Erika Makarová, Peter Bisták, Juraj Timura, Samuel Bruss

# Preliminary evaluation of a set of bronze finds from the “sacred” mountain of Oblík in the Slanské vrchy mountain range

## ABSTRACT

In 2020, three metal detectorists handed over a large collection of metal artefacts, a significant portion of which had been discovered over the past 20 years on the dominant Oblík mountain in the Slanské vrchy mountain range. In cooperation with the finders, the Monuments Board of the Slovak Republic conducted archaeological research at the site in 2023 to locate the submitted hoards and isolated finds, as well as identify other objects. The expert evaluation and treatment of the finds is not yet complete. The paper provides an overview of the current state of research and a preliminary evaluation of the bronze finds.

## KEYWORDS

eastern Slovakia, Oblík, Late and Final Bronze Age, hoard, bronze objects

<figure><img src="image_1.png" /></figure>
# I. INTRODUCTION

Mount Oblík is located in eastern Slovakia in the municipalities of Hermanovce nad Topľou and Petrovce (Vranov nad Topľou district), on the edge of the Slanské vrchy mountain range (Fig. 1), which form a chain of Neogene stratovolcanoes. Volcanic activity here has created a landscape full of unusual rock formations, stone seas and ravines, which have always stimulated human imagination. This “magical” landscape by the Topľa River is dominated by the mighty Oblík, which stands at 925 m in height and is significantly different and almost completely separated from the main ridge (Fig. 2). From a geological point of view, it is a laccolith formed by amphibole-pyroxene andesite porphyry. The unusual geological and morphological conditions of the mountain have created the basis for the emergence of rare and rich plant and animal communities. The peak areas of the mountain were therefore declared a national nature reserve with the highest 5th level of protection. The mountain is also part of the Slanské vrchy Protected Bird Area. Since 1975, the site has been declared a national cultural monument as a “hilltop settlement” (Lukáč, Pavlíková 2015).

# II. HISTORY OF RESEARCH

An unusual, majestic mountain in a magical volcanic landscape has always stimulated human imagination. The names of rock formations around the mountain, such as the Valley of Giants or the Footprint of Giants, also evidence this.

The first issue of the Slovak National Newspaper from August 1, 1845, published by Ľudovít Štúr, contained a literary supplement, Orol tatranský (Tatra Eagle), in which an article entitled Cesta na Oblík (Trip to Oblík) was published. The author of the article was the Evangelical priest Adam Hlovík. During the ascent, he noticed rocks and rock formations with pits and lines, which he considered to be places of ancient pagan ceremonies (Hlovík 1845, 6–8).

The oldest known find from Oblík so far is a hoard of bronze objects from the first half of the 20th century, which was mostly scattered (Budinský-Krička 1967, 84, fig. 5). By the 1980s (before the spread of metal detectors), two more bronze hoards and one scattered find had been discovered (Kotorová Jenčová 2004, 125–126). And later, around 2000, another hoard was found (Kotorová-Jenčová 2001, 100–101). Numerous mound-like structures are also
<figure><img src="image_2.png" /><figcaption>FIG. 1. Location of Oblík mountain on the map of eastern Slovakia. Author: Juraj Timura</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /><figcaption>FIG. 2. View of Oblík mountain from the northwest. Photo: Peter Ondič, archive: Regional Museum in Prešov, Hanušovce nad Topľou branch</figcaption></figure>
mentioned at the northern and northwestern foot of Oblík. Some of them
were examined, with remains of fire being found in one case in the mound
and "Hallstatt" pottery occurring in others (Blahuta 1963, 176, fig. 7: C).

In 1998, historian Pavel Dvořák highlighted the importance of Oblík, re-
viving Hlovík's trip in the popular documentary series Stopy dávnej minulos-
ti (Traces of the ancient past). Shortly afterwards, a paper about another hoard
was published (Kotorová-Jenčová 2001, 100–101).

However, the captivating story of the magical mountain, supported by
accidental finds of bronzes, attracted treasure hunters who had metal detec-
tors at their disposal by the late 1990s. Rumours of numerous bronze hoards
soon spread in this community. There were reports of finds of swords and
necklaces stored in leather cases. However, the professional community did
not sufficiently realise the importance of the site and the extent of the looting,
and as a result, they were unable to prevent it. Archaeologists were low in
numbers, they did not have metal detectors, and there was no legislation that
would prevent the looting of finds.

