476
477

<table><caption>**Table A.3:** Main characteristics of the included publications</caption><thead><tr><td>Description</td><td>Results</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Timespan</td><td>01/01/2005 to 12/31/2024</td></tr><tr><td>Sources (journals, books, etc.)</td><td>424</td></tr><tr><td>Number of publications</td><td>931</td></tr><tr><td>Annual growth rate %</td><td>31.7</td></tr><tr><td>Publication average age</td><td>3.48</td></tr><tr><td>Total number of citations</td><td>26623</td></tr><tr><td>Average citations per publication</td><td>28.6</td></tr><tr><td>Average citations per year per publication</td><td>4.04</td></tr><tr><td>Number of references</td><td>56641</td></tr><tr><td>Number of keywords plus (ID)</td><td>2401</td></tr><tr><td>Number of author's keywords (DE)</td><td>1228</td></tr><tr><td>Number of authors</td><td>4529</td></tr><tr><td>Number of author appearances</td><td>7815</td></tr><tr><td>Number of authors of single-authored publications</td><td>45 (0.99%)</td></tr><tr><td>Number of single-authored publications</td><td>34 (3.65%)</td></tr><tr><td>Number of publications per author</td><td>0.21</td></tr><tr><td>Number of co-authors per publication</td><td>8.39</td></tr><tr><td>International co-authorships (%)</td><td>44.6</td></tr><tr><td>Number of primary authorships for females</td><td>471 (50.5%)</td></tr><tr><td>Number of primary authorships for males</td><td>461 (49.5%)</td></tr><tr><td>Number of senior authorships for females*</td><td>318 (35.5%)</td></tr><tr><td>Number of senior authorships for males*</td><td>579 (64.5%)</td></tr><tr><td>Number of citations for female first authors</td><td>10967 (41.2%)</td></tr><tr><td>Number of citations for female senior authors*</td><td>6294 (23.6%)</td></tr><tr><td>Number of citations for male first authors</td><td>10958 (41.2%)</td></tr><tr><td>Number of citations for male senior authors*</td><td>15631 (58.7%)</td></tr></tbody></table>

478

479

*Note:* Keywords plus is the total number of keywords that frequently appear in the title of a publication.

