# Funerary Practices in Central Greece from the Middle Helladic into the Early Mycenaean Period

Laetitia Phialon

► To cite this version:

Laetitia Phialon. Funerary Practices in Central Greece from the Middle Helladic into the Early Mycenaean Period. Anna Philippa-Touchais; Gilles Touchais; Sofia Voutsaki; James Wright. MESO-HELLADIKA, The Greek Mainland in the Middle Bronze Age, International Conference, Athens, 8-12 March 2006, Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique Supplément (52), 2010, 978-2-86958-210-1. hal-02614950

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MESOHELADICA
MEZOEALA ΔIKA

La Grèce continentale au Bronze Moyen
Η ηπειρωτική Ελλάδα στη Μέση εποχή του Χαλκού
The Greek Mainland in the Middle Bronze Age

Actes du colloque international organisé par l'École française d'Athènes,
en collaboration avec l'American School of Classical Studies at Athens
et le Netherlands Institute in Athens,
Athènes, 8-12 mars 2006

Édités par Anna PHILIPPA-TOUCHAIS, Gilles TOUCHAIS, Sofia VOUTSAKI et James WRIGHT

BULLETIN DE CORRESPONDANCE HELLÉNIQUE
MESOHELLADIKA

ΜΕΣΟΕΛΛΑΔΙΚΑ
ÉCOLE FRANÇAISE D'ATHÈNES

Directeur des publications : Dominique Mulliez

Adjointe aux publications : Catherine Aubert

Révision des normes : Béatrice Detournay

Photogravure, impression et reliure : Break'in

Conception graphique de la couverture : EFA, Guillaume Fuchs

Dépositaire : De Boccard Édition-Diffusion – 11, rue de Médicis, F – 75006 Paris, www.deboccard.com

Ouvrage publié avec le concours de l'INSTAP (Institut for Aegean Prehistory), Philadelphia, USA

© École française d'Athènes, 2010 – 6 Didotou, GR – 106 80 Athènes, www.efa.gr

ISBN 978-2-86958-210-1

Reproduction et traduction, même partielles, interdites sans l'autorisation de l'éditeur pour tous pays, y compris les États-Unis.
MESOHELLADIKA
ΜΕΣΟΕΛΛΑΔΙΚΑ

La Grèce continentale au Bronze Moyen
Η ηπειρωτική Ελλάδα στη Μέση εποχή του Χαλκού
The Greek Mainland in the Middle Bronze Age

Actes du colloque international
organisé par l'École française d'Athènes,
en collaboration avec l'American School of Classical Studies at Athens
et le Netherlands Institute in Athens,
Athènes, 8-12 mars 2006

Édités par Anna PHILIPPA-TOUCHAIS, Gilles TOUCHAIS, Sofia VOUTSAKI et James WRIGHT
<figure><img src="image_2.png" /><figcaption>Une partie des congressistes devant le Cotsen Hall (photo Ph. Touchais)</figcaption></figure>
## PRÉFACE

Allocution de bienvenue du Directeur de l'École française d'Athènes

L'étude du matériel des fouilles de l'habitat mésohelladique de la colline de l'Aspis étant en cours d'achèvement, les responsables du programme, Gilles Touchais et Anna Philippa-Touchais, ont souhaité orienter la recherche de deux manières : en entreprenant l'étude globale des vestiges architecturaux de l'habitat mis au jour depuis les premières fouilles de Vollgraff et en mettant à profit cette étude pour une mise en valeur du site, mais aussi en inscrivant cette recherche dans une interrogation plus large sur l'Helladique Moyen. Cela impliquait de faire le point sur l'une des périodes les plus mal connues de la protohistoire égéenne en essayant de réunir, au niveau international, les chercheurs que le hasard des découvertes ou un choix délibéré avaient conduits à travailler sur cette période. On pouvait ainsi espérer dresser un bilan entièrement renouvelé par les données des nombreuses fouilles et prospections menées au cours des trente dernières années.

C'est à cet objectif que répond le colloque Mesohelladika. La Grèce continentale au Bronze Moyen, dont l'École française d'Athènes a eu l'initiative. Pour permettre son organisation, elle s'est assurée le concours de l'École américaine et de l'Institut néerlandais et je remercie très chaleureusement mes collègues Stephen Tracy et Gert Jan Wijngaarden d'avoir accepté le principe de cette association. En répondant positivement à notre invitation, les très nombreux chercheurs présents, venus d'Australie, d'Autriche, des États-Unis, de Finlande, de France, de Grande-Bretagne, de Grèce, d'Italie, des Pays-Bas et de Suède ont témoigné de leur intérêt pour la thématique centrale du colloque : procéder à une réévaluation de l'Helladique Moyen. À tous, je souhaite la bienvenue et de fructueux travaux.

Je remercie tous ceux qui, dans chacune des trois Écoles concernées, ont permis l'organisation de cette manifestation. J'adresse des remerciements tout particuliers à Gilles Touchais, qui m'a soumis ce projet dès 2003, et à Anna Philippa-Touchais, dont la présence à Athènes a permis de régler les mille et une questions que ne manque pas de soulever une manifestation de cette ampleur.

Dominique MULLIEZ
## Wellcome address of the Director of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens

On behalf of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens welcome to this international conference Mesohelladika. It is wonderful to have such a large crowd on hand this evening. The program of the conference is diverse and rich; I think we will all learn much from our colleagues over the next four days. I know that we all are looking forward to it. The American School of Classical Studies is proud to cooperate with the Netherlands Institute and with the French School at Athens in hosting this conference. I want to congratulate and to thank the organizing committee and to single out Dr. Anna Philippa-Touchais, the person on the ground here in Athens, for all her hard work.

Thank you all again and welcome.

Stephen TRACY

## Wellcome address of the Director of the Netherlands Institute in Athens

Dear colleagues and friends, ladies and gentlemen,

Some time ago, Dr Sofia Voutsaki persuaded me to support this conference. On the occasion she emphasized that the Middle Bronze Age of the Greek mainland had been neglected of late and that it was in serious need of attention. Taking a look at the impressive conference program, I could only acknowledge Sofia's claims: obviously many scholars felt a similar need to discuss Middle Helladic Greece.

For several of the archaeological programs of the Netherlands Institute in Athens, the Middle Bronze Age is of importance. This is true for the excavations at Geraki in Lakonia, for the surveys in Thessaly, Boeotia and Zakynthos, as well as for the analytical program on the Argolid. I am confident that the Mesohelladika conference will contribute to a better understanding of the materials dealt with in these programs.

I am very pleased that this conference is a joint venture of three foreign archaeological institutes in Greece. International academic events are increasingly more difficult and costly to organize and cooperation in this respect is, in my view, beneficial to all. I would like to thank warmly my colleagues Dominique Mulliez and Stephen Tracy for the fruitful cooperation and for the hospitality. I also congratulate the organizers with the impressive program and I wish all participants an enjoyable and fruitful conference.

Gert Jan VAN WIJNGAARDEN
## INTRODUCTION

L'Helladique Moyen, période qui correspond, en gros, à la première moitié du IIe millénaire avant notre ère, s'intercale entre deux phases de prospérité économique et d'accomplissement culturel majeurs pour la Grèce continentale : le Bronze Ancien, d'une part, qui a vu naître et se développer, au cours du IIIe millénaire, des communautés proto-urbaines déjà fortement organisées, ouvertes sur le reste du monde égéen, et l'époque mycénienne de l'autre, qui, dans la seconde moitié du IIe millénaire, portera à son apogée le système palatial et étendra son influence bien au-delà des rives de la mer Égée. C'est pourquoi l'Helladique Moyen est toujours apparu en retrait par rapport à ces deux grands moments, dans une vision purement négative que reflètent bien les termes de stagnation, de recul, d'isolement le plus souvent utilisés pour caractériser cette période. En outre, la comparaison avec l'essor que connaît, à la même époque, la Crète protopalatiale, tourne elle aussi au désavantage de la Grèce continentale et renforce cette impression négative, qui n'est sans doute pas étrangère au relatif désijnérêt dont l'Helladique Moyen a pâti jusqu'à présent dans la recherche sur les civilisations égéennes.

