# ACTORS' INVOLVEMENT FOR ECOSYSTEM-BASED COASTAL PROTECTION: A DIGITAL APPROACH TO SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS

Evke Schulte-Guestenberg · Leena Karrasch

University of Oldenburg

Facing impacts of climate change, innovative approaches are needed to analyze governance processes and the socio-ecological system of coastal areas. Ecosystem services are rarely integrated in coastal protection management, even though the approach provides opportunities to strengthen coastal protection. By analyzing relationships in social networks, awareness can be promoted to develop innovative ecosystem-based coastal protection measures. Our research question is, how the actor constellation influences decision making processes and which actors are important in coastal protection management to facilitate integration of ecosystem services into planning processes?

We conducted an egocentric qualitative social network analysis using an adapted and digitalized Net-Map approach. Together with actors from different fields of action, including coastal and environmental protection, tourism, and local and regional planning, the networks were drawn on a digital whiteboard. Simultaneously, we conducted semi-structured interviews to examine their role in coastal protection management. Furthermore, we analyzed the actor constellation, including their interests and influence, synergies and conflicts as well as formal and informal connections to understand decision-making structures. 17 egocentric social network maps were consolidated to show the overall coastal protection management network.

Our results show that coastal protection is a traditional field and governance structures evolved over centuries. Innovative approaches such as ecosystem-based coastal protection receive little attention. The network analysis indicates that beside formal cooperation, informal collaboration on local and regional level is fundamental in coastal protection management. The implementation and maintenance of measures is often concentrated on local level. Actors belonging to different fields of action are more often incorporated in coastal zone planning to find a joint solution and their involvement is perceived as first step to deal with climate change effects. These actors from other fields of action perceive their incorporation as insufficient in order to develop innovative approaches. Understanding the actor constellation makes it possible to better comprehend decision making processes. Even if the involvement of actors from other fields of action and cooperation processes become more common, coastal protection is still locked in traditional thinking. Actors' involvement is crucial to develop innovative approaches incorporating ecosystem services in coastal protection management. The network analysis shows which actors are relevant and need to be involved to consider ecosystem-based coastal protection in planning processes and lead to acceptance by civil society. In a next step, the actors' perceptions of ecosystem services are identified to ascertain how the ecosystem service approach can be incorporated to establish an ecosystem-based coastal protection.

<figure><img src="image_167.png" /></figure>
WIND ENERGY AND LANDSCAPES – CHALLENGES IN APPLYING MULTI-CRITERIA ANALYSIS FOR PLANNING SUPPORT

Deepa Manolan Kandy · Ulla Mörtberg · Vincent Wretling · Berit Balfors

KTH Royal Institute of Technology

Wind energy plays a vital role to meet growing energy needs and to replace non-renewable energy sources to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Sweden has set the goal of 100% renewable electricity by 2040 with a major share coming from wind energy. In this context, Sweden has a national strategy for sustainable wind power development, with suggested development shares for each region. However, wind power comes with a multitude of environmental impacts, not at least in a landscape perspective, affecting, among other, social and biodiversity aspects. Residential areas and outdoor recreation areas may be affected by noise and visual impacts, and biodiversity-related impacts concern e.g., collision risk for certain bird and bat species, and risk for loss and fragmentation of habitat such as old forest and wetlands. Therefore, wind power planning face major challenges and there is a need for systematic planning support, integrating scientific knowledge and stakeholder valuation. The REWIND project aims to develop GIS-based methods based on multicriteria analysis (MCA) for sustainable wind power planning. We focus on capturing and integrating tools like green infrastructure and viewshed analyses, among ordinary more technical or legal analyses and constraints.

In the case study of Västernorrland, stakeholders are engaged in the main MCA steps, the design step with factor selection, treatment, and aggregation, as well as weighing, and the evaluation step. Preparing this, to gain credibility, we analyse not only scientific literature but also existing planning documents and legal judgments in order to find relevant factors and their treatment and valuation. In the process of factor modelling, we build the REWIND-GIS model in Python for ArcGIS where factor parameters can be easily altered so that a wide array of uncertainties can be tested, such as graded safety distances to breeding sites of sensitive bird species. Another type of uncertainties is introduced in the weighing process. From the model testing of all these versions, we arrive at several scenarios for suitable sites, to be evaluated. Remaining conflicts that are inevitable also in the most suitable sites are quantified and mapped. The evaluation and ranking of alternatives can then use the original factors and conflicts, while adding also new emerging that are spatial or non-spatial. The treatment of green infrastructure analyses in this process is highly uncertain and several approaches was tested.

Through the systematic and transparent approach, planners have various options to choose from the
decision space with improved understanding about the trade-offs in a quantified manner. REWIND
bridges the knowledge gap in treatment of diverse factors and their performances spatially, through
development of the transferable REWIND-GIS tool. The results will be a method for sustainable wind
power planning on regional level, considering main sustainability aspects.

<figure><img src="image_168.png" /></figure>
A LANDSCAPE ASSESSMENT IN A RURAL – NATURAL REGION OF NATURA 2000 PROTECTED AREAS IN PELOPONNISOS (GREECE)

Ioannis P. Kokkoris¹ · Danae Androulidaki¹ · Eleni S. Bekri¹ · Maria Stefanidou¹ · Giorgos Mallinis² · Panayotis Dimopoulos¹

¹University of Patras · ²Aristotle University of Thessaloniki

Rural and natural areas' alteration form unique landscapes in terms of biodiversity, aesthetics, and socio-economic activity. Protected areas, designated for biodiversity conservation, include also rural, agricultural and agroforestry units, especially in countries where the landscape approach has been followed when designing their boundaries. In this case, cultural and natural elements have been intentionally included to impose conservation management measures and actions on both human use and natural capital. This type of approach has been followed in the designation of the Natura 2000 sites in Greece. The present study deals with the landscape diversity inside Natura 2000 protected areas in Peloponnisos, Greece, where significant land use and land cover transformations occurred during the last decades, mainly due to the post-Second World War development approach, especially for agriculture, rural development, and tourism. This study aims to: (1) map natural and human induced areas for the year 1945 and present day, (2) assess structural characteristics of habitat types of community importance that are severely degraded (i.e., wetlands, floodplain forests, coastal habitats), (3) assess the ecosystem condition, and (4) provide recommendations to support management and policy decisions for protected areas, in order to protect biodiversity and ecosystem services, under the complex socio-cultural, rural environment.

Earth observation (EO) data were used to assess ecosystems extent in 1945 and present day and identify: (a) changes in ecosystem extent, (b) changes in structural characteristics, (c) spatial diversity of land use / ecosystem types, (d) land use patterns, and (e) land use trends. A GIS-based analysis is used to provide spatially correlated results and to create relevant thematic maps. The guidelines for the Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystems and their Services implementation in Greece, as drafted by the LIFE-IP 4 Natura project, have been followed to develop relevant indicators for ecosystem condition and ecosystem services assessment, while the System Of Environmental Economic Accounting – Experimental Ecosystem Accounting approach is used to provide a baseline for natural capital accounting, under the consultation and lessons learned from the MAIA Horizon 2020 project.

Main results highlight the severe degradation of the coastal wetlands and the riparian ecosystems, and their transformation to agricultural land. Significant changes are also identified in the river route of the area's major river and its delta. Tourism seems to be the prevailing trend on land use change at the coastal area. These results are supported by structural degradation findings provided via the EO data analysis. An accounting table for ecosystems' extent and condition has been drafted based on 1945 and present-day results. Study outcomes provide an evident based support to management and policy decisions and suggest an integrated management approach that will consider management and climatic scenarios, to develop resilience on both natural ecosystems, rural areas and the socio-economic environment.

<figure><img src="image_169.png" /></figure>
GREEN CITY OF THE FUTURE – INTEGRATING CLIMATE-ORIENTED MEASURES INTO
PLANNING PROCESSES

Simone Linke¹ · Andreas Putz²

¹Technical University of Munich · ²City of Munich, Planning Department

Green infrastructure is crucial in the adaptation of cities to climate change. Through various ecosystem services, it contributes to a regulating effect during periods of heat and heavy rainfall events. However, especially in growing cities, securing and further developing green infrastructure is a difficult task: housing needs and transport infrastructure are just two of the many land competitions in dense cities. The research project “Green City of the Future – Climate-Resilient Neighbourhoods in a Growing City” aims, among other objectives, to examine instruments and processes for possible windows of opportunity for climate adaptation and mitigation measures in cities with enormous land pressure and to analyse obstacles. For this purpose, administrative staff from the city of Munich as well as other experts from various disciplines were interviewed, workshops were held, and the methodological procedure of the living labs approach was followed.

The selected living labs are urban neighbourhoods of the City of Munich that differ in their urban location, building structure and density, type of use and sociodemographic characteristics, and are each undergoing different planning processes. Thus, the planning steps could be supported scientifically, and first implementations could be carried out through newly acquired knowledge.

In the context of the surveys conducted, concrete windows of opportunity for integrating green infrastructure into the various planning instruments were identified. In summary, it can be stated that climate-oriented frameworks are crucial, especially in early planning phases. Furthermore, a holistic, interdisciplinary approach as well as consistent implementation throughout the individual phases in the planning process are of great importance. The results show that many barriers to the implementation of green infrastructure can be overcome by incorporating climate adaptation and mitigation aspects into urban planning processes at an early stage.

The work in the living labs was optimized through the scientific support and cooperation of the various research partners. Extensive findings were created and implemented in ongoing planning processes, e.g., in planning competitions. Here, competition texts were adapted to the requirements of climate change, suggestions for possible planning participants with climate competence were considered, and the participation of scientists in the preliminary discussion with the jury, the preliminary examination, and the colloquium of questions was made possible. Even though the research project could only be active in selected living labs, integrated and transferable recommendations for action in planning practice were developed, which can accelerate further transformation processes in urban and open space planning beyond the living labs – entirely in the sense of mainstreaming.

<figure><img src="image_170.png" /></figure>
# TOWARDS A 'GLORIOUS MOMENT' POLICY APPROACH? WHAT WE CAN LEARN FROM THE MULTIPLE STREAMS FRAMEWORK FOR ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPES

Gerd Lintz

Leibniz Institute of Ecological Urban and Regional Development

Given the negative development of landscapes and the continuous decline in green open space, innovative approaches for integrating landscape concerns into policy and planning are needed. So far, however, approaches from political science have not been widely adopted in the landscape policy and planning domain. The Multiple Streams Framework (MSF), one of the leading policy analysis approaches, may provide a bigger picture of why policies have often failed as well as of how policies to protect landscapes and to stop open space consumption could be improved.

The MSF postulates that a significant policy change (here: in favour of open space protection) can only happen when three streams, which show their own dynamics, converge in a policy window: the problem stream, the politics stream, and the policy stream. Problems are real states or developments perceived as deviating from the desired states or developments. They compete for the policymakers' attention, e.g., through indicators or focusing events (disasters etc.). The politics stream reflects the predisposition of the current competitively elected decision-makers regarding green space policies, the influence of interest groups and the mood of the population. The policy stream consists of competing ideas about how to solve problems. The ideas and measures are developed in policy communities which includes landscape and spatial planners.

So, according to the MSF, a significant change towards more effective open space policies can only be expected, when (1) there is a strong problem pressure regarding green space, (2) policymakers have a favourable propensity for open space policies, are positively lobbied by environmental interest groups and perceive a favourable public mood, and (3) an open space policy exists which the policymakers find promising. Kingdon also highlights the role of the policy entrepreneur who tries to convince policymakers to adopt a specific policy to solve a specific problem. In contrast to the still significant idea of rational policymaking, the MSF may appear frightening because there is room for individual (bounded) rational behaviour, but in the end, policymaking is highly dependent on chance, on the occurrence of – as it could be called – a 'glorious moment'.

The presentation introduces the MSF and derives first thoughts about possible actions and measures which may improve landscape and open space protection. On one hand the analysis of policymaking based on the MSF is quite sobering for all engaged in transition to sustainable development. But on the other hand, a more realistic picture might help to better endure slow progress. Furthermore, it can encourage all willing actors to strive to achieve improvements in all the three streams and support the coupling of these streams. Then, provided the required bit of good fortune, glorious moments for sustainable landscapes may be witnessed.

<figure><img src="image_171.png" /></figure>
# MULTIPLE ECOSYSTEM SERVICES MODELLING AND MAPPING FOR FRIULI VENEZIA GIULIA REGION (NE ITALY) PLANNING

Valentina Olmo¹,² · Giovanni Bacaro¹ · Erika Kosuta³ · Maurizia Sigura²

¹University of Trieste · ²University of Udine · ³Region Friuli Venezia Giulia

Ecosystem services (ESs) mapping and quantification is considered a key resource for policy support and decision making. Friuli Venezia Giulia Region (NE Italy) has recently expressed the interest to evaluate its natural capital from a ESs point of view to address novel planning strategies. In this light, we developed a pilot framework for integrating ES concept in the regional planning. In the first phase we presented the ES concept to regional decision makers and starting from the available information on nature-based potential two ESs were selected for quantification. Secondly, we quantified and mapped the selected ESs through transferable modelling frameworks. In the third phase (in progress), the developed contents, integrated to show synergies and trade-offs, were discussed in relation to land management and environmental strategies.

In this study we present the second step of the framework, which correspond to the quantification and mapping of the two ESs, namely carbon stock and recreation, in Friuli Venezia Giulia Region (NE Italy). Carbon storage and recreation ESs were chosen to address territorial strategies for climate change mitigation and support of societal values provided by ecosystems in terms of life-quality and wellness. The InVEST carbon model was used to spatialize literature and regional data of carbon stocked in four pools (aboveground, belowground, in soil and in litter) using as a reference layer the Corine Biotopes map. ARIES recreation model functions and data were customized and employed to model nature-based recreation: supply was computed through a multiplicative function of naturalness and the distance-driven accessibility of natural elements, and demand was computed through an additive function of population density and recreation-driven mobility. The abovementioned layers were aggregated to highlight synergies and trade-offs.

Carbon stocked in biomass was associated to the northern forested area of the region, with highest values occurring in silver fir and spruce forests, while soil C maxima were found in plain plantations where active management facilitate C retention. Recreation supply was high along plain riverbeds, in the Alps, in lagoon wetlands and in the karst, while demand was high in the surroundings of provincial capitals

In conclusion, this framework is triggering ES concept integration in the next regional planning programs. The presented research provided for the first time an advanced, intuitive and reproducible informative content to open a discussion about land management and environmental strategies, associated to an agreed key to understanding.

<figure><img src="image_172.png" /></figure>
# IDENTIFICATION OF DIFFERENT PATHWAYS BASED ON FLOOD-RELATED CHALLENGES AT DIFFERENT WATERSHED SCALES IN GERMANY

Pinar Pamukcu-Albers · Mariele Evers · Katharina Höreth

University of Bonn

The UNESCO Chair Human-Water Systems at the University of Bonn focuses on both, the complexity of the impact of anthropogenic and climatic changes on hydrological processes and consequences as well as on the impact of flood-related challenges on human well-being and quality of life. In this context, it is essential to identify interlinkages, coupled systems, feedback loops and sensitivity parameters of the human-water systems and to understand and explain past changes to assess future expectations.

There have been changes in climate and land use along with increasing hydrological challenges (water demands, flooding, and flash floods) at different scales. To better understand these challenges in human-water systems and the approaches implemented at different scales the watersheds of Elbe river and Mehlem creek with its flood-related challenges were determined. Elbe river provides insides on management approaches of a whole watershed, while Mehlem creek watershed is part of Rhein river watershed and therefore gives insides on a smaller scale. In order to find out ‘past’ and ‘current’ short-middle-long term- challenges and solutions as well as to identify different pathways for the future, in Elbe river watershed, flood-prone areas as hotspots were determined, while in Mehlem creek watershed, flash floods and structural measures in flood management were considered.

The results from this preliminary study showed that an integrated approach which social, economic, and ecological aspects were taken into account is important to define ‘flood vulnerability’ at both scales. In the later stages of the study, abovementioned actions will give us the opportunity to see the impacts of floods on environment and human particularly who are living in flood-prone areas using interconnections and nodes between Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and ecosystem services (ESs). This will let us to contribute SDGs and improve ESs within the frame of climate change mitigation actions/measures, while we can identify different pathways that can be taken to achieve sustainable human well-being and natural environment and tackle climate change based on current (and future) flood (risks).

<figure><img src="image_173.png" /></figure>
# FRAMING HOW A MOUNTAIN LANDSCAPE CHANGES IN THE LONG TERM BY FOCUSING ON LAYERED SOCIAL PROCESSES AND DEEPER CAUSES

Margherita Pasquali · Rocco Scolozzi

University of Trento

The Anthropocene is a geological epoch where the human-induced impacts can be traced in the Earth's geology. In this actual context, we should reconsider human economies and technologies as hybrid phenomena interlacing biophysical resources, cultural perceptions, and global power structures. Economy, technology, perception, power structure are all social processes affecting the landscapes, which are complex, interdependent, and layered.

Causal Layered Analysis (CLA) is a theory of knowledge and a methodology CLA that works at several levels, delving deeper than the data level of reality (called 'litany level') to reach a systemic-level understanding of its root causes. Below that level, CLA goes further, searching for the 'worldviews level' or stakeholder views on studied issues. Finally, it unpacks the deepest levels of social reality ('metaphors and myths'). Each subsequent level below reveals a deeper cause. The layers are not simply analysed separately but explored by a movement back and forth between them. CLA, by creating scenarios from changes at deeper levels, can be used for support strategies and visions of alternative futures. We propose to combine this paradigm with landscape ecology tools in the study of peculiar landscapes, 'extreme territories': marginal hinterlands, where the natural and anthropogenic resources and risks are maximal.

The abstract presents a preliminary CLA analysis to the applicative case of Val di Rabbi, an 'extreme territory', in the Italian Alps. Images of the future are divided into the four levels of the CLA. Two variables are chosen to test CLA on the applicative case: population (P) and local tourism (LT).

The litany level identifies declining for P; unstable tourism flows for LT. The system/social causes level identifies ageing and remoteness for P; whereas lack of public services and an oscillating demand for LT. At worldview level, technological needs and distance from urban services (P); and, cultural identity within changes from long-stay tourism to 'fast and consumerism experience' (LT).

A set of plausible scenarios are depicted by framing changes within the deeper levels: considering at the worldview a prevalence of 'balance of wireless working and offline' in the way of living in mountain areas (P) and 'slow and sustainable tourism' in the nature-based tourism (LT). These would imply changes at higher levels, for example: at the system/social causes higher demand for digitalization of public services (P) and for diversified creative experiences and services (LT).

Overall CLA is not predictive model but rather a speculative tool that helps to investigate the changes in a territory more explicitly future-oriented. In addition, framing landscape change by CLA can help a community to better specify desirable futures, reliable with deeper cause of changes. This can be crucial to design Planning and Policies that act on the social-ecological system.

<figure><img src="image_174.png" /></figure>
# A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE EVOLUTION OF LANDSCAPE PROTECTION SYSTEM IN APULIA (IT) AND WALLONIA (BE)

Lauriano Pepe · Serge Schmitz

University of Liège

In response to the numerous and rapid changes that our landscapes are undergoing, a growth of protected areas, diversified in number, size, and type, has appeared over the last decades, so that today, landscape protection relies on a multitude of protection tools (Brown et al., 2005). Based on a mixed method including analysis of legislative and strategic documents and semi-directed interviews with active landscape stakeholders, our communication proposes a comparative study of the evolution of the landscape protection systems implemented in Apulia (Italy) and Wallonia (Belgium) – two regions where the word ‘landscape’ has the same root (pay-), but whose cultural traditions and the processes of territorialization and anthropization that have affected these regions have led to development of different policies and instruments to protect the landscape. The analysis aims to better understand how the landscape is defined and taken into account in these laws and protection tools.