480

*excluding single-authored publications
<table><caption>481 Table A.4: The most productive countries in the human exposome research field</caption><thead><tr><th>Country</th><th>Continent</th><th>Publication start</th><th>Publication end</th><th>Number of publications (%)</th><th>Total citation</th><th>Local citation (%)</th><th>Average citation per year</th><th>Mean AGR</th><th>Fractionalized frequency (%)</th><th>h-index</th><th>g-index</th><th>m-index</th><th>Scientific production per GDP</th><th>Scientific production per population</th><th>Scientific production per researchers in R&D (per million people)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>USA</td><td>North America</td><td>2010</td><td>2024</td><td>430 (46.2)</td><td>15049</td><td>1562 (10.4)</td><td>1003.3</td><td>51.2</td><td>284</td><td>64</td><td>105</td><td>4</td><td>1.7e-11</td><td>1.3e-06</td><td>0.09</td></tr><tr><td>France</td><td>Europe</td><td>2010</td><td>2024</td><td>199 (21.4)</td><td>6937</td><td>1142 (16.5)</td><td>462.5</td><td>41</td><td>86.5</td><td>42</td><td>78</td><td>2.62</td><td>7.2e-11</td><td>2.9e-06</td><td>0.04</td></tr><tr><td>UK</td><td>Europe</td><td>2005</td><td>2024</td><td>175 (18.8)</td><td>7133</td><td>763 (10.7)</td><td>356.7</td><td>33.9</td><td>53.1</td><td>42</td><td>80</td><td>2</td><td>5.7e-11</td><td>2.6e-06</td><td>0.04</td></tr><tr><td>Spain</td><td>Europe</td><td>2012</td><td>2024</td><td>160 (17.2)</td><td>4822</td><td>711 (14.7)</td><td>370.9</td><td>63</td><td>58.7</td><td>41</td><td>65</td><td>2.93</td><td>1.1e-10</td><td>3.4e-06</td><td>0.05</td></tr><tr><td>The Netherlands</td><td>Europe</td><td>2012</td><td>2024</td><td>129 (13.9)</td><td>4759</td><td>657 (13.8)</td><td>366.1</td><td>24.7</td><td>40.8</td><td>37</td><td>67</td><td>2.64</td><td>1.3e-10</td><td>7.3e-06</td><td>0.02</td></tr><tr><td>Italy</td><td>Europe</td><td>2013</td><td>2024</td><td>99 (10.6)</td><td>3076</td><td>256 (8.33)</td><td>256.3</td><td>53.2</td><td>46.7</td><td>27</td><td>54</td><td>2.08</td><td>4.9e-11</td><td>1.7e-06</td><td>0.04</td></tr><tr><td>China</td><td>Asia</td><td>2013</td><td>2024</td><td>88 (9.45)</td><td>1148</td><td>75 (6.53)</td><td>95.7</td><td>28.2</td><td>58.2</td><td>20</td><td>32</td><td>1.54</td><td>4.9e-12</td><td>6.2e-08</td><td>0.06</td></tr><tr><td>Germany</td><td>Europe</td><td>2012</td><td>2024</td><td>78 (8.38)</td><td>2111</td><td>201 (9.52)</td><td>162.4</td><td>11.4</td><td>33.2</td><td>24</td><td>44</td><td>1.71</td><td>1.9e-11</td><td>9.3e-07</td><td>0.01</td></tr><tr><td>Greece</td><td>Europe</td><td>2012</td><td>2024</td><td>77 (8.27)</td><td>2989</td><td>480 (16.1)</td><td>229.9</td><td>44.3</td><td>17.9</td><td>30</td><td>53</td><td>2.14</td><td>3.5e-10</td><td>7.3e-06</td><td>0.02</td></tr><tr><td>Norway</td><td>Europe</td><td>2014</td><td>2024</td><td>64 (6.87)</td><td>2161</td><td>416 (19.3)</td><td>196.5</td><td>0.45</td><td>9.07</td><td>25</td><td>46</td><td>2.08</td><td>1.1e-10</td><td>1.2e-05</td><td>9.6e-03</td></tr><tr><td>Canada</td><td>North America</td><td>2014</td><td>2024</td><td>52 (5.59)</td><td>1780</td><td>131 (7.36)</td><td>161.8</td><td>67.2</td><td>28.9</td><td>22</td><td>42</td><td>1.83</td><td>2.4e-11</td><td>1.3e-06</td><td>0.01</td></tr><tr><td>Lithuania</td><td>Europe</td><td>2014</td><td>2024</td><td>47 (5.05)</td><td>2013</td><td>386 (19.2)</td><td>183.0</td><td>-4.81</td><td>6.37</td><td>24</td><td>44</td><td>2</td><td>6.7e-10</td><td>1.7e-05</td><td>0.01</td></tr><tr><td>Sweden</td><td>Europe</td><td>2012</td><td>2024</td><td>45 (4.83)</td><td>733</td><td>74 (10.1)</td><td>56.4</td><td>39.6</td><td>15.2</td><td>15</td><td>26</td><td>1.07</td><td>7.7e-11</td><td>4.3e-06</td><td>5.7e-03</td></tr><tr><td>Australia</td><td>Oceania</td><td>2013</td><td>2024</td><td>44 (4.73)</td><td>1041</td><td>80 (7.68)</td><td>86.8</td><td>11.9</td><td>14.7</td><td>18</td><td>31</td><td>1.38</td><td>2.6e-11</td><td>1.7e-06</td><td>9.7e-03</td></tr><tr><td>Belgium</td><td>Europe</td><td>2015</td><td>2024</td><td>43 (4.62)</td><td>1105</td><td>132 (11.9)</td><td>110.5</td><td>52.1</td><td>12.6</td><td>16</td><td>33</td><td>1.45</td><td>7.4e-11</td><td>3.7e-06</td><td>7.5e-03</td></tr><tr><td>Switzerland</td><td>Europe</td><td>2011</td><td>2024</td><td>34 (3.65)</td><td>1048</td><td>57 (5.44)</td><td>74.9</td><td>-12</td><td>11.1</td><td>15</td><td>32</td><td>1</td><td>4.2e-11</td><td>3.9e-06</td><td>6.1e-03</td></tr><tr><td>Austria</td><td>Europe</td><td>2013</td><td>2024</td><td>33 (3.54)</td><td>919</td><td>121 (13.2)</td><td>76.6</td><td>11.9</td><td>15</td><td>17</td><td>30</td><td>1.31</td><td>7e-11</td><td>3.7e-06</td><td>5.6e-03</td></tr><tr><td>Denmark</td><td>Europe</td><td>2015</td><td>2024</td><td>25 (2.69)</td><td>418</td><td>58 (13.9)</td><td>41.8</td><td>-15.7</td><td>6.5</td><td>11</td><td>20</td><td>1</td><td>6.3e-11</td><td>4.2e-06</td><td>3.2e-03</td></tr><tr><td>Finland</td><td>Europe</td><td>2018</td><td>2024</td><td>19 (2.04)</td><td>247</td><td>48 (19.4)</td><td>35.3</td><td>15.7</td><td>6.06</td><td>8</td><td>15</td><td>1</td><td>6.8e-11</td><td>3.4e-06</td><td>2.4e-03</td></tr><tr><td>Singapore</td><td>Asia</td><td>2017</td><td>2023</td><td>19 (2.04)</td><td>457</td><td>56 (12.3)</td><td>65.3</td><td>-13.1</td><td>7.52</td><td>10</td><td>19</td><td>1.11</td><td>4.1e-11</td><td>3.4e-06</td><td>2.6e-03</td></tr><tr><td>Brazil</td><td>South America</td><td>2017</td><td>2024</td><td>18 (1.93)</td><td>441</td><td>4 (0.907)</td><td>55.1</td><td>19.6</td><td>8.33</td><td>11</td><td>18</td><td>1.22</td><td>9.4e-12</td><td>8.4e-08</td><td>0.02</td></tr><tr><td>India</td><td>Asia</td><td>2020</td><td>2024</td><td>15 (1.61)</td><td>249</td><td>12 (4.82)</td><td>49.8</td><td>26.7</td><td>11.1</td><td>6</td><td>15</td><td>1</td><td>4.4e-12</td><td>1.1e-08</td><td>0.06</td></tr><tr><td>Ireland</td><td>Europe</td><td>2017</td><td>2024</td><td>14 (1.5)</td><td>281</td><td>18 (6.41)</td><td>35.1</td><td>2.08</td><td>5.41</td><td>7</td><td>14</td><td>0.778</td><td>2.7e-11</td><td>2.8e-06</td><td>2.6e-03</td></tr><tr><td>South Korea</td><td>Asia</td><td>2016</td><td>2024</td><td>13 (1.4)</td><td>268</td><td>5 (1.87)</td><td>29.8</td><td>-7.41</td><td>9.25</td><td>6</td><td>13</td><td>0.6</td><td>7.2e-12</td><td>2.5e-07</td><td>1.5e-03</td></tr><tr><td>Luxembourg</td><td>Europe</td><td>2020</td><td>2024</td><td>13 (1.4)</td><td>584</td><td>139 (23.8)</td><td>116.8</td><td>31.7</td><td>6.13</td><td>6</td><td>13</td><td>1</td><td>1.6e-10</td><td>2e-05</td><td>2.4e-03</td></tr><tr><td>Poland</td><td>Europe</td><td>2017</td><td>2024</td><td>13 (1.4)</td><td>441</td><td>42 (9.52)</td><td>55.1</td><td>2.08</td><td>5.41</td><td>8</td><td>13</td><td>0.889</td><td>1.9e-11</td><td>3.5e-07</td><td>4e-03</td></tr><tr><td>Cyprus</td><td>Europe</td><td>2018</td><td>2023</td><td>12 (1.29)</td><td>151</td><td>50 (33.1)</td><td>25.2</td><td>-25</td><td>7.24</td><td>6</td><td>12</td><td>0.75</td><td>4.2e-10</td><td>9.6e-06</td><td>7.1e-03</td></tr><tr><td>Czech Republic</td><td>Europe</td><td>2020</td><td>2024</td><td>12 (1.29)</td><td>182</td><td>57 (31.3)</td><td>36.4</td><td>86.7</td><td>4.25</td><td>6</td><td>12</td><td>1</td><td>4.1e-11</td><td>1.1e-06</td><td>2.9e-03</td></tr><tr><td>Japan</td><td>Asia</td><td>2017</td><td>2024</td><td>12 (1.29)</td><td>365</td><td>6 (1.64)</td><td>45.6</td><td>30</td><td>6.59</td><td>8</td><td>12</td><td>0.889</td><td>2.8e-12</td><td>9.6e-08</td><td>2.2e-03</td></tr><tr><td>Slovenia</td><td>Europe</td><td>2018</td><td>2024</td><td>10 (1.07)</td><td>151</td><td>34 (22.5)</td><td>21.6</td><td>-2.38</td><td>3.11</td><td>7</td><td>10</td><td>0.875</td><td>1.6e-10</td><td>4.7e-06</td><td>2e-03</td></tr><tr><td>South Africa</td><td>Africa</td><td>2019</td><td>2024</td><td>10 (1.07)</td><td>93</td><td>6 (6.45)</td><td>15.5</td><td>58.3</td><td>3.43</td><td>5</td><td>9</td><td>0.714</td><td>2.5e-11</td><td>1.7e-07</td><td>0.02</td></tr><tr><td>Turkey</td><td>Europe</td><td>2019</td><td>2022</td><td>10 (1.07)</td><td>457</td><td>18 (3.94)</td><td>114.3</td><td>47.5</td><td>2.31</td><td>9</td><td>10</td><td>1.29</td><td>1.1e-11</td><td>1.2e-07</td><td>5.6e-03</td></tr><tr><td>Mexico</td><td>North America</td><td>2018</td><td>2024</td><td>8 (0.86)</td><td>137</td><td>4 (2.92)</td><td>19.6</td><td>-39.3</td><td>3.9</td><td>5</td><td>8</td><td>0.625</td><td>5.7e-12</td><td>6.3e-08</td><td>0.02</td></tr><tr><td>Portugal</td><td>Europe</td><td>2017</td><td>2024</td><td>8 (0.86)</td><td>183</td><td>3 (1.64)</td><td>22.9</td><td>-25</td><td>4.53</td><td>5</td><td>8</td><td>0.556</td><td>3.2e-11</td><td>7.7e-07</td><td>1.5e-03</td></tr><tr><td>Romania</td><td>Europe</td><td>2018</td><td>2024</td><td>7 (0.75)</td><td>245</td><td>21 (8.57)</td><td>35.0</td><td>0</td><td>2.72</td><td>4</td><td>7</td><td>0.5</td><td>2.3e-11</td><td>3.7e-07</td><td>5.3e-03</td></tr><tr><td>Chile</td><td>South America</td><td>2022</td><td>2024</td><td>6 (0.64)</td><td>49</td><td>0 (0)</td><td>16.3</td><td>11.1</td><td>2.61</td><td>4</td><td>6</td><td>1</td><td>2e-11</td><td>3.1e-07</td><td>0.01</td></tr><tr><td>Russian federation</td><td>Europe-Asia</td><td>2018</td><td>2023</td><td>6 (0.64)</td><td>141</td><td>3 (2.13)</td><td>23.5</td><td>-8.33</td><td>2.96</td><td>4</td><td>6</td><td>0.5</td><td>2.7e-12</td><td>4.2e-08</td><td>1.6e-03</td></tr><tr><td>North Macedonia</td><td>Europe</td><td>2021</td><td>2023</td><td>5 (0.54)</td><td>31</td><td>9 (29)</td><td>10.3</td><td>33.3</td><td>0.671</td><td>3</td><td>5</td><td>0.6</td><td>3.7e-10</td><td>2.4e-06</td><td>5.8e-03</td></tr><tr><td>Serbia</td><td>Europe</td><td>2019</td><td>2023</td><td>5 (0.54)</td><td>196</td><td>9 (4.59)</td><td>39.2</td><td>-30</td><td>1.05</td><td>4</td><td>5</td><td>0.571</td><td>7.9e-11</td><td>7.4e-07</td><td>2.3e-03</td></tr><tr><td>Bulgaria</td><td>Europe</td><td>2021</td><td>2023</td><td>4 (0.43)</td><td>18</td><td>4 (22.2)</td><td>6.00</td><td>33.3</td><td>1.49</td><td>2</td><td>4</td><td>0.4</td><td>4.5e-11</td><td>6.2e-07</td><td>1.7e-03</td></tr><tr><td>Colombia</td><td>South America</td><td>2018</td><td>2024</td><td>4 (0.43)</td><td>39</td><td>1 (2.56)</td><td>5.57</td><td>0</td><td>2.17</td><td>2</td><td>4</td><td>0.25</td><td>1.2e-11</td><td>7.7e-08</td><td>0.04</td></tr><tr><td>Croatia</td><td>Europe</td><td>2018</td><td>2024</td><td>4 (0.43)</td><td>91</td><td>20 (22)</td><td>13.0</td><td>-28.6</td><td>0.586</td><td>3</td><td>4</td><td>0.375</td><td>5.6e-11</td><td>1e-06</td><td>1.8e-03</td></tr><tr><td>Israel</td><td>Asia</td><td>2013</td><td>2024</td><td>4 (0.43)</td><td>49</td><td>6 (12.2)</td><td>4.08</td><td>-16.7</td><td>1.58</td><td>2</td><td>4</td><td>0.154</td><td>7.7e-12</td><td>4.2e-07</td><td>no data</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>482 Note: AGR: annual growth rate, GDP: gross domestic product. Please refer to the beginning of the supplemental materials for the definition of the bibliometric indices.</caption><tr><td>Egypt</td><td>Africa</td><td>2021</td><td>2023</td><td>3 (0.32)</td><td>16</td><td>2 (12.5)</td><td>5.33</td><td>0</td><td>2.2</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>0.4</td><td>7.1e-12</td><td>2.8e-08</td><td>3.6e-03</td></tr><tr><td>Hungary</td><td>Europe</td><td>2020</td><td>2023</td><td>3 (0.32)</td><td>508</td><td>134 (26.4)</td><td>127.0</td><td>-25</td><td>0.708</td><td>3</td><td>3</td><td>0.5</td><td>1.7e-11</td><td>3.1e-07</td><td>6.9e-04</td></tr><tr><td>Nigeria</td><td>Africa</td><td>2022</td><td>2023</td><td>3 (0.32)</td><td>30</td><td>11 (36.7)</td><td>15.0</td><td>-25</td><td>1.5</td><td>3</td><td>3</td><td>0.75</td><td>6.3e-12</td><td>1.4e-08</td><td>0.08</td></tr><tr><td>Thailand</td><td>Asia</td><td>2023</td><td>2024</td><td>3 (0.32)</td><td>4</td><td>0 (0)</td><td>2.00</td><td>50</td><td>0.56</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>0.333</td><td>6.1e-12</td><td>4.2e-08</td><td>1.7e-03</td></tr><tr><td>Burkina Faso</td><td>Africa</td><td>2023</td><td>2024</td><td>2 (0.22)</td><td>3</td><td>1 (33.3)</td><td>1.50</td><td>0</td><td>0.5</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>0.333</td><td>1.1e-10</td><td>8.8e-08</td><td>0.04</td></tr><tr><td>Iran</td><td>Asia</td><td>2024</td><td>2024</td><td>2 (0.22)</td><td>2</td><td>0 (0)</td><td>2.00</td><td>0</td><td>0.75</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>0.5</td><td>5.6e-12</td><td>2.3e-08</td><td>1.2e-03</td></tr><tr><td>Kenya</td><td>Africa</td><td>2016</td><td>2019</td><td>2 (0.22)</td><td>25</td><td>1 (4)</td><td>6.25</td><td>-25</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>0.2</td><td>1.8e-11</td><td>3.7e-08</td><td>9e-03</td></tr><tr><td>Malaysia</td><td>Asia</td><td>2024</td><td>2024</td><td>2 (0.22)</td><td>1</td><td>0 (0)</td><td>1.00</td><td>0</td><td>1.17</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>0.5</td><td>4.9e-12</td><td>5.9e-08</td><td>8.4e-04</td></tr><tr><td>New Zealand</td><td>Oceania</td><td>2018</td><td>2021</td><td>2 (0.22)</td><td>24</td><td>1 (4.17)</td><td>6.00</td><td>-25</td><td>1.33</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>0.25</td><td>8.1e-12</td><td>3.9e-07</td><td>3.4e-04</td></tr><tr><td>Suriname</td><td>South America</td><td>2022</td><td>2024</td><td>2 (0.22)</td><td>7</td><td>0 (0)</td><td>2.33</td><td>-33.3</td><td>0.833</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>0.5</td><td>5.5e-10</td><td>3.2e-06</td><td>no data</td></tr><tr><td>United Arab Emirates</td><td>Asia</td><td>2019</td><td>2019</td><td>2 (0.22)</td><td>6</td><td>0 (0)</td><td>6.00</td><td>0</td><td>0.583</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>0.143</td><td>3.9e-12</td><td>2.1e-07</td><td>8.2e-04</td></tr><tr><td>Uruguay</td><td>South America</td><td>2020</td><td>2022</td><td>2 (0.22)</td><td>45</td><td>3 (6.67)</td><td>15.0</td><td>-33.3</td><td>0.643</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>0.333</td><td>2.8e-11</td><td>5.8e-07</td><td>2.6e-03</td></tr><tr><td>Costa Rica</td><td>South America</td><td>2020</td><td>2020</td><td>1 (0.11)</td><td>14</td><td>0 (0)</td><td>14.0</td><td>0</td><td>0.333</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>0.167</td><td>1.5e-11</td><td>1.9e-07</td><td>1.8e-03</td></tr><tr><td>Cuba</td><td>North America</td><td>2019</td><td>2019</td><td>1 (0.11)</td><td>43</td><td>0 (0)</td><td>43.0</td><td>0</td><td>0.125</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>0.143</td><td>9.3e-12</td><td>8.9e-08</td><td>no data</td></tr><tr><td>Estonia</td><td>Europe</td><td>2021</td><td>2021</td><td>1 (0.11)</td><td>24</td><td>9 (37.5)</td><td>24.0</td><td>0</td><td>0.111</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>0.2</td><td>2.6e-11</td><td>7.4e-07</td><td>2.6e-04</td></tr><tr><td>Ethiopia</td><td>Africa</td><td>2024</td><td>2024</td><td>1 (0.11)</td><td>1</td><td>0 (0)</td><td>1.00</td><td>0</td><td>0.167</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>0.5</td><td>7.9e-12</td><td>8.1e-09</td><td>0.01</td></tr><tr><td>Iceland</td><td>Europe</td><td>2022</td><td>2022</td><td>1 (0.11)</td><td>12</td><td>4 (33.3)</td><td>12.0</td><td>0</td><td>0.25</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>0.25</td><td>3.6e-11</td><td>2.6e-06</td><td>1.3e-04</td></tr><tr><td>Iraq</td><td>Asia</td><td>2022</td><td>2022</td><td>1 (0.11)</td><td>10</td><td>5 (50)</td><td>10.0</td><td>0</td><td>0.5</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>0.25</td><td>3.8e-12</td><td>2.3e-08</td><td>2.3e-03</td></tr><tr><td>Liberia</td><td>Africa</td><td>2024</td><td>2024</td><td>1 (0.11)</td><td>1</td><td>0 (0)</td><td>1.00</td><td>0</td><td>0.5</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>0.5</td><td>2.5e-10</td><td>1.9e-07</td><td>no data</td></tr><tr><td>Malawi</td><td>Africa</td><td>2021</td><td>2021</td><td>1 (0.11)</td><td>8</td><td>1 (12.5)</td><td>8.00</td><td>0</td><td>0.25</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>0.2</td><td>7.6e-11</td><td>4.9e-08</td><td>0.02</td></tr><tr><td>Malta</td><td>Europe</td><td>2020</td><td>2020</td><td>1 (0.11)</td><td>20</td><td>1 (5)</td><td>20.0</td><td>0</td><td>0.333</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>0.167</td><td>5.6e-11</td><td>1.9e-06</td><td>4.4e-04</td></tr><tr><td>Mauritius</td><td>Africa</td><td>2022</td><td>2022</td><td>1 (0.11)</td><td>4</td><td>0 (0)</td><td>4.00</td><td>0</td><td>0.333</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>0.25</td><td>7.8e-11</td><td>7.9e-07</td><td>1.8e-03</td></tr><tr><td>Mongolia</td><td>Asia</td><td>2023</td><td>2023</td><td>1 (0.11)</td><td>10</td><td>0 (0)</td><td>10.0</td><td>0</td><td>0.333</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>0.333</td><td>6e-11</td><td>2.9e-07</td><td>3e-03</td></tr><tr><td>Peru</td><td>South America</td><td>2021</td><td>2021</td><td>1 (0.11)</td><td>28</td><td>1 (3.57)</td><td>28.0</td><td>0</td><td>0.2</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>0.2</td><td>4.1e-12</td><td>2.9e-08</td><td>no data</td></tr><tr><td>Qatar</td><td>Asia</td><td>2018</td><td>2018</td><td>1 (0.11)</td><td>151</td><td>75 (49.7)</td><td>151.0</td><td>0</td><td>0.111</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>0.125</td><td>4.2e-12</td><td>3.7e-07</td><td>1.7e-03</td></tr><tr><td>Saudi Arabia</td><td>Asia</td><td>2014</td><td>2014</td><td>1 (0.11)</td><td>256</td><td>0 (0)</td><td>256.0</td><td>0</td><td>0.111</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>0.0833</td><td>9e-13</td><td>2.8e-08</td><td>2.2e-03</td></tr><tr><td>Syria</td><td>Asia</td><td>2023</td><td>2023</td><td>1 (0.11)</td><td>2</td><td>0 (0)</td><td>2.00</td><td>0</td><td>0.5</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>0.333</td><td>9e-11</td><td>4.5e-08</td><td>0.01</td></tr><tr><td>Uganda</td><td>Africa</td><td>2022</td><td>2022</td><td>1 (0.11)</td><td>23</td><td>0 (0)</td><td>23.0</td><td>0</td><td>0.143</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>0.25</td><td>2.2e-11</td><td>2.1e-08</td><td>0.03</td></tr></table>
<table><caption>**Table A.5:** Top 30 of the most cited publications in the human exposome research field</caption><thead><tr><th>Publication</th><th>Publication year</th><th>Journal</th><th>DOI</th><th>Total citation</th><th>Local citation (%)</th><th>Average citation per year</th><th>Main theme</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Wild, 2005 [6]</td><td>2005</td><td>Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev</td><td>10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0456</td><td>1457</td><td>0 (0)</td><td>72.8</td><td>Cancer, omics</td></tr><tr><td>Wild, 2012 [7]</td><td>2012</td><td>Int J Epidemiol</td><td>10.1093/ije/dyr236</td><td>786</td><td>262 (33.3)</td><td>60.5</td><td>Epidemiology</td></tr><tr><td>Nikolich-Zugich, 2018 [8]</td><td>2018</td><td>Nat Immunol</td><td>10.1038/s41590-017-0006-x</td><td>678</td><td>0 (0)</td><td>96.9</td><td>Aging, immune system</td></tr><tr><td>Vermeulen et al. 2020 [9]</td><td>2020</td><td>Science</td><td>10.1126/science.aay3164</td><td>486</td><td>127 (26.1)</td><td>97.2</td><td>Chemicals, HRMS</td></tr><tr><td>Krutmann et al. 2017 [10]</td><td>2017</td><td>J Dermatol Sci</td><td>10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.09.015</td><td>447</td><td>30 (6.71)</td><td>55.9</td><td>Skin aging</td></tr><tr><td>Rappaport, 2011 [11]</td><td>2011</td><td>J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol</td><td>10.1038/jes.2010.50</td><td>302</td><td>0 (0)</td><td>21.6</td><td>Exposure science</td></tr><tr><td>Gacesa et al. 2022 [12]</td><td>2022</td><td>Nature</td><td>10.1038/s41586-022-04567-7</td><td>283</td><td>2 (0.71)</td><td>94.3</td><td>Gut microbiome</td></tr><tr><td>Davis et al. 2023 [13]</td><td>2022</td><td>Nucleic Acids Res</td><td>10.1093/nar/gkac833</td><td>267</td><td>0 (0)</td><td>89.0</td><td>Toxicogenomics</td></tr><tr><td>Go et al. 2015 [14]</td><td>2015</td><td>Free Radic Biol Med</td><td>10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.03.022</td><td>264</td><td>0 (0)</td><td>26.4</td><td>Cysteine proteome</td></tr><tr><td>Miller and O'Callaghan, 2015 [15]</td><td>2015</td><td>Metabolism</td><td>10.1016/j.metabol.2014.10.030</td><td>262</td><td>0 (0)</td><td>26.2</td><td>Parkinson's disease, biomarkers</td></tr><tr><td>Rappaport et al. 2014 [16]</td><td>2014</td><td>Environ Health Perspect</td><td>10.1289/ehp.1308015</td><td>257</td><td>0 (0)</td><td>23.4</td><td>Blood exposome</td></tr><tr><td>Vrijheid et al. 2014 [17]</td><td>2014</td><td>Environ Health Perspect</td><td>10.1289/ehp.1307204</td><td>256</td><td>0 (0)</td><td>23.3</td><td>Early-life, omics</td></tr><tr><td>Vrijens et al. 2015 [18]</td><td>2015</td><td>Environ Health Perspect</td><td>10.1289/ehp.1408459</td><td>245</td><td>0 (0)</td><td>24.5</td><td>MicroRNAs</td></tr><tr><td>Burbank et al. 2017 [19]</td><td>2017</td><td>J Allergy Clin Immunol</td><td>10.1016/j.jaci.2017.05.010</td><td>204</td><td>0 (0)</td><td>25.5</td><td>Early-life, allergy, asthma</td></tr><tr><td>Jones et al. 2012 [20]</td><td>2012</td><td>Annu Rev Nutr</td><td>10.1146/annurev-nutr-072610-145159</td><td>200</td><td>14 (7)</td><td>15.4</td><td>Metabolomics, diet</td></tr><tr><td>Vrijheid, 2014 [21]</td><td>2014</td><td>Thorax</td><td>10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-204949</td><td>194</td><td>56 (28.9)</td><td>17.6</td><td>Epidemiology</td></tr><tr><td>Wishart et al. 2015 [22]</td><td>2015</td><td>Nucleic Acids Res</td><td>10.1093/nar/gku1004</td><td>188</td><td>28 (14.9)</td><td>18.8</td><td>Chemicals, toxicology</td></tr><tr><td>Vineis et al. 2017 [23]</td><td>2017</td><td>Int J Hyg Environ Health</td><td>10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.08.001</td><td>184</td><td>0 (0)</td><td>23.0</td><td>Omics, EWAS</td></tr><tr><td>Ugai et al. 2022 [24]</td><td>2022</td><td>Nat Rev Clin Oncol</td><td>10.1038/s41571-022-00672-8</td><td>184</td><td>2 (1.09)</td><td>61.3</td><td>Early-life, cancer</td></tr><tr><td>Celebi Sozener et al. 2022 [25]</td><td>2022</td><td>Allergy</td><td>10.1111/all.15240</td><td>183</td><td>4 (2.19)</td><td>61.0</td><td>Epithelial barrier, allergy</td></tr><tr><td>Kumar et al. 2020 [26]</td><td>2020</td><td>Front Public Health</td><td>10.3389/fpubh.2020.553850</td><td>172</td><td>1 (0.58)</td><td>34.4</td><td>EDCs, non-communicable diseases</td></tr><tr><td>Uppal et al. 2016 [27]</td><td>2016</td><td>Chem Res Toxicol</td><td>10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00179</td><td>170</td><td>25 (14.7)</td><td>18.9</td><td>Metabolomics</td></tr><tr><td>Go et al. 2015 [28]</td><td>2015</td><td>Toxicol Sci</td><td>10.1093/toxsci/kfv198</td><td>169</td><td>27 (16.0)</td><td>16.9</td><td>Metabolomics, HRMS</td></tr><tr><td>Rappaport, 2016 [29]</td><td>2016</td><td>PLoS One</td><td>10.1371/journal.pone.0154387</td><td>157</td><td>41 (26.1)</td><td>17.4</td><td>GWAS, EWAS</td></tr><tr><td>Wild et al. 2013 [30]</td><td>2013</td><td>Environ Mol Mutagen</td><td>10.1002/em.21777</td><td>156</td><td>32 (20.5)</td><td>13.0</td><td>Omics, cancer</td></tr><tr><td>Maitre et al. 2018 [31]</td><td>2018</td><td>BMJ Open</td><td>10.1136/bmjopen-2017-021311</td><td>151</td><td>75 (49.7)</td><td>21.6</td><td>Early-life, omics, allergy, asthma</td></tr><tr><td>Lochhead et al. 2015 [32]</td><td>2015</td><td>Mod Pathol</td><td>10.1038/modpathol.2014.81</td><td>148</td><td>0 (0)</td><td>14.8</td><td>Etiologic field effect, cancer</td></tr><tr><td>Janssen et al. 2015 [33]</td><td>2015</td><td>Epigenetics</td><td>10.1080/15592294.2015.1048412</td><td>147</td><td>0 (0)</td><td>14.7</td><td>Early-life, DNA methylation</td></tr><tr><td>Dennis et al. 2017 [34]</td><td>2017</td><td>Environ Health Perspect</td><td>10.1289/EHP474</td><td>146</td><td>0 (0)</td><td>18.2</td><td>HBM</td></tr><tr><td>Jones, 2015 [35]</td><td>2015</td><td>Redox Biol</td><td>10.1016/j.redox.2015.03.004</td><td>144</td><td>4 (2.78)</td><td>14.4</td><td>Redox, oxidative stress</td></tr></tbody></table>

