Evans RC, Maniar YM, Blackwell KT. 2013. Dynamic modulation of spike timing-dependent calcium influx during corticostriatal upstates. *Journal of Neurophysiology* **110**:1631-1645. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00232. 2013, PMID: 23843436

Feng B, Raghavachari S, Lisman J. 2011. Quantitative estimates of the cytoplasmic, PSD, and nmdar-bound pools of CaMKII in dendritic spines. *Brain Research* **1419**:46-52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2011.08.051

Fenton AA, Muller RU. 1998. Place cell discharge is extremely variable during individual passes of the rat through the firing field. *PNAS* **95**:3182-3187. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.6.3182

Fernandez FR, White JA. 2010. Gain control in CA1 pyramidal cells using changes in somatic conductance. *The Journal of Neuroscience* **30**:230-241. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3995-09.2010

Fernández-Alfonso T, Ryan TA. 2004. The kinetics of synaptic vesicle pool depletion at CNS synaptic terminals. *Neuron* **41**:943-953. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(04)00113-8, PMID: 15046726

Fino E, Paille V, Cui Y, Morera-Herreras T, Deniau JM, Venance L. 2010. Distinct coincidence detectors govern the corticostriatal spike timing-dependent plasticity. *The Journal of Physiology* **588**:3045-3062. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2010.188466, PMID: 20603333

Forsythe ID, Tsujimoto T, Barnes-Davies M, Cuttle MF, Takahashi T. 1998. Inactivation of presynaptic calcium current contributes to synaptic depression at a fast central synapse. *Neuron* **20**:797-807. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(00)81017-x, PMID: 9581770

Fricker D, Miles R. 2000. Espm amplification and the precision of spike timing in hippocampal neurons. *Neuron* **28**:559-569. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(00)00133-1, PMID: 11144364

Froemke RC, Dan Y. 2002. Spike-timing-dependent synaptic modification induced by natural spike trains. *Nature* **416**:433-438. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/416433a, PMID: 11919633

Fujii H, Inoue M, Okuno H, Sano Y, Takemoto-Kimura S, Kitamura K, Kano M, Bito H. 2013. Nonlinear decoding and asymmetric representation of neuronal input information by CaMKIIα and calcineurin. *Cell Reports* **3**:978-987. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2013.03.033, PMID: 23602566

Gerstner W, Kempter R, van Hemmen JL, Wagner H. 1996. A neuronal learning rule for sub-milliscond temporal coding. *Nature* **383**:76-81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/383076a0, PMID: 8779718

Giese KP, Fedorov NB, Filipkowski RK, Silva AJ. 1998. Autophosphorylation at Thr 286 of the α calcium-calmodulin kinase II in LTP and learning. *Science* **279**:870-873. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.279.5352. 870

Golding NL, Kath WL, Spruston N. 2001. Dichotomy of action-potential backpropagation in CA1 pyramidal neuron dendrites. *Journal of Neurophysiology* **86**:2998-3010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.2001.86.6.2998, PMID: 11731556

Golding NL, Staff NP, Spruston N. 2002. Dendritic spikes as a mechanism for cooperative long-term potentiation. *Nature* **418**:326-331. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature00854, PMID: 12124625

Goto S, Matsukado Y, Mihara Y, Inoue N, Miyamoto E. 1986. The distribution of calcineurin in rat brain by light and electron microscopic immunohistochemistry and enzyme-immunoassay. *Brain Research* **397**:161-172. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(86)91381-8, PMID: 3542117

Graupner M, Brunel N. 2012. Calcium-based plasticity model explains sensitivity of synaptic changes to spike pattern, rate, and dendritic location. *PNAS* **109**:3991-3996. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1109359109

Graupner M, Wallisch P, Ostojic S. 2016. Natural firing patterns imply low sensitivity of synaptic plasticity to spike timing compared with firing rate. *The Journal of Neuroscience* **36**:11238-11258. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0104-16.2016, PMID: 27807166

Grewe BF, Bonnan A, Frick A. 2010. Back-Propagation of physiological action potential output in dendrites of slender-tufted I5a pyramidal neurons. *Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience* **4**:13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2010.00013, PMID: 20508744

Griffith T, Tsaneva-Atanasova K, Mellor JR. 2016. Control of Ca2+ influx and calmodulin activation by sk-channels in dendritic spines. *PLOS Computational Biology* **12**:e1004949. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pcbi.1004949, PMID: 27232631

Gutenkunst RN, Waterfall JJ, Casey FP, Brown KS, Myers CR, Sethna JP. 2007. Universally sloppy parameter sensitivities in systems biology models. *PLOS Computational Biology* **3**: e-30189. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.0030189, PMID: 17922568

Gymnopoulos M, Cingolani LA, Pedarzani P, Stocker M. 2014. Developmental mapping of small-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel expression in the rat nervous system. *The Journal of Comparative Neurology* **522**:1072-1101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.23466, PMID: 24096910

Hardie J, Spruston N. 2009. Synaptic depolarization is more effective than back-propagating action potentials during induction of associative long-term potentiation in hippocampal pyramidal neurons. *The Journal of Neuroscience* **29**:3233-3241. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6000-08.2009, PMID: 19279260

Hardingham NR, Bannister NJ, Read JCA, Fox KD, Hardingham GE, Jack JJB. 2006. Extracellular calcium regulates postsynaptic efficacy through group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors. *Journal of Neuroscience* **26**:6337-6345. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5128-05.2006

Harris KM, Stevens JK. 1989. Dendritic spines of Ca 1 pyramidal cells in the rat hippocampus: serial electron microscopy with reference to their biophysical characteristics. *The Journal of Neuroscience* **9**:2982-2997. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.09-08-02982.1989, PMID: 2769375

Harris KM, Jensen FE, Tsao B. 1992. Three-Dimensional structure of dendritic spines and synapses in rat hippocampus (CA1) at postnatal day 15 and adult ages: implications for the maturation of synaptic physiology and long-term potentiation. *The Journal of Neuroscience* **12**:2685-2705. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.12-07-02685.1992, PMID: 1613552
Hay E, Hill S, Schürmann F, Markram H, Segev I. 2011. Models of neocortical layer 5B pyramidal cells capturing a wide range of dendritic and perisomatic active properties. *PLOS Computational Biology* **7:e1002107. DOI:** https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002107, PMID: 21829333

He Y, Kulasiri D, Samarasinghe S. 2015. Modelling the dynamics of camkii-nmdar complex related to memory formation in synapses: the possible roles of threonine 286 autophosphorylation of CaMKII in long term potentiation. *Journal of Theoretical Biology* **365**:403–419. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.11.001, PMID: 25446714

Hebb DO. 1949. *The Organization of Behavior: A Neuropsychological Theory* American Psychological Association. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410612403

Higley MJ, Sabatini BL. 2012. Calcium signaling in dendritic spines. *Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology* **4**:a005686. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a005686, PMID: 22338091

Hille B. 1978. Ionic channels in excitable membranes: current problems and biophysical approaches. *Biophysical Journal* **22**:283–294. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(78)85489-7, PMID: 656545

Hines ML, Carnevale NT. 1997. The neuron simulation environment. *Neural Computation* **9**:1179–1209. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/neco.1997.9.6.1179, PMID: 9248061

Hirschberg B, Maylie J, Adelman JP, Marrion NV. 1998. Gating of recombinant small-conductance Ca-activated K+ channels by calcium. *The Journal of General Physiology* **111**:565–581. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1085/jgp.111.4.565, PMID: 9524139

Hirschberg B, Maylie J, Adelman JP, Marrion NV. 1999. Gating properties of single SK channels in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. *Biophysical Journal* **77**:1905–1913. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(99)77032-3, PMID: 10512811

Holcman D, Korkotian E, Segal M. 2005. Calcium dynamics in dendritic spines, modeling and experiments. *Cell Calcium* **37**:467–475. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceca.2005.01.015, PMID: 15820395

Honda M, Urakubo H, Koumura T, Kuroda S. 2013. A common framework of signal processing in the induction of cerebellar LTD and cortical STDP. *Neural Networks* **43**:114–124. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2013.01.018, PMID: 23500505

Iacobucci GJ, Popescu GK. 2017. Nmda receptors: linking physiological output to biophysical operation. *Nature Reviews. Neuroscience* **18**:236–249. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2017.24, PMID: 28303017

Iacobucci GJ, Popescu GK. 2018. Kinetic models for activation and modulation of NMDA receptor subtypes. *Current Opinion in Physiology* **2**:114–122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cophys.2018.02.002, PMID: 29978141

Iftinca M, McKay BE, Snutch TP, McRory JE, Turner RW, Zamponi GW. 2006. Temperature dependence of T-type calcium channel gating. *Neuroscience* **142**:1031–1042. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.07.010, PMID: 16935432

Inglebert Y, Aljadeff J, Brunel N, Debanne D. 2020. Synaptic plasticity rules with physiological calcium levels. *PNAS* **117**:33639–33648. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2013663117

Isaac JTR, Buchanan KA, Muller RU, Mellor JR. 2009. Hippocampal place cell firing patterns can induce long-term synaptic plasticity in vitro. *The Journal of Neuroscience* **29**:6840–6850. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0731-09.2009, PMID: 19474311

Jahr CE, Stevens CF. 1990. A quantitative description of NMDA receptor-channel kinetic behavior. *The Journal of Neuroscience* **10**:1830–1837. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.10-06-01830.1990, PMID: 1693952

Jayant K, Hirtz JJ, Plante IJ-L, Tsai DM, De Boer WDAM, Semonche A, Peterka DS, Owen JS, Sahin O, Shepard KL, Yuste R. 2017. Targeted intracellular voltage recordings from dendritic spines using quantum-dot-coated nanopipettes. *Nature Nanotechnology* **12**:335–342. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2016.268, PMID: 27941898

Jędrzejewska-Szmek J, Damodaran S, Dorman DB, Blackwell KT. 2017. Calcium dynamics predict direction of synaptic plasticity in striatal spiny projection neurons. *The European Journal of Neuroscience* **45**:1044–1056. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.13287, PMID: 27233469

Jung HY, Mickus T, Spruston N. 1997. Prolonged sodium channel inactivation contributes to dendritic action potential attenuation in hippocampal pyramidal neurons. *The Journal of Neuroscience* **17**:6639–6646. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-17-06639.1997, PMID: 9254676

Kakalis LT, Kennedy M, Sikkink R, Rusnak F, Armitage IM. 1995. Characterization of the calcium-binding sites of calcineurin B. *FEBS Letters* **362**:55–58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(95)00207-p, PMID: 7698353

Kakiuchi S, Yasuda S, Yamazaki R, Teshima Y, Kanda K, Kakiuchi R, Sobue K. 1982. Quantitative determinations of calmodulin in the supernatant and particulate fractions of mammalian tissues. *Journal of Biochemistry* **92**:1041–1048. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a134019, PMID: 7174634

Karmarkar UR, Buonomano DV. 2002. A model of spike-timing dependent plasticity: one or two coincidence detectors? *Journal of Neurophysiology* **88**:507–513. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.2002.88.1.507, PMID: 12091572

Kealy J, Commins S. 2010. Frequency-Dependent changes in synaptic plasticity and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in the CA1 to perirhinal cortex projection. *Brain Research* **1326**:51–61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2010.02.065, PMID: 20193668

King RD, Wiest MC, Montague PR. 2001. Extracellular calcium depletion as a mechanism of short-term synaptic depression. *Journal of Neurophysiology* **85**:1952–1959. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.2001.85.5.1952, PMID: 11353012

Klyachko VA, Stevens CF. 2006. Temperature-Dependent shift of balance among the components of short-term plasticity in hippocampal synapses. *Journal of Neuroscience* **26**:6945–6957. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1382-06.2006
Koch C, Zador A. 1993. The function of dendritic spines: devices subserving biochemical rather than electrical compartmentalization. *The Journal of Neuroscience* **13**:413–422. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.13-02-00413.1993

