# RadioLigand Therapy with [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 for Salivary Gland Cancers: Literature Review and First Compassionate Use in France

Marie Terroir, Chloé Lamesa, Mehdi Krim, Lavinia Vija, Jean-Sébastien Texier, Thibaut Cassou-Mounat, Jean-Pierre Delord, Delphine Vallot,

Frédéric Courbon

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Marie Terroir, Chloé Lamesa, Mehdi Krim, Lavinia Vija, Jean-Sébastien Texier, et al.. RadioLigand Therapy with [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 for Salivary Gland Cancers: Literature Review and First Compassionate Use in France. Pharmaceuticals, 2023, 16 (5), pp.754. 10.3390/ph16050754. hal-05033456

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Review

# RadioLigand Therapy with [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 for Salivary Gland Cancers: Literature Review and First Compassionate Use in France

Marie Terroir <fnref n="1" />,*, Chloé Lamesa <fnref n="2" />, Mehdi Krim <fnref n="1" />, Lavinia Vija <fnref n="1" />, Jean-Sébastien Texier <fnref n="1" /> ID,
Thibaut Cassou-Mounat <fnref n="1" />, Jean-Pierre Delord <fnref n="3" />, Delphine Vallot <fnref n="4" /> ID and Frédéric Courbon <fnref n="1" />

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**Citation:** Terroir, M.; Lamesa, C.; Krim, M.; Vija, L.; Texier, J.-S.; Cassou-Mounat, T.; Delord, J.-P.; Vallot, D.; Courbon, F. RadioLigand Therapy with [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 for Salivary Gland Cancers: Literature Review and First Compassionate Use in France. *Pharmaceuticals* **2023**, *16*, 754. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16050754

Academic Editors: David Kryza and
Anne Laure Giraudet

Received: 13 April 2023

Revised: 9 May 2023

Accepted: 11 May 2023

Published: 16 May 2023

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**Copyright:** © 2023 by the authors.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
This article is an open access article
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conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
4.0/).

**Abstract:** Salivary gland cancers are rare tumors comprising a large group of heterogeneous tumors with variable prognosis. Their therapeutic management at a metastatic stage is challenging due to the lack of therapeutic lines and the toxicity of treatments. [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 (prostate-specific membrane antigen) is a vectored radioligand therapy (RLT) initially developed to treat castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer with encouraging results in terms of efficacy and toxicity. Many malignant cells could be treated with [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 as long as they express PSMA as a consequence of androgenic pathway activation. RLT may be used when anti-androgen hormonal treatment has failed, particularly in prostate cancer. [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 has been proposed in certain salivary gland cancers, though the expression of PSMA is demonstrated by a significant uptake using [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET scan. This theranostic approach could be a new therapeutic option, warranting prospective investigation in a larger cohort. We review the literature on this subject and offer a clinical illustration of compassionate use in France as a perspective for administering [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 in salivary gland cancer.

**Keywords:** salivary gland cancer; vectored radioligand therapy; [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617

## 1. Introduction

Salivary gland cancers are rare tumors comprising a large group of heterogeneous
tumors with many histopathological variants (24 types according to the WHO 2022) [1] and
variable prognosis (Table 1).

The two most frequently encountered types are mucoepidermoid carcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC). The therapeutic options are essentially based on surgery, combined, whenever possible, with radiation therapy, then cytotoxic chemotherapy and, eventually, targeted therapies, depending on the mutation status of the tumor. These treatments are burdensome with variable therapeutic responses and adverse effects that are sometimes difficult to control. In the event of relapse or metastatic evolution, the therapeutics options are limited.

<footnote n="1">¹ Nuclear Medicine Department, Institut Claudius Regaud, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse, CEDEX 09, 31059 Toulouse, France</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² Radiopharmacy Department, Institut Claudius Regaud, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse, CEDEX 09, 31059 Toulouse, France</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ Medical Oncology Department, Institut Claudius Regaud, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse, CEDEX 09, 31059 Toulouse, France</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴ Physics Department, Institut Claudius Regaud, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse, CEDEX 09, 31059 Toulouse, France</footnote>