Il apparaît cependant aujourd'hui, à la lumière des recherches récentes, que l'Helladique Moyen n'est pas cette longue période d'atonie si souvent décrite. Des indices de plus en plus nombreux suggèrent qu'elle a au contraire été marquée par de profonds changements d'ordre social, politique et culturel, qui conduisirent progressivement à la formation des entités politiques protomycéniennes et, plus tard, des royaumes mycéniens. C'est pourquoi il nous a semblé que le moment était venu de rassembler la documentation la plus large possible sur cette période encore mal connue – ou plutôt méconnue. Le meilleur moyen était de faire se rencontrer tous les collègues qui avaient accumulé de nouvelles données au cours des dernières décennies, mais aussi ceux qui tentaient d'interpréter celles dont on disposait. C'est ainsi qu'est née l'idée de ce colloque – le premier à être consacré exclusivement à l'Helladique Moyen – et que furent définis ses principaux objectifs : d'une part, dresser un bilan de nos connaissances sur la période, en ne négligeant aucun domaine de la recherche ; d'autre part, explorer les mécanismes qui sont à l'origine des changements
constatés et tenter d'apprécier leur dynamique. On suggéra donc plusieurs axes de réflexion : la topographie et l'habitat (réseaux d'occupation humaine, organisation spatiale) ; les pratiques rituelles et funéraires ; les problèmes chronologiques (séquences céramiques, synchronismes, datations absolues) ; l'économie et l'exploitation des ressources naturelles (agriculture et élevage, techniques et productions artisanales, alimentation) ; les problèmes démographiques et sanitaires ; les contacts, les échanges et les influences culturelles ; l'évolution des structures socio-politiques.

L'intuition que le sujet était « mûr » et qu'une vision moins négative de l'Helladique Moyen avait commencé de prévaloir parmi les spécialistes du monde égéen a été confirmée bien au-delà de nos espérances. Car même dans nos prévisions les plus optimistes, nous étions loin d'imaginer que notre initiative rencontrerait un tel écho. En effet, près de 130 chercheurs ont répondu à notre invitation, plus de 80 d'entre eux proposant de présenter une communication et plus d'une quarantaine de réaliser un poster. Finalement, sur les 69 communications présentées à Athènes, 63 sont éditées dans le présent volume¹, et 28 posters sur 29².

Ce projet n'aurait pu être mené à bien sans le soutien financier et logistique, mais aussi scientifique et moral, des trois institutions qui en ont assuré directement l'organisation : l'École française d'Athènes, l'American School of Classical Studies at Athens et le Netherlands Institute in Athens, dont nous tenons à remercier les directeurs respectifs, Dominique Mulliez, Stephen V. Tracy et Gert Jan van Wijngarten, pour les moyens matériels et humains qu'ils ont généreusement mis à notre disposition. L'Institute of Aegean Prehistory de Philadelphie a également répondu, avec sa libéralité coutumière, à nos demandes de subvention, aussi bien pour l'organisation du colloque lui-même que pour

1. Massimo Cultraro, qui n'avait pu participer au colloque, a envoyé le texte de sa communication, mais les textes suivants n'ont pas été remis : Antikleia Agrafioti, « Les industries lithiques du Bronze Moyen et l'enjeu des éléments de faucille» ; Polyxeni Arachoviti, « Αερινό, ένας οικισμός της Μέσης Εποχής του Χολκού στη νοτιοανατολική Θεσσαλία » ; Ioanna Galanaki, « Lefkandi Phases 2-6 : Some Observations on the Communication Networks and Communication Processes during the Middle Helladic Period » ; Chrysanthi Gallou, « “In the Dark Heart of Maleas”. The Transition from the Middle Helladic to the Early Mycenaean Period in the Southeastern Peloponnese » ; Olga Kyriazi, « Μαρτυρίες από την ανατολική Λοχρίδα σχετικά με τη μεταβατική περιόδο από τη Μέση στην Ύστερη Εποχή του Χαλκού: ενεργή συμμετοχή στις πολιτισμικές αλλαγές ή στο περιθώριο των εξελικτικών διεργασιών; » ; Elena Kountouri, « Προμυχηναϊκή Θήβα : τα δεδομένα από τις σύγχρονες έρευνες » ; Michael Lindblom, « The Middle Helladic Settlement at Mastos in the Berbati Valley » ; Adamantia Vassilogamvrou, « Η χεραμική της ΜΕ ΙΙΙ-ΥΈ Ι φάσης από τη θέση Καταρραχιά Δυτικής Αχαΐας ».

2. Il manque celui d'Olga Philaniotou, « Naxos in the Middle Bronze Age. New Evidence for Habitation ». Pour la publication, nous avons choisi d'intégrer les posters aux unités thématiques auxquels ils se rapportent en les mêlant aux communications, plutôt que de les regrouper dans une section séparée comme cela se fait soutenant.
la publication des actes : nous exprimons ici toute notre reconnaissance à son comité scientifique ainsi qu’à Karen Velluci, directrice des programmes de subvention, en qui nous avons toujours trouvé une interlocutrice efficace et attentionnée. Parmi les institutions françaises, le Centre national de la recherche scientifique et l’université Paris 1 – Panthéon-Sorbonne ont apporté une contribution appréciable au financement du colloque. De leur côté, le Service culturel de la Ville d’Athènes (Δήμος Αθηναίων, Πολιτισμικός Οργανισμός) et l’office du Tourisme hellénique (Ελληνικός Οργανισμός Τουρισμού, Ύπουργείου Τουριστικής Ανάπτυξης) ont soutenu la manifestation en mettant gracieusement à notre disposition 150 exemplaires de deux luxueuses brochures sur Athènes, l’Attique et ses monuments. Plusieurs participants au colloque ont par ailleurs bénéficié de l’hospitalité offerte par les Instituts danois et suédois, ainsi que par les Écoles britannique et italienne, que nous remercions sincèrement de leur concours. C’est une dette particulière que nous avons envers Bob Bridges, secrétaire général de l’École américaine, qui, pendant les trois jours où le colloque s’est tenu au Cotsen Hall, n’a ménagé ni son temps ni sa peine pour assurer le bon déroulement des séances et résoudre tous les problèmes techniques, sans se départir jamais de son sourire.

Nous remercions également pour leur précieux concours à l’organisation et au bon fonctionnement du colloque Maria Tsimboukaki, qui a géré le secrétariat avec un dévouement et une efficacité dignes d’éloge, Stratos Balis et Tomek Hertig (site Internet), Eleni Gerontakou et Catherine Pantazis (travaux de secrétariat), Philippe Touchais (photos d’ambiance), ainsi que les volontaires étudiants post-diplôme de l’universités d’Athènes, dont le zèle et la bonne humeur communicative ont largement contribué à l’ambiance chaleureuse qui a régné tout au long de cette rencontre : Giorgos Charitos, Giorgos Choulis, Nikolas Dimakis, Dimitris Kloukinas, Akathi Maria Kovaiou, Anna Loukidou, Stefania Michalopoulou, Konstantina Nikolopoulou, Evangelia Polyzou et Eva Roussaki. C’est d’autre part à Orestis Kakavakis, doctorant à l’université d’Athènes, que l’on doit la traduction grecque des résumés qui figurent dans le présent volume.

Nous sommes particulièrement reconnaissants à Catherine Aubert, responsable du service des publications de l’EFA, pour le soin qu’elle a apporté à l’édition des actes de ce colloque, et à Vélissarios Anagnostopoulos, auteur de l’affiche.

Cet ouvrage témoignera durablement du remarquable travail accompli ces dernières années par une communauté de chercheurs qui, *last but not least*, mérite elle aussi toute notre gratitude – une communauté qui a hélas été endeuillée, depuis le colloque, par la disparition prématurée de deux de ses membres : Maria Oikonomakou et Angeliki Pilali, dont nous tenons à saluer ici la mémoire.

Les éditeurs
## ABRÉVIATIONS

### PÉRIODIQUES ET SÉRIES

Les abréviations utilisées sont celles de l'American Journal of Archaeology (voir AJA 111 [2007], p. 14-34, ou le site internet www.ajaonline.org) auxquelles on ajoutera :

* AEMTh Το Αρχαιολογικό Έργο στη Μακεδονία και Θράκη

* BCH Chron. Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique, «Chronique des fouilles et découvertes archéologiques en Grèce»

### MONOGRAPHIES

* Ägäische Frühzeit II.2 E. ALRAM-STERN, Die ägäische Frühzeit, 2. Serie. Forschungsbericht 1975-2003, 2. Band, Teil 1: Die Frühbronzezeit in Griechenland mit Ausnahme von Kreta, Wien (2004).

* Agora XIII S. A. IMMERWAHR, The Athenian Agora, XIII. The Neolithic and Bronze Ages, Princeton (1971).

* Alt-Ägina III.1 H. WALTER, F. FELTEN, Alt-Ägina. III, 1. Die vorgeschichtliche Stadt. Befestigungen, Häuser, Funde, Mainz (1981).

* Alt-Ägina IV.2 H. B. SIEDENTOPF, Alt-Ägina IV, 2. Mattbemalte Keramik der Mittleren Bronzezeit, Mainz (1991).