In both regions, landscapes are protected through several national and regional laws that were created in particular historical contexts. These various laws reflect the richness of meanings that have been given to landscapes. First, the aesthetic interest of landscapes was promoted in the laws defined in the first half of the 20th century. Then, the protection was extended to exceptional natural goods, leading to the designation of landscapes to be protected for their aesthetic, natural, and even historically exceptional values. At the beginning of the 21st century, the European Landscape Convention led the different signatory countries to broaden their own definition of landscape and to adapt landscape policies (notably their protection policies).

Our comparative analysis shows that, despite somewhat different regional protection systems, both in Apulia and in Wallonia, we observe a growing interest in overcoming the protectionist and static vision of the landscape (characterized by a passive regulation of constraints) that has shown strong weaknesses. Tools such as ‘Piano Paesaggistico Territoriale’, ‘Parco Agricolo Multifunzionale’ in Puglia, ‘Charte Paysagère des Parcs Naturels’ or ‘Grand Site Paysager’ in Wallonia reflect a more integrated approach for these landscapes of regional concern. However, due to diverse and sometimes divergent interests, changing the perceptions of local populations, politicians, landowners, and the private sector on protected areas remains a major challenge. This lack of awareness leads to a dominant restrictive vision of the landscape and, finally, to a weak implementation of actions or projects that could draw a series of benefits from the protected landscapes.

Brown J. et al. (Eds.) (2005). *The protected landscape approach: linking nature, culture and community*. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN.

<figure><img src="image_175.png" /></figure>
COLLABORATIVE PLANNING AS A LANDSCAPE APPROACH. EXPERIENCES AND INSIGHTS FROM EXPERIMENTAL RURAL LANDSCAPE PROJECTS IN DENMARK

Jørgen Primdahl · Lone Søderkvist Kristensen

University of Copenhagen

The notion of applying a ‘landscape approach’ to integrate different policy domains through collaborative processes has been outlined and discussed in recent papers. Although there is no single definition of a landscape approach it is often associated with interventions trying to balance competing land use demands to satisfy both ecological and human demands. A landscape approach therefore focusses on creating solutions, including different objectives e.g, livelihood, food production, nature restoration, climate changes, protection of natural resources and rural developments goals. In this paper, we present our experiences and insight gained through more than 20 experimental projects with landscape strategy making and shows how landscape strategy making represent a useful way to bring the different dimensions of a landscape approach together. We present a framework for locating landscape strategy making in an institutional context, for organizing the process, and for structuring the strategy.

With references to the literature and specific examples from these projects, we focus on three key aspects of landscape strategy making: (1) The landscape as a socio-ecological entity: how to bring the landscape in question in place as the pivotal point of strategy making. This requires a common understanding of the landscape and an interest in its future among a broad range of stakeholders. (2) Collaboration: how to organize collaboration between the key stakeholders. This aspect concerns considerations about which persons and organisations to include, how to create fora for and facilitate dialogues, debates, and meditations, and how to use the landscape as an arena for discussions and collaboration. (3) Solutions: how to frame the strategy into a coherent and convincing document which includes visions and goals for the future landscape, spatial principles to guide land use decisions, and a handful of strategic projects to initiate agreed developments.

In all these three aspects knowledge and expertise are crucial issues to consider. What and who's knowledge and expertise are needed? How may difficulties of working across disciplinary boundaries be overcome and how are systematised knowledge (expert knowledge) and experiential knowledge (local and practical knowledge) brought together and eventually linked to action?

We close the paper by discussing the potential role of rural landscape strategy making may have as a pathway to realize a landscape approach in a European context. This discussion will incorporate reflections on how sectoral policy implementation concerning climate change, biodiversity conservation, outdoor recreation, and rural development may be joined with local and regional stakeholders' interests including owners and users of the landscape in question.

<figure><img src="image_176.png" /></figure>
GAPS IN MINE CLOSURE POLICIES IN INDIA AS PER PILLARS OF JUST TRANSITION

Amrita Kaur Slatch

RWTH Aachen University

Mining is a temporary use of the land (Robertson et al., 1998). Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) has noted that mining and its closure leaves behind degraded land and environmental contamination of the surrounding region. It is therefore suggested that coal mining regions across the world require careful mitigation of its impacts post closure. Because the global coal mine industry has shifted from West to East, the report highlights that in the future, coal mine closures and associated job losses will be concentrated in Asia. China, India, and Indonesia the top three coal producers will be affected the most by these closures. In India the coal industry is associated with significant social and environmental impacts due to open-cast large scale mining. Issues relating to displacement, rehabilitation and resettlement have been a consistent problem for the coal industry. Also, coal reserves in India are located in heavily forested parts of the country which were primarily inhabited by tribal communities. Thus, the displaced local communities surrounding the projects suffer from local environmental impacts of mining activities including – water scarcity, water pollution, air pollution, deforestation and impact on agriculture, human health etc. leading to loss of livelihood (Chikkatur, Sagar, 2007). A common theme for most mines is that landscape performance goals are poorly defined. There are few broad policies which are not specific enough to provide enough direction and there are numerous undeclared goals (Mc Kenna, Dawson, 1997). The World Bank's global initiative Support to Energy Transition in Coal Regions, considers broad energy, economic, social, and environmental objectives. World Bank lessons learned: (1) greater emphasis should be placed on re-skilling, retooling and repurposing human/ natural and physical capital that has built up over decades in coal regions, and (2) greater need for private sector investments within public-private partnerships and stand-alone project financing. The paper investigates the gaps in Mine closure policies in a developing country India as per pillars of Just Transition as suggested by the World Bank.

Chikkatur A.P., Sagar A.D. (2007). *Developing better policies for the sustainable development of the Indian Coal Sector*. PAPER – Energy Technology Innovation Policy Project, Belfer Center.

Mc Kenaa G., Dawson R. (1997). *Closure planning practice and Landscape Performance at 57 Canadian and U.S. Mines*. British Columbia Mine Reclamation Symposium. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Library.

Robertson A.M. et al. (1998). *Post Mining Sustainable Use Plans vs Closure Plans*. British Columbia Mine Reclamation Symposium. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Library.

<figure><img src="image_177.png" /></figure>
INTEGRATING HUMAN-ECOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS INTO URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING

Catarina Patoilo Teixeira¹ · Cláudia Fernandes¹ · Jack Ahern² · João Honrado¹ · Paulo Farinha-Marques¹

¹University of Porto · ²University of Massachusetts

Rapid and profound shifts in urban ecosystem patterns and configurations can threaten cities' livelihood and originate multiple challenges that demand urgent response and action. Urban landscape transformations have also contributed to the emergence of unprecedented plant species assemblages (mixtures of native and non-native species) resulting from complex and prevailing interactions between human and ecological dimensions in urban environments. There is a growing interest in studying novel ecosystems, their origin, dynamics, and societal roles, particularly in urban contexts. This way, we argue that the assessment of urban ecological novelty and the integration of this concept into urban green infrastructure planning and management is pertinent and necessary. This research aims to present a new working methodology to assess and map ecological novelty in urban areas and to reflect on the role that urban green spaces with distinct degrees of urban ecological novelty can play in the urban green infrastructure regarding current challenges that urgently need to be addressed (e.g., urban green infrastructure connectivity, climate change adaptation, and mitigation, biodiversity conservation, social cohesion).

In this methodology, the human dimension is explicitly considered a fundamental component in the measurement of novelty, alongside the biotic dimension of the concept. Thus, we evoke an innovative, holistic, and integrative vision of the urban environment by exploring both human and ecological spheres. The new methodology was tested in the city of Porto, Portugal, considering study sites from three types of urban green spaces: urban woodlands, parks and gardens, and vacant lands. The application of the methodology allowed positioning the green spaces in a continuum of urban ecological novelty.

In general, vacant lands showed higher urban ecological novelty, parks and gardens occupied more intermediate positions in the continuum, and urban woodlands showed lower urban ecological novelty. Nevertheless, it was also possible to verify that the degree of novelty does not always depend on the type of urban green space under evaluation. The presence of urban green spaces with different degrees of ecological novelty contributes to the diversity, multifunctionality, and resilience of the urban green infrastructure. In addition, the degree of urban ecological novelty may entail different planning and management goals that will determine the urban green infrastructure's social-ecological resilience and how prepared it will be to respond to adverse environmental impacts. Novel combinations of species are already thriving under the cities' harsh conditions, suggesting that they may be better prepared to face change in its various forms. Ultimately, the assessment of urban ecological novelty will be useful to inform decision-makers and assist the integration of uncertain and intricate environmental challenges into the planning and management agendas.
HIDDEN INCENTIVES AND IMPACTS OF LAND POLICIES – THE CASE OF THE CZECH
LAND VALUE CAPTURE MODEL

Eliška Vejchodská

J.E. Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem

The Czech land use planning system has recently taken a brand-new approach to land value capture, i.e., utilising a part of the increments in land value external to the landowner's efforts for public purposes. Two new instruments have been adopted. One of them allows municipalities to condition new development by planning contracts with developers, the second one to charge landowners for land value increments generated by the change of land use plan. With these instruments, the Czech planning undertook a big step towards more robust opportunities for land value capture.

Nevertheless, the authors of the new law did not sufficiently consider the hidden incentives of actors
in land development these new instruments bring. Therefore, they did not consider adverse side
effects that the new instruments might cause in terms of the effectiveness of land value capture or
the effects of these instruments on land conversion.

This contribution aims to bring attention to the possible incentives and side effects resulting from the
hidden incentives created by land policies. It conceptualises a possible approach of policymakers for
the search of potential incentives to consider them when designing a policy. Methodologically, it
builds on the Institutional Analysis and Development framework developed by Elinor Ostrom,
relevant parts of which will be applied to the new Czech land value capture instruments.
# Green infrastructure as socio-ecological systems: governance for the common good

## Symposium organisers

Isabel Loupa-Ramos (University of Lisbon), Werner Rolf (Technical University of Munich)

## Summary

This symposium aims to reflect on research and practice about green infrastructure (GI) planning with a focus on governance arrangements and how it contributes to transformative action towards sustainable development of cities and beyond. Building on the concept that humans are part of nature, addressing GI as a socio-ecological system enables to explore a broader set of relationships between pattern and processes and people and action. We expect to follow up sound science-based evidence on the GI concept, highlighting linkages and knowledge gaps, and to shape the research agenda further to enhance GI planning.

## Description

Since the EU GI Strategy as adopted in 2013, GI planning has gained attention on the policy agenda. Further momentum is given by the European Green Deal by envisioning transition towards sustainability. Also, the Territorial Agenda 2030 and the reviewed Leipzig Charter call for novel approaches to multi-level governance that can promote territorial coherence and cohesion.

Understanding that besides 'government' and public policies, there is also 'governance' as the interactions through which government, other public bodies, private sector, and civil society participate, aiming at solving societal problems and creating societal opportunities. Therefore, gathering experiences from regions with different planning cultures provides valuable insights and enables exploring alternative governance arrangements.

Building on the concept that humans are part of nature, addressing GI as a socio-ecological system enables to explore a broader set of relationships between pattern and processes and people and action. In this regard sound science-based evidence is required to inform GI planning promoting inclusive planning processes and address the question on how the common good can be equally available to all, both in space and time, promoting better ecological livelihoods.

We expect to follow up on the gained knowledge and experience on the GI concept of the past years in this regard, to highlight linkages and knowledge gaps, to shape the research agenda further to enhance GI planning.

The following questions are of interest in this regard:

* Who are the stakeholders? What are their interests in GI?

* How does landscape stewardship effect/impact GI planning?

* What policy framework across sectors is suitable for GI planning?

* What is the role of regulations and funding structures?

* How can GI contribute to bridging the 'urban/rural divide'?

* Which governance arrangement are effective to trigger transformative action?
# GOVERNANCE OF DENSIFICATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION: HOW TO SOLVE CONFLICTING DEMANDS FOR DENSIFICATION AND GREEN SPACE?

Sabrina Erlwein · Juliane Meister

Technical University of Munich

Growing municipalities face conflicting demands for densification and urban green space. On the one hand, green infrastructure is recognized as a nature based solution for climate change adaptation: urban green spaces reduce urban heat loads and promote human well-being. On the other hand, increasing housing demand and built densification exert pressure on green spaces. Municipalities face the challenge of addressing both the housing shortage and the need for climate change adaptation on limited space. For climate resilient urban development and a balance between densification and green space preservation, policy action is needed. Based on a case study approach, we investigated how growing municipalities respond to this challenge. Four municipalities were selected for in-depth analysis of policy documents and nine semi-structured expert interviews with senior officers from the city planning and green space planning departments. The policy arrangement approach (PAA) (Arts et al., 2006) is employed to analyse the interrelations between involved stakeholders, distribution of power and resources, the existing regulations and prevailing discourses connected with urban development and green space integration.

We identified several decisive conditions: (1) cooperation between urban and green planning departments, but also between administration and politics, (2) supporting discourses in public and among municipal staff, (3) existing internal working routines for cooperation, clearly communicated rules, and (4) access to knowledge and resources. Transparent communication of the regulations in force, development of rules and resolutions with public participation to foster public acceptance and employment of external resources through funding and involvement in model projects constitute main policy recommendations. Templates for legally compliant determinations in binding land use plans or urban planning competitions that consider climate change adaptation and urban green space would further help municipalities with limited financial and personal resources. Increased awareness for the importance of urban green spaces through the Corona pandemic should be used to stimulate public discourse about integration of urban green space in urban development.

Arts B. et al. (2006). *Political Modernisation and Policy Arrangements: A Framework for Understanding Environmental Policy Change*. Public Organ. Rev., 6(2): 93-106.

<figure><img src="image_178.png" /></figure>
TO ALLY TECHNOLOGY, NATURE AND SOCIETY FOR INTEGRATED URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT – ATENAS

Kinga Krauze¹ · Renata Włodarczyk-Marciniak¹ · Pascal Breil² · Antti Rehunen³ · Kati Vierikko³

¹European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology, Polish Academy of Sciences · ²INRAE · ³Finnish Environment Institute

Cities are increasingly in the focus of water related challenges because of the increasing number of inhabitants, and in consequence the pressure on land, caused by people's aspirations, environment misuse and poor planning both spatial and socio-economic. Additionally, aging of urban population, poverty of the proportion of society, and high accumulation of assets, make cities vulnerable to many aspects of water cycle disruption, including flooding and droughts and urban heat island. Decades of conventional urban water management, targeted ultimately at water provision and draining led to the land – water – climate nexus situation. Untangling the nexus requires innovative thinking within the field of technology and engineering, built upon flexible approaches and behavioural change among decision-makers and citizens. It also calls for resilient, self-adapting measures featured for synergistic provision of multiple benefits.

Project ATENAS (https://atenasjpi.eu) has been launched within the framework of JPI Water programme on "Water Challenges in the Changing World" (http://www.waterjpi.eu) and built on the basis of three demonstration cities Łódź (Poland), Vantaa (Finland) and Lyon (France). ATENAS aims to contribute to closing the water cycle gap through securing water cycling with nature-based solutions (NBS). It took the challenge to merge three action lines:

1. to develop scenarios for implementation of NBS in demonstration cities, based on running pilot projects through the whole cycle of planning, legal challenges, stakeholder interplay and technical co-design;

2. to understand the multiple barriers – from legal through cultural to biophysical to NBS and best-practices to overcome them;

3. to secure the continuation of the approach beyond ATENAS lifetime by identifying, supporting and building the capacity of local leaders in mutual learning process.

All three action lines are to empower transfer of ecosystem services from areas of high natural capital to areas where demand exceeds supply (Krauze, Wagner, 2019), which emerges from the general approach to the city as socio-ecological entity (long-term socio-ecological platform sensu LTER https://www.lter-europe.net). Thus, they comprise establishing blue-green infrastructure as a core of urban fabrics, building relationship between society and nature, and creation a public-private partnership in nature governance.

Krauze K., Wagner I. (2019). *From classical water-ecosystem theories to nature-based solutions – Contextualizing nature-based solutions for sustainable city*. Sci. Total Environ., 655: 697-706.

<figure><img src="image_179.png" /></figure>
GOVERNANCE OF GREEN INFRASTRUCTURES ACROSS ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARIES IN LISBON METROPOLITAN AREA

Isabel Loupa-Ramos · Pedro Pinto

University of Lisbon

Governance of green infrastructure (GI) in Metropolitan Area of Lisbon's (MAL) has significantly evolved over time. Pitfalls become notably visible when it comes to transposing the metropolitan GI into municipal land use plans. Through document analysis and interviews with experts involved in GI planning over the last three decades we assessed government using an adapted tool based on Bressers' (2016) Governance Assessment Scorecard considering aspects as extent, coherence, flexibility and intensity of the governance regime according to scales, actors, strategies and resources. We analyzed situations where the metropolitan GI strategy spans the border between adjoining municipalities to understand how/if the governance model in place dealt with the issue of preserving continuity across jurisdictions and across scales.

As a result, we identified what type of gaps can be found in the planning process and institutional framework that contribute to this. Multilevel and cross-boundary coordination may be hindered by a lack of tradition in horizontal coordination at the local level and an intermittent and resource-deprived leadership, hindering multilevel cooperation. GI is perceived by municipalities as yet another element in the ever-more complex and lengthy municipal land-use plan and possible land development restrictions increase the complexity and political sensitivity of the local GI's delimitation. This has resulted in an incomplete transposition of the regional GI to the local scale, spatial discontinuities across municipal boundaries, and poorly defined objectives and management strategies for GI, limiting its benefits.

Bressers H. et al. (2016). *The Governance Assessment Tool and Its Use*. In: H. Bressers et al. (Eds.), Governance for Drought Resilience (pp. 45-65). Cham: Springer.

<figure><img src="image_180.png" /></figure>
# EQUITABLE USE OF URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE. INSIGHTS FOR THE CO-DESIGN OF URBAN PARKS

Diana Andreea Onose · Simona Grădinaru · Cristian Ioja · Athanasios Alexandru Gavrilidis · Ana Maria Popa

University of Bucharest

The creation of sustainable urban settlements is a principle promoted by United Nations both through the Sustainable Development Goals and the Habitat Agenda. In this context, green infrastructure represents a key component of urban areas increasing the quality of life and ensuring a healthy environment. However, the availability of urban green doesn't always guarantee equity of access or inclusion, their design and facilities often causing problems related with segregation.

Urban parks represent a main component of urban green infrastructure, a very important provider of ecosystem services and the most visited natural areas inside cities. Therefore, planning and designing urban parks should better acknowledge the needs, demands and desires of all main visitor groups. Our aim was to understand the position of different visitor groups (elders, visitors with children, adults, persons with animals etc.) in order to integrate them in solutions for co-designing urban parks. We used Bucharest (over 2 million inhabitants) as a case study and based our analysis on over 5000 questionnaires applied between 2012-2019 in the main parks of the city. Our research focused both on the elements these groups find attractive inside urban parks and on the problems they perceive. We also analyzed the duration and frequency of visits considering that parks should better accommodate those spending the most time there. We used statistical tests for differences and multiple correspondence analysis in order to identify the differences between studied groups.