<footnote>* Correspondence: terroircassoumounat.marie@iuct-oncopole.fr</footnote>
<table><caption>**Table 1.** World Health Organization classification of tumors, pathology and genetics of head and neck tumors for malignant salivary gland tumors (2005) and expression of androgen receptors, HER 2 and PSMA expression [2,3].</caption><thead><tr><th>Malignant Epithelial Tumors</th><th>Androgen Receptor Expression</th><th>HER 2 Expression (%)</th><th>PSMA Expression (%)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Acinic cell carcinoma</td><td></td><td>16.2</td><td>94</td></tr><tr><td>Mucoepidermoid carcinoma</td><td></td><td>12.9</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Adenoid cystic carcinoma</td><td></td><td>17.2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma</td><td></td><td>4.0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma</td><td></td><td>5.2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Clear cell carcinoma, not otherwise specified</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Basal cell adenocarcinoma</td><td></td><td>4.7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sebaceous carcinoma</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sebaceous lymphadenocarcinoma</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cystadenocarcinoma</td><td></td><td>3.3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Low-grade cribriform cystadenocarcinoma</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mucinous adenocarcinoma</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Oncocytic carcinoma</td><td></td><td>4.6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Salivary duct carcinoma</td><td>Often</td><td>44.9</td><td>62.5</td></tr><tr><td>Adenocarcinoma, not otherwise specified</td><td>Often</td><td>22.3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Myoepithelial carcinoma</td><td></td><td>5.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma</td><td></td><td>33.7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Carcinosarcoma</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Metastasizing pleomorphic adenoma</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Squamous cell carcinoma</td><td></td><td>21.4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Small cell carcinoma</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Large cell carcinoma</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lymphoepithelial carcinoma</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sialoblastoma</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

According to the recommendations issued in 2022 by the French Network of Rare Head and Neck Tumors "Réseau d'Expertise Français sur les Cancers ORL Rares" (REFCOR) [4], there is no standard of care for these tumors. In the event of loco-regional recurrence, several options are possible: revision surgery, if possible, followed by postoperative radiotherapy; exclusive radiotherapy if surgery is unfeasible or refused; uni- or bilateral lymph node dissection in the event of recurrence; and chemotherapy in case the tumor is high grade (no standard). Unfortunately, these local strategies are limited by the technical feasibility of surgery and the radiation doses already administered in these areas. At the metastatic stage, the therapeutic strategy depends on histopathologic findings.

Locoregional therapy is preferable for ACC. For patients with recurrent oligometastatic disease (one to five metastases), local treatment (surgery such as metastasectomy, stereotactic irradiation, or interventional radiology) can be considered, thereby delaying the introduction of systemic treatments. For patients with poly-metastatic ACC (>5 metastases), initial management is based first on watchful waiting to assess the rate of progression. This initial surveillance without treatment can sometimes last several months or even years [4]. Systemic treatment will be initiated only if the disease has evolved by more than 20% in the previous 6 months, if it is life threatening or impairs the functional prognosis, or if symptoms worsen the general condition of the patient. In these settings, the recommended first-line treatment is the combination of cisplatin + vinorelbine [5] or cisplatin + doxorubicin + cyclophosphamide [6,7].
For indolent metastatic non-ACC salivary gland tumors, the initial management may be based on an initial surveillance phase. The criteria for initiating treatment are the same as for ACC (progression > 20% in 6 months, symptomatic disease, threatening lesion). Some histological subtypes are more aggressive and require systemic treatment, particularly salivary ductal carcinomas (SDC) and most not otherwise specified (NOS) adenocarcinomas. If chemotherapy is chosen, the combination of carboplatin and taxane is recommended as first-line treatment for inoperable relapsed and/or metastatic non-ACC disease [5,8], or cisplatin + doxorubicin + cyclophosphamide as an alternative [6,7]. In salivary gland carcinomas (excluding ACC), it is recommended to look for HER2 [9], androgen receptors (AR) [10,11], NTRK fusion (for mammary analog secretory carcinoma (MASC) tumors) [12] overexpression by immunohistochemistry. It is also recommended to perform a fuller molecular biology analysis of the tumor, if possible, using next-generation sequencing (NGS). In the event of Her2 positivity, it is recommended to add trastuzumab (off-label use) to the first line of chemotherapy: carboplatin + taxane + trastuzumab. Regional or national consensus group agreement is required if cytotoxic chemotherapy ± anti-HER2 treatment, antiandrogenic treatment (complete androgenic blockade: anti-androgens and LHRH agonists) or targeted therapy (Pazopanib) is chosen. The decision depends on the tumor progression and on the patient's symptoms, age and co-morbidities. If possible, access to clinical trials is generally recommended.

Chemotherapy, anti-HER2 treatment and targeted therapy present several toxicities such as HBP (high blood pressure) and aplasia, which are more or less easy to control. Based on the observation that some salivary gland carcinomas showed significant uptake in [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET-CT (Positron Emission Tomography—Computed Tomography) [13–15] and in view of the encouraging results of patients treated for castration-resistant prostate cancer [16], some teams treat metastatic salivary gland carcinoma by [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617. Indeed, it has been observed that salivary gland carcinomas, in particular certain subtypes such as ACC and salivary duct carcinoma, show an expression of PSMA either on the tumor cells or in the neovascularization of these tumor [2,3]. The level of PSMA expression is variable but significant in ACC, and less important in salivary duct carcinoma.

## 2. Use of [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 in France

### 2.1. [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 Used in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer

[¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 is a radioligand therapy (RLT) that has been used in recent years for castration-resistant prostate cancer. In France, early access authorization (EAA) allows its use in adults with progressive castration-resistant prostate cancer expressing PSMA receptors and previously treated with taxane chemotherapy (for eligible patients) and at least one so-called second-generation hormonal therapy. These eligibility criteria are based on the results of the international phase III VISION trial [16]. This trial evaluated the use of [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 in the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC); this study enrolled over 800 patients with mCRPC and compared treatment with [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 in combination with best supportive care to standard chemotherapy or hormone therapy. Patients were randomized to receive either [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 combined with the best supportive care or standard treatment. The results showed a statistically significant improvement in overall survival, progression-free survival and quality of life in patients treated with [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 in combination with the best supportive care compared to standard treatment. Regarding toxicities, there were more adverse events in the [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 arm. Fatigue, nausea and dry mouth were the most common adverse events, but only evaluated as grade 1 or 2 of CTCAE. Xerostomia is one of the common adverse effect reported with [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617. Fortunately, some studies about [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 in prostate cancer showed that xerostomia more often remains at grade 1 or 2 [17,18]. In addition, in a VISION study, a [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET-CT is required to decide on the eligibility for treatment with [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 [19]. This verifies that the uptake of the tracer and therefore of the drug is sufficient to be effective. There is no well-established rule to select patients for treatment using imaging. The concept
of patient selection by pre-therapeutic imaging allowing the “projection” of drug fixation during the therapeutic phase is called “theranostics”, i.e., using the same molecule for both PET diagnosis and patient eligibility for treatment by RLT. Theranostics is gaining more and more importance in nuclear medicine, particularly in oncology.

## 2.2. [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 Therapy Used in Salivary Gland Cancer

In recent years, a few publications with a small number of patients and clinical cases have shown that [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET-CT can show significant uptake in some tumors other than the prostate such as those of salivary origin (ACC and other salivary carcinomas that can include up to 20 different histological types—Table 1) [13,20,21]. Thus, in ACC, the intensity of the uptake was variable with a mean Standard Uptake Value maximum (SUVmax, which is the tool to measure the intensity of uptake) ranging from 2.41 to 13.8 in cases of local recurrence and from 2.04 to 14.9 for distant metastases. For other salivary gland carcinomas, the mean SUVmax ranged from 1.2 to 12.5. A few teams have proposed treatment by RLT with [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 to patients who no longer have any conventional therapeutic options [14,22]. For this purpose, all the relevant studies containing information on [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 therapy in salivary gland cancer were included from Pubmed between 2018 and March 2023. We obtained three relevant publications: one case report [22], one retrospective study about six patients [23] and one retrospective study combining [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET CT and [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 therapy [24] (Table 2).

<table><caption>**Table 2.** Studies about [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 in salivary gland carcinoma. IHC: No: number; Im- munoHistoChemistry; PR: Partial Response; SD: Stable Disease; PD: Progressive Disease; NA: Not Applicable.</caption><thead><tr><th>Study Author (Year of Publication)</th><th>Type of Study</th><th>No. of Patients</th><th>Tumor Type</th><th>PSMA Expression (% by IHC)</th><th>[⁶⁸Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET CT</th><th>SUV Max</th><th>[¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617</th><th>No of Cycles</th><th>Response to Treatment</th><th>Toxicities</th><th>Dosimetry</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Has Simsek et al. 2019 [22]</td><td>Case report</td><td>1</td><td>ACC</td><td>No data</td><td>Yes (1)</td><td>No data</td><td>yes</td><td>1</td><td>Bone pain decrease</td><td>None</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Klein Nulent et al. 2021 [23]</td><td>Retrospective</td><td>6</td><td>ACC (4) Adenoma NOS (1) Acinic cell carcinoma (1)</td><td>5 to 95</td><td>Yes (6)</td><td>3.5 to 10.2</td><td>Yes</td><td>1 to 4</td><td>PR (1) SD (1) PD (3) NA (1)</td><td>Grade 1–2</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Civan et al. 2023 [24]</td><td>Retrospective</td><td>5 (from 28 for PET imaging)</td><td>ACC (4) Acinic cell carcinoma (1)</td><td>No data</td><td>Yes (28)</td><td>10.7 (average)</td><td>Yes (5 from 28)</td><td>1 to 6</td><td>SD (2) PD (1) NA (2)</td><td>SD (2) PD (1) NA (2) None</td><td>Yes (olinda/MIRD)</td></tr></tbody></table>

One publication showed good tolerance and the possible use of [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 in salivary gland carcinomas for which conventional treatment was no longer possible [23]. This retrospective study included patients with increasing tumor-related discomfort, either during active follow-up or referred for a second opinion, deemed irresectable and without other standard palliative treatment options. The eligibility of patients for [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 treatment was based on the outcome of two ways: analyzing the tumor tissue PSMA expression by immunohistochemistry and on the tumor uptake above the liver SUVmax on [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET-CT. In each case, the local multidisciplinary tumor board validated the treatment by [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617. Patients were treated in a compassionate use program with four courses of 6 to 7.4 GBq of [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 every 6 to 8 weeks, as commonly used for prostate treatment. Response to treatment was assessed by questionnaire and [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET-CT every two cycles. The [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET-CT assessment used a mix of RECIST and PERCIST type evaluation applied to this tracer [25,26]. In fact, in this study, the authors considered a progression disease with a cut-off of more than 30% of the SUVmax in the
hottest lesion and a decrease of more than 20% of the SUVmax in the hottest lesion for
partial response between the pre- and post-treatment imaging. Between the two situa-
tions, they considered the disease as stable, and a complete response corresponded to the
disappearance of all tumoral uptakes. In case of clinical or radiological progression, the
RLT was stopped. Six patients were treated. Two patients had a response to treatment
or disease considered stable for approximately 6 and 10 months, while the disease pro-
gressed rapidly in the other four patients. Treatment toxicities were mainly reported as
grade 1 and 2; only one case of grade 3 was observed with thrombocytopenia [27]. There
was no dosimetric study in this article. This admittedly modest study nevertheless paved
the way for [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 treatment in patients with salivary gland carcinoma as
a last resort. However, disease stabilization was shorter than that in the Phase III VISION
study on prostate cancer with a median progression-free survival from 3.4 to 8.7 months.
One of the explanations for these differences in results lies in both the lesser tracer
uptake in tumors (median SUVmax of 8.2 in this study versus 13.3 in the VISION trial)
and a lower number of cycles per patient (only two patients completed all four cycles in
this study versus a median of five cycles per patient in the VISIOSN trial) [16]. Another
recently published study included 28 salivary gland carcinoma metastatic patients and
analyzed the diagnostic performance of [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET-CT and dosimetry, effi-
cacy and safety of the [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 treatment in salivary gland malignancies [24].
This retrospective study analyzed [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET CT by two masked nuclear
medicine physicians in joint consensus sessions and an additional board-certified ra-
diologist for the CT reading session. All tumor images were classified as local tumor,
regional lymph nodes, non-regional lymph nodes, lung, bone, and other regions. In
each region, the tumors were classified into no evidence of disease, unifocal disease
(one lesion), oligometastatic disease (two to five lesions), multifocal disease (six to ten
lesions) and disseminated disease (more than ten lesions). The PSMA expression score
was assessed visually for each patient in accordance with the PROMISE criteria which
use blood pool, liver and parotid gland uptake as cut-off for low, intermediate and high
PSMA expression on [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET CT [28]. The RLT consisted in 6.8 ± 1.4GBq
of [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 administration every 6 weeks, and progression-free survival was
studied according to RECIST1.1 [26]. Post-therapeutic dosimetry of tumor lesion and
kidneys was calculated on post-therapeutic images with Single Photon Emission Com-
puted Tomography (SPECT CT) with four time points according to the OLINDA/MIRD
methods [29]. Twenty-four ACC, two adenocarcinoma, one acinic cell carcinoma and
one sebaceous carcinoma patients were included. Results showed a superiority of the
[⁶⁸Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET CT compared with the CT scan with additional metastatic lesion
in 11 patients with upstaging in 9 patients. The [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET CT detected
more lesions compared to the CT scan in terms of local tumor (4%), regional lymph nodes
(14%), distant lymph nodes (7%) and bone metastases (14%). The PSMA expression
score according to the PROMISE criteria was two in 15 patients, three in 6 patients and
less than two in 6 patients [28]. SUVmax was significantly higher for patients with a
primary tumor in minor salivary glands (12.8 vs. 9) and in metastatic bone metastases
(14.2 versus 6.4). The multidisciplinary tumor board validated the RLT option in each
case if bone marrow and kidney function were adequate and for intermediate PSMA
level expression in five patients. All these five patients had a tumor SUVmax superior to
liver uptake, and a personalized dosimetry after each cycle of treatment was performed
as previously described. The tumor dose and kidney dose were detailed for each patient
on two target lesions. The five patients followed a total of 11 cycles of RLT (1 to 6 cycles).
The tumor doses varied between 0.06 and 0.68 Gy/GBq and the kidney dose varied
between 0.32 and 0.39 Gy/GBq among the five patients. One patient stopped cycles of
treatment for insufficient tumor doses. No severe adverse events were noted and tumor
stabilization over more than 1 year was observed for only one patient. Despite the small
cohort and the number of patients treated, this retrospective study was able to identify
patients who benefitted from treatment by RLT with a good tolerance and a tumor re-
sponse. It is important to note than in this study, although high PSMA uptake was noted
both on [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET CT and post-therapeutic images, retention times and
tumor doses were lower and shorter than in prostate cancer, probably explaining the
reduced effectiveness of the treatment compared to the VISION trial. In this study, only
one patient of the five treated had a tumor stabilization over more than one year.

