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**IALE 2022**
**European Landscape Ecology Congress**
**Book of Abstracts**

Editors

Jacek Wolski

Edyta Regulska

Andrzej Affek

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The IALE 2022 European Landscape Ecology Congress (11-15 July 2022) was organised by Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Polish Academy of Sciences (IGiPZ PAN) and Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Warsaw (WGiSR UW) in partnership with European and Polish Associations for Landscape Ecology (IALE-Europe and PAEK).

**Organizing Committee**

- ANDRZEJ AFFEK - Chair (IGiPZ PAN)

- EDYTA REGULSKA - Secretary (IGiPZ PAN)

- ANNA KOWALSKA (IGiPZ PAN)

- JACEK WOLSKI (IGiPZ PAN)

- ALINA GERLÉE (WGiSR UW)

- AGNIESZKA SOSNOWSKA (WGiSR UW)

- EWA KOŁACZKOWSKA (IGiPZ PAN)

- JERZY LECHNIO (WGiSR UW)

**Scientific Committee**

- MAREK DEGÓRSKI - Chair (IGiPZ PAN), AGNIESZKA LATOCHA-WITES - Secretary (Wrocław University), WIACZESŁAW ANDREJCZUK (University of Warsaw), JAROSŁAW BALON (Jagiellonian University), TADEUSZ CHMIELEWSKI (University of Life Sciences in Lublin, prof. em.), AGATA CIESZEWSKA (Warsaw University of Life Sciences), WENCHE DRAMSTAD (Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research), VEERLE VAN EETVELDE (Ghent University), SIMONA R. GRĂDINARU (University of Bucharest), MARIUSZ KISTOWSKI (University of Gdańsk), SYLWIA KULCZYK (University of Warsaw), ISABEL LOUPA-RAMOS (Technical University of Lisbon), ANDRZEJ MACIAS (Adam Mickiewicz University), URSZULA MYGA-PIĄTEK (University of Silesia in Katowice), IRENA NIEDŹWIECKA-FILIPIAK (Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences), MACIEJ PIETRZAK (Komeński State School of Higher Vocational Education), JONATHAN PORTER (Countryscape, Manchester), ANDRZEJ RICHLING (University of Warsaw), WERNER ROLF (Technical University of Munich), JERZY SOLON (IGiPZ PAN), WIESŁAW ZIAJA (Jagiellonian University)
Co-financed by

Ministry of Education and Science

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Honorary patronage

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Ministry of Climate
and Environment

Partners

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Stowarzyszenie Polskich Architektów Krajobrazu

Recommended citation:

[Authors surname][Initial/s] (2022) [Title of abstract]. In: J. Wolski, E. Regulska, A. Affek (Eds.), IALE 2022 European Landscape Ecology Congress. Book of Abstracts (pp. xx-xx), IGIPZ PAN, Warsaw.

According to the Declaration of Consent to Publication and Assignation of Copyright (https://www.iale2022.eu/programme/call-abstracts.html) all Authors collectively accept and confirm that submission of the abstracts to the IALE 2022 Congress constitutes their consent to publication in the Book of Abstracts. Each Author warrants and represents that he/she is the sole owner or has the rights of all the information and content provided. The publication of the abstract does not infringe any third party rights including, but not limited to, intellectual property rights. Each Author grants the Editors (Congress organisers) a royalty-free, perpetual, irrevocable nonexclusive license to use, reproduce, publish, translate, distribute, and display the content.

Papers are published under a Creative Common Attribution CC BY 4.0 license without embargo period. The full content of the license is available at: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Published by Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.7163/Konf.0004
ISBN: 978-83-61590-99-6

© Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Polish Academy of Sciences, 2022
© Jacek Wolski, Edyta Regulska, Andrzej Affek, 2022
# Preface

Dear Participants,

In July 11-15, 2022, the next European Landscape Ecology Congress will take place. The IALE 2022 Congress is IALE2021+1, originally scheduled in 2021 but postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The IALE Congresses always have been opportunities to meet, discuss and interact with the wide and diverse field of landscape ecologists of all ages and research interests. But the Congresses are also moments to meet your colleagues, to become part of the landscape ecology community. Therefore, we wanted to organise a physical Congress, where we have opportunities to meet in real life with each other and the landscapes. When it looked as though there was a chance to meet safely, war broke out at our borders. The war that shocks the world and with each passing day increases the unimaginable suffering of Ukrainians and the destruction of their homeland. Considering the dangers of the Russian invasion, the uncertainty of tomorrow and the obvious need to help millions of refugees arriving in Poland, we regretfully decided to change the format of the Congress to an online meeting. Although we are aware that some advantages of face-to-face meetings cannot be fully maintained, we have done our best to make the online Congress interesting, interactive and valuable for everyone.

IALE 2022 European Landscape Ecology Congress aims to highlight landscape ecology as the transdisciplinary platform linking past, present and future. This approach is especially needed now when the world is facing global challenges such as climate crisis, biodiversity loss, environmental pollution, mass migration and urbanization. A holistic, landscape approach to the complex cultural-environmental systems – which is the essence of landscape ecology – provides the perfect framework for combining transdisciplinary tools and perspectives to better understand the diverse phenomena and processes around us and to predict and properly manage them. That is why we want to learn from past experience and knowledge to take responsibility for shaping sustainable landscapes and societies of the future.

We welcome both researchers and practitioners from all landscape-related disciplines, including environmental and social perspectives, to share their experience and interact within the broad, international community of all those interested in landscape related issues. We believe that landscape ecology – as the study of multifaceted interactions in geographical space – has the potential to integrate not only natural sciences and humanities but also researchers and policy-makers, which is the key to implement the Congress theme into practice.

Therefore, we invited three amazing speakers of different background and approaches to landscape who will share their insights from three different perspectives: landscape ecology, landscape planning and landscape architecture: Andrzej Richling, Anna M. Hersperger, and Richard Weller.

The general Congress theme – **making the future, learning from the past** – will be discussed through the four interconnected thematic groups covering the whole range of issues relevant for landscape ecology:

## Past

* ...Heritage, Reconstructing, Understanding, Drivers and actors of change, Transformations, Nature restoration, Mapping, Paleoecology, History, Memories, Legacies, Identity, Connectivity...

## Learning

* ...Communication/transferring knowledge, Coproduction of knowledge, Multi-/inter-/trans-disciplinarity, Dialogue, Education and awareness, Going to dialogue with landscape, Perception, Learning by doing, Monitoring, Multi-perspectivism, Evaluation of policies/measures...
## Future

...Modelling and scenarios, Transitions, Facing/meeting challenges, Aspirations, Expectations, Technology/new tools, Virtual, Artificial intelligence/big data, Social media, Landscape genetics, Solutions, Novel (eco)systems, Innovation, Regeneration, Sustainability, Resilience, Security, Measuring landscape...

## Making

...Practice, Policy, Design, Identity, Place making, Governance, Management (natural/heritage), Co-benefits, Stewardship, Protection, Conservation, Ecosystem services, Impact assessment, Impact and effect, Conflict solving, Mitigation, Well-being, Valuation, Implementation...

At IALE 2022, 28 symposia will be organised in six parallel sessions. We welcomed proposals from people with a background in science, policy and practice as well as from different landscape related disciplines in natural and social sciences. Symposia are organised in 10 thematic groups combining complementary symposia:

1. Learning from people

2. Learning from nature

3. Learning from data

4. Learning from past landscapes

5. Planning future landscapes

6. Policy making for European landscapes

7. Agricultural and productive landscapes

8. Urban and peri-urban landscapes

9. Regions in the spotlight

10. Education in landscape ecology

Next to the parallel sessions, Virtual Poster Gallery with more than 50 poster presentations accessible throughout the Congress will be an important way to present research.

The organisation of IALE 2022 will not be possible without the involvement and hard work of many people. We are very grateful to the 23 members of the Scientific Committee who helped us define the thematic scope of the Congress actively participated in the review of symposia proposals and made every effort to ensure that the topics of the symposia cover all aspects important for landscape ecology. We are also very grateful to almost 100 symposia organisers who submitted their proposals, reviewed more than 400 abstracts and prepared the timeline of their symposia.

Finally, we would like to thank all members of the local Organizing Committee and volunteers who spent many hours with us here in Warsaw, first preparing for the physical event in 2021, then for the physical event in 2022 (e.g., venue, excursions, registration, website, Book of Abstracts), and recently adapting everything in a rush into an online event (e.g. Whova web platform and video excursions). All this would not be possible without their hard work and full commitment over the past 3 years. We hope you will be satisfied with the end result and enjoy the Congress. Have a great week!

<figure><img src="image_15.png" /><figcaption>Andrzej Affek
Congress Coordinator</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_16.png" /><figcaption>Edyta Regulska
Congress Secretary</figcaption></figure>
Table of contents

<table><tr><td>TABLE OF CONTENTS</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>KEYNOTES</td><td>18</td></tr><tr><td>Landscape ecology in Poland – development and perspectives</td><td>18</td></tr><tr><td>Visioning our future landscape: translating spatial planning into scenariomodelling</td><td>19</td></tr><tr><td>Designing Symbiosis</td><td>19</td></tr><tr><td>1. LEARNING FROM PEOPLE</td><td>20</td></tr><tr><td>ASSESSING INTANGIBLE LANDSCAPE VALUES FOR LANDSCAPE PLANNING AND DESIGN</td><td>21</td></tr><tr><td>Understanding changing landscapes: the intangible side of rural gentrification on a Swedish island</td><td>23</td></tr><tr><td>Cultural ecosystem services in determining valuable biocultural landscapes</td><td>24</td></tr><tr><td>Investigating the level of attachment to different urban parks: a cross-cultural study</td><td>25</td></tr><tr><td>How many views in the landscape – a GIS framework for landscape parks visual resources assessment</td><td>26</td></tr><tr><td>Impacts of woodland planting on nature-based recreational tourism in upland England: a case study</td><td>27</td></tr><tr><td>Perception of change in rural landscapes on Shar Planina, North Macedonia</td><td>28</td></tr><tr><td>Integrated analysis of social-ecological functions of urban green spaces in traditional village of Penglipuran, Bali, Indonesia</td><td>29</td></tr><tr><td>Eco-aesthetics, social acceptance and environmental concerns of the current landscape practices in Global South cities</td><td>30</td></tr><tr><td>Application of landscape capacity assessment to verify spatial development plans of protected landscapes</td><td>31</td></tr><tr><td>Guidelines for developing an in-situ expert visual quality assessment on agricultural landscapes</td><td>32</td></tr><tr><td>Classification and assessment of Cultural Ecosystem Services Distribution Channels (CESDC) for landscape planning and tourism development. Case study: Kazimierz Landscape Park (Poland)</td><td>33</td></tr><tr><td>Comprehensive tools for urban green spaces assessment: a review of measuring systems</td><td>34</td></tr><tr><td>The role of landscape distinguishing marks and visual analyses in the planning and design of new building investments in areas of high landscape values</td><td>35</td></tr><tr><td>Landscape design of zones with large-scale structures located in peri-urban areas using Sectoral Analysis of Landscape Interior (SALI): case study of Wrocław, Poland</td><td>36</td></tr><tr><td>The changes of landscape ecological and the effects on cultural ecosystem services in rural area</td><td>37</td></tr><tr><td>‘7S’ Digital View Component Parameterisation Method as a landscape assessment and planning tool</td><td>38</td></tr><tr><td>Digital view analysis from the top of the Łysica hill with identification of regional landscape specificity of the study area using new data structures</td><td>39</td></tr><tr><td>Participatory mapping of demand for ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes</td><td>40</td></tr><tr><td>Perception – identification – interpretation. Integrated landscape assessment for planning and design at the local level</td><td>41</td></tr><tr><td>Combining subjective and objective data to explore demand and supply of social functions in urban green spaces</td><td>42</td></tr><tr><td>Flowering meadows for people, bees and biodiversity</td><td>43</td></tr><tr><td>How green spaces need to change to address the public post-Covid expectations</td><td>44</td></tr><tr><td>Sense of place in river landscape management – a progressive perspective</td><td>45</td></tr><tr><td>Feelings about quarries: measuring the sense of place in a limestone landscape</td><td>46</td></tr><tr><td>Mapping landscape visual quality in the Basque Country of north-west Spain</td><td>47</td></tr><tr><td>Correlation between place attachment and regional significance of CES in peri-urban areas: a ppGIS case study in Budapest Metropolitan Region</td><td>48</td></tr><tr><td>Landscapes and identities in transformation: construction of the project from the social assessment of the landscape. The case of Pichilemu, a coastal city of central Chile</td><td>49</td></tr></table>
Using social media photographs deep learning to assess cultural ecosystem services of urban green spaces for high-density urban management: case from the central Beijing.................................................................................. 50

APPROACHES INTEGRATING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND DISSERVICES IN SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL LANDSCAPES TO FOSTER SUSTAINABILITY .................................................................................................................................................. 51

A novel cascade model for ecosystem services and disservices applied in a Brazilian working landscape.. 52

Methods and indicators for evaluating ecosystem services: a need for standardization.................................. 53

Seeking for a sustainable fire resilient landscape at a living lab in Northern Portugal.................................. 54

Urban waterfront: potential of landscape. Case study in Bacoli .................................................................................. 55

What, where, and why do residents experience in the urban riverscape? Insights from the PPGIS survey . 56

How do young people perceive human-wildlife-interactions? .................................................................................. 57

Beekeep calm and think in common: a game for the governance of floral resources use among beekeepers .................................................................................................................................................. 58

Benefits and disbenefits related to cultural ecosystem services of green spaces.................................................. 59

Optimizing the landscape portfolio for the provision of ecosystem services in Eastern Panama .................... 60

Water management in rural area with nature-based solution: a case study of Ban Pi, Ban Luang district, Nan province, Thailand.................................................................................................................. 61

How to identify ecosystem services and disservices with supply and demand?.................................................. 62

A multi-criteria method for assessing the value of ecosystem services for catchment protection in northeastern Poland.................................................................................................................................................. 63

2. LEARNING FROM NATURE .................................................................................................................. 64

HOW TO DEVELOP A "SUCCESSFUL" ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE FOR THE PROTECTION OF BIODIVERSITY? ....... 64

Forest landscape under involuntary biodiversity conservation approach: landowner's attitude towards biodiversity conservation in private forests.................................................................................................. 65

'Nature and tourism' versus 'nature or tourism'. Searching for the right balance through the cultural ecosystem services approach .................................................................................................................. 66

Designing biodiversity friendly landscapes as a promising approach to increase effectiveness of agri-environmental schemes.................................................................................................................. 67

A new model of pollination services potential using a landscape approach: a case study of post-mining area in Poland .................................................................................................................................................. 68

Warsaw Biodiversity Index – towards new urban biodiversity governance instruments .................................. 69

How grassland farmers relate to biodiversity: a case study from the northern Italian Alps ........................ 70

Management framework development for Small Island Ecosystems: case of Polillo Islands Seascape....... 71

'HALF EUROPE': WHERE AND HOW CAN BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION BE ACHIEVED IN THE ANTHROPOCENE?...... 72

If other animals can define the countryside, are they "nature"? .................................................................................. 73

Wilderness vs. culturalness: opposing concepts or complementary schemes?.................................................. 74

The potential of Natura 2000 and area-based conservation for enhancing functional farmland biodiversity .................................................................................................................................................. 75

Valuation of ecosystem services at the landscape level for spatial planning........................................................ 76

Valuing ecosystem services and biodiversity in natural protected areas: the case study of the Gran Paradiso National (Italy).................................................................................................................. 77

Soil biodiversity conservation: evaluation of the alpine edaphic soil fauna using eDNA metabarcoding .... 78

Soda ash dumping grounds: are they attractive habitats for bees and wasps (Aculeata)? .......................... 79

Adequacy and effectiveness of the Natura 2000 network in Cyprus .................................................................................. 80

Positive and negative ecological aspects of the current Spitsbergen landscape development .................... 81

ROAD ECOLOGY IN TIMES OF RAPID ROAD CONSTRUCTION: RECENT ADVANCES AND GROWING CHALLENGES ......... 82

Effects of road lighting on insects: assessing the role of landscape and vegetation structure along roads in Norway .................................................................................................................................................. 83

Can acoustic stimuli be used to reduce ungulate-train collisions? Results of a behavioural experiment..... 84

Ungulates and trains – factors influencing flight responses and detectability .................................................. 85

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<table><tr><td>Are olfactory repellents reasonable alternatives to fencing along secondary roads in prevention of ungulate-vehicle collisions?</td><td>86</td></tr><tr><td>Spatio-temporal distribution of wildlife-vehicle collisions in the Polish Carpathians between 2015 and 2021</td><td>87</td></tr><tr><td>Addressing the FLOMS trade-off: how long do wildlife fences along roads have to be to mitigate the fence-end effect?</td><td>88</td></tr><tr><td>Incorporating the Landscape Ecological Risk Index in assessing the impacts of road networks (case study: Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari Province, Iran)</td><td>89</td></tr><tr><td>Orthopteran assemblages in a roadside habitat: adverse effects of traffic noise and vegetation height</td><td>90</td></tr><tr><td>No place to go: wildlife and road network in an island environment</td><td>91</td></tr><tr><td>ASSESSING AND MONITORING CONNECTIVITY RESTORATION AND CONSERVATION AT LOCAL AND REGIONAL SCALES</td><td>92</td></tr><tr><td>Assessing the strategic importance of vegetated areas in multi-dwelling units to restore ecological connectivity in the French metropolitan area of Lyon</td><td>93</td></tr><tr><td>Ecosystems as complex networks: a study of the network topology of two contrasting ecosystems, such as dryland and river-floodplains</td><td>94</td></tr><tr><td>Assessing the influence of terrestrial pesticide exposure on amphibian population networks</td><td>95</td></tr><tr><td>Conservative arboriculture: perspectives for enhancing landscape connectivity and promoting biodiversity in urbanized landscapes</td><td>96</td></tr><tr><td>Validation of graph-based connectivity models using genetic data</td><td>97</td></tr><tr><td>Spatio-temporal networks for wetland biodiversity conservation</td><td>98</td></tr><tr><td>How are landscape fragmentation and connectivity related? Comparing methods for measuring landscape connectivity</td><td>99</td></tr><tr><td>The influence of the spatial development on the ecological network management at a local and regional scale. Case studies in Wielkopolskie Province</td><td>100</td></tr><tr><td>Functional and taxonomic structure of carabid beetle assemblages in forest fragments and hedges in heterogeneous agricultural landscapes</td><td>101</td></tr><tr><td>A green-blue infrastructure to improve connectivity in Bizkaia</td><td>102</td></tr><tr><td>The consequences of ash dieback on functional and genetic connectivity</td><td>103</td></tr><tr><td>How to approach the habitat connectivity – comparison of four methods</td><td>104</td></tr><tr><td>Assessing the influence of the amount of reachable habitat on genetic structure using graphs</td><td>105</td></tr><tr><td>Concept for measuring connectivity for spatial reference units taking barriers into account</td><td>106</td></tr><tr><td>Focal patches isolation and the role of transit patches in studies on landscape connectivity</td><td>107</td></tr><tr><td>Connectivity estimation methods: a comparative approach for conservation planning</td><td>108</td></tr><tr><td>Connectivity of protected areas in Colombia: identification and prioritization of potential linkages</td><td>109</td></tr><tr><td>FOREST EXPANSION, LANDSCAPE DYNAMICS AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN EUROPE</td><td>110</td></tr><tr><td>Review of landscape indices to access condition and functioning of disturbed forest landscapes – the example of Tuchola Forest, northern Poland</td><td>111</td></tr><tr><td>Forest habitat availability in Spain: recent changes and retrospective resilience assessment</td><td>112</td></tr><tr><td>Coping with fire in a Mediterranean Biosphere Reserve: a multiobjective plan under uncertain future global change</td><td>113</td></tr><tr><td>Why understanding stakeholder perspectives and emotions is important in upland woodland creation: a case study from Cumbria, UK</td><td>114</td></tr><tr><td>Extent and species composition of forests developed after 1940s-human displacement in the NE Carpathians</td><td>115</td></tr><tr><td>Application of SIG (Trophic Soil Index) in ecosystem services of post-arable soils afforested with silver birch</td><td>116</td></tr><tr><td>Forest landscape changes after deep land use and human population changes: a case study in La Rioja region (Spain)</td><td>117</td></tr><tr><td>Towards a non-monetary valuation of forest ecosystem services at the local scale: a case study in Southern Germany</td><td>118</td></tr></table>