Note: DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid, DOI: digital object identifier, EDC: endocrine disrupting chemical, EWAS: exposome-wide association study, GWAS: genome-wide association study, HBM: human biomonitoring, HRMS: high-resolution mass spectrometry, RNA: ribonucleic acid. Please refer to the beginning of the supplemental materials for the definition of the bibliometric indices.
<table><caption>**Table A.6:** Top 20 of the most active journals in the human exposome research field</caption><thead><tr><th>Journal</th><th>Publication start</th><th>Number of publications (%)</th><th>Total citation</th><th>h-index</th><th>Average citation per year</th><th>Mean AGR</th><th>g-index</th><th>m-index</th><th>Impact factor (2024)</th><th>Rank</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Environment International</td><td>2015</td><td>58 (6.23)</td><td>1636</td><td>23</td><td>163.6</td><td>16.3</td><td>40</td><td>2.09</td><td>10.3</td><td>Q1</td></tr><tr><td>Environmental Research</td><td>2017</td><td>35 (3.76)</td><td>422</td><td>14</td><td>52.8</td><td>38.8</td><td>19</td><td>1.56</td><td>7.7</td><td>Q1</td></tr><tr><td>Environmental Health Perspectives</td><td>2010</td><td>32 (3.44)</td><td>1995</td><td>20</td><td>133.0</td><td>37.8</td><td>32</td><td>1.25</td><td>10.1</td><td>Q1</td></tr><tr><td>Environmental Science & Technology</td><td>2015</td><td>32 (3.44)</td><td>552</td><td>12</td><td>55.2</td><td>12.2</td><td>23</td><td>1.09</td><td>10.9</td><td>Q1</td></tr><tr><td>International Journal Of Environmental Research And Public Health</td><td>2014</td><td>20 (2.15)</td><td>555</td><td>12</td><td>50.5</td><td>13</td><td>20</td><td>1</td><td>4.61*</td><td>Q1*</td></tr><tr><td>Science Of The Total Environment</td><td>2018</td><td>19 (2.04)</td><td>231</td><td>9</td><td>33.0</td><td>30</td><td>15</td><td>1.13</td><td>8.2</td><td>Q1</td></tr><tr><td>Frontiers In Public Health</td><td>2020</td><td>18 (1.93)</td><td>278</td><td>6</td><td>55.6</td><td>28.7</td><td>16</td><td>1</td><td>3.0</td><td>Q2</td></tr><tr><td>Scientific Reports</td><td>2017</td><td>15 (1.61)</td><td>147</td><td>7</td><td>18.4</td><td>47.9</td><td>12</td><td>0.78</td><td>3.8</td><td>Q1</td></tr><tr><td>Journal Of Exposure Science And Environmental Epidemiology</td><td>2011</td><td>11 (1.18)</td><td>337</td><td>5</td><td>24.1</td><td>-14.3</td><td>11</td><td>0.33</td><td>4.1</td><td>Q1</td></tr><tr><td>Molecular Aspects Of Medicine</td><td>2022</td><td>10 (1.07)</td><td>151</td><td>8</td><td>50.3</td><td>0</td><td>10</td><td>2</td><td>8.7</td><td>Q1</td></tr><tr><td>Environmental Epidemiology</td><td>2021</td><td>10 (1.07)</td><td>127</td><td>7</td><td>31.8</td><td>0</td><td>10</td><td>1.4</td><td>3.3</td><td>Q1</td></tr><tr><td>Allergy</td><td>2019</td><td>9 (0.97)</td><td>627</td><td>7</td><td>104.5</td><td>-8.33</td><td>9</td><td>1</td><td>12.6</td><td>Q1</td></tr><tr><td>Analytical Chemistry</td><td>2013</td><td>9 (0.97)</td><td>271</td><td>6</td><td>22.6</td><td>-16.7</td><td>9</td><td>0.46</td><td>6.8</td><td>Q1</td></tr><tr><td>Environmental Pollution</td><td>2018</td><td>8 (0.86)</td><td>198</td><td>5</td><td>28.3</td><td>-21.4</td><td>8</td><td>0.63</td><td>7.6</td><td>Q1</td></tr><tr><td>International Journal Of Hygiene And Environmental Health</td><td>2017</td><td>8 (0.86)</td><td>328</td><td>5</td><td>41.0</td><td>-37.5</td><td>8</td><td>0.56</td><td>4.5</td><td>Q1</td></tr><tr><td>International Journal Of Molecular Sciences</td><td>2020</td><td>8 (0.86)</td><td>80</td><td>4</td><td>16.0</td><td>-10</td><td>8</td><td>0.67</td><td>4.9</td><td>Q1</td></tr><tr><td>Bmc Medicine</td><td>2012</td><td>6 (0.64)</td><td>249</td><td>5</td><td>19.2</td><td>-25</td><td>6</td><td>0.36</td><td>7.1</td><td>Q1</td></tr><tr><td>Current Opinion In Pediatrics</td><td>2016</td><td>6 (0.64)</td><td>198</td><td>6</td><td>22.0</td><td>0</td><td>6</td><td>0.6</td><td>2.2</td><td>Q2</td></tr><tr><td>Environmental Science & Technology Letters</td><td>2021</td><td>6 (0.64)</td><td>95</td><td>3</td><td>23.8</td><td>-37.5</td><td>6</td><td>0.6</td><td>8.9</td><td>Q1</td></tr><tr><td>International Journal Of Epidemiology</td><td>2012</td><td>6 (0.64)</td><td>851</td><td>3</td><td>65.5</td><td>-7.69</td><td>6</td><td>0.21</td><td>6.4</td><td>Q1</td></tr><tr><td>Journal Of Occupational And Environmental Medicine</td><td>2016</td><td>6 (0.64)</td><td>111</td><td>5</td><td>12.3</td><td>-25</td><td>6</td><td>0.50</td><td>2.3</td><td>Q2</td></tr><tr><td>Journal Of The European Academy Of Dermatology And Venereology</td><td>2018</td><td>6 (0.64)</td><td>270</td><td>6</td><td>38.6</td><td>-33.3</td><td>6</td><td>0.75</td><td>8.5</td><td>Q1</td></tr><tr><td>Metabolites</td><td>2020</td><td>6 (0.64)</td><td>129</td><td>4</td><td>25.8</td><td>-33.3</td><td>6</td><td>0.67</td><td>3.5</td><td>Q2</td></tr><tr><td>Nature Communications</td><td>2021</td><td>6 (0.64)</td><td>165</td><td>5</td><td>41.3</td><td>37.5</td><td>6</td><td>1</td><td>14.7</td><td>Q1</td></tr><tr><td>Nucleic Acids Research</td><td>2015</td><td>6 (0.64)</td><td>627</td><td>5</td><td>62.7</td><td>-40</td><td>6</td><td>0.45</td><td>16.7</td><td>Q1</td></tr><tr><td>Plos One</td><td>2015</td><td>6 (0.64)</td><td>198</td><td>4</td><td>19.8</td><td>-20</td><td>6</td><td>0.36</td><td>2.9</td><td>Q1</td></tr><tr><td>Tract-rends In Analytical Chemistry</td><td>2019</td><td>6 (0.64)</td><td>96</td><td>4</td><td>16.0</td><td>-8.33</td><td>6</td><td>0.57</td><td>11.8</td><td>Q1</td></tr></tbody></table>