* Alt-Ägina IV.3 I. KILIAN-DIRLMEIER, Alt-Ägina IV, 3. Das mittelbronzezeitliche Schachtgrab von Ägina, Mainz (1997).

* Argissa III E. HANSCHMANN, V. MILOJČIĆ, Die deutschen Ausgrabungen auf der Argissa-Magula in Thessalien, III. Die frühe und beginnende mittlere Bronzezeit, Bonn (1976).

* Argissa IV E. HANSCHMANN, Die deutschen Ausgrabungen auf der Argissa-Magula in Thessalien, IV. Die Mittlere Bronzezeit, Bonn (1981).
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    <td>G. E. MYLONAS, Ὁ ταφικὸς κύκλος Β τῶν Μυκηνῶν, Ἀθῆναι (1973).</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Nichoria I</td>
    <td>G. RAPP, S. ASCHENBRENNER (éds), Excavations at Nichoria in Southwest Greece, I. Site, Environs and Techniques, Minneapolis (1978).</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Nichoria II</td>
    <td>W. McDONALD, N. WILKIE (éds), Excavations at Nichoria in Southwest Greece, II. The Bronze Age Occupation, Minneapolis (1992).</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>NORDQUIST, MH Village</td>
    <td>G. C. NORDQUIST, A Middle Helladic Village. Asine in the Argolid, Acta Universi-tatis Upsaliensis, Boreas 16, Uppsala (1987).</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Origins</td>
    <td>O. T. P. K. DICKINSON, The Origins of Mycenaean Civilisation, SIMA 49, Göte-borg (1977).</td>
  </tr>
</table>
<table>
  <tr>
    <td>Palace of Nestor III</td>
    <td>C. W. BLEGEN, M. RAWSON, W. TAYLOUR, W. P. DONOVAN, The Palace of Nestor at Pylos in Western Messenia, III. Acropolis and Lower Town. Tholoi and Grave Circle, Chamber Tombs, Discoveries Outside the Citadel, Princeton (1973).</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>PELON, TTCF</td>
    <td>O. PELON, Tholoi, tumuli et cercles funéraires, BEFAR 229, Paris (1976).</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Pevkakia III</td>
    <td>J. MARAN, Die deutschen Ausgrabungen auf der Pevkakia-Magula in Thessalien, III. Die mittlere Bronzezeit, Bonn (1992).</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>PHILIPPA-TOUCHAIS, Céramique Aspis I</td>
    <td>A. PHILIPPA-TOUCHAIS, « Aperçu des céramiques mésohelladiques à décor peint de l'Aspis d'Argos, I. La céramique à peinture mate », BCH 126 (2002), p. 1-40.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>PHILIPPA-TOUCHAIS, Céramique Aspis II</td>
    <td>A. PHILIPPA-TOUCHAIS, « Aperçu des céramiques mésohelladiques à décor peint de l'Aspis d'Argos, II. La céramique à peinture lustrée », BCH 127 (2003), p. 1-47.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Polemos</td>
    <td>R. LAFFINEUR (éd.), POLEMOS. Le contexte guerrier en Égée à l'Âge du Bronze. Actes de la 7e Rencontre égéenne internationale, université de Liège, 14-17 avril 1998, Aegaeum 19, Liège (1999).</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Politeia</td>
    <td>R. LAFFINEUR, W.-D. NIEMEIER (éds), POLITEIA. Society and State in the Aegean Bronze Age. Proceedings of the 5th International Aegean Conference / 5e Rencontre égéenne internationale, University of Heidelberg, Archäologisches Institut 10-13 April 1994, Aegaeum 12, Liège-Austin (1995).</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Potnia</td>
    <td>R. LAFFINEUR, R. HÄGG (éds), POTNIA. Deities and Religion in the Aegean Bronze Age, Proceedings of the 8th International Aegean Conference / 8e Rencontre égéenne internationale, Göteborg University, 12-15 April 2000, Aegaeum 22, Liège-Austin (2001).</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Pr. Eleusis</td>
    <td>G. E. MYLONAS, « Προϊστορικὴ Ἐλευσίς », in Κ. KOUROUNIOTIS (éd.), Ἐλευσινιακά Α΄ (1932), p. 1-172.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Pr. Thessaly</td>
    <td>A. J. B. WACE, M. S. THOMPSON, Prehistoric Thessaly, Cambridge (1912).</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Prosymna</td>
    <td>C. W. BLEGEN, Prosymna. The Helladic Settlement Preceding the Argive Heræum, Cambridge (1937).</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>RUTTER, Ayios Stephanos</td>
    <td>J. B. & S. H. RUTTER, The Transition to Mycenaean. A Stratified MH II to LH II A Pottery Sequence from Ayios Stephanos in Lakonia, Los Angeles (1976).</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>RUTTER, Review II</td>
    <td>J. B. RUTTER, « Review of Aegean Prehistory, II. The Prepalatial Bronze Age of the Southern and Central Greek Mainland », AJA 97 (1993), p. 745-797, reprinted in T. CULLEN (éd.), Aegean Prehistory: A Review, AJA Suppl. 1 (2001), p. 95-147, with « Addendum : 1993-1999 », p. 148-155.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>TAW</td>
    <td>Thera and the Aegean World, London. I (1978), Ch. DOUMAS (éd.) ; II (1980), Ch. DOUMAS (éd.) ; III (1990), D. HARDY et al. (éds).</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>TEXNH</td>
    <td>R. LAFFINEUR, Ph. P. BETANCOURT (éds), TEXNH. Craftsmen, Craftswomen and Craftsmanship in the Aegean Bronze Age. Proceedings of the 6th International Aegean Conference / 6e Rencontre égéenne internationale, Philadelphia, Temple University, 18-21 April 1996, Aegaeum 16, Liège (1997).</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Thanatos</td>
    <td>R. LAFFINEUR (éd.), THANATOS. Les coutumes funéraires en Égée à l'Âge du Bronze. Actes du colloque de Liège, 21-23 avril 1986, Aegaeum 1, Liège (1987).</td>
  </tr>
</table>
<table><tr><td>Transition</td><td>R. LAFFINEUR (éd.), TRANSITION. Le monde égéen du Bronze Moyen au Bronze Récent. Actes de la 2e Rencontre égéenne internationale de l'université de Liège (18-20 avril 1988), Aegaeum 3, Liège (1989).</td></tr><tr><td>VALMIN, SME</td><td>N. VALMIN, The Swedish Messenia Expedition, Lund (1938).</td></tr><tr><td>Wace & Blegen</td><td>C. ZERNER, P. ZERNER, J. WINDER (éds), Proceedings of the International Conference Wace and Blegen. Pottery as Evidence for Trade in the Aegean Bronze Age 1939-1989, Held at the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Athens, December 2-3, 1989, Amsterdam (1993).</td></tr><tr><td>ZERNER, Beginning</td><td>C. W. ZERNER, The Beginning of the Middle Helladic Period at Lerna, PhD thesis, University of Cincinnati, Ann Arbor (1978).</td></tr><tr><td>ZERNER, MH Pottery I</td><td>C. ZERNER, « Middle Helladic and Late Helladic I Pottery from Lerna », Hydra 2 (1986), p. 58-74.</td></tr><tr><td>ZERNER, MH Pottery II</td><td>C. ZERNER, « Middle Helladic and Late Helladic I Pottery from Lerna, II : Shapes », Hydra 4 (1988), p. 1-10.</td></tr><tr><td>ZERNER, Perspectives</td><td>C. ZERNER, « New Perspectives on Trade in the Middle and Early Late Helladic Periods on the Mainland », in Wace & Blegen, p. 39-56.</td></tr></table>

SUBDIVISIONS CHRONOLOGIQUES

English

<table><tr><td>EB(A), MB(A), LB(A)</td><td>Early Bronze (Age), Middle Bronze (Age), Late Bronze (Age)</td></tr><tr><td>EC, MC, LC</td><td>Early Cycladic, Middle Cycladic, Late Cycladic</td></tr><tr><td>EH, MH, LH</td><td>Early Helladic, Middle Helladic, Late Helladic</td></tr><tr><td>EIA</td><td>Early Iron Age</td></tr><tr><td>EM, MM, LM</td><td>Early Minoan, Middle Minoan, Late Minoan</td></tr></table>

Français

<table><tr><td>BA, BM, BR</td><td>Bronze Ancien, Bronze Moyen, Bronze Récent</td></tr><tr><td>CA, CM, CR</td><td>Cycladique Ancien, Cycladique Moyen, Cycladique Récent</td></tr><tr><td>HA, HM, HR</td><td>Helladique Ancien, Helladique Moyen, Helladique Récent</td></tr><tr><td>MA, MM, MR</td><td>Minoen Ancien, Minoen Moyen, Minoen Récent</td></tr></table>