<figure><img src="image_18.png" /></figure>
<table><tr><td>Assessing the effect of fire severity and mulch strips in mitigating soil erosion and carbon losses after the Sierra Bermeja megafire (2021)</td><td>119</td></tr><tr><td>The effects of planting birch forests on earthworm community in post-arable soils</td><td>120</td></tr><tr><td>Comparing the effect of fire management strategies on fire regulation capacity in a Mediterranean mountainous landscape undergoing farmland abandonment and climate change</td><td>121</td></tr><tr><td>Contemporary local scale transformation on post-agricultural landscapes in Central Poland</td><td>122</td></tr><tr><td>Regeneration processes of forest stands of the Tuchola Forest (Rytel Forest District, Poland) after hurricane winds in 2017 – preliminary research results</td><td>123</td></tr><tr><td><strong>3. LEARNING FROM DATA</strong></td><td><strong>124</strong></td></tr><tr><td>BIG DATA SCIENCE IN SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT</td><td>124</td></tr><tr><td>Agricultural landscape change impact on the quality of land in areas of gain and displacement</td><td>126</td></tr><tr><td>The impact of land-use/land-cover changes driven by socio-economic factors on the provision of ecosystem services in south-western Ghana using a stakeholder-based modelling approach</td><td>127</td></tr><tr><td>Using social media review data to assess cultural ecosystem services of green infrastructure in metropolitan areas of Germany and China</td><td>128</td></tr><tr><td>Assessing the potential of machine learning for developing landscape typologies</td><td>129</td></tr><tr><td>Assessing climate change vulnerability of mapped socio-ecological systems in the Central Himalaya</td><td>130</td></tr><tr><td>Problems with Spatial Big Data processing on the example of physico-geographical regionalisation of the Wielkopolskie voivodeship</td><td>131</td></tr><tr><td>A GIS-based procedure for physico-geographical regionalisation with usage of Spatial Big Data in multi-criteria environment analysis</td><td>132</td></tr><tr><td>TOWARDS A DYNAMIC ASSESSMENT OF HABITATS CONSERVATION STATUS: FROM IN SITU DATA TO COPERNICUS SERVICES</td><td>133</td></tr><tr><td>Modeling potential natural vegetation. Bringing to light an old concept to guide nature conservation in fragmented and degraded landscapes</td><td>134</td></tr><tr><td>Habitat classification and Connectivity-Functionality analysis along the European Green Belt using high-resolution satellite imagery</td><td>135</td></tr><tr><td>From map to management: an integrated modelling framework to assess the conservation status of habitat types at a large scale</td><td>136</td></tr><tr><td>Incorporating remotely sensed ecosystem functioning into species distribution models: limitations, advantages and future avenues</td><td>137</td></tr><tr><td>Challenges of using the LANDIS-II model for biodiversity protection in forest areas</td><td>138</td></tr><tr><td>EARTH OBSERVATION (EO) FOR ECOSYSTEM SERVICES MONITORING</td><td>139</td></tr><tr><td>Correlation of the flooding regime with the presence of Solidago gigantea over the valley of Narew in Poland</td><td>140</td></tr><tr><td>The role of urban habitat continuity and landscape structure on informal greenspace floristical diversity</td><td>141</td></tr><tr><td>The use of UAV in the analysis of changes in Digital Surface Models for peatland catchment areas</td><td>142</td></tr><tr><td>Quality control of Copernicus High Resolution Layers for monitoring agricultural landscapes and wetlands</td><td>143</td></tr><tr><td>Mapping Ecosystem Functional Types in central Africa using radar Sentinel-1 data</td><td>144</td></tr><tr><td>EcoSystem Integrity – Sensor /EO-Service (ESIS) for monitoring bio- and geodiversity and social-ecological systems by spectral traits, remote sensing and data science approaches</td><td>145</td></tr><tr><td>Spatio-temporal analysis of Ecosystem Functional Types in relation to land cover changes</td><td>146</td></tr><tr><td>Quantification of evapotranspiration and cooling function of vegetation using remote sensing</td><td>147</td></tr><tr><td>The role of recent (1985-2014) patterns of land abandonment and environmental factors in forest establishment and growth of secondary forest the Iberian Peninsula</td><td>148</td></tr><tr><td>Developing a spatially explicit, nation-wide habitat map: challenges, data and methods</td><td>149</td></tr><tr><td>Exploring the environmental drivers of high-latitude wildfires</td><td>150</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>Monitoring of the delivery of recreational ecosystem services based on participatory and satellite observations in the Great Masurian Lakes (Poland)</td><td>151</td></tr><tr><td>The use of hyperspectral and LiDAR data obtained from the aerial ceiling and the UAV platform for the hydromorphological characterization of European rivers, on the scale of the watercourse section</td><td>152</td></tr><tr><td>Fast visualization and analytical operations on the web to support ecosystem services</td><td>153</td></tr><tr><td>LiDAR, spectral and self-employed data fusion for cultural ecosystem services assessment in urban green spaces</td><td>154</td></tr><tr><td>Landscape-seascape dynamics in the Arctic geography and ecology</td><td>155</td></tr><tr><td><strong>4. LEARNING FROM PAST LANDSCAPES</strong></td><td><strong>156</strong></td></tr><tr><td>WHEN HISTORY MEETS FUTURE – FUTURE CHALLENGES FOR HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE RESEARCH</td><td>156</td></tr><tr><td>Landscapes in Landscape</td><td>157</td></tr><tr><td>Key techniques applied in delivering machine-readable geodata from a scanned set of late 1800s Danish historic maps</td><td>158</td></tr><tr><td>Geotourism and mining tourism – an important source of sustainable development of tourism (Gemer region, Slovakia)</td><td>159</td></tr><tr><td>Can we compare 19th century topographical and modern geodata when assessing land dynamics? Reflections on a Danish case study</td><td>160</td></tr><tr><td>Potential of airborne LiDAR data in detecting cultural landscape features in Slovakia</td><td>161</td></tr><tr><td>Combining remote sensing data with local knowledge</td><td>162</td></tr><tr><td>Historical geoportal of Galicia and Austrian Silesia 1857-1910</td><td>163</td></tr><tr><td>Water in the landscape as an indicator of changes in the Elbe River lowlands</td><td>164</td></tr><tr><td>Anthropogenic landforms as indicators of past land use in marginal mountain areas</td><td>165</td></tr><tr><td>Segmenting historical maps to build time-series of settlement and habitat networks across Switzerland</td><td>166</td></tr><tr><td>Land area categories in large-scale historical topographic maps in relation to analysing land use and land cover changes</td><td>167</td></tr><tr><td>THE PAST AS A SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE, EXPERIENCE AND A CAUSE OF CHANGE</td><td>168</td></tr><tr><td>Long-term, country level assessment of semi-natural and secondary forest cover change in Hungary</td><td>169</td></tr><tr><td>Human and climate drivers of changes in the use of peatlands throughout the 20th century in north western Poland (the Tuchola Pinewoods)</td><td>170</td></tr><tr><td>The use of the chosen soil characteristics in getting to know palaeoenvironment and paleolandscape</td><td>171</td></tr><tr><td>Landscape monitoring of large protected areas in Czechia</td><td>172</td></tr><tr><td>Semi-natural grasslands in the landscape of Karkonosze National Park (Poland) over 130 years, differences between modern and ancient grasslands</td><td>173</td></tr><tr><td>Identification of driving forces behind landscape changes: case study of Sobótka commune in Poland</td><td>174</td></tr><tr><td>Landscapes of the Middle Dniester river valley during the Gravettian and Epigravettian occupation – findings from the Doroshivtsi III camp (Ukraine)</td><td>175</td></tr><tr><td>Signals from the past: preliminary evidence on the role of ancient and historical landscape changes on population genetic structure of Macedonian oak (Quercus trojana Webb) in Puglia (Italy)</td><td>176</td></tr><tr><td>Soil changes within the modern forest-steppe zone of Ukraine as a reflection of the evolution of landscapes in the Pleistocene and Holocene</td><td>177</td></tr><tr><td>Pleistocene landscape history of the Middle Dnieper River Valley (Ukraine) based on loess cover studies</td><td>178</td></tr><tr><td>Landscape change experiences in an inner-German border area (Eichsfeld) using historical maps – between division and reunification and future tasks</td><td>179</td></tr><tr><td>Livestock grazing in temperate forests revisited – what does science know and what can be learnt from historical literature?</td><td>180</td></tr><tr><td>Forests of the Eemian Interglacial and their climate-driven changes with no human interference</td><td>181</td></tr><tr><td>Identification of touristic routes and creation of heritage maps for the enhancement of the historical landscape. The historical landscape of the Leonardo da Vinci's Gioconda</td><td>182</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>Exploring how socioeconomic systems affect vegetation: the case of the summit forest of Gran Canaria (Spain) during the 20th century</td><td>183</td></tr><tr><td>Diversity of historical landscape structures and ways of their identification</td><td>184</td></tr><tr><td>Charcoal production in medieval central Europe and its environmental consequences</td><td>185</td></tr><tr><td>Indicators and drivers of changes in Slovak agricultural landscape</td><td>186</td></tr><tr><td>From floodplain to repetitive flood area: landscape change of the floodplain in the Lower Yom River Basin in Kong sub-district, Thailand</td><td>187</td></tr><tr><td>A policy analysis on securing tenurial rights over Ancestral Domain: case of Agta-Dumagat Tribe of Polillo Islands</td><td>188</td></tr><tr><td>Reconstruction of the hydrographic network in Jelenia Góra Basin (SW Poland) as a tool of geohazards prediction and proper spatial planning</td><td>189</td></tr><tr><td>5. PLANNING FUTURE LANDSCAPES</td><td>190</td></tr><tr><td>FUTURE LANDSCAPE DEVELOPMENT: FORECAST, VISIONS AND SCENARIOS</td><td>190</td></tr><tr><td>Impacts of climate change on extent of tree crop plantations in Southeast Asia</td><td>191</td></tr><tr><td>The geography of megatrends affecting European agriculture</td><td>192</td></tr><tr><td>Filling a gap in Douro protected areas network. An opportunity for the creation of the Lower Sabor Natural Regional Park</td><td>193</td></tr><tr><td>Landscape changes and its driving forces in three Lower Silesian communes – Jelenia Góra, Mysłakowice and Kąty Wrocławskie in Poland – current trends and future projections</td><td>194</td></tr><tr><td>Combining models with socio-ecological studies for understanding the future of agricultural landscapes in Central Europe, and options for NBS implementations</td><td>195</td></tr><tr><td>Eco-revitalization – innovative and ecological aspects of revitalization projects on the example of Łódź</td><td>196</td></tr><tr><td>Forecast cultural landscape development. Theoretical considerations between visions and scenarios</td><td>197</td></tr><tr><td>Evolution of archaeological landscape in Poland – the past, present and future change</td><td>198</td></tr><tr><td>PLANNING AND POLICY APPROACHES FOR FUTURE LANDSCAPES: LEARNING FROM PAST EXPERIENCES TO DEVELOP NOVEL PATHWAYS</td><td>199</td></tr><tr><td>Towards transformative landscape planning for people and nature: a critical reflection</td><td>200</td></tr><tr><td>Making connections – green space accessibility as an indicator of wealth distribution</td><td>201</td></tr><tr><td>Mapping ecosystem services in the area of planned Turnicki National Park</td><td>202</td></tr><tr><td>Mapping and classifying pervious surfaces and canopy cover through NDVI to shift towards sustainable urban planning</td><td>203</td></tr><tr><td>The role of the national urban agenda in Brazilian State capitals: a socioeconomic and land change assessment</td><td>204</td></tr><tr><td>Is 3D urban morphology evolution associated with socio-spatial patterns? Evidence from Spanish urban areas for the past decades</td><td>205</td></tr><tr><td>An integrated assessment of ecological integrity and ecosystem services in agro-forestry landscapes</td><td>206</td></tr><tr><td>Values of large-versus-small urban greenspaces and their arrangement</td><td>207</td></tr><tr><td>Landscape management planning in protected areas of Lithuania: present challenges and learning from the past</td><td>208</td></tr><tr><td>Rural fire prevention: an integrated landscape planning solution</td><td>209</td></tr><tr><td>Building on the past planning concepts and experiences – making the future of resilient city. Green infrastructure implementation in Warsaw</td><td>210</td></tr><tr><td>Actors' involvement for ecosystem-based coastal protection: a digital approach to social network analysis</td><td>211</td></tr><tr><td>Wind energy and landscapes – challenges in applying multi-criteria analysis for planning support</td><td>212</td></tr><tr><td>A landscape assessment in a rural – natural region of Natura 2000 protected areas in Peloponnisos (Greece)</td><td>213</td></tr><tr><td>Green city of the future – integrating climate-oriented measures into planning processes</td><td>214</td></tr></table>

<figure><img src="image_19.png" /></figure>
<table><tr><td>Towards a 'glorious moment' policy approach? What we can learn from the Multiple Streams Framework for achieving sustainable landscapes</td><td>215</td></tr><tr><td>Multiple ecosystem services modelling and mapping for Friuli Venezia Giulia Region (NE Italy) planning</td><td>216</td></tr><tr><td>Identification of different pathways based on flood-related challenges at different watershed scales in Germany</td><td>217</td></tr><tr><td>Framing how a mountain landscape changes in the long term by focusing on layered social processes and deeper causes</td><td>218</td></tr><tr><td>A comparative analysis of the evolution of landscape protection system in Apulia (IT) and Wallonia (BE)</td><td>219</td></tr><tr><td>Collaborative planning as a landscape approach. Experiences and insights from experimental rural landscape projects in Denmark</td><td>220</td></tr><tr><td>Gaps in Mine closure policies in India as per pillars of Just Transition</td><td>221</td></tr><tr><td>Integrating human-ecological dimensions into urban green infrastructure planning</td><td>222</td></tr><tr><td>Hidden incentives and impacts of land policies – the case of the Czech land value capture model</td><td>223</td></tr><tr><td>GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE AS SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS: GOVERNANCE FOR THE COMMON GOOD</td><td>224</td></tr><tr><td>Governance of densification and climate change adaptation: How to solve conflicting demands for densification and green space?</td><td>225</td></tr><tr><td>To Ally Technology, Nature and Society for integrated urban water management – ATENAS</td><td>226</td></tr><tr><td>Governance of green infrastructures across administrative boundaries in Lisbon Metropolitan Area</td><td>227</td></tr><tr><td>Equitable use of urban green infrastructure. Insights for the co-design of urban parks</td><td>228</td></tr><tr><td>Governance analysis of productive green infrastructure with multiple benefits linking urban and rural areas</td><td>229</td></tr><tr><td>Instigating green infrastructure planning – advocating a ‘multi-faceted’ and ‘middle-up’ approach – the case of Malta</td><td>230</td></tr><tr><td>Socio-ecological archetypes for managing ecological infrastructure</td><td>231</td></tr><tr><td>INTEGRATING LANDSCAPE SCIENCE INTO DEVELOPMENT, CONSERVATION AND NATURAL RESOURCES PLANNING</td><td>232</td></tr><tr><td>Regulating ecosystem services of urban green space in Warsaw: assessing and mapping potential, use and unmet demand</td><td>233</td></tr><tr><td>Evaluation of equitable access to urban green spaces in Santiago, Chile</td><td>234</td></tr><tr><td>Effect of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity: a laboratory experiment focusing on soil microarthropods</td><td>235</td></tr><tr><td>Hydrological resource and health tourism of Val di Sole (Italy): key elements for sustainable development of inner territories</td><td>236</td></tr><tr><td>Ecosystem service indicators as a spatial planning tool in the urban landscape across scales (national, regional and local)</td><td>237</td></tr><tr><td>Landscape ecological contribution to the concept of integrated development of the city of Melitopol</td><td>238</td></tr><tr><td>Forest fragmentation at multiple scales in Spain</td><td>239</td></tr><tr><td>Revitalization of Botanical Garden in Split, Croatia – challenges of implementation and legislation</td><td>240</td></tr><tr><td>Cultural ecosystem services of urban green space in Warsaw: assessing and mapping potential, use and unmet demand</td><td>241</td></tr><tr><td>Spatial planning and shared action for climate and land use change in the Southeastern United States</td><td>242</td></tr><tr><td>Landscape ecological approach to quantify the change of land-use regimes: example of Russian steppes</td><td>243</td></tr><tr><td>Impact of climate and land use change on selected fish species in mountainous streams of Czechia</td><td>244</td></tr><tr><td>A review of ecosystem condition indicators to support urban ecosystem accounting</td><td>245</td></tr><tr><td>Developing global high-resolution land-use datasets for biodiversity modelling</td><td>246</td></tr><tr><td>Evaluating effects of different management strategies on beneficial arthropods in agroecosystems: landscape-scale population modelling approach</td><td>247</td></tr></table>

## 6. POLICY MAKING FOR EUROPEAN LANDSCAPES..................................................248

POLICY MAKING FOR EUROPEAN LANDSCAPES..................................................................................248

<figure><img src="image_20.png" /></figure>
<table><tr><td>Implementation of the Council of Europe Landscape Convention in Finland: a holistic approach to identify Nationally Valuable Landscape Areas</td><td>249</td></tr><tr><td>Landscape diversity in the Wielkopolskie voivodeship and the current as well as future directions of its protection</td><td>250</td></tr><tr><td>Does spatial planning in the Polish Carpathians make sense?</td><td>251</td></tr><tr><td>Opportunities and barriers to implementation of the European Biodiversity Strategy 2030 – urban forest perspective</td><td>252</td></tr><tr><td>Commonness and diversity of landscape in Poland</td><td>253</td></tr><tr><td>Green Deal and heritage protection: opportunities and threats of sustainable monument revitalization</td><td>254</td></tr><tr><td>The Soil Deal in Horizon Europe: living labs at the landscape scale</td><td>255</td></tr><tr><td>Implications of the European Green Deal on landscapes: a cross country analysis on Land Use Policies</td><td>256</td></tr><tr><td>From geographical regions to local landscapes – abiotic-biotic hierarchy and human impact</td><td>257</td></tr><tr><td>Social awareness of food waste and evaluation of activities carried out by retail outlets on this matter, based on the example of the city of Poznań</td><td>258</td></tr></table>