The looting of the site peaked after 2000 and then largely ceased when
the mountain was considered looted. In the meantime, new legislation came
into force, classifying damage to archaeological sites as a crime, which dis-
courages some amateur searchers. However, the looting of archaeological sites
could not be completely stopped, and with the advent of LiDAR, it gained
new momentum. However, the Oblík site is too large (more than 230 ha) and
has too difficult terrain to be completely looted. A survey organised in 2023
confirmed that smaller isolated finds are still present on the slopes. However,
large, easily located hoards and large objects with a strong signal have been
completely or almost completely looted.

### III. COLLECTION OF FINDS FROM 2020

In 2020, three collections of metal finds from the Oblík site and its surround-
ing areas were handed over to the Regional Monuments Board – Region-
al centre Prešov (Fig. 3). The hoards were handed over following a personal
meeting with Ing. Samuel Bruss, an expert from the Hanušovce nad Topľou
branch of the Regional Museum in Prešov, who was formerly an archaeo-
logical technician. The finds were handed over by three local searchers with
metal detectors, who had been searching for them illegally since approxi-
mately 2000. After basic registration and photo documentation, the entire
<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>**FIG. 3.** Part of the finds during the acceptance by the Regional Monuments Board – Regional centre Prešov in 2020. Photo: Ondrej Glod, archive: Regional Museum in Prešov, Hanušovce nad Topľou branch</figcaption></figure>

collection was transported in 2023 for further professional processing to the Monuments Board of the Slovak Republic in Bratislava.

#### IV. PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF BRONZE OBJECTS

A total of more than 500 finds in various states of preservation were submitted, of which 207 pieces represent (bronze) objects that can be dated to the Urnfield period. In some cases, the dating and functional purpose of the objects is questionable. Their total weight is approximately 15.8 kg. Several classes and types of the bronze industry are represented among them. The most numerous class is jewellery and clothing fittings, which make up almost 76%. Among them are headbands/belts (9 pcs), neckrings (86 pcs), rings/hair-rings (4 pcs), bracelets (51 pcs), pins (5 pcs) and buttons with a loop on the reverse (2 pcs). Other classes are represented significantly less, while the number of tools and implements (axes – 14 pcs, knives – 3 pcs, sickle – 1 pc, awl? – 1 pc; 9.2%)
and objects related to metallurgical activity (melted pieces of bronze – 6 pcs, ingots – 3 pcs, semi-finished products – 7 pcs; 7,7%) is similar. Only slightly less numerous are weapons (4.8%), which are represented by swords (3 pcs), spearheads (6 pcs) and arrowheads (1 pc), and the minimum of objects is of an indeterminate category (5 pcs; 2.4%).

Among all the finds, the most numerous objects are neckrings (86 pcs), followed by bracelets (51 pcs). Other types of objects occur only in small numbers; the most numerous are axes (14 pcs). It is interesting that the neckrings that dominate among the deposited objects at Oblík do not appear in other hoards from the Topľa River basin and are generally deposited only minimal-ly in eastern Slovakia (see Budinský-Krička 1967; Novotná 1984). Almost all neckrings from Oblík are twisted. The exception is a single specimen made from a smooth rod with a circular cross-section and flattened looped ends. The termination of twisted specimens is not always known, as this is the point where they are most often damaged. However, in the vast majority, their ends are flattened and rolled into a loop; only exceptionally are they pointed or hooked. Neckrings with unidirectional twisting predominate, only five piec-es have a change in twisting in two places. The density of the twisting varies – from dense to very loose – although specimens with medium-dense twisting are most frequent. Their sizes also varied – from very small to large speci-mens (Fig. 4), which together could have formed magnificent pectorals. On some specimens, there is a remnant of organic material that was used to wrap or tie the neckrings together. However, we do not yet know what material it is. This will be the subject of further research.