Korinek M, Sedlacek M, Cais O, Dittert I, Vyklicky L Jr. 2010. Temperature dependence of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor channels and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor excitatory postsynaptic currents. Neuroscience **165**:736–748. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.10.058

Kumar A, Mehta MR. 2011. Frequency-Dependent changes in nmdar-dependent synaptic plasticity. *Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience* **5**:38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fncom.2011.00038, PMID: 21994493

Kuno T, Mukai H, Ito A, Chang CD, Kishima K, Saito N, Tanaka C. 1992. Distinct cellular expression of calcineurin A alpha and a beta in rat brain. *Journal of Neurochemistry* **58**:1643–1651. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb10036.x, PMID: 1313851

Kwon T, Sakamoto M, Peterka DS, Yuste R. 2017. Attenuation of synaptic potentials in dendritic spines. *Cell Reports* **20**:1100–1110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2017.07.012

Lee SJR, Escobedo-Lozoya Y, Szatmari EM, Yasuda R. 2009. Activation of CaMKII in single dendritic spines during long-term potentiation. *Nature* **458**:299–304. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07842, PMID: 19295602

Letzkus JJ, Kampa BM, Stuart GJ. 2006. Learning rules for spike timing-dependent plasticity depend on dendritic synapse location. *The Journal of Neuroscience* **26**:10420–10429. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2650-06.2006, PMID: 17035526

Levine DS, Woody CD. 1978. Effects of active versus passive dendritic membranes on the transfer properties of a simulated neuron. *Biological Cybernetics* **31**:63–70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00344236, PMID: 216421

Li H, Pink MD, Murphy JG, Stein A, Dell'Acqua ML, Hogan PG. 2012. Balanced interactions of calcineurin with AKAP79 regulate ca2+-calcineurin-nfat signaling. *Nature Structural & Molecular Biology* **19**:337–345. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nsmb.2238

Lin MT, Luján R, Watanabe M, Adelman JP, Maylie J. 2008. Sk2 channel plasticity contributes to LTP at Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses. *Nature Neuroscience* **11**:170–177. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nn2041, PMID: 18204442

Lisman J. 1989. A mechanism for the Hebb and the anti-hebb processes underlying learning and memory. PNAS **86**:9574–9578. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.86.23.9574

Liu G, Choi S, Tsien RW. 1999. Variability of neurotransmitter concentration and nonsaturation of postsynaptic AMPA receptors at synapses in hippocampal cultures and slices. *Neuron* **22**:395–409. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(00)81099-5, PMID: 10069344

Loman TE, Ma Y, Ilin V, Gowda S, Korsbo N, Yewale N, Rackauckas C, Isaacson SA. 2022. Catalyst: Fast Biochemical Modeling with Julia. [bioRxiv]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.30.502135

López Mendoza A, Bravo Durán DA, Silva Gómez AB. 2018. Increased dendritic length in CA1 and CA3 hippocampal neurons during the metestrus phase in Wistar rats. *Brain Research* **1682**:78–83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2018.01.008, PMID: 29337045

Macdonald RL, Rogers CJ, Twyman RE. 1989. Kinetic properties of the GABAA receptor main conductance state of mouse spinal cord neurones in culture. *The Journal of Physiology* **410**:479–499. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1989.sp017545

Magee JC, Johnston D. 1995. Characterization of single voltage-gated Na+ and Ca2+ channels in apical dendrites of rat CA1 pyramidal neurons. *The Journal of Physiology* **487**:67–90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp020862

Magee JC, Johnston D. 1997. A synaptically controlled, associative signal for Hebbian plasticity in hippocampal neurons. *Science* **275**:209–213. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.275.5297.209, PMID: 8985013

Maki BA, Popescu GK. 2014. Extracellular Ca (2+) ions reduce NMDA receptor conductance and gating. *The Journal of General Physiology* **144**:379–392. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1085/jgp.201411244, PMID: 25348411

Mäki-Marttunen T, Iannella N, Edwards AG, Einevoll GT, Blackwell KT. 2020. A Unified Computational Model for Cortical Post-Synaptic Plasticity. [bioRxiv]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.27.921254

Malleret G, Haditsch U, Genoux D, Jones MW, Bliss TV, Vanhoose AM, Weitlauf C, Kandel ER, Winder DG, Mansuy IM. 2001. Inducible and reversible enhancement of learning, memory, and long-term potentiation by genetic inhibition of calcineurin. *Cell* **104**:675–686. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00264-1, PMID: 11257222

Maravall M, Mainen ZF, Sabatini BL, Svoboda K. 2000. Estimating intracellular calcium concentrations and buffering without wavelength ratioing. *Biophysical Journal* **78**:2655–2667. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(00)76809-3, PMID: 10777761

Marder E. 2011. Variability, compensation, and modulation in neurons and circuits. PNAS **108 Suppl 3**:15542–15548. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1010674108, PMID: 21383190

Marder E, Taylor AL. 2011. Multiple models to capture the variability in biological neurons and networks. *Nature Neuroscience* **14**:133–138. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2735, PMID: 21270780

Markram H, Lübke J, Frotscher M, Sakmann B. 1997. Regulation of synaptic efficacy by coincidence of postsynaptic APS and EPSPs. *Science* **275**:213–215. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.275.5297.213, PMID: 8985014

Markram H, Gerstner W, Sjöström PJ. 2011. A history of spike-timing-dependent plasticity. *Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience* **3**:4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsyn.2011.00004, PMID: 22007168
Maylie J, Bond CT, Herson PS, Lee WS, Adelman JP. 2004. Small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels and calmodulin. *The Journal of Physiology* **554**:255-261. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2003.049072, PMID: 14500775

Mayr CG, Partzsch J. 2010. Rate and pulse based plasticity governed by local synaptic state variables. *Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience* **2**:33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsyn.2010.00033, PMID: 21423519

