Providence, RI02912, USA

7 Institut für Planetologie, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
1 Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Geological Sciences, Planetary Sciences and Remote Sensing, Berlin, Germany

2 Institute of Planetary Research, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Berlin, Germany

3 European Space Agency, Noordwijk, The Netherlands

4 Center for Lunar and Planetary Sciences, CAS Institute of Geochemistry, Guiyang, China

5 Nantes Université, Univ Angers, Le Mans Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géosciences, LPG UMR 6112, 44000, Nantes, France

6 Departement of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Brown Univ. Providence, RI02912, USA

7 Institut für Planetologie, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany