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Campbell, D. J., H. Gichohi, A. Mwangi, and L. Chege. 2000. "Land Use Conflict in Kajiado District, Kenya." *Land Use Policy* 17 (4): 337-348. doi:10.1016/S0264-8377(00)00038-7.

Campbell, D. J., D. P. Lusch, T. A. Smucker, and E. E. Wangui. 2005. "Multiple Methods in the Study of Driving Forces of Land Use and Land Cover Change: A Case Study of SE Kajiado District, Kenya." *Human Ecology* 33 (6): 763-794. doi:10.1007/s10745-005-8210-y.

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Edelman, M., and W. Wolford. 2017. "Introduction: Critical Agrarian Studies in Theory and Practice." *Antipode* 49 (4): 959-976. doi:10.1111/anti.12326.

Epstein, G., J. Pittman, S. M. Alexander, S. Berdej, T. Dyck, U. Kreitmair, K. J. Rathwell, S. Villamayor-Tomas, J. Vogt, and D. Armitage. 2015. "Institutional Fit and the Sustainability of Social-Ecological Systems." *Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability* 14: 34-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j cosust.2015.03.005.

Evangelou, P. 1984. *Livestock Development in Kenya's Maasailand: Pastoralists' Transition to a Market Economy*. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Fairhead, J., M. Leach, and I. Scoones. 2012. "Green Grabbing: A New Appropriation of Nature?" *The Journal of Peasant Studies* 39 (2): 237-261. doi:10.1080/03066150.2012.671770.

Fernandez-Gimenez, M. E. 2002. "Spatial and Social Boundaries and the Paradox of Pastoral Land Tenure: A Case Study from Postsocialist Mongolia." *Human Ecology* 30 (1): 49-78.

Fratkin, E. 2001. "East African Pastoralism in Transition: Maasai, Boran, and Rendille Cases." *African Studies Review* 44: 1-25. doi:10.2307/525591.

Fratkin, E., and E. A. Roth. 1990. "Drought and Economic Differentiation among Ariaal Pastoralists of Kenya." *Human Ecology* 18 (4): 385-402. doi:10.1007/BF00889464.

Galaty, J. G. 1981. "Land and Livestock among Kenyan Maasai. Symbolic Perspectives on Pastoral Exchange, Social Change and Inequality." *Journal of Asian and African Studies* 16: 68-88. doi:10.1177/002190968101600106.

Galaty, J. G. 1992. "The Land is Yours: Social and Economic Factors in the Privatization, Sub-Division and Sale of Maasai Ranches." *Nomadic Peoples* 30: 26-40.

Galaty, J. G. 1994. "Ha(l)ving Land in Common: The Subdivision of Maasai Group Ranches in Kenya." *Nomadic Peoples* 34/35: 109-122.

Galaty, J. G. 2013. "The Collapsing Platform for Pastoralism: Land Sales and Land Loss in Kajiado County, Kenya." *Nomadic Peoples* 17 (2): 20-39. doi:10.3167/np.2013.170204.
Campbell, D. J. 1981. "Kajiado District." In *The Development of Kenya's Semi-Arid Lands*, Occasional Paper No. 36, edited by D. J. Campbell and S. E. Migot-Adholla, 212-242. Nairobi: Institute for Development Studies.

Campbell, D. J. 1993. "Land as Ours, Land as Mine: Economic, Political and Ecological Marginalization in Kajiado District." In *Being Maasai: Ethnicity and Identity in East Africa*, edited by R. Waller and T. Spear, 258-272. Oxford: James Currey.

Campbell, D. J. 1999. "Response to Drought among Farmers and Herders in Southern Kajiado District, Kenya: A Comparison of 1972-1976 and 1994-1995." *Human Ecology* 27 (3): 377-416. doi:10.1023/A:1018789623581.

Campbell, D. J., H. Gichohi, A. Mwangi, and L. Chege. 2000. "Land Use Conflict in Kajiado District, Kenya." *Land Use Policy* 17 (4): 337-348. doi:10.1016/S0264-8377(00)00038-7.

Campbell, D. J., D. P. Lusch, T. A. Smucker, and E. E. Wangui. 2005. "Multiple Methods in the Study of Driving Forces of Land Use and Land Cover Change: A Case Study of SE Kajiado District, Kenya." *Human Ecology* 33 (6): 763-794. doi:10.1007/s10745-005-8210-y.

Cleaver, F. 2012. *Development Through Bricolage: Rethinking Institutions for Natural Resource Management*. New York: Routledge.

Cleaver, F., and J. de Koning. 2015. "Furthering Critical Institutionalism." *International Journal of the Commons* 9 (1). doi:10.18352/ijc.605.

Coldham, S. 1982. "The Registration of Group Ranches among the Masai of Kenya: Some Legal Problems." *Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law* 20: 1-6. doi:10.1080/07329113.1982.10756265.

Cote, M., and A. J. Nightingale. 2012. "Resilience Thinking Meets Social Theory: Situating Social Change in Socio-Ecological Systems (SES) Research." *Progress in Human Geography* 36 (4): 475-489. doi:10.1177/0309132511425708.