McCaulley JP, Petroccione MA, D'Brant LY, Todd GC, Affinnih N, Wisnoski JJ, Zahid S, Shree S, Sousa AA, De Guzman RM, Migliore R, Brazhe A, Leapman RD, Khmaladze A, Semyanov A, Zuloaga DG, Migliore M, Scimemi A. 2020. Circadian modulation of neurons and astrocytes controls synaptic plasticity in hippocampal area CA1. *Cell Reports* **33**:108255. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108255, PMID: 33053337

Meiss JD. 2007. Differential Dynamical Systems SIAM. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1137/1.9780898718232

Meredith RM, Floyer-Lea AM, Paulsen O. 2003. Maturation of long-term potentiation induction rules in rodent hippocampus: role of GABAergic inhibition. *The Journal of Neuroscience* **23**:11142-11146. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-35-11142.2003, PMID: 14657173

Michalski PJ. 2013. The delicate bistability of CaMKII. *Biophysical Journal* **105**:794-806. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2013.06.038, PMID: 23931327

Migliore M, Hoffman DA, Magee JC, Johnston D. 1999. Role of an A-type K+ conductance in the back-propagation of action potentials in the dendrites of hippocampal pyramidal neurons. *Journal of Computational Neuroscience* **7**:5-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1008906225285, PMID: 10481998

Miller P, Zhabotinsky AM, Lisman JE, Wang XJ. 2005. The stability of a stochastic CaMKII switch: dependence on the number of enzyme molecules and protein turnover. *PLOS Biology* **3**:e107. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0030107, PMID: 15819604

Mizuno T, Kanazawa I, Sakurai M. 2001. Differential induction of LTP and LTD is not determined solely by instantaneous calcium concentration: an essential involvement of a temporal factor. *The European Journal of Neuroscience* **14**:701-708. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01679.x, PMID: 11556894

Mizusaki BEP, Li SSY, Costa RP, Sjöström PJ. 2022. Pre- and postsynaptically expressed spike-timing-dependent plasticity contribute differentially to neuronal learning. *PLOS Computational Biology* **18**:e1009409. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009409, PMID: 35700188

Mulkey RM, Malenka RC. 1992. Mechanisms underlying induction of homosynaptic long-term depression in area CA1 of the hippocampus. *Neuron* **9**:667-675. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0896-6273(92)90248-c, PMID: 1419003

Nevian T, Sakmann B. 2006. Spine Ca2+ signaling in spike-timing-dependent plasticity. *The Journal of Neuroscience* **26**:11001-11013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1749-06.2006, PMID: 17065442

Ngo-Anh TJ, Bloodgood BL, Lin M, Sabatini BL, Maylie J, Adelman JP. 2005. Sk channels and NMDA receptors form a Ca2+-mediated feedback loop in dendritic spines. *Nature Neuroscience* **8**:642-649. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1449, PMID: 15852011

Nimchinsky EA, Yasuda R, Oertner TG, Svoboda K. 2004. The number of glutamate receptors opened by synaptic stimulation in single hippocampal spines. *The Journal of Neuroscience* **24**:2054-2064. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5066-03.2004, PMID: 14985448

O'Connor DH, Wittenberg GM, Wang SS-H. 2005. Dissection of bidirectional synaptic plasticity into saturable unidirectional processes. *Journal of Neurophysiology* **94**:1565-1573. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00047.2005, PMID: 15800079

O'Donnell C, van Rossum MCW. 2014. Systematic analysis of the contributions of stochastic voltage gated channels to neuronal noise. *Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience* **8**:105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fncom.2014.00105, PMID: 25360105

Oertner TG, Sabatini BL, Nimchinsky EA, Svoboda K. 2002. Facilitation at single synapses probed with optical quantal analysis. *Nature Neuroscience* **5**:657-664. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nn867, PMID: 12055631

Oliveira RF, Kim M, Blackwell KT. 2012. Subcellular location of PKA controls striatal plasticity: stochastic simulations in spiny dendrites. *PLOS Computational Biology* **8**:e1002383. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002383, PMID: 22346744

Onuma H, Lu YF, Tomizawa K, Moriwaki A, Tokuda M, Hatase O, Matsui H. 1998. A calcineurin inhibitor, FK506, blocks voltage-gated calcium channel-dependent LTP in the hippocampus. *Neuroscience Research* **30**:313-319. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-0102(98)00012-1, PMID: 9678635

Otis TS, Mody I. 1992. Modulation of decay kinetics and frequency of GABAA receptor-mediated spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents in hippocampal neurons. *Neuroscience* **49**:13-32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(92)90073-b, PMID: 1357584

Otmakhov N, Regmi S, Lisman JE, Xia H. 2015. Fast decay of CaMKII FRET sensor signal in spines after LTP induction is not due to its dephosphorylation. *PLOS ONE* **10**:e0130457. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0130457

Pawlak V, Kerr JND. 2008. Dopamine receptor activation is required for corticostriatal spike-timing-dependent plasticity. *The Journal of Neuroscience* **28**:2435-2446. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4402-07.2008, PMID: 18322089

Peloquin JB, Doering CJ, Rehak R, McRory JE. 2008. Temperature dependence of Cav1.4 calcium channel gating. *Neuroscience* **151**:1066-1083. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.11.053, PMID: 18206315

Pepke S, Kinzer-Ursem T, Mihalas S, Kennedy MB. 2010. A dynamic model of interactions of Ca2+, calmodulin, and catalytic subunits of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. *PLOS Computational Biology* **6**:e1000675. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000675, PMID: 20168991
Perkel JM. 2019. Julia: come for the SYNTAX, stay for the speed. *Nature* **572**:141-142. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-02310-3

Pfister JP, Gerstner W. 2006. Triplets of spikes in a model of spike timing-dependent plasticity. *The Journal of Neuroscience* **26**:9673-9682. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1425-06.2006, PMID: 16988038

Popescu G, Robert A, Howe JR, Auerbach A. 2004. Reaction mechanism determines NMDA receptor response to repetitive stimulation. *Nature* **430**:790-793. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02775, PMID: 15306812

Popovic MA, Carnevale N, Rozsa B, Zecevic D. 2015. Electrical behaviour of dendritic spines as revealed by voltage imaging. *Nature Communications* **6**:8436. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9436, PMID: 26436431