Our results highlighted the needs and desires of visitors in relation with the design of urban parks. We used the visitors input to identify solutions which best answer to their needs and ensure equitable access to green spaces and inclusion. Co-design of urban parks can contribute to the quality of time spent outdoors and can represent a solution for continuously improving the quality of green areas in direct relation with the changes in society's consumption patterns.

<figure><img src="image_181.png" /></figure>
GOVERNANCE ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTIVE GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE WITH
MULTIPLE BENEFITS LINKING URBAN AND RURAL AREAS

Werner Rolf¹ · Rico Hübner¹ · Linda Schrapp² · Maren Buschhaus¹ · Sara Salgado¹ · Katalin Czippán² · Anika Sebastian² · Peter Blum²

¹Technical University of Munich · ²Weihenstephan-Triesdorf University of Applied Sciences

The talk will present outcomes of the Interreg Project LUIGI – Linking Urban and Inner-Alpine Green Infrastructure-Multifunctional ecosystem services for more liveable territories (2019-2022). The project aims at shaping a transalpine GI-network with multiple ecological, economic and cultural benefits linking rural and urban areas, while looking at representative food-tree-based land use systems (such as orchards) and other semi natural farming systems, their value-chains for goods and services, related business models, financial and policy instruments. As part of the project working package three investigates participatory and governance approaches of good practice examples, which will be focus of this presentation. Therefore, an in-depth analysis was conducted comprising 11 case study regions in six different countries. In each case study area representatives of six different stakeholder groups have been interviewed, leading to 69 interviews in total. Finally, more than 1000 transcript pages have extracted from these interviews building the data set for analyses. The network structure has been analyzed using social network analysis (Wasserman, Faust, 1999). Furthermore, qualitative content analysis helped to analyze the network structures with regard to the governance arrangement based on the actors involved, their discourses, available resources, and applied formal and informal rules (Arts et al., 2006; Liefferink, 2006). Finally, a number of different governance approaches have been identified (adapting Arnouts et al., 2012; Ambrose-Oji et al., 2017), namely Government led, Market oriented, Closed Co-Governance, Open Co-governance, Green hubs, and Grassroots initiatives.

Ambrose-Oji B. et al. (2017). *Innovative governance for urban green infrastructure: A guide for practitioners.* Work Package 6: Innovative Governance for Urban Green Infrastructure Planning and Implementation GREEN SURGE Deliverable 6.3.

Arnouts R. et al. (2012). *Analysing governance modes and shifts – Governance arrangements in Dutch nature policy*. Forest Policy Econ., 16: 43-50.

Arts B. et al. (2006). *Political Modernisation and Policy Arrangements: A Framework for Understanding Environmental Policy Change*. Public Organ. Rev., 6: 93-106.

Liefferink D. (2006). *The dynamics of policy arrangements: turning round the tetrahedron*. In: B. Arts and P. Leroy (Eds.), *Institutional Dynamics in Environmental Governance* (pp. 45-68). Springer: Dordrecht.

Wasserman S., Faust K. (1999). *Social network analysis: methods and applications*. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
INSTIGATING GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING – ADVOCATING A ‘MULTI-FACETED’ AND ‘MIDDLE-UP’ APPROACH – THE CASE OF MALTA

Sarah Scheiber

University of Malta

In Malta, both the National Environmental Policy (NEP) and the Strategic Plan for Environment and Development (SPED) identify the need to move towards sustainable development. However, factors such as traffic congestion, pedestrian safety, air and noise pollution, have reduced the amenity and quality of life. This has led to the gradual erosion of the degree of social integration within communities. Additionally, the low provision of urban green spaces does not encourage healthy lifestyles.

As a result, research was conducted which aimed to investigate the planning and design of urban open spaces in Malta and use the outcomes to develop proposals for improving their contribution to sustainable development. The planning of open space has long played an important role in facilitating the potential of urban open spaces to add value to the built environment. This can be seen through the various planning models which have emerged since the 18th century. In considering the potential contribution of urban open spaces to sustainable development, the concept of planning for green infrastructure is being recognised as one of the more relevant planning approaches in moving towards sustainable and resilient urban areas.

A mixed method two phased approach (Scheiber, 2020a) using Malta's urban conurbation as a case study was adopted. The first phase gathered substantial data with the aim of developing proposals. Using international best practices, the second phase developed proposals in response to the first set of results. Focus groups were then held with mixed stakeholders and authorities, to provide a platform for discussion and explore potential barriers to implementing such proposals.

The results identify gaps in the planning of urban open spaces in Malta as well as various governance related challenges (Scheiber, 2020b). Through the focus group discussions three main themes emerge with respect to the barriers: socio-cultural tendencies, lack of resources, and inadequacies in planning and governance systems. The talk will discuss these barriers and their implications. An attempt is made to understand the potential role which spatial planning systems can play in transforming urban open spaces such that they can function as green infrastructure.

Ultimately the importance and need for good governance or co-governance emerges. International research presents various forms of governance (Ambrose-Oji et al., 2017). However, can these provide a response to the barriers which the case of Malta experiences? The research concludes by advocating that a 'multi-faceted' approach together with collaborations of a 'middle-up' nature which bring together various institutions and entities, both public and private to adopt the concept of 'urban learning labs' or 'urban green labs', could be a means of instigating change in contexts such as Malta's.

Ambrose-Oji B. et al. (2017). *Innovative governance for urban green infrastructure: A guide for practitioners.* Work Package 6: Innovative Governance for Urban Green Infrastructure Planning and Implementation GREEN SURGE Deliverable 6.3.

Scheiber S. (2020a). *A Mixed Method Approach to develop proposals for Malta's Urban Open Spaces to act as Green Infrastructure*. In: K. Hannes et al. (Eds.), Qualitative Inquiry towards Sustainability. Malta: European Congress of Qualitative Inquiry Proceeding.

Scheiber S. (2020b). *The Potential for Malta's Urban Open Spaces to act as Green Infrastructure: Considerations for Planning and Governance*. The City and Complexity – Life, Design and Commerce in the Built Environment. London: University of London.

<figure><img src="image_182.png" /></figure>
SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL ARCHETYPES FOR MANAGING ECOLOGICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

Sergio Wicki · Manuel Kurmann · Sven-Erik Rabe · Benjamin Black · Adrienne Grêt-Regamey

ETH Zürich

An intact network of core area habitats and habitat corridors is a key factor to ensure the functioning of ecosystems. The existence of such networks is expected to gain significance in the future, with ongoing global processes such as climate and land use change, as well as the degradation of biodiversity, resulting in further deterioration of the integrity of ecosystems. The link between habitat networks and ecosystem functioning has been codified in the concept of Ecological Infrastructure (EI). Switzerland is one of the first countries to formally adopt measures to strengthen its EI in the Swiss Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan.

In order to understand the mechanisms of EI, we define Socio-Ecological Systems (SESs) for EI by applying a tiered approach of Ostrom's framework using indicators of Natures Contribution to People (NCP), biodiversity and socio-economic conditions. By analyzing the spatial patterns of these indicators using machine learning and clustering algorithms, we identify areas defined by similar characteristics. The identification of similar configurations and their spatial distribution enables us to delineate archetypes of EI. A refinement and validation of these archetypes is achieved through a combination of machine learning and expert knowledge in an iterative participatory process with stakeholders. By applying the Institutional Resource Regime (IRR) – framework on the refined archetypes of EI alongside a detailed habitat map of Switzerland, we can link existing governance mechanisms and policy instruments to specific archetypes. This will provide insights into the interactions between current policies, management strategies and the state of EI within the boundaries of archetypes and highlight synergies between NCP management and biodiversity conservation. Such synergies are attractive given that conservation interventions typically incur high costs, and as such the potential to manage biodiversity hotspots through economic ‘free-riding’ on the management of NCPs represents a ‘win-win’ situation.

Together with stakeholders, archetypes of EI and their corresponding policy instruments support the co-production of management scenarios that aim towards consolidating the continued provision of NCPs and biodiversity. We utilize archetypes of EI to formulate policy interventions in Switzerland and discuss their contribution to transformative action towards securing a functioning EI for the present and the future. Finally, we discuss how the development of archetypes in an iterative participatory process, combining qualitative and quantitative data as well as expert-knowledge and machine learning methods, can support decision makers in planning for a functioning EI.

<figure><img src="image_183.png" /></figure>
# Integrating landscape science into development, conservation and natural resources planning

## Symposium organisers

Samuel Cushman (United States Forest Service), Zaneta Kaszta (University of Oxford)

## Summary

Combining ecological modelling and analysis with policy and management decisions is deeply challenging. In this symposium we focus on welcoming methods, tools, models, and approaches to link management and science.

## Description

Management, conservation, policy and scientific research are inextricably linked. However, in practice, there is typically a large gap between science and management, and decisions are often made with poor support from available scientific knowledge. In this symposium, we particularly focus on decision support and scenario optimization tools to combine projections of future landscape change, policy and management goals, species distribution models, connectivity models and population and genetic models. We present examples of landscape ecology and methods that are most applicable to management planning, including landscape pattern analysis, decision support and scenario optimization tools, and we present several examples of successful application of these tools to important conservation design and landscape management problems both in Europe and around the world.

<figure><img src="image_184.png" /></figure>
REGULATING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES OF URBAN GREEN SPACE IN WARSAW:
ASSESSING AND MAPPING POTENTIAL, USE AND UNMET DEMAND

Andrzej Affek · Jacek Wolski · Jerzy Solon · Bożena Degórska · Marek Degórski · Edyta
Regulska · Anna Kowalska

Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Polish Academy of Sciences

The quality of life in cities depends on many different factors. In addition to the technical infrastructure and organization of social life in the city, an increasingly important role is attributed to the quality of the urban environment and its impact on the well-being of residents. Large cities are areas where the highest values of atmospheric pollution from anthropogenic sources are recorded. Atmospheric pollution is a serious problem from a human health perspective. Increased production of carbon dioxide, one of the gases responsible for the greenhouse effect, is also considered pollution. Among the recently accelerating climatic processes is the increase in global air temperature. From the point of view of the quality of life in the city, high air temperatures during summer days and nights, are particularly dangerous. The temperature is further increased by the urban heat island effect. Furthermore, urban development is related to the expansion of impervious surfaces, and the decline in the area of biologically active land (soil sealing). The effect of these changes is a deterioration of the infiltration properties of the substrate, and thus an intensification of surface runoff, which in addition to a greater threat of urban flooding and waterlogging can lead to increased erosion on permeable soils. Water erosion, especially surface erosion, is one of the main causes of soil degradation in Europe. This process is particularly important in agricultural areas, but also in urban areas it often affects the usability of certain areas. The control and regulation of these processes within large cities depends largely on the deployment and operation of green urban space.

Our aim was to present five indicators of key regulating services relevant to the role of green urban
space: (1) control of erosion rates by vegetation, (2) prevention of flash floods, (3) regulation of
chemical composition of atmosphere, (4) regulation of temperature and humidity, and (5) reduction
of particulate matter air pollution from anthropogenic sources. The indicators refer to potential, use
or unmet demand and were calculated for all 18 districts and for 143 sub-districts of Warsaw.
Although all the indicators are based on the distribution of urban green, the values of each of them
have their own specific spatial pattern, only partly relating to the degree of urbanization of the
Warsaw area, while preserving the clear distinctiveness of the central part of the city, corresponding
to Warsaw within its pre-1951 borders.

<figure><img src="image_185.png" /></figure>
EVALUATION OF EQUITABLE ACCESS TO URBAN GREEN SPACES IN SANTIAGO, CHILE

Víctor Alegría · Emilio Martínez · Alexis Vásquez · Paola Velásquez · Elizabeth Galdámez

Universidad de Chile

Equitable access to green spaces has become a crucial issue for urban planning to achieve fairer, healthier, and more resilient cities, as well as an opportunity to reduce the socio spatial segregation of most deprived communities. However, green spaces accessibility analysis in urban planning mostly focuses on the area of public greenspace per number of inhabitants of a given administrative unit, usually expressed in m²/inhabitant. This lack of more sensitive methods to different typologies and quality of green spaces negatively impacts on planning instruments and the development of effective policies to tackle unequal access to fundamental well-being benefits provided by urban green spaces.

The study provides a novel methodology to evaluate equitable access to urban green spaces, considering different typologies of green spaces, modes of access, vegetation cover, and social indicators. The method is applied in Santiago, Chile, a strongly socio-spatially segregated city that faces major challenges to sustain more resilient, healthier, and greener neighborhoods. Firstly, green spaces are mapped using existing public databases, as well as 1:15,000 photo-interpretation when necessary. Secondly, the degree of vegetation cover is obtained based on Sentinel-2 satellite images. Using ArcGIS 10.1 network analyst tool, service areas are calculated for each green space, where different distances are applied depending on their type. Finally, social indicators of each urban block are compared to identify the most deprived population on accessing urban green spaces at different scales.

The study reveals major accessibility gaps not only in the most vulnerable population, but also raises a systemic problem in urban green infrastructure planning. In that sense, it shows how planning instruments promote the design and construction of small (<0.5 ha) and fragmented urban green spaces. The accessibility assessment identifies major gaps and barriers to access green spaces with adequate vegetation coverage for Santiago's 36 municipalities. At the local scale, great disparity in access to smaller green spaces is found across different districts, being the ones located in the south the most deprived areas. A key finding highlights that less than 30% of the population in each municipality has access to a district-scale green space (0.5-2.0 ha), which constitutes a serious lack of adequate provision of district level green space within a walkable distance. With some exceptions, larger green spaces, such as major urban parks (2-10 ha), show a more equitable access and distribution.

The results obtained are useful to inform public policies, investment decisions and urban planning instruments, such as the consolidation of the Santiago+ Green Infrastructure Plan and the system of green spaces proposed in the Santiago Metropolitan Land Use Plan.

<figure><img src="image_186.png" /></figure>
EFFECT OF HABITAT FRAGMENTATION ON BIODIVERSITY: A LABORATORY
EXPERIMENT FOCUSING ON SOIL MICROARTHROPODS

Karolina Argote¹ · Cécile Albert² · Mathieu Santonja¹ · Benoît Geslin¹

¹Aix-Marseille University · ²French National Centre for Scientific Research

Habitat loss and fragmentation are major threats to biodiversity and until now separating their effects is challenging. Habitat configuration may play a primary role for biodiversity in landscapes with intermediate levels of habitat amount, such as urban or agricultural landscapes. These landscapes have a variable spatial arrangement, which means the opportunity for some arrangements to be more favorable for biodiversity than others. Earlier studies have provided empirical and theoretical support to this hypothesis but there are strong discrepancies among taxonomic groups and biological levels. Consequently, we still know little about the relative role of habitat configuration and matrix resistance shaping biodiversity in landscapes.

We use a laboratory-controlled microcosm experiment with a soil micro-arthropod population (Folsomia candida, Collembola) to understand the joint effect of habitat patches distance and matrix resistance on dynamic population. In our experiment, we manipulate the distance among habitat patches and the resistance of the substrate among patches. Our artificial landscapes consist of an inhospitable (dry) matrix with four moist cylinders of a carbon-plaster mixture of 35 mm diameter and 5 mm height with a 1 cm disk of decomposing oak leaf above each cylinder. We test ten isolation distances for each type of matrix, and for each distance four different substrates that form a gradient of resistance to the movement of collembolans: (1) fine black cotton fabric, (2) waterproof polyester taffeta cloth, (3) cold pressed watercolor paper, and (4) black polyester felt. These are chosen from a preliminary experiment in which we tested the movement success of collembolan from release point to habitat patch (with distance of 6.5 cm) for twenty different materials. In each landscape, forty animals of the same age are released on one of the four cylinders. During six weeks we monitor the movement of the collembolan, patch colonization and population dynamics on each cylinder. At the six weeks we measure the final population size on each patch.

We expect a co-joint effect of habitat isolation and matrix resistance on migration rate. As distance and resistance among patches increases the rate of colonization will decrease markedly. In turn, the absence of colonization in highly isolated landscapes could lead to density-dependence in the release patch, and potentially to smaller individuals in the initial population due to competition between individuals for limited resources. Mortality in the matrix could also hamper population size at the landscape scale. Our ongoing research is a major step towards understanding how ecological processes are simultaneously affected by isolation, distance and resistance. We expect to expand our experiments at the community level in a near future.

<figure><img src="image_187.png" /></figure>
# HYDROLOGICAL RESOURCE AND HEALTH TOURISM OF VAL DI SOLE (ITALY): KEY ELEMENTS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF INNER TERRITORIES

Chiara Chioni · Sara Favargiotti · Margherita Pasquali · Angelica Pianegonda

University of Trento

In the framework of the research project "B4R Branding4Resilience" (2020-2023), the authors are investigating the Italian inner areas and their thermal landscapes with the aim of developing a territorial strategy on the value of water resources. The current environmental and economic crisis has offered a new lens to look through at these territorially imbalanced areas as reservoirs of resilience - due to their richness in environmental resources, vernacular knowledge, cultural artifacts, and potential uses - which ought to be understood, planned, and managed. However, the contexts addressed by the Italian National Strategy on Inner Areas are often lacking successful regional policies and systemic territorial approaches to achieve effective transformations.

The ongoing research project is structured according to three operative phases: exploration, co-design, and co-visioning. The expected results are, on the one hand, to identify a territorial brand and, on the other hand, to define a shared and adaptive strategy for resilient communities. Resilience is here intended as a re-generative and adaptive behavior whose change's processes and subsequent benefits have to be assessed in space and time with the local community, in order to preserve the identity of the area and to renew the well-being tourist offer.

This contribution aims to present and discuss the results of the exploration and co-design processes conducted by the authors in the Italian mountain inner area of Val di Sole, an Alpine valley located in Trentino-Alto Adige region with potentials and risks linked to its widespread water resources. According to a multi-disciplinary and multi-level methodology combining quality and quantitative approaches, a data collecting process was firstly conducted to map the ecological, social, and spatial elements of the area; then, a stakeholder analysis allowed to identify the local actors with whom to develop the co-design phase.

The result is a digital atlas of thematic maps, diagrams, and cross-cutting indicators: beside the interaction between various databases at different scales, the atlas is intended to support participative planning and design actions. The territorial brand of the "Val di Sole Blueprint" wants to offer an operative tool to drive scenarios and to implement the thermal landscapes as resources for the territory. The long-term goal is to create a territorial strategy on the value of the thermal water systems by promoting the enhancement of the territorial capital.

The forthcoming activities are expected to define a strategic roadmap for the sustainable enhancement and valorization of water resources: changing the perspective from thermal buildings to thermal landscapes, the natural environment which can offer physical and spiritual cures has to be protected and rediscovered with a sensible design approach for a better quality of life.