Cumming, G. S., D. H. M. Cumming, and C. L. Redman. 2006. "Scale Mismatches in Social-Ecological Systems: Causes, Consequences, and Solutions." *Ecology & Society* 11 (1). doi:10.5751/ES-01569-110114.

Edelman, M., and W. Wolford. 2017. "Introduction: Critical Agrarian Studies in Theory and Practice." *Antipode* 49 (4): 959-976. doi:10.1111/anti.12326.

Epstein, G., J. Pittman, S. M. Alexander, S. Berdej, T. Dyck, U. Kreitmair, K. J. Rathwell, S. Villamayor-Tomas, J. Vogt, and D. Armitage. 2015. "Institutional Fit and the Sustainability of Social-Ecological Systems." *Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability* 14: 34-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j cosust.2015.03.005.

Evangelou, P. 1984. *Livestock Development in Kenya's Maasailand: Pastoralists' Transition to a Market Economy*. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Fairhead, J., M. Leach, and I. Scoones. 2012. "Green Grabbing: A New Appropriation of Nature?" *The Journal of Peasant Studies* 39 (2): 237-261. doi:10.1080/03066150.2012.671770.

Fernandez-Gimenez, M. E. 2002. "Spatial and Social Boundaries and the Paradox of Pastoral Land Tenure: A Case Study from Postsocialist Mongolia." *Human Ecology* 30 (1): 49-78.

Fratkin, E. 2001. "East African Pastoralism in Transition: Maasai, Boran, and Rendille Cases." *African Studies Review* 44: 1-25. doi:10.2307/525591.

Fratkin, E., and E. A. Roth. 1990. "Drought and Economic Differentiation among Ariaal Pastoralists of Kenya." *Human Ecology* 18 (4): 385-402. doi:10.1007/BF00889464.

Galaty, J. G. 1981. "Land and Livestock among Kenyan Maasai. Symbolic Perspectives on Pastoral Exchange, Social Change and Inequality." *Journal of Asian and African Studies* 16: 68-88. doi:10.1177/002190968101600106.

Galaty, J. G. 1992. "The Land is Yours: Social and Economic Factors in the Privatization, Sub-Division and Sale of Maasai Ranches." *Nomadic Peoples* 30: 26-40.

Galaty, J. G. 1994. "Ha(l)ving Land in Common: The Subdivision of Maasai Group Ranches in Kenya." *Nomadic Peoples* 34/35: 109-122.

Galaty, J. G. 2013. "The Collapsing Platform for Pastoralism: Land Sales and Land Loss in Kajiado County, Kenya." *Nomadic Peoples* 17 (2): 20-39. doi:10.3167/np.2013.170204.
<figure><img src="image_33.png" /></figure>

Gardner, B. 2012. "Tourism and the Politics of the Global Land Grab in Tanzania: Markets, Appropriation and Recognition." *Journal of Peasant Studies* 39 (2): 377-402. doi:10.1080/03066150.2012.666973.

German, L., E. King, R. Unks, and N. P. Wachira. 2017. "This Side of Subdivision: Individualization and Collectivization Dynamics in a Pastoralist Group Ranch Held Under Collective Title." *Journal of Arid Environments* 144: 139-155. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2017.04.009.

German, L. A., R. Unks, and E. King. 2017. "Green Appropriations Through Shifting Contours of Authority and Property on a Pastoralist Commons." *Journal of Peasant Studies* 44 (3): 631-657. doi:10.1080/03066150.2016.1176562.

Goldman, M. J. 2020. *Narrating Nature: Wildlife Conservation and Maasai Ways of Knowing*. University of Arizona Press.

Goldman, M. J., A. Davis, and J. Little. 2016. "Controlling Land They Call Their Own: Access and Women's Empowerment in Northern Tanzania." *Journal of Peasant Studies* 43 (4): 777-797. doi:10.1080/03066150.2015.1130701.

Goldman, M. J., J. R. de Pinho, and J. Perry. 2013. "Beyond Ritual and Economics: Maasai Lion Hunting and Conservation Politics." *Oryx* 47 (4): 490-500. doi:10.1017/S0030605312000907.

Goldman, M. J., and F. Riosmena. 2013. "Adaptive Capacity in Tanzanian Maasailand: Changing Strategies to Cope with Drought in Fragmented Landscapes." *Global Environmental Change* 23: 588-597. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.02.010.

Gongbuzeren, L. Huntsinger, and W. Li. 2018. "Rebuilding Pastoral Social-Ecological Resilience on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in Response to Changes in Policy, Economics, and Climate." *Ecology and Society* 23 (2). doi:10.5751/es-10096-230221.

Grandin, B. E. 1991. "The Maasai: Socio-Historical Context and Group Ranches." In *Maasai Herding: An Analysis of the Livestock Production System of Maasai Pastoralists in Eastern Kajiado District, Kenya*, edited by Solomon Bekure, 21-39. Addis Ababa: ILCA.

Groom, R., and S. Harris. 2008. "Conservation on Community Lands: The Importance of Equitable Revenue Sharing." *Environmental Conservation* 35 (3): 242-251. doi:10.1017/S037689290800489X.

Groom, R. J., and D. Western. 2013. "Impact of Land Subdivision and Sedentarization on Wildlife in Kenya's Southern Rangelands." *Rangeland Ecology & Management* 66 (1): 1-9. doi:10.2111/REM-D-11-00021.1.