7. AGRICULTURAL AND PRODUCTIVE LANDSCAPES 259

<table><tr><td>FINDING FUTURE PATHWAYS FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPES IN EUROPE: CONCEPTS AND EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE IN DIFFERENT EUROPEAN CONTEXTS</td><td>259</td></tr><tr><td>Scale-dependent effectiveness of on-field vs off-field agri-environmental measures for wild bees</td><td>261</td></tr><tr><td>Weed communities are more diverse, but not more abundant, in bocage landscapes</td><td>262</td></tr><tr><td>Landscape labs approach for co-designing insect-friendly agricultural landscapes</td><td>263</td></tr><tr><td>Mapping resources and good practices: cornerstones for a sustainable valorization of inner rural areas</td><td>264</td></tr><tr><td>Farmer clusters for Realising Agrobiodiversity Management across Ecosystems (FRAMEwork) – experiences from the first year of the Czech Farmer Cluster</td><td>265</td></tr><tr><td>The Art of Blue-Green Alliances. Co-creating sustainable agricultural landscapes</td><td>266</td></tr><tr><td>Disentangling the interrelated abiotic and biotic pathways linking landscape complexity and crop production</td><td>267</td></tr><tr><td>Transformative learning about agrobiodiversity in a two-year participatory trajectory</td><td>268</td></tr><tr><td>From global threat to local action – considering multiple dimensions of regionality for successful climate change adaptation</td><td>269</td></tr><tr><td>Conventional intensification, agroecological transition or marginalization? What are the dominant agricultural development trajectories in different landscapes across Europe</td><td>270</td></tr><tr><td>Modern agroforestry systems for biodiversity, ecosystem services and for sustainable intensification: what can we expect?</td><td>271</td></tr><tr><td>Organic farming can conserve biodiversity more cost-effectively in landscape with low complexity</td><td>272</td></tr><tr><td>Assessing European farmers' willingness to implement biodiversity-friendly farming measures – combining evidence from a systematic literature review and farmer interviews across Europe</td><td>273</td></tr><tr><td>“Understanding” of the agriculturally shaped environment as an important factor for sustainable development in rural areas</td><td>274</td></tr><tr><td>Building a shared vision for the future of multifunctional agricultural landscapes. Lessons from a Long Term Socio-Ecological Research site in South Western France</td><td>275</td></tr><tr><td>German biosphere reserves as pioneers for a sustainable agricultural land use – successful support for insect promoting measures</td><td>276</td></tr><tr><td>Collaborative landscape planning in a changing world. Managing conflicts and making places in a Danish River Valley</td><td>277</td></tr><tr><td>A typology of agricultural land systems to facilitate targeted action for farmland biodiversity enhancement in Germany</td><td>278</td></tr><tr><td>Cooperative versus non-cooperative behaviour: using agent-based modelling to identify spatial supply-demand mismatches of ecosystem services and to coordinate conflicting actors' demands</td><td>279</td></tr><tr><td>Could Europe achieve protein self-sufficiency by diversifying regional cropping systems with legumes?</td><td>280</td></tr></table>

<figure><img src="image_21.png" /></figure>
<table><tr><td>Traditional agricultural landscapes – an opportunity for biodiversity conservation</td><td>281</td></tr><tr><td>Farming System Archetypes for modelling impacts of agricultural policies</td><td>282</td></tr><tr><td>Farmer decision-making on agri-environmental schemes: an agent-based modelling approach to evaluate different policy designs</td><td>283</td></tr><tr><td>NOVEL PERSPECTIVES ON TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURAL FEATURES, STRUCTURES AND PRACTICES PROMOTING LANDSCAPE SUSTAINABILITY</td><td>284</td></tr><tr><td>Land sharing initiative – integrated approach and framework</td><td>285</td></tr><tr><td>Promoting multi-stakeholder participatory conservation on agricultural heritage landscapes: a critical review of action research from Shexian Dry and Stone Terraced System</td><td>286</td></tr><tr><td>Abandonment and intensification – current threats to the relic agricultural landscape features and structures in the Sudetes Mts., SW Poland</td><td>287</td></tr><tr><td>Assessment of heroic terraced landscapes in Aosta Valley (Italy) using a holistic approach</td><td>288</td></tr><tr><td>The role of biocultural values and practices in landscape conservation and local well-being</td><td>289</td></tr><tr><td>Creative practice methodologies for understanding apicultural practices in delta landscapes</td><td>290</td></tr><tr><td>Traditional sylvopastoral systems between sustainability and multifunctionality: the sabana de morro in El Salvador and the pastures with carob trees in Italy</td><td>291</td></tr><tr><td>Influence of landscape agricultural features, field structure, and farm topography on the importance of ecological focus areas for farmland sustainability</td><td>292</td></tr><tr><td>DEFINING A SAFE OPERATING SPACE FOR THE FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPEAN AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPES</td><td>293</td></tr><tr><td>Co-designing ecologically and economically efficient measures for conserving farmland biodiversity at landscape level</td><td>294</td></tr><tr><td>Agricultural life cycle assessment for spatially explicit biodiversity modelling</td><td>295</td></tr><tr><td>Participatory scenario design for ecosystem services and biodiversity modelling at landscape level</td><td>296</td></tr><tr><td>Thresholds for sustainable soil management based on ecosystem services</td><td>297</td></tr><tr><td>Navigating trade-offs in future European agricultural landscapes</td><td>298</td></tr><tr><td>PRODUCTIVE URBAN LANDSCAPES – BENEFITS, CO-BENEFITS AND NEW MODES FOR PLANNING</td><td>299</td></tr><tr><td>Provisioning services of historic gardens in the Iranian urban and peri-urban contexts</td><td>300</td></tr><tr><td>Delivering a healthy and sustainable food economy in Letchworth Garden City</td><td>301</td></tr><tr><td>Ecosystem services in the Milan south-eastern edges. An interdisciplinary monitoring approach</td><td>302</td></tr><tr><td>How much people abandoned agricultural lands in peri-urban areas can feed?</td><td>303</td></tr><tr><td>From agropark to agropark network: exploring stakeholder perspectives in the Metropolitan area of Lisbon</td><td>304</td></tr><tr><td>Evaluating the sustainability of different types of urban agriculture – an integrated participatory approach</td><td>305</td></tr><tr><td>Classifying hybrid collaborative models for regional short food supply chains – providing a basis for assessing sustainability transformation in the rural-urban nexus</td><td>306</td></tr><tr><td>Linking food and land system research along urban-rural linkages in Europe</td><td>307</td></tr><tr><td>Getting there: learning from engagement practice on convivial urbanism to develop productive urban landscapes</td><td>308</td></tr><tr><td>Changes in the diversity of urban soil landscapes: an example from a medium-sized city</td><td>309</td></tr><tr><td>Agriculture under pressure: spatial and temporal trade-off dynamics of nature's contributions to people in peri-urban agrarian landscapes</td><td>310</td></tr><tr><td>Peri-urban farmland as part of urban green infrastructure – four modes for planning</td><td>311</td></tr><tr><td>The value of urban agriculture beyond food production. Findings from allotment gardens in Germany</td><td>312</td></tr><tr><td>Assessing food self-sufficiency of selected European functional urban areas vs metropolitan areas</td><td>313</td></tr><tr><td>Urban pastoralism as vector of transformation of abandoned land in productive green infrastructure in the fringe of post-socialist cities</td><td>314</td></tr><tr><td>Mapping multifunctional green infrastructure networks linking rural landscapes with urban systems: harnessing nature to meet multiple societal challenges</td><td>315</td></tr></table>

<figure><img src="image_22.png" /></figure>
<table><tr><td>Productive urban landscapes in Belgium and Denmark. A comparative study of the projects Tuinen van Stene (Belgium) and Trekroner (Denmark)</td><td>316</td></tr><tr><td>Collaborative emerging projects of urban agriculture in Zurich</td><td>317</td></tr></table>

## 8. URBAN AND PERI-URBAN LANDSCAPES................................................................................318

<table><tr><td>LANDSCAPE CHANGES IN TIMES OF URBANIZATION: PROCESSES AND PROJECTIONS</td><td>318</td></tr><tr><td>The potential to deliver ecosystem services as a challenge for green infrastructure policy in small and medium-sized cities in Poland</td><td>319</td></tr><tr><td>Behind density trends: revealing the spatial impacts of different population changes in European cities</td><td>320</td></tr><tr><td>On the role of emotions in influencing people's stewardship for peri-urban landscapes</td><td>321</td></tr><tr><td>Tourism development and urbanization of food spaces: extended urbanization processes in Mediterranean coastal areas</td><td>322</td></tr><tr><td>Housing development within and around national parks in rapidly urbanizing landscapes – case studies from Poland</td><td>323</td></tr><tr><td>Impact of political legacies on the pattern of the Wildland-Urban Interface in Poland</td><td>324</td></tr><tr><td>The global homogenization of urban form. An assessment of 194 cities across time</td><td>325</td></tr><tr><td>Spatial logic of park access in Greater Doha, Qatar</td><td>326</td></tr><tr><td>Assessing sustainable urban development – an example of indicator system</td><td>327</td></tr><tr><td>Main directions of landscape transformations in post-industrial urban areas</td><td>328</td></tr><tr><td>Understanding regional urban sprawl and densification processes through settlement and building networks</td><td>329</td></tr><tr><td>Mapping changes to functional urban green space globally</td><td>330</td></tr><tr><td>Citizens' perceptions of landscape changes and their driving forces: evidence from Poland</td><td>331</td></tr><tr><td>Assessing the level of landscape change in Poland – quantitative study for districts and provinces</td><td>332</td></tr><tr><td>Protection of peri-urban open spaces at the level of regional policy-making: examples from six European regions</td><td>333</td></tr><tr><td>Social-ecological interactions between composition and configuration of green infrastructure along rural urban settings of Bangalore, India</td><td>334</td></tr><tr><td>The Swiss landscape monitoring program LABES that integrates both physical/spatial and social data: results from the second run 2020</td><td>335</td></tr><tr><td>Analysis and modelling of changes in settlement systems</td><td>336</td></tr><tr><td>GOVERNANCE MIXES FOR SUSTAINABLE PERI-URBANIZATION: HOW CAN LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY CONTRIBUTE?</td><td>337</td></tr><tr><td>Re-planning of green infrastructure and nature-based solutions for sustainable urban transition</td><td>338</td></tr><tr><td>Landscape quality and ecology of perception the improvement of the built environment and urban settlement in mountain areas</td><td>339</td></tr><tr><td>Identifying and regulating peri-urban areas by a landscape planning approach. The case study of Turin (Italy)</td><td>340</td></tr><tr><td>Urban and peri-urban shapes for sustainable governance</td><td>341</td></tr><tr><td>Governance and actor mix shapes the pathway to sustainable agriculture in a Dutch peri-urban region</td><td>342</td></tr><tr><td>Enhancing urban resilience to flood risk through nature-based solutions in peri-urban ecosystems: the case of Mexico City</td><td>343</td></tr><tr><td>Governance mixes for sustainable peri-urban landscapes: an analyse of international policy approaches using a survey of practices</td><td>344</td></tr><tr><td>TOOLS FOR CO-GOVERNANCE OF NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE CITIES</td><td>345</td></tr><tr><td>Green space governance between participation in top-down planning and co-creation – examples from eleven European cities</td><td>346</td></tr><tr><td>Integration of NBS in local governance and urbanisation trajectories in EU and CELAC cities</td><td>347</td></tr><tr><td>Participatory approach employing qualitative and quantitative methods for exploration of cultural ecosystem services attributed to urban green infrastructure – case study of the city of Zagreb, Croatia</td><td>348</td></tr><tr><td>Visualisations as a tool in participatory processes – lessons learned from practitioners</td><td>349</td></tr></table>

<figure><img src="image_23.png" /></figure>
<table><tr><td>Guiding NBS co-governance – an overview of principles and instruments from NBS guidance</td><td>350</td></tr><tr><td>Designing collaborative planning for nature-based solutions. Observations from Romania's Local Environmental Action Plans</td><td>351</td></tr><tr><td>The role of participatory communication for sustainable cities – the case study of Turin (CONEXUS, pilot projects with schools)</td><td>352</td></tr><tr><td>From formal to informal: learning from difficulties and obstacles in co-governing and co-implementing NBS in a Latin American peri-urban neighbourhood</td><td>353</td></tr><tr><td>Exploring 'middle-up' co-governance tools in driving the transformation of urban open spaces towards the adoption of nature-based solutions in Malta</td><td>354</td></tr><tr><td>Unpacking self-governance initiatives of urban nature-based solutions in Chile: the case of Santiago</td><td>355</td></tr><tr><td>Success factors and barriers in green city co-design. A case study of the city of Łódź (Central Poland)</td><td>356</td></tr><tr><td>MULTIPLE PERSPECTIVES ON GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE AND NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS</td><td>357</td></tr><tr><td>Enhancing green infrastructure networks through nature-based solutions: an assessment of challenges and opportunities in a high-density urban area</td><td>358</td></tr><tr><td>Social aspects of pro-environmental technologies in Polish suburbs</td><td>359</td></tr><tr><td>Pollinators of the Oriental Park of the city of Porto. Designing ecological maintenance toward biodiversity</td><td>360</td></tr><tr><td>Warsaw vernacular front gardens as a missing suburban public space</td><td>361</td></tr><tr><td>The accessibility of public urban green areas in selected towns of the Gdańsk-Gdynia-Sopot Metropolitan Area</td><td>362</td></tr><tr><td>Keyline planning and its potential adoption in water sensitive urban design and planning</td><td>363</td></tr><tr><td>Fostering the resiliency of urban landscape through the sustainable spatial planning of green spaces</td><td>364</td></tr><tr><td>What is the effect of cultural greenway project in high-density urban municipalities? Assessing the public living desire near the cultural greenway in central Beijing</td><td>365</td></tr><tr><td>Targeting planners. A toolbox for the assessment of ecosystem services within the planning of green infrastructure</td><td>366</td></tr></table>

## 9. REGIONS IN THE SPOTLIGHT ..................................................................................367

<table><tr><td>LANDSCAPE APPROACHES IN THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION – BRIDGING LANDSCAPE SCIENCE AND PRACTICE</td><td>367</td></tr><tr><td>Analysing nature-based solutions addressing social-ecological and climatic drivers in Mediterranean landscapes</td><td>368</td></tr><tr><td>Reversing the decline of mountain landscapes: can the landscape approach and value chain approach be successfully combined?</td><td>369</td></tr><tr><td>Reimagining the Mediterranean coastal region: a coastal landscape governance manifesto</td><td>370</td></tr><tr><td>Lessons learnt from an expert-based validation of land system dynamics (2005-2015) in the Mediterranean basin</td><td>371</td></tr><tr><td>Implementing innovation for enhanced sustainability and resilience in Mediterranean agri-food systems via a Landscape Approach; the Wines of Alentejo Sustainability Program (PSVA), Portugal</td><td>372</td></tr><tr><td>Results-based payments: a new tool to increase the integration of different landscape components in farm management</td><td>373</td></tr><tr><td>Biocultural conservation systems in the Mediterranean region: the role of values, rules, and knowledge</td><td>374</td></tr><tr><td>Assessing and up-scaling soil erosion in Mediterranean olive orchards with different farming systems</td><td>375</td></tr><tr><td>Reconciling different social interests through integrative landscape approach: example of the River Neretva Valley, Croatia</td><td>376</td></tr><tr><td>Linking cork to cork oak landscapes: mapping the value chain of cork production in Portugal</td><td>377</td></tr><tr><td>Impact of different farm managements on the sustainability of olive grove landscapes in Alentejo (Portugal) using a simulation model</td><td>378</td></tr><tr><td>A remote sensing-based landscape approach to optimise multitaxa roadkill mitigation plans over long term</td><td>379</td></tr></table>

<figure><img src="image_24.png" /></figure>
LATIN AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN CITIES: PARTNERSHIP APPROACHES TO CO-PRODUCING NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS

<table><tr><td>The Constructed Wetlands Knowledge Platform for sustainable development (CWetlandsData)</td><td>380</td></tr><tr><td>Identifying co-learning opportunities through a comparison between Latin America and European NBS guidance</td><td>382</td></tr><tr><td>Inclusive and tailored stakeholder engagement in NBS planning and implementation</td><td>383</td></tr><tr><td>Education - Involvement - Action: the system approach to initiate the local activities for climate change mitigation and adaptation</td><td>384</td></tr><tr><td>Santiago+ Green Infrastructure Plan: building bridges in a Latin-American fragmented city</td><td>385</td></tr><tr><td>Do nature-based solutions studies include economic analyses and monetary valuations?</td><td>386</td></tr><tr><td>Planning and cooperation processes for urban river restoration with NBS in Portoviejo, Ecuador</td><td>387</td></tr></table>

10. EDUCATION IN LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY................................................................................388

TEACHING AND LEARNING LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY AND PLANNING IN TIMES OF GROWING UNCERTAINTIES. CHALLENGES AHEAD DURING AND AFTER THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ................................................................................388

<table><tr><td>How can the universities' campuses support an interdisciplinary landscape ecology education? Lessons learned from the American University of Beirut</td><td>390</td></tr><tr><td>Potentials of the flipped classroom approach for landscape education – experiences beyond COVID-19.</td><td>391</td></tr><tr><td>"Imagine the landscape" – challenges of online teaching and learning of landscape</td><td>392</td></tr><tr><td>Transdisciplinary and participatory learning and research approach for food system resilience AESOP4Food: Sustainable Food Planning Seminar and a Food Loop living lab in Warsaw</td><td>393</td></tr><tr><td>Small urban water bodies and the factors influencing their diversity. A case of lakes and ponds of Warsaw, Poland</td><td>394</td></tr><tr><td>CONGRESS PROGRAMME</td><td>395</td></tr></table>

<figure><img src="image_25.png" /></figure>
Keynotes

LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY IN POLAND – DEVELOPMENT AND PERSPECTIVES

Andrzej Richling

Polish Association for Landscape Ecology / University of Warsaw

The term landscape in its present meaning has been used in Poland since the second half of the 19th century, but the real blossoming of the landscape-orientated approach occurred only after the Second World War and was related to the development of applied natural research in the context of urban and spatial planning needs.

Poland actively participated in most events related to the development of landscape ecology. Polish representatives were present in the Slovakian town of Piešťany, where in 1982 the International Association of Landscape Ecology (IALE) was founded. In 1994, the first Polish landscape-ecology textbook was published. In 1988, the Landscape Ecology Club has been established in Poland within the framework of the Polish Geographical Society, and since 1993 the Polish Association for Landscape Ecology exists.

Fifty science conferences were held in Poland on the initiative of the aforementioned organisations. Seven of those conferences were of international character, and the debates were held in English. Of key importance were also their publishing activities. Since 1996, the publications have appeared as the "Problems of Landscape Ecology" series. In 2008, this series was transformed into a scientific journal. As of now, 53 issues were published, 27 of which were published after the series became a journal, and 8 issues were published in English. The Polish Association for Landscape Ecology organised 9 competitions for a master's thesis in the field of landscape ecology, which were met with vivid interest.

In the past, landscape studies were much more laborious and usually concerned small fragments of the area. This situation changed with the spread of aerial and satellite imagery and the introduction of computer data processing. This technological revolution allowed the research to take into consideration large amount of data and create studies covering vast territories. It also enabled rapid development of dynamic approaches and it facilitated improvements in precision and reliability of research while simultaneously making it faster and easier.

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# VISIONING OUR FUTURE LANDSCAPE: TRANSLATING SPATIAL PLANNING INTO SCENARIOMODELLING

Anna M. Hersperger

Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research

Strategic planning is widely regarded as an important policy measure to shape the future of our landscapes through integrated, collaborative practice at the regional level. Plans are crucial tools in this endeavor. Strategic spatial plans typically contain visions, strategies and policies related to the built environment, including transport, and to (semi) natural green areas, and contain a combination of development strategies and projects, with projects often providing the link to plan implementation. With regard to the green elements landscape ecology as an interdisciplinary science has great potential to inform strategic spatial planning. Landscape ecology concepts such as green infrastructures, multifunctionality, and landscape and ecosystem services play a key role here, as many of these concepts have an inherent spatial character. Whether in the form of texts or visualizations, these concepts present complex ideas and provide much needed vagueness. In doing so, they offer a way to safeguard against unwanted commitments in the context of great uncertainty and tension. However, for the implementation of plans, but also for scenario planning, which is becoming increasingly important, this vagueness poses a challenge. This talk presents recent research on landscape ecological concepts in planning and illustrates how vague planning intentions can be translated into scenario-based simulations.

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DESIGNING SYMBIOSIS

Richard Weller

McHarg Center for Urbanism and Ecology, University of Pennsylvania

This lecture argues that urbanization and conservation can no longer be conceptualized as diametrically opposed. Instead, in the context of the Anthropocene, urban development and the conservation landscape must become more symbiotic. This can only be achieved through intelligent design and planning. This argument will be made with reference to urban design case studies with an emphasis on rapidly growing cities in the world's biodiversity hotspots. Then, zooming out from an urban design scale, Weller will also present his concept of a World Park, a global initiative conceived to improve landscape connectivity and biological representation in the world's biodiversity hotspots.