<figure><img src="image_188.png" /></figure>
ECOSYSTEM SERVICE INDICATORS AS A SPATIAL PLANNING TOOL IN THE URBAN LANDSCAPE ACROSS SCALES (NATIONAL, REGIONAL AND LOCAL)

Marek Degórski · Andrzej Affek · Bożena Degórska · Anna Kowalska · Edyta Regulska · Jerzy Solon · Jacek Wolski

Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Polish Academy of Sciences

The increasing pressure on the natural environment in cities, especially large cities and their suburban zones, caused, inter alia, by urban sprawl, an increase in car traffic and exposure to other sources of pollution results in a deterioration of the quality of life for people. Urban green space provides a wide range of benefits for people, including mitigating the effects of climate change (e.g. heat waves, flash floods), the urban heat island effect and soil sealing. Therefore, green spaces play a significant role in the game for urban space. The perception of green space through the prism of the benefits that ecosystems give to humans is particularly important for changing the approach to spatial planning in Poland. Although the concept of ecosystem services is not yet widely implemented in the national planning system, and is mainly the subject of scientific discourse, it was referred to in the National Urban Policy 2023. This policy recommends that local governments, when preparing their studies and spatial development plans, take into account indications regarding the use of the concept of ecosystem services in planning developed under the project "Urban MAES - ecosystem services in urbanized areas" conducted by the Ministry of the Environment.

Thus, to link science and spatial planning, our aim was to propose indicators of key urban ecosystem services adapted to three spatial scales: national, regional, and local. The proposed indicators include provisioning (only at the national level), regulating and cultural services. The selection of services and the indicators was based on the analysis of their significance in the urbanized space from the point of view of the well-being of residents. Indicators refer to ecosystem service potential, use or unmet demand. On a national scale, the indicators were calculated for all 20 functional urban areas (FUAs) in Poland with a population of over 250 thousand. We compared the values obtained for the urban centers, commuting zones and the entire FUAs. On the regional scale, the indicators were developed for the city area within the administrative boundaries (on the example of Warsaw), and for the local scale for a part of the city. Our results can support spatial planning and management decisions by providing quantified operational knowledge of the size of individual ecosystem services. They can be used in the preparation of strategic documents, studies of the conditions and directions of spatial development in various administrative units, spatial development plans for cities/functional areas or local spatial development plans.

<figure><img src="image_189.png" /></figure>
LANDSCAPE ECOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONCEPT OF INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITY OF MELITOPOL

Olexander Golubtsov

Institute of Geography, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine

Since 2014, with the support of Germany and Switzerland, the principles of Integrated Urban Development following the Leipzig Charter and the 2030 Agenda have been implemented. Melitopol is one of the Ukrainian cities with a created The Concept of Integrated Urban Development (IUDC). The ‘Ecology’ sector covered the matter of research of natural urban conditions and ecological situation. The foundation of the research is the landscape ecological approach combined with the field methods of natural sciences, GIS, landscape planning.

The human community and flora and fauna species are defined as the main subjects of the urban landscape. The abiotic components are viewed as an arena to form conditions for vital activities of the landscape subjects. The detailing of the analysis is on the regional and local levels.

The interests of a human are achieving a comfortable and ecologically safe environment for life in the city and adapting to climate change. The evaluation criteria are clean air, water, and soil, good planting of greenery and the availability of the green rest areas, access to the water and possibility for self-purification, and absence of flooding and heat islands. The value criteria for places for species are their presence and preservation of the places of their existence.

First, the valuable places are defined according to the criteria for each subject. For example, for a human these include green spaces; for flora species – the fragments of the flood plains preserved in a natural condition. In the regional dimension, the places with a high level of biodiversity for the development of nature preserve territories, including the city, were defined.

The next step involves an analysis of the factors which influence the value of the places in the landscape. The identified structure of the initial nature landscape was viewed as a basis for urban development and is the key to understanding the processes in the modern landscape. Other components and peculiarities of its functioning of the modern landscape and suburbs.

All the layers with the characteristics of the city's landscape were organized in GIS for the following complex analysis, identifying and justification of the sustainable urban landscape configuration. The identified places include those which are subject to conservation as the most valuable ones (park as a place to have some rest for citizens as well as habitat); those which require development for increasing significance, connections formation (creation of new connected green areas in the areas of a high density of population); those which require measures to eliminate factors which significantly reduce or prevent the realization of the landscape subjects interests (sanitation of the river valley soil contamination by heavy metals).

Results of the landscape ecological analysis of the city have become the foundation for the development of the strategic goals and objectives, key projects which were integrated in IUD of Melitopol.

<figure><img src="image_190.png" /></figure>
FOREST FRAGMENTATION AT MULTIPLE SCALES IN SPAIN

Sergio González-Ávila · Belén Martín-Ramos · Emilio Ortega-Pérez

Technical University of Madrid

Land use and land cover changes leading to forest fragmentation threaten biodiversity and the habitat of species, such as those endangered. Spanish forestland has increased in recent decades, but forest fragmentation is still a concern for managers and planners. Moreover, recently a national strategy related to green infrastructure (GI), connectivity and restoration has been adopted by the Ministry for the Ecological Transition, which is responsible for biodiversity conservation. As a landscape characteristic highly related to connectivity and environmental ecosystem services provided by GI, a better knowledge on forest fragmentation is needed. In this context, landscape metrics quantifying forest fragmentation may aid in the assessment and planning of GI, but the lack of knowledge for a proper interpretation still constrains its applicability. Given the difficulties in linking landscape structures to landscape processes and functions, as a first step towards landscape metrics adoption, we propose a pure structural approach based on reference curves obtained at national scale to contextualize and qualify metric values.

Our goal was to provide a general perspective of forest fragmentation in Spain, extending the methodologies previously adopted at the EU level to a nationwide, more detailed, scale. Therefore, we used the Forest Area Density (FAD) metric as a measure of fragmentation and conducted multiscale calculations for all the forestland in Spain. We used data from the Spanish Forest Map (1:50,000) converted to a 30 meters resolution layer. Then we used GuidosToolbox software to calculate FAD for every pixel at five sizes of analysis window (7 × 7, 13 × 13, 27 × 27, 81 × 81 and 243 × 243 pixels). We repeated calculations dividing forests into three tree cover density classes (20-50%, 50-80% and >80%), and also by Forest Types (FT) as designated by main tree species (10 species and two types for each: pure and mixed). This division of forestland allowed us to uncover the role of cover density and main species in the fragmentation of Spanish forests. As an additional analysis we also generated a metric space with two axes, fragmentation (FAD values) and FTs variety, to identify representative 'profiles' relying upon the similarity of trajectories in the metric space over a range of spatial scales. These trajectories can be mapped in geographic space later on for a better interpretation. In this way, we analyzed at multiple scales the association between forest fragmentation, as a landscape characteristic modifiable through management, with a proxy for biodiversity (variety of FTs).

Our work produced a collection of maps displaying forest fragmentation at national scale and a set of multiscale reference curves for the FAD metric, which could be of importance not only for prioritizing forest areas to conserve or restore, but to assess metric values and derive and test ecological hypotheses with planning purposes.

<figure><img src="image_191.png" /></figure>
REVITALIZATION OF BOTANICAL GARDEN IN SPLIT, CROATIA – CHALLENGES OF IMPLEMENTATION AND LEGISLATION

Monika Kamenečki¹ · Petra Pereković¹ · Aneta Mudronja Pletenac¹ · Helena Miholić¹ · Daniel Krstonošić¹ · Mirko Ruščić² · Dora Tomić Reljić¹

¹University of Zagreb · ²University of Split

The incentive for this research came from public insensitivity to natural values during the implementation of the landscape revitalization project (LRP) of the Botanical Garden on Marjan peninsula. Located within a protected area of the Marjan Forest Park it is characterized by natural values and unique landscape. The LRP was planned to preserve the existing valuable flora and different habitat types for the public and scientific research. The planning of this area sought to bring together natural and landscape values to connect users with the environment and to continue the pedagogical importance of the botanical garden. In the design phase, the link between conservation and scientific research on the approach to planning and design of a botanical garden were strictly defined. Given the complexity of space, during the project development arose many open issues related to (1) the protection of existing cultural heritage, (2) protection of natural values, and (3) safety of users defined by regulations in Construction Law (OG 153/13).

The revitalization of the Botanical Garden started in parallel with the protection of the Marjan Forest Park from bark beetle infestation and the removal of a large part of the infected Aleppo pine forest. Situation in which state, county and city institutions, associations, NGOs, experts, scientists and residents of the city of Split are involved has shown (1) that each of the stakeholder group formed different opinion based on their role in space, (2) absence of a common approach, and (3) unwillingness to dialogue.

The aim of the research is to determine methods and tools that will enable the optimization of future changes. Considering many involved stakeholders with different agenda the future management is still fuzzy. Partly it is because of inadequate legislation and spatial planning documents from the local to state level which disable the management of the Forest Park and Botanical Garden. In this extremely valuable protected landscape within the urban area it is important to implement conservation design and landscape management that support relevant opinions of all included stakeholders.

This research showed that scientists are most involved in protection processes, while the developers and local government are more inclined to expand built areas and implement sport and recreational facilities. The methods proved to be the most suitable are participatory surveys and workshops, field-work, mapping, vulnerability analysis, social cost-benefit analysis, research of public opinion values as part of a long tradition of studying landscape as personal and collective cultural constructions.

<figure><img src="image_192.png" /></figure>
# CULTURAL ECOSYSTEM SERVICES OF URBAN GREEN SPACE IN WARSAW: ASSESSING AND MAPPING POTENTIAL, USE AND UNMET DEMAND

Anna Kowalska · Edyta Regulska · Andrzej Affek · Jacek Wolski · Jerzy Solon · Bożena Degórska · Marek Degórski

Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Polish Academy of Sciences

Urban green space provides a wide range of benefits for people. They reduce air, water and noise pollution, provide protection from flooding, droughts and heat waves, and maintain a connection between humans and nature. Recreation and recuperation in nature is of great importance for physical and mental well-being of urban residents (Geary et al., 2021; Weinbrenner et al., 2021). Interaction with nature, and in particular direct physical interaction, has a significant impact on human health: it reduces stress, promotes recovery after illness, reduces mental fatigue and improves concentration (Ward Thompson et al., 2012). Many studies have shown that the awareness of ecological processes and benefits derived from nature increases with the frequency of direct interactions with the natural environment, therefore, environmental education in the natural environment is of particular importance for promoting the principles of sustainable development in the society (Affek, Kowalska, 2017).

Urban green space is more and more valued and protected, but often lose out in the competition for land as the share of the population living in urban areas continues to rise. Not only the area of green space is important, but also their spatial distribution in the city, which makes them more or less accessible to residents. Maintaining the appropriate proportions between built-up areas and green public areas and their optimal distribution should be ensured in urban spatial plans.

Our aim was to assess and map key cultural services provided by urban green space in Warsaw. We proposed five indicators to quantify the potential, use or unmet demand for recreation and education in nature. Three of them were based on expert assessment, two – on social valuation (Google Maps review scores). They were calculated for Warsaw within its administrative boundaries, where urban green space account for nearly 50% of the area. The results of our analysis, referring to the city sub-districts or individual green spaces, can support management decisions and spatial scenario optimization for the capital of Poland.

Affek A.N., Kowalska A. (2017). *Ecosystem potentials to provide services in the view of direct users*. Ecosyst. Serv., 26: 183-196.

Geary R.S. et al. (2021). *A call to action: Improving urban green spaces to reduce health inequalities exacerbated by COVID-19*. Prev. Med., 145: 106425.

Ward Thompson C. et al. (2012). *More green space is linked to less stress in deprived communities: Evidence from salivary cortisol patterns*. Landsc. Urban. Plan., 105(3): 221-229.

Weinbrenner H. et al. (2021). *"The Forest Has Become Our New Living Room" – The Critical Importance of Urban Forests During the COVID-19 Pandemic*. Front. For. Glob. Change, 4: 672909.

<figure><img src="image_193.png" /></figure>
SPATIAL PLANNING AND SHARED ACTION FOR CLIMATE AND LAND USE CHANGE IN
THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES

Rua Mordecai · Amy Keister · Hilary Morris · Louise Vaughn · D. Todd Jones-Farrand · Daniel Adams · Blair Tirpak

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Many countries continue to struggle with how to connect large spatial plans with conservation decisions at multiple scales. The Southeast Conservation Adaptation Strategy was formed in 2011 as a partnership between state and federal agencies across 15 states and two U.S. territories. Its vision is to create a connected network of lands and waters that supports thriving fish and wildlife populations and improved quality of life for people. To support this partnership, we developed an integrated spatial planning approach that: (1) responds to climate and land use change and (2) facilitates use of the plan at multiple scales. To develop the spatial plan, known as the Southeast Conservation Blueprint (Blueprint), we use the core area algorithm in zonation at 30 m resolution based on a series of natural and cultural resource indicators. To facilitate the use of the plan, we use a series of approaches based on user experience research and product development methods commonly used by technology companies like Google and Instagram. The Blueprint is currently helping over 250 people from more than 100 different organizations inform their conservation decisions. We will provide an example of connected Blueprint uses that include parcel, state, multi-state, and national scales. The overall framework used to develop and support the Blueprint, created over the last 12 years, could help other collaborative landscape planning efforts across the globe support shared actions across multiple scales.

<figure><img src="image_194.png" /></figure>
LANDSCAPE ECOLOGICAL APPROACH TO QUANTIFY THE CHANGE OF LAND-USE
REGIMES: EXAMPLE OF RUSSIAN STEPPES

Alexander Prishchepov

University of Copenhagen

Landscapes are the product of physiography, biophysical and human interactions. Landscape transformations, including the change of land-use regimes, may shape the functioning of the landscapes and shift them into a new mode. While satellite remote sensing provides fundamental technology to monitor land-use / land-cover changes, quantification of landscape ecological indices across the changing landscapes may serve as a robust approach to quantify the change of land-use regimes and identify novel typologies. Here we bring an example of the steppe Orenburg province of Russia in the Eurasian steppe belt, which was once a part of the Virgin Lands Campaign (1954-1963), when croplands expanded at the expense of agro-environmental frontiers and underwent massive cropland abandonment after 1990. We monitored agricultural land-cover change with Landsat and Sentinel-2 imagery for 1990-2000-2010-2018. Further, we used a set of landscape ecological indices (Landscape Shape Index, Shannon Diversity Index, Mean Patch Area, Contiguity Index and Euclidean Nearest Neighbor Distance) and statistics on population and crop yields to quantify the changes in land-use regimes at the district level.

Our analysis showed massive steppe recovery at the expense of abandoned croplands from 1990 to 2000, but also their recultivation from 2000 to 2018. Mean area, contiguity and Euclidean distance between steppe patches increased due to cropland abandonment and later decreased due to recultivation, while Landscape Shape Index remained stable. Shannon Diversity Index, which showed a diversity of transitions from cropland to grassland and vice versa for 1990-2000-2010-2018, revealed unique transitions of studied landscapes. Once we performed hierarchical clustering by combining calculated landscape indices and statistics on changes in agricultural productivity (grain yields) and population density changes, the analysis revealed unique clusters of new agricultural landscape typologies by 2018. Among those, we identified stable landscapes with little cropland abandonment and recultivation, high wheat yields and high population density, but also landscape typology with complete cropland contraction without recultivation, low yields, and population decline. Similarly, we identified typology with strong fluctuation of cultivated and abandoned croplands across studied yields, low population density and low yields. Former Virgin Lands Campaign areas were more exposed to defragmentation of steppes and population decline, but also to fluctuation of cropland abandonment and recultivation. In sum, landscape indices were useful to evaluate the changing land-use regimes by bringing the example of the Eurasian steppe. Identified typologies of landscape transformation may provide opportunities for detailed development of land-use planning, including biodiversity conservation on lands with decreased cropland cultivation activities, large steppe patches and low population density.

<figure><img src="image_195.png" /></figure>
# IMPACT OF CLIMATE AND LAND USE CHANGE ON SELECTED FISH SPECIES IN MOUNTAINOUS STREAMS OF CZECHIA

Stanislav Ruman

University of Ostrava

The impact of climate and land-use change for various fish species was widely studied across different European rivers. Results of these studies showed shifts of the suitable living conditions to the upper part of the rivers caused by the increase in water temperature or the extension of species that prefer warmer water. This research was aimed to assess the impact of climate and land-use change for three salmonid species in detail (i) and to find suitable locations for the river incubation (ii). Geodetic survey and monitoring of water levels and the water temperature was conducted within six mountainous river reaches in Czechia. Scenarios of land use and climate change were created and served as input for rainfall-runoff and hydraulic models. Results of these models were combined with the aim to assess the potential risk of climate and land-use change. These risks were connected with critical values of water depth during the low flows, water velocities during the flood, and critical water temperature as the main factors affecting the living conditions for selected fish species. The output was the map of potential risk for selected fish species in six river reaches in the Czechia for the present and future scenario.

The result of this study showed a decrease in areas with suitable living conditions for selected fish species. The decrease was caused by an increase in velocities during the floods and a decrease in water levels during the low flows. An increase, in the air temperature caused by climate change, did not cause so high an increase in the water temperature as it can influence a long time surviving of selected fish species. This can be attributed to the selection of the mountainous reaches, where water temperature will not achieve so high values as in the middle or lower part of the river. Although some of the crucial factors (water depth, velocity, and temperature) affecting the environment of selected fish species were assessed, there remain others that need to be investigated and add to the assessment, such as sediment regime, water quality, and stream fragmentation. The maps will serve the local authorities, fishermen, and organizations involved in the protection of these species. Furthermore, it will be used as a basis for the selection of suitable locations within studied reaches where the incubation of fish species has the highest potential to be successful.

<figure><img src="image_196.png" /></figure>
# A REVIEW OF ECOSYSTEM CONDITION INDICATORS TO SUPPORT URBAN ECOSYSTEM ACCOUNTING

Francesco Sica¹ · Chiara Cortinovis² · Davide Geneletti¹

¹University of Trento · ²Humboldt University of Berlin

Understanding and assessing ecosystem conditions is a key step in ecosystem accounting as described in the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting, namely an integrated framework for organizing biophysical data, assessing ecosystem services, and measuring the associated economic values. Including condition indicators in the assessment of ecosystem services and their values allows integrating ecological knowledge and landscape science into decision-making processes. Despite a growing literature on the identification of condition indicators for different ecosystem types (fueled by the EU MAES initiative, among others), relatively few studies focus on urban ecosystems. To address this gap, this research focused on the following questions:

* What are the most suitable indicators to assess and quantify urban ecosystem conditions?

* To what extent indicators proposed to assess the conditions of other ecosystem types can be applied also to urban ecosystems?

* How can condition indicators be connected to the capacity of urban ecosystems to provide ecosystem services?

* How information on urban ecosystem conditions can be used in the framework of ecosystem accounting exercises?

To address these questions, we undertook a systematic review of the scientific literature. A first set of 358 papers was analyzed, extracting information about the indicators that measure specific ecosystem characteristics that are connected to the conditions of ecosystems. Based on the review, we obtained a set of condition indicators for different types of urban ecosystems. The indicators were categorized according to the DPSIR framework and linked to relevant ecosystem services. For each condition indicator, we discussed suitable scales of analysis and possible uses in the framework of urban ecosystem accounting exercises. We conclude by discussing the role that different indicators of urban ecosystem conditions can play in supporting different types of policy questions within processes for sustainable urban planning, including the integration of nature-based solutions aimed, e.g., at water resources management, climate regulation, air filtration, flood mitigation.

<figure><img src="image_197.png" /></figure>
# DEVELOPING GLOBAL HIGH-RESOLUTION LAND-USE DATASETS FOR BIODIVERSITY MODELLING

Tamsin Woodman¹ · Peter Alexander² · David Burslem¹ · Justin Travis¹

¹University of Aberdeen · ²University of Edinburgh

Land-use change (LUC) is a major driver of biodiversity loss but has received less attention than climate change in biodiversity scenarios. Models of land-use change make projections under different socioeconomic scenarios, which can be integrated with biodiversity models to understand the impacts of LUC on species distributions and abundance. A variety of land-use models are available which cover a range of scales, resolutions, and LUC drivers. Global-scale land-use models incorporate drivers such as trade, food demand, and climate change, but produce output at low resolutions which do not match the scale at which organisms are affected.