Hall, K., F. Cleaver, T. Franks, and F. Maganga. 2014. "Capturing Critical Institutionalism: A Synthesis of Key Themes and Debates." *European Journal of Development Research* 26 (1): 71-86. doi:10.1057/ejdr.2013.48.

Hall, R., M. Edelman, S. M. Borras Jr, I. Scoones, B. White, and W. Wolford. 2015. "Resistance, Acquiescence or Incorporation? An Introduction to Land Grabbing and Political Reactions 'from Below'." *Journal of Peasant Studies* 42 (3-4): 467-488. doi:10.1080/03066150.2015.1036746.

Hemingway, C., H. Cochet, F. Mialhe, and Y. Gunnell. 2022. "Why Pastoralists Grow Tomatoes: Maasai Livelihood Dynamics in Amboseli, Southern Kenya." *Journal of Rural Studies* 92: 253-268. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2022.03.027.

Hodgson, D. L. 1999. "Pastoralism, Patriarchy and History: Changing Gender Relations among Maasai in Tanganyika, 1890-1940." *Journal of African History* 40: 41-65. doi:10.1017/S0021853798007397.

Hodgson, D. L. 2011. *These Are Not Our Priorities*: Maasai Women, Human Rights, and the Problem of Culture. Gender and Culture at the Limit of Rights 5: 138-158. doi:10.9783/9780812204612.138.

Homewood, K. M., and W. A. Rodgers. 1991. *Maasailand Ecology: Pastoralist Development and Wildlife Conservation in Ngorongoro*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hughes, L. 2006. *Moving the Maasai: A Colonial Misadventure*. Oxford: Palgrave Macmillan.

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Jeppesen, M. D., and R. Hassan. 2022. "Private Property and Social Capital: Dynamics of Exclusion and Sharing in the Subdivided Pastoral Rangelands of Kajiado." *Kenya. Society and Natural Resources* 35 (1): 92-109. doi:10.1080/08941920.2022.2026542.

Johnson, C. 2004. "Uncommon Ground: The 'Poverty of History' in Common Property Discourse." *Development and Change* 35 (3): 407-434. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7660.2004.00359.x.
<figure><img src="image_33.png" /></figure>

Gardner, B. 2012. "Tourism and the Politics of the Global Land Grab in Tanzania: Markets, Appropriation and Recognition." *Journal of Peasant Studies* 39 (2): 377-402. doi:10.1080/03066150.2012.666973.

German, L., E. King, R. Unks, and N. P. Wachira. 2017. "This Side of Subdivision: Individualization and Collectivization Dynamics in a Pastoralist Group Ranch Held Under Collective Title." *Journal of Arid Environments* 144: 139-155. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2017.04.009.

German, L. A., R. Unks, and E. King. 2017. "Green Appropriations Through Shifting Contours of Authority and Property on a Pastoralist Commons." *Journal of Peasant Studies* 44 (3): 631-657. doi:10.1080/03066150.2016.1176562.

Goldman, M. J. 2020. *Narrating Nature: Wildlife Conservation and Maasai Ways of Knowing*. University of Arizona Press.

Goldman, M. J., A. Davis, and J. Little. 2016. "Controlling Land They Call Their Own: Access and Women's Empowerment in Northern Tanzania." *Journal of Peasant Studies* 43 (4): 777-797. doi:10.1080/03066150.2015.1130701.

Goldman, M. J., J. R. de Pinho, and J. Perry. 2013. "Beyond Ritual and Economics: Maasai Lion Hunting and Conservation Politics." *Oryx* 47 (4): 490-500. doi:10.1017/S0030605312000907.

Goldman, M. J., and F. Riosmena. 2013. "Adaptive Capacity in Tanzanian Maasailand: Changing Strategies to Cope with Drought in Fragmented Landscapes." *Global Environmental Change* 23: 588-597. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.02.010.

Gongbuzeren, L. Huntsinger, and W. Li. 2018. "Rebuilding Pastoral Social-Ecological Resilience on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in Response to Changes in Policy, Economics, and Climate." *Ecology and Society* 23 (2). doi:10.5751/es-10096-230221.

Grandin, B. E. 1991. "The Maasai: Socio-Historical Context and Group Ranches." In *Maasai Herding: An Analysis of the Livestock Production System of Maasai Pastoralists in Eastern Kajiado District, Kenya*, edited by Solomon Bekure, 21-39. Addis Ababa: ILCA.

Groom, R., and S. Harris. 2008. "Conservation on Community Lands: The Importance of Equitable Revenue Sharing." *Environmental Conservation* 35 (3): 242-251. doi:10.1017/S037689290800489X.

Groom, R. J., and D. Western. 2013. "Impact of Land Subdivision and Sedentarization on Wildlife in Kenya's Southern Rangelands." *Rangeland Ecology & Management* 66 (1): 1-9. doi:10.2111/REM-D-11-00021.1.

Hall, K., F. Cleaver, T. Franks, and F. Maganga. 2014. "Capturing Critical Institutionalism: A Synthesis of Key Themes and Debates." *European Journal of Development Research* 26 (1): 71-86. doi:10.1057/ejdr.2013.48.