Among the bracelets, the most common are simple open ones, made of a rod, originally probably of a rhombic cross-section, but the wear caused the change of the cross-section shape. Their ends are either rounded or point-ed. Two cast, longitudinally ribbed flat open bracelets are exceptional, which differ from each other only slightly in dimensions. They have 12 horizontal ribs, every other of which is decorated with oblique grooves (Fig. 5: a–b). An analogous, although somewhat smaller specimen probably comes from the Hrabová 1 hoard, dated to the Křenůvky horizon (Ha B1), which is considered to be an older component of the presumed original assemblage (Halama 2015, 50–51, fig. 1: 7; 2: 2). However, the most lavish decoration of the upper limbs is undoubtedly represented by spiral-shaped circular jewellery, which, given the internal diameter ranging from 52 to 73 mm, can be considered bracelets as well (Fig. 6). They are made of a narrower strip with a central rib, which at one end turns into a twisted rod and at the other end into a smooth rod.
<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>FIG. 4. Hoard of 11 neckrings. Photo: Juraj Timura, archive: Monuments Board of the Slovak Republic</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>**FIG. 5.** Hoard consisting of 2 bronze cast bracelets (a–b) and 4 bronze socketed axes (c–f).
Photo: Juraj Timura, archive: Monuments Board of the Slovak Republic</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_7.png" /><figcaption>**FIG. 6.** Hoard of 2 spiral bracelets. Photo: Juraj Timura, archive: Monuments Board of the Slovak Republic</figcaption></figure>

Analogies are found in hoards from the territory of present-day Hungary, which are dated to the Hajdúböszörmény horizon (Mozsolics, Schalk 2000, 28, Taf. 52: 1–2; 100: 17), but they also appeared, for example, in the hoard from Rimavská Sobota (Novotná 1970b, Taf. XLIII).

The strips of bronze sheets, whose thickness is only 0.5 mm, could be interpreted not only as headbands, but also as belts. The preserved ends have a hole in the middle, allowing them to connect. The decoration is in the form of repoussé dots, most often as a linea long the upper and lower edges, which is sometimes supplemented with additional decoration. Only one specimen has been preserved in its entirety, although it is in a broken
state. It is 2.5 cm wide and 57.2 cm long, meaning that when bent into a circle, it would have a diameter of 18.2 cm. Another five strips of bronze sheets were preserved in an incomplete state. In addition, the set of finds from Oblík also includes three small fragments that were found independently of each other and could therefore represent the remains of other headbands. According to information from the finders, three such bronze strips were supposed to form one hoard. In Central Europe, decorative strips of bronze sheets appear as early as the Early Bronze Age, when they were used as head ornaments. However, they also appear in a later period, namely in the older and younger phases of the Urnfield period, when strips of bronze sheets were used not only as headbands, but also as belts (Ožďáni 2009, 17–18; Salaš 2005, 74, 117–119).

In the category of fasteners, only pins were found; fibulae are absent among the submitted finds. These are five quite massive pins of the same type, namely pins with one or three biconical knots on the neck (also known as Knotenadel). Some have knots that are decorated with fine cutting along the edge, and decoration below the knots consisting of bundles of fine grooves. The shape of the disc-shaped head is mostly straight, but some specimens have a slightly rounded head, with an inconspicuous central spine or, conversely, a bowl-shaped bent head. The specimens that have been preserved intact measure approximately 30 cm in length. Two of the pins supposedly formed a hoard (Fig. 7), as was the case with two analogous pins found around 2000, which are dated to the Ha A1 stage (Kotorová-Jenčová 2001, 100–101; 2004, 126).

Among the 14 axes, only one specimen has a straight-cut socket (Fig. 5: c), and the others have a beak-shaped socket of the East Carpathian type (Schnabeltüllenbeile von ostkarpatischer Art) (Fig. 5: d–f). Axes of the latter type appear in the Kisapáti to Rohod horizons (Ha A1 – Ha B1). Their main area of occurrence is Transylvania, from which they spread to other parts of Romania and the Carpathian region of Ukraine. In Hungary, they were concentrated in the eastern region, and thanks to contacts with the upper Tisza River basin, they had also spread to eastern Slovakia (Novotná 1970a, 73–79).

