<table><caption>**Table A17**
Separate Cox frailty models (all parities combined) analyzing the effect of each child loss indicator on birth transitions</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Variables</th><th colspan="3">Model 1 (effect of DeathICI on birth transition)</th><th colspan="3">Model 2 (effect of DeathNICI on birth transitions)</th><th colspan="3">Model 3 (effect of DeathNICBI on birth transitions)</th></tr><tr><th>HR</th><th>Se<sup>a</sup><br>(coef.)</th><th>p</th><th>HR</th><th>Se<sup>a</sup><br>(coef.)</th><th>p</th><th>HR</th><th>Se<sup>a</sup><br>(coef.)</th><th>p</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Death of an index child, DeathICI (Ref.:No)</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Yes</td><td>1.35</td><td>0.020</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>Death of a non-index child, DeathNICI (Ref.:No)</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Yes</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>4.38</td><td>0.050</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>Death of a non-index child before the interval, DeathNICBI (Ref.:No)</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Yes</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1.47</td><td>0.050</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Age</strong></td><td>0.98</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.847</td><td>0.97</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.635</td><td>0.98</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.781</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Age<sup>2</sup></strong></td><td>1.04</td><td>0.055</td><td>0.398</td><td>1.06</td><td>0.055</td><td>0.291</td><td>1.05</td><td>0.055</td><td>0.347</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Length of the previous birth interval</strong></td><td>0.99</td><td>&lt; 0.001</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td><td>0.99</td><td>&lt; 0.001</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td><td>0.99</td><td>&lt; 0.001</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Place of residence (Ref.:Rural)</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Urban</td><td>0.99</td><td>0.014</td><td>0.498</td><td>0.98</td><td>0.014</td><td>0.295</td><td>0.99</td><td>0.014</td><td>0.365</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Region (Ref.: Kinshasa)</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bandundu</td><td>1.12</td><td>0.033</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td><td>1.11</td><td>0.033</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td><td>1.11</td><td>0.033</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td></tr><tr><td>Bas-Congo</td><td>1.08</td><td>0.042</td><td>0.050°</td><td>1.08</td><td>0.042</td><td>0.047*</td><td>1.08</td><td>0.042</td><td>0.056°</td></tr><tr><td>Equateur</td><td>1.37</td><td>0.033</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td><td>1.37</td><td>0.033</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td><td>1.37</td><td>0.033</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td></tr><tr><td>Kasai Oriental</td><td>1.39</td><td>0.034</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td><td>1.39</td><td>0.033</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td><td>1.38</td><td>0.034</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td></tr><tr><td>Kasai Occidental</td><td>1.45</td><td>0.033</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td><td>1.44</td><td>0.032</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td><td>1.44</td><td>0.033</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td></tr><tr><td>Katanga</td><td>1.41</td><td>0.032</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td><td>1.41</td><td>0.032</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td><td>1.42</td><td>0.032</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td></tr><tr><td>Maniema</td><td>1.33</td><td>0.036</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td><td>1.32</td><td>0.036</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td><td>1.33</td><td>0.036</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td></tr><tr><td>Nord Kivu</td><td>1.51</td><td>0.038</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td><td>1.49</td><td>0.038</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td><td>1.51</td><td>0.038</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td></tr><tr><td>Province Orientale</td><td>1.26</td><td>0.037</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td><td>1.26</td><td>0.037</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td><td>1.26</td><td>0.037</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td></tr><tr><td>Sud Kivu</td><td>1.63</td><td>0.037</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td><td>1.62</td><td>0.037</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td><td>1.63</td><td>0.037</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Frailty variance θ, χ<sup>2</sup> and p-value<sup>b</sup></strong></td><td>0.06</td><td>65<sup>b</sup></td><td>&lt; 0.001**<sup>b</sup></td><td>0.06</td><td>56<sup>b</sup></td><td>&lt; 0.001**<sup>b</sup></td><td>0.06</td><td>62<sup>b</sup></td><td>&lt; 0.001**<sup>b</sup></td></tr><tr><td>Number of women</td><td></td><td>13,578</td><td></td><td></td><td>13,578</td><td></td><td></td><td>13,578</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Integrated log of partial likelihood (χ<sup>2</sup> value)</td><td></td><td>-243,968 (826)</td><td></td><td></td><td>-243,778 (1,205)</td><td></td><td></td><td>-243,945 (871)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Akaike Information Criterion (AIC)</td><td></td><td>792</td><td></td><td></td><td>1,172</td><td></td><td></td><td>837</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Note: The effect of parity does not appear in the list of variables because the model was stratified by parity. Statistical significance: **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05, °p < 0.10.

a standard error of coefficients

b χ²value and p-value from the likelihood ratio test.

c DeathICI: Death of an index child in the current interval, DeathNICI: death of a non-index child in the interval, DeathNICBI: death of a non-index child before the current interval (in all previous intervals)

<caption>**Table A18**</caption>

Cox frailty model (controlling for year dummies at the start of each birth interval) examining the effect of infant or child mortality and conflict exposure on birth transitions among married women in the DRC (all parities combined)