Hall, R., M. Edelman, S. M. Borras Jr, I. Scoones, B. White, and W. Wolford. 2015. "Resistance, Acquiescence or Incorporation? An Introduction to Land Grabbing and Political Reactions 'from Below'." *Journal of Peasant Studies* 42 (3-4): 467-488. doi:10.1080/03066150.2015.1036746.

Hemingway, C., H. Cochet, F. Mialhe, and Y. Gunnell. 2022. "Why Pastoralists Grow Tomatoes: Maasai Livelihood Dynamics in Amboseli, Southern Kenya." *Journal of Rural Studies* 92: 253-268. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2022.03.027.

Hodgson, D. L. 1999. "Pastoralism, Patriarchy and History: Changing Gender Relations among Maasai in Tanganyika, 1890-1940." *Journal of African History* 40: 41-65. doi:10.1017/S0021853798007397.

Hodgson, D. L. 2011. *These Are Not Our Priorities*: Maasai Women, Human Rights, and the Problem of Culture. Gender and Culture at the Limit of Rights 5: 138-158. doi:10.9783/9780812204612.138.

Homewood, K. M., and W. A. Rodgers. 1991. *Maasailand Ecology: Pastoralist Development and Wildlife Conservation in Ngorongoro*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hughes, L. 2006. *Moving the Maasai: A Colonial Misadventure*. Oxford: Palgrave Macmillan.

Jacquet, J. 2017. "Les organisations environnementales dans la savane: favorisent-elles la résilience dans le socio-écosystème d'Amboseli au Kenya?" MSc thesis, Univ. Lumière Lyon 2, 90 p.

Jeppesen, M. D., and R. Hassan. 2022. "Private Property and Social Capital: Dynamics of Exclusion and Sharing in the Subdivided Pastoral Rangelands of Kajiado." *Kenya. Society and Natural Resources* 35 (1): 92-109. doi:10.1080/08941920.2022.2026542.

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Mehta, L., M. Leach, P. Newell, I. Scoones, K. Sivaramakrishnan, and S. A. Way. 1999. *Exploring Understandings of Institutions and Uncertainty: New Directions in Natural Resource Management*. Vol. 372. Discussion Paper. Institute of Development Studies.

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Lund, C., and C. Boone. 2013. "Introduction: Land Politics in Africa-Constituting Authority Over Territory, Property and Persons." *Africa* 83 (1): 1-13. doi:10.1017/S000197201200068X.

McPeak, J. G., and C. B. Barrett. 2001. "Differential Risk Exposure and Stochastic Poverty Traps among East African Pastoralists." *American Journal of Agricultural Economics* 83: 674-679. doi:10.1111/0002-9092.00189.

McPeak, J., and P. D. Little. 2005. "Cursed if You Do, Cursed if You Don't." In *As Pastoralists Settle*, edited by Fratkin E. and Roth E. A., 87-104. Boston, MA: Springer.

Mehta, L., M. Leach, P. Newell, I. Scoones, K. Sivaramakrishnan, and S. A. Way. 1999. *Exploring Understandings of Institutions and Uncertainty: New Directions in Natural Resource Management*. Vol. 372. Discussion Paper. Institute of Development Studies.

Moritz, M. 2016. "Open Property Regimes." *International Journal of the Commons* 10 (2). doi:10.18352/ijc.719.
<figure><img src="image_34.png" /></figure>

Mosse, D. 1997. "The Symbolic Making of a Common Property Resource: History, Ecology and Locality in a Tank-Irrigated Landscape in South India." *Development and Change* 28 (3): 467–504. doi:10.1111/1467-7660.00051.

Moyo, F., S. Funk, and J. Pretzsch. 2017. "Between Policy Intent and Practice: Negotiating Access to Land and Other Resources in Tanzania's Wildlife Management Areas." *Tropical Conservation Science* 10. doi:10.1177/1940082917744167.

Mwangi, E. 2006. "The Footprints of History: Path Dependence in the Transformation of Property Rights in Kenya's Maasiland." *Journal of Institutional Economics* 2 (2): 157–180. doi:10.1017/S1744137406000324.

Mwangi, E. 2007a. "The Puzzle of Group Ranch Subdivision in Kenya's Maasiland." *Development and Change* 38 (5): 889–910. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7660.2007.00438.x.

Mwangi, E. 2007b. *Socioeconomic Change and Land Use in Africa: The Transformation of Property Rights in Maasiland*. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.

Mwangi, E., and E. Ostrom. 2009a. "Top-Down Solutions: Looking Up from East Africa's Rangelands." *Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development* 51 (1): 34–45. doi:10.3200/ENVT.51.1.34-45.

Mwangi, E., and E. Ostrom. 2009b. "A Century of Institutions and Ecology in East Africa's Rangelands: Linking Institutional Robustness with the Ecological Resilience of Kenya's Maasiland." In *Institutions and Sustainability: Political Economy of Agriculture and the Environment – Essays in Honour of Konrad Hagedorn*, edited by V. Beckmann and M. Padmanabhan, 195–222. Dordrecht: Springer.

Niamir-Fuller, M. 1999. *Managing Mobility in African Rangelands: The Legitimization of Transhumance*. London: Intermediate Technology Publications.