Among the handed over finds there are three bronze swords. The smaller sword with a tongue-shaped handle with the length of just under 36 cm is related to the Central and Western European Hemigkofen type, the Elsenfeld variant, or the Vyšný Sliač type, dated to the Middle Urnfield period (Novák 1975, 24–25, Taf. 30: 4; Schauer 1971, 163–165). The second sword is considerably larger – it measures almost 72 cm – and has decoration on the solid cast
<figure><img src="image_8.png" /><figcaption>FIG. 7. Hoard of 2 pins. Photo: Juraj Timura, archive: Monuments Board of the Slovak Republic</figcaption></figure>

handle with three rollers, as well as on the blade below it. This is a Lip-tov-type sword, which appears in stages Ha A1 to Ha A2 (Novotná 2014, 58–62). Both swords were supposed to form a single hoard. The third sword cannot be precisely typologically determined due to its state of preservation. However, it may be a sword with a tongue-shaped handle.

Objects related to metallurgical activity include melted pieces of bronze, ingots and semi-finished products. These semi-finished products are probably six bars of rectangular cross-section, which allegedly formed a single hoard. Their weight ranges from 17.4 to 59.1 g, and the length varies from 12.8 cm to 17.7 cm. Based on preliminary XRF measurements of the elemental composition of the metal surface, we know that these are not copper, but bronze objects, from which the final products were probably made. An interesting find, according to the finder found separately, is a copper ingot. It weighs 2.608 kg and two bits had been taken away from it (Fig. 8).

Based on consultation with the finders, we have (so far) managed to identify the composition of ten

hoards. However, given the similarity of the finds and the fact that a long time has passed since their discovery, and the finders did not keep any written or photographic documentation, it is not entirely certain that they really formed the assemblages. Originally, there were undoubtedly more hoards. Based on the identified hoards, it appears that both homogeneous and heterogeneous hoards were deposited at Oblík, categorised by typological class or
<figure><img src="image_9.png" /><figcaption>**FIG. 8.** Plano-convex copper ingot. Photo: Juraj Timura, archive: Monuments Board of the Slovak Republic</figcaption></figure>

functional category (see Salaš 2005, 170). The hoards of jewellery and clothing fittings, which consisted only of headbands, neckrings, pins, bracelets, or combinations thereof, predominate. However, there are also hoards of weapons (swords), objects related to metallurgical activity (a hoard of six semi-finished products), as well as heterogeneous hoards that consisted of tools and jewellery.

## V. RESEARCH IN 2023

In November 2023, archaeological research was carried out at Oblík under the leadership of the Monuments Board of the Slovak Republic (Kmeťová et al. 2025). Its goal was to determine the condition of the site that has been looted for the long time, verify information about the mound-like structures, document and save discovered archaeological finds, as well as locate and measure with a GPS device handed over hoards. With the help of two finders, it was possible to locate and accurately measure the position of some hoards and isolated finds in the terrain using a GPS device, including a large rock carving depicting an unclosed circle (Fig. 9).

Using metal detectors, a total of 92 archaeological finds were found, dating from the Bronze Age (approximately Middle/Late to Final), the Roman period (2nd century), the Migration period (5th century), the Modern period
<figure><img src="image_10.png" /><figcaption>FIG. 9. Rock engraving in the shape of an unclosed circle. Photo: Juraj Timura, archive: Monuments Board of the Slovak Republic</figcaption></figure>

(approximately 16th–19th centuries) and the 20th century, including evidence of fighting during World War II. With one exception, these were isolated finds. They may be original isolated finds or the remains of looted hoards, especially in the case of fragments of objects. The excavations yielded a small number of bronze jewellery (3 pieces of circular jewellery), clothing fittings (1 fragment of a pin with three biconical knots on the neck and 1 spiral-headed pin), one weapon (an incompletely preserved bronze spearhead) and one tool fragment (a fragment of a bronze socketed axe), which can be dated to the Urnfield period. The only hoard discovered is a pair of gold spirals made of simple, undecorated wire of irregular, rounded cross-section, with a diameter of approximately 2.5 cm and 2 cm. The smaller spiral was inserted into the larger one (Kmeťová, Bisták, Sládok, in press).