2.3. *First Compassionate Use of [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 in Salivary Gland Cancer in France*

It is in this context that we requested authorization from the French national drug
agency called “Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament” (ANSM) and from NO-
VARTIS for the compassionate use of [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 in a 56-year-old male patient
treated for progressive metastatic salivary carcinoma. Indeed, this patient was initially
diagnosed in 2018 with salivary duct carcinoma revealed by a cervical adenopathy
with suspicion of a right submaxillary lesion and a single costal involvement. Ini-
tial surgical treatment consisted in bilateral cervical lymph node dissection and a rib
metastatic resection.

Histopathologic findings suggested a salivary duct carcinoma without HER2 amplifi-
cation but with overexpression of the androgen receptor. Unfortunately, he soon developed
a new bone lesion in the pelvis and was administered carboplatin and taxotere chemother-
apy as a first-line therapy. Evaluation after three courses showed a residual bone lesion
for which a second-line treatment by immunotherapy (nivolumab) was prescribed. On
the other hand, complementary local treatment by external radiation of some residual
bone lesions was performed on the left iliac wing, left sacroiliac and the fifth thoracic
vertebra. The immunotherapy was continued for about 2 years with good tolerance and
no serious side effects. After an initial phase of stabilization of the disease, the therapeutic
evaluation after 20 cycles showed an essentially bony progression with persistent pain,
particularly in the pelvis. Since the primary tumor showed overexpression of androgen
receptors, a complete androgenic blockade (anti-androgens and LHRH agonists (castra-
tion)) was offered to the patient as third-line treatment. The first assessment after 3 months
of treatment with hormone therapy showed a stabilization of the disease correlated to a
clinical improvement with a decrease in bone pain. However, six months later, the bone
pain reappeared with a tendency for the bone metastases to progress. Unfortunately, we
especially observed a life-threatening lesion on the second cervical vertebra (C2) requiring
further radiation. Owing to previous radiation for a history of undifferentiated carcinoma
of nasopharyngeal type (UCNT) several years prior, the therapeutic options to control the
disease on C2 were limited, leading to combined treatment with a partial surgical resection
and underdosed radiation.