Nkedianye, D. K., J. O. Ogutu, M. Y. Said, S. C. Kifugo, J. De Leeuw, P. Van Gardingen, and R. S. Reid. 2020. "Comparative Social Demography, Livelihood Diversification and Land Tenure Among the Maasai of Kenya and Tanzania." *Pastoralism* 10 (1). doi:10.1186/s13570-020-00165-2.

Ntiati, P. 2002. *Group Ranches Subdivision Study in Loitokitok Division of Kajiado District Kenya*. LUCID Working Paper No. 7. Nairobi: International Livestock Research Institute.

Oba, G. 2001. "The Importance of Pastoralists' Indigenous Coping Strategies for Planning Drought Management in the Arid Zone of Kenya." *Nomadic Peoples* 5 (1): 89–119. doi:10.3167/082279401782310998.

Okello, M. M., R. Bonham, and T. Hill. 2014. "The Pattern and Cost of Carnivore Predation on Livestock in Maasai Homesteads of Amboseli Ecosystem, Kenya: Insights from a Carnivore Compensation Programme." *International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation* 6 (7): 502–521. doi:10.5897/IJBC2014.0678.

Okoth-Ogendo, H. W. O. 1986. "The Perils of Land Tenure Reform: The Case of Kenya. Land Policy and Agriculture in Eastern and Southern Africa." In *Selected Papers Presented at a Workshop Held in Gaborone, Botswana*, edited by J. W. Arntzen, L. D. Ngcongco, and S. D. Turner. Tokyo, Japan: United Nations University.

Okoth-Ogendo, H. W. 1989. "Some Issues of Theory in the Study of Tenure Relations in African Agriculture." *Africa* 59 (1): 6–17. doi:10.2307/1160760.

Ostrom, E. 1990. *Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action*. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Peluso, N. L., and C. Lund. 2011. "New Frontiers of Land Control: Introduction." *Journal of Peasant Studies* 38 (4): 667–681. doi:10.1080/03066150.2011.607692.

Peters, P. E. 2004. "Inequality and Social Conflict Over Land in Africa." *Journal of Agrarian Change* 4 (3): 269–314. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0366.2004.00080.x.

Potkanski, T. 1999. "Mutual Assistance among the Ngorongoro Maasai." In *The Poor Are Not Us: Poverty and Pastoralism in East Africa*, edited by D. M. Anderson and V. Broch-Due, 199–217. Oxford: James Currey.

Reid, R. S. 2012. *Savannas of Our Birth: People, Wildlife, and Change in East Africa*. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Ribot, J. C., and N. L. Peluso. 2003. "A Theory of Access." *Rural Sociology* 68 (2): 153–181. doi:10.1111/j.1549-0831.2003.tb00133.x.
<figure><img src="image_34.png" /></figure>

Mosse, D. 1997. "The Symbolic Making of a Common Property Resource: History, Ecology and Locality in a Tank-Irrigated Landscape in South India." *Development and Change* 28 (3): 467–504. doi:10.1111/1467-7660.00051.

Moyo, F., S. Funk, and J. Pretzsch. 2017. "Between Policy Intent and Practice: Negotiating Access to Land and Other Resources in Tanzania's Wildlife Management Areas." *Tropical Conservation Science* 10. doi:10.1177/1940082917744167.

Mwangi, E. 2006. "The Footprints of History: Path Dependence in the Transformation of Property Rights in Kenya's Maasiland." *Journal of Institutional Economics* 2 (2): 157–180. doi:10.1017/S1744137406000324.

Mwangi, E. 2007a. "The Puzzle of Group Ranch Subdivision in Kenya's Maasiland." *Development and Change* 38 (5): 889–910. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7660.2007.00438.x.

Mwangi, E. 2007b. *Socioeconomic Change and Land Use in Africa: The Transformation of Property Rights in Maasiland*. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.

Mwangi, E., and E. Ostrom. 2009a. "Top-Down Solutions: Looking Up from East Africa's Rangelands." *Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development* 51 (1): 34–45. doi:10.3200/ENVT.51.1.34-45.

Mwangi, E., and E. Ostrom. 2009b. "A Century of Institutions and Ecology in East Africa's Rangelands: Linking Institutional Robustness with the Ecological Resilience of Kenya's Maasiland." In *Institutions and Sustainability: Political Economy of Agriculture and the Environment – Essays in Honour of Konrad Hagedorn*, edited by V. Beckmann and M. Padmanabhan, 195–222. Dordrecht: Springer.

Niamir-Fuller, M. 1999. *Managing Mobility in African Rangelands: The Legitimization of Transhumance*. London: Intermediate Technology Publications.

Nkedianye, D. K., J. O. Ogutu, M. Y. Said, S. C. Kifugo, J. De Leeuw, P. Van Gardingen, and R. S. Reid. 2020. "Comparative Social Demography, Livelihood Diversification and Land Tenure Among the Maasai of Kenya and Tanzania." *Pastoralism* 10 (1). doi:10.1186/s13570-020-00165-2.

Ntiati, P. 2002. *Group Ranches Subdivision Study in Loitokitok Division of Kajiado District Kenya*. LUCID Working Paper No. 7. Nairobi: International Livestock Research Institute.