Postlethwaite M, Hennig MH, Steinert JR, Graham BP, Forsythe ID. 2007. Acceleration of AMPA receptor kinetics underlies temperature-dependent changes in synaptic strength at the rat calyx of held. *The Journal of Physiology* **579**:69-84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2006.123612, PMID: 17138605

Pousinha PA, Mouska X, Raymond EF, Gwizdek C, Dhib G, Poupon G, Zaragosi L-E, Giudici C, Bethus I, Pacary E, Willem M, Marie H. 2017. Physiological and pathophysiological control of synaptic GluN2B-NMDA receptors by the C-terminal domain of amyloid precursor protein. *eLife* **6**:e25659. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25659, PMID: 28682239

Pyle JL, Kavalali ET, Piedras-Rentería ES, Tsien RW. 2000. Rapid reuse of readily releasable pool vesicles at hippocampal synapses. *Neuron* **28**:221-231. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(00)00098-2, PMID: 11086996

Quintana AR, Wang D, Forbes JE, Waxham MN. 2005. Kinetics of calmodulin binding to calcineurin. *Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications* **334**:674-680. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.06.152, PMID: 16009337

Racca C, Stephenson FA, Streit P, Roberts JDB, Somogyi P. 2000. Nmda receptor content of synapses in stratum radiatum of the hippocampal CA1 area. *The Journal of Neuroscience* **20**:2512-2522. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-07-02512.2000, PMID: 10729331

Rackham OJL, Tsaneva-Atanasova K, Ganesh A, Mellor JR. 2010. A ca-based computational model for NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity at individual post-synaptic spines in the hippocampus. *Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience* **2**:31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsyn.2010.00031, PMID: 21423517

Ribault C, Sekimoto K, Triller A. 2011. From the stochasticity of molecular processes to the variability of synaptic transmission. *Nature Reviews. Neuroscience* **12**:375-387. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3025, PMID: 21685931

Rinetti-Vargas G, Phamluong K, Ron D, Bender KJ. 2017. Periadolescent maturation of GABAergic hyperpolarization at the axon initial segment. *Cell Reports* **20**:21-29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2017.06.030, PMID: 28683314

Rivera C, Voipio J, Payne JA, Ruusuvuori E, Lahtinen H, Lamsa K, Pirvola U, Saarma M, Kaila K. 1999. The K+/Cl- co-transporter KCC2 renders GABA hyperpolarizing during neuronal maturation. *Nature* **397**:251-255. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/16697, PMID: 9930699

Rizzoli SO, Betz WJ. 2005. Synaptic vesicle pools. *Nature Reviews. Neuroscience* **6**:57-69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1583, PMID: 15611727

Robert A, Howe JR. 2003. How AMPA receptor desensitization depends on receptor occupancy. *The Journal of Neuroscience* **23**:847-858. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-03-00847.2003, PMID: 12574413

Rodríguez-Moreno A, Paulsen O. 2008. Spike timing-dependent long-term depression requires presynaptic NMDA receptors. *Nature Neuroscience* **11**:744-745. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2125, PMID: 18516036

Rubin JE, Gerkin RC, Bi GQ, Chow CC. 2005. Calcium time course as a signal for spike-timing-dependent plasticity. *Journal of Neurophysiology* **93**:2600-2613. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00803.2004, PMID: 15625097

Rudolph S, Tsai M-C, von Gersdorff H, Wadiche JI. 2015. The ubiquitous nature of multivesicular release. *Trends in Neurosciences* **38**:428-438. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2015.05.008, PMID: 26100141

Sabatini BL, Svoboda K. 2000. Analysis of calcium channels in single spines using optical fluctuation analysis. *Nature* **408**:589-593. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/35046076, PMID: 11117746

Sabatini BL, Oertner TG, Svoboda K. 2002. The life cycle of Ca (2+) ions in dendritic spines. *Neuron* **33**:439-452. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00573-1, PMID: 11832230

Sadowski JHLP, Jones MW, Mellor JR. 2016. Sharp-wave ripples orchestrate the induction of synaptic plasticity during reactivation of place cell firing patterns in the hippocampus. *Cell Reports* **14**:1916-1929. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2016.01.061, PMID: 26904941

Saraf J, Bhattacharya P, Kalia K, Borah A, Sarmah D, Kaur H, Dave KR, Yavagal DR. 2018. A friend or foe: calcineurin across the gamut of neurological disorders. *ACS Central Science* **4**:805-819. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.8b00230, PMID: 30062109

Segal M, Korkotian E. 2014. Endoplasmic reticulum calcium stores in dendritic spines. *Frontiers in Neuroanatomy* **8**:64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2014.00064, PMID: 25071469

Shah NT, Yeung LC, Cooper LN, Cai Y, Shouval HZ. 2006. A biophysical basis for the inter-spike interaction of spike-timing-dependent plasticity. *Biological Cybernetics* **95**:113-121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00422-006-0071-y, PMID: 16691393

Shen W, Flajolet M, Greengard P, Surmeier DJ. 2008. Dichotomous dopaminergic control of striatal synaptic plasticity. *Science* **321**:848-851. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1160575, PMID: 18687967
Sheng M, Cummings J, Roldan LA, Jan YN, Jan LY. 1994. Changing subunit composition of heteromeric NMDA receptors during development of rat cortex. *Nature* **368**:144–147. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/368144a0, PMID: 8139656

Shepherd GM, Harris KM. 1998. Three-Dimensional structure and composition of CA3 -- > CA1 axons in rat hippocampal slices: implications for presynaptic connectivity and compartmentalization. *The Journal of Neuroscience* **18**:8300–8310. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-20-08300.1998, PMID: 9763474

Short SM, Oikonomou KD, Zhou WL, Acker CD, Popovic MA, Zecevic D, Antic SD. 2017. The stochastic nature of action potential backpropagation in apical tuft dendrites. *Journal of Neurophysiology* **118**:1394–1414. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00800.2016, PMID: 28566465