Ελληνικά

<table><tr><td>ΠΕ, ΜΕ, ΥΕ</td><td>Πρωτοελλαδικός, Μεσοελλαδικός, Υστεροελλαδικός</td></tr><tr><td>ΠΕΧ, ΜΕΧ, ΥΕΧ</td><td>Πρώιμη Εποχή του Χαλκού, Μέση Εποχή του Χαλκού, Υστερη Εποχή του Χαλκού</td></tr><tr><td>ΠΜ, ΜΚ, ΥΚ</td><td>Πρωτικυκλαδικός, Μεσοκυκλαδικός, Υστεροκυκλαδικός</td></tr><tr><td>ΠΧ, ΜΧ, ΥΧ</td><td>Πρωτοχαλκός, Μεσοχαλκός, Υστεροχαλκός, Πρώιμη Χαλκοκρατία, Μέση Χαλκοκρατία, Υστερη Χαλκοκρατία</td></tr></table>
# Funerary Practices in Central Greece from the Middle Helladic into the Early Mycenaean Period*

## (Poster)

Laetitia PHIALON

## RÉSUMÉ
Pratiques funéraires en Grèce centrale de l'Helladique Moyen au début de l'époque mycénienne

En Grèce centrale (Béotie, Eubée, Phocide, Phthiotide, Attique) divers types de tombes sont attestés de l'HM à l'HR II. De nombreuses tombes à ciste ont été trouvées dans des habitats. Les tombes sont généralement datées grâce à leur mobilier céramique, mais pour l'HM il est nécessaire de se référer aux données stratigraphiques. Outre les questions de chronologie, on discute de l'utilisation des tombes à chambre construites. On soutient l'idée que toutes les tombes ne correspondent pas à un type rigoureusement déterminé. Thèbes, Éleusis et Kirrha ont livré le plus grand nombre de tombes ; divers types coexistent sur les sites. Les tombes à chambre construites d'Éleusis et les tombes à chambre thébaines abritaient des sépultures successives. Les sépultures multiples dans des tombes à ciste ne sont pas non plus inconnues. À l'exception de Thorikos cependant, les sites de Grèce centrale à l'HM et au début de l'HR ont livré un mobilier funéraire plus modeste que ceux d'Argolide.

## ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗ
Ταφικά έθιμα στην κεντρική Ελλάδα από τη μεσοελλαδική στην πρώιμη μυχηναϊκή περίοδο

Στην κεντρική Ελλάδα (Βοιωτία, Εύβοια, Φωκίδα, Φθιώτιδα και Αττική) απαντούν διάφοροι τύποι τάφων από τη ΜΕ έως την ΥΕ ΙΙ περίοδο. Σε οικισμούς έχουν βρεθεί πολλοί κιβωτιόσχημοι τάφοι. Οι τάφοι χρονολογούνται συνήθως από την κεραμεική που περιέχουν, αλλά για τη ΜΕ περίοδο είναι απαραίτητο να γίνει αναφορά στα στρωματογραφημένα δεδομένα. Εκτός από το χρονολογικό ζήτημα συζητείται και η χρήση των κτιστών θαλαμοειδών τάφων. Εδώ υποστηρίζεται ότι δεν αντι- στοιχούν όλοι οι τάφοι σε έναν αυστηρά καθορισμένο τύπο. Η Θήβα, η Ελευσίνα και η Κίρρα έχουν αποδώσει τον μεγαλύτερο αριθμό τάφων. Στις θέσεις συνυπάρχουν διαφορετικοί τύποι τάφων. Οι κτιστοί θαλαμοειδείς της Ελευσίνας και οι λαξευτοί θαλαμοειδείς της Θήβας περιείχαν δια- δοχικές ταφές. Πολλαπλές ταφές απαντούν και στους κιβωτιόσχημους τάφους. Όμως, οι ΜΕ και πρώιμες ΥΕ θέσεις της κεντρικής Ελλάδας, με εξαίρεση τον θορικό, έχουν αποδώσει ταπεινότερα κτερίσματα απ' ό.τι η Αργολίδα.
# 1. DISTRIBUTION OF GRAVES ACCORDING TO TYPES AND PERIODS

In Central Greece, we distinguish eight grave and burial types in use from the Middle Helladic to the LH II period: the pithos burial, the pit grave (sometimes with a slab or a pithos fragment cover), the cist grave (with stone or clay slabs), the built ‘cist’ grave (with stone walls), the built chamber tomb (with stone walls and lateral entrance), the chamber tomb (cut in the rock), the tholos tomb and the shaft grave.¹

The following sites have provided graves in stratigraphical sequence and/or in distinct Middle Helladic to LH II building phases: Thebes: Kadmeia, Eutresis, Glypha (Boeotia), Palaios Oropos, Eretria: acropolis, Phylla: Kaloyerovrisi, Kirrha, Krisa. The grave-goods confirm the dating suggested by the stratigraphy. If the graves have not yielded goods, a more precise dating than Middle Helladic will be given by the stratigraphical information of these sites: Orchomenos: acropolis, Davlosis: Megalo Kastraki (Medeon in Boeotia), Eutresis, Eleusis: acropolis, Thorikos: Velatouri, Kerinthos: Krya Vrisi, Aidipsos: Koumbi. Cist graves and pit graves are the most widely used types. They were found in settlements.

Various sites included graves that can only be dated thanks to their pottery goods. Chamber and tholos tombs do not appear in settlements. Pithos burials, pit graves and cist graves that contained goods and were discovered in tumuli often provide a dating for the entire mound, even though not all graves inside the tumuli can be dated. The date of some graves in Marmara is disputed.²

A tripartite system for the Middle Helladic pottery sequence fits mainly the ceramic sequence in the Argolid. This division is not so useful if we want to establish the chronological sequence of stratified sites in which the levels differ in number and duration.³ This system cannot

* This paper presents work in progress, carried out while holding a Swiss National Science Foundation fellowship. I would like to thank Dr. P. Darcque for his essential remarks, Prof. O. Pelon and Dr. N. Papadimitriou for sharing with me their knowledge about built chamber tombs. The views expressed in this paper are of course entirely my responsibility.

1. For publications and excavation reports, see CAVANAGH & MEE, *Private Place*, p. 36-39, 57-60, 147-160. See also: A. SAMPSON (ed.), *Καλογερόβρυση. Ένας οικισμός της Πρώιμης και Μέσης Χαλκοχρατίας στα Φύλλα της Εύβοιας* (1993); S. MÜLLER, *Les tombes mycéniennes de Médéon de Phocide*, Thèse, université de Lyon (1995); E. SAPOUNA-SAKELLARAKI, “Geometric Kyme. The Excavation at Viglatouri, Kyme, on Euboea”, in M. BATS, B. D’AGOSTINO (eds.), *Euboica. L’Eubea e la presenza euboica in Calcidica e in Occidente* (1998), p. 59-104; M.-F. PAPAKONSTANTINOU, “Ο ταφικός κύκλος Α της Αντρώνας. Πρώτη παρουσίαση”, in E. FROUSSOU (ed.), *Η περιφέρεια του μυκηναϊκού κόσμου. Α΄ Διεθνές Διεπιστημονικό Συμπόσιο, Λαμία, 25-29 Σεπτεμβρίου 1994* (1999), p. 171-180; ArchDelt 49 (1994) [1999] B’ to 54 (1999) [2005] B’.

2. According to J. Maran, five graves date to late MH, see J. MARAN, “Zur Zeitstellung der Grabhügel von Marmara (Mittelgriechenland)”, ArchKorrBl 18 (1988), p. 349; for a LH IIIC-PG date, see F. DAKORONIA, *Μάρμαρα. Τα υπομυκηναϊκά νεχροταφεία των τύμβων* (1987), p. 101-102, 181. See also ead., in this volume (infra, p. 573-581).

3. *Pevkakia* III, p. 370, fig. 25.
easily be applied to the Euboean sites.⁴ Therefore we date the tombs found in the last Middle Helladic level of settlements to ‘late MH’.