We aim to generate high resolution land-use projections from the global-scale land-use model PLUMv2, which can be integrated with biodiversity models to investigate the possible future impacts of global LUC on species.

We adapted an existing downscaling method to convert PLUMv2 output from 0.5 degrees to 1 km spatial resolution and implemented the method as an R package. The algorithm takes a high-resolution baseline map of land-use and derives the suitability of each grid cell for each land-use class from the area of that land-use in neighbouring cells and user-specified predictors, such as soil nutrients. Areas of LUC from the first PLUMv2 time step are allocated to high-resolution grid cells based on their suitability values. The resulting downscaled land-use map becomes the baseline for downscaling the next time step of PLUMv2 output.

We calibrated the downscaling method with historic land-use data from the 1 km resolution HILDA+ dataset to find the optimal parameters for downscaling PLUMv2 land-use. After calibration, the method was applied to PLUMv2 land-use projections for multiple socioeconomic scenarios using land-use in 2010 from the HILDA+ dataset as a baseline.

We will present results on the spatial and temporal accuracy of the downscaling algorithm when applied to the HILDA+ dataset. The optimal parameters for downscaling HILDA+ land-use will be identified from the calibration results, and the downscaled PLUMv2 land-use maps for multiple socioeconomic scenarios compared.

The downscaled land-use projections are harmonised with the HILDA+ historic land-use dataset, providing global land-use maps at 1 km resolution from 1899 to 2100. There may not be a single set of optimal parameters for downscaling, as the accuracy of the downscaling algorithm when applied to HILDA+ data may vary through space and time. The uncertainty in the downscaled future land-use maps arises both from uncertainty in the PLUMv2 model and the downscaling algorithm.

Our future land-use datasets can be used as input to biodiversity models, such as the agent-based model RangeShifter, to investigate how future LUC will impact biodiversity. The land-use maps may be combined with climate change predictions to understand the joint effects of LUC and climate change on species.

<figure><img src="image_198.png" /></figure>
EVALUATING EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES ON BENEFICIAL ARTHROPODS IN AGROECOSYSTEMS: LANDSCAPE-SCALE POPULATION MODELLING APPROACH

Elżbieta Ziółkowska¹ · Christopher Topping² · Agnieszka Bednarska³ · Ryszard Laskowski¹

¹Jagiellonian University · ²Aarhus University · ³Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences

Over the last few decades a dramatic decrease in abundance of non-pest arthropods has been observed worldwide in agriculturally-dominated landscapes. Intensification of agricultural practices is considered as the main driver of this loss. We do not know, however, the relative contribution to decline of different anthropogenic stressors that are part of this process: whether the extensive use of pesticides, decreasing landscape heterogeneity, large-scale monocultures, or/and the lack of suitable habitats serving as refuges for arthropods plays the most important role. These stressors may in fact interact in non-linear ways and are inherently spatio-temporal in nature.

The objective of our research was to estimate the relative importance of insecticide use and landscape structure for population dynamics of a model species *Bembidion lampros*, the representative of a large, diverse and important group of ecosystem service providers – the carabid beetles. We used high-resolution dynamic landscape models and advanced spatially-explicit population modelling within the ALMaSS (Animal, Landscape and Man Simulation System; https://projects.au.dk/almass) modelling framework to estimate the effects of (1) in-crop mitigation measures through the application of insecticides with reduced lethality, and (2) off-crop mitigation measures by increasing abundance of grassy field margins for beetle populations along the gradient of landscape heterogeneity.

We observed substantial increases in mean overall beetle density and (even larger) in mean beetle occupancy with even small reduction in insecticide-driven lethality. The impacts of increasing grassy field margins depended on their width and overall abundance in the landscape. Only field margins of at least 4 m wide and applied to at least 40% of fields, resulted in an increase in beetle population density comparable to the scenario with the smallest reduction of insecticide-driven lethality we considered. We, therefore, suggest the importance of field margins rather as a supporting not stand-alone mitigation measure. Adding sufficiently broad off-field habitats should help to maintain viable beetle populations in agricultural landscapes even with moderate use of insecticides. We showed that the effectiveness of mitigation measures applied strongly depends on landscape heterogeneity, as we found the highest impacts of the measures tested in study areas with the lowest landscape diversity and proportion of semi-natural habitats. For effectiveness of off-crop measures the farmland structure was also important. Thus, to achieve the same management or mitigation target in different landscapes might require different strategies.

*This research was supported by the National Science Centre, Poland (grant no. 2015/19/B/NZ8/01939), the Jagiellonian University (grant no. DS 756), the Ecostack project (Grant Agreement 773554 H2020-SFS-2016-2017/H2020-SFS-2017-2), and the PLGrid Infrastructure.*

<figure><img src="image_199.png" /></figure>
# 6. Policy making for European landscapes

## Policy making for European landscapes

**Symposium organisers**

Agata Cieszewska (Warsaw University of Life Sciences), Werner Rolf (Technical University of Munich), Isabel Loupa-Ramos (Technical University of Lisbon), Sónia M. Carvalho Ribeiro (Federal University of Minas Gerais), Veerle Van Eetvelde (Ghent University), Jarosław Balon (Jagiellonian University), Jerzy Solon (Institute of Geography and Spatial Organisation, Polish Academy of Sciences)

**Summary**

Growing and diversifying threats to the environment pose an increasingly demanding challenge to modern, sustainable and socially equitable development. This session will address a wide array of formal and informal instruments for policymaking and their abilities to address future challenges and steer changes of European landscape on the transition path to sustainability.

**Description**

On the one hand, we will look at formal EU level policies, focusing on the European Green Deal. EU put forward the European Green Deal as a new development strategy which also challenges new approaches for landscape thinking, planning and design. This strategy will also shape the discipline of Landscape Ecology and its development by providing funding for activities and research for sustainable landscape development.

As an informal strategy another focus will be the Florence Convention (also known as European Landscape Convention – ELC). In the 20 years since the adoption of the Convention, European countries and regions have made significant progress in landscape resources recognition, inventory and protection as well as in landscape management and planning. In has not just given new impulse to basic studies in landscape ecology and landscape-based spatial management but strongly influenced the integration of landscape issues into the formulation of national, regional and local spatial policies.

The general objective of the symposium is to share knowledge and experiences on the links between European policies and landscape ecology. It will discuss how landscape ecology is an inter- and transdisciplinary science, bridging natural and social sciences for a holistic understanding of landscape as a socio-ecological system. Among main policy areas that are to contribute to environmental transformation, several directly concern landscape ecology, such as biodiversity, sustainable agriculture and forest, others indirectly, sustainable mobility and renewable energy. The symposium will focus on how policies, stimulate the development of landscape ecology research on the one hand, while landscape ecological understanding contributes to the development of resilient landscapes and societies. Furthermore, we want to look beyond European policies and would like to reflect these issues with experiences from Europe and all around the world to learn from each other.

<figure><img src="image_200.png" /></figure>
# IMPLEMENTATION OF THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE LANDSCAPE CONVENTION IN FINLAND:
A HOLISTIC APPROACH TO IDENTIFY NATIONALLY VALUABLE LANDSCAPE AREAS

Nina Ahola

Finnish Environment Institute

Nationally Valuable Landscape Areas are the most typical cultural landscapes in Finnish countryside. These landscapes are valued for their diverse, culturally shaped nature, agriculture, natural livelihoods, and traditional architecture. Valuable landscape areas were inventoried in 2010-2015. The inventory was supplemented in 2016-2021 based on the feedback from two public hearings and several consultation rounds, in conjunction with authorities, local experts and inhabitants. The Ministry of the Environment guided the work. The outcome of the inventory was accepted by Government Decision in 2021.

According to the national-level inventory, there are 186 valuable landscapes. Most of the areas are representative agricultural landscapes around the country. A few of them are Sámi cultural landscapes that represent landscapes typical to reindeer husbandry and other natural livelihoods, and a few are marked by archipelago livelihoods or forestry. Evaluation considered e.g., landscape structure (vegetation zones, soil, water, topography, bedrock), land cover, monuments, history, age of building stock, livelihoods, and recreational use of areas. Identified landscapes are also rich in biodiversity. Hence, election criteria include natural and human shaped features and interaction of the two. To identify the most outstanding landscapes, areas were assessed by combining these characteristics.

Identification of valuable landscapes contribute to the goals of the Council of Europe Landscape Convention (CoELC) regarding sustainable development, management of landscapes, and harmonising changes. The inventory meets the requirements of CoELC's measures on identification and assessment of landscapes. The process is also connected to awareness raising as well as participation and inclusion measures derived from CoELC. In Finland, landscapes are recognized in Land Use and Building Act in which it is required that the values of cultural environment and natural heritage are safeguarded in land use planning – landscape areas should be observed in regional and detailed plans.

In addition to their significance to land use, landscape areas benefit from their status when, for example, applying for environmental subsidies. Landscape changes are monitored and assessed in these areas as well. Identification of landscape areas contribute to promoting appreciation of landscapes in terms of natural and cultural diversity. National landscape policy aimed at the protection, management and planning of landscapes is currently under preparation in accordance with CoELC. When defining policy goals and measures, balancing competing interests in the society is a challenge to be considered. Valuable landscapes form one part of the knowledge base needed to set quality objectives for all different types of landscapes reflecting also views of the public about their surroundings and livelihoods in the future.
# LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY IN THE WIELKOPOLSKIE VOIVODESHIP AND THE CURRENT AS WELL AS FUTURE DIRECTIONS OF ITS PROTECTION

Sylwia Bródka · Marta Kubacka · Andrzej Macias

Adam Mickiewicz University

As part of the implementation of the provisions of the European Landscape Convention, a landscape audit of the provinces has been underway in Poland for a few years. The main objectives of the audit are the delimitation of landscape units, assessment of their values, and identification of the priority of landscapes to be protected. This study presents the results of research on the landscape division of the Wielkopolskie voivodeship and a geostatistical analysis of the differentiation of ecological units. With reference to legal regulations in force in Poland, the landscape diversity of the province was characterized using two divisions: geophysical regionalization and landscape typology. In the case of regional division, the meso- and microregions of physical and geographical rank are referenced. The proposed microregional division is the first example in Poland of such a detailed landscape analysis completed for the area of the voivodeship. In the case of typological division, the study conducted in cooperation with the Wielkopolska Bureau of Spatial Planning in Poznań was used. The statistical analysis included metrics to quantitatively characterize landscape composition.

The results of the study were then compared with the distribution of areas associated with different forms of landscape protection such as national parks, landscape parks, and protected landscape areas. The applied methodology and the results obtained indicate the important role of physical and geographical microregions in the complex analyses of landscape diversity and their broad application in procedures connected with landscape planning and environmental protection.
# DOES SPATIAL PLANNING IN THE POLISH CARPATHIANS MAKE SENSE?

Agata Ćwik

University of Rzeszów

Ratification of the European Landscape Convention (ELC) by Poland at the beginning of the 21st century coincided in time with the adoption of The Framework Convention on the Protection and Sustainable Development of the Carpathians (Carpathian Convention – CC). Although the other document is not focused directly on the notion of landscape, this comprehensive approach to the preservation of the Carpathians’ natural and cultural values is a common platform that connects both these documents. In recent years, the CC has become an inspiration to undertake several significant programs designed to preserve or restore the Carpathian landscape values (among others, Carpathians Unite – mechanism of consultation and cooperation for implementation of the CC). Numerous guidelines, recommendations, and even strategic documents, such as the Strategy for Sustainable Tourism Development of the Carpathians (2014), which should be implemented through spatial planning, have been created as an outcome of the activities implementing the CC. Although these documents take into account landscape ecology knowledge it turns out that chaotic land management goes against scientific knowledge and international legislation. An example of this situation can be the development of built-up areas occurring at inappropriate sites such as, for instance, landslide prone areas, floodplains, and steep slopes, but also even the phenomenon of development dispersion which generates numerous man-environment conflicts.

A pilot study conducted in more than 200 municipalities in the Polish Western Carpathians showed that out of almost 1,315,000 buildings existing there as much as 4% are located in landslide areas, with this percentage ranging from 0 to 21% for the individual municipalities. What is more, this indicator is not correlated in any way with the respective municipality's planning situation since there are building developments in landslide prone areas both in the municipalities where there are no local spatial plans at all and in areas that are covered in whole by such plans (Statistics Poland data, as of 2020). Spearman's correlation coefficient (rs) for this relationship is -0.0731. A question therefore arises – what factors cause land management in this very valuable part of Poland to go against the knowledge about the functioning of the natural environment if local spatial plans should incorporate such knowledge and prevent wrong location decisions? This question still remains open.

<figure><img src="image_201.png" /></figure>
# OPPORTUNITIES AND BARRIERS TO IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EUROPEAN BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY 2030 – URBAN FOREST PERSPECTIVE

Renata Giedych · Agata Cieszewska

Warsaw University of Life Sciences

Within the administrative boundaries of cities there is currently a significant share of undeveloped land, including agricultural and former farmland. In the urban policies pursued so far they have usually constituted a reserve for development. Currently, however, spatial planning in Poland needs to prepare land balances in relation to demographic trends, which means that cities will have to change their policies on such land. In Polish cities, arable land and former arable land cover 42.6% of the area on average. In this context, an important proposal contained in the European Green Deal strategy, together with the New Forestry Strategy, is to increase the proportion of woodland not only in rural areas, but also in cities. This policy aims to improve climatic conditions relevant to climate change adaptation, as well as biodiversity and ecological connectivity. Therefore, agricultural and post-agricultural areas in cities – especially on weaker soils – could be a place of implementation of new EU strategies. Paradoxically, the lack of implementation instruments at the national level is an obstacle. Currently, afforestation mechanisms apply only to rural areas. In this context the initiatives taken by municipalities, which take matters into their own hands, are important. A good example is the Programme for Increasing the Forest Cover of the City of Kraków for 2018-2040.

<figure><img src="image_202.png" /></figure>
COMMONNESS AND DIVERSITY OF LANDSCAPE IN POLAND

Jarosław Balon · Paweł Krąż · Wojciech Maciejowski

Jagiellonian University

The landscape in Poland is diverse in terms of: the number of landscape types, the number of landscape units, area, shape, thickness, origin, human activity and other features. Many types of landscapes in Poland are common across the country, and some landscapes are present only in selected regions of Poland. For the purposes of the landscape audit, the identification and assessment of the landscape is performed within the administrative boundaries of voivodships. In that case, will it be possible to rationally protect and manage landscapes that are particularly important to Poland or societies in general? In the paper, we will present various approaches to the commonness and diversity of Polish landscapes at various scales of detail: national, regional and local, with the use of various landscape typologies, databases and landscape indicators.

<figure><img src="image_203.png" /></figure>
# GREEN DEAL AND HERITAGE PROTECTION: OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS OF SUSTAINABLE MONUMENT REVITALIZATION

Ewa Mackiewicz

University of Silesia in Katowice

The cultural landscape contains elements influencing its perception. The architectural monuments and historical spatial layouts determine the landscape's value and specificity. Civilisation causes the constant evolution of the landscape, and the changes that occur may enhance the aesthetic of the surroundings or cause its degradation.

The monuments protection relates to several restrictions to preserve their historic and aesthetic values. Each interference with the monument requires conservation services permit that guard its authenticity. Implementing pro-environmental solutions and green infrastructure is challenging due to the restrictions above. At the same time, the contemporary climate condition requires radical measures to reduce the negative impact on the environment. The Green Deal assumes, among other things, increasing buildings energy efficiency. At the interference between heritage and environmental protection issues, questions arise about priorities. Restrictions imposed on monuments make it difficult, sometimes impossible, to undertake retrofit available for modern construction. Improving energy efficiency and utility values of old buildings is possible thanks to an interdisciplinary analysis covering both the authentic substance and the available pro-ecological solutions that will not affect monuments' historic and aesthetic values.

Sustainable renovation requires an audit that considers ecological, economic and cultural factors. The surveys conducted among the administrators of residences allow for analysing the conditions for applying pro-environmental solutions in historic buildings. They lead to identifying factors supporting or limiting sustainable renovation, which is essential for the effective management of cultural heritage. The research results are the basis for developing tools for managing monuments revitalisation.

Can the use of modern solutions save a monument? Do the applied pro-ecological technologies bring the expected benefits, or maybe violate the historical value of the heritage? Will a historic building not adapted to modern standards be abandoned due to high maintenance costs? How to conduct revitalisation to increase economic and energy efficiency without affecting the historical values? These questions require interdisciplinary actions preceded by a holistic analysis of heritage revitalisation conditions.

Innovative solutions in the revitalisation of monuments are an opportunity to adapt them and increase the comfort of use. Improving energy efficiency and the use of blue-green infrastructure also optimises operating costs. Unfortunately, focusing only on ecological, functional and economic effects may significantly affect the historical, aesthetic and landscape values. When looking for optimal solutions, it is necessary to initiate dialogue between stakeholders, particularly the owners of monuments, conservation services and environmental protection institutions.

<figure><img src="image_204.png" /></figure>
# THE SOIL DEAL IN HORIZON EUROPE: LIVING LABS AT THE LANDSCAPE SCALE

Teresa Pinto-Correia

University of Évora

The Soil Deal for Europe is one of the five missions approved by the European Commission in 2021, to be set in place step by step until 2026. Its goal is set to get in place 100 living labs and lighthouses to lead the transition towards healthy soils by 2030. These 100 living labs are to be created in 100 regions (41% of the EU 242 NUTS2 regions), each one dealing with specific land use systems, characteristic of a given regional landscape. Living labs are 'real-life' places for experiments and innovation aiming for soil regeneration, and will be composed of 10-20 individual experimental sites and at least one lighthouse (demonstration farms), delivering, for all land-use types (farm, forest, urban and industrial):

* knowledge on socio-economic and behavioural drivers of the adoption of innovations or beneficial practices (mission objectives 1-6);

* tested and validated land or soil management practices with significant soil health improvement and uptake potential (mission objectives 1-6);

* practice-proof monitoring technologies and indicators (mission objectives 1-6);

* demonstration activities and events on lighthouse and other experimental sites in rural and urban areas (mission objectives 1-6 and 8);

* elements for research and innovation needs from practitioners.

In this presentation we will present the strategy of this mission, and how living labs are anchored in the landscape perspective. The strategic option to get these living labs installed links to the acknowledgement that if we want to go ahead in soil regeneration, it is people and their management that needs to change. The mission puts people at the center of change. And therefore also the option has been to adopt a strong territorial approach, so that networks of those people who relate to soil management are mobilized and activated to progress towards more sustainable soil management. The process of research is built in co-construction between science and practice. And in science, between multiple disciplines. Citizens who are users of the landscape (supported in a given soil) as well as consumers, are to get more involved in options on soil management in their region. The systemic perspective that is anchored on the landscape will therefore be central to implement successful living labs for the future.
IMPLICATIONS OF THE EUROPEAN GREEN DEAL ON LANDSCAPES: A CROSS
COUNTRY ANALYSIS ON LAND USE POLICIES

Werner Rolf¹ · Isabel Loupa-Ramos² · Agata Cieszewska³

¹Technical University of Munich · ²Technical University of Lisbon · ³Warsaw University of Life Sciences

This communication aims to provide an outlook how in the latest developments Member States across Europe are implementing main policy objectives and strategies into their policy framework. This talk will present an outcome of scanning of recent policy documents in three different countries, namely Portugal, Germany, and Poland.