Shouval HZ, Bear MF, Cooper LN. 2002. A unified model of NMDA receptor-dependent bidirectional synaptic plasticity. *PNAS* **99**:10831–10836. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.152343099, PMID: 12136127

Shouval HZ, Kalantzis G. 2005. Stochastic properties of synaptic transmission affect the shape of spike time-dependent plasticity curves. *Journal of Neurophysiology* **93**:1069–1073. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00504.2004, PMID: 15385596

Sinclair D, Cesare J, McMullen M, Carlson GC, Hahn CG, Borgmann-Winter KE. 2016. Effects of sex and DTNBP1 (dysbindin) null gene mutation on the developmental glun2b-glun2a switch in the mouse cortex and hippocampus. *Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders* **8**:14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s11689-016-9148-7, PMID: 27134685

Sjöström PJ, Turrigiano GG, Nelson SB. 2001. Rate, timing, and cooperativity jointly determine cortical synaptic plasticity. *Neuron* **32**:1149–1164. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(01)00542-6, PMID: 11754844

Sjöström PJ, Häusser M. 2006. A cooperative switch determines the sign of synaptic plasticity in distal dendrites of neocortical pyramidal neurons. *Neuron* **51**:227–238. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.06.017, PMID: 16846857

Song S, Miller KD, Abbott LF. 2000. Competitive Hebbian learning through spike-timing-dependent synaptic plasticity. *Nature Neuroscience* **3**:919–926. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/78829, PMID: 10966623

Spigelman I, Tymianski M, Wallace CM, Carlen PL, Velumian AA. 1996. Modulation of hippocampal synaptic transmission by low concentrations of cell-permeant Ca2+ chelators: effects of Ca2+ affinity, chelator structure and binding kinetics. *Neuroscience* **75**:559–572. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(96)00283-7, PMID: 8931019

Spruston N, Jonas P, Sakmann B. 1995. Dendritic glutamate receptor channels in rat hippocampal CA3 and CA1 pyramidal neurons. *The Journal of Physiology* **482**:325–352. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp020521

Standage D, Trappenberg T, Blohm G. 2014. Calcium-Dependent calcium decay explains STDP in a dynamic model of hippocampal synapses. *PLOS ONE* **9**:e86248. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086248, PMID: 24465987

Stanley DA, Bardakjian BL, Spano ML, Ditto WL. 2011. Stochastic amplification of calcium-activated potassium currents in Ca2+ microdomains. *Journal of Computational Neuroscience* **31**:647–666. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10827-011-0328-x, PMID: 21538141

Stefan MI, Edelstein SJ, Le Novère N. 2008. An allosteric model of calmodulin explains differential activation of PP2B and CaMKII. *PNAS* **105**:10768–10773. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0804672105

Stemmer PM, Klee CB. 1994. Dual calcium ion regulation of calcineurin by calmodulin and calcineurin B. *Biochemistry* **33**:6859–6866. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00188a015, PMID: 8204620

Sterling P, Laughlin S. 2015. *Principles of Neural Design* The MIT Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262028707.001.0001

Sterratt D, Graham B, Gillies A, Willshaw D. 2011. *Principles of Computational Modelling in Neuroscience* Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511975899

Stuart G, Spruston N, Häusser M. 2016. *Dendrites* Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198745273.001.0001

Südhof TC. 2000. The synaptic vesicle cycle revisited. *Neuron* **28**:317–320. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(00)00109-4, PMID: 11144340

Sugiyama Y, Kawabata I, Sobue K, Okabe S. 2005. Determination of absolute protein numbers in single synapses by a GFP-based calibration technique. *Nature Methods* **2**:677–684. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth783, PMID: 16118638

Takumi Y, Ramírez-León V, Laake P, Rinvik E, Ottersen OP. 1999. Different modes of expression of AMPA and NMDA receptors in hippocampal synapses. *Nature Neuroscience* **2**:618–624. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/10172, PMID: 10409387

Tigaret CM, Olivo V, Sadowski JHLP, Ashby MC, Mellor JR. 2016. Coordinated activation of distinct Ca (2+) sources and metabotropic glutamate receptors encodes Hebbian synaptic plasticity. *Nature Communications* **7**:10289. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10289, PMID: 26758963

Tsodyks MV, Markram H. 1997. The neural code between neocortical pyramidal neurons depends on neurotransmitter release probability. *PNAS* **94**:719–723. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.2.719

Ujfalussy BB, Makara JK. 2020. Impact of functional synapse clusters on neuronal response selectivity. *Nature Communications* **11**:1413. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15147-6, PMID: 32179739

van Herck I, Bentzen BH, Seutin V, Arevalo H, Maleckar MM, Marrion NV, Edwards AG. 2018. Model development of SK channel gating incorporating calcium sensitivity and drug interaction. *Biophysical Journal* **114**:1735. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2017.11.1735
Veltz R. 2023. Synapse.Jl. swh:1:rev:15190a753bf9114b3c5f74078f28e44a1520b25a. Software Heritage. https://archive.softwareheritage.org/swh:1:dir:1193ba4f44f6c24978dee9039557bc073b103773;origin= https://github.com/rveltz/SynapseElife;visit=swh:1:snp:32ac343cc1f096125867382d861e683b9549b280;anchor=swh:1:rev:15190a753bf9114b3c5f74078f28e44a1520b25a

Volgushev M, Kudryashov I, Chistiakova M, Mukovski M, Niesmann J, Eysel UT. 2004. Probability of transmitter release at neocortical synapses at different temperatures. *Journal of Neurophysiology* **92**:212–220. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.01166.2003, PMID: 14999046

Wang H, Wagner JJ. 1999. Priming-Induced shift in synaptic plasticity in the rat hippocampus. *Journal of Neurophysiology* **82**:2024–2028. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.82.4.2024, PMID: 10515995

Wang HX, Gerkin RC, Nauen DW, Bi GQ. 2005. Coactivation and timing-dependent integration of synaptic potentiation and depression. *Nature Neuroscience* **8**:187–193. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1387, PMID: 15657596