Oba, G. 2001. "The Importance of Pastoralists' Indigenous Coping Strategies for Planning Drought Management in the Arid Zone of Kenya." *Nomadic Peoples* 5 (1): 89–119. doi:10.3167/082279401782310998.

Okello, M. M., R. Bonham, and T. Hill. 2014. "The Pattern and Cost of Carnivore Predation on Livestock in Maasai Homesteads of Amboseli Ecosystem, Kenya: Insights from a Carnivore Compensation Programme." *International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation* 6 (7): 502–521. doi:10.5897/IJBC2014.0678.

Okoth-Ogendo, H. W. O. 1986. "The Perils of Land Tenure Reform: The Case of Kenya. Land Policy and Agriculture in Eastern and Southern Africa." In *Selected Papers Presented at a Workshop Held in Gaborone, Botswana*, edited by J. W. Arntzen, L. D. Ngcongco, and S. D. Turner. Tokyo, Japan: United Nations University.

Okoth-Ogendo, H. W. 1989. "Some Issues of Theory in the Study of Tenure Relations in African Agriculture." *Africa* 59 (1): 6–17. doi:10.2307/1160760.

Ostrom, E. 1990. *Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action*. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Peluso, N. L., and C. Lund. 2011. "New Frontiers of Land Control: Introduction." *Journal of Peasant Studies* 38 (4): 667–681. doi:10.1080/03066150.2011.607692.

Peters, P. E. 2004. "Inequality and Social Conflict Over Land in Africa." *Journal of Agrarian Change* 4 (3): 269–314. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0366.2004.00080.x.

Potkanski, T. 1999. "Mutual Assistance among the Ngorongoro Maasai." In *The Poor Are Not Us: Poverty and Pastoralism in East Africa*, edited by D. M. Anderson and V. Broch-Due, 199–217. Oxford: James Currey.

Reid, R. S. 2012. *Savannas of Our Birth: People, Wildlife, and Change in East Africa*. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Ribot, J. C., and N. L. Peluso. 2003. "A Theory of Access." *Rural Sociology* 68 (2): 153–181. doi:10.1111/j.1549-0831.2003.tb00133.x.
Robinson, L. 2019. "Open Property and Complex Mosaics: Variants in Tenure Regimes Across Pastoralist Social-Ecological Systems." *International Journal of the Commons* 13 (1). doi:10.18352/ijc.903.

Roque de Pinho, J. 2009. ""Staying Together": People-Wildlife Relationships in a Pastoral Society in Transition, Amboseli Ecosystem, Southern Kenya." Dissertation, Colorado State University, Fort Collins.

Rutten, M. M. E. M. 1992. *Selling Wealth to buy Poverty: The Process of the Individualization of Landownership among the Maasai Pastoralists of Kajiado District, Kenya, 1890–1990*. Nijmegen Studies in Development and Cultural Change, 10. Saarbrücken: Breitenbach Publishers.

Rutten, M. 2002. *Parks Beyond Parks: Genuine Community-Based Wildlife Eco-Tourism or Just Another Loss of Land for Maasai Pastoralists in Kenya? Issue Paper-Drylands Programme, 111*. International Institute for Environment and Development.

Rutten, M. 2008. "Why De Soto's Ideas Might Triumph Everywhere but in Kenya: A Review of Land-Tenure Policies among Maasai Pastoralists." In *Inside Poverty and Development in Africa – Critical Reflections on Pro-Poor Policies*, edited by M. Rutten, A. Leliveld, and D. Foeken, 83–118. The Hague: Brill Publishers.

Schareika, N., C. Brown, and M. Moritz. 2021. "Critical Transitions from Pastoralism to Ranching in Central Africa." *Current Anthropology* 62 (1): 53–76. https://doi.org/10.1086/713248.

Scoones, I. 2021. "Pastoralists and Peasants: Perspectives on Agrarian Change." *Journal of Peasant Studies* 48 (1): 1–47. doi:10.1080/03066150.2020.1802249.

Scoones, I., R. Smalley, R. Hall, and D. Tsikata. 2019. "Narratives of Scarcity: Framing the Global Land Rush." *Geoforum* 101: 231–241. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2018.06.006.

Sen, A. 1984. *Resources, Values, and Development*. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Sikor, T., J. He, and G. Lestrelin. 2017. "Property Rights Regimes and Natural Resources: A Conceptual Analysis Revisited." *World Development* 93: 337–349. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.12.032.

Sikor, T., and C. Lund. 2009. "Access and Property: A Question of Power and Authority." *Development and Change* 40 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7660.2009.01503.x.

Southgate, C., and D. Hulme. 1996. *Environmental Management in Kenya's Arid and Semi-Arid Lands: An Overview*. Rural Resources/Rural Livelihoods Working Papers, (30572).

Southgate, C., and D. Hulme. 2000. *Uncommon Property the Scramble for Wetland in Southern Kenya, 73–118*. Oxford: James Currey.

Spear, T. 1993. "Part 1: Introduction." In *Being Maasai: Ethnicity and Identity in East Africa*, edited by T. Spear and R. Waller, 1–18. London: James Currey.