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# 1. Learning from people

## Assessing intangible landscape values for landscape planning and design

### Symposium organisers

Irena Niedźwiecka-Filipiak (Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences), Elżbieta Raszeja (University of the Arts in Poznań), Krzysztof Młynarczyk (University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn), Maciej Kłopotowski (Bialystok University of Technology), Agnieszka Ozimek (Cracow University of Technology)

### Summary

One of the important objectives of landscape research is to observe phenomena and trends occurring in the landscape. These observations are the basis for its proper planning, design and management, as well as shaping landscape policies. The methods, tools, as well as assessment approaches depend on scientific disciplines that deal with these issues. It is still a somewhat underestimated, or simply challenging to assess, problem to combine land use and land cover measurements with human-scale view investigations, and to create coherent systems for assessing intangible landscape elements. This also raises the question of how to assess intangible, non-measurable landscape characteristics, including landscape views, in order to contribute to landscape planning and design adequately.

### Description

In landscape research, it is necessary to assess all the spatial components, including spatial and intangible characteristics, of landscapes. Different scientific disciplines create their specific methods, tools and measurement systems to measure and evaluate the landscape. This makes it possible to make founded decisions concerning landscape planning and design. The challenge here lies in measuring and assessing its intangible, non-measurable characteristics.

In landscape research, the landscape and its characteristics are measured in two main ways. The first concerns 'land use and land cover' measurements, where remote sensing and GIS software are of great importance. Landscape analysis and assessment take place in this respect on maps, in the quantitative, sometimes qualitative context concerning connectivity, continuity, and multifunctionality of e.g. greenery elements in the landscape. In the second trend, the research is carried out from a human perspective and belongs to the group of 'human-scale' studies, and photographs, films, visibility maps and graphs are used to measure and evaluate the landscape. The technological development has contributed to an increase in quantitative research, while qualitative research is most often based on various types of surveys conducted in different groups of respondents. The quantitative analysis also evolved thanks to the development of digital algorithms, including artificial intelligence, attempts are made to analyse photographic images automatically.

These two approaches to landscape assessments are important, also for the planning and design of landscapes, including its assessment and effective placemaking. However, it is a challenge to define how to incorporate the visual and intangible values into landscape planning and design. The challenge lays in the fact that the conclusions of the analyses carried out, and perhaps above all the assessments carried out in the third dimension, can give an opportunity to protect the already existing valuable landscapes properly, but also to create new, valuable ones. Therefore, these assessments should be rather uniform, legible, giving the possibility of comparison and evaluation.
The following questions arise in this context:

* Is it possible to measure, evaluate, value landscape views, and if so in which way?

* How to create measuring systems for the evaluation of intangible landscape values?

* How to combine 'human-scale' measurements with 'land use and land cover' analyses?

* Which methods of measuring views can be used to make decisions with regard to new investments?

* How can the results of landscape measurements and assessments of intangible values be communicated so that its value is appreciated by non-professionals?

* How do historical aesthetic assessments of a landscape affect contemporary landscape design?

* What is the relationship between landscape value measurements and the creative intuition of a landscape architect?

* How to measure non-measurable landscape elements?

* How to assess the creation of new landscapes?

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# UNDERSTANDING CHANGING LANDSCAPES: THE INTANGIBLE SIDE OF RURAL GENTRIFICATION ON A SWEDISH ISLAND

Hanna Elisabet Åberg

University of Bologna

Along the same lines of urban gentrification studies, research on rural gentrification has often focused on socio-economic aspects such as investment in capital, residential mobility, social upgrading, and displacement of people. Rapid socio-economic development does arguably affect its tangible surroundings, and this is not a negative shift per se, however, if not steered properly these processes result in changes to the locale's physical appearance and landscape. With a broader perspective comes a need to extend the focus beyond built environment and social shifts and to include the impacts on the landscape, both prior to and following settlement of gentrifiers. This paper aims to understand how changes in the landscape are perceived by inhabitants living in rural areas recognized for undergoing rapid development and being exposed to high flows of seasonal in-migration.

The findings and analysis presented in this paper are part of a larger research project on the island of Gotland, Sweden, which is assessing the processes of in-migration and landscape change within the local community. By looking at three areas, that are already recognised by public authorities as particularly exposed to a high rate of second-home ownership, increasing housing prices, and an evident increase of population age, a pattern to understand the motivations to move to and stay in these areas was explored. The findings presented are derived from three datasets, the first from a traditional data analysis based on traditional data sources such as census data and real estate prices that were collected for the entire island. The other two datasets are based on perception data gathered through one survey and workshops that were undertaken during 2021. The workshops were done while walking, asking participants to collect items they associated with the landscape and their relation to the place.

In this present study, the correlation between the socio-economic change in the specific areas was discussed in relation to the perception and aesthetic values of the landscape. The findings were varied depending on the site, where participants expressed different key values and aspirations of future landscape development. This local engagement can establish a foundation of awareness regarding future landscape development in the community, taking local perception into account in planning, managing, and monitoring the landscape.

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CULTURAL ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN DETERMINING VALUABLE BIOCULTURAL LANDSCAPES

Zuzana Baránková · Jana Špulerová

Institute of Landscape Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences

The concept of biocultural diversity has been recognized to identify and study the cultural and ecological interconnection between humans and their environment. The growing interest of researchers in this topic has resulted in widely-based biocultural concept. Cultural ecosystem services (CES) can be a useful tool to identify bioculturally valuable landscapes.

Our research was based on a review of scientific articles with focus on biocultural topics, which were published between 1990 and 2021. To identify biocultural landscapes, the CES were divided into two categories to help examine connections between CES and biocultural landscapes.

We have distinguished two types of CES: differentiated CES (cultural heritage, spiritual and religious values, sense of place and traditional knowledge), and additional CES (aesthetic and inspirational perception, recreation and entertainment, ecotourism and educational and scientific). These two types of CES can guide us in identifying following landscape types:

* Natural heritage landscape – landscape with high biodiversity, valuable for recreation and tourism (e.g. national parks). Only additional CES can be identified in these landscapes.

* Biocultural landscape – landscape with low or high biodiversity value and with values of additional CES (e.g. golf courses, park loans).

* Biocultural heritage landscape – landscape with genius loci, or the sense of the past, inextricably connected to habitats with high biodiversity value (historical parks, urban historical gardens, water works, sacred places, traditional agrarian landscapes, etc.). Here at least one type of differentiated CES should be presented.

The term of biocultural diversity has spread beyond the field of ecology, and has also been used in a broader context in the ecological sciences when examining the urban environment. We thus identify bioculturally valuable landscape according to the following criteria: inclusion of at least one of the differentiate type of CES, while at the same time being related to landscape of high biodiversity value.

Biocultural heritage landscapes are rapidly vanishing; therefore there is a need to identify valuable biocultural landscapes across the world, and the CES can be a useful tool in their identification.

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# INVESTIGATING THE LEVEL OF ATTACHMENT TO DIFFERENT URBAN PARKS: A CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY

Mahsa Bazarfshan¹ · Felix Kienast¹ · Reto Spielhofer² · Ulrike Wissen Hayek² · Adrienne Grêt-Regamey²

¹Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research · ²ETH Zürich

To improve mobile societies' quality of life and mental well-being, cultural differences in forming bonds with a place must be understood. This understanding involves studying the different attitudes towards public spaces, particularly green spaces, and assessing the meanings of how people perceive the environments. We therefore designed and conducted a controlled virtual reality experiment with people from different cultural backgrounds (Central European, Persian). We measured the Electrodermal activity in participants (n=120) by asking them first to answer a 3-minute stress inducer. Secondly, participants were immersed in the VR experience of two parks (Persian Garden, Historical Park in Switzerland) for 10-minutes, during which we measured skin conductance through Empatica E4 wristband. Participants were assigned to both urban parks and were asked to assess their place attachment at the end of each scene with a questionnaire. Using data from the interview and tonic signals, we compared the effect of urban parks on affection. We found that the degree of expressed place attachment to the different urban parks resulted in a significant impact on physiological responses. This study demonstrates the therapeutic effect of urban parks. It also provides evidence that place attachment is a major driver in how people experience urban green and emphasizes the role of urban green as mediator of culture in multicultural cities.
HOW MANY VIEWS IN THE LANDSCAPE – A GIS FRAMEWORK FOR LANDSCAPE PARKS VISUAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENT

Szymon Chmielewski¹ · Malwina Michalik-Śnieżek¹ · Agnieszka Kułak² · Tadeusz Chmielewski¹ · Halina Lipińska¹

¹University of Life Sciences in Lublin · ²Catholic University of Lublin

Landscape ecology deals with the structure, dynamics, functioning, and scaling of landscapes that bridge the gap between science and practice. Due to the multidisciplinary nature of landscape research, multiple methods are being used to characterize and quantify the landscapes; this study focuses on quantification task development. The study aims to set up a GIS-based framework of landscape visual resources quantification and mapping. The GIS visibility analysis is the most appreciated regarding landscape visual resources mapping; it has theoretical and practical explanations. Theoretically, the landscape can be regarded as “areas, as perceived by people” (Council of Europe, 2000). Consequently, this puts a privilege to GIS software because, since the beginning of its development, the viewshed algorithm computes the visible area. Adding a third dimension (3D) to the visibility analysis increases the analytical scope over landscape visual resources at the computing power expense. Nevertheless, the 2.5D approach, including tangential view methods, answers most landscape researchers' questions when working on a landscape protection plan.

The research method results from landscape protection plans practices (Szczebrzeszyński, Kazimierski & Nadwieprzański Landscape Parks in East Poland) that follows the landscape audit guidelines (Solon et al., 2014), and GDOŚ recommendations (Niedźwiecka-Filipiak et al., 2019). The geo-computations framework includes visual exposure index, vantage point location, scenic routes, view depth and skyline analysis, and landscape protection zone delimitation. The method is based on open source GIS software, and obtained results are the object of 2D visualization.

The results point that Szczebrzeszyński Landscape Park has the highest visual exposure index (19.1%), relatively numerous vantage points (45), and scenic routes sections (25 sections, 12.6 km total length). In Kazimierski Landscape Park, the exposure potential is slightly lower (10.2%) due to the significant share of forested areas (37%); it has fewer vantage points (17) but numerous scenic routes sections (27 sections, 26.3 km total length). In comparison, the Nadwieprzański Landscape Park visual resources are the lowest one (visual exposure index is 7.0%).

The abovementioned statistics are the starting point for further analysis of visual resources' spatial structure. The results depend on the GIS model input parameters, specifically, e.g. regarding the length and number of scenic routes. The resources quantification cannot be equated with visual landscape character and quality assessment; however, the GIS framework provides objective results that precisely localize and measure them. Its further development aims to include forest areas viewing exposure into the overall balance of visual resources, which are neglected since classified as covered landscapes.

Council of Europe (2000). *Council of Europe Landscape Convention*. Strasburg, France: Council of Europe.

Niedźwiecka-Filipiak I. et al. (2019). *Recommendations for landscape analyzes and landscape protection zones delimitation*. Warsaw: GDOŚ.

Solon J. et al. (2014). *Identyfikacja i ocena krajobrazów – metodyka oraz główne założenia*. Warszawa: IGiPZ PAN.
# IMPACTS OF WOODLAND PLANTING ON NATURE-BASED RECREATIONAL TOURISM IN UPLAND ENGLAND: A CASE STUDY

Sara Vangerschov Iversen

Aarhus University

Upland landscapes provide important ecosystem services (ES) to society. One cultural ES – nature-based recreational tourism (NBR) – is a growing industry in upland regions that provides an important revenue to areas where other industries are often in decline. NBR tourism is a service that relies partly on the aesthetic appearance of the landscape and changes in land management, such as increasing woodland cover, changes the appearance of the landscape and may therefore have a positive or negative impact on the economic value generated by NBR tourism. This study tested this query, by carrying out a survey of NBR tourists, using photo visualisation of different woodland scenarios, in a pastoral upland landscape in a UK National Park. This was conducted to estimate the economic value of NBR tourism under different woodland scenarios and participant's preferences. The findings presented in this paper suggest that NBR tourism generates a substantial income to the area and that the economic value would not decrease, if woodland cover were to increase up to 75%. The findings also make an important observation on how there is a difference between peoples' preference for woodland levels and the probability of return visits.

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PERCEPTION OF CHANGE IN RURAL LANDSCAPES ON SHAR PLANINA, NORTH MACEDONIA

Daniela Jovanovska¹,² · Ruth Swetnam² · Fiona Tweed²

¹University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius · ²Staffordshire University

The interaction between humans and nature has nurtured the scenery of our surroundings. The rapid pace of recent land-use change alters this harmonious coexistence and leads to a change in appearance. Because individual preference for landscape aesthetics varies significantly, preservation and management of valued rural landscapes is challenging; especially in the Balkans with its complex environmental history and socio-cultural background. It is therefore vitally important to understand peoples' preferences with regards to landscape appearance.

In the process of assessing landscape visual quality, this research has (1) used GIS to derive a digital Visual Quality Index (VQI) for Shar Planina mountain range (830 km²); (2) validate this quantitative assessment with extensive fieldwork, and (3) substantiate the VQI through 230 interviews with Shar Planina residents from key cultural groups (Macedonian and Albanians).

Looking to assess, mitigate and manage the effects of landscape change, this study aims to examine the role of familiarity, functionality and socio-cultural background of local inhabitants in their perceptions and preferences of rural scenery and associated preferences of change.

The results show that local rural residents had higher preferences for presented change scenarios depicting the appearance of landscape scenery under restored traditional management and lower preference for the opposite scenarios depicting abandonment. Perceptions differed depending on the socio-cultural profile of the respondents and were largely influenced by landscape functionality, but also by the 'landscape of reference' and familiarity to the view.

North Macedonia is experiencing significant changes and challenges. With its focus on landscape change, this research addresses the tangible background of peoples' landscape appreciation and will ensure that these important voices are heard in defining management goals for the protection and sustainable development of this region.

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INTEGRATED ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF URBAN GREEN SPACES IN TRADITIONAL VILLAGE OF PENGLIPURAN, BALI, INDONESIA

Sadahisa Kato¹ · Kosuke Hishiyama² · Anak Agung Ketut Darmadi³

¹Tottori University of Environmental Studies · ²Senshu University · ³University of Udayana

Green spaces provide a variety of ecosystem services. However, methods to evaluate both ecological and socioeconomic benefits of urban green spaces in a truly integrated manner are not well established. This study aims to fill in this gap by applying various methods to gain a whole picture of a myriad of benefits provided by traditional green spaces in Bali, Indonesia. Focusing on telajakan, a type of traditional green space, located between the frontal wall of a Balinese housing compound and a ditch/pedestrian path in a roadside, the study utilizes and explores various methods such as telajakan vegetation survey and measurement, household socioeconomic survey, and in-depth homeowner interviews in order to arrive at a more comprehensive conclusion on the changes of telajakan plantings, uses of telajakan space, and socioeconomic drivers that inflict these changes. By conducting telajakan vegetation survey and measurement, and homeowner interviews, we have already found that: (1) diversity of planted species is decreasing but there is room for maintaining functional diversity by planting indigenous species with multiple functions; (2) aesthetic, economic, and religious functions are strongly favored plant functions by homeowners; and (3) semi-public nature of telajakan is being lost but new meaning is given to telajakan's functions and a new form of social interaction is observed in two different villages in northern Denpasar, Bali. In Penglipuran traditional village, we have added household socioeconomic questionnaire to the methods and are currently analyzing the additional data. We hope to find an interaction between the vegetation survey results and the sociocultural and economic data to arrive at a conclusion that will better describe the socioeconomic drivers that affect homeowners' behaviors and the kinds of plants planted in telajakan and the way they manage it. The results of the study will add further insights into the difficult question of conserving local culture and tradition in the rapidly changing social-ecological systems.
ECO-AESTHETICS, SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS OF THE
CURRENT LANDSCAPE PRACTICES IN GLOBAL SOUTH CITIES

Merham Keleg¹ · Lora Nicolaou² · Georgia Butina Watson³

¹Ain Shams University · ²Frederick University · ³Oxford Brookes University

A great deal of research is stressing the different values of nature through multiple perspectives, as the world is facing rapid urbanization, with almost 60% of the population expected to be living in urban areas by 2050. This means that more people will be disconnected from nature which puts more emphasis on the importance of nature as an urban amenity as it would be soon the only type of nature that people encounter. The current pandemic has added a new facet of the value of urban nature. The lockdown debates have made it clearer that urban nature in the form of green open spaces and in close proximity to all residents is not a luxury anymore.

Learning about nature-people interactions within cities paves the way for healthier and more socially responsive and eco-friendly cities. Urban nature encounter is already scarce in some contexts, especially in metropolitan and high dense cities, which requires more effort for getting the most out of the provided to attain the diverse values of nature. Additionally the morphology of green spaces within most of the Eastern Mediterranean, despite internationalization and similar development practices, is different than the European cities in numerous ways. So, the Eastern Mediterranean culture and cities' morphologies are not familiar with the green frameworks which characterize most European cities and the long connection to the identity of European cities and communities. As in some cases, only very lately we see the first attempts for the establishment of urban parks which borrow western models without much consideration of local culture and identity, climatic conditions, water shortages, etc., exacerbating the disconnection between nature identity and the local identity of communities with more highlight on western culture aesthetics.

There is also lack of integration of the diverse visions of nature as per the different stakeholders; communities, executive bodies, urban ecologists, landscape architects, etc., and so the green spaces do not reflect the true identity (natural and cultural) of communities and cities.

The presentation will be based on case studies from Cairo, Egypt and Nicosia, Cyprus as cases from the Eastern Mediterranean. The case studies will show the different local communities' perspectives of 'urban nature'.

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APPLICATION OF LANDSCAPE CAPACITY ASSESSMENT TO VERIFY SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT PLANS OF PROTECTED LANDSCAPES

Piotr Krajewski

Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences

The spatial development potential of communities in Poland is determined in a document called a study of conditions and directions of spatial development. Unfortunately, the current legislation does not take into account the need to analyse the changes that will occur in the landscape as a result of the implementation of spatial development plans. No tools are used in this area to objectively identify the most sensitive landscapes that should be protected. Therefore, the main goal of the research was to develop the method for assessing landscape capacity defined as ability of the landscape for absorption of changes in spatial structure without losing its visual quality. This method is based on the assessment of landscape features such as topography, height of buildings and vegetation, composition of buildings and vegetation and visibility from viewpoints and main roads. These are the criteria recognized as the most affective for ability to hide land use changes in the landscape. In this context, a change of land function in a place surrounded by tall buildings and dense greenery will be much less perceptible by residents than a change of land use in an open landscape. Identifying the most and least visually capacious landscapes is important for planning landscape changes during the preparation of spatial planning documents. The application of this method is presented on the example of a case study of one of the villages in the Ślężański Landscape Park located in south-western Poland.

*This research was funded by the National Science Centre, Poland, grant number 2018/31/D/HS4/00659.*
# GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING AN IN-SITU EXPERT VISUAL QUALITY ASSESSMENT ON AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPES

Ana Medeiros · Cláudia Fernandes · João F. Gonçalves · Paulo Farinha-Marques

University of Porto

Visual landscape assessment is nowadays crucial in landscape planning. However, scenic beauty remains difficult to assess as the wide range and complexity of expert assessment frameworks available can hinder the task. This paper gathers some basic guidelines for the elaboration of a visual quality study carried out by experts and focuses on in situ assessments of agricultural landscapes.

A rapid systematic search of the literature was performed on Scopus and ISI Web of Science, using the snowballing method to search for other pertinent seminal papers on the issue. The search words include visual quality, scenic, beauty and landscape assessment or evaluation. A total of 900 records were retrieved and 354 were considered for further reading after applying exclusion criteria.