Weber JP, Andrásfalvy BK, Polito M, Magó Á, Ujfalussy BB, Makara JK. 2016. Location-Dependent synaptic plasticity rules by dendritic spine cooperativity. *Nature Communications* **7**:11380. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11380

Wells J, Kao C, Konrad P, Milner T, Kim J, Mahadevan-Jansen A, Jansen ED. 2007. Biophysical mechanisms of transient optical stimulation of peripheral nerve. *Biophysical Journal* **93**:2567–2580. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1529/biophysj.107.104786, PMID: 17526565

Wierzynski CM, Lubenov EV, Gu M, Siapas AG. 2009. State-Dependent spike-timing relationships between hippocampal and prefrontal circuits during sleep. *Neuron* **61**:587–596. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2009.01.011, PMID: 19249278

Wittenberg GM, Wang SSH. 2006. Malleability of spike-timing-dependent plasticity at the CA3-CA1 synapse. *The Journal of Neuroscience* **26**:6610–6617. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5388-05.2006, PMID: 16775149

Wood T, Osredkar D, Puchades M, Maes E, Falck M, Flatebø T, Walløe L, Sabir H, Thoresen M. 2016. Treatment temperature and insult severity influence the neuroprotective effects of therapeutic hypothermia. *Scientific Reports* **6**:1–12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep23430

Yang SN, Tang YG, Zucker RS. 1999. Selective induction of LTP and LTD by postsynaptic [Ca2+] i elevation. *Journal of Neurophysiology* **81**:781–787. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.81.2.781, PMID: 10036277

Yeung LC, Shouval HZ, Blais BS, Cooper LN. 2004. Synaptic homeostasis and input selectivity follow from a calcium-dependent plasticity model. *PNAS* **101**:14943–14948. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0405555101

Yi GS, Wang J, Deng B, Wei XL. 2017. Morphology controls how hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neuron responds to uniform electric fields: a biophysical modeling study. *Scientific Reports* **7**:3210. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-03547-6, PMID: 28607422

Yuste R, Majewska A, Cash SS, Denk W. 1999. Mechanisms of calcium influx into hippocampal spines: heterogeneity among spines, coincidence detection by NMDA receptors, and optical quantal analysis. *The Journal of Neuroscience* **19**:1976–1987. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-06-01976.1999

Zeng S, Holmes WR. 2010. The effect of noise on CaMKII activation in a dendritic spine during LTP induction. *Journal of Neurophysiology* **103**:1798–1808. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.91235.2008, PMID: 20107130

Zhang Y, Smolen PD, Cleary LJ, Byrne JH. 2021. Quantitative description of the interactions among kinase cascades underlying long-term plasticity of Aplysia sensory neurons. *Scientific Reports* **11**:e94393. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94393-0

Zhivotovsky B, Orrenius S. 2011. Calcium and cell death mechanisms: a perspective from the cell death community. *Cell Calcium* **50**:211–221. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceca.2011.03.003, PMID: 21459443

Zhiravleva ZN, Saifullina VN, Zenchenko CI. 1997. Morphometric analysis of hippocampal pyramidal neurons in situ and in grafts developing in the anterior eye chambers of young and aged Wistar rats. *Journal of Neural Transplantation & Plasticity* **6**:49–57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/JP.1997.49, PMID: 8959551
# Appendix 1

**Appendix 1—table 1.** Synaptic plasticity protocol parameters.

To fit the data from publications displaying a parameter interval (e.g. 70–100), we used a value within the provided limits. Otherwise, we depict in parentheses the value used to fit to the data. Further information is available in the github code and **Appendix 1—table 3**. Some of these experiments did not control AP generation following EPSP stimulation: *Mizuno et al., 2001*, *Dudek and Bear, 1992*, *Dudek and Bear, 1993*. We modeled this effect, described below. In addition, *Tigaret et al., 2016* used GABA(A)r blockers, which we modelled by setting the GABAr conductance to zero. Also, *Mizuno et al., 2001* LTD protocol used a partial NMDA blocker, which we modelled by reducing NMDA conductance by 97%.

<table><thead><tr><th>Experiment</th><th>Paper</th><th>Repetitions</th><th>Freq (Hz)</th><th>Age (days)</th><th>Temp. (°C)</th><th>[Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>o</sub>(mM)</th><th>[Mg<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>o</sub>(mM)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>STDP</td><td><i>Tigaret et al., 2016</i></td><td>300</td><td>5</td><td>56</td><td>35</td><td>2.5</td><td>1.3</td></tr><tr><td>STDP</td><td><i>Inglebert et al., 2020</i></td><td>100, positive delays</td><td>0.3</td><td>21</td><td>(30.45)</td><td>1.3–3</td><td>Ca/1.5</td></tr><tr><td>STDP</td><td><i>Inglebert et al., 2020</i></td><td>150, negative delays</td><td>0.3</td><td>14</td><td>30</td><td>1.3–3</td><td>Ca/1.5</td></tr><tr><td>STDP</td><td><i>Meredith et al., 2003</i></td><td>20</td><td>0.2</td><td>9–45</td><td>24–28</td><td>2</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>STDP</td><td><i>Wittenberg and Wang, 2006</i></td><td>70–100</td><td>5</td><td>14–21</td><td>(22.5–23)</td><td>2</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>pre-burst</td><td><i>Tigaret et al., 2016</i></td><td>300 and 900</td><td>3 and 5</td><td>56</td><td>35</td><td>2.5</td><td>1.3</td></tr><tr><td>FDP</td><td><i>Dudek and Bear, 1992</i></td><td>900</td><td>1–50</td><td>35</td><td>35</td><td>2.5</td><td>1.5</td></tr><tr><td>FDP</td><td><i>Dudek and Bear, 1993</i></td><td>900</td><td>1</td><td>7–35</td><td>35</td><td>2.5</td><td>1.5</td></tr><tr><td>TBS</td><td><i>Dudek and Bear, 1993</i></td><td>3–4 (5) epochs</td><td>4Pre at 100 Hz, 10 x at 5 Hz</td><td>6, 14 and 17</td><td>35</td><td>2.5</td><td>1.5</td></tr><tr><td>LFS</td><td><i>Mizuno et al., 2001</i></td><td>1–600</td><td>1</td><td>12–28</td><td>(26.5–31)</td><td>2.4</td><td>0</td></tr></tbody></table>
**Appendix 1—table 2.** Comparison of recent computational models for plasticity highlighting the experimental conditions implemented and the experiments in the hippocampus and cortex they reproduce.