Sperling, L., and J. G. Galaty. 1990. "Cattle, Culture, and Economy: Dynamics in East African Pastoralism." In *The World of Pastoralism*, edited by J. G. Galaty and D. L. Johnson, 69–97. New York: Guilford.

Turner, M. D. 2011. "The New Pastoral Development Paradigm: Engaging the Realities of Property Institutions and Livestock Mobility in Dryland Africa." *Society & Natural Resources* 24 (5): 469–484. doi:10.1080/08941920903236291.

Turner, M. D. 2017. "Livestock Mobility and the Territorial State: South-Western Niger (1890–1920)." *Africa* 87 (3): 578–606. doi:10.1017/S0001972017000134.

Turner, M. D., and E. Schlecht. 2019. "Livestock Mobility in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Critical Review." *Pastoralism* 9 (1): 13. doi:10.1186/s13570-019-0150-z.

Unks, R. R. 2022. "Instrumentalizing Pastoralism? Understanding Hybrid Tenure and Governance in Ilkisongo Maasai Land of Southern Kenya." *Political Geography* 99: 102712. doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2022.102712.

Unks, R., M. J. Goldman, F. Mialhe, and J. Roque De Pinho. 2021. ""People Should Also Look After the People": Relational Values of Wildlife and Collectively Titled Land in Ilkisongo Maasai Group Ranches in Southern Kenya." *Ecology and Society* 26 (3): 1. doi:10.5751/es-12539-260328.

Unks, R. R., E. G. King, D. R. Nelson, N. P. Wachira, and L. A. German. 2019. "Constraints, Multiple Stressors, and Stratified Adaptation: Pastoralist Livelihood Vulnerability in a Semi-Arid Wildlife
Robinson, L. 2019. "Open Property and Complex Mosaics: Variants in Tenure Regimes Across Pastoralist Social-Ecological Systems." *International Journal of the Commons* 13 (1). doi:10.18352/ijc.903.

Roque de Pinho, J. 2009. ""Staying Together": People-Wildlife Relationships in a Pastoral Society in Transition, Amboseli Ecosystem, Southern Kenya." Dissertation, Colorado State University, Fort Collins.

Rutten, M. M. E. M. 1992. *Selling Wealth to buy Poverty: The Process of the Individualization of Landownership among the Maasai Pastoralists of Kajiado District, Kenya, 1890–1990*. Nijmegen Studies in Development and Cultural Change, 10. Saarbrücken: Breitenbach Publishers.

Rutten, M. 2002. *Parks Beyond Parks: Genuine Community-Based Wildlife Eco-Tourism or Just Another Loss of Land for Maasai Pastoralists in Kenya? Issue Paper-Drylands Programme, 111*. International Institute for Environment and Development.

Rutten, M. 2008. "Why De Soto's Ideas Might Triumph Everywhere but in Kenya: A Review of Land-Tenure Policies among Maasai Pastoralists." In *Inside Poverty and Development in Africa – Critical Reflections on Pro-Poor Policies*, edited by M. Rutten, A. Leliveld, and D. Foeken, 83–118. The Hague: Brill Publishers.

Schareika, N., C. Brown, and M. Moritz. 2021. "Critical Transitions from Pastoralism to Ranching in Central Africa." *Current Anthropology* 62 (1): 53–76. https://doi.org/10.1086/713248.

Scoones, I. 2021. "Pastoralists and Peasants: Perspectives on Agrarian Change." *Journal of Peasant Studies* 48 (1): 1–47. doi:10.1080/03066150.2020.1802249.

Scoones, I., R. Smalley, R. Hall, and D. Tsikata. 2019. "Narratives of Scarcity: Framing the Global Land Rush." *Geoforum* 101: 231–241. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2018.06.006.

Sen, A. 1984. *Resources, Values, and Development*. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Sikor, T., J. He, and G. Lestrelin. 2017. "Property Rights Regimes and Natural Resources: A Conceptual Analysis Revisited." *World Development* 93: 337–349. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.12.032.

Sikor, T., and C. Lund. 2009. "Access and Property: A Question of Power and Authority." *Development and Change* 40 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7660.2009.01503.x.

Southgate, C., and D. Hulme. 1996. *Environmental Management in Kenya's Arid and Semi-Arid Lands: An Overview*. Rural Resources/Rural Livelihoods Working Papers, (30572).

Southgate, C., and D. Hulme. 2000. *Uncommon Property the Scramble for Wetland in Southern Kenya, 73–118*. Oxford: James Currey.

Spear, T. 1993. "Part 1: Introduction." In *Being Maasai: Ethnicity and Identity in East Africa*, edited by T. Spear and R. Waller, 1–18. London: James Currey.

Sperling, L., and J. G. Galaty. 1990. "Cattle, Culture, and Economy: Dynamics in East African Pastoralism." In *The World of Pastoralism*, edited by J. G. Galaty and D. L. Johnson, 69–97. New York: Guilford.

Turner, M. D. 2011. "The New Pastoral Development Paradigm: Engaging the Realities of Property Institutions and Livestock Mobility in Dryland Africa." *Society & Natural Resources* 24 (5): 469–484. doi:10.1080/08941920903236291.

Turner, M. D. 2017. "Livestock Mobility and the Territorial State: South-Western Niger (1890–1920)." *Africa* 87 (3): 578–606. doi:10.1017/S0001972017000134.