Among the finds from the younger periods, it is worth mentioning a richly decorated thorn with a stylised zoomorphic head from a luxurious belt buckle, dated to the Migration period (Madyda-Legutko 1978, 14; 1987, 71–73). The bronze strap-end handed over in 2020 also belongs to this period.
Based on the visualisation of aerial laser scanning data, a targeted survey of 4 identified mound-like structures at the northern foot of Oblík was also carried out. However, the survey failed to verify whether these were burial mounds or mounds created for another purpose (Kmeťová, Bisták, Sládok, in press).

## VI. CONCLUSION

Some of the handed over bronze objects from the Oblík site were localised very precisely with the help of the finders. However, in several cases, there are still uncertainties regarding the exact composition of the hoards or the assignment of a particular isolated find.

The known bronze artefacts are concentrated on the northwestern, but especially on the southeastern slope (Fig. 10). Our idea of the dispersion of finds may be distorted to some extent, but it also probably reflects a certain

<figure><img src="image_11.png" /><figcaption>**FIG. 10.** Location of some hoards and isolated finds from Oblík Mountain, handed over in 2020 on a digital relief model. Source: ÚGKK, visualisation: Tibor Lieskovský, graphic design: Juraj Timura</figcaption></figure>
prehistoric reality. Natural access roads along the streams flowing into the Topľa River lead to these places. The increased concentration on the south-eastern slope may be connected with the fact that the finders came to the mountain mainly from this direction and repeatedly searched the places where they discovered the finds. In addition, the survey of the Monuments Board of the Slovak Republic in 2023 also focused on the same area, which yielded new finds. On the other hand, the bronze artefacts, which are scattered on the eastern slope, stretch towards a rock where an unclosed circle, reminiscent of a neckring or solar symbol, is engraved (?). The relevance of the spatial data is also increased by the fact that the finders repeatedly moved around the entire mountain and encountered with other treasure hunters. We have no finds from the summit area. However, a competing group of treasure hunters allegedly found gold wire spirals there under a recent campfire. The summit area was probably already looted at that time. However, the absence of bronze objects there could also be a reflection of prehistoric reality. The summit undoubtedly had a specific position in the life of prehistoric society.

The deposition of bronze objects can be dated to the Late to Final Bronze Age, when the Topľa River basin was inhabited by the bearers of the Gáva culture (Kujovský 2015). The river valley formed an important corridor during this period, connecting the upper Tisa River basin with the mountain passes leading to the northern side of the Carpathians. This is also evidenced by the numerous finds of bronze objects scattered along this long-distance route (Budinský-Krička 1967). Oblík, visible from afar, lies not far from the place where the river leaves the wide valley and enters a narrow, easily controllable meander. In this area, there is also an unexplored hillfort in Železník, which, however, is tentatively dated to a younger period based on the sherd material found during the survey by the Regional Monuments Board - Regional centre Prešov. In addition to bronze objects, gold jewellery made of spirally wound wire was also found on Oblík. In this context, it is still necessary to critically evaluate the nearby gold deposits (Bakos, Chovan, Žitňan 2017, 359-364), information on historical mining activity, and to compare the chemical composition of gold.

Based on the number of objects deposited on the steep slopes of Oblík, we can assume that this majestic mountain had a specific “sacred” meaning for prehistoric communities. We believe that the processing and evaluation of the obtained finds will lead to modern systematic research, and archaeology would thus at least partially repay its debt to this exceptional and severely damaged site.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This work was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under the
Contract no. APVV-22-0151.

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## ADRESSES OF THE AUTHORS

### Erika Makarová

Monuments Board of the Slovak Republic
Cesta na Červený most 6, 814 06 Bratislava, Slovensko
erika.makarova@gmail.com
ORCID 0000-0002-3150-7301

### Peter Bisták

Monuments Board of the Slovak Republic
Cesta na Červený most 6, 814 06 Bratislava, Slovensko
peter.bistak@pamiatky.gov.sk
ORCID 0009-0008-4888-3902

### Juraj Timura

Support 42, s. r. o., Alžbetina 55, 040 01 Košice, Slovensko
juraj.timura@gmail.com

### Samuel Bruss

Pavlovce 234, 09431 Hanušovce nad Topľou, Slovensko
samuelbruss@gmail.com
<figure><img src="image_12.png" /></figure>