It was in this context of the progressive continuation of the disease without systemic
treatment possible as fourth-line therapy that treatment with [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 was
envisaged. This therapeutic option was recommended by the IUCT-Oncopole multidisci-
plinary tumor board to the extent that no other therapeutic treatment was available for a
young patient in good general condition.

In this perspective, first, it was necessary to evaluate the uptake of the disease on
68 [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET-CT (as previously explained in the context of theranostics) to
ensure that the rate of uptake would be sufficient to treat the patient by RLT. [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-
PSMA-11 PET-CT revealed significant uptake in all known secondary lesions (mainly bone
metastases) with a SUVmax of 10 for the hottest lesion localized in the left humeral head,
and a SUVmax of 3 in the least intense one on the fifth thoracic vertebra (T5). The vast
majority of lesions was more intense than in the liver, which presented a SUVmax of seven,
which made it possible to consider treatment by RLT according to the PROMISE criteria,
recently used as a reference for therapy by [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 [28]. Indeed, three quarters
of the lesions had a level of expression of PSMA according to these criteria greater than or
equal to two (Table 3)
As it is increasingly recommended now in RLT, we also performed a [¹⁸F]FDG (18F fluorodeoxyglucose) PET-CT. Indeed, [¹⁸F]FDG is the reference tracer to characterize tumor aggressiveness in almost all types of tumors, including well-differentiated tumors that may show an increased metastatic potential with dedifferentiation during their natural history (e.g., thyroid or prostate cancer). A SUVmax of 11.5 on this patient was localized on the lesion of the left humeral head and was the most intense one, and a SUVmax of 4.5 was identified on the right iliac wing and corresponded to the least intense one. In this context, compassionate use of [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 has been approved by Novartis and authorized by the ANSM. The patient consented to be treated after being informed of the benefit-risk ratio.

<table><caption>**Table 3.** miPSMA expression score according to the PROMISE criteria [28].</caption><thead><tr><td>Score</td><td>Reported PSMA Expression</td><td>Uptake</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>0</td><td>No</td><td>Below blood pool</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>Low</td><td>Equal to or above blood pool and lower than liver *</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>Intermediate</td><td>Equal to or above liver and lower than parotid gland</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>High</td><td>Equal to or above parotid gland</td></tr></tbody></table>

The first treatment was administered in the spring of 2022 with good clinical tolerance. The patient was treated every six weeks with a first evaluation after four courses (cumulative activity of 24.3 GBq of [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617). Clinically, the symptomatology improved with a decrease in self-assessed pelvic bone pain from five to one after one cycle and a decrease in asthenia. Toxicity remained low with grade 1 anemia (pre-existing to [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 treatment and related to previous treatments), grade 3 lymphopenia (without clinical repercussions and usually observed with such treatments) and grade 2 dry mouth (a frequently reported adverse effect in relation with the physiologic parotid gland uptake of PSMA) according to the National Cancer Institute Common terminology criteria for adverse events (CTCAE) version 5.0 [27]. We performed an imaging assessment after four courses of RLT. The imaging evaluation consisted in a functional one by [¹⁸F]FDG PET CT and a morphological one by CT scan. Imaging showed stable disease according to PERCIST criteria with no significant variation in SUVmax on the hottest lesion on 18FDG PET-CT before and after RLT [25]. However, the C2 uptake was more widespread, and a complementary cervical MRI confirmed the instability of the lesion. Due to the location of this metastasis, we decided to propose a neurosurgical stabilization that occurred after four cycles. Similarly, the CT scan showed a stable disease according to the RECIST criteria without no new lesions [26] (Figure 1).