## 2. DISCUSSION ABOUT THE BUILT CHAMBER TOMBS (BCT) AND THE BUILT CIST GRAVES

Distinct definitions of the BCTs and the built cist graves have been established. According to N. Papadimitriou, the BCTs differ from the ‘built graves’, in that they have a lateral entrance (often with a stomion) suggesting a deposition of the corpse from the side of the grave.⁵ We have to specify that whenever space was left in front of the BCT, a direct deposition of the corpse from the side of the grave was possible (horizontal movement). A dromos or a natural configuration of the ground may provide space.⁶ Whenever there was no space in front of the tomb, the corpse had to be deposited from above, through an opening of the cover (for instance, the upper part of the stomion). Then the body was brought into the chamber.⁷ The deposition of the corpse from the side was therefore achieved in an indirect way (vertical and then horizontal movement).⁸

The built cist graves received their depositions from above (vertical movement). They were built without a lateral entrance. This type of grave apparently occurs in Thebes.⁹ However, the southeast side of the grave is destroyed. In Kaloyerovrisi, the narrow eastern side of the grave is also destroyed.¹⁰ By comparison, in Aegina, the grave shows two building phases. The primary state of the southern side remains unknown.¹¹ The way the walls were built may have been homogeneous, but a lateral entrance is not totally excluded. Tomb 99 in Medeon (Phocis) that contained successive burials had a large stone boulder at the base of the eastern side which was either part of the built wall or the threshold of a lateral entrance.¹²

4. See the two MH levels in A. SAMPSON (ed.) (*supra*, n. 1), p. 19, fig. 8, p. 72, figs. 5-6.

5. N. PAPADIMITRIOU, *Built Chamber Tombs of Middle and Late Bronze Age Date in Mainland Greece and the Islands* (2001), p. 1, 176; see also O. PELON, “L’architecture funéraire de Grèce continentale à la transition du Bronze Moyen et du Bronze Récent”, in *Thanatos*, p. 113.

6. For instance: J. SERVAIS, “Le secteur mycénien sur le haut du Vélatouri”, *Thorikos* I (1968), p. 29-38, plan III, fig. 8 (t. I).

7. If no dromos was cut in front of tomb Hπ20 in Eleusis, my interpretation differs somewhat from O. PELON (*supra*, n. 5), p. 113. No dromos is reported by MYLONAS, ΔΝΕ, vol. Α΄, p. 328-331.

8. A pit in front of the grave Λπ6 of Eleusis allowed some space for lowering the corpse, see *ibid*., vol. Β΄, p. 148-150, fig. 121.

9. Μ. ΚΑΣΙΜΙ-ΣΟΤΟΥ, “Μεσοελλαδικός τάφος πολεμιστή από τη θήβα”, *ArchDelt* 35 (1980) Α΄, p. 88-101.

10. A. SAMPSON (ed.) (*supra*, n. 1), p. 28.

11. *Alt-Ägina* IV.3, p. 68. The author considers this grave to be a *Schachtgrab* on account of its lateral projections and its high walls. The mound in which the shaft could have been cut has completely disappeared.

12. S. MÜLLER (*supra*, n. 1), p. 57-58; N. PAPADIMITRIOU (*supra*, n. 5), p. 115-116. Unlike S. Müller, N. Papadimitriou identifies this tomb as a BCT. However, its ‘entrance’ was not blocked with an upright slab. This slab was
In Eleusis, the poorly preserved grave under the Stoa of Philon contained more than two burials, but a lateral entrance is not attested.¹³ In Thebes and Aegina, the individual burial of the graves argues in favour of built cist graves. They differ from the BCTs that usually contained successive burials and were built for this purpose.

In Marathon, BCT 2 in Tumulus 1 contained a single burial, therefore this tomb is a variance with our last observation.¹⁴ This tomb is an unusual BCT, because the burial dates before the end of the Middle Helladic period. As we do not know where the Middle Helladic ground level was at the time, we cannot estimate which part of the grave was visible in this period.

### 3. BURIALS AND GRAVE-GOODS

The sites that have yielded the highest number of graves dated from MH into LH II are Thebes (146 graves, incl. 138 in the Kadmeia),¹⁵ Eleusis (150 graves, incl. 97 in the West Cemetery), and Kirrha (133). Orchomenos (60), Krisa (28), Eutresis (23), Chalkis (13) have also produced a significant number of graves. In the Kadmeia, many Middle Helladic graves cannot be dated precisely during this period.¹⁶ The type and the date of several tombs in Orchomenos and in Kirrha remain unknown.¹⁷ In the West Cemetery of Eleusis, seventeen graves can be dated to the Middle Helladic period on the basis of their construction or their proximity to other graves.¹⁸

The West Cemetery of Eleusis included many BCTs in use from the end of MH into LH III. Only five BCTs were not reopened in LH III.¹⁹ Few cist graves contained multiple burials. Two of them have revealed four late Middle Helladic burials.²⁰ In Kirrha, the ‘MH IIIB’

found on the eastern part of the tomb, see C. VATIN, *Médéon de Phocide. Rapport provisoire* (1969), p. 18, and an unpublished picture in the archives of the French School in Athens, *Médéon* 5, pl. XIV.

13. D. PHILIOS, "Ανασκαφαὶ ἀρχαίων τάφων ἐν 'Ελευσίνι', *ArchEph* 1889, p. 187-194. This tomb is identified as a complex BCT in N. PAPADIMITRIOU (*supra*, n. 5), p. 79-80.

14. S. MARINATOS, "Ανασκαφαὶ Μαραθῶνος", *Prakt* 1970, p. 13, fig. 3, pl. 13.

15. For the distribution of MH graves on the Kadmeia, see A. DAKOURI-HILD, "Plotting Fragments: A Preliminary Assessment of the Middle Helladic Settlement in Boeotian Thebes", in K. BRANIGAN (ed.), *Urbanism in the Aegean Bronze Age* (2001), p. 110, fig. 7. 5.

16. For instance: Th. SPYROPOULOS, *ArchDelt* 26 (1971) B'1, p. 200, 207.

17. H. BULLE, *Orchomenos I: Die älteren Ansiedelungsschichten* (1907), p. 61, 62, 66; D. SKORDA, *ArchDelt* 52 (1997) B'2, p. 447.

18. Graves Γπ8, Δπ11, Δπ15, Ηπ11, Ηπ21, Θπ16, Θπ18, Θπ19, Θπ21, Λπ10, Μπ5 (1 burial), Δπ16, Θπ10, Θπ12, Λπ6, Λπ9 (2 or 3 burials).

19. MYLONAS, ΔΝΕ, vol. A', p. 328-331 (Ηπ20, 2 burials), vol. B', p. 24-31 (Θπ6, 8 burials), p. 102-106 (Ιπ1, ≥ 4 burials); p. 137-139 (Λπ3, ≥ 2 burials), p. 183-185 (Μπ3, ≥ 9 burials).

20. *Ibid.*, vol. A', p. 318-319 (Ηπ13), vol. B', p. 146-148 (Λπ5).
graves are numerous.²¹ Most of the multiple burials were found in these graves. In the Kadmeia, multiple burials occurred rarely, and more than a third of the graves belong to children.²² On the acropolis of Orchomenos, the five late Middle Helladic graves and the six other Middle Helladic graves contained a single burial each.²³ Consequently, few late Middle Helladic graves that have not been reopened in LH III have received four burials or more.²⁴

Goods rarely accompanied Middle Helladic burials. Less than 20% of the graves contain goods, if we do not count the late Middle Helladic graves that yielded goods more frequently. However, the percentage of late Middle Helladic graves containing goods does not reach 50%. With the exception of nine vases in an Eleusinian BCT,²⁵ not more than one or two pots were usually found in graves. In Thebes, the built grave (Warrior Grave) has revealed a more substantial assemblage, notably bronze weapons and plaques made of boar's tusks.²⁶

However, the richest grave-goods have been discovered in Thorikos.²⁷ LH IIA bronze weapons, golden jewellery and an ivory pyxis are the oldest goods from the oblong tholos (IV). The last two types of goods have also been found in the circular tholos tomb (III). They certainly go back to LH II, even though LH IIIB offerings also come from this tomb. The BCT (I) that contained golden jewels and stone seals proves that Thorikos was a major site in LH IIB.²⁸

In Thebes, no tholos tomb has been found, but several chamber tombs in two cemeteries were in use in LH IIA and IIB. In Ayia Anna-Kolonaki, tombs 2 and 26 included LH II Mycenaean vases and jewellery.²⁹ A granulated bead has to be compared with the LH II/LH IIIA golden beads from the tombs in Medeon (Phocis). In Medeon, the BCTs

21. The MH IIIB pottery from these graves is contemporary with LH I pottery, see *Kirrha*, p. 33.

22. Graves with 4 or 5 burials: V. ARAVANTINOS, *ArchDelt* 37 (1982) B', p. 165-166; 49 (1994) B'1, p. 276; –with 2 or 3 burials: E. TOULOUPA, S. SYMEONOGLOU, *ArchDelt* 20 (1965) B'2, p. 233-235; Th. SPYROPOULOS, *ArchDelt* 26 (1971) B'1, p. 200; K. DEMAKOPOULOU, *ArchDelt* 29 (1973-74) B'2, p. 435, 440-441; 35 (1980) B'1, p. 217; V. ARAVANTINOS, *ArchDelt* 51 (1996) B'1, p. 260. For child graves, see notably *id.*, *ArchDelt* 50 (1995) B'1, p. 277.