In Portugal, taking advantage of the revision of policy guidance for the 2020-2030 period in different sectors lead to a prolific integration Green Deal objectives in national legislation. Thus, the scanning focuses on strategic policies and programs updated during 2020 and 2021 with expected impact on the landscape.

In Germany, the scan focuses on coalition agreement of the new government in place, elected September 2021, entitled “To dare more progress – an Alliance for freedom, justice and sustainability”.

In Poland, the work on individual strategies is quite slow, which results from political conditions, but the existing legislation allows to assess the direction of activities related to EMF Cross country analysis aims to identify ambitions of the targets, prioritizations, expected magnitude of impacts on land use and landscape. The results will be discussed in the context of the green-on-green debate and its contribution sustainable landscape development.

Based on the first outcomes being presented we want to discuss with participants about similarities or differences to further EU member countries as well as other parts of the world, with similar Green Deal Approaches. Based on main objectives of the European Green Deal this talk will present a cross case analysis in three different countries, namely Portugal, Germany, and Poland.

<figure><img src="image_205.png" /></figure>
FROM GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS TO LOCAL LANDSCAPES – ABIOTIC-BIOTIC HIERARCHY AND HUMAN IMPACT

Jerzy Solon¹ · Andrzej Richling² · Paweł Babul³ · Katarzyna Jabłońska⁴

¹Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Polish Academy of Sciences · ²Warsaw University · ³Podlaskie Office of Spatial Planning in Białystok · ⁴Podlaskie Office of Spatial Planning in Białystok Branch in Suwałki

The European Landscape Convention, enacted in 2000 and ratified by Poland in 2004, recommends that State Parties, i.a. identify all landscapes across the territory and analyze their characteristics and the forces and pressures transforming them. This recommendation was taken into account in the 2015 Act, which introduced, in particular, the obligation to conduct a so-called landscape audit, i.e. a periodic comprehensive review and assessment of the condition of Poland's landscapes. This, in turn, resulted in the need to develop a widely accepted methodology for delimitation, typology and valorization of current landscapes and to place it within the framework of well-established theoretical concepts developed on the ground of landscape geography and ecology.

The initially developed conception assumes distinguishing spatial units (landscapes) 'from the top', whereby the basis is the division into physical-geographic regions. It required additional elaboration of a new, more detailed division into mesoregions and taking into account – if possible – division into microregions. Next, meso- or microregions, distinguished only on the basis of abiotic criteria, are divided into basic landscape units (landscapes), characterized by uniform landscape matrix. As a result of these subdivisions, the scale of size of individual landscapes should be selected so that they still have a geographical dimension and ecological sense, and at the same time enable the analysis of internal structure with the help of landscape ecological and landscape architecture tools. In doing so, the distinguished units must meet the following conditions: (1) homogeneity of the landscape matrix while maintaining spatial heterogeneity, (2) preservation of functional links between spatial elements of the landscape, and (3) repeatability of spatial structure and physiognomy in different parts of the landscape. To make the results of these measures comparable across the country, a completely new typology of landscapes was also developed.

Based on an example from the northern part of Podlaskie voivodeship, we would like to present preliminary results of this procedure, as well as the spatial differentiation of the area at different scales, corresponding to particular types of natural and landscape units, and against this background discuss the most important variables regulating natural and economic processes, and indicate the links between scientific knowledge and different levels of spatial planning taking into account the preservation of natural value and historical-cultural heritage.
SOCIAL AWARENESS OF FOOD WASTE AND EVALUATION OF ACTIVITIES CARRIED
OUT BY RETAIL OUTLETS ON THIS MATTER, BASED ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE CITY
OF POZNAŃ

Milena Zięba · Sylwia Bródka

Adam Mickiewicz University

The problem of wasting food in the world is a very serious threat to the environment, society and economy of many countries with different levels of civilization development. The production and distribution of food causes disasters such as greenhouse gas emissions, excessive water consumption and other direct or indirect impacts on other environmental resources. In Poland, about 4.8 million tons of food is wasted every year (Project PROM: https://projektprom.pl/). The main element of the food chain responsible for this problem are consumers, who annually generate 60% of food waste in the country (approximately 3 million tonnes). A certain amount of food that would normally expire and become unusable goes to Food Banks and is obtained by other food related organisations. However, the above-mentioned activities are not sufficient, which is related to the need for a broader approach to this issue, taking into account different phases of the product life cycle.

Among the measures taken to combat the problem of food waste is a set of legal regulations called the “European Green Deal”, the task of which is to support European Union countries in changes for a resource-efficient and competitive economy. One of the proposed solutions is the “From farm to table” strategy, which means creating a sustainable food system in Europe. A bill passed by the Polish government on 19th July 2019 concentrates on counteracting food waste (Dz.U. 2019 poz. 1680), which imposes an obligation on food-related businesses to conduct educational and information campaigns as well as their cooperation with other related companies when it comes to free provision of food products.

As part of the research, a survey was carried out to identify the causes of food waste by the citizens of Poznań, as well as to determine the role of social awareness and participation in limiting the negative effects of this phenomenon. The survey will allow to obtain reliable information on the state of social knowledge in relation to the identified problems. In addition, the questionnaire included questions related to the assessment of the effectiveness of initiatives taken by retail outlets in terms of reducing food wastage. The obtained results will surely make it possible to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the activities currently undertaken and to indicate the directions of their optimization in the future.
# 7. Agricultural and productive landscapes

*Finding future pathways for sustainable agricultural landscapes in Europe: concepts and empirical evidence in different European contexts*

**Symposium organisers**

Vasco Diogo (Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research), Felix Herzog (Agroscope), Teresa Pinto-Correia (University of Évora), Peter Verburg (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam)

**Summary**

The symposium aims to provide a platform for exchanging with researchers that are currently working on projects aiming to identify future pathways for sustainable agricultural landscapes in the European context. This may include different perspectives and concepts such as sustainable intensification, precision agriculture, agroforestry, High Nature Value (HNV) farming, organic farming, sustainable water use in agriculture, and climate-smart agriculture. Participants are invited to present study designs, methods and results from their projects.

**Description**

In the coming decades, agricultural development in Europe is expected to face a multitude of complex sustainability challenges. Firstly, climate change is likely to affect crop yields and water availability, and consequently, the economic viability of agricultural systems. In addition, there is a strong pressure to keep improving production efficiency in order to remain competitive in the increasingly globalised commodity markets and to ensure a sufficient supply of food for a growing world population. At the same time, there is also an increasing awareness that current intensive agricultural practices significantly contribute to severe socio-ecological impacts, including biodiversity loss and the degradation of important ecosystem services. As a result of these challenges, divergent trajectories are currently observed across Europe: scale enlargement and further intensification of production in some areas, replacement of conventional agriculture by less intensive production systems in others, or farmland abandonment in remote low-fertility areas.

Several alternative concepts and approaches has been proposed to reconcile the need to achieve food security with the requirements for minimising the environmental impacts of agriculture. Such pathways include, for example, sustainable intensification, agroforestry, High Nature Value farming, organic farming, sustainable water use in agriculture, and climate-smart agriculture. These approaches have been recently receiving the attention from the policy arena as solutions for sustainable food production, as evidenced in the EU's Farm-to-Fork Strategy. Finding the solutions that can best address these challenges is, however, highly site-specific, depending on the local characteristics of the production systems and their political, economic and socio-cultural contexts. Trade-offs beyond the farm-level may also emerge, such as broader impacts on landscapes' functions and cultural value, and displacement of production. Landscape ecology can contribute to better understand and assess the multi-scale benefits and impacts of alternative pathways, while taking into account the heterogeneity of different contexts. Recent research has been focussing on identifying alternative pathways for sustainable agricultural landscapes in Europe, as well as assessing their potential sustainability trade-offs, and finding what triggers and incentives may be required to achieve these pathways.
The objective of this symposium is to synthesise current landscape ecology perspectives of sustainability pathways in the context of European agriculture. The following questions will be addressed:

* What are potential alternative development pathways of sustainable agriculture in different European landscapes?

* What broader trends affecting agriculture (e.g. societal preferences, climate change, technology development) need to be accounted for while envisioning such pathways?

* What trade-offs may emerge from these pathways?

* What incentives may be required to enable their operationalisation?
SCALE-DEPENDENT EFFECTIVENESS OF ON-FIELD VS OFF-FIELD AGRI-
ENVIRONMENTAL MEASURES FOR WILD BEES

Péter Batáry¹ · Teja Tscharntke²

¹Centre for Ecological Research · ²University of Göttingen

The effectiveness of agri-environment schemes depends on scheme type, taxon and landscape. Here, we show how spatial scale, i.e. studied transect, field or farm level, and controlling for yield loss, can drastically change the evaluation of biodiversity benefits of on-field (organic farming) vs off-field (flower strips) schemes. We selected ten agricultural landscapes in Central Germany, each with a triplet of winter wheat fields: one organic, one conventional with flower strip, and one conventional without flower strip as a control. We surveyed the abundance of wild bees at field edges in two years.

We found that data at the transect level may lead to misleading evaluations because flower strips, covering only 5% of conventional fields, support fewer bees than large organic fields (Batáry, Tscharntke, 2022). However, if a 50% cereal yield loss of organic farming is considered to compare equivalent yield levels, 50 ha conventional plus 50 ha flower strip farming promotes 3.5-times more bees than 100 ha organic farming. In conclusion, considering various scales in the evaluation of agri-environment scheme measures is necessary to get a balanced understanding of their ecological and economic effects and their effectiveness.

Batáry P., Tscharntke T. (2022). *Scale-dependent effectiveness of on-fields vs. off-field agri-environmental measures for wild bees*. Basic Appl. Ecol., 62: 55-60.

<figure><img src="image_206.png" /></figure>
WEED COMMUNITIES ARE MORE DIVERSE, BUT NOT MORE ABUNDANT, IN BOCAGE LANDSCAPES

Sebastien Boinot¹ · Cendrine Mony² · Aude Ernoult² · Stéphanie Aviron¹ · Claire Ricono² · Eloïse Couthouis¹ · Guillaume Fried³ · Audrey Alignier¹

¹INRAE, UMR 0980 BAGAP · ²UMR CNRS ECOBIO · ³Anses, Entomology and Invasive Plants unit of the Plant Health Laboratory

Agroforestry systems provide many ecosystem services, including biodiversity conservation in agricultural landscapes, but their effects on weed communities remain poorly investigated. In this regard, bocage landscapes could affect weed communities through two main processes: increased environmental heterogeneity in arable fields, and plant spillover from hedgerows. Due to differences in management intensity, these bocage effects are also likely to vary between farming systems (conventional vs organic).

We sampled arable weeds in 74 fields, half under conventional farming and half under organic farming, located along two independent landscape gradients: total length of hedgerows and organic farming cover, in Brittany (France). We analysed the effect of bocage and farming practices on species diversity, functional diversity and functional structure of weed communities. Further, we used Ellenberg indicator values and fidelity to non-crop habitats to assess the ‘environmental heterogeneity’ and ‘spillover’ hypotheses, respectively.

Our study revealed that weed communities were more diverse, but not more abundant, in bocage landscapes. Bocage increased species diversity of weeds, but also community-weighted variance of specific leaf area, plant height at maturity and seed mass. The dominance of competitive weeds was reduced in bocage landscapes, as indicated by lower community-weighted mean but higher variance of plant height. Positive effects of bocage on weed diversity were driven by increased environmental heterogeneity rather than spillover of transient species from hedgerows. Bocage effects were generally independent of farming systems at field and landscape scales. Our results suggest that the simplification of bocage landscapes (i.e. the destruction of hedgerows) is a major selection pressure on weed assemblages, at least as important as conventional farming. Through increased environmental heterogeneity, agroforestry systems could not only enhance ecosystem services provided by weed communities, but also reduce weed-crop competition.

<figure><img src="image_207.png" /></figure>
LANDSCAPE LABS APPROACH FOR CO-DESIGNING INSECT-FRIENDLY AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPES

Maria Busse¹ · Rosemarie Siebert¹ · Michael Glemnitz¹ · Claudia Bethwell¹ · Fabian Nürnberger² · Annette Bartels³ · Silke Dachbrodt-Saaydeh⁴ · Veronika Fick-Haas⁴ · Tanja Rottstock⁴ · Philipp Scharschmidt¹

¹Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research · ²Thünen Institute of Biodiversity · ³Chamber of Agriculture Lower Saxony · ⁴Julius Kühn Institute

Facilitating of insects in agricultural systems is an urgent matter because insects are dramatically decreasing in numbers and variety whereas they play a crucial role for ecosystem functioning and by providing ecosystem services. Recent agri-environmental schemes fail to counteract the declining trends. One reason is the misfit between the claim for ecologically efficient ‘dark green’ measures by ecologists and the selection and degree of their uptake by farmers. Actually, there is (1) a quantitative and qualitative lack of implemented insect-friendly farming practices, (2) little knowledge about farmers’ perspectives concerning their problem awareness and attitudes, and (3) need for accepted solutions at landscape level. To address these gaps at the science-practice-policy interface, we established the project FInAL that combines a living landscape lab approach with a co-design process in three German landscapes. The landscape lab approach represents a promising pathway to provide more food resources as well as living and reproduction habitats for insects in agricultural landscapes by transdisciplinary collaborations. In our landscape labs, we involve different disciplines (e.g., agri-ecologists, entomologists, economists, and social scientists) and landscape key actors (farmers, other land users, advisory services, nature conservation organisations, etc.) to co-design mainly production-integrated solutions and collectively experimenting such innovative solutions in real life settings. We developed an integrative process with iterative feedback-loops, which encompasses stakeholder perception and role analysis and a sequence of co-design workshops per landscape laboratory. The workshop aimed at (1) jointly discussing synergies/trade-offs, political-institutional framing conditions, and the practicability of insect-friendly measures, (2) co-designing of preferred insect-friendly measures, and (3) participatory mapping to locate measures at the landscape scale for further implementation.

In addition to a detailed description of co-design process, we want to present the main results and reflect our co-design process in the landscape labs. As supporting factors for the collaborative process we identified (1) building upon established science-practice networks, (2) working with regional intermediaries who function as landscape coordinators, (3) active and continuous collaborations at the landscape level which lead to co-learning and enhanced social capital, and (4) financial compensation of measures as incentive for farmers. To achieve the goal of facilitating of insects in agricultural systems we consider the following aspects as favourable: (1) taking the whole landscape into account, including agricultural production areas and semi-natural habitats, (2) using guiding principles for landscape transformation, and (3) scientifically monitoring and evaluating of insects, ecosystem services, and vegetation.

<figure><img src="image_208.png" /></figure>
# MAPPING RESOURCES AND GOOD PRACTICES: CORNERSTONES FOR A SUSTAINABLE VALORIZATION OF INNER RURAL AREAS

Rebekka Dossche

University of Genoa

Rural areas in Europe have undertaken different types of trajectories. Mediterranean mountain areas, for example, are characterized by landscapes that were once notorious for its maintained agro-silvo-pastoral systems, with a high balance between human management, restrictive environmental conditions and biological diversity. Many of these landscapes underwent a process of degradation due to large-scale land abandonment since the second half of the 20th century, particularly in remote low-fertility areas.

Today, those rural areas still have a lot of resources and good practices, which are not valorized within the mainstream paradigm of rural development, but are rather important within a (neo-) endogenous rural development approach. This contribution wants to grasp the potential and the issues of rural mountain areas, with the aim to propose a series of recommendations and innovative ideas and strategies to be implemented by local policy organs.

The research project TeRA SoRA “Resources and good practices in inner areas: a model of mapping the potential and issues for a sustainable valorization of the territorial heritage” was financed by the private foundation Compagnia di San Paolo. The case study is composed by 30 municipalities classified as integrated or internal mountain areas in Piedmonts Apennines (Istituto di Ricerca Economico Sociali, 2019). 17 municipalities are considered ‘inner areas’ by the National Strategy for Inner Areas (Strategia Nazionale delle Aree Interne), a direct action to support sustainable territorial competitiveness, in order to counter the demographic decline that characterizes the Italian internal areas. The aim of the Strategy is to create new income opportunities and to ensure that the inhabitants have access to essential services (local public transport, education and social and health services) and to improve the maintenance of the territory itself.

An online mapping survey was conducted (Maptionnaire) to collect a first dataset of landscape potential and problems. The survey was disseminated through eight stakeholders (a cooperative farm, environmental organizations, school institute, socio-cultural organizations, etc.) and four partners (three mountain unions and one socio-cultural organization). The data was analyzed within a GIS environment and through grounded theory. The results were discussed during a round table discussion with the local stakeholders. The outcome was a series of basemaps that were used for interactive mapping meetings. In this presentation, we will show how mapping the potential and issues within rural communities supports the implementation of the National Strategy at the local level.

<figure><img src="image_209.png" /></figure>
# FARMER CLUSTERS FOR REALISING AGROBIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT ACROSS ECOSYSTEMS (FRAMEWORK) – EXPERIENCES FROM THE FIRST YEAR OF THE CZECH FARMER CLUSTER

Iris C. Bohnet¹ · Kristýna Drhlíková¹ · Markéta Hendrychová¹ · Kristina Janečková¹ · Emilie Trakalová¹ · Jan Travníček² · Lukáš Zagata¹

¹Czech University of Life Sciences Prague · ²Czech Organics

FRAMEwork is a H2020 funded transdisciplinary research project (2020-2025) that builds on the Farmer Cluster approach to increase agrobiodiversity across Europe. Farmer Clusters have been successfully established in the UK where farmers and land managers are working together in their local area, supported by a facilitator, to collectively deliver greater landscape-scale biodiversity outcomes than they could on their own. Over the past 18 months, 11 Farmer Clusters have been established in Europe and the UK as part of FRAMEwork. First projects to increase biodiversity across the farmed landscape have been identified and are being implemented in the Farmer Clusters. Common monitoring protocols have been developed for birds, pollinators, and vegetation and applied by experts in the field in all Farmer Clusters. Farmers and citizens will be trained in monitoring to increase awareness and understanding of agrobiodiversity in the landscape. A citizen observatory and information hub, created for the project, will enable farmers and citizens to share information on biodiversity and agriculture.

In the Czech Republic, the first Farmer Cluster has been established in southern Moravia. Capitalizing on the networks and ideas of a well-established organic farmer, nine farmers, who manage about 3000 ha, collaborate in the Czech Farmer Cluster. Facilitated by a part-time professional advisor, the Farmer Cluster has collectively progressed ideas on how to improve agrobiodiversity in their landscape. A first project is being implemented, birds, pollinators, and vegetation has been monitored and farmers have been interviewed to establish a baseline for FRAMEwork. Experiences and some early lessons from the first year of the Czech Farmer Cluster will be shared in our presentation.