Note: AGR: annual growth rate. Please refer to the beginning of the supplemental materials for the definition of the bibliometric indices.

*latest data available from 2021
<table><caption>491 Table A.7: Top 30 of the most prolific authors in the human exposome research field</caption><thead><tr><th>Author</th><th>Sex</th><th>Publication period</th><th>Number of publications (%)</th><th>Fractionalized frequency (%)</th><th>DF first author (%)</th><th>DF last author (%)</th><th>Total citation</th><th>Local citation (%)</th><th>Average citation per year</th><th>h-index</th><th>Mean AGR</th><th>g-index</th><th>m-index</th><th>Y-index</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>VRIJHEID M</td><td>Female</td><td>2014-2024</td><td>70 (7.52)</td><td>5.38</td><td>4.35</td><td>20.3</td><td>2855</td><td>544 (19.1)</td><td>259.5</td><td>30</td><td>35.5</td><td>53</td><td>2.5</td><td>14.3</td></tr><tr><td>SLAMA R</td><td>Male</td><td>2014-2024</td><td>44 (4.73)</td><td>3.52</td><td>0</td><td>20.5</td><td>2046</td><td>445 (21.7)</td><td>186.0</td><td>24</td><td>70.7</td><td>44</td><td>2</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>MAITRE L</td><td>Female</td><td>2018-2024</td><td>43 (4.62)</td><td>2.32</td><td>11.6</td><td>6.98</td><td>1452</td><td>383 (26.4)</td><td>207.4</td><td>21</td><td>20.6</td><td>38</td><td>2.62</td><td>5.83</td></tr><tr><td>CHATZI L</td><td>Female</td><td>2014-2024</td><td>41 (4.4)</td><td>1.81</td><td>0</td><td>12.2</td><td>1835</td><td>356 (19.4)</td><td>166.8</td><td>23</td><td>-2.84</td><td>41</td><td>1.92</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>GRAZULEVICIENE R</td><td>Female</td><td>2014-2024</td><td>40 (4.3)</td><td>1.73</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>1616</td><td>321 (19.9)</td><td>146.9</td><td>21</td><td>7.69</td><td>40</td><td>1.75</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>WRIGHT J</td><td>Male</td><td>2018-2024</td><td>40 (4.3)</td><td>1.72</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>1497</td><td>320 (21.4)</td><td>213.9</td><td>22</td><td>10.5</td><td>38</td><td>2.75</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>BASAGANA X</td><td>Male</td><td>2014-2024</td><td>39 (4.19)</td><td>2.64</td><td>0</td><td>17.9</td><td>1877</td><td>402 (21.4)</td><td>170.6</td><td>24</td><td>37.4</td><td>39</td><td>2</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>CASAS M</td><td>Female</td><td>2014-2024</td><td>37 (3.97)</td><td>1.65</td><td>2.7</td><td>2.7</td><td>1592</td><td>288 (18.1)</td><td>144.7</td><td>22</td><td>-1.89</td><td>37</td><td>1.83</td><td>1.41</td></tr><tr><td>NIEUWENHUIJSEN MJ</td><td>Male</td><td>2014-2024</td><td>34 (3.65)</td><td>2.14</td><td>5.88</td><td>8.82</td><td>1454</td><td>241 (16.6)</td><td>132.2</td><td>20</td><td>6.97</td><td>34</td><td>1.67</td><td>3.61</td></tr><tr><td>VAFEIADI M</td><td>Female</td><td>2018-2024</td><td>32 (3.44)</td><td>1.34</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>1358</td><td>301 (22.2)</td><td>194.0</td><td>20</td><td>25.2</td><td>32</td><td>2.5</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>MCEACHAN RRC</td><td>Female</td><td>2014-2024</td><td>30 (3.22)</td><td>1.27</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>1513</td><td>278 (18.4)</td><td>137.5</td><td>20</td><td>2.9</td><td>30</td><td>1.67</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>VERMEULEN RCH</td><td>Male</td><td>2013-2024</td><td>30 (3.22)</td><td>2.87</td><td>3.33</td><td>23.3</td><td>1455</td><td>227 (15.6)</td><td>121.3</td><td>15</td><td>23.3</td><td>30</td><td>1.15</td><td>7.07</td></tr><tr><td>URQUIZA J</td><td>Male</td><td>2018-2024</td><td>29 (3.11)</td><td>1.25</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>1246</td><td>259 (20.8)</td><td>178.0</td><td>18</td><td>8.57</td><td>29</td><td>2.25</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>ANDRUSAITYTE S</td><td>Female</td><td>2018-2024</td><td>27 (2.9)</td><td>1.09</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>1139</td><td>292 (25.6)</td><td>162.7</td><td>16</td><td>9.29</td><td>27</td><td>2</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>BUSTAMANTE M</td><td>Female</td><td>2014-2024</td><td>26 (2.79)</td><td>1.32</td><td>3.85</td><td>19.2</td><td>706</td><td>141 (20)</td><td>64.2</td><td>11</td><td>-12.9</td><td>26</td><td>0.917</td><td>5.1</td></tr><tr><td>JONES DP</td><td>Male</td><td>2012-2024</td><td>26 (2.79)</td><td>6.93</td><td>12.5</td><td>62.5</td><td>1773</td><td>204 (11.5)</td><td>136.4</td><td>17</td><td>8.21</td><td>26</td><td>1.21</td><td>15.3</td></tr><tr><td>ROBINSON O</td><td>Male</td><td>2014-2024</td><td>26 (2.79)</td><td>1.56</td><td>11.5</td><td>0</td><td>1752</td><td>408 (23.3)</td><td>159.3</td><td>21</td><td>-18.9</td><td>26</td><td>1.75</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>SIROUX V</td><td>Female</td><td>2014-2024</td><td>25 (2.69)</td><td>1.86</td><td>4</td><td>24</td><td>1391</td><td>256 (18.4)</td><td>126.5</td><td>17</td><td>30.8</td><td>25</td><td>1.42</td><td>6.08</td></tr><tr><td>THOMSEN C</td><td>Female</td><td>2014-2024</td><td>25 (2.69)</td><td>1.07</td><td>0</td><td>4</td><td>1436</td><td>316 (22)</td><td>130.5</td><td>18</td><td>-11.4</td><td>25</td><td>1.5</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>GONZALEZ JR</td><td>Male</td><td>2014-2024</td><td>24 (2.58)</td><td>1.45</td><td>0</td><td>16.7</td><td>1280</td><td>257 (20.1)</td><td>116.4</td><td>17</td><td>11.8</td><td>24</td><td>1.42</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>HEUDE B</td><td>Female</td><td>2018-2024</td><td>23 (2.47)</td><td>0.934</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>769</td><td>195 (25.4)</td><td>109.9</td><td>11</td><td>39.5</td><td>23</td><td>1.38</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>WALKER DI</td><td>Male</td><td>2015-2024</td><td>22 (2.36)</td><td>2.64</td><td>13.6</td><td>0</td><td>921</td><td>160 (17.4)</td><td>92.1</td><td>14</td><td>22.8</td><td>22</td><td>1.27</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>GUTZKOW KB</td><td>Female</td><td>2014-2024</td><td>21 (2.26)</td><td>0.964</td><td>0</td><td>4.76</td><td>841</td><td>151 (18)</td><td>76.5</td><td>13</td><td>5.3</td><td>21</td><td>1.08</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>HAUG LS</td><td>Female</td><td>2018-2024</td><td>19 (2.04)</td><td>0.773</td><td>5.26</td><td>0</td><td>1169</td><td>290 (24.8)</td><td>167.0</td><td>15</td><td>16.7</td><td>19</td><td>1.88</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>SUNYER J</td><td>Male</td><td>2014-2024</td><td>19 (2.04)</td><td>1.06</td><td>0</td><td>5.26</td><td>1166</td><td>261 (22.4)</td><td>106.0</td><td>15</td><td>-13.6</td><td>19</td><td>1.25</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>KEUN HC</td><td>Male</td><td>2012-2024</td><td>18 (1.93)</td><td>0.949</td><td>0</td><td>16.7</td><td>1060</td><td>206 (19.4)</td><td>81.5</td><td>11</td><td>-14.1</td><td>18</td><td>0.786</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>WARTH B</td><td>Male</td><td>2017-2024</td><td>18 (1.93)</td><td>3.43</td><td>5.56</td><td>72.2</td><td>337</td><td>76 (22.6)</td><td>42.1</td><td>10</td><td>14.6</td><td>18</td><td>1.11</td><td>13</td></tr><tr><td>LEPEULE J</td><td>Female</td><td>2018-2024</td><td>16 (1.72)</td><td>0.843</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>389</td><td>32 (8.23)</td><td>55.6</td><td>9</td><td>11.9</td><td>16</td><td>1.12</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>SARIGIANNIS DA</td><td>Male</td><td>2016-2023</td><td>16 (1.72)</td><td>3.48</td><td>26.7</td><td>33.3</td><td>424</td><td>55 (13)</td><td>47.1</td><td>11</td><td>24</td><td>16</td><td>1.1</td><td>6.4</td></tr><tr><td>VINEIS P</td><td>Male</td><td>2013-2024</td><td>16 (1.72)</td><td>3.6</td><td>21.4</td><td>0</td><td>807</td><td>99 (12.3)</td><td>67.3</td><td>12</td><td>14.2</td><td>16</td><td>0.923</td><td>3</td></tr></tbody></table>