See **Appendix 1—table 3** for additional details on experimental conditions of experimental works.

<table><thead><tr><th>Model</th><th>Graupner and Brunel, 2012</th><th>Ebner et al., 2019</th><th>Jedrzejewska-Szmek et al., 2017</th><th>Inglebert et al., 2020</th><th>Chindemi et al., 2022</th><th>This paper</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Model framework</td><td>Extension of Shouval et al., 2002</td><td>Extension of Clopath et al., 2010 and modified from Hay et al., 2011</td><td>Modified from Evans et al., 2013</td><td>Extension of Graupner and Brunel, 2012</td><td>Extension of Graupner and Brunel, 2012</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Parameter</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Temperature</td><td>Absent</td><td>Absent</td><td>Temperature corrected ion channels (but not receptors)</td><td>No temperature control needed (experiments covered are at 30° C)</td><td>Only in the GHK equation</td><td>Temperature is selectable on the dendritic spine level for ion channels, receptor and the calcium cascade</td></tr><tr><td>Development</td><td>Absent</td><td>Absent</td><td>Absent</td><td>Absent</td><td>Absent</td><td>Age is selectable and implemented by GABAr and NMDAr switch and BaP maturation</td></tr><tr><td>aCSF</td><td>Absent</td><td>Absent</td><td>Absent</td><td>Phenomenological changes in pre and post amplitudes to mimic extracellular calcium effects</td><td>In vivo or in vitro changes for release probability, calcium reversal potential on NMDAr-induced calcium influx</td><td>External Ca and Mg are selectable and affect release probability, reversal potential, NMDAr and VGCCs calcium current driving force</td></tr><tr><td>Plasticity experiments (quant. comparisons only)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sjöström et al., 2001</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td></td><td></td><td>X</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Wittenberg and Wang, 2006</td><td>X</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>X</td></tr><tr><td>Wang et al., 2005</td><td>X</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sjöström and Häusser, 2006</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td></td><td></td><td>X</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nevian and Sakmann, 2006</td><td></td><td>X</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Letzkus et al., 2006</td><td></td><td>X</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Weber et al., 2016</td><td></td><td>X</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fino et al., 2010</td><td></td><td></td><td>X</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pawlak and Kerr, 2008</td><td></td><td></td><td>X</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Shen et al., 2008</td><td></td><td></td><td>X</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Inglebert et al., 2020</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>X</td><td></td><td>X</td></tr><tr><td>Markram et al., 1997</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>X</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rodríguez-Moreno and Paulsen, 2008</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>X</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Egger et al., 1999</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>X</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tigaret et al., 2016</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>X</td></tr><tr><td>Dudek and Bear, 1992</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>X</td></tr><tr><td>Dudek and Bear, 1993</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>X</td></tr><tr><td>Mizuno et al., 2001</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>X</td></tr><tr><td>Meredith et al., 2003</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>X</td></tr><tr><td>O'Connor et al., 2005 (not included due to space)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>X</td></tr><tr><td>Bittner et al., 2017 (not included due to space)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>X</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>**Appendix 1—table 3.** Comparison of the experimental conditions for the different datasets in Appendix 1—table 2 covering experiments from neocortex, hippocampus and striatum.</caption><thead><tr><th>Experimental work</th><th>Age (days)</th><th>[Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>o</sub> (Mm)</th><th>[Mg<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>o</sub> (Mm)</th><th>Temperature (°C)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Sjöström et al., 2001</td><td>12–21</td><td>2.5</td><td>1</td><td>32–34</td></tr><tr><td>Wittenberg and Wang, 2006</td><td>14–21</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>24–30 or 30–34</td></tr><tr><td>Wang et al., 2005</td><td>embryonic day 17–18</td><td>3</td><td>2</td><td>room</td></tr><tr><td>Sjöström and Häusser, 2006</td><td>14–21</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>32–35</td></tr><tr><td>Nevian and Sakmann, 2006</td><td>13–15</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>32–35</td></tr><tr><td>Letzkus et al., 2006</td><td>21–42</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>34–35</td></tr><tr><td>Weber et al., 2016</td><td>49–77</td><td>1.25</td><td>1.3 or 0.1</td><td>32–35</td></tr><tr><td>Fino et al., 2010</td><td>15–21</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>34</td></tr><tr><td>Pawlak and Kerr, 2008</td><td>19–22</td><td>2.5</td><td>2</td><td>31–33</td></tr><tr><td>Shen et al., 2008</td><td>19–26</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>room</td></tr><tr><td>Inglebert et al., 2020</td><td>14–20</td><td>1.3–3.0</td><td>Ca/1.5</td><td>30</td></tr><tr><td>Markram et al., 1997</td><td>14–16</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>32–34</td></tr><tr><td>Rodríguez-Moreno and Paulsen, 2008</td><td>9–14</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>room</td></tr><tr><td>Egger et al., 1999</td><td>12–14</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>34–36</td></tr><tr><td>Tigaret et al., 2016</td><td>50–55</td><td>2.5</td><td>1.3</td><td>35</td></tr><tr><td>Dudek and Bear, 1992</td><td>35</td><td>2.5</td><td>1.5</td><td>35</td></tr><tr><td>Dudek and Bear, 1993</td><td>7–35</td><td>2.5</td><td>1.5</td><td>35</td></tr><tr><td>Mizuno et al., 2001</td><td>12–28</td><td>2.4</td><td>Mg-Free (most experiments)</td><td>30</td></tr><tr><td>Meredith et al., 2003</td><td>9–45</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>24–28</td></tr><tr><td>O'Connor et al., 2005</td><td>14–21</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>27.5–32</td></tr><tr><td>Bittner et al., 2017</td><td>42–63</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>35</td></tr></tbody></table>