In parallel, dosimetry was performed. After each cycle, we determined four time points and data from SPECT CT contouring some target metastases and healthy organ (kidney, medulla by the average of lumbar vertebrae 2, 3 and 4) using a dosimetry software (PlanetDose). After four courses, the cumulative dose was 942.3 mGy for the whole body, 9.8 Gy (0.39 Gy/GBq) for the left kidney, 10.6 Gy (0.43 Gy/GBq) for the right kidney, and 0.3 Gy (0.012 Gy/GBq) for the medulla. After three courses of treatment, the cumulative dose in the C2 lesion and the humerus lesion was 0.6 Gy (0.37 Gy/GBq) and 0.3 Gy (0.04 Gy/GBq), respectively. Considering the disease stabilization after four cycles, we obtained the authorization to follow RLT. The patient is currently under treatment with two additional courses in order to stabilize the disease.

<footnote>* For PSMA ligands with liver-dominant excretion (e.g., [¹⁸F]F-PSMA-1007) spleen is recommended as reference organ instead of liver.</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 1.** [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET-CT before (A) and after (B) 4 cycles of RLT by [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 with left humeral head lesion (black and white arrow).</figcaption></figure>

**3. Discussion**

Therapy for salivary gland cancer is challenging at a metastatic stage with few systemic options available, especially if targeted therapy or hormonal treatment are not feasible. All systemic treatments have several side effects that can often lead to discontinuation of the drug or a decrease in dosage and therefore effectiveness. In addition, it is difficult to control the disease for a long time, so other alternatives are needed. The first results of [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 treatment in castration-resistant prostate cancer are very encouraging. Indeed, toxicities are low with mainly only grade 1 and 2 side effects. In the Phase III VISION trial, there is a modest but real gain in overall survival (15.3 months versus 11.3 months under the best supportive care) and progression-free survival (8.7 months versus 3.4 months under the best supportive care) in last-line castration-resistant prostate cancer patients compared to that of the best supportive care [16].

Reports on the treatment of salivary gland cancers with [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 are few due to the rarity of the disease. However, they suggest that RLT is well-tolerated in this population, with interesting and encouraging results in metastatic disease after one or more lines of systemic treatment. However, as suggested in the recent study of Civan et al. [24], the rate of [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 uptake is lower and retention times of PSMA uptake are probably shorter than those in castration-resistant prostate cancer, so its efficacy is also lower due to a lower tumor dose received. As a result, large-scale dosimetric studies would be needed to evaluate the optimal doses for the effective uptake of [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 first in patients treated for prostate cancers. These data would allow determining the optimal anti-tumor dose required in prostate cancer. In future studies, the dosimetry could preferentially be applied to salivary gland carcinoma patients treated by RLT.

We could consider several options to improve the response of salivary gland carcinoma to RLT. The first one acts on the received dose, whatever the residence time, i.e., the increase in the administered activity would allow a higher activity within each tumor lesion. All this has to be balanced against the potential side effects induced by RLT, particularly radiation-induced cancers. The second option could be the use of radio-sensitizers or the association with other treatment such as chemotherapy during the courses of [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617.
Again, the cumulative toxicity of treatments must be taken into account in this option. The third track could be the use of alpha emitters combined with PSMA. This alpha therapy induces a deposit of energy much more important and on a much shorter range than with the ¹⁷⁷Lu, allowing both to irradiate more tumors and to better preserve healthy tissue (Table 4).

<table><caption>**Table 4.** Characteristics of alpha and beta particle radiation [30].</caption><thead><tr><th></th><th>Alpha Particle Radiation</th><th>Beta Particle Radiation</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Energy</td><td>5–9 meV</td><td>50–2300 keV</td></tr><tr><td>Range</td><td>40–100 um</td><td>0.05–12 mm</td></tr><tr><td>Linear energy transfer</td><td>80 keV/mm</td><td>0.2 keV/mm</td></tr><tr><td>Mass</td><td>4 amu</td><td>1/2000 amu</td></tr><tr><td>Charge</td><td>3.1 × 10<sup>-19</sup> C</td><td>1.6 × 10<sup>-19</sup> C</td></tr><tr><td>Penetrate power</td><td>10<sup>1</sup> mm Al, 3–8 cm air</td><td>5 mm Al, 1 mm lead</td></tr></tbody></table>