492 Note: AGR: annual growth rate, DF: dominance factor. Please refer to the beginning of the supplemental materials for the definition of the bibliometric indices.
<table><caption>493 Table A.8: Number of publications and citations over time, stratified by authorship and sex</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Year</th><th colspan="4">Number of publications by primary authorship</th><th colspan="4">Number of publications by senior authorship</th><th colspan="4">Number of citations by primary authorship</th><th colspan="4">Number of citations by senior authorship</th></tr><tr><th>Female<br>Median (IQR)</th><th>Male<br>Median (IQR)</th><th>p-value</th><th>Cohen's d</th><th>Female<br>Median (IQR)</th><th>Male<br>Median (IQR)</th><th>p-value</th><th>Cohen's d</th><th>Female<br>Median (IQR)</th><th>Male<br>Median (IQR)</th><th>p-value</th><th>Cohen's d</th><th>Female<br>Median (IQR)</th><th>Male<br>Median (IQR)</th><th>p-value</th><th>Cohen's d</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Overall</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-2)</td><td>3.0e-4</td><td>-0.20 [-0.35; -0.06]</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-2)</td><td>0.03</td><td>-0.17 [-0.33; -0.01]</td><td>10 (2-31.8)</td><td>11.5 (2-39.8)</td><td>0.38</td><td>-0.17 [-0.31; -0.02]</td><td>10 (2-34.2)</td><td>15.5 (3-48.2)</td><td>0.01</td><td>-0.16 [-0.32; -0.003]</td></tr><tr><td>2024</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.36</td><td>-0.15 [-0.46; 0.17]</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.22</td><td>-0.24 [-0.57; 0.10]</td><td>0 (0-1.25)</td><td>0 (0-1)</td><td>0.94</td><td>-0.04 [-0.35; 0.27]</td><td>0 (0-1)</td><td>1 (0-2)</td><td>0.23</td><td>-0.13 [-0.46; 0.21]</td></tr><tr><td>2023</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.99</td><td>-0.004 [-0.40; 0.39]</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.10</td><td>-0.34 [-0.76; 0.08]</td><td>3 (1-6)</td><td>2 (1-6.5)</td><td>0.74</td><td>-0.22 [-0.61; 0.18]</td><td>2 (1-5.5)</td><td>4 (2-6.75)</td><td>0.11</td><td>-0.30 [-0.72; 0.12]</td></tr><tr><td>2022</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.93</td><td>0.01 [-0.31; 0.33]</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.53</td><td>0.07 [-0.22; 0.40]</td><td>9 (4-17.5)</td><td>9 (5-21.2)</td><td>0.53</td><td>-0.19 [-0.51; 0.13]</td><td>10.5 (5-23.2)</td><td>11 (5-22)</td><td>0.96</td><td>-0.08 [-0.41; 0.25]</td></tr><tr><td>2021</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.67</td><td>0.11 [-0.26; 0.49]</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.70</td><td>-0.13 [-0.54; 0.28]</td><td>11.5 (5.25-30)</td><td>19.5 (12.8-36.2)</td><td>0.02</td><td>-0.23 [-0.60; 0.15]</td><td>14.5 (7.75-31.2)</td><td>18 (8.5-30)</td><td>0.65</td><td>0.07 [-0.34; 0.47]</td></tr><tr><td>2020</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.36</td><td>0.26 [-0.18; 0.70]</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.51 [0.02; 0.99]</td><td>19.5 (10-30.8)</td><td>19.5 (8.25-38.5)</td><td>0.95</td><td>-0.28 [-0.72; 0.16]</td><td>20 (12-37)</td><td>19 (11-38)</td><td>0.85</td><td>-0.14 [-0.61; 0.34]</td></tr><tr><td>2019</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.30</td><td>-0.32 [-0.81; 0.17]</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.24</td><td>-0.38 [-0.95; 0.20]</td><td>18 (11.5-64)</td><td>21 (6-39.8)</td><td>0.32</td><td>0.15 [-0.34; 0.64]</td><td>15 (11-55.8)</td><td>40 (14.5-71)</td><td>0.31</td><td>-0.39 [-0.97; 0.19]</td></tr><tr><td>2018</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.96</td><td>-0.09 [-0.61; 0.42]</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.67</td><td>-0.005 [-0.57; 0.56]</td><td>24 (18.5-39.5)</td><td>33 (16-68.5)</td><td>0.40</td><td>-0.25 [-0.77; 0.27]</td><td>39.5 (31.5-77.2)</td><td>23 (16-41)</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.67 [0.08; 1.25]</td></tr><tr><td>2017</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.03</td><td>-0.67 [-1.26; -0.07]</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.18</td><td>-0.46 [-1.11; 0.20]</td><td>53.5 (27.5-96.8)</td><td>21 (6-59)</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.48 [-0.11; 1.06]</td><td>46 (14-67)</td><td>37.5 (9.5-84.5)</td><td>0.70</td><td>-0.008 [-0.66; 0.64]</td></tr><tr><td>2016</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.96</td><td>-0.32 [-1.08; 0.44]</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.54</td><td>-0.32 [-1.23; 0.59]</td><td>35 (28.5-73.5)</td><td>37 (18-120)</td><td>1.00</td><td>-0.38 [-1.13; 0.39]</td><td>28 (21.5-38.5)</td><td>45 (20.2-108)</td><td>0.32</td><td>-0.60 [-1.52; 0.34]</td></tr><tr><td>2015</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.68</td><td>0.12 [-0.85; 1.09]</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.48</td><td>-0.40 [-1.53; 0.734]</td><td>154 (26-258)</td><td>39 (23-147)</td><td>0.48</td><td>0.41 [-0.57; 1.38]</td><td>13.5 (11.8-29.8)</td><td>62 (23-188)</td><td>0.09</td><td>-0.72 [-1.85; 0.45]</td></tr><tr><td>2014</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.77</td><td>-0.27 [-1.24; 0.70]</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.67</td><td>-0.40 [-1.89; 1.1]</td><td>45 (14-96)</td><td>58.5 (22.5-130)</td><td>0.56</td><td>0.03 [-0.93; 1.00]</td><td>79 (62-96)</td><td>51 (20-141)</td><td>0.93</td><td>-0.13 [-1.62; 1.36]</td></tr><tr><td>2013</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.62</td><td>-0.39 [-1.57; 0.81]</td><td>0</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>42.5 (27.2-69.8)</td><td>53 (9-95)</td><td>0.83</td><td>-0.08 [-1.26; 1.10]</td><td>0</td><td>51.5 (28.2-98)</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td></tr><tr><td>2012</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1.00</td><td>-0.45 [-2.59; 1.75]</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1.00</td><td>0 [0; 0]</td><td>31 (31-31)</td><td>200 (111-270)</td><td>0.67</td><td>-0.84 [-3.01; 1.43]</td><td>31 (31-31)</td><td>135 (123-168)</td><td>0.50</td><td>-2.56 [-5.69; 0.79]</td></tr><tr><td>2011</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1.5 (1-2)</td><td>0.26</td><td>-1.12 [-2.72; 0.57]</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1.25)</td><td>1.00</td><td>-0.5 [-2.69; 1.76]</td><td>31 (22-81.5)</td><td>71.5 (55.5-152)</td><td>0.63</td><td>-0.59 [-2.10; 0.98]</td><td>132 (132-132)</td><td>33.5 (30.8-122)</td><td>0.80</td><td>0.08 [-2.12; 2.26]</td></tr><tr><td>2010</td><td>0</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>0</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>0</td><td>45 (24-55.5)</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>0</td><td>45 (45-45)</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td></tr><tr><td>2005</td><td>0</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>0</td><td>1457 (1457-1457)</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td></tr></tbody></table>

494

495

Note: IQR: interquartile range, NC: not calculated. The p-value corresponds to the Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney rank sum test. In green: small effect size, in orange: medium effect size, in red: large effect size.

496

497

498

<table><caption>Table A.9: Total number of publications and citations by primary and senior authorship pairs</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Author pair</th><th colspan="5">Number of publications</th><th colspan="5">Number of citations</th></tr><tr><th>median (IQR)</th><th>Chi-squared</th><th>df</th><th>p value</th><th>Cohen's d</th><th>median (IQR)</th><th>Chi-squared</th><th>df</th><th>p value</th><th>Cohen's d</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Female primary and senior (201 publications, 3890 citations)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>8.5 (2-30)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Female primary and male senior (260 publications, 7077 citations)</td><td>1 (1-2)</td><td>18.18</td><td>3</td><td>4.38e-4</td><td>-0.27 [-0.39; -0.13]</td><td>15 (4-45)</td><td>15.913</td><td>3</td><td>0.001181</td><td>-0.25 [-0.37; -0.11]</td></tr><tr><td>Male primary and female senior (116 publications, 2404 citations)</td><td>1 (1-2)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>13 (2-42)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Male primary and senior (309 publications, 8554 citations)</td><td>1 (1-2)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>12 (2-45)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

499

500

Note: IQR: interquartile range. The p-value corresponds to the Kruskall-Wallis test. In orange: medium effect size.
<table><caption>501 Table A.10: Number of publications and citations over time, stratified by authorship and sex, considering only rank 1 journals</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="3">Year</th><th colspan="4">Number of publications by primary authorship</th><th colspan="4">Number of publications by senior authorship</th><th colspan="4">Number of citations by primary authorship</th><th colspan="4">Number of citations by senior authorship</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2">Female</th><th colspan="2">Male</th><th colspan="2">Female</th><th colspan="2">Male</th><th colspan="2">Female</th><th colspan="2">Male</th><th colspan="2">Female</th><th colspan="2">Male</th></tr><tr><th>Median (IQR)</th><th>Median (IQR)</th><th>p-value</th><th>Cohen's d</th><th>Median (IQR)</th><th>Median (IQR)</th><th>p-value</th><th>Cohen's d</th><th>Median (IQR)</th><th>Median (IQR)</th><th>p-value</th><th>Cohen's d</th><th>Median (IQR)</th><th>Median (IQR)</th><th>p-value</th><th>Cohen's d</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Overall</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.04</td><td>-0.134 [-0.311; 0.042]</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-2)</td><td>0.11</td><td>-0.169 [-0.367; 0.029]</td><td>12 (3-36)</td><td>15 (2.25-50)</td><td>0.25</td><td>-0.163 [-0.339; 0.0139]</td><td>12.5 (3-39.2)</td><td>22.5 (4.25-62)</td><td>0.008</td><td>-0.235 [-0.433; -0.04]</td></tr><tr><td>2024</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.32</td><td>-0.184 [-0.543; 0.176]</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.36</td><td>-0.201 [-0.588; 0.186]</td><td>0 (0-2)</td><td>0 (0-2)</td><td>0.936</td><td>-0.0301 [-0.389; 0.329]</td><td>0 (0-1)</td><td>1 (0-2)</td><td>0.181</td><td>-0.103 [-0.49; 0.284]</td></tr><tr><td>2023</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.93</td><td>0.0248 [-0.448; 0.498]</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td><strong>0.05</strong></td><td><strong>-0.425 [-0.933; 0.0867]</strong></td><td>4 (1.75-8.25)</td><td>3 (2-9)</td><td>0.865</td><td>-0.205 [-0.678; 0.271]</td><td>2.5 (1-9)</td><td>4 (2-8.25)</td><td>0.434</td><td>-0.295 [-0.801; 0.214]</td></tr><tr><td>2022</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.45</td><td>0.15 [-0.24; 0.539]</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.97</td><td>-0.0534 [-0.458; 0.351]</td><td>10 (6-19.5)</td><td>12 (6-24.5)</td><td>0.54</td><td>-0.241 [-0.631; 0.15]</td><td>11 (6-25.5)</td><td>12 (7-25)</td><td>0.41</td><td>-0.185 [-0.59; 0.221]</td></tr><tr><td>2021</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.72</td><td>0.0881 [-0.386; 0.561]</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.94</td><td>-0.0217 [-0.528; 0.484]</td><td>17 (8-31.8)</td><td>22 (15-41.2)</td><td>0.083</td><td>-0.354 [-0.829; 0.125]</td><td>21.5 (12.8-40.5)</td><td>19.5 (14.5-34)</td><td>0.776</td><td>0.201 [-0.307; 0.707]</td></tr><tr><td>2020</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.30</td><td>0.342 [-0.23; 0.91]</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.472 [-0.162; 1.1]</td><td>19.5 (14.2-39.5)</td><td>33 (11.8-90.2)</td><td>0.12</td><td>-0.5 [-1.07; 0.072]</td><td>25 (14.5-52)</td><td>30 (15-48)</td><td>1</td><td>-0.115 [-0.739; 0.509]</td></tr><tr><td>2019</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.61</td><td>-0.264 [-0.872; 0.347]</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.74</td><td>-0.167 [-0.855; 0.523]</td><td>44 (16.5-70.5)</td><td>33 (15-43)</td><td>0.329</td><td>0.18 [-0.43; 0.787]</td><td>19 (12-65)</td><td>43 (17.5-83)</td><td>0.383</td><td>-0.332 [-1.02; 0.362]</td></tr><tr><td>2018</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.32</td><td>0.354 [-0.309; 1.01]</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.27</td><td>0.413 [-0.288; 1.11]</td><td>35 (22-66)</td><td>53 (32-85.5)</td><td>0.228</td><td>-0.329 [-0.986; 0.332]</td><td>51.5 (33.8-94.2)</td><td>35 (22-61)</td><td>0.117</td><td>0.641 [-0.0723; 1.34]</td></tr><tr><td>2017</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.28</td><td>-0.467 [-1.25; 0.327]</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1</td><td>0 [0; 0]</td><td>67 (36.5-126)</td><td>50 (33.5-98.5)</td><td>0.586</td><td>0.338 [-0.449; 1.12]</td><td>46.5 (37.2-86.8)</td><td>71 (28-120)</td><td>0.771</td><td>-0.227 [-1.07; 0.618]</td></tr><tr><td>2016</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1</td><td>0 [0; 0]</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1</td><td>0 [0; 0]</td><td>50 (34.2-78.2)</td><td>52 (18-120)</td><td>0.953</td><td>-0.176 [-1.25; 0.903]</td><td>34 (28-43)</td><td>64 (35-117)</td><td>0.147</td><td>-0.961 [-2.1; 0.214]</td></tr><tr><td>2015</td><td>1 (1-1.25)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.64</td><td>0.083 [-1.08; 1.24]</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.48</td><td>-0.527 [-1.84; 0.812]</td><td>254 (199-305)</td><td>87 (27-148)</td><td>0.142</td><td>0.722 [-0.487; 1.9]</td><td>14 (11-45.5)</td><td>148 (62-262)</td><td>0.06</td><td>-0.998 [-2.35; 0.4]</td></tr><tr><td>2014</td><td>1 (1-1.5)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.30</td><td>1 [-0.57; 2.5]</td><td>0</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>51 (30.5-250)</td><td>43 (30-74)</td><td>1</td><td>0.532 [-0.95; 1.97]</td><td>0</td><td>51 (23.5-165)</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td></tr><tr><td>2013</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1</td><td>0 [0; 0]</td><td>0</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>42.5 (38.8-46.2)</td><td>53 (46.5-67.5)</td><td>0.4</td><td>-0.852 [-2.7; 1.11]</td><td>0</td><td>50 (40-53)</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td></tr><tr><td>2012</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1</td><td>0 [0; 0]</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1</td><td>0 [0; 0]</td><td>31 (31-31)</td><td>79.5 (43.5-280)</td><td>0.8</td><td>-0.586 [-2.78; 1.69]</td><td>31 (31-31)</td><td>111 (111-111)</td><td>1</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>2011</td><td>0</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>0</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>0</td><td>24 (24-24)</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>0</td><td>45 (45-45)</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td></tr><tr><td>2010</td><td>0</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-2)</td><td>0.11</td><td>-0.169 [-0.367; 0.029]</td><td>0</td><td>55.5 (50.2-60.8)</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>12.5 (3-39.2)</td><td>22.5 (4.25-62)</td><td>0.008</td><td>-0.235 [-0.433; -0.04]</td></tr><tr><td>2005</td><td>0</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>0</td><td>1457 (1457-1457)</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>0 (0-1)</td><td>1 (0-2)</td><td>0.181</td><td>-0.103 [-0.49; 0.284]</td></tr></tbody></table>

502

503 Note: IQR: interquartile range, NC: not calculated. The p-value corresponds to the Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney rank sum test. In green: small effect size, in orange: medium effect size, in red: large effect size.