<figure><img src="image_210.png" /></figure>
# THE ART OF BLUE-GREEN ALLIANCES. CO-CREATING SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPES

Sylvie Fosselle · Jeroen De Waegemaeker

Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food

Over the past years, North Western European agriculture was hit hard by re-occurring summer droughts, thus questioning the sustainability of our agricultural landscapes. During drought events, policy making concentrates on reactive measures, such as the ban of water extraction by farmers. Yet there is also a need for developing pro-active measures including the development of climate-proof agricultural landscapes. The latter comprises the creation of blue-green infrastructure in agricultural areas such as, for example, the construction of infiltration ponds and the restauration of depressional wetlands. Operating at the landscape level entails that individuals and organisations living and working in the area should form local alliances to plan, co-create, implement and manage blue-green infrastructure. In rural areas, these alliances comprise farmers, land owners, water managers, nature conservationists, residents and policy makers.

In Flanders, many local alliances were formed over the past five years, each of them aiming to develop climate-proof agricultural landscapes by creating a blue-green infrastructure. These alliances are supported by multiple governmental programs and initiatives set-up in order to incentivize the development of blue-green infrastructures in Flanders' agricultural landscape. In this presentation, we show the obstacles and the opportunities in the operationalization of blue-green infrastructure, focusing on the role of local alliances. In particular, we investigate farmers' inclusion in the local alliances since they are the principal land users of the agricultural area, they own a lot of land and have tacit knowledge of the local area. To that end, we review local reports and studies, conduct interviews with key stakeholders from the local alliances and facilitate the set-up of a community of practice (CoP) of the local alliances to better understand what kind of knowledge and skills they have and exchange. In addition, we study how the design and the co-creation of the blue-green infrastructure is organized within a local alliance.

We conclude that setting up social learning between local alliances that are responsible for the implementation is extremely important in order to incentivize the development of blue-green infrastructure. Therefore, our results suggest that policy making must support social learning just as much as technical knowledge building in order to promote pathways to sustainable agriculture such as the development of blue-green infrastructure. Because social learning is a lengthy and fickle process, we advise policy makers to support the social learning in a structural way rather than through temporary, sporadic governmental programs. Furthermore, we highlight that alliance building must start from the social dynamics already present in the area, and thus the co-creation of a blue-green infrastructure is inherently tailor-made and likewise requires tailor-made incentives.

<figure><img src="image_211.png" /></figure>
# DISENTANGLING THE INTERRELATED ABIOTIC AND BIOTIC PATHWAYS LINKING LANDSCAPE COMPLEXITY AND CROP PRODUCTION

Frederik Gerits¹,² · Lies Messely² · Bert Reubens² · Kris Verheyen¹

¹Ghent University · ²Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food

Landscape complexity and its related functional agrobiodiversity (FAB) has severely declined during the last decades, resulting in detrimental effects on multiple agro-ecosystem services such as natural pest control and pollination. Complexity stands for both compositional and configurational heterogeneity and influences the effectiveness of local measures to increase FAB-based ecosystem services. The impact of landscape complexity on multiple ecosystem functions is, however, largely underexplored.

To study landscape scale effects, we used standardized mini-gardens of 1 m² planted with ten different vegetable crops as phytometers to monitor multi-crop yield and herbivory in combination with the functional arthropod community and microclimate. We installed the gardens at locations with variable surrounding landscape complexity, providing the explanatory variables. The vegetables were selected to have contrasting requirements in terms of, for example, nutrients, growth conditions or pollination services, as well as a different susceptibility to pests. Monitoring of the mini-gardens, installed in the towns of Melle, Merelbeke and Oosterzele in Flanders (Belgium), was done in 2018 and 2019 together with 90 citizen scientists.

Our results show that an increasing share of high green vegetation (> 3 m high) in a 500 meter radius is important to buffer the temperature variation in the gardens, while the share of agricultural land use has an opposite effect. Agricultural land use furthermore positively influences the activity-density of predatory arthropods and pollinators, most probably due to a concentration effect. These abiotic and biotic variables affected leaf herbivory and crop productivity of crops in the mini-gardens in different ways, resulting in a net positive effect of semi-natural habitat on the overall yield across the crops. These outcomes indicate that there are different interrelated pathways to consider when managing for landscape scale variables such as high green vegetation and arable land use to shape the right biotic circumstances for multiple agro-ecosystem services. In 2021 the experiment was repeated with 25 mini-gardens in the Campine region in Flanders, in the towns of Geel and Laakdal. The comparison of the results from both spatial independent landscapes will be presented in this session and will help to generalize the outcomes towards identifying context-sensitive pathways for sustainable agriculture in Flanders.

<figure><img src="image_212.png" /></figure>
# TRANSFORMATIVE LEARNING ABOUT AGROBIODIVERSITY IN A TWO-YEAR PARTICIPATORY TRAJECTORY

Frederik Gerits¹,² · Kris Verheyen¹ · Bert Reubens² · Lies Messely²

¹Ghent University · ²Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food

Agrobiodiversity has to be reinforced in order to enhance conservation efforts and support the provision of multiple ecosystem services in rural areas. Achieving this in an effective and efficient way requires the upscaling of measures promoting agrobiodiversity from the parcel to the landscape level. Interventions at the landscape level require multiple actors to become involved, including farmers, private land owners, communities, nature organizations. This implies that questions arise about how we can engage different stakeholder profiles to take action for agrobiodiversity and support multiple agroecosystem services. One way to stimulate engagement is through learning in citizen science projects, where actors interact with the positive and negative effects of agrobiodiversity. Therefore, we need a better understanding of what aspects of citizen science projects facilitate and counteract learning outcomes towards sustainable transitions.

Here we present the learning outcomes of a citizen science project where 90 volunteers weekly interacted with agrobiodiversity in a landscape observatory in the municipalities of Melle, Merelbeke and Oosterzele in Flanders (Belgium). The observatory consisted of 40 standardized mini-gardens of 1 m², planted with ten vegetable crops. Every mini-garden was assigned to one or more volunteers, who were all local landscape actors. The volunteers were asked to do a weekly visit of their assigned mini-garden between May and September in 2018 and 2019 (20 visits/year). Tasks included, for instance, watering, weeding and harvesting, all according to a detailed research protocol. During both seasons, there were weekly contacts between volunteers and the research team during informal field visits, via email, in a private Facebook group and on several gathering events.

The learning outcomes were assessed by a post-project qualitative questionnaire, distributed among 84 participants. 97% of the 36 respondents reported to have learned, mostly instrumental learning about vegetable gardening and arthropods. 61% indicate that their opinion about biodiversity or attention for the environment has changed and 53% changed their behaviour. Furthermore, it was clear that learning outcomes were highly associated with the prior knowledge of the participants. Frequent communication, mutual visibility among researchers and volunteers and a tactile learning tool were identified as strong learning catalysts.

For future citizen science projects, we recommend to differentiate between participants with and without prior knowledge and connect people with different knowledge levels. Learning can be promoted when written information is experienced in a tactile tool. Successful data gathering in citizen science projects is facilitated by volunteers that feel part of an enthusiast group and engaged research team. It is therefore advised to ensure high mutual visibility of actions by volunteers and researchers. In conclusion, participatory and citizen science projects have potential to change perspectives and behaviour towards (functional) agrobiodiversity in rural areas.

<figure><img src="image_213.png" /></figure>
FROM GLOBAL THREAT TO LOCAL ACTION – CONSIDERING MULTIPLE DIMENSIONS OF REGIONALITY FOR SUCESSFUL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION

Michael Glemnitz¹ · Jan Helbig² · Tobias Conradt³ · Joachim Auerbacher⁴ · Christine von Buttlar⁵ · Kristina Kirfel¹ · Claudia Bethwell¹

¹Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research · ²Julius Kühn Institute · ³Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research · ⁴Justus Liebig University Giessen · ⁵IGLU Goettingen

Climate change poses multiple challenges on future arable farming in Central Europe. Increased temperatures, modified precipitation patterns to the adverse of the requirements of plant growth in connection with aggravated pest pressure will most likely force farmers to modify their agronomic systems. Furthermore, agriculture is challenged by society to contribute itself to greenhouse gas reduction. Our research aims at identifying feasible adaptation measures for arable farming. We use a participatory, regionally adapted development approach and assess potential measures by interdisciplinary modelling. We aim at identifying and mitigating trade-offs between ecological advantages and economic viability.

For three research regions in Northern (Schleswig Holstein), Eastern (Fläming) and Southwest Germany (Kraichgau) we identified through a participatory approach five different adaptation and mitigation strategies with respect to arable farming. We set up standard cropping patterns by using statistical means which are regionally adjusted to observed crop prevalence. Different cropping patterns were allocated on a sub-regional scale through a clustering approach. Each crop was characterized by specific cultivation methods (e.g. ploughing or no-till), fertilization schemes (mineral or organic) and distinct plant protection schemes (in three intensity levels).

We analysed past climate data and future climate modelling results using 17 CORDEX model chains according to the RCP 8.5 pathway on a 12.5 km grid resolution. We used a statistical approach to relate climate parameters to yield levels in observational years to estimate possible yield developments in 2040 and 2060 for 10 major crops. We use the optimization model MODAM to estimate shifts in land use according to profitability. With regard to climate change, we modelled four adaptation scenarios for each region (increased intercropping, reduced tillage, a regionally adapted measure, and a scenario dedicated to GHG reduction), while considering technical and regulatory constraints.

The different adaptation strategies were evaluated against a multitude of indicators with a multi-criterial assessment. Economic indicators calculated by the database-backed calculation model ADEBAR(BE) evaluated the change in profitability due to climate change and adaptation. Ecological indicators assessing GHG emissions and energy consumption were computed using the MiLA model. In addition, soil conservation and water pollution risks were also evaluated. Estimated land use shares allowed to extrapolate the crop related results on a landscape level. This allowed for an analysis of trade-offs among the land use and adaptation options and the identification of particularly promising region-specific adaptation pathways. Finally, efficient agricultural measures to contribute to GHG reduction were identified.

<figure><img src="image_214.png" /></figure>
CONVENTIONAL INTENSIFICATION, AGROECOLOGICAL TRANSITION OR MARGINALIZATION? WHAT ARE THE DOMINANT AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES IN DIFFERENT LANDSCAPES ACROSS EUROPE

Julian Helfenstein¹ · Samuel Hepner² · Amelie Kreuzer¹ · Matthias Bürgi³ · Peter Verburg⁴ · Felix Herzog¹

¹Agroscope · ²University of Bern · ³Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research · ⁴Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam

Since the industrial revolution of agriculture, farms across Europe have increasingly relied on external inputs such as fertilizer, pesticides, and imported feed, and have become more specialized. These developments, here called conventional intensification, have helped to increase agricultural yields manifold but have also severely altered agricultural landscapes. Intensification of agriculture and landscape simplification have led to several environmental problems, including biodiversity loss, greenhouse gas emissions, and pollution of water bodies. In response, political and social initiatives have pushed for lowering environmental costs of agriculture (agroecological transition). At the same time, marginalization is leading to widespread land abandonment in less-favored regions.

In this study, we investigated to what degree farm and landscape level development over the past twenty years align with conventional intensification, agroecological transition, marginalization or persistence pathways across Europe. We studied 15 study sites spreading a wide range of production systems and geographic contexts in Europe. In each study site, we mapped landscape change and performed interviews with farmers to determine indicators of land use and land management change. We will share results from landscape and farm level changes from the different study sites and give insights in the prevalence of development pathways in different regions of Europe.

<figure><img src="image_215.png" /></figure>
# MODERN AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS FOR BIODIVERSITY, ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND FOR SUSTAINABLE INTENSIFICATION: WHAT CAN WE EXPECT?

Felix Herzog · Sonja Kay

Agroscope

**M**odern agroforestry systems, e.g. alley cropping, are expected to contribute to sustainable intensification of European agriculture. What can we learn from landscape ecological studies on woody farmland elements in this respect?

**Biodiversity:** Woody elements increase the diversity of birds and arthropods, in particular if they are well connected (Bailey et al., 2010). Bertrand et al. (2019) found that in early spring, bees, ladybeetles and lacewings mainly collected pollen of trees and shrubs. Connectedness improved pollination services, interactions with herbivorous insects, fruit set and tree growth (Schüepp et al., 2013, 2014). Yet, well connected fruit orchards were more affected by the invasive pest *Drosophila suzukii* (Henning, Mazzi, 2018) and some bird species (e.g. skylark) require open farmland without vertical structures.

**Ecosystem services:** Combining crops with trees can increase overall biomass production due to more efficient resource use. This increase comes partly at the expense of food production, once the trees are well developed (e.g. Sereke et al., 2015). Landscapes with trees are rated higher for their visual quality (Schüpbach et al., 2020) and for recreation, social interaction, and spiritual values than open farmland (Rolo et al., 2021).

**Resilience of agricultural landscapes:** Trees in farming landscapes reduce negative externalities such as erosion or water pollution, mitigate climate extremes and sequester carbon (Kay et al., 2019).

Modern agroforestry systems are likely to yield similar biodiversity effects as the ones observed for woody farmland elements in general. Agroforestry can contribute to stabilizing agro-ecosystems under climate change, but it will not necessarily increase food production. Spatial targeting will minimize potential negative effects on certain species, and improve the resilience of agricultural landscapes.

Bailey D. et al. (2010). *Effects of habitat amount and isolation on biodiversity in fragmented traditional orchards*. J. Appl. Ecol., 47: 1003-1013.

Bertrand C. et al. (2019). *Seasonal shifts and complementary use of pollen sources by two bees, a lacewing and a ladybeetle species*. J. Appl. Ecol., 56(11): 2431-2442.

Henning E.I., Mazzi D. (2018). *Spotted wing drosophila in sweet cherry orchards in relation to forest characteristics*. Insects, 9(3): 118.

Kay S. et al. (2019). *Agroforestry creates carbon sinks whilst enhancing the environment in agricultural landscapes in Europe*. Land Use Policy, 83: 581-593.

Rolo V. et al. (2021). *Mixtures of forest and agroforestry alleviate trade-offs between ecosystem services in European rural landscapes*. Ecosyst. Services, 50: 101318.

Schüepp C. (2014). *Habitat isolation affects plant-herbivore-enemy interactions on cherry trees*. Biol. Control, 71: 56-64.

Schüepp C. et al. (2013). *Disentangling multiple drivers of pollination in a landscape-scale experiment*. Proc. Royal Soc. B, 281: 20132667.

Sereke F. et al. (2015). *Innovative agroecosystem goods and services*. Agron. Sust. Dev., 35(2): 759.

<figure><img src="image_216.png" /></figure>
# ORGANIC FARMING CAN CONSERVE BIODIVERSITY MORE COST-EFFECTIVELY IN LANDSCAPE WITH LOW COMPLEXITY

William Sidemo Holm

Lund University

Landscape complexity often influences the biodiversity benefits of organic farming relative to conventional farming. However, it is unknown how landscape complexity relates to the opportunity cost of organic farming, and its cost-effectiveness in promoting biodiversity. We developed and used an ecological-economic model to explore how increasing the proportion of organic farming affects flowering plant species richness and opportunity costs in agricultural landscapes with varying landscape complexity.

We found that landscape complexity (measured as the proportion of the landscape constituting semi-natural grasslands) affected the marginal conservation cost of increasing species richness by converting conventionally farmed arable land into organic. Generally, the marginal conservation cost increased with increasing landscape complexity. Furthermore, the marginal conservation cost increased for each preserved species, as well as with the proportion of the landscape that was already under organic management. We conclude that accounting for landscape complexity when targeting areas for organic farming can contribute to increasing the cost-effectiveness (by lowering the marginal conservation cost) of organic farming in promoting biodiversity, and thereby a more efficient use of conservation policy budgets. Thus, accounting for the impact of landscape complexity can have considerable impact on the welfare effects of policy payments to promote organic agriculture.

<figure><img src="image_217.png" /></figure>
ASSESSING EUROPEAN FARMERS’ WILLINGNESS TO IMPLEMENT BIODIVERSITY-
FRIENDLY FARMING MEASURES – COMBINING EVIDENCE FROM A SYSTEMATIC
LITERATURE REVIEW AND FARMER INTERVIEWS ACROSS EUROPE

Fabian Klebl¹,² · Kati Häfner¹ · Annette Piorr¹

¹Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research · ²Humboldt University of Berlin

Farmers have a key role in halting the loss of biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. However, maintaining or improving production efficiency while minimising adverse impacts on biodiversity is challenging. In response to this, policy instruments, such as (innovative) incentive schemes, are designed to support sustainable production practices. So far, the participation in biodiversity management schemes remains insufficient to overturn biodiversity loss. Therefore, the aim of our study is to review and assess factors influencing farmers' willingness to implement biodiversity-friendly farming measures along diverse trajectories including extensification, intensification, structural diversification, and adjusted management practices.

We applied a three step approach. First, we conducted a comprehensive literature review of 457 scientific studies to identify factors influencing European farmers' willingness to implement biodiversity-friendly management. Second, derived from the findings of the review, we developed a conceptual framework addressing various scales ranging from farmers' intrinsic determinants, to farm-scale factors, to a scale of landscape, policy and society. Based on this conceptual framework, we conducted 50 semi-structured qualitative in-depth interviews with farmers in ten European countries (i.e. CH, SE, FR, NL, RO, EE, PT, ES, UK, and HU) as a third step. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and translated for Thematic Analysis via MaxQDA.

We found the implementation of biodiversity-friendly management along the diverse trajectories to be highly dependent on the regional context, which is defined by the (history of) agricultural practices, traditions, culture, trust towards institutions. In addition, the degree of professionalization and commodification of agricultural practices also appeared to be important. As there is a clear lack of studies conducted in Eastern Europe, we particularly focus on these countries in our analysis.

We further identified a variety of key factors enabling or hindering the implementation of
biodiversity-friendly management. We found, for instance, that programmes that are flexible,
participative, and well-adjusted to the local conditions are particularly more likely to be accepted.
Furthermore, the farmers’ farming philosophy and self-identity (which is, in turn, is culturally shaped
by the conception of what characterizes a ‘good farmer’) also play a significant role.

Future pathways have to incorporate effective policies that are adapted to farmers’ needs and tailored to the regional context they are part of. Therefore, policies, such as the European Common Agricultural Policy, have to provide the flexibility to achieve biodiversity targets by allowing more context-sensitive adjustments while simultaneously offering financial security and stability. Thus, we recommend a hybrid result-oriented approach as an add-on for low-threshold management programmes, which allow for tailored decisions and adapted pathways in sustainable farmland management.

<figure><img src="image_218.png" /></figure>
“UNDERSTANDING” OF THE AGRICULTURALLY SHAPED ENVIRONMENT AS AN
IMPORTANT FACTOR FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN RURAL AREAS

Judith-Maria Maruschke · Franz Wortha · Daniel Schiller

University Greifswald

The necessity for social-ecological transformations towards sustainability is becoming increasingly urgent in order to sustain environments for the benefit of future generations. Currently, the resource 'land' is put forward as an important domain of transformation, for example in the flagship report of the German Advisory Council on Global Change (WBGU, 2020). The report repeatedly refers to the need for changing into more sustainable land use practices, with a focus on rural areas. Land use is characterized by different kinds of societal claims, resulting in land-use conflicts and trade-offs, e.g. between agriculture and nature conservation, tourism and energy production, the spread of settlement areas, and preservation of space for recreation (Kirschke et al., 2021).

Conflict research suggests that finding common solutions is essentially promoted through understanding the point of view of others and the creation of mutual understanding (Karolczak, 2013). Based on this motivation, it is the aim of this study to create the construct of “understanding” conceptually, to validate it empirically with structural equation modeling, and to demonstrate that understanding has a positive impact on the potential for sustainable development. In this case, the focus is not on a general kind of understanding, but rather on specific aspects of understanding agriculturally shaped environments in rural areas.