[²²⁵Ac]Ac-PSMA-617 was developed with the aim of offering a second RLT to patients who do not respond to [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617. [²²⁵Ac]Ac-PSMA-617 is already used in some countries and trials but with controversial effects regarding toxicity on salivary gland in particular [31,32]. Indeed, the first review from Lunger et al. [32] reports that [²²⁵Ac]Ac-PSMA-617 could be a promising alternative for patients developing progression under [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 but would induce mostly permanent xerostomia. Another more recent review [17] shows a low morbidity profile of [²²⁵Ac]Ac-PSMA-617 and a loss of efficacy in patients pre-treated with [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617. Further randomized controlled trials are required to clarify these data and position [²²⁵Ac]Ac-PSMA-617 in relation to [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617. New data concerning [²²⁵Ac]Ac-PSMA-617 therapy could make it possible to consider this treatment in salivary gland cancers and better assess the benefit-risk balance in this type of rare tumor.

A last option to improve local radiation and decrease toxicity could be locoregional application as used with the Selective Internal Radiation Therapy (SIRT) for hepatic primitive or secondary tumor treatment. This technique allows to bring by the arterial way as close as possible to the tumor radioactive beads, allowing high irradiation near the tumor while sparing a large part of the healthy organs (adjacent healthy liver in particular). In our cases, however, the disease presents distant metastases not only limited to an organ whose vascularization would be accessible. Therefore, this option does not appear to be applicable to metastatic salivary gland carcinoma.

These associations and other options for [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 might prove efficient and warrant further investigation. Other interesting ways to improve the efficacy of [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 in salivary gland carcinoma could also exist.

## 4. Conclusions

The scarce published data from the few patients treated with [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 and the patient treated on a compassionate basis in France are in favor of a trend towards stabilization of the disease. These results are encouraging in metastatic patients who have no further therapeutic recourse and would prompt the proposal of randomized multicenter studies including more patients. Indeed, [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 appears to be a promising therapeutic option as last-line treatment for metastatic salivary gland carcinoma, provided its uptake on [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET-CT is sufficient. Although treatment with [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 is currently problematic in France for administrative reasons, the prospect of treating patients with rare cancers at a metastatic stage such as salivary carcinomas opens up new therapeutic options and management strategies.
**5. Future Research**

There is now need for a Phase III study with dosimetric data comparing the efficacy of [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 to the best available treatment as last-line treatment for metastatic salivary gland carcinoma in order to determine the optimal tumor dose for higher efficacy. This type of study remains difficult to carry out because of the rarity of this type of tumor and the small number of centers with the possibility of using [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617. It would be interesting to evaluate the association of [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 and radio-sensitizers such as chemotherapy, the alpha PSMA therapy or the increase in [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 activity to improve the efficacy of RLT in salivary gland carcinomas with moderate uptake of PSMA. In the same way, it would be interesting to consider analyzing the combination of RLT with other systemic treatments already used in these types of cancers, notably hormonal therapies and targeted therapy. This type of large-scale study requires a lot of time and the participation of many centers to obtain reliable results and lead to the use of [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 in these indications. Consideration should also be given to competitive access to RLT for rare cancers to allow patients without therapeutic recourse to have access to this treatment. Such access has to be controlled and monitored by the competent authorities to ensure that there is a benefit-risk balance in favor of the treatment.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, M.T. and F.C., methodology, M.T., C.L. and D.V., software, D.V., validation, C.L., T.C.-M., J.-S.T., L.V., M.K. and F.C.; formal analysis, J.-S.T., D.V. and C.L., investigation, M.T., resources, M.T. and L.V., data curation, M.T., C.L. and D.V., writing—original draft preparation, M.T., writing—review and editing, M.T., visualization, M.T. and T.C.-M., supervision, T.C.-M., F.C. and J.-P.D.; project administration F.C., funding acquisition, F.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research received no external funding. Novartis approved the compassionate use of [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617.

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Ethical review and approval were waived for this study because, as mandatory in France for oncological treatment, the therapeutic option with RLT in last-line treatment was recommended and validated by the IUCT Oncopole tumor board.

**Informed Consent Statement:** Written informed consent has been obtained from the patient(s) to publish this paper.

**Data Availability Statement:** The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to ethical restriction.

**Acknowledgments:** We would like to acknowledge the very accurate and detailed evaluation of our dossier for compassionate use submitted to the French national drug agency (ANSM) by Yanna Chevalme Pharm D responsible for diagnostic products and radiopharmaceuticals at ANSM and Ata Alshawi for his patience and confidence in our team.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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