23. H. BULLE (*supra*, n. 17), p. 61-65, 97-98, figs. 15-16, 21, plans III, V.

24. See also S. MÜLLER (*supra*, n. 1), p. 21-22, 54 (t. A); M.-F. PAPAKONSTANTINOU "The Grave Circle B of Antron. Preliminary Report", in *Meletemata*, p. 627.

25. MYLONAS, ΔΝΕ, vol. B', p. 102-106, pls. 141-143α.

26. M. KASIMI-SOUTOU (*supra*, n. 9), p. 91-99, pl. 30.

27. J. SERVAIS, B. SERVAIS-SOYEZ, "La tholos 'oblongue" (Tombe IV) et le tumulus (Tombe V) sur le Vélatouri", *Thorikos* VIII (1984), p. 47-50, 52, figs. 26-27; J. SERVAIS, "Les fouilles sur le haut du Vélatouri", *Thorikos* V (1967), p. 78-80, 87-89, figs. 41, 48.

28. J. SERVAIS (*supra*, n. 6), p. 34, fig. 12.

29. A. KERAMOPOULLOS, "Μυχηναϊκοί τάφοι ἐν Αἰγίνῃ καὶ ἐν Θήβαις", *ArchEph* 1910, p. 220-232; *id.*, "Θηβαϊκά", *ArchDelt* 3 (1917), p. 198-202.
yielded LH IIB and LH III goods mixed together. On the contrary, tomb XVI (“Lily Bowl Grave”) in the Agora contained a LH IIB closed deposit including an ivory comb and a golden pendant.<fnref n="30" />

### 4. INNOVATIONS AND CONTINUITY

It is generally accepted that the first signs of change in Central Greece are marked by the introduction of chamber tombs in LH II. However, the first chamber tombs in Eleusis go back to LH III, whereas the cist graves were in use from the Middle Helladic until the palatial period. The first BCTs and the built ‘cist’ graves date to the end of the Middle Helladic. The dead continued to be buried during the LH III period with pottery executed in the ‘Middle Helladic tradition’. In Central Greece, tholos tombs and chamber tombs did not coexist in the same sites, not even in major sites like Thorikos, Orchomenos and Thebes. However, the Middle and early Late Helladic sites in Central Greece, except for Thorikos, have yielded more modest funerary goods than in the Argolid. The first signs of wealth in the graves are attested in LH IIB, but a general enrichment is not observed before LH IIIA1. In this period, the number of chamber tombs in Tanagra, Athens, Chalkis and Elateia obviously increases.

<footnote n="30">30. *Agora* XIII, p. 205-206, pl. 65-66.</footnote>
CONCLUSION

The major question at issue in this conference is: “Have we made progress in our knowledge of mainland Greece during the Middle Bronze Age?” The answer is indisputably yes, even if there remain many avenues for further research. Oliver Dickinson opened the conference by expressing his hope that we would learn much new about this phase of Greek prehistory, broaden our horizons, and ask new questions. The subsequent four days of papers ranged over many areas and themes and it is clear from listening to them that we have succeeded in informing each other in ways that make for a much more nuanced understanding of this period than we had before we arrived.

This progress has been made in three different respects. First is *geographical*. Regions which had been largely unknown and under-appreciated such as Elis, Achaia, Aetolia, Phthiotis-Lokris, Thessaly, and the Spercheios Valley, are now understood to be important and exciting areas for research. Important settlements which were not known in enough detail are much clearer thanks to reports given here. For examples we can point to Thebes, Dimini and Kirrha, among many others. Second is *chronological*. We are now at a point where, especially thanks to the patient and careful work of all of our colleagues in the Archaeological Service, we can provide an archaeological definition of MH I and MH II, at least within restricted regions; and this is not limited to the study of ceramics but also leads to an emerging understanding of the organization of settlement and to indications of the directions of interaction among different regions. Third is *thematic*. Of the approximately 70 communications, less than a dozen focused on ceramics (although this subject was often recognized as a component of other papers) and just slightly fewer focused on burials and funerary customs. Yet if the
conference had taken place 10 or 15 years before, without doubt many more papers would have addressed these themes, because at that time they monopolized our interests. This signifies, without any disrespect for these subjects, how scholarly interest has matured. Henceforth many other important subjects, such as lithics, architecture and settlement, economy, subsistence and modes of life, and social structure will drive our research. A number of presentations here have illustrated also the importance of attention to highly detailed and scientific applications that have the potential to revise fundamentally our traditional view of Middle Helladic societies. All these new and enlarged themes are owed to a transformation in the approaches Aegean archaeologists take to their fields of study, and we can take pride that our international community cooperates not only in research but also in training and that our host country of Greece continues to welcome new approaches and new ideas in the study of its past.

The attention to the *geographic spread* of Middle Helladic cultures and the variety of *interconnections* among different regions of Greece bears further comment. We are especially grateful to the participants for presenting much important new material, for bringing to light old material that was insufficiently known, and for focusing on the interpretation of evidence at many levels. As already noted, we have come to appreciate much better, thanks to the reports presented here, the vitality and viability of different regions. The papers have opened our eyes to settlement around the Saronic Gulf, throughout Attika, in Lokris and Thessaly, throughout the Corinthian Gulf and its opening to the West, in the southwestern Peloponnesos, in relationship to the Cycladic islands and those of the northeast Aegean, and of course in relation to Crete.

Of special notice are the reports that show the strong relations among Thessaly, Lokris, and Phokis and their relationship to the Corinthian Gulf. Discussion of settlements along the Corinthian Gulf show how they are interconnected, thus emphasizing its important role as a corridor connecting the Saronic Region at the east with Western Greece. From there, following on several reports, we are reminded that during the Middle Bronze Age knowledge of the Adriatic and Tyrrhenian coasts was increased and even that the geography of the Western Mediterranean was within the ken of these peoples. When we look eastwards into the Aegean, several reports make clear the fundamental importance for mainlanders of connections to the islands, whether looking at local relations with the important offshore islands of Aegina and Keos or the Cyclades, with their emerging gateway communities that controlled access to Crete.

Also of interest is the role of Crete during this period. Several of the papers point to Cretan interest in metals, not least a reason for Cretan interest in the northern and northeastern Aegean as more advanced forms of copper and bronze metallurgy begin to take hold. We need continuously reassess the role of Crete at this time, since as the work at Kythera demonstrates, it is not as straightforward as models of Cretan "colonization" of the Aegean had previously led scholars to believe.
The outstanding work of our colleagues in the Archaeological Service deserves further notice. Without their reports on new discoveries, their restudy of old material that commands our attention, and their assessment of the details of stratigraphy, ceramic development, and evidence of interconnections, this conference would not have succeeded. What has been provided to the conferees as a result of these reports is nothing less than a rewriting of the Middle Helladic as a cultural period. In connection with this work, the many papers which reevaluated different aspects of Middle Helladic culture and its social practices, provide us with a picture of a culture that is distinctly Middle Helladic, yet remains one without a strong center. In this regard the mosaic of regional and local forms that come into view is especially tantalizing as a picture of what we know was to come in the Late Bronze Age. Middle Helladic Greece is not merely an appendage of Early Helladic nor only a prelude to the Mycenaeans. It was a vigorous and dynamic interregional cultural phenomenon that established social and economic relations in a fashion that was different from the small centralized polities of the Early Bronze Age. At a time when new connections were forged and older ones reestablished, it was a new beginning, but hardly the one of stagnant cultural practices and an immobilized and impoverished population that most of us have been taught. There are many lessons for us to draw from the proceedings and we hope that they will bring to a wider public the interest and excitement shown by the participants at the conference.