Turner, M. D., and E. Schlecht. 2019. "Livestock Mobility in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Critical Review." *Pastoralism* 9 (1): 13. doi:10.1186/s13570-019-0150-z.

Unks, R. R. 2022. "Instrumentalizing Pastoralism? Understanding Hybrid Tenure and Governance in Ilkisongo Maasai Land of Southern Kenya." *Political Geography* 99: 102712. doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2022.102712.

Unks, R., M. J. Goldman, F. Mialhe, and J. Roque De Pinho. 2021. ""People Should Also Look After the People": Relational Values of Wildlife and Collectively Titled Land in Ilkisongo Maasai Group Ranches in Southern Kenya." *Ecology and Society* 26 (3): 1. doi:10.5751/es-12539-260328.

Unks, R. R., E. G. King, D. R. Nelson, N. P. Wachira, and L. A. German. 2019. "Constraints, Multiple Stressors, and Stratified Adaptation: Pastoralist Livelihood Vulnerability in a Semi-Arid Wildlife
<figure><img src="image_35.png" /></figure>

Conservation Context in Central Kenya." *Global Environmental Change* 54: 124–134. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.11.013.

Waller, R. 1976. "The Maasai and the British 1895–1905: The Origins of an Alliance." *Journal of African History* 17 (4): 529–553. doi:10.1017/S002185370001505X.

Waller, R. 2012. "Pastoral Production in Colonial Kenya: Lessons from the Past?" *African Studies Review* 55 (2): 1–27. doi:10.1353/arw.2012.0039.

Wangui, E. E. 2008. "Development Interventions, Changing Livelihoods, and the Making of Female Maasai Pastoralists." *Agriculture and Human Values* 25 (3): 365–378. doi:10.1007/s10460-007-9111-z.

Weldemichel, T. G., and H. Lein. 2019. "'Fencing Is Our Last Stronghold Before We Lose It All.' A Political Ecology of Fencing Around the Masai Mara National Reserve, Kenya." *Land Use Policy* 87: 104075. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104075.

Western, D. 1994. "Ecosystem Conservation and Rural Development: The Case of Amboseli." In *Natural Connections: Perspectives in Community-Based Conservation*, edited by D. Western, R. M. Wright, and S. C. Strum, 15–52. Washington, DC: Island Press.

Whaley, L. 2018. "The Critical Institutional Analysis and Development (CIAD) Framework." *International Journal of the Commons* 12 (2): xx–xx. doi:10.18352/ijc.848.

Wolford, W., S. M. Borras, Jr., R. Hall, I. Scoones, and B. White. 2013. "Governing Global Land Deals: The Role of the State in the Rush for Land." *Development and Change* 44 (2): 189–210. doi:10.1111/dech.12017.

Young, O. R., and L. Gasser. 2002. *The Institutional Dimensions of Environmental Change: Fit, Interplay, and Scale*. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Yurco, K. 2018. "Beyond the Boma: A Gendered Approach to Conceptualizing Resource Access in Pastoral Households." *Geoforum* 97: 343–351. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2018.08.001.

Zaal, F. 1999. "Economic Integration in Pastoral Areas; Commercialisation and Social Change among Kenya's Maasai." *Nomadic Peoples* 2: 97–114. doi:10.3167/082279499782409424.
<figure><img src="image_35.png" /></figure>

Conservation Context in Central Kenya." *Global Environmental Change* 54: 124–134. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.11.013.

Waller, R. 1976. "The Maasai and the British 1895–1905: The Origins of an Alliance." *Journal of African History* 17 (4): 529–553. doi:10.1017/S002185370001505X.

Waller, R. 2012. "Pastoral Production in Colonial Kenya: Lessons from the Past?" *African Studies Review* 55 (2): 1–27. doi:10.1353/arw.2012.0039.

Wangui, E. E. 2008. "Development Interventions, Changing Livelihoods, and the Making of Female Maasai Pastoralists." *Agriculture and Human Values* 25 (3): 365–378. doi:10.1007/s10460-007-9111-z.

Weldemichel, T. G., and H. Lein. 2019. "'Fencing Is Our Last Stronghold Before We Lose It All.' A Political Ecology of Fencing Around the Masai Mara National Reserve, Kenya." *Land Use Policy* 87: 104075. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104075.

Western, D. 1994. "Ecosystem Conservation and Rural Development: The Case of Amboseli." In *Natural Connections: Perspectives in Community-Based Conservation*, edited by D. Western, R. M. Wright, and S. C. Strum, 15–52. Washington, DC: Island Press.

Whaley, L. 2018. "The Critical Institutional Analysis and Development (CIAD) Framework." *International Journal of the Commons* 12 (2): xx–xx. doi:10.18352/ijc.848.

Wolford, W., S. M. Borras, Jr., R. Hall, I. Scoones, and B. White. 2013. "Governing Global Land Deals: The Role of the State in the Rush for Land." *Development and Change* 44 (2): 189–210. doi:10.1111/dech.12017.

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Yurco, K. 2018. "Beyond the Boma: A Gendered Approach to Conceptualizing Resource Access in Pastoral Households." *Geoforum* 97: 343–351. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2018.08.001.

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