504

505

<table><caption>506 Table A.11: Total number of publications and citations by primary and senior authorship pairs, considering only rank 1 journals</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Author pair</th><th colspan="5">Number of publications</th><th colspan="5">Number of citations</th></tr><tr><th>median (IQR)</th><th>Chi-squared</th><th>df</th><th>p value</th><th>Cohen's d</th><th>median (IQR)</th><th>Chi-squared</th><th>df</th><th>p value</th><th>Cohen's d</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Female primary and senior (129 publications, 2937 citations)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>10 (3-33)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Female primary and male senior (172 publications, 5657 citations)</td><td>1 (1-2)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>19 (6-54.5)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Male primary and female senior (81 publications, 2025 citations)</td><td>1 (1-2)</td><td>8.386</td><td>3</td><td>0.03867</td><td>-0.25 [-0.43; -0.08]</td><td>14.5 (5-42)</td><td>13.007</td><td>3</td><td>0.004621</td><td>-0.26 [-0.43; -0.1]</td></tr><tr><td>Male primary and senior (186 publications, 6327 citations)</td><td>1 (1-2)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>18 (3-57.2)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

507

508 Note: IQR: interquartile range. The p-value corresponds to the Kruskall-Wallis test. In orange: medium effect size.

509
<table><caption>**Table A.12:** Number of publications and citations over time, stratified by authorship and sex, considering only journals with impact factor ≥ 5</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="3">Year</th><th colspan="4">Number of publications by primary authorship</th><th colspan="4">Number of publications by senior authorship</th><th colspan="4">Number of citations by primary authorship</th><th colspan="4">Number of citations by senior authorship</th></tr><tr><th colspan="3">Female</th><th rowspan="2">Cohen's d</th><th colspan="3">Female</th><th rowspan="2">Cohen's d</th><th colspan="3">Female</th><th rowspan="2">Cohen's d</th><th colspan="3">Female</th><th rowspan="2">Cohen's d</th></tr><tr><th>Median (IQR)</th><th>Male (IQR)</th><th>p-value</th><th>Median (IQR)</th><th>Male (IQR)</th><th>p-value</th><th>Median (IQR)</th><th>Male (IQR)</th><th>p-value</th><th>Median (IQR)</th><th>Male (IQR)</th><th>p-value</th><th>Median (IQR)</th><th>Male (IQR)</th><th>p-value</th><th>Median (IQR)</th><th>Male (IQR)</th><th>p-value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Overall</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.3</td><td>-0.087 [-0.287; 0.113]</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-2)</td><td>0.0821</td><td>-0.148 [-0.373; 0.0774]</td><td>13 (4-39)</td><td>17 (3-52)</td><td>0.319</td><td>-0.20 [-0.401; -0.0009]</td><td>17 (3.75-43.5)</td><td>20.5 (4-56.2)</td><td>0.245</td><td>-0.175 [-0.4; 0.0507]</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2024</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.99</td><td>-0.005 [-0.436; 0.425]</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.511</td><td>-0.161 [-0.637; 0.315]</td><td>0.5 (0-2)</td><td>0 (0-2)</td><td>0.828</td><td>-0.0326 [-0.463; 0.398]</td><td>0 (0-1)</td><td>1 (0-2)</td><td>0.517</td><td>0.027 [-0.448; 0.503]</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2023</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.375</td><td>-0.257 [-0.803; 0.292]</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.0714</td><td>-0.506 [-1.12; 0.109]</td><td>4 (1-9.5)</td><td>3.5 (1.75-10)</td><td>0.832</td><td>-0.262 [-0.809; 0.287]</td><td>2 (1-11)</td><td>4.5 (2-10.8)</td><td>0.517</td><td>-0.288 [-0.892; 0.32]</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2022</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.11</td><td>0.35 [-0.0767; 0.774]</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.42</td><td>-0.211 [-0.643; 0.223]</td><td>11 (6-21.5)</td><td>14 (8-29)</td><td>0.218</td><td>-0.331 [-0.755; 0.095]</td><td>12.5 (6.25-27.5)</td><td>13 (9-27)</td><td>0.599</td><td>-0.145 [-0.577; 0.288]</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2021</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.423</td><td>0.199 [-0.284; 0.68]</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.912</td><td>-0.0677 [-0.583; 0.449]</td><td>17 (9-34)</td><td>24 (15.5-41.5)</td><td>0.126</td><td>-0.314 [-0.797; 0.17]</td><td>21.5 (13.2-41.5)</td><td>19.5 (12.2-33.8)</td><td>0.581</td><td>0.25 [-0.269; 0.767]</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2020</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.538</td><td>0.258 [-0.357; 0.87]</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.0913</td><td>0.478 [-0.184; 1.13]</td><td><b>19.5 (12.8-36.8)</b></td><td><b>37 (22-97)</b></td><td><b>0.0215</b></td><td><b>-0.662 [-1.29; -0.0306]</b></td><td>23.5 (17.2-57)</td><td>30.5 (15.2-45.8)</td><td>0.854</td><td>-0.0709 [-0.72; 0.579]</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2019</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.684</td><td>-0.308 [-1.02; 0.407]</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.818</td><td>-0.17 [-0.95; 0.614]</td><td>46 (17-72)</td><td>36 (21-47.5)</td><td>0.549</td><td>0.114 [-0.597; 0.823]</td><td>19 (13-69)</td><td>43 (23-79)</td><td>0.541</td><td>-0.314 [-1.1; 0.474]</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2018</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1</td><td>0 [0; 0]</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1</td><td>0 [0; 0]</td><td>46 (31.8-70.2)</td><td>55 (33.8-95.8)</td><td>0.41</td><td>-0.418 [-1.19; 0.366]</td><td>55 (35.2-102)</td><td>47.5 (33.2-70)</td><td>0.355</td><td>0.468 [-0.349; 1.27]</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2017</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1</td><td>0 [0; 0]</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1</td><td>0 [0; 0]</td><td>78 (45.5-128)</td><td>98.5 (70-114)</td><td>0.887</td><td>0.102 [-1.06; 1.26]</td><td>57 (45.5-126)</td><td>98.5 (78-122)</td><td>0.897</td><td>-0.0609 [-1.12; 0.999]</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2016</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1</td><td>0 [0; 0]</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1</td><td>0 [0; 0]</td><td>57 (34-64)</td><td>52 (35-86)</td><td>0.786</td><td>0.0354 [-1.4; 1.47]</td><td>34 (26-45.5)</td><td>64 (52-120)</td><td>0.25</td><td>-1.13 [-2.65; 0.472]</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2015</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.752</td><td>-0.5 [-2.14; 1.19]</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1</td><td>-0.447 [-2.59; 1.75]</td><td>254 (250-259)</td><td>148 (77-188)</td><td>0.381</td><td>0.639 [-1.07; 2.29]</td><td>77 (77-77)</td><td>188 (148-245)</td><td>0.667</td><td>-0.946 [-3.13; 1.34]</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2014</td><td>1.5 (1.25-1.75)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.617</td><td>1 [-1.25; 3.07]</td><td>0</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>250 (151-350)</td><td>150 (96.5-204)</td><td>0.667</td><td>0.444 [-1.61; 2.4]</td><td>0</td><td>256 (154-256)</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2013</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1</td><td>0 [0; 0]</td><td>0</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>50 (50-50)</td><td>53 (46.5-67.5)</td><td>1</td><td>-0.388 [-2.64; 1.95]</td><td>0</td><td>51.5 (47.5-60.2)</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2012</td><td>0</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>0</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>0</td><td>448 (280-617)</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>0</td><td>111 (111-111)</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2011</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>0</td><td>66 (66-66)</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2010</td><td>0</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2005</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>13 (4-39)</td><td>17 (3-52)</td><td>0.319</td><td>-0.20 [-0.401; -0.0009]</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

*Note:* IQR: interquartile range, NC: not calculated. The p-value corresponds to the Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney rank sum test. In green: small effect size, in orange: medium effect size, in red: large effect size.

<table><caption>**Table A.13:** Total number of publications and citations by primary and senior authorship pairs, considering only journals with impact factor ≥ 5</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Author pair</th><th colspan="5">Number of publications</th><th colspan="5">Number of citations</th></tr><tr><th>median (IQR)</th><th>Chi-squared</th><th>df</th><th>p value</th><th>Cohen's d</th><th>median (IQR)</th><th>Chi-squared</th><th>df</th><th>p value</th><th>Cohen's d</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Female primary and senior (98 publications, 2510 citations)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>13 (3-40)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Female primary and male senior (141 publications, 3983 citations)</td><td>1 (1-2)</td><td>9.3554</td><td>3</td><td>0.02492</td><td>-0.25 [-0.46; -0.05]</td><td>18 (6-45)</td><td>4.4019</td><td>3</td><td>0.2212</td><td>-0.17 [-0.37; 0.03]</td></tr><tr><td>Male primary and female senior (58 publications, 1794 citations)</td><td>1 (1-2)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>22 (8-51)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Male primary and senior (141 publications, 4991 citations)</td><td>1 (1-2)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>20 (3-62)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

*Note:* IQR: interquartile range. The p-value corresponds to the Kruskall-Wallis test. In orange: medium effect size.
<table><caption>**Table A.14:** Number of publications and citations over time, stratified by authorship and sex, considering only journals with impact factor ≥ 10</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="3">Year</th><th colspan="4">Number of publications by primary authorship</th><th colspan="4">Number of publications by senior authorship</th><th colspan="4">Number of citations by primary authorship</th><th colspan="4">Number of citations by senior authorship</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2">Female</th><th colspan="2">Male</th><th colspan="2">Female</th><th colspan="2">Male</th><th colspan="2">Female</th><th colspan="2">Male</th><th colspan="2">Female</th><th colspan="2">Male</th></tr><tr><th>Median (IQR)</th><th>Median (IQR)</th><th>p-value</th><th>Cohen's d</th><th>Median (IQR)</th><th>Median (IQR)</th><th>p-value</th><th>Cohen's d</th><th>Median (IQR)</th><th>Median (IQR)</th><th>p-value</th><th>Cohen's d</th><th>Median (IQR)</th><th>Median (IQR)</th><th>p-value</th><th>Cohen's d</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Overall</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.519</td><td>-0.164 [-0.471; 0.144]</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.608</td><td>-0.0726 [-0.42; 0.275]</td><td><strong>10.5 (1-31.2)</strong></td><td><strong>18 (2-55)</strong></td><td><strong>0.0438</strong></td><td><strong>-0.365 [-0.674; -0.055]</strong></td><td>19 (8-40)</td><td>18 (2-43.5)</td><td>0.871</td><td>-0.0728 [-0.42; 0.275]</td></tr><tr><td>2024</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.413</td><td>0.269 [-0.346; 0.881]</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.758</td><td>0.124 [-0.593; 0.839]</td><td>0 (0-1.25)</td><td>1 (0-2)</td><td>0.35</td><td>-0.254 [-0.866; 0.362]</td><td>0 (0-0.75)</td><td>1 (0-2)</td><td>0.325</td><td>-0.134 [-0.85; 0.583]</td></tr><tr><td>2023</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1</td><td>0 [0; 0]</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.132</td><td>-0.659 [-1.48; 0.176]</td><td>2 (1-10.5)</td><td>3 (1.5-18.5)</td><td>0.645</td><td>-0.422 [-1.14; 0.306]</td><td>2 (1-14)</td><td>5 (2-24)</td><td>0.606</td><td>-0.318 [-1.13; 0.499]</td></tr><tr><td>2022</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.181</td><td>0.408 [-0.179; 0.991]</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.139</td><td>-0.473 [-1.08; 0.144]</td><td>13.5 (10.8-30.5)</td><td>20.5 (12.2-34.8)</td><td>0.266</td><td>-0.345 [-0.926; 0.24]</td><td>17 (12-34)</td><td>17 (11-32)</td><td>0.684</td><td>-0.067 [-0.673; 0.539]</td></tr><tr><td>2021</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.258</td><td>-0.407 [-1.09; 0.28]</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.336</td><td>0.356 [-0.351; 1.06]</td><td>26.5 (16.5-41.5)</td><td>28 (18-42)</td><td>0.674</td><td>-0.142 [-0.818; 0.536]</td><td>31 (16-43)</td><td>24 (17.8-36.2)</td><td>0.672</td><td>0.177 [-0.524; 0.875]</td></tr><tr><td>2020</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1</td><td>0 [0; 0]</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1</td><td>0 [0; 0]</td><td>38 (15-39)</td><td>100 (97-109)</td><td>0.0556</td><td>-1.04 [-2.35; 0.323]</td><td>100 (100-100)</td><td>39 (32-97)</td><td>0.6</td><td>0.0193 [-2.05; 2.08]</td></tr><tr><td>2019</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1</td><td>0 [0; 0]</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1</td><td>0 [0; 0]</td><td>104 (104-105)</td><td>61 (61-61)</td><td>0</td><td></td><td>104 (104-104)</td><td>83 (72-94)</td><td>1</td><td>0.675 [-1.97; 3.09]</td></tr><tr><td>2018</td><td>0</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1</td><td>0 [0; 0]</td><td>0</td><td>136 (127-407)</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>136 (136-136)</td><td>118 (118-118)</td><td>1</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>2017</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1</td><td>0 [0; 0]</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>1</td><td>0 [0; 0]</td><td>89 (67-146)</td><td>130 (130-130)</td><td>1</td><td>-0.211 [-2.46; 2.08]</td><td>124 (84.8-164)</td><td>110 (99.2-120)</td><td>1</td><td>0.183 [-1.8; 2.13]</td></tr><tr><td>2016</td><td>0</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>0</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>0</td><td>120 (120-120)</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>0</td><td>120 (120-120)</td><td>0</td><td>NC</td></tr><tr><td>2015</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td></tr><tr><td>2014</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td></tr><tr><td>2013</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td></tr><tr><td>2012</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td></tr><tr><td>2011</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td></tr><tr><td>2010</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td></tr><tr><td>2005</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>NC</td><td>NC</td></tr></tbody></table>