The editors
TABLE DES MATIÈRES

<table><tr><td>Préface, par Dominique MULLIEZ, Directeur de l'EFA,</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Stephen V. TRACY, Directeur de l'ASCSA et</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Gert Jan VAN WIJNGARTEN, Directeur du NIA</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Introduction</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Liste des abréviations</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>Conférence inaugurale, par Oliver DICKINSON : The "Third World" of the Aegean? Middle Helladic Greece Revisited</td><td>13</td></tr></table>

I. TOPOGRAPHIE ET HABITAT

<table><tr><td>Katie DEMAKOPOULOU and Nicoletta DIVARI-VALAKOU, The Middle Helladic Settlement on the Acropolis of Midea</td><td>31-44</td></tr><tr><td>Άλκηστη ΠΑΠΑΔΗΜΗΤΡΙΟΥ, Οι ανασκαφές στο Νοσοκομείο του Άργους</td><td>45-56</td></tr><tr><td>Kim SHELTON, Living and Dying in and around Middle Helladic Mycenae</td><td>57-65</td></tr><tr><td>Eleni KONSOLAKI-YIANNΟΡΟΥΛΟU, The Middle Helladic Establishment at Megali Magoula, Galatas (Troezenia)</td><td>67-76</td></tr><tr><td>Joost CROUWEL, Middle Helladic Occupation at Geraki, Laconia</td><td>77-86</td></tr><tr><td>Ελένη ΖΑΒΒΟΥ, Ευρήματα της μεσοελλαδικής και της πρώιμης μυκηναϊκής εποχής από τη Σπάρτη και τη Λακωνία</td><td>87-99</td></tr><tr><td>Jack L. DAVIS and Sharon R. STOCKER, Early Helladic and Middle Helladic Pylos : The Petropoulos Trenches and Pre-Mycenaean Remains on the Englianos Ridge</td><td>101-106</td></tr><tr><td>Jörg RAMBACH, Πρόσφατες έρευνες σε μεσοελλαδικές θέσεις της δυτικής Πελοποννήσου</td><td>107-119</td></tr><tr><td>Søren DIETZ and Maria STAVROPOULOU-GATSI, Pagona and the Transition from Middle Helladic to Mycenaean in Northwestern Peloponnese</td><td>121-128</td></tr><tr><td>Lena PAPAZOGLOU-MANIΟUDAKI, The Middle Helladic and Late Helladic I Periods at Aigion in Achaia</td><td>129-141</td></tr><tr><td>Eva ALRAM-STERN, Aigeira and the Beginning of the Middle Helladic Period in Achaia</td><td>143-150</td></tr><tr><td>Michaela ZAVADIL, The Peloponnese in the Middle Bronze Age : An Overview</td><td>151-163</td></tr><tr><td>Walter GAUSS and Rudolfine SMETANA, Aegina Kolonna in the Middle Bronze Age</td><td>165-174</td></tr><tr><td>Naya SGOURITSA, Lazarides on Aegina: Another Prehistoric Site (poster)</td><td>175-180</td></tr><tr><td>Γιάννος Γ. ΛΩΛΟΣ, Σχλάβος: ένα μεσοελλαδικό ορόσημο στη νότια ακτή της Σαλαμίνος (αναρτημένη ανακοίνωση)</td><td>181-185</td></tr></table>
Γιάννα ΒΕΝΙΕΡΗ, Νέα στοιχεία για την κατοίκηση στη νότια πλευρά της Ακρόπολης των Αθηνών κατά τη μεσοελλαδική περίοδο: ευρήματα από την ανασκαφή στο οικόπεδο Μακρυγιάννη 187-198

Όλγα ΚΑΚΑΒΟΓΙΑΝΝΗ και Κερασία ΝΤΟΥΝΗ, Η μεσοελλαδική εποχή στη νοτιοανατολική Αττική 199-210

Konstantinos KALOGEROPOULOS, *Middle Helladic Human Activity in Eastern Attica: The Case of Brauron* 211-221

Jeannette FORSÉN, *Aphidna in Attica Revisited* 223-234

† Μαρία ΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΑΚΟΥ, Μεσοελλαδικές θέσεις στη Λαυρεωτική και τη νοτιοανατολική Αττική (αναρτημένη ανακοίνωση) 235-242

Nikolas PAPADIMITRIOU, *Attica in the Middle Helladic Period* 243-257

Φωτεινή ΣΑΡΑΝΤΗ, Νέοι οικισμοί της Μέσης Εποχής του Χαλκού στην επαρχία Ναυπακτίας (αναρτημένη ανακοίνωση) 259-267

Sylvie MÜLLER CELKA, *L'occupation d'Érétrie (Eubée) à l'Helladique Moyen (poster)* 269-279

Λιάνα ΠΑΡΑΛΑΜΑ, Μαρία ΘΕΟΧΑΡΗ, Σταμάτης ΜΠΟΝΑΤΣΟΣ, Χριστίνα ΡΟΜΑΝΟΥ και Γιάννης ΜΑΝΟΣ, Παλαμάρι Σκύρου: η πόλη της Μέσης Χαλκοκρατίας (αναρτημένη ανακοίνωση) 281-289

Anthi BATZIOU-EFSTATHIOU, *Kastraki, a New Bronze Age Settlement in Achaea Phthiotis* 291-300

Βασιλική ΑΡΔΥΜΗ-ΣΙΣΜΑΝΗ, Το Διψήνι στη Μέση Εποχή Χαλκού 301-313

Λεωνίδας Π. ΧΑΤΖΗΑΓΓΕΛΑΚΗΣ, Νεότερα ανασκαφικά δεδομένα της Μέσης Εποχής Χαλκού στο Νομό Καρδίτσας 315-329

## II. PRATIQUES FUNÉRAIRES ET ANTHROPOLOGIE PHYSIQUE

Anna LAGIA and William CAVANAGH, *Burials from Kouphovouno, Sparta, Lakonia* 333-346

Eleni MILKA, *Burials upon the Ruins of Abandoned Houses in the Middle Helladic Argolid* 347-355

Ελένη ΠΑΛΑΙΟΛΟΓΟΥ, Μεσοελλαδικοί τάφοι από τη Μιδέα 357-365

Olivier PELON, *Les tombes à fosse de Mycènes : rupture ou continuité ?* 367-376

Vassilis ARAVANTINOS and Kyriaki PSARAKI, *The Middle Helladic Cemeteries of Thebes. General Review and Remarks in the Light of New Investigations and Finds* 377-395

Laetitia PHIALON, *Funerary Practices in Central Greece from the Middle Helladic into the Early Mycenaean Period (poster)* 397-402

Vassilis P. PETRAKIS, *Diversity in Form and Practice in Middle Helladic and Early Mycenaean Elaborate Tombs: An Approach to Changing Prestige Expression in Changing Times* 403-416

Maia POMADERE, *De l'indifférenciation à la discrimination spatiale des sépultures ? Variété des comportements à l'égard des enfants morts pendant l'HM-HR I* 417-429

Florian RUPPENSTEIN, *Gender and Regional Differences in Middle Helladic Burial Customs* 431-439

Sevi TRIANTAPHYLLOU, *Prospects for Reconstructing the Lives of Middle Helladic Populations in the Argolid: Past and Present of Human Bone Studies* 441-451
Abi BOUWMAN, Keri BROWN and John PRAG, *Middle Helladic Kinship: Families, Faces and DNA at Mycenae* 453-459

Robert ARNOTT and Antonia MORGAN-FORSTER, *Health and Disease in Middle Helladic Greece* 461-470

Anne INGVARSSON-SUNDSTRÖM, *Tooth Counts and Individuals: Health Status in the East Cemetery and Barbouna at Asine as Interpreted from Teeth (poster)* 471-477

Fabian KANZ, Karl GROSSSCHMIDT and Jan KIESSLICH, *Subsistence and more in Middle Bronze Age Aegina Kolonna: An Anthropology of Newborn Children (poster)* 479-487

Leda KOVATSI, Dimitra NIKOU, Sofia KOUIDOU-ANDREOU, Sevi TRIANTAPHYLLOU, Carol ZERNER and Sofia VOUTSAKI, *Ancient DNA Analysis of Human Remains from Middle Helladic Lerna (poster)* 489-494

### III. UNIVERS SYMBOLIQUE ET RITUEL

Evyenia YIANNOULI, *Middle Helladic between Minoan and Mycenaean: On the Symbolic Meaning of Offensive Instruments* 497-507

Fritz BLAKOLMER, *The Iconography of the Shaft Grave Period as Evidence for a Middle Helladic Tradition of Figurative Arts?* 509-519

Anthi THEODOROU-MAVROMMATIDI, *Defining Ritual Action. A Middle Helladic Pit at the Site of Apollo Maleatas in Epidauros* 521-533

Helène WHITTAKER, *Some Thoughts on Middle Helladic Religious Beliefs and Ritual and their Significance in Relation to Social Structure* 535-543

Alexandra TRANTA-NIKOLI, *Elements of Middle Helladic Religious Tradition and their Survival in Mycenaean Religion (poster)* 545-548

### IV. CÉRAMIQUE ET CHRONOLOGIE

Michael B. COSMOPOULOS, *The Middle Helladic Stratigraphy of Eleusis* 551-556

Αιχατερίνη ΣΤΑΜΟΥΔΗ, Η μεσοελλαδική κατοίχηση στο Κάστρο Λαμίας. Κεραμεικές ακολουθίες και ιδιαιτερότητες στην κοιλάδα του Σπερχειού 557-571