It was found that seven main assessment decisions should be considered:

1. what is the goal of the evaluation – the first step in developing a visual assessment is to understand the assessment context: education (inform population), application (planning) or litigation (more interested in the process itself or methodology);

2. who will evaluate – if the assessment context is community planning, broader participation of residents in the dialogue is preferable and the user should be a key actor from the start. If the context is litigation, then it is advisable to use a diverse group of experts;

3. how to select the landscape – the landscape selection depends on the goal, for instance, impact assessment, or designation of protected areas. Several other issues mentioned are related to boundary selection and how to adapt the extent and number of areas to the size of the territory studied;

4. what framework should be adopted – three general approaches are usually considered: expert approach (ecological and formal aesthetics models), psychophysical approach (psychophysical and surrogate component models), and public preference approach (public preference models. The most widely applied practical frameworks for analysing visual qualities by experts are discussed;

5. which criteria and indicators to select – this decision is also crucial and should follow a sequence of filters: have a clear theoretical base, be transferable, quantifiable, mappable, available, and relevant;

6. how to choose the viewpoints and vistas;

7. how to analyse the data – various landscape sampling methods and instructions for taking panoramic photos are presented, as well as the appropriate survey methods.

The evaluation of visual quality is a complex exercise, with many different goals. Despite the diversity of approaches and frameworks for expert visual quality evaluation, this paper summarises the main guidelines to consider when developing a new study on agricultural landscapes. Following clear guidelines can simplify the task of creating visual assessments, empower new researchers into this type of assessments and boost the standardization of knowledge in this scientific area.

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CLASSIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL ECOSYSTEM SERVICES DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS (CESDC) FOR LANDSCAPE PLANNING AND TOURISM DEVELOPMENT. CASE STUDY: KAZIMIERZ LANDSCAPE PARK (POLAND)

Malwina Michalik-Śnieżek¹ · Grzegorz Gajek² · Barbara Sowińska-Świerkosz¹ · Halina Lipińska¹

¹University of Life Sciences in Lublin · ²Maria Curie-Skłodowska University

Cultural ecosystem services (CES) are non-material benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, reflection, recreation, and aesthetic experiences. They are of particular importance in relation to areas valuable from the point of view of landscape resources used for tourism promotion. Such areas are landscape parks, which in Poland are promoted by regional governments as places of exceptional natural, cultural and scenic values. The state of landscape resources depends on the will to preserve and protect them, which in turn is often the result of calculating the costs to be incurred and the profits that they can bring. The visualization of potential profits from tourist traffic is particularly important for taking protective measures. These profits may be tangible and intangible, but determining their potential value is possible only by analyzing the distribution channels of CES.

The aim of this study is to identify CESDC, their classification and assessment for the purposes of landscape planning and shaping local tourist traffic, taking into account the principles of sustainable development. For the indication and classification of CESDC, a modified definition of the distribution channel by Stanton (1984) was adopted, understood as "objects, groups of objects or organizational units that participate in the flow of services from the service provider to the service recipient" as well as the CES classification by The Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES). For each CES class occurring in the research area, the distribution channels for the assigned benefits were determined and classified. Distribution channels were assessed through the prism of the 4P marketing model (product, price, promotion, place) in relation to the type of benefit, willingness to pay, the number and type of promotional activities and the place of obtaining the service.

The test results showed a large variation of the CESDC in the testing area, containing natural and anthropogenic objects as well as human activities. They also demonstrated a high concentration of CESDC in areas of high tourist traffic. The use of well-functioning CESDC models in relation to similar benefits provided in other areas may constitute the basis for landscape planning and protection, taking into account the needs of the development of tourism on the principles of sustainable development.

Stanton W.J. (1984). *Fundamentals of Marketing*. McGraw-Hill Companies.
COMPREHENSIVE TOOLS FOR URBAN GREEN SPACES ASSESSMENT: A REVIEW OF MEASURING SYSTEMS

Ieva Misiune

Vilnius University

More than a half of the world's population already lives in urban areas and it is projected that by 2050, it will reach 68%. As the trend continues, sustainable development ever more depends on the successful management of urban territories. Researchers analyze not only the environmental problems caused by urbanization, but also emphasize the so called 'nature deficit' phenomenon, when people are too separated from the natural world and this separation affects human-nature relationships. Urban green spaces (UGS) become highly important and contribute not only to solving environmental problems, but as a source for recreation of urban dwellers. Important question remains how we could develop a UGS that contains both – high ecological value and visit attractiveness? This requires both – assess all the spatial physical components of the UGS and include an intangible, still highly valuable characteristics of urban landscapes.

The main idea of this presentation is to introduce results of a systematic quantitative literature review of a multi-critical UGS assessment tools and methods. This review will allow to develop a theoretical model for qualitative assessment of public UGS, which would include various indicators allowing to assess tangible and intangible values that UGS provides in urban landscape. On the basis of the literature analysis, groups of key indicators will be identified and the theoretical structure of the assessment model will be developed. Key findings regarding the possible multi-critical assessment model covering different aspects, including non-measurable landscape elements, will be presented and discussed.

Previous meta-analysis has shown that since 1990, only 15 multidimensional urban green space quality assessment tools have been developed and published in international scientific literature. The tools are very different both in volume and its complexity. The study showed that these tools do not have enough indicators and do not evaluate all properties of the green spaces. Thus, greater comprehensiveness and more inclusive indicators might be critical in assessing UGS and their role for urban landscapes. This discussion could also contribute to a better understanding of how social assessment could be combined with ecological and 'land use and land cover' analyses. Furthermore, a comprehensive tool could become a good support for better planning and management, as well as for better landscape policies.

*This Project has received funding from European Social Fund (project No 09.3.3-LMT-K-712-19-0174) under grant agreement with the Research Council of Lithuania (LMTLT).*
THE ROLE OF LANDSCAPE DISTINGUISHING MARKS AND VISUAL ANALYSES IN THE PLANNING AND DESIGN OF NEW BUILDING INVESTMENTS IN AREAS OF HIGH LANDSCAPE VALUES

Irena Niedźwiecka-Filipiak · Jerzy Potyrała · Paweł Filipiak

Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences

Rural areas account for a considerable part of the world's territory. They are carriers of traditions and regional specificity, which calls for the responsibility of appropriate management of their development with respect to the landscape. Some of the rural areas are protected in order to ensure such measures, but there are also many unprotected sites that have their own landscape values and qualities. For this reason various forms of tourism are developing within them, which in turn leads to the development of the region and gives an opportunity to its inhabitants to generate income, but in many cases it also causes enormous urbanization pressure, sometimes comparable to that occurring around large cities. The question that arises is how to proceed and whether it is possible, when investing in new facilities in areas attractive to tourists, to develop the space in a way that will not degrade its landscape values.

The aim of the research was to determine the procedure/rules of conduct, which would ensure the possibility of introducing a new investment in an area of high landscape attractiveness. The research area was the site associated with a large ski resort Czarna Góra in Poland. The area is located partly within and partly adjacent to the Śnieżnik Landscape Park, and is visited by tourists throughout the year, with particular intensity in winter. The research was conducted in three stages. The first one consisted in defining landscape distinguishing marks of the studied area, as well as attractive view sequences and viewpoints within them. The goal was to determine places for locating potential investments that would not obstruct the view of these features. During the second stage, the forms and volumes of feasible building investments were determined on the basis of architectural features, while the third stage consisted in verifying on the numerical model of the area and on photographs how they are visible from the previously specified viewpoints and sequences.

The procedure/rules of conduct established by the authors proved to be correct. It allowed for taking into account a wide range of landscape distinguishing marks and at the same time it enabled looking at them from the point of view of new investments. Additionally, visual analyses helped to select the location and forms, volume and scale of newly introduced objects. The presented method can be replicated in any area characterized by high landscape values.
LANDSCAPE DESIGN OF ZONES WITH LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURES LOCATED IN PERI-URBAN AREAS USING SECTORAL ANALYSIS OF LANDSCAPE INTERIOR (SALI): CASE STUDY OF WROCLAW, POLAND

Irena Niedźwiecka-Filipiak · Justyna Rubaszek · Anna Podolska · Janusz Gubański

Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences

Peri-urban zones of large cities are convenient for the location of large-area investments of various functions. These are production facilities of industrial plants, hypermarkets, warehouses, and in recent years huge logistic-transhipment zones including multi-hectare halls/ facilities with large communication areas for transport vehicles. These developments lack greenery, and if there is any, it is introduced haphazardly and is limited to low greenery or small, single trees. This results in the fragmentation of green and open areas, which contributes to the loss of biodiversity, and causes visual degradation of the landscape. Similar processes have been observed around Wrocław, and they are particularly intense near its borders. The problem arises in places that are located in the planned GI system, including the Wrocław Functional Area (GIWFA), the first (inner) ring of which is located precisely in the urban fringe of Wrocław. For this reason, it is important to prevent the emergence of vast structures that cause fragmentation of open spaces, as well as to introduce solutions aimed at strengthening connections between the already existing elements of green infrastructure.

The aim of the study was to determine the possibilities of developing the areas occupied by large-surface facilities in a manner conducive to minimizing their impact on the natural environment and landscape. The research was conducted on the example of a complex of large-area facilities located in the inner ring of the designed GIWFA system. Sectoral Analysis of Landscape Interior (SALI) method was used for this purpose. Theoretical models of solutions by using only low greenery (lawns), low and high greenery (lawns and trees) and high greenery (trees) in the analyzed area were developed and compared with the current state. The research was carried out in two aspects: on a plan as a land cover analysis, and from the perspective of a moving person in terms of the percentage of greenery in each view.

The conducted analyses established that for the same area of greenery on the plans/maps in all models there are differences in the amount of greenery in the view. As a result, models with high greenery were found to be predominant over the others. They allow, while maintaining the largest usable space around the object, to best integrate it into the landscape and try to restore or maintain the continuity of natural systems. The developed models and visualizations can be used for the cooperation with investors and representatives of local authorities.
# THE CHANGES OF LANDSCAPE ECOLOGICAL AND THE EFFECTS ON CULTURAL ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN RURAL AREA

Onkamon Nilanon · Danai Thaitakoo

Chulalongkorn University

Rural life depends on the dynamics of the landscape and ecosystem services (ES) it provides. Humans use these services not only for their basic needs but also for their culture. The changes of landscape degrade ES abilities, including cultural ecosystem services (CES), and deteriorate human well-beings. This study focuses on identifying the relationship between ES and culture and how a changing landscape will impact them.

Tracking down on the landscape and people interactions by collecting data from interviewing the local people, we found a development that can describe the relationship between ecosystem services and culture. Then, identify ES for each element and use stepwise analysis to link them with culture. We found that people in rural areas manage resources by transforming landscapes and using social relationships to regulate them, which turns into a culture. Moreover, we also found spiritual beliefs that protect people's lives and help protect the landscapes. The steps of CES we found are the hidden structure of rural communities. Urbanization has changed the landscape by transforming the forest into agricultural lands and natural streams into paved channels, which cause the degradation of ES and also CES. The stepwise analysis of ecosystem services clearly shows how the change in landscape will cause the loss of community economic, social, and their linkage to the natural world.

Relationships of landscape and ES should be addressed in rural development and planning. Especially for rural communities, CES reflects how people adapt and live with the landscape. With the steps of CES development, we can identify landscape elements and processes that should be conserved to maintain ES for local well-being. The development of rural areas must consider this hidden structure to mitigate the impact of changes on rural communities.

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# '7S' DIGITAL VIEW COMPONENT PARAMETERISATION METHOD AS A LANDSCAPE ASSESSMENT AND PLANNING TOOL

Agnieszka Ozimek

Cracow University of Technology

The phenomenon of landscape degradation, both open and urbanised, has been intensifying in recent years, on the one hand in the face of the spatial planning crisis, and on the other one – as a result of intense pressure from developers. It is primarily due to decisions taken at the micro-scale, which translates into the macro-scale. It is therefore necessary to develop measurable, objective indicators that can be used to characterise landscapes of high aesthetic value and that can then support the arguments of experts who make decisions on the protection and shaping of landscapes. The results of quantitative studies are usually accepted unquestioningly, as they use objective numerical values.

In recent years, many countries have been striving to establish landscape assessment systems. These procedures mainly use maps and three-dimensional terrain models. Unfortunately, little consideration is given to eye-level views and, if this happens, numerical indicators are rarely used in these appraisals.

This paper aims to present the '7S' Method (Shade, Shape, Surface area, Size, Share, Silhouette/Skyline, Structure) of computer-assisted parameterisation of the view components. It uses measurements of the colour, shape, surface area and height of objects included in the view, as well as their percentage share in the view, interference with the skyline and the whole image structure. To carry out the calculations, the author's application was programmed in a MATLAB environment and an image processing toolbox were used.

The method has been applied in several tasks: choosing of the object colour, comparison between the degree of different views attractiveness and the extent of change in the view in the case of introducing a new investment, as well as the effects of implementing various design variants. It was also used in indicating the dominant object, inventorying the components of the view and selecting the best scenario of its transformation. The obtained results encourage the application of the new method in situations where the expert's intuition is not sufficient (e.g. when choosing between project variants that differ only slightly from each other).

The developed method aims at assisting the expert in inventorying the visual resources of the landscape, as well as in making decisions regarding acceptable transformations of its physiognomy. The results of the analysis, being a set of numerical parameters, should be supplemented with broader knowledge, extending beyond the visual values of the site, and with the other factors, such as the profitability of a given investment. The described method fills a crucial research gap, as quantitative analyses have been hitherto rarely included in view studies, although this is how observers usually perceive the landscape.

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# DIGITAL VIEW ANALYSIS FROM THE TOP OF THE ŁYSICA HILL WITH IDENTIFICATION OF REGIONAL LANDSCAPE SPECIFICITY OF THE STUDY AREA USING NEW DATA STRUCTURES

Agnieszka Ozimek¹ · Irena Niedźwiecka-Filipiak² · Paweł Ozimek¹ · Paweł Filipiak² · Piotr Łabędź¹ · Jerzy Orlof¹

¹Cracow University of Technology · ²Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences

Visual landscape research is an important part of landscape analysis. It is especially important in the case of introducing new investments in a protected landscape, which has not only natural but also historical values. This article aims to show how the location of a viewing tower in a strictly protected area will affect the landscape values. The study was conducted on the example of the Łysica mountain located in the Świętokrzyskie National Park in Poland.

In 2018, the Association of Polish Landscape Architects (SPAK) was commissioned by the General Directorate of the Environment to develop Recommendations for conducting landscape analyses to designate landscape protection zones. In 2021, the method was used to analyse the view from the top of Łysica hill and to determine the regional landscape specificity of the study area.

The research included the following stages:

* preliminary studies related to the area of analysis;

* acquisition of digital data;

* local inspection - field verification of data and discernment of landscape characteristics;

* identification of landscape distinguishing marks - assigning them weights;

* analysis of view links between representatives of landscape distinguishing marks;

* development of terrain model and its coverage;

* analysis of active exposure from the observation tower depending on its height;

* analysis of passive exposure of the tower from viewpoints;

* synthesis of results and conclusions.

An important task was to determine the regional specificity of the site and to delineate the boundaries of Landscape-functional Units (LaFU) and their valorisation. They were identified as distinguishing marks of the cultural landscape: spatial layout of villages, homesteads, traditional wooden and brick buildings, cellars, sacral buildings, manors, greenery, surface waters. The degree of accumulation of representatives of distinguishing marks was used for distinctive categorisation of the surrounding 80 villages.

A digital model of the terrain and parts of its coverage was developed, and then the range of visibility from the planned tourist and educational tower on Łysica was analysed depending on its height. Simulations of active exposure from the tower were also performed, using point cloud data. The visibility of functional and landscape complexes of the highest value was examined. Passive exposure of the tower from viewpoints was assessed, ranking them according to distance. Point clouds were also used for these simulations.

The analyses carried out proved that an object with a height of about 27 m will be the most advantageous solution. It will be visible from 3 vantage points that lie between 2 and 4.5 km away and in these views, it will be intrusive. In views from 12 points 4.5-8 km away the tower will be noticeable but the nature of its visual impact will be negligible.
PARTICIPATORY MAPPING OF DEMAND FOR ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPES

Annette Piorr · Mostafa Shaaban · Sonoko Bellingrath-Kimura · Carmen Schwartz

Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research

Agricultural land use systems have been optimized for producing provisioning ecosystem services (ES) in the past few decades, often at the expense of regulating and cultural services. Research has focused mainly on the supply side of ES and related trade-offs, but the demand side for regulatory services remains largely neglected. Better informed decisions in land use and landscape design require knowledge on spatial and intangible values of the landscape. Integrating the demand side reveals valuable, spatially explicit, and non-measurable stakeholder knowledge.

Our research aims to evaluate the usefulness of participatory geographic information system (PGIS) methods for demand assessments in larger rural and agrarian contexts by identifying spatially explicit demand patterns for ES, thereby enlarging the body of participatory approaches to ES-based land use management. Accordingly, we map, assess, and statistically and spatially analyze different demands for five ES by different stakeholder groups in agricultural landscapes in three case studies. The results are presented in a stakeholder workshop and prerequisites for collaborative ES management are discussed.

Our results show that poor correlation exists between stakeholder groups and demands for ES; however, arable land constitutes the highest share of the mapped area of demands for the five ES. These results have been validated by both the survey and the stakeholder workshop. Our study concludes that PGIS represents a useful tool to link demand assessments and landscape management systematically, especially for decision support systems. The search for measurements of the evaluation of intangible landscape values can benefit from the use of tools that allow a mix of quantitative and qualitative data collection, such as PGIS.

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PERCEPTION — IDENTIFICATION — INTERPRETATION. INTEGRATED LANDSCAPE
ASSESSMENT FOR PLANNING AND DESIGN AT THE LOCAL LEVEL

Elżbieta Raszeja

Association of Polish Landscape Architects / University of the Arts in Poznań

Multifaceted landscape research and its integrated assessment provide necessary support for decision-making processes at various levels of spatial planning and management. In the practice of planning and designing on a local scale, research is usually limited to the registration of landscape elements, description of its structure using measurable parameters and indicators and evaluation according to a set value score. The effect of such an approach, however, is the reduction of the multidimensionality of the landscape, and often even confusing and ambiguous conclusions. In addition to identifying the forms, it is also necessary to interpret their content and to take into account the historical perspective to understand the processes that shaped the landscape. This allows the degree of durability and legibility of the traces of the past to be assessed, as well as the scale and dynamics of contemporary transformations. It is also necessary to take into account the perception of the landscape by its recipients and users, conditioned and modified by their attitudes, values and preferences, as well as knowledge, experiences and life practices.

The aim of the article is to present an original model of landscape identity research and to indicate its usefulness for planning and designing at the local level. The research model sets out a pattern of conduct in the process of learning and understanding a landscape (perception – identification – interpretation) and is based on the analysis of the components of its identity (Biography – Structure – Image). The model can be used for research conducted on a local scale (individual villages, complexes of villages, small towns, districts of large cities). The next stage of the research procedure is operationalization, i.e. equipping the model with appropriate research procedures and tools, adapted to the purpose and scope of the research.

The BSI model was tested on many examples as part of the author's research and didactic work. In 2019, studies of the rural landscape were carried out in the area of selected units located in Wielkopolska, designated as part of the currently prepared landscape audit. The criterion for selecting research areas was their diversity in terms of: genetic types of settlement, physiographic features, cultural specificity, dynamics of historical development, pace and directions of contemporary transformations. The current landscape structure was analyzed, the degree of preservation and legibility of historical spatial arrangements was assessed, and contemporary deformations and threats were identified. The visual value and landscape exposure were also assessed. The summary of the conducted research was the formulation of guidelines for the development and protection of landscape in individual units.
COMBINING SUBJECTIVE AND OBJECTIVE DATA TO EXPLORE DEMAND AND SUPPLY
OF SOCIAL FUNCTIONS IN URBAN GREEN SPACES

Elizabeth Schrammeijer · Ziga Malek · Peter Verburg

Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam

Opportunities for physical activity, mental restoration and cooling are just some examples of the essential social-cultural functions provided by urban green spaces (UGS). However, ecosystem service analyses of UGS rarely, or poorly, integrate social functions. Especially assessments of mismatches and trade-offs incorporating multiple social functions is a major challenge.