Note: IQR: interquartile range, NC: not calculated. The p-value corresponds to the Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney rank sum test. In green: small effect size, in orange: medium effect size, in red: large effect size.

<table><caption>**Table A.15:** Total number of publications and citations by primary and senior authorship pairs, considering only journals with impact factor ≥ 10</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Author pair</th><th colspan="5">Number of publications</th><th colspan="5">Number of citations</th></tr><tr><th>median (IQR)</th><th>Chi-squared</th><th>df</th><th>p value</th><th>Cohen's d</th><th>median (IQR)</th><th>Chi-squared</th><th>df</th><th>p value</th><th>Cohen's d</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Female primary and senior (34 publications, 966 citations)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>23 (1-40)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Female primary and male senior (55 publications, 994 citations)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td>0.78462</td><td>3</td><td>0.8531</td><td>-0.16 [-0.46; 0.15]</td><td>12 (2-30.5)</td><td>6.5624</td><td>3</td><td>0.08723</td><td>0.10 [-0.18; 0.47]</td></tr><tr><td>Male primary and female senior (23 publications, 861 citations)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>18 (12-37)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Male primary and senior (61 publications, 2532 citations)</td><td>1 (1-1)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>23 (2-61)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Note: IQR: interquartile range. The p-value corresponds to the Kruskall-Wallis test. In orange: medium effect size.
<table><caption>527 Table A.16: Top 20 of the most active institutions in the human exposome research field</caption><thead><tr><th>Institution</th><th>Country</th><th>Publication start</th><th>Number of publications (%)</th><th>Total citation</th><th>Local citation (%)</th><th>Average citation per year</th><th>Mean AGR</th><th>Fractionalized frequency (%)</th><th>h-index</th><th>g-index</th><th>m-index</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>INSERM</td><td>France</td><td>2014</td><td>132 (14.2)</td><td>5038</td><td>543 (10.8)</td><td>458.0</td><td>72.1</td><td>18.4</td><td>37</td><td>68</td><td>2.47</td></tr><tr><td>CIBER</td><td>Spain</td><td>2014</td><td>98 (10.5)</td><td>3096</td><td>318 (10.3)</td><td>281.5</td><td>3.04</td><td>9.32</td><td>29</td><td>54</td><td>1.93</td></tr><tr><td>Pompeu Fabra University (UPF)</td><td>Spain</td><td>2014</td><td>95 (10.2)</td><td>2560</td><td>275 (10.8)</td><td>232.7</td><td>24.8</td><td>9.47</td><td>25</td><td>48</td><td>1.67</td></tr><tr><td>Isglobal</td><td>Spain</td><td>2016</td><td>93 (9.99)</td><td>2508</td><td>282 (11.3)</td><td>278.7</td><td>38.7</td><td>8.58</td><td>25</td><td>48</td><td>1.67</td></tr><tr><td>CNRS</td><td>France</td><td>2010</td><td>80 (8.59)</td><td>2720</td><td>311 (11.4)</td><td>181.3</td><td>20.3</td><td>9.72</td><td>27</td><td>51</td><td>1.80</td></tr><tr><td>Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA)</td><td>France</td><td>2010</td><td>75 (8.06)</td><td>2191</td><td>200 (9.14)</td><td>146.1</td><td>9.2</td><td>7.67</td><td>24</td><td>46</td><td>1.60</td></tr><tr><td>Imperial College London</td><td>UK</td><td>2012</td><td>74 (7.95)</td><td>2710</td><td>427 (15.8)</td><td>208.5</td><td>61.1</td><td>11.8</td><td>24</td><td>51</td><td>1.60</td></tr><tr><td>Utrecht University</td><td>The Netherlands</td><td>2015</td><td>60 (6.44)</td><td>1575</td><td>172 (10.9)</td><td>157.5</td><td>85.6</td><td>9.57</td><td>23</td><td>38</td><td>1.44</td></tr><tr><td>Universite Paris Cite</td><td>France</td><td>2015</td><td>54 (5.8)</td><td>2582</td><td>299 (11.6)</td><td>258.2</td><td>26.5</td><td>7.11</td><td>22</td><td>50</td><td>1.47</td></tr><tr><td>Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH)</td><td>Norway</td><td>2014</td><td>52 (5.59)</td><td>1291</td><td>153 (11.9)</td><td>117.4</td><td>11.8</td><td>3.47</td><td>20</td><td>35</td><td>1.33</td></tr><tr><td>Harvard University</td><td>US</td><td>2012</td><td>50 (5.37)</td><td>1770</td><td>191 (10.8)</td><td>136.2</td><td>33.0</td><td>11.4</td><td>21</td><td>42</td><td>1.62</td></tr><tr><td>University Of Southern California</td><td>US</td><td>2013</td><td>50 (5.37)</td><td>1262</td><td>152 (12.1)</td><td>105.2</td><td>17.9</td><td>6.42</td><td>19</td><td>35</td><td>1.27</td></tr><tr><td>Emory University</td><td>US</td><td>2011</td><td>47 (5.05)</td><td>1316</td><td>163 (12.4)</td><td>94.0</td><td>27.7</td><td>17.2</td><td>19</td><td>36</td><td>1.19</td></tr><tr><td>Icahn School Of Medicine At Mount Sinai</td><td>US</td><td>2012</td><td>45 (4.83)</td><td>1327</td><td>205 (15.4)</td><td>102.1</td><td>92.8</td><td>16.0</td><td>20</td><td>36</td><td>1.67</td></tr><tr><td>Vytautas Magnus University</td><td>Lithuania</td><td>2014</td><td>44 (4.73)</td><td>1193</td><td>134 (11.3)</td><td>108.5</td><td>14.8</td><td>2.88</td><td>19</td><td>34</td><td>1.58</td></tr><tr><td>University Of Crete</td><td>Greece</td><td>2018</td><td>43 (4.62)</td><td>1735</td><td>122 (7.04)</td><td>247.9</td><td>9.4</td><td>3.11</td><td>19</td><td>41</td><td>1.27</td></tr><tr><td>University Of California System</td><td>US</td><td>2010</td><td>41 (4.4)</td><td>1457</td><td>156 (10.7)</td><td>97.1</td><td>8.42</td><td>10.7</td><td>18</td><td>38</td><td>1.50</td></tr><tr><td>National Institutes of Health (NIH)</td><td>US</td><td>2010</td><td>36 (3.87)</td><td>1353</td><td>118 (8.72)</td><td>90.2</td><td>46.5</td><td>11.3</td><td>20</td><td>36</td><td>1.67</td></tr><tr><td>Maastricht University</td><td>The Netherlands</td><td>2015</td><td>36 (3.87)</td><td>755</td><td>48 (6.37)</td><td>75.5</td><td>25.6</td><td>3.61</td><td>15</td><td>27</td><td>1.25</td></tr><tr><td>Utrecht University Medical Center</td><td>The Netherlands</td><td>2011</td><td>35 (3.76)</td><td>954</td><td>118 (12.4)</td><td>68.1</td><td>25.6</td><td>5.90</td><td>17</td><td>30</td><td>1.06</td></tr><tr><td>INRAE</td><td>France</td><td>2014</td><td>35 (3.76)</td><td>717</td><td>54 (7.53)</td><td>65.2</td><td>18.0</td><td>3.26</td><td>14</td><td>26</td><td>0.93</td></tr></tbody></table>

528

529

530

531

532

533

Note: AGR: annual growth rate, CNRS: Centre national de la recherche scientifique (French National Centre for Scientific Research), CIBERESP: Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (Spanish Biomedical Research Center), INRAE: Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (French national research institute for agriculture, food and the environment), INSERM: Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), ISGlobal: Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona (Global Health Institute of Barcelona).

Please refer to the beginning of the supplemental materials for the definition of the bibliometric indices.
<table><caption>534 Table A.17: Top 20 of the most active funding bodies in the human exposome research field</caption><thead><tr><th>Funding bodies</th><th>Country</th><th>Publication Period</th><th>Number of publications (%)</th><th>Total citation</th><th>Local citation (%)</th><th>Average citation per year</th><th>Mean AGR</th><th>Fractionalized frequency (%)</th><th>h-index</th><th>g-index</th><th>m-index</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>National Institutes Of Health (NIH)</td><td>US</td><td>2010-2024</td><td>183 (19.7)</td><td>9821</td><td>1007 (10.3)</td><td>654.7</td><td>43.3</td><td>60.2</td><td>56</td><td>94</td><td>3.5</td></tr><tr><td>National Institute Of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)</td><td>US</td><td>2010-2024</td><td>140 (15)</td><td>6792</td><td>684 (10.1)</td><td>452.8</td><td>56.7</td><td>50.6</td><td>47</td><td>79</td><td>2.94</td></tr><tr><td>European Commission</td><td>Europe</td><td>2012-2024</td><td>101 (10.8)</td><td>4824</td><td>869 (18)</td><td>371.1</td><td>41.0</td><td>22.3</td><td>38</td><td>68</td><td>2.71</td></tr><tr><td>European Union</td><td>Europe</td><td>2015-2024</td><td>96 (10.3)</td><td>1991</td><td>239 (12)</td><td>199.1</td><td>161.0</td><td>41.7</td><td>25</td><td>42</td><td>2.27</td></tr><tr><td>UK Medical Research Council</td><td>UK</td><td>2012-2024</td><td>58 (6.23)</td><td>2485</td><td>471 (19)</td><td>191.2</td><td>69.9</td><td>10.1</td><td>26</td><td>49</td><td>1.86</td></tr><tr><td>National Natural Science Foundation</td><td>China</td><td>2015-2024</td><td>47 (5.05)</td><td>418</td><td>20 (4.78)</td><td>41.8</td><td>17.6</td><td>19.2</td><td>12</td><td>20</td><td>1.09</td></tr><tr><td>Generalitat De Catalunya</td><td>Spain</td><td>2015-2024</td><td>45 (4.83)</td><td>1393</td><td>330 (23.7)</td><td>139.3</td><td>17.6</td><td>4.72</td><td>22</td><td>37</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>UK Research and Innovation (UKRI)</td><td>UK</td><td>2012-2023</td><td>37 (3.97)</td><td>2169</td><td>442 (20.4)</td><td>180.8</td><td>16.0</td><td>6.68</td><td>24</td><td>37</td><td>1.71</td></tr><tr><td>CIBERESP</td><td>Spain</td><td>2018-2024</td><td>31 (3.33)</td><td>991</td><td>233 (23.5)</td><td>141.6</td><td>36.4</td><td>2.00</td><td>15</td><td>31</td><td>1.88</td></tr><tr><td>European Research Council (ERC)</td><td>Europe</td><td>2015-2024</td><td>30 (3.22)</td><td>1000</td><td>62 (6.26)</td><td>100.0</td><td>11.7</td><td>7.53</td><td>14</td><td>30</td><td>1.27</td></tr><tr><td>Instituto De Salud Carlos III</td><td>Spain</td><td>2014-2022</td><td>28 (3.01)</td><td>1290</td><td>276 (21.4)</td><td>143.3</td><td>3.97</td><td>2.56</td><td>21</td><td>28</td><td>1.75</td></tr><tr><td>Wellcome Trust</td><td>UK</td><td>2014-2024</td><td>28 (3.01)</td><td>750</td><td>89 (11.9)</td><td>68.2</td><td>28.3</td><td>2.83</td><td>12</td><td>27</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish Ministry Of Economy And Competitiveness</td><td>Spain</td><td>2017-2024</td><td>27 (2.9)</td><td>1275</td><td>267 (20.9)</td><td>159.4</td><td>39.6</td><td>3.55</td><td>17</td><td>27</td><td>1.89</td></tr><tr><td>Greek Ministry Of Health</td><td>Greece</td><td>2018-2024</td><td>25 (2.69)</td><td>1106</td><td>249 (22.5)</td><td>158.0</td><td>34.3</td><td>1.53</td><td>17</td><td>25</td><td>2.12</td></tr><tr><td>Lithuanian Agency For Science Innovation And Technology</td><td>Lithuania</td><td>2018-2024</td><td>24 (2.58)</td><td>1099</td><td>241 (21.9)</td><td>157.0</td><td>4.76</td><td>1.55</td><td>17</td><td>24</td><td>2.12</td></tr><tr><td>Norwegian Ministry Of Health And Care Services</td><td>Norway</td><td>2018-2024</td><td>24 (2.58)</td><td>774</td><td>166 (21.4)</td><td>110.6</td><td>105.0</td><td>1.62</td><td>14</td><td>24</td><td>1.75</td></tr><tr><td>French National Research Agency (ANR)</td><td>France</td><td>2015-2024</td><td>23 (2.47)</td><td>201</td><td>19 (9.45)</td><td>20.1</td><td>116.0</td><td>9.32</td><td>7</td><td>14</td><td>0.636</td></tr><tr><td>National Key RD Program Of China</td><td>China</td><td>2018-2024</td><td>23 (2.47)</td><td>171</td><td>17 (9.94)</td><td>24.4</td><td>13.1</td><td>6.88</td><td>9</td><td>12</td><td>1.12</td></tr><tr><td>Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)</td><td>US</td><td>2010-2024</td><td>22 (2.36)</td><td>711</td><td>78 (11)</td><td>47.4</td><td>12.4</td><td>7.84</td><td>15</td><td>22</td><td>0.938</td></tr><tr><td>Medline</td><td>US</td><td>2011-2020</td><td>22 (2.36)</td><td>1489</td><td>79 (5.31)</td><td>148.9</td><td>30.0</td><td>7.70</td><td>19</td><td>22</td><td>1.27</td></tr></tbody></table>