Fanouria DAKORONIA, *Delphi-Kirrha-Pefkakia via Spercheios Valley: Matt-Painted Pottery as Sign of Intercommunication* 573-581

Μαρία-Φωτεινή ΠΑΠΑΚΩΝΣΤΑΝΤΙΝΟΥ και Δημήτρης Ν. ΣΑΚΚΑΣ, Μεσοελλαδική κεραμική από το Αμούρι στην κοιλάδα του Σπερχειού (αναρτημένη ανακοίνωση) 583-590

Ελένη ΦΡΟΥΣΣΟΥ, Η μετάβαση από τη Μέση στην Ύστερη Εποχή Χαλκού στο Νέο Μοναστήρι Φθιώτιδας (αναρτημένη ανακοίνωση) 591-601

Kalliope SARRI, *Minyan and Minyanizing Pottery. Myth and Reality about a Middle Helladic Type Fossil* 603-613

John C. OVERBECK, *The Middle Helladic Origin of “Shaft-Grave Polychrome” Ware* 615-619
<table><tr><td>Iro MATHIOUDAKI, “Mainland Polychrome” Pottery : Definition, Chronology, Typological Correlations</td><td>621-633</td></tr><tr><td>Walter GAUSS, Aegina Kolonna. Pottery Classification and Research Database (poster)</td><td>635-640</td></tr><tr><td>Sofia VOUTSAKI, Albert NIJBOER and Carol ZERNER, Radiocarbon Analysis and Middle Helladic Lerna (poster)</td><td>641-647</td></tr></table>

## V. PRODUCTION, TECHNOLOGIE ET ÉCONOMIE

<table><tr><td>Δέσποινα ΣΚΟΡΔΑ, Κίρρα: οι κεραμεικοί κλίβανοι του προϊστορικού οικισμού στη μετάβαση από τη μεσοελλαδική στην υστεροελλαδική εποχή</td><td>651-668</td></tr><tr><td>Lindsay SPENCER, The Regional Specialisation of Ceramic Production in the EH III through MH II Period</td><td>669-681</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>Evangelia KIRIATZI, “Minoanising” Pottery Traditions in the Southwest Aegean during the Middle Bronze Age: Understanding the Social Context of Technological and Consumption Practice</td><td>683-699</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>Maria KAYAFA, Middle Helladic Metallurgy and Metalworking : Review of the Archaeological and Archaeometric Evidence from the Peloponnese</td><td>701-711</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>Ιωάννης Δ. ΦΑΠΠΑΣ, Από τη Μέση στην Ύστερη Εποχή Χαλκού: μια οικοτεχνική δραστηριότητα στον Βοιωτικό Ορχομενό</td><td>713-719</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>Armelle GARDEISEN, Approche comparative de contextes du Bronze Moyen égéen à travers les données de l'archéozoologie</td><td>721-732</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>Gerhard FORSTENPOINTNER, Alfred GALIK, Gerald E. WEISSENGRUBER, Stefan ZOHMANN, Ursula THANHEISER and Walter GAUSS, Subsistence and more in Middle Bronze Age Aegina Kolonna : Patterns of Husbandry, Hunting and Agriculture</td><td>733-742</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>Alfred GALIK, Stefan ZOHMANN, Gerhard FORSTENPOINTNER, Gerald WEISSENGRUBER and Walter GAUSS, Subsistence and more in Middle Bronze Age Aegina Kolonna : Exploitation of Marine Resources (poster)</td><td>743-751</td></tr></table>

## VI. ORGANISATION ET ÉVOLUTION SOCIALES

<table><tr><td>John BINTLIFF, The Middle Bronze Age through the Surface Survey Record of the Greek Mainland: Demographic and Sociopolitical Insights</td><td>755-763</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>Sofia VOUTSAKI, The Domestic Economy in Middle Helladic Asine</td><td>765-779</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>Anna PHILIPPA-TOUCHAIS, Settlement Planning and Social Organisation in Middle Helladic Greece</td><td>781-801</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>James C. WRIGHT, Towards a Social Archaeology of Middle Helladic Greece</td><td>803-815</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>Louise A. HITCHCOCK and Anne P. CHAPIN, Lacuna in Laconia : Why were there no Middle Helladic Palaces ? (poster)</td><td>817-822</td></tr></table>
VII. RELATIONS EXTÉRIEURES ET INTERACTION

Peggy SOTIRAKOPOULOU, *The Cycladic Middle Bronze Age: A “Dark Age” in Aegean Prehistory or a Dark Spot in Archaeological Research?* 825-839

Donna May CREGO, *Ayia Irini IV: A Distribution Center for the Middle Helladic World? (poster)* 841-845

Gerald CADOGAN and Katerina KOPAKA, *Coping with the Offshore Giant: Middle Helladic Interactions with Middle Minoan Crete* 847-858

Luca GIRELLA, *MH III and MM III: Ceramic Synchronisms in the Transition to the Late Bronze Age* 859-873

Aleydis VAN DE MOORTEL, *Interconnections between the Western Mesara and the Aegean in the Middle Bronze Age* 875-884

Tomáš ALUŠÍK, *Middle Helladic and Middle Minoan Defensive Architecture: A Comparison (poster)* 885-889

Christos BOULOTIS, *Koukonisi (Lemnos), un site portuaire florissant du Bronze Moyen et du début du Bronze Récent dans le Nord de l’Égée* 891-907

Vassilis P. PETRAKIS and Panagiotis MOUTZOURIDIS, *Grey Ware(s) from the Bronze Age Settlement of Koukonisi on Lemnos: First Presentation (poster)* 909-917

Massimo CULTRARO, *In Death not Separated. Evidence of Middle Bronze Age Intramural Burials at Poliochni on Lemnos* 919-930

Peter PAVUK, *Minyan or not? The Second Millennium Grey Ware in Western Anatolia and its Relation to Mainland Greece* 931-943

Ιωάννης ΑΣΛΑΝΗΣ, *Στοιχεία αρχιτεκτονικής από τη μεσοχαλλή Μακεδονία: τα δεδομένα από τον Άγιο Μάμα Νέας Ολύνθου* 945-953

Χριστίνα ΖΙΩΤΑ, Η δυτική Μακεδονία στην ύστερη τρίτη και στις αρχές της δεύτερης χιλιετίας π.Χ. Οι ταφικές πρακτικές και οι κοινωνικές τους διαστάσεις 955-967

Sevi TRIANTAPHYLLOU, *Aspects of Life Histories from the Bronze Age Cemetery at Xeropigado Koiladas, Western Macedonia (poster)* 969-974

Aikaterini PAPANTHIMOU, †Angeliki PILALI and Evanthia PAPADOPOULOU, *Archontiko Yiannitson: A Settlement in Macedonia during the Late Third and Early Second Millennium B.C. (poster)* 975-980

Λιάνα ΣΤΕΦΑΝΗ και Νίχος ΜΕΡΟΥΣΗΣ, *Αναζητώντας τη Μέση Εποχή του Χαλκού στη Μακεδονία. Παλιές και νέες έρευνες στην Ημαθία (αναρτημένη ανακοίνωση)* 981-986

Ευτυχία ΠΟΥΛΑΚΗ-ΠΑΝΤΕΡΜΑΛΗ, Ελένη ΚΛΙΝΑΚΗ, Σοφία ΚΟΥΛΙΔΟΥ, Ευτέρπη ΠΑΠΑΔΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ και Αναστάσιος ΣΥΡΟΣ, Η Μέση και η αρχή της Ύστερης Εποχής Χαλκού στην περιοχή του Μακεδονικού Ολύμπου (αναρτημένη ανακοίνωση) 987-993

Kyriaki PSARAKI and Stelios ANDREOU, *Regional Processes and Interregional Interactions in Northern Greece during the Early Second Millennium B.C. (poster)* 995-1003
<table><tr><td>Rozalia CHRISTIDOU, Middle Bronze Age Bone Tools from Sovjan, Southeastern Albania (poster)</td><td>1005-1012</td></tr><tr><td>Γαρυφαλιά ΜΕΤΑΛΛΗΝΟΥ, Η Μέση Χαλκοχρατία στα άχρα: η περίπτωση της Κέρχυρας</td><td>1013-1023</td></tr><tr><td>Christina MERKOURI, MH III/LH I Pottery from Vivara (Gulf of Naples, Italy). A Contribution to the Understanding of an Enigmatic Period</td><td>1025-1036</td></tr><tr><td>Conclusion</td><td>1037-1039</td></tr><tr><td>Tables des matières</td><td>1041-1046</td></tr></table>
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