In this study we build on Public Participatory GIS (PPGIS) to assess social functions and their spatial distribution in the City of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Subjective responses are combined with objective data on spatial characteristics using advanced statistical and machine learning techniques to quantify and map the demand and supply of social functions. We consider UGS as providing specific functional niches for urban residents, depending on residents needs at the moment of use and on the specific characteristics, or functional traits, of the green space.

We demonstrate clear differences in demand between user groups for the functions relaxing, cooling, social interaction and walking routes. Mismatches between demand intensity and supply of a number of social functions are also mapped. Especially the function of relaxing appears to be highly mismatched in some areas and may be traded off against social interaction. Another mismatch between supply and demand for cooling is shown likely to be exacerbated by more than 25% in some neighbourhoods by 2030 with current plans for residential development.

Our findings reinforce the idea that residents need functional green space close by so that they can
easily visit or pass through green space to benefit from the required function. We also point out that
quieter functions are in danger of being displaced in densely populated areas. Therefore green
spaces highly suitable for quieter functions is essential in urban densification plans and only focussing
on multi-functionality is unlikely to ensure that the demands of all residents are met.

We demonstrate a method that can improve understanding of social functions as well as related
mismatches and trade-offs. Such knowledge is especially important in the context of sustainable
urban densification and realising liveable cities.

<figure><img src="image_41.png" /></figure>
FLOWERING MEADOWS FOR PEOPLE, BEES AND BIODIVERSITY

Beatrice Schüpbach¹ · Soeren Weiß² · Oliver Frör²

¹Agroscope · ²University of Koblenz-Landau

The EU-Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) promotes the introduction of woody and grassy semi-natural habitats (SNH) in agricultural landscapes in order to foster biodiversity. Grassy and woody SNH however, can also provide cultural eco-system services. The knowledge why and how grassy and woody SNH provide cultural ecosystem services as e.g. the visual quality of the landscape can help to design grassy and woody SNH to foster biodiversity.

For this purpose, we conducted an online survey showing pictures of combinations of different crops and grassy or woody SNH to participants in six European countries. The survey followed the design of a choice experiment including six to eight choice cards. Depending on the crop, pictures of combinations in three to four seasonal stages were shown. Participants selected the most preferred combination in each card. In order to find the reasons for selecting a picture, we determined five attributes describing combinations regarding order, the availability of green colour, colours from flowers, leaves or fruits, open soil, and dry vegetation that characterize the pictures.

In a first step, data from Hungary and Switzerland were analysed using latent class models and including the attributes described above. The results revealed three groups of participants in Hungary and two groups in Switzerland differing in their preferences for green vegetation, ordered vegetation and the presence of open soil (Switzerland). Nevertheless, all groups in both countries strongly preferred colourful flowers in crops or meadows (Schüpbach et al., 2021). Though in all classes of both countries colours were preferred, the origin of the colour differed between the two countries: in Hungary, only crops (rapeseed and sunflowers) provided colours, while in Switzerland besides rapeseed also grassy SNH flowering in early and late summer were a source of colours.

This difference suggests two things. First, flowers are not only important for pollinators and biodiversity, but also for human beings. Providing more flowers for a longer period is not only good for biodiversity and pollinators but also makes landscapes attractive, if they are colourful. Second, the availability of flowers in grassy SNH may depend on the country and its botany. A further important reason may be the system of direct payment in the respective country. In Switzerland the botanical quality of grassy SNH is rewarded but not in Hungary and in the EU CAP.

The ongoing analysis of the remaining four countries based on revised attributes will complete the findings about relevant aspects explaining preferences for grassy and woody SNH.

Schüpbach B. et al. (2021). *What determines preferences for semi-natural habitats in agrarian landscapes? A choice-modelling approach across two countries using attributes characterising vegetation*. Landsc. Urban Plan., 206: 103954.

<figure><img src="image_42.png" /></figure>
HOW GREEN SPACES NEED TO CHANGE TO ADDRESS THE PUBLIC POST-COVID
EXPECTATIONS

Daria Sikorska¹ · Joanna Bukowska¹ · Edyta Łaszkiewicz² · Piotr Sikorski¹

¹Warsaw University of Life Sciences · ²University of Lodz

The COVID-19 transformed the lives of urban dwellers worldwide, including the visits and usage of urban green spaces (UGS). We investigated the preferences towards the alterations in UGS which should take place to ensure healthy and safe recreation. We based the study on a preference survey held in Warsaw. The respondents assessed different types of landscapes characterized by varying share of features, such as built-up structures or number of visitors present. We assessed the overall attitude towards COVID-19 and preferences for UGS adaptations. There was a clear respondents' need for more vegetation, both wild and cultivated, and more places for spending time in UGS. People perceived various types of UGS comparably, being significantly less likely to spend type in urban landscapes compared to parks or natural forests. The respondents declared that vegetation density and share of vegetation were most important for them and claimed to little consider whether the path was crowded or not. However, when scoring the photomontages they chose locations without other users with the possibility of freely straying off the track. Any repressive actions by distancing people spatially in UGS, isolating seniors or introducing entry limits did not meet social approval.

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SENSE OF PLACE IN RIVER LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT – A PROGRESSIVE PERSPECTIVE

Iga Kołodyńska¹ · Sarah Gottwald² · Jasmin Otto² · Wiktoria Morawska³ · Agnieszka Jakóbiak¹

¹Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences · ²Leuphana University Lüneburg · ³University of Wrocław

Rivers are social-ecological systems that offer various benefits for people's livelihoods, yet often they create natural and administrative boundaries, especially in national border contexts. Despite the need and requirements for cross-border cooperation for sustainable river development, formal landscape planning instruments are limited within the national border. In contrast, and specifically within the European Union, borders do not represent a limit for people's mobility, instead people are constantly on the move, and thus shaping and perceiving the landscape and its changes. Simultaneously, there are new forms of corporal as well as virtual mobility supported by the Internet of Things. These trends in people's mobility call for new governance approaches in sustainable river management, where people can act as environmental stewards overcoming administrative boundaries. Environmental stewardship has shown to be closely linked to sense of place theory, i.e. the meanings and attachments people attribute to a place. Progressive understanding of sense of place accounts for a dynamic lifestyle, assuming mobility as the natural human condition. However, empirical studies are still scarce, that consider people's everyday life environments, view both approaches (essentialist and progressive) as complementary, and account for the different types of mobility, such as physical or digital.

Therefore, we aim at exploring the influence of mobility on sense of place and in consequence environmental stewardship in the context of cross-border regions, because people in contrast to national planning instruments can transcend borders and thus support sustainable river management.

As a first approach towards this aim, a literature review will be guided by the questions: (1) which methods have been applied to investigate the relation of sense of place and mobilities? (2) which types of mobilities have been considered? (3) how has sense of place been conceptualized and operationalized? and (4) how was is linked to stewardship or management approaches?

We apply a systematic literature review using PRISMA method, we search for peer reviewed articles at Scopus taking a pragmatic view including a variety of scholars. Expected results provide an overview of the current scientific debates on the nexus of sense of place and mobilities in the context of landscape management and methodological opportunities. This research is embedded with the Move'n'Sense research project which uses the results as a starting point to empirically investigate sense of place in a study region to finally develop environmental stewardship nudges for integrated river landscape management.

This research was funded by the National Science Centre, Poland, grant number 2020/39/G/HS4/03062.
# FEELINGS ABOUT QUARRIES: MEASURING THE SENSE OF PLACE IN A LIMESTONE LANDSCAPE

Kamila Svobodova

University of Göttingen

Understanding people's motivation to visit a place and to return there, in particular the social, economic, and psychological motivations behind their decisions, is important to succeed in environmental policy and decision-making. To engage the question of why people respond well to some places and not to others, the literature must progress beyond normative constraints and include all types of factors that contribute to the sense of place. Re-consideration of the notion that only certain places are worthy of attachments is key in the progress.

Small-scale mining and quarrying producing industrial minerals, such as natural stone, gravel, and limestone, contribute significantly to livelihoods at all scales. Quarries are common features of urban and rural landscapes. These industrialized elements may possess unique cultural values and meanings to people living nearby. After mining activity ceases, quarries may create natural habitats of unique flora and fauna, venues for leisure activities, and provide community benefits such as education, inspiration, social bonding, and other cultural ecosystem services.

The aim of this study is to explore individuals' sense of place in relation to operating and abandoned quarries near Prague, Czech Republic. Placed in a popular limestone region of Czech Karst, the study demonstrates how people's sense of place in relation to the quarries is formed, localized, and affected by people's demographics, knowledge of the area, and their perception of mining. In this approach, the sense of place is understood as a concept fully shaped by individuals' perceptions and expressions of the place. The sense of place is conceptualized as a bundle of (1) people's feelings about the place, (2) their activities related to the place, and (3) place characteristics as perceived by people.

Paper questionnaires from 400 visitors of eight quarries in Czech Karst were collected directly in the field. The Mann-Whitney U test and the Kruskal-Wallis test were performed to identify statistically significant differences between visitors' demographics, experience and perceptions (IV) and determinants of the sense of place (DV). The Hierarchical Cluster Analysis followed to determine clusters of the sense of place determinants and how they differ between the quarries.

The analyses revealed the structure of the sense of place bundles and showed, among others, that while people's perception of mining affected how they felt about the quarries, their knowledge of the area affected their activities and perceived place characteristics. This study contributes to a more nuanced conceptualization of the sense of place in industrialized landscapes and provides the research and policy community with a better understanding of the people's drivers behind their place-related choices. People's sense of place and their feelings about places are key variables at a local scale but are largely underestimated in environmental decision-making.

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MAPPING LANDSCAPE VISUAL QUALITY IN THE BASQUE COUNTRY OF NORTH-
WEST SPAIN

Ruth Swetnam¹ · Irati Dorronsoro Aguirrezabal² · Ane Garay Aginagalde²

¹Staffordshire University · ²University of the Basque Country

The Basque Country is an autonomous region on the Atlantic coast of Spain with a unique culture and language (Euskara). Its maritime location gives it a distinct climate which is wetter and cooler than the wider Iberian Peninsula. Consequently, the area has a distinct land use character with rugged, forested mountains incised by tight valleys which are densely settled. During the socio-political turmoil following the Second World War, Basque culture was challenged, with the language suppressed in favour of Spanish. Cultural identity matters, often determining the nature of land use practice which in turn determines how places look. These landscape views give Basque communities a strong sense of 'place' which is culturally distinct. Therefore, attempts to map this cultural ecosystem service should reflect the landscape preferences of Basque residents.

Our approach combined GIS mapping with public survey and builds upon previous work mapping
landscape aesthetics in Wales, Iceland and North Macedonia. Landscape parameters which (1)
captured visually distinct and quantifiable components of the view and (2) are known to evoke
generally positive or negative responses were incorporated. Fieldwork tested and adapted these
visual indicators to the Basque landscape to establish a Visual Quality Index (VQI) which was mapped
for the Basque region at 2 km² to produce a consistent measure of landscape aesthetic quality for
2045 sites. Public validation of the method and the resulting VQI map was sought through a
photographic preference survey (PPS) of 535 Basque nationals. The PPS confirmed the choice of
visual parameters and demonstrated a significant link between Basque peoples' landscape ratings
and the mapped VQI. Landscape components that were valued included: limestone peaks, mountain
pastures, rocky coasts and vernacular farm buildings. Large roads, quarries and apartment blocks
were disliked; whilst some measures of modernity (high speed railways, wind turbines, sports
facilities) received mixed responses. The survey cohort was demographically varied but gave
consistent landscape responses, with few significant variations due to age, gender or residence.

Empirical mapping of landscape aesthetics at regional scale remains technically complex and contentious. Caveats concerning data availability, parameter choice and scale must be considered; it is key to acknowledge that such measures will inevitably be partial. However, there is still value in capturing cultural ecosystem services through systematic and synoptic mapping. Such outputs are useful for planners and modellers; as land use alters, so too will landscape appearance and this concerns local residents and visitors. With adaptation, the VQI presented here is transferable to other locations. To do so, requires careful consideration of local landscape context, by those with deep familiarity with it. Fieldwork remains important and validation through public consultation is key.

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CORRELATION BETWEEN PLACE ATTACHMENT AND REGIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF CES IN PERI-URBAN AREAS: A PPGIS CASE STUDY IN BUDAPEST METROPOLITAN REGION

István Valánszki¹ · Lone Søderkvist Kristensen² · Sándor Jombach¹ · Márta Ladányi¹ · Krisztina Filepné Kovács¹ · Zsombor Boromisza¹

¹Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences · ²University of Copenhagen

Negative effects of rapid urbanization process are recognizable in peri-urban areas. These include degradation of ecosystem services, as well as demographic and socioeconomic changes. Several researchers highlight that more attention should be paid to peri-urban ecosystem services in order to elaborate the most effective resource management and policies to decrease the negative demographic and land use impacts. Among these ecosystem services related research, the cultural ecosystem services (CES) are the most neglected types. The evaluation of cultural services is still difficult, mainly because of the intangible nature of CES and because their relative importance varies along urban-rural geographical dimension. In order to deal efficiently with the socio-cultural conflicts in peri-urban areas, we need a deeper understanding of the relationships between the CES and local social background. In this way, the aim of our study was to increase the understanding on the locals' place attachment and on the relationships between CES and local societies. We did so by analysing the spatial regularities, patterns based on the locals' acknowledgement on CES in a diverse peri-urban area.

During our research, we applied a special method for community-based assessment and involvement of local communities. The so called ppGIS method (Public Participation GIS) combines community-based mapping with GIS techniques. We took a Hungarian micro-region from Budapest Metropolitan Region as a suitable peri-urban example. The study area, called Vác micro-region, contains 18 settlements. Five cultural services were defined: aesthetic, recreational and therapeutic, spiritual, cultural and historic, educational values. During the survey a total of 184 maps were collected, after the data was digitized. The analyses were performed partly by GIS methods (using QGIS software) and partly by statistical analyses.

Our results showed, that the regional significance is the highest in the micro-regional centre (Vác), and we also found, that a few (or only one) outstanding values of a settlement could influence significantly the level of regional significance. The smaller settlements around the regional centre are the least well-known from cultural perception point of view, while the villages located in the middle of the study region are better known. Analysing the place attachment, we could conclude, that citizens of settlements located around the regional centre have the strongest, while villages situated in the middle of the study area have the weakest place attachment. Finally, we found, that in many settlements, if the regional significance is high, the place attachment is low, and vice versa. Our results can help for planners and decision makers to understand better the social processes in peri-urban areas, and the relationships between locals and cultural values, heritage of these settlements.

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LANDSCAPES AND IDENTITIES IN TRANSFORMATION: CONSTRUCTION OF THE PROJECT FROM THE SOCIAL ASSESSMENT OF THE LANDSCAPE. THE CASE OF PICHILEMU, A COASTAL CITY OF CENTRAL CHILE

Paola Velasquez · Alexis Vasquez · Emanuel Giannotti · Victor Alegria

Universidad de Chile

In the last forty years, drastic changes have taken place in the Chilean coastal cities' image and spatial configuration, highlighting the appearance of fragmented and disconnected urban landscapes resulting from accelerated urbanization processes associated with tourism, agricultural exploitation, and infrastructure. These dynamics have surpassed institutional and regulatory frameworks and have collided with ecological processes and critical ecosystems. We propose a broad and permanent citizen participation process to establish the community's active and responsible role in installing sustainable territorial planning.

Qualitative-participatory methodologies seek to understand the landscape phenomena from the perspective of those who cross through them, play a leading role, or experience them, making their views part of the research and planning process.

All the activities were systematized and incorporated into the project's geographic information system and presented as a discussion starting point in each workshop:

1. Construction of a shared diagnosis: describing the image of Pichilemu, defining the city's soul, how the community imagines it twenty years from now; spatialization of opportunities, needs, and threats; specify significant elements of the landscape's identity, natural spaces, green areas, and viewpoints; assessment of environmental assets (ecological diversity, recreational and landscape, cultural heritage); past, present, and future practices associated with environmental assets; perception of changes associated with environmental assets, the landscape, and the city's image; ethnography and visual study of the landscape process in rural territories and communities.

2. Elaboration of a consensual proposal: validation of diagnosis; development of scenarios and visions of the future; definition of objectives and strategic projects of the Green Infrastructure Plan; the collaborative project design process for strategic projects.

3. Creating a positive environment for a plan's implementation: involvement of the community and representatives of different areas of territorial management; the community's legitimization and ownership of the plan.

There is evidence of a high estimation of the natural elements, strongly associated with a local identity, and a high aesthetic appreciation of the landscape that structures the vision of the territory's future. Secondly, the community has expressed a great interest in participating in constructing their territory and has demonstrated the capacity to engage in a long-term participation process. Methodologically, it is fundamental to adapt the participatory actions to the specific realities of the territory and its communities.

This process achieves an actual engagement of the local community considering a wide diversity of actors, which allows the project to become a space for collaborative development and participatory democracy and strengthens the sense of belonging and community, based on the idea of establishing a common good sustained over time.

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USING SOCIAL MEDIA PHOTOGRAPHS DEEP LEARNING TO ASSESS CULTURAL ECOSYSTEM SERVICES OF URBAN GREEN SPACES FOR HIGH-DENSITY URBAN MANAGEMENT: CASE FROM THE CENTRAL BEIJING

Haiyun Xu¹ · Mujie Ren² · Guohan Zhao³

¹Beijing University of Civil Engineering & Architecture · ²The University of Sydney · ³Aalborg University

Cultural ecosystem services (CES), such as aesthetic and recreational enjoyment, play a virial role in the contribution of landscape to human well-being. Assessing local CES had policy implications for urban green space resource allocation. However, it is challenging to quantify CES, as interviews and surveys are limited by the cost and samples. Social media data, particularly geo-tagged photographs, has emerged as a rich new source to understand human-nature interactions while advances in deep learning have enabled large-scale analysis of the imagery uploaded to these platforms. Here, we assessed CES provided by the urban green spaces in central Beijing, China's highest density urban area, using user-contributed georeferenced photographs from Xiaohongshu, the Instagram in the Chinese world.

We demonstrate a novel approach, borrowing techniques from, natural language processing, machine learning (image analysis), and self-organizing maps (SOM), to collect, classify, and assess 62,138 photographs taken by 9022 users between 2020 to 2021.

Clustering algorithms applied to results of the image analysis data revealed 9 distinct CES groups, which included those interested in art, recreation, garden structure, landscape historical monuments, nature appreciation, religion, and education. The most represented local CES categories were recreation 21,545 (34.67%), and nature appreciation 8158 (18.02%) was also highly represented, though no photographs depicting educational engagement. For each group, we produced high-resolution spatial and seasonal maps, identifying CES hotspots/coldspots, which matched known recreational attractions and annual festivals in central Beijing.

Our study explored the new means to quantify and map CES at broad spatial scales in the face of trends in the use of social media data and deep learning in the CES research and provided the basis for sustainable urban green spaces spatial management in the future Beijing.

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# Approaches integrating ecosystem services and disservices in social-ecological landscapes to foster sustainability

## Symposium organisers

Julien Blanco (UMR SENS), Pierre-Cyril Renaud (Nelson Mandela University / University of Angers), Juliette Mariel (CIRAD)

## Summary

Ecosystem services and disservices (ES/EDS; ecological features that benefit or harm human well-being) have gained momentum in landscape ecology research. In particular, EDS have recently been advocated as complementary to ES to explore tensions and conflicts around natural resource management in multiuse landscapes and find new sustainable pathways. This symposium will focus on recent research that combines ES and EDS, discussing the potential and limitations of this dual approach to unpacking the social-ecological interactions that drive landscapes in order to improve their sustainability.