The empirical data for the paper has been collected by a large-scale population survey in an urban and rural area of Western Pomerania, Germany. The region is characterized by a peripheral location in Northeastern Germany, low population density and predominantly agricultural landscapes. The particular focus will be on regional and socioeconomic differences in the “understanding” of the agricultural shaped environment in Western Pomerania. The underlying research for this study has been carried out within the ‘Vorpommern Connect’ project funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) within the funding initiative ‘Stadt-Land-Plus’.

Karolczak M. (2013). *Mediation und Streitschlichtung*. In: U. Deinet and B. Sturzenhecker (Eds.), *Handbuch Offene Kinder- und Jugendarbeit* (pp. 459-463). VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.

Kirschke D. et al. (2021). *New Trends and Drivers for Agricultural Land Use in Germany*. In: T. Weith et al. (Eds.), *Human-Environment Interactions. Sustainable Land Management in a European Context* (pp. 39-61). Cham: Springer.

WBGU (2020). *Landwende im Anthropozän: Von der Konkurrenz zur Integration*, Berlin: WBGU.

<figure><img src="image_219.png" /></figure>
BUILDING A SHARED VISION FOR THE FUTURE OF MULTIFUNCTIONAL AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPES. LESSONS FROM A LONG TERM SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH SITE IN SOUTH WESTERN FRANCE

Annie Ouin¹ · Nicola Gallai² · Francis Macary³ · Anne Probst⁴ · Julie Ryschawy⁵ · Anne Sourdril⁶
· Jean-François Dejoux⁷ · Mark Hewison⁸

¹INRAE, UMR 1201 DYNAFOR · ²ENSFEA, UMR LEREPS · ³INRAE, UR ETTIS · ⁴CNRS, UMR 5245 · ⁵INRAE, UMR 1248 AGIR · ⁶CNRS, UMR 7533 Ladyss · ⁷CNES-CNRS-INRAE-IRD-UT3, CESBIO · ⁸INRAE, CEFS

Societal demand for multifunctional agricultural landscapes keeps increasing. To promote such landscapes, it is necessary to identify which components of landscape heterogeneity support multiple ecosystem services, as well as levers of action to promote these landscape properties. The social-ecological theoretical framework for multifunctional landscapes has inspired 40 years of research in the Long Term Socio-Ecological Research (LTSER) site of Vallées et Coteaux de Gascogne (VCG), which is part of the LTSER platform ZA PYGAR located in south-west France. Researchers from different domains of social and biophysical sciences have worked together to produce a multidisciplinary understanding of both drivers of VCG landscape dynamics and the role of landscape heterogeneity for multiple ecosystem services. Local features of the VCG and social systems have interacted with broader contextual drivers (e.g. CAP) and lead to the maintenance of a high level of landscape heterogeneity.

We show how the different components of landscape heterogeneity (composition, configuration but also heterogeneity of practices) influence cultural, provisioning, supporting, and regulating services. In collaboration with stakeholders, we developed scenarios to explore possible futures for the VCG landscapes. The modelling of some ecosystem services (water quality, pollination), based on the long-term monitoring are used to assess the consequences of these scenarios on landscape multifunctionality. This synthesis demonstrates how LTSER sites can be particularly relevant to explore future pathways for promoting multifunctional agricultural landscapes that are able to fulfil multiple societal demands.

<figure><img src="image_220.png" /></figure>
# GERMAN BIOSPHERE RESERVES AS PIONEERS FOR A SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL LAND USE – SUCCESSFUL SUPPORT FOR INSECT PROMOTING MEASURES

Gyde Petersen

Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research

The alarming loss of biodiversity in agricultural landscapes has prompted a range of responses, such as agri-environmental measures (AEM) for fostering biodiversity within the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). Current schemes lack in various ways, such as the premium height being based solely on income foregone and additional costs. Another political dysfunctionality is the current focus on modifying agricultural practices on isolated plots, even though evidence suggests that modifying practices at the landscape level may be required for an effective conservation of biodiversity. At last, AEM design focuses on fostering biodiversity as a whole and the distinction between various biodiversity functions is not clear. Yet, insect-biodiversity and its functions for ecosystems are not yet considered in AEM design.

In order to allocate agricultural subsidies more efficiently and to foster insect biodiversity, there is a need to draw conclusions about possible improvements of AEM design, implementation and allocation with respect to pollinator conservation. Too little is known about farmers' perceptions on pollinator conservation, their knowledge about pollinator's benefits and their needs with regard to the implementation of pollinator beneficial management practices.

Biosphere reserves can serve as model landscapes for insect promotion in agriculture. In response to a poor conservation status of insect species in agricultural landscapes, five German biosphere reserves dedicated themselves to set up an insect promoting transformation of their agricultural landscapes. The project addresses insect biodiversity at a regional landscape level, involving various land users' perspectives and aiming at improving land users acceptance for the implementation of insect promoting measures, incorporated at the whole farm management and landscape level.

A Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) of 25 farmer cases was conducted in the frame of the BROMMI project in order to identify factors which influence farmers' intention to perform insect beneficial measures. We analyse causal relationships of factors leading to a successful integration of insect promoting measures. The study focuses on farmers' perspectives that manage their land within a certain biosphere reserve involved in the project and their differences across regions. Interviewed practitioners were considered to be open-minded towards the protection of insects.

With regard to the described challenges, the study aims to identify causalities between farmers' perceptions and knowledge of insects and their managerial needs when implementing insect beneficial measures into their production. Preliminary findings show regional differences in the choice of a given set of four insect beneficial farming practices with regard to regional and farm structure factors. Answers of farmers perceiving the term insect conservation as a means of fighting a pollinator crisis show to be in a causal relationship with farmers that define insects as beneficials and expecting positive effects towards monetary factors (implementation costs, income gains/losses, production risks) of insect-friendly farming practices.

<figure><img src="image_221.png" /></figure>
COLLABORATIVE LANDSCAPE PLANNING IN A CHANGING WORLD. MANAGING CONFLICTS AND MAKING PLACES IN A DANISH RIVER VALLEY

Lotte Ruegaard Petersen · Jørgen Primdahl · Jens Emborg

University of Copenhagen

Climate change mitigation and adaption, biodiversity conservation, outdoor recreation, and rural development in an urbanized world represent major policy agendas affecting contemporary agricultural landscapes. At international and national levels the agendas are handled by different policy domains. Despite attempts to integrate, fundamentally, they are segregated when it comes to aims, measures and budgets. Eventually they will, however, inevitably meet and integrate – no matter how poorly or mal-functional it may be. If not before, this will happen as the policies hit the ground at farm or landscape level. The farmer is a target for many policy measures, but in many situations, coordination at the landscape scale is required. However, coordination does often not happen, the different schemes are implemented individually. Also land use conflicts and more place based aims such as wetland restoration, facilitation of grazing, and provision of recreational facilities need to be handled in integrated ways.

The aim of our investigation is to better understand these challenges and contribute to a framework for more collaborative and comprehensive planning, which has the capacity to deal with both conflict management and place making processes. Two overall questions have been guiding our investigation: (1) How can collaboration on the future of a river valley be organized in ways which both enable the handling of environmental conflicts and contribute to making the landscape a better place? (2) How can we analyze and understand collaborative processes aiming at planning for complex landscape futures including social learning?

Using a recently finished collaborative landscape planning process for a Danish river valley as a case, and drawing on insights from the literature in the fields of spatial planning, environmental conflict management and social learning, we analyze and discuss the questions above and investigate the conditions for collaborative landscape governance. The collaborative planning process involved landowners, citizens, various NGO's and local as well as national authorities. Data includes qualitative interviews, observations and outcomes from various meetings, events and workshops, as well as a focus group interview.

While focusing on conflicts over water course and water level management in the valley we report results and insights gained during the two year long planning process in which we have participated as action researchers. Finally, we close our presentation by a specific discussion of the likely outcomes of the river valley project followed by general reflections on how conflict management and collaborative planning together represent an approach to promote social learning and to involve and integrate separate aims and perspectives in a globalized world.

<figure><img src="image_222.png" /></figure>
# A TYPOLOGY OF AGRICULTURAL LAND SYSTEMS TO FACILITATE TARGETED ACTION FOR FARMLAND BIODIVERSITY ENHANCEMENT IN GERMANY

Martin Pingel¹ · Diana Sietz² · Norbert Röder² · Maren Birkenstock² · Lisa Raab² · Sebastian Klimek² · Burkhard Golla¹

¹Julius Kühn Institute · ²Thünen Institute

Increasing agricultural land-use intensity and simplification of landscapes drive farmland biodiversity loss and ecosystem service degradation. To accelerate the transition towards sustainable agriculture, alternative concepts to current intensive agricultural practices (e.g. sustainable intensification, High Nature Value farming) need to be tailored at regional scales depending on the landscape composition and structure, management intensity and environmental conditions. This need could be addressed by classifying and mapping agricultural land systems, which we define as components of the Earth that encompass all processes and activities related to agricultural land-use. However, comprehensive classifications or typologies that characterize agricultural land systems by including the dimensions of land cover, landscape structure, land-use intensity and abiotic environment are largely lacking.

Here, we present a typology of agricultural land systems for Germany based on cluster analysis. We integrated spatially explicit data on land cover, landscape structure, land-use intensity, and biophysical data. Six land cover classes and three metrics of landscape structure (Shannon diversity, patch size, edge density) were deployed at a spatial resolution of 100 ha. Input costs for different types of agricultural production systems (e.g. marketable annual crop farming, intensive cattle farming) were used as a measure for land-use intensity. Long-term climate data and terrain ruggedness were included as biophysical parameters.

The cluster analysis resulted in eight agricultural land system types. Two types were dominated by arable land and marketable crop farming but depicted different levels of landscape structure, highlighting a marked east-west divide in terms of diversity of land cover types and patch size. Other types exhibited pronounced spatial patterns and were dominated by animal husbandry distinguishing intensive cattle and pig/poultry farming. The typology also differentiated four mosaic landscapes, which reflected varying composition of land cover but also environmental conditions in terms of climate and relief. Workshops with experts from different disciplines (e.g. landscape ecology, agriculture and conservation) were conducted to discuss and evaluate the typology.

Our typology contributes to a better understanding of the complexity of agricultural land systems and may serve as a framework to report the status and trends of farmland biodiversity and their drivers more effectively than on a national basis. Particularly, the agricultural land system types can support the implementation of more targeted, context-specific conservation actions, such as eco-schemes and agri-environment-climate schemes as part of the post-2020 Common Agricultural Policy, to enhance biodiversity and associated ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes.

<figure><img src="image_223.png" /></figure>
COOPERATIVE VERSUS NON-COOPERATIVE BEHAVIOUR: USING AGENT-BASED MODELLING TO IDENTIFY SPATIAL SUPPLY-DEMAND MISMATCHES OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND TO COORDINATE CONFLICTING ACTORS' DEMANDS

Mostafa Shaaban¹ · Ioanna Mouratiadou¹,² · Annette Piorr¹

¹Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research · ²ISARA Lyon

Agricultural ecosystems are the source of important common pool resources providing multiple goods and services, thus playing a crucial role in sustaining human well-being. Yet, the competitive overuse as well as the misuse of this type of ecosystem largely persists. The presence of multiple beneficiaries of agriculture landscapes represents a dilemma for each of them and society as a whole: how to compromise between the individual satisfaction of demands for ecosystem services (ESs) and the consideration of conflicting demands between actors? Sophisticated modelling tools that can represent the complexity of such a dilemma at the sub-regional spatial scale are still lacking. To that end, in this study we assess the potential of the newly-developed spatial agent-based model (ABM) "Viability of Social-Ecological Agroecosystem" (ViSA) to identify approaches for alleviating conflicting demands between different actors and reduce the supply-demand gaps for selected ESs. The model is developed and used as part of the project "Digital Agricultural Knowledge and Information System (DAKIS)" (https://adz-dakis.com/en/) which aims to support farmers in agricultural management choices with real-time digital data and spatially-explicit modelling to enable the resource-efficient sustainable production of ESS. We use ViSA to simulate cooperative as well as non-cooperative social-ecological interactions between beneficiaries of ESs under different management options to understand lock-ins and obstacles that hinder the sustainability of the system in a ten-year timeframe. We address five different ESs (biomass yield, erosion control, carbon sequestration, water availability and biodiversity) and consider diverse groups of actors in an agricultural landscape in northeast Germany (farmers, foresters, retailers, inhabitants, policy makers, etc.). The actors are differentiated by their decision preferences for specific agricultural management options and by different portfolios of capitals behind their behavioral efforts, including financial, human, social, natural, physical and cultural capital.

The results of the simulation reveal the extent to which cropping diversification, as one tested management option, under cooperative behavior is more advantageous compared to non-cooperative behavior. It shows a positive impact on the supply-demand gap, on actors' capitals, as well as on conflict risk reduction. We conclude that ViSA represents a novel promising tool for tackling complex systems and for identifying conditions that secure the viability of the social-ecological agroecosystem, while addressing the demand-oriented provision of ESs and capturing interactions at the landscape level. It allows examining the evolution of the system under diverse scenarios of management options and decision rules to support stakeholders in making decisions to satisfy their demands for ESs while considering the demands of other actors.
# COULD EUROPE ACHIEVE PROTEIN SELF-SUFFICIENCY BY DIVERSIFYING REGIONAL CROPPING SYSTEMS WITH LEGUMES?

Anne Elise Stratton¹ · Catharina Schulp¹ · Katharina Waha² · Peter Verburg¹

¹Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam · ²Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

As a dietary source of protein and minerals, grain legume crops such as beans and peas are increasingly recognized as sustainable and healthy alternatives to animal-source foods. In Europe, legume production has suffered a decades-long decline due to policies supporting intensive cereal production that favored simplified wheat-maize crop rotations. In addition to their well-known environmental benefits, recent research has suggested that legumes could contribute to greater protein self-sufficiency in Europe by increasing availability of locally produced plant protein. Yet, no prior work has evaluated the potential of growing grain legumes to fulfill the protein needs of European diets.

Our study addresses this gap in knowledge by quantifying the extent to which regional European cropping systems could meet current and future protein demand by diversifying existing crop rotations with legumes for human consumption. Building from 2018 European crop maps at high spatial resolution, we simulate the addition and substitution of legumes for fallows and cereals in typified rotations at the field scale, and assess the potential effects of legume-based diversification of crop rotations on protein yield at a regional (NUTS 1, 2, 3), national (NUTS 0), and EU level in 2030. We select the most suitable legumes for rotations using biophysical suitability factors, including current and future projected climate and soil conditions (FAO GAEZ), altitude, growing season requirements, rotational compatibility, and contributions to protein production and crop diversity. We then estimate the proportions of human protein consumption that could be satisfied at the baseline and in 2030 under several diet scenarios: current consumption (high meat), projected consumption (high meat), fully plant-based diet (no meat), EAT-Lancet/flexitarian diet (low meat).

We hypothesize that by adding food legumes to current crop rotations, Europe could achieve protein self-sufficiency for human consumers under low-meat and no-meat diet scenarios. Under meat-rich diet scenarios, protein self-sufficiency would likely decrease proportionally with the fraction of legume protein allocated to animal feed. We expect the impact of legume diversification scenarios for protein self-sufficiency to be greatest in regions with high protein demand and low baseline legume production. Increasing the proportion of legumes in regional crop rotations would not only improve crop diversity, but would also reduce European dependence on imported legume crops (i.e., Brazilian soybean) to fulfill demand for dietary protein. Diversifying European crop rotations and diets with grain legumes could advance multiple aims of the EU Farm to Fork Strategy while strengthening sustainable food systems globally.

<figure><img src="image_224.png" /></figure>
# TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPES – AN OPPORTUNITY FOR BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Anca Georgiana Vasilescu¹,² · Alin Pleşoianu¹ · Ileana Pătru-Stupariu¹ · Andreea Niţă¹

¹University of Bucharest · 2National Agency for Protected Natural Areas

In the context of climate change, decline of biodiversity and current socio-economic trends, numerous concepts and approaches have been devised to encourage sustainable agriculture and a better connection between agricultural activities and nature. Concepts such as high nature value farming, organic farming, traditional agricultural landscape, agricultural heritage systems, farmland biodiversity are promoted for the maintenance or development of sustainable agricultural systems, with an emphasis on providing ecosystem services, biodiversity conservation and heritage protection. Traditional agricultural landscapes offer promising opportunities for biodiversity conservation and lessons for more sustainable agriculture in the future.

This review was based on 300 scientific articles extracted from the Web of Science database published between 1990 and 2021, that had as subject the evolution of traditional agricultural landscapes, their role in biodiversity conservation and the associated directions in this field. We present the evolution of research and current trends in traditional agricultural landscapes, considering the following research question: can the conservation of traditional agricultural landscapes be an alternative to sustainable agriculture in the European context?

According to our findings, there has been an increase in concern regarding the conservation of traditional agricultural landscapes and implicitly about the roles they play in conserving biodiversity, as evidenced by the number of articles from 1990-2021 that acknowledge that biodiversity is associated with low-intensity agriculture, in which agricultural practices have remained largely unchanged over time. By the year 2000, research highlights the decline of traditional agricultural systems, with methodologies based mainly on mapping landscape changes and identifying the effects of these changes on the environment. After 2000, research emphasizes the importance of maintaining traditional agricultural landscapes due to their association with a high diversity of species, often of conservative interest.

We present the evolution of the concepts associated with traditional agricultural landscapes, in order to gain a better understanding of the current situation of the sustainability of the agricultural landscape. We illustrate the opportunities of considering traditional agricultural landscapes in biodiversity conservation.
FARMING SYSTEM ARCHETYPES FOR MODELLING IMPACTS OF AGRICULTURAL POLICIES

Tomáš Václavík¹ · Michael Beckmann² · Marek Bednář¹ · Sanja Brdar³ · Anna Cord⁴ · Cristina Domingo-Marimon⁵ · Arjan Gosal⁶ · Fanny Langerwisch¹ · Anne Paulus² · Guy Ziv⁶

¹Palacký University Olomouc · ²Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research · ³BioSense Institute · ⁴Dresden University of Technology · ⁵Centre for Research on Ecology and Forestry Applications · ⁶University of Leeds

Nearly half of the land in Europe is used for agriculture, providing a range of ecosystem services and livelihoods for 10 million farmers. However, current models used to assess the impact of agricultural policies struggle to capture the complexity of farmers’ decision-making, which can lead to incorrect predictions of policy outcomes. In this paper, we apply archetype analysis, a key methodological approach in landscape research for organizing the complexity of social-ecological systems, to develop and test a generalized typology of farming systems. The Farming System Archetypes (FSAs) classify farms according to characteristics important for decision-making into units that are assumed to react similarly to policy change. Exemplified in five case studies across Europe, we map FSAs by geospatial relations of unique farm-level data on (1) farm specialization (a relative share of the standard crop and animal production – e.g. general cropping, horticulture, permanent crops, grazing livestock) and (2) economic size (the total value of standard production calculated from the area of individual crops and the number of animals at an agricultural holding). We test the usefulness of our typology by investigating the spatial correlation between FSAs and the adoption of agri-environmental schemes (AES), a typical example of agricultural policy. Specifically, we examine the degree to which AES adoption can be explained by archetypes of farming systems and whether additional farm characteristics and biophysical variables are needed to understand the local context that influences farmers’ decisions on AES implementation.

<figure><img src="image_225.png" /></figure>