535

536 Note: AGR: annual growth rate, CIBER: Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (Spanish Biomedical Research Center).

537 Please refer to the beginning of the supplemental materials for the definition of the bibliometric indices.
<table><caption>**Table A.18:** Top 40 of the most frequent keywords in the human exposome publications</caption><thead><tr><th>Keyword</th><th>First appearance</th><th>Last appearance</th><th>Number of publications</th><th>Total citation</th><th>Local citation</th><th>Average citation per year</th><th>Mean AGR</th><th>h-index</th><th>g-index</th><th>m-index</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Exposome</td><td>2005</td><td>2024</td><td>539 (57.9)</td><td>16818</td><td>2029 (12.1)</td><td>840.9</td><td>21.8</td><td>63</td><td>113</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Environment</td><td>2005</td><td>2024</td><td>186 (20)</td><td>6987</td><td>600 (8.59)</td><td>349.4</td><td>28</td><td>43</td><td>80</td><td>2.05</td></tr><tr><td>Chemicals</td><td>2010</td><td>2024</td><td>140 (15)</td><td>4471</td><td>389 (8.7)</td><td>298.1</td><td>20.6</td><td>34</td><td>64</td><td>2.12</td></tr><tr><td>Exposure</td><td>2005</td><td>2024</td><td>128 (13.7)</td><td>5857</td><td>615 (10.5)</td><td>292.9</td><td>46.7</td><td>33</td><td>75</td><td>1.57</td></tr><tr><td>Metabolomics</td><td>2012</td><td>2024</td><td>101 (10.8)</td><td>3184</td><td>513 (16.2)</td><td>244.9</td><td>33.6</td><td>33</td><td>54</td><td>2.36</td></tr><tr><td>Children</td><td>2013</td><td>2024</td><td>81 (8.7)</td><td>2200</td><td>428 (19.5)</td><td>183.3</td><td>40.9</td><td>24</td><td>45</td><td>1.85</td></tr><tr><td>Biomarkers</td><td>2005</td><td>2024</td><td>73 (7.84)</td><td>4841</td><td>656 (13.6)</td><td>242.1</td><td>6.31</td><td>30</td><td>69</td><td>1.43</td></tr><tr><td>Reproductive disorders</td><td>2011</td><td>2024</td><td>70 (7.52)</td><td>1380</td><td>119 (8.62)</td><td>98.6</td><td>20.4</td><td>19</td><td>35</td><td>1.27</td></tr><tr><td>Omics</td><td>2013</td><td>2024</td><td>68 (7.3)</td><td>2472</td><td>460 (18.6)</td><td>206.0</td><td>31.7</td><td>24</td><td>49</td><td>1.85</td></tr><tr><td>Pregnancy</td><td>2011</td><td>2024</td><td>68 (7.3)</td><td>1847</td><td>272 (14.7)</td><td>131.9</td><td>14.1</td><td>24</td><td>42</td><td>1.6</td></tr><tr><td>Air pollution</td><td>2014</td><td>2024</td><td>68 (7.3)</td><td>2633</td><td>90 (3.42)</td><td>239.4</td><td>11.6</td><td>22</td><td>51</td><td>1.83</td></tr><tr><td>Epidemiology</td><td>2005</td><td>2024</td><td>66 (7.09)</td><td>4248</td><td>595 (14)</td><td>212.4</td><td>5.7</td><td>25</td><td>65</td><td>1.19</td></tr><tr><td>Health</td><td>2010</td><td>2024</td><td>66 (7.09)</td><td>1122</td><td>137 (12.2)</td><td>74.8</td><td>28.2</td><td>19</td><td>32</td><td>1.19</td></tr><tr><td>Respiratory diseases</td><td>2010</td><td>2024</td><td>60 (6.44)</td><td>2015</td><td>157 (7.79)</td><td>134.3</td><td>56.1</td><td>20</td><td>44</td><td>1.25</td></tr><tr><td>Cancer</td><td>2011</td><td>2024</td><td>56 (6.02)</td><td>1948</td><td>370 (19)</td><td>139.1</td><td>46.2</td><td>18</td><td>44</td><td>1.2</td></tr><tr><td>Diet</td><td>2013</td><td>2024</td><td>52 (5.59)</td><td>1961</td><td>176 (8.98)</td><td>163.4</td><td>53.7</td><td>18</td><td>44</td><td>1.38</td></tr><tr><td>Human biomonitoring (HBM)</td><td>2015</td><td>2024</td><td>52 (5.59)</td><td>1126</td><td>169 (15)</td><td>112.6</td><td>44.8</td><td>18</td><td>32</td><td>1.64</td></tr><tr><td>High resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS)</td><td>2016</td><td>2024</td><td>46 (4.94)</td><td>649</td><td>140 (21.6)</td><td>72.1</td><td>93.5</td><td>14</td><td>24</td><td>1.4</td></tr><tr><td>Mental health disorders</td><td>2015</td><td>2024</td><td>42 (4.51)</td><td>573</td><td>39 (6.81)</td><td>57.3</td><td>31.8</td><td>13</td><td>23</td><td>1.18</td></tr><tr><td>Microbiome</td><td>2012</td><td>2024</td><td>41 (4.4)</td><td>1609</td><td>70 (4.35)</td><td>123.8</td><td>24.7</td><td>20</td><td>40</td><td>1.43</td></tr><tr><td>Artificial intelligence (AI)</td><td>2013</td><td>2024</td><td>41 (4.4)</td><td>425</td><td>58 (13.6)</td><td>35.4</td><td>55.2</td><td>12</td><td>19</td><td>0.923</td></tr><tr><td>Exposome-wide association study (EWAS)</td><td>2012</td><td>2024</td><td>40 (4.3)</td><td>1519</td><td>244 (16.6)</td><td>116.8</td><td>57.5</td><td>19</td><td>38</td><td>1.36</td></tr><tr><td>Socio-economic status (SES)</td><td>2014</td><td>2024</td><td>39 (4.19)</td><td>564</td><td>72 (12.8)</td><td>51.3</td><td>40.8</td><td>14</td><td>23</td><td>1.17</td></tr><tr><td>Occupation</td><td>2010</td><td>2024</td><td>39 (4.19)</td><td>538</td><td>78 (14.6)</td><td>35.9</td><td>10.1</td><td>13</td><td>22</td><td>0.812</td></tr><tr><td>Exposomics</td><td>2013</td><td>2024</td><td>39 (4.19)</td><td>426</td><td>52 (12.2)</td><td>35.5</td><td>16.4</td><td>12</td><td>20</td><td>0.923</td></tr><tr><td>Machine learning (ML)</td><td>2013</td><td>2024</td><td>39 (4.19)</td><td>319</td><td>36 (11.3)</td><td>26.6</td><td>55.3</td><td>12</td><td>16</td><td>0.923</td></tr><tr><td>Mass spectrometry (MS)</td><td>2012</td><td>2024</td><td>35 (3.76)</td><td>1145</td><td>154 (13.5)</td><td>88.1</td><td>19.5</td><td>17</td><td>33</td><td>1.21</td></tr><tr><td>Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)</td><td>2016</td><td>2024</td><td>35 (3.76)</td><td>653</td><td>92 (14.1)</td><td>72.6</td><td>40.9</td><td>13</td><td>25</td><td>1.3</td></tr><tr><td>Diseases</td><td>2011</td><td>2024</td><td>34 (3.65)</td><td>1322</td><td>63 (4.79)</td><td>94.4</td><td>27.9</td><td>15</td><td>34</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Database</td><td>2011</td><td>2024</td><td>32 (3.44)</td><td>1378</td><td>175 (12.7)</td><td>98.4</td><td>58.3</td><td>17</td><td>32</td><td>1.13</td></tr><tr><td>Pesticides</td><td>2016</td><td>2024</td><td>31 (3.33)</td><td>613</td><td>50 (8.16)</td><td>68.1</td><td>56.7</td><td>14</td><td>24</td><td>1.4</td></tr><tr><td>Data</td><td>2011</td><td>2024</td><td>30 (3.22)</td><td>891</td><td>69 (7.74)</td><td>63.6</td><td>5.36</td><td>12</td><td>29</td><td>0.8</td></tr><tr><td>Built environment</td><td>2017</td><td>2024</td><td>30 (3.22)</td><td>660</td><td>76 (11.5)</td><td>82.5</td><td>43.3</td><td>11</td><td>25</td><td>1.22</td></tr><tr><td>Cohorts</td><td>2011</td><td>2024</td><td>28 (3.01)</td><td>726</td><td>165 (22.7)</td><td>51.9</td><td>-10.2</td><td>13</td><td>26</td><td>0.867</td></tr><tr><td>Epigenetics</td><td>2015</td><td>2024</td><td>28 (3.01)</td><td>675</td><td>33 (4.89)</td><td>67.5</td><td>76.2</td><td>13</td><td>25</td><td>1.18</td></tr><tr><td>Mixtures</td><td>2017</td><td>2024</td><td>28 (3.01)</td><td>353</td><td>53 (15)</td><td>44.1</td><td>16.7</td><td>12</td><td>18</td><td>1.33</td></tr><tr><td>Asthma</td><td>2010</td><td>2024</td><td>27 (2.9)</td><td>979</td><td>74 (7.56)</td><td>65.3</td><td>30.3</td><td>13</td><td>27</td><td>0.812</td></tr><tr><td>Non-targeted analysis (NTA)</td><td>2015</td><td>2024</td><td>27 (2.9)</td><td>397</td><td>71 (17.9)</td><td>39.7</td><td>3.33</td><td>11</td><td>19</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs)</td><td>2015</td><td>2024</td><td>26 (2.79)</td><td>801</td><td>41 (5.12)</td><td>80.1</td><td>73.3</td><td>14</td><td>26</td><td>1.27</td></tr><tr><td>Metals</td><td>2016</td><td>2024</td><td>26 (2.79)</td><td>473</td><td>45 (9.51)</td><td>52.6</td><td>65.9</td><td>12</td><td>21</td><td>1.2</td></tr><tr><td>Neurodegenerative diseases</td><td>2016</td><td>2024</td><td>26 (2.79)</td><td>491</td><td>18 (3.67)</td><td>54.6</td><td>35.2</td><td>9</td><td>22</td><td>0.9</td></tr></tbody></table>

*Note*: AGR: annual growth rate. Please refer to the beginning of the supplemental materials for the definition of the bibliometric indices.
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