## Description

Multiuse or multifunctional landscapes are complex social-ecological systems where different species, habitats and diverse stakeholders with different views and objectives interact. Reconciling natural resource preservation and socio-economic development in these contexts is a critical challenge that requires a robust understanding of multilevel social and ecological interactions, fair and inclusive learning and governance processes, and active dialogue between stakeholders. The concept of ecosystem services (ES), defined as the ecological features that contribute to human well-being, has been pivotal in fostering this transdisciplinary enterprise. Landscape ecology, with its capacity to take into account different organisational levels, ecosystems and stakeholders, is a promising discipline for integrated ES research that can guide sustainability policies. However, concern has arisen about the capacity of ES to capture the adverse impact of certain ecological processes on humans (e.g. animal attacks on people or crop predation) and thus to address tensions and conflicts among stakeholders. This has led to the emergence of the 'ecosystem disservices' concept (EDS), defined as the ecological features that negatively impact human well-being, and for calls to employ integrated ES and EDS analyses in multifunctional landscapes. Such an integrated approach is advocated as a pathway towards a better understanding of socio-ecological dynamics and more just and sustainable landscape management and governance.

This symposium will discuss the question: What have landscape ecologists and other sustainability scientists learned so far in combining ES and EDS in their research? It will include conceptual and methodological contributions as well as case studies, to offer an interdisciplinary understanding of the potential and limitations of the ES/EDS concepts through different perspectives. There will be a particular focus on four key questions:

1. How can a dual ES/EDS approach contribute to uncovering the many biophysical processes and interactions that shape landscapes at different organisational levels?

2. How relevant are these concepts in revealing the subjective dimension of landscapes and in managing tensions and conflicts between stakeholders?

3. What strategies and practices are implemented by stakeholders at different levels to manage ES/EDS trade-offs?

4. How useful is an ES/EDS approach in analysing landscape governance processes, fostering dialogue and social learning between stakeholders, and ultimately guiding decisions and policy-making that promote sustainability?

In addressing these questions, this symposium aims to provide a discussion platform for the research community working with EDS, bringing different disciplines together to clarify the concept, whose continuing conceptual fuzziness hinders its operationalisation for landscape research and management.
A NOVEL CASCADE MODEL FOR ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND DISSERVICES APPLIED
IN A BRAZILIAN WORKING LANDSCAPE

Julien Blanco¹ · Beatriz Bellón² · Liane Barthelemy³ · Baptiste Camus³ · Louise Jaffré³ · Anne-Sophie Masson³ · Alix Masure³ · Fabio de Oliviera Roque⁴ · Franco L. Souza⁴ · Pierre-Cyril Renaud⁵,⁶

¹UMR SENS · ²Rhodes University · ³ISTOM College of International Agro-Development · ⁴Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul · ⁵Nelson Mandela University · ⁶University of Angers

Since 2007, several authors have pleaded for complementing the ecosystem service (ES) framework with the ecosystem disservice (EDS) concept in order to consider both the benefits and detriments associated with ecosystems in the analysis of human-nature relationships. However, EDS are still a marginal concept in sustainability research, in particular because they suffer from conceptual ambiguity. As a consequence, it remains unclear how, together with ES, they can help better untangle social-ecological interactions in multi-use landscapes.

In order to bring clarity about the EDS concept, we devised a novel cascade model that explicitly integrates ES and EDS. In a landscape-based perspective, this E(D)S cascade model brings clarity on (1) the articulation and interactions between ES and EDS, (2) the distinction between intermediate and final E(D)S, and (3) the cascading links between ecosystem features, E(D)S and their associated benefits and detriments for diverse stakeholders. In addition, the E(D)S cascade model takes into account the feedbacks from human societies to ecosystem features and E(D)S through management practices, governance, and value attribution processes.

In order to discuss the E(D)S cascade model's strengths and limitations, we applied it in a case study in Brazil, in the Cerrado biodiversity hotspot, with the aim to explore how local farmers perceived and managed their rural forests. We conducted semi-structured interviews in 45 farms, asking farmers about (1) farm and farming system characteristics, (2) practices related to rural forest management, and (3) the diverse E(D)S they perceived in relation with rural forests.

We first found a total of 30 perceived ES and 18 perceived EDS associated with rural forests, including 15 final and 15 intermediate ES, and 6 final and 12 intermediate EDS. Harvestable timber, sheltering effect for reared animals, and habitat and feeding resources for reared animals were the most cited ES. Predation on crops and livestock were the most cited EDS. We also found a close link between E(D)S emergence and dynamics and farming practices. For example, crop expansion, associated with a ban on hunting local pigs, was reinforcing the importance farmers assigned to crop predation issues. Reversely, farmers have implemented several practices to be less vulnerable to most problematic EDS.

This novel E(D)S cascade model shows a great potential to better understand human-nature relationships in an inclusive perspective, acknowledging the existence of multiple subjective, yet legitimate, viewpoints about a given landscape. Furthermore, it allows to better highlight the importance of human practices and perceptions in the production and impact of ecosystems on human well-being. We therefore suggest that this framework can help identify solutions to reduce certain EDS while reinforcing ES and biodiversity conservation.
METHODS AND INDICATORS FOR EVALUATING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES: A NEED FOR
STANDARDIZATION

Claudia Canedoli¹ · Noemi Rota¹ · Ioannis Vogiatzakis² · Alexia Zanchi¹ · Harini Nagendra³ · Emilio Padoa-Schioppa¹

¹University of Milano-Bicocca · ²Open University of Cyprus · ³Azim Premji University

E valuation of ecosystem services (ES) has become a fundamental subject in ecology and studies aiming to evaluate them are rapidly increasing worldwide. Despite the variety of methods and indicators employed currently to perform ES evaluations, a common standardization is currently lacking. This greatly limits our capacity to produce comparable studies and advance in ES provision understanding. This study presents a literature review of the current indicators and methods used to evaluate ES, limited to mountain environments. The aim is to identify the most common indicators used. Specifically, we address the following questions: (1) what are the indicators and methods currently used for ES evaluation, (2) which are the most common ES analysed, (3) which assessment is most frequent among ecological, economic, and social type, and (4) how frequently ES valuation is used to actually inform decision making. Using ISI Web of Knowledge we selected papers from 2015 to 2020 containing the words 'ecosystem services' AND 'mountains' in the topic. Based on MEA categories we identify 27 ES and for each article the following information was extracted: type of ES evaluated, indicator(s) used, input data used, type of valuation (ecological, economic, or social), scale (local, regional, national, global), country, mapping, and finally we indicated if the ES valuation was able to provide solutions for decision making. The search resulted in 965 papers, 350 of them were finally used in this study because they effectively applied at least one indicator to evaluate ES.

Results show that there is no common agreement about the type of indicators used in ES
assessment. The most frequent ES assessed per category were food, freshwater, fuelwood, fibers
(provisioning), climate regulation, erosion prevention, water regulation, natural hazard protection
(regulating), recreational, aesthetics (cultural), and biodiversity (supporting). The most frequently
used indicators are presented for each ES to try to delineate the current tendency in use. Ecological
valuations are prevalent, but economic and social valuations are also represented. Studies that
combine both ecological, economic, or social values are still few, despite the advocate of multiple
valuations. Identifying the most frequently used indicators is useful to advance the process of ES
indicators standardization, although these might not be the most effective. In this study, we also
analyse with an expert-based evaluation the suitability of the most common indicators in terms of
significance, simplicity, cost, replicability, ease of interpretation and policy relevance. Results
obtained showed the overall suitability of a set of commonly used indicator. Although this study
focused on mountain ecosystems the same tendency can be found in other ecosystems and this
study suggests which indicators are more suitable to be applied.
SEEKING FOR A SUSTAINABLE FIRE RESILIENT LANDSCAPE AT A LIVING LAB IN
NORTHERN PORTUGAL

Inês Marques Duarte · Vanda Acácio · Ana Catarina Sequeira · Conceição Colaço · Susete Marques · Francisco Castro Rego · José Borges

University of Lisbon

The project FIRE RES – Innovative technologies and socioecological- economic solutions for fire resilient territories in Europe (December 2021 – December 2025) is a Horizon 2020 project that seeks novel approaches towards preventive landscape and community management for greater fire resilience. Within the project aims, several Living Labs (LL) across Europe and Chile will test innovative actions, with integrated ecological and socio-economical approaches, bringing together scientific research, local communities, and stakeholder engagement, in order to increase human safety, preparedness to firefighting, postfire restoration efficiency, and landscape resilience under increased fire risk.

The Portuguese LL "Vale do Sousa" is a forest valley landscape of about 14,500 ha located in northern Portugal and highly vulnerable to wildfires. The landscape is dominated by eucalypt and maritime pine forest, intermixed with small settlements, shrublands, vineyards and orchards. Over the past decades, wildfires became recurrent and severe, with occurrence of Extreme Wildfire Events (EWE) in recent years. In this territory, of mainly private property, over 360 landowners are associated to develop a joint landscape-level management plan to reduce wildfire risk while providing ecosystem services.

Within FIRE-RES project, we will use data already collected for the Portuguese LL (forest inventory data, ecosystem services and landowners' management preferences) across more than 1000 management units to perform a landscape ecology assessment to help improving landscape configuration towards a sustainable and fire resilient landscape. We analyze landscape dynamics for a 50-year period (1970-2018), characterizing landscape composition and changes over time, rates of change, and the association of specific landscape changes with wildfire occurrence and other environmental and human variables. We are also calculating several metrics to better understand the evolution of the landscape mosaic in space and time. Results are linked with landowners' management preferences, ecological and demographic data, and will be used to simulate possible future landscapes. Available data for the LL will also be used to assess the impact of past wildfires on the provision of ecosystem services (e.g., carbon release in the form of CO2) and how the proposed configuration towards a fire resilient landscape can mitigate such impact.

Preliminary results show that landscape composition had higher heterogeneity five decades ago, with a mosaic of agricultural land, forest, and pastureland. Chestnut, vineyards, orchards, pastures, which were present in the past, were identified as favorable potential landscape components to improve resilience against wildfires. In the present, the landscape is homogenously dominated by eucalypt and maritime pine forest, prone to wildfires, which explains partially the occurrence of EWE. The landscape ecology assessment proposed, which integrates ecological and socio-economic data, will provide a good understanding of the past, leading to better design of the present landscape and to more accurate predictions of the future landscape configuration, towards a safer, sustainably managed, and fire resilient landscape.

*This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 101037419.*
URBAN WATERFRONT: POTENTIAL OF LANDSCAPE. CASE STUDY IN BACOLI

Dora Francese · Giulia Maisto · Valeria Memoli · Luca Buoninconti

University of Naples Federico II

Urban settlements upon time have widely modified natural landscape providing a number of critical aspects to biotic elements. Nonetheless the anthropic needs have sometimes improved the quality of landscape, both in terms of aesthetics and of life. Some regions have actually gained benefit from some human activities, by finding a new asset and new wildlife diversity. Waterfront is one typical example of mesh between man and nature which in some cases would create an increasing quality of landscape, but in others have actually been decayed and deprived of many fantastic realms.

The research we would like to present is actually dealing with these regions: a littoral mix of man and
wildlife, made by both animals and plants, when city and nature interact trying to respect on one
hand the variety and richness of the latter, but engaging the efforts for improving humans' quality of
residence in the first. Therefore, the research we are dealing with is the identification of the
ecosystem services and the maximum benefit that can be derived without damaging the structure
and the functionality of the ecosystem itself, in order to conserve and preserve their quality.

By interaction between two different disciplines, Environmental technology of architecture and Ecology evolution, the research would study a method for establishing a number of parameters, able to describe as well as qualify the landscape characters from the two points of view: nature and city. It will take into account the potential of the waterfront areas, as well as the critical aspects, in order to establish a matrix of solutions, suitable for the regeneration of these regions by means of a sustainable and economic management. Bio-mimetic experience would provide the needed tools for the interaction of the two sciences: construction and ecology.

A case study will be presented as sample of the application of this new method, located in the waterfront called “Spiaggia Romana”, in the municipality of Bacoli, south Italy. The paper will present the methodology and the tools, as well as the application, the actual carrying on of the research and the eventual results, in the shape of very reverential projects. The latest would provide, besides the aforesaid safeguard for the whole sphere of natural species and ecosystems, also the respect for the global hazards, such as climate change, pollution, carbon emissions, by proposing technological solutions which will be transient, flexible and recyclable, as well as with materials at high naturality and reversibility. The results could actually provide a method for the landscape to guarantee ecosystems’ services without compromising the environmental quality.

<figure><img src="image_49.png" /></figure>
WHAT, WHERE, AND WHY DO RESIDENTS EXPERIENCE IN THE URBAN
RIVERSCAPE? INSIGHTS FROM THE PPGIS SURVEY

Tomasz Grzyb

University of Warsaw

The opportunity to directly contact with nature is one of the major factors that impact the quality of life in cities. Beyond urban parks and forests, river ecosystems play a key role in strengthening human-nature bonds. A broad palette of benefits and harms that impact on dwellers' physical and mental well-being while accessing nature has been identified. Treating the urban area as a complex social-ecological system, these benefits fall within the cultural ecosystem services (CES) framework, while several negative experiences are analysed using ecosystem disservices (EDS) approach. The knowledge of patterns of CES/EDS distribution and users' motivations should be profitable for stakeholders managing urban riverscape. This research aims to identify spatial patterns of CES and EDS delivery along the Vistula River in Warsaw, Poland, using PPGIS data.

Public Participation GIS (PPGIS) surveys enable to obtain spatially explicit information about people's activities and experiences. Survey participants are asked to identify several spatial locations, routes of areas, mark them on a map, and respond to a set of questions concerning their markers. In this study, the online questionnaire based on the Maptionnaire software was prepared and distributed among members of ca. 300 neighbourhood and district Facebook groups in November and December 2021. The questionnaire was addressed to residents who actually spend their time along the river. Participants were inquired to assess the benefits they experience in the particular place using the Likert scale with reference to 12 statements regarding various CES. They were also asked to identify what disturbs them along the river; EDS patterns were revealed using the mix of quantitative data and free comments made by participants. 462 Warsaw residents provided information about 998 places or routes along the river they prefer to spend their free time. Although the city centre attracts more residents, they perceive the riverscape of the city outskirts as more beneficial to them. Hierarchical clustering revealed three main bundles of CES: mind-connected (energy, spirituality, heritage, education), activity-connected (active recreation, aesthetics, maintenance for future, nature observation) as well as place-connected (social interactions, passive recreation, place attachment, sense of home). Another six main groups of EDS were identified: safety issues, gatherings, riverine wilderness, quality of river, shortcomings of amenities, and trade-offs between users. Spatial patterns of CES/EDS distribution are induced by the variety of land cover/land use.

The study contributes to the existing body of knowledge on the benefits and harms provided by the urban riverscape by (1) simultaneously assessing multiple CES and EDS by urban residents, (2) recognising bundles between these services.
HOW DO YOUNG PEOPLE PERCEIVE HUMAN-WILDLIFE-INTERACTIONS?

Andreea Ionescu · Ileana Pătru-Stupariu · Mioara Clius

University of Bucharest

Human-wildlife interactions (HWI) have become more common in recent decades. All positive and negative interactions, some of which are addressed in this research, are considered key components of the landscape's disservices. Recent studies are increasingly associating HWI as part of the disservices (Pătru-Stupariu et al., 2020). Among the HWIs identified especially from the online data (local newspapers, Facebook) we can mention: people being attacked by bears and wild boars, deaths, bears filmed on the ski slopes, etc. (Pătru-Stupariu et al., 2022).

This study aims to show the perception of middle school and high school students about their
interaction (negative/positive) with wildlife, found in their hometown or on hiking. As the pandemic
situation did not allow the field travel and the application of the questionnaire face to face, it was
made in Google Forms and sent to 10 counties in Romania, both in urban and rural areas. A
questionnaire with 22 questions was created and it was completed by a number of 400 respondents.
The questions were designed to identify issues such as: (1) whether students saw wild animals (bear,
wild boar, fox, wolf, deer) and where they observed them, (2) what were the interactions they had
with these animals, and (3) what was their behavior and reaction to these animals. In a survey on 400
students a total of 58% of participants live in cities, while 42% live in rural areas; 53% of them attend
high school classes, while 47% attend high school.

The result of the obtained data shows that 70% of students who responded to the study said they had seen wild animals in a zoo, while the rest said they had seen wild animals in their natural habitat (on mountain trails, in neighborhoods, or on the road). Some of the HWI were positive, and the following were related: I touched a deer; I saw a bear when wandering lazily along a Borsec resort street; I stroked a fox when I was a child; At St. Ana's Lake, I met a small semi-domesticated bear; I had a baby deer, I raised it. They did, however, mention certain negative interactions, as follows: A deer slammed its horns into our car, breaking our windows, and the shards landed on me; When I went to Lake Saint Ana, I saw three bears approaching me; The outside walls of the cabin where I was staying were scratched by a bear while I was inside; I saw a fox running towards the hens; While traveling through the woods, I came across some wild boars. One of them cracked my car's wheel; The fox appeared in the yard of my grandparents. In response to the question: Have you ever come across traces of wild animals? If such was the case, how did you feel? – the most common responses were: fear, dread, doubt, curiosity, and danger.

To summarize, middle school and high school students' perceptions differ mostly based on the
environment in which they live and their age. As a result of our research, we plan to develop a
behavior guide for students in terms of wildlife interaction.

Pătru-Stupariu I. et al. (2020). *Using social network methodological approach to better understand human-wildlife interactions*. Land Use Policy, 99: 105009.

Pătru-Stupariu I. et al. (2022). *Online environment as a tool to push forward the research: an example for landscape disservices*. Land, 11(2): 23.
BEEKEEP CALM AND THINK IN COMMON: A GAME FOR THE GOVERNANCE OF FLORAL RESOURCES USE AMONG BEEKEEPERS

Léo Mouillard-Lample¹ · Gabriel Gonella² · Christophe Le Page³ · Mickaël Henry¹ · Axel Decourtye⁴ · Cécile Barnaud²

¹INRAE, UR406 · ²INRAE, UMR 1201 DYNAFOR · ³CIRAD, UMR SENS · ⁴L'ITSAP-Institut de l'abeille

Bees play a key role in providing ecosystem services such as pollination. However, recent ecological studies suggest that honey bee colonies introduction compete with wild bees. Exploitative competition for floral resources reveals antagonism between ecosystem services provided by honey bees – i.e. pollination, honey production – and those provided by wild bees – pollination and existence value of wild pollinators. In natural areas, beekeeping practices are seen as a source of ecosystem disservices that raised tensions over the shared harvesting of floral resources.

While existing studies have focused on ecological aspects of competition for floral resources, the present study explores floral resources management governance in a socio-ecological perspective. To this end, we draw on a conceptual framework combining collective action theories on common-pool resources management and the concept of ecosystem services. We applied this framework to analyze the social interdependencies among beekeepers within the area of Cévennes National Park, southern France. To turn it into action, and accompany new forms of floral resources governance, we adopted a companion modeling approach (ComMod), a post-normal science methodology based on co-construction of simulation models. We built a role-playing game based on 35 beekeepers' interviews, and organized 4 gaming workshops. The gaming sessions highlighted the dilemma between individual and collective interest in harvesting resources. Despite some interactions that revealed their awareness of some kind of interdependencies over floral resources, this paradigm shift appeared cognitively dissonant for them. The high degree of uncertainty, concerning resource production and carrying capacity of the environment, are major obstacles to collective organization. It affects the actors' motivation for a collective action that seems difficult to articulate with the temporal constraints of their activity. Beyond motivation, trust towards the other actors is crucial for transparency, and identifying the right facilitators and the right decision-making arenas are critical questions. Nevertheless, some participants were willing to move towards more transparent collective organization.

Floral resource management between beekeepers appears as a textbook case of common-pool resource governance in relation to ecosystem services. Combining social and ecological aspects, we hope to contribute to the emergence of operational resource sharing solutions, stemming from the local beekeepers themselves. It appears now crucial to explore further new forms of governance of floral resources that will reconcile beekeeping and wild bees conservation, in conjunction with agriculture and land managers who largely shape these resources.

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BENEFITS AND DISBENEFITS RELATED TO CULTURAL ECOSYSTEM SERVICES OF
GREEN SPACES

Agnieszka Nowak-Olejnik

Jagiellonian University

Cultural ecosystem services (CES) are commonly defined as the non-material benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, educational value, reflection, recreation, and aesthetic experiences (MEA, 2005). On the other hand, there is no clear classification of ecosystem disservices, understood as functions of ecosystems that are perceived as negative for human well-being (Lyytimäki, Sipilä, 2009). Cultural ecosystem disservices (CEDS) may be defined as material (e.g., affecting crops and consequently farmer's livelihoods) or non-material (affecting mental well-being, identities, or aesthetics) harms to people from human-ecosystem relationships (Echeverri et al., 2019). Green spaces provide visitors with bundles of CES. At the same time, they are the source of numerous CEDS. Although not only CES but also disservices are important factors for managing green spaces (Lyytimäki, Sipilä, 2009), they are rarely researched (Echeverri et al., 2019).

The study aimed at reviewing the literature on CES and CEDS of green spaces. 114 papers on CES/CEDS of green spaces were analysed. While all of the papers investigated CES, only 15% focused on CEDS. The most often analysed benefits related to CES were aesthetics, strengthening social bonds and place identity. The most common disbenefits in the context of green spaces were a sense of fear, unpleasantness and noisiness. Besides, such disservices as allergens, harmful animals, humidity level and obscuring vision were mentioned. It should be also highlighted that some of the studies considered disservices caused by people, e.g., a sense of fear, unpleasantness and noisiness as well as overcrowding. In the case of several benefits, and disbenefits specific landscape features played an important role, e.g., strengthening social bonds was related to grass vegetation as well as existing infrastructure, and sense of fear was related to dense vegetation, whereas in the case of others no specific factors were identified. The knowledge on the landscape features favouring specific benefits and disbenefits may be used in the management of green spaces to enhance effects on human well-being.

Echeverri A. et al. (2019). *Iconic manakins and despicable grackles: Comparing cultural ecosystem services and disservices across stakeholders in Costa Rica*. Ecol. Indic., 106: 105454.

Lyytimäki J., Sipilä M. (2009). *Hopping on one leg – The challenge of ecosystem disservices for urban green management*. Urban For. Urban Green., 8: 309-315.

MEA (2005). *Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis*. Washington: Island Press.

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OPTIMIZING THE LANDSCAPE PORTFOLIO FOR THE PROVISION OF ECOSYSTEM
SERVICES IN EASTERN PANAMA

Karla Pintado · Elizabeth Gosling · Thomas Knoke

Technical University of Munich

Designing landscapes that can meet the needs of human populations while enhancing their capacity to deliver relevant ecosystem services might be crucial for balancing pressure on land resources and creating resilient systems in the face of ongoing environmental change, particularly for tropical regions. The present work evaluates trade-offs in the provision of multiple ecosystem services across different land-use types in Tortí, a forest frontier in eastern Panama, to generate theoretical compositions that could inform planners and decision-makers on opportunities to improve the landscape multi-functionality. To this end, secondary data of ecological and socio-economic indicators were integrated into the robust optimization approach developed by Knoke et al. (2015). This model determined the optimal land-use portfolios that balance the achievement of both economic and environmental objectives while accounting for uncertainty scenarios. Substantial trade-offs were found between ecological objectives, as well as between ecological and socio-economic goals. According to the results, diversifying the landscape composition is the optimal solution to minimize these trade-offs and achieve sustainability. For instance, a large combination of secondary forests, forest plantations, and agroforests would be necessary to compensate for the ecosystem services provided by mature forests and minimize trade-offs across desired ecological functions.

In general, this study provides valuable information to help identify the most efficient landscape
composition along a range of possible development trajectories, which will reduce trade-offs
between desired objectives. Results therefore could be potentially adopted in future land-use
allocation decisions within the planning and management framework. The present study also allowed
for a comparison between the optimal portfolios resulting from empiric studies with those derived
from expert-based derived data from Reith et al. (2020). Results from this analysis further highlight
the potential of implementing expert knowledge data as a cost-effective alternative for landscape
optimization studies.

Knoke T. et al. (2015). *Optimizing agricultural land-use portfolios with scarce data – a non-stochastic model.*
Ecol. Econ., 120: 250-259.

Reith E. et al. (2020). *How Much Agroforestry Is Needed to Achieve Multifunctional Landscapes at the Forest Frontier? Coupling Expert Opinion with Robust Goal Programming.* Sustainability, 12: 6077.
WATER MANAGEMENT IN RURAL AREA WITH NATURE-BASED SOLUTION: A CASE
STUDY OF BAN PI, BAN LUANG DISTRICT, NAN PROVINCE, THAILAND

Nakrob Saithep · Onkamon Nilanon · Attana Vasuwattana

Chulalongkorn University

This study focuses on the possibilities of water management in a rural valley community area – Ban Phi, Ban Luang District, Nan province, Thailand. This study proposes to find new water management solutions which will improve Ecosystem services (ES) abilities and human well-being. In this study, the qualitative research method of collecting and analyzing data applies to the landscape ecology concepts. Site information is analyzed and summarized to identify ecosystem structures, processes, functions, and services. The results showed that the landscape provided suitable conditions and ES for settlement and agriculture, such as a lot of water supply in streams, moist microclimate, lush rainforest, and fertile soils. The ES, directly and indirectly, shape the way of life and affect the quality of life as Ban Pi has developed into an agricultural village in Northern Thailand. But the vast forest transformation to sloping agriculture during the increase of the agriculture sector has strongly disturbed water and people interactions. As a result of the event, we find the water supply and demand are imbalanced. Although reservoirs and check dams are constructed, the site is unable to retain water in the dry season. The water management method demonstrates two solutions to revive the ES by restoring hydrological processes with alternate landscape patterns based on the site water budget. The first solution is creating plant stripes on slopes and stream riparian areas to maintain soil moisture, filter, and reduce water runoff. Another solution is modifying agricultural water usage to be more efficient by integrating agroforestry systems into traditional agriculture. With these solutions, the green and blue infrastructures are created to connect and provide ES on a landscape scale.

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HOW TO IDENTIFY ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND DISSERVICES WITH SUPPLY AND DEMAND?

William Sidemo Holm

Centre for Environmental and Climate Science

Ecosystem functions that affect human well-being are typically classified as either ecosystem services (positive) or ecosystem disservices (negative). However, many ecosystem functions can produce both ecosystem services and disservices, depending on the context. Therefore, only considering one direction of how an ecosystem function can affect people may result in inaccurate value estimations, leading to suboptimal ecosystem management. We propose a conceptual framework that facilitates the consideration of both ecosystem services and disservices when evaluating the impact of ecosystem functions on human well-being. As has been done in previous frameworks, we identify ecosystem services as spatially and temporally explicit matches in supply and demand. However, we additionally add that spatially and temporally explicit matches between supply and demand to avoid generating ecosystem disservices. We illustrate the convenience of using supply and demand to distinguish both ecosystem services and disservices by assessing examples from the literature of the impact of moose, insect pollination and soil nutrient mineralization on human well-being. We show that depending on stakeholders, and spatial and temporal context, all three can generate ecosystem services and disservices. We also show that this needs to be considered for optimal management of ecosystems to benefit human well-being.

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# A MULTI-CRITERIA METHOD FOR ASSESSING THE VALUE OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES FOR CATCHMENT PROTECTION IN NORTHEASTERN POLAND

Marta Sokół · Grażyna Łaska

Bialystok University of Technology

Wetlands, including river catchments, provide a range of ecosystem services such as biodiversity, recreational use and medicinal properties. These services are mainly determined by the type of land cover, presence of protected species, legal protection of habitats, continuity of ecosystems, presence of old and stately trees, distance from marsh and wetlands, and the broadly defined medicinal properties of the catchment area. Often the land near the riverbed has a special natural, recreational, and medicinal values that should be protected. The valorization of river valleys makes it possible to evaluate an area in terms of its natural values. Taking into account the areas enabling proper functioning of ecosystem services, it is possible to indicate fragments of the catchment area with the greatest values, intended for protection. The aim of this paper is a multi-criteria method for assessing the value of river valley ecosystem services to enable the identification of protected catchment fragments. Designation of areas protected from development and with potential for oxbow restoration will maximize the functioning of selected ecosystem services. Borda's method was used for multi-criteria analysis. The research analyzed archival, inventory and source materials as well as spatial databases. The QGIS program (version 3.16.13) was used to develop maps.

The multi-criteria analysis using Borda's method, taking into account the values of ecosystem services, allowing for the identification of areas particularly distinguished by high biodiversity, preferred recreational use and high medicinal properties within the catchment of the studied river. It was found that the lowest natural, aesthetic and recreational values fall on the fragment of the river basin located in the very centre of the city. Ecosystem service values in these sections are the lowest. These areas do not require special protection because they do not show high natural values, which is due to their location among dense development and heavy conversion. The Biała river basin requires special protection in the parts least transformed by humans, free from dense construction, used for recreation, rich in biodiversity and with high medicinal properties. Protecting the watershed will inhibit irrational expansion of developed land and reduce destructive approaches to land use. The catchment areas at the beginning and end of the river should be given a protective function, and at the same time, such a development should be proposed in this area that will enable the full use of ecosystem services. Catchment protection is one of the natural solutions that enable sustainable urban development by preserving the most valuable parts of the city and ensuring human well-being.
## 2. Learning from nature

# How to develop a “successful” environmental governance for the protection of biodiversity?

### Symposium organisers

Christine Fürst (Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg), Luis Inostroza (Ruhr University Bochum), Daniele LaRosa (University of Catania), Marcin Spyra (Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg)

### Summary

The symposium sheds light on the nexus between ownership in nature, value and governance systems and their impacts on biodiversity. We invite presentations that address changes in ownership forms and consequences for land use. Related value systems and governance instruments (legal, economic, rights and norm-based, community actions) should be analysed. Impacts on biodiversity should stretch over time series or consider significant changes in societal values and governance.

### Description

With this symposium, we would like to open up an interdisciplinary forum considering how ownership, related value systems and governance instruments are connected considering their impacts on biodiversity. Ownership means the right to use or protect nature / natural resources related to or decoupled from land tenure. The symposium intends to enhance a highly integrative analysis on the level of the related social-ecological systems. It will compare in a global context how cause-effect relations in such systems contribute to conserving biodiversity or pose high risks for it in a global context.

The presentations in this symposium should shed light on the nexus between forms of ownership in nature, governance instruments (legal, economic, right / norm-based, community actions), value systems and biodiversity. Understanding this nexus in mainly important in regions with a highly intensive societal and environmental transformation. Examples are former Open Cast Mining areas, regions with changes from more family to industrial agriculture and transformations in urban and peri-urban contexts driven by different types of development processes (residential, infrastructural, commercial). Presentations can address, for instance, historical documents (cadastral data, legal and administrative texts, planning documents) related to land ownership and power balances in governing nature, data sets/bases from monitoring, observation networks, exploratories and any other kind of environmental surveys regarding proxies for biodiversity. Presentations are welcome considering processes of how historical data (e.g. documented surveys) and contemporary witnesses are included regarding how the changes in ownership and land governance have impacted the perception of the value of nature and can be connected with planning or management measures that impacted positively or negatively impacted the biodiversity proxies.

Also, approaches describing how expert opinion will be consulted to explore how different actor groups over time were or became players in using and governing nature and how they were and are involved in land use, management and planning are warmly invited.

Presentations might also address how the past and current state of biodiversity can be assessed by reviewing historical data in publications, collections and databases, which allow assessing the change in biodiversity as a function of land ownership and management, and of governance instruments.

In urban and peri-urban contexts presentations can investigate on the relation/trade-off between public and private land ownership, discussing and proposing different policy and planning instruments and support tools that could increase the amount of public spaces able to provide key ecosystem services. In result, we intend to develop a joint special issue in Social-Ecological Practice Research, thus, contributions from practical planners / regional development managers are also warmly welcome in this symposium.

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# FOREST LANDSCAPE UNDER INVOLUNTARY BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION APPROACH: LANDOWNER'S ATTITUDE TOWARDS BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION IN PRIVATE FORESTS

Girts Baranovskis¹,² · Oļģerts Nikodemus¹ · Guntis Brūmelis¹ · Didzis Elferts¹

¹University of Latvia · ²Nature Conservation Agency of Latvia

Integration of private land into biodiversity conservation strategies is widely used approach across the world. Under involuntary conservation approach a landowner has rights to express an attitude towards incorporation of his land in protected area, however his/her opinion is not binding. Such approach goes hand in hand with socio-economic conflicts and raise question about landowner's willingness to take active part in biodiversity conservation process.

Forest biodiversity conservation strategies (protected areas and system of micro-reserves) in Latvia are based on involuntary approach. We used this background in order to understand which factors influence landowner's readiness to implement biodiversity conservation measures in private forests of Latvia. We utilized mixed-mode surveys in order to gather information from 386 private forest owners.

Data analysis showed that private forest owners are heterogeneous community with very different attitude towards biodiversity conservation measures. We found out that higher proportion of forestry income, larger size of forest property, lower education level and lower general conservation values were factors negatively affecting landowners attitude. Forestry education and occupation had a significant influence as well.

Our results suggested that there is high potential for introduction of voluntary biodiversity conservation mechanisms in Latvia. Especially landowners of smaller forest properties and those who are not dependent on forestry income have positive attitude towards biodiversity conservation in private forests. This voluntary involvement potential could be utilized for developing coherent network of protected areas according to EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030.

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‘NATURE AND TOURISM’ VERSUS ‘NATURE OR TOURISM’. SEARCHING FOR THE RIGHT BALANCE THROUGH THE CULTURAL ECOSYSTEM SERVICES APPROACH

Sylwia Kulczyk¹ · Piotr Matczak² · Krzysztof Mączka² · Marta Derek¹ · Alina Gerlée¹

¹University of Warsaw · ²Adam Mickiewicz University

Cultural ecosystem services (CES), understood as intangible benefits people get from nature, are widely recognized as important to human well-being but rarely included in governance processes. The relative character of CES (i.e., the dependence on the opinions and behaviors of users), together with its high dynamics, are the main impediments to the quantification, mapping, and bundling CES. The aim of this presentation is to show how these bundles and trade-offs influence local governance, taking the example of tourism in a nature-based destination.

The municipality of Węgorzewo (north-eastern Poland) will serve as a case study. It represents the post-glacial rural landscape. The mosaics of fields, forests, and lakes decide on its high tourist potential. However, for local development, the perspectives and needs of multiple groups of stakeholders, from local farmers to external tourism entrepreneurs, need to be taken into account by local authorities. Various views on local development are related to different perceptions of CES. In order to know and understand them, a qualitative study was carried out in September 2021. First, 15 in-depth interviews were conducted with local stakeholders who represent different perspectives on using nature and its management. This included local authorities, NGOs members, entrepreneurs, a hunter, a fisherman, and other local experts. Second, qualitative data were supplemented by quantitative and spatial data collected via a questionnaire survey. The survey questions encompassed both the perceived importance of various types of CES and the actual activities undertaken in nature. The respondents comprised two groups: local residents and tourists.

The results revealed that although all stakeholders perceive CES as a component of well-being and an important driver of local development, their views on how to manage them are often contradictory. The greatest controversy is related to the use of natural resources for tourism and recreation. The importance of tourism as a source of economic revenue leads to prioritizing planning and management decisions that will support investments in tourism. These are not in line with the needs of local residents or current visitors, who perceive the ongoing changes as deteriorating the high degree of naturalness of the area.

Both quantitative and qualitative tools proved to be helpful in identifying and mapping bundles and trade-offs between different CES and other groups of ES. They show that local development in nature-based destinations is a huge challenge, and, as there exist a diversity of the points of view of the stakeholders, there is no 'one and only' solution how to manage the natural potential.
DESIGNING BIODIVERSITY FRIENDLY LANDSCAPES AS A PROMISING APPROACH TO INCREASE EFFECTIVENESS OF AGRI-ENVIRONMENTAL SCHEMES

Gisela Lüscher¹ · Eliane S. Meier¹ · Felix Herzog¹ · Eva Knop¹,²

¹Agroscope · ²University of Zurich

Ecological focus areas (EFAs) are key elements of agri-environmental schemes in Europe. Best-known and longest-existing EFAs are action-based EFAs where farmers get subsidies for specific management actions. A second approach are result-based EFAs, for which farmers get payments if predefined ecological objectives are met. A third approach are landscape-focused EFAs. They are defined in order to guarantee connectivity between habitats and sufficient resources for wildlife. Here, we use data of the biodiversity monitoring of Swiss farmland to evaluate the benefit of the three EFA approaches, which are characterized by increasing complexity and effort required for implementation. Doing this, we go beyond a local-scale comparison of α-diversity to understand patterns of γ-diversity at landscape scale.

Species richness of plants, butterflies and birds in 123 squares (1 km² each) distributed across Switzerland was related to the area of all EFAs (action-based EFAs), the percentage of result-based EFAs, and the percentage of landscape-focused EFAs and their interactions. To control for environmental influences, topography, climate, nitrogen deposition, and area of protected areas were included as predictor variables. Species richness was tested as α-diversity at local scale (agricultural area within 10 m², 5000 m² and 10,000 m², for plants, butterflies and birds, respectively) and as γ-diversity at landscape scale (agricultural area within 1 km² square).

High area of all EFAs and high percentage of landscape-focused EFAs increased α-diversity of all taxa under study and γ-diversity of plants. For α-diversity of birds, the interactions of result-based EFAs and the area of all EFAs, and of landscape-focused EFAs and the area of all EFAs were significant, also. For butterflies, γ-diversity was significantly enhanced by the interaction of increasing area of all EFAs and increasing percentage of landscape-focused EFAs. For birds, γ-diversity increased with high area of all EFAs and high percentage of result-based EFAs.

EFAs contributed positively to species richness in farmland. Although environmental drivers determined the ecological niches available and set the limits for physiological processes, the occurrence of EFA added key resources for farmland biodiversity. A high percentage of landscape-focused EFAs was beneficial for α- and/or γ-diversity of all taxa. The effort of elaborating a coordinated, landscape-focused action plan with a long-term perspective was rewarded by higher species richness. Interestingly, result-based EFAs were not very successful. The limitation on a set of indicator species and ecological structure characteristics had a minor effect on overall farmland biodiversity.

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# A NEW MODEL OF POLLINATION SERVICES POTENTIAL USING A LANDSCAPE APPROACH: A CASE STUDY OF POST-MINING AREA IN POLAND

Damian Łowicki · Katarzyna Fagiewicz

Adam Mickiewicz University

Given that 90% of the world's plant species are pollinated by animals, pollination is a crucial service which is strongly connected to biodiversity in general. Consequently, it should be considered in spatial planning, especially in the reclamation of post-mining areas as well as the restoration of abandoned land and post-industrial sites. These processes consist of creating a new land use pattern and giving new functions to areas degraded by humans, providing a great opportunity to increase the bundle of ecosystem services. This study demonstrates how a landscape approach can be incorporated into mapping and assessments of pollination services by proposing a new model of potential for pollination services (PPS). Using the example of the Adamów-Koźmin post-mining area (Poland), the effect of reclamation on the potential for pollination was assessed. Ecosystems in the early stages of succession and created as a result of reclamation treatments, such as meadows and young forests as well as legumes, can be highly suitable as foraging and/or nesting areas for bees. This study's results can be used by the companies planning the land restoration or reclamation model to use, by beekeepers when choosing a location for apiaries and by farmers when planning the structure of sowings.