<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Variables</th><th colspan="3">Model 1 (effect of infant/child death)</th><th colspan="3">Model 2 (effect of conflict exposure)</th></tr><tr><th>HR</th><th>Se<sup>a</sup> (coef.)</th><th>p</th><th>HR</th><th>Se<sup>a</sup> (coef.)</th><th>p</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Death of an index child, DeathICI<sup>c</sup> (Ref.:No)</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Yes</td><td>1.32</td><td>0.028</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>Death of a non-index child, DeathNICI (Ref.:No)</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Yes</td><td>4.60</td><td>0.053</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>Death of a non-index child before the interval, DeathNICBI (Ref.:No)</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Yes</td><td>1.11</td><td>0.035</td><td>0.003 **</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>Conflict exposure (Ref.: No conflict event)</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Low</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>0.54</td><td>0.017</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td></tr><tr><td>Medium</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>0.39</td><td>0.019</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td></tr><tr><td>High</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>0.22</td><td>0.024</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Age</strong></td><td>1.05</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.416</td><td>0.99</td><td>0.057</td><td>0.872</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Age<sup>2</sup></strong></td><td>0.96</td><td>0.055</td><td>0.447</td><td>1.00</td><td>0.054</td><td>0.959</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Length of the previous birth interval</strong></td><td>0.90</td><td>0.063</td><td>0.078°</td><td>0.99</td><td>&lt; 0.001</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Multiple births (Ref.:No)</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Yes</td><td>0.90</td><td>0.063</td><td>0.078°</td><td>0.93</td><td>0.062</td><td>0.215</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Place of residence (Ref.:Rural)</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Urban</td><td>1.00</td><td>0.014</td><td>0.760</td><td>1.00</td><td>0.014</td><td>0.878</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Region (Ref.: Kinshasa)</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bandundu</td><td>1.05</td><td>0.033</td><td>0.133</td><td>0.68</td><td>0.033</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td></tr><tr><td>Bas-Congo</td><td>1.08</td><td>0.041</td><td>0.051°</td><td>1.01</td><td>0.040</td><td>0.82</td></tr><tr><td>Equateur</td><td>1.28</td><td>0.033</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td><td>1.29</td><td>0.032</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td></tr><tr><td>Kasai Oriental</td><td>1.28</td><td>0.033</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td><td>1.07</td><td>0.033</td><td>0.035*</td></tr><tr><td>Kasai Occidental</td><td>1.33</td><td>0.032</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td><td>1.28</td><td>0.031</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td></tr><tr><td>Katanga</td><td>1.30</td><td>0.032</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td><td>1.72</td><td>0.032</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td></tr><tr><td>Maniema</td><td>1.25</td><td>0.035</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td><td>1.21</td><td>0.035</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td></tr><tr><td>Nord Kivu</td><td>1.42</td><td>0.037</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td><td>2.84</td><td>0.040</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td></tr><tr><td>Province Orientale</td><td>1.19</td><td>0.037</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td><td>2.11</td><td>0.039</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td></tr></tbody></table>

(continued on next page)
<table><caption>Table A18 (continued)</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Variables</th><th colspan="3">Model 1 (effect of infant/child death)</th><th colspan="3">Model 2 (effect of conflict exposure)</th></tr><tr><th>HR</th><th>Se<sup>a</sup> (coef.)</th><th>p</th><th>HR</th><th>Se<sup>a</sup> (coef.)</th><th>p</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Sud Kivu</td><td>1.51</td><td>0.036</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td><td>2.85</td><td>0.038</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Year dummies (Ref.:1989)</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Year 1990</td><td>0.98</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.672</td><td>1.15</td><td>0.057</td><td>0.014 *</td></tr><tr><td>Year 1991</td><td>1.18</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.005 **</td><td>1.36</td><td>0.057</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td></tr><tr><td>Year 1992</td><td>1.05</td><td>0.055</td><td>0.392</td><td>1.42</td><td>0.055</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td></tr><tr><td>Year 1993</td><td>1.08</td><td>0.053</td><td>0.15</td><td>1.58</td><td>0.053</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td></tr><tr><td>Year 1994</td><td>1.14</td><td>0.053</td><td>0.016 *</td><td>1.81</td><td>0.053</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td></tr><tr><td>Year 1995</td><td>1.08</td><td>0.052</td><td>0.115</td><td>2.22</td><td>0.053</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td></tr><tr><td>Year 1996</td><td>1.11</td><td>0.051</td><td>0.049 *</td><td>2.61</td><td>0.053</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td></tr><tr><td>Year 1997</td><td>1.14</td><td>0.050</td><td>0.011 *</td><td>2.79</td><td>0.052</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td></tr><tr><td>Year 1998</td><td>1.22</td><td>0.050</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td><td>2.77</td><td>0.052</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td></tr><tr><td>Year 1999</td><td>1.30</td><td>0.050</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td><td>2.63</td><td>0.051</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td></tr><tr><td>Year 2000</td><td>1.13</td><td>0.049</td><td>0.011 *</td><td>2.15</td><td>0.049</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td></tr><tr><td>Year 2001</td><td>1.19</td><td>0.049</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td><td>1.95</td><td>0.049</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td></tr><tr><td>Year 2002</td><td>1.32</td><td>0.049</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td><td>1.93</td><td>0.049</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td></tr><tr><td>Year 2003</td><td>1.37</td><td>0.048</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td><td>1.95</td><td>0.048</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td></tr><tr><td>Year 2004</td><td>1.52</td><td>0.049</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td><td>2.46</td><td>0.049</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td></tr><tr><td>Year 2005</td><td>1.55</td><td>0.050</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td><td>2.84</td><td>0.050</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td></tr><tr><td>Year 2006</td><td>1.36</td><td>0.050</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td><td>2.53</td><td>0.051</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td></tr><tr><td>Year 2007</td><td>1.33</td><td>0.050</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td><td>2.16</td><td>0.051</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td></tr><tr><td>Year 2008</td><td>1.39</td><td>0.050</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td><td>1.67</td><td>0.050</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td></tr><tr><td>Year 2009</td><td>1.53</td><td>0.050</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td><td>2.07</td><td>0.050</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td></tr><tr><td>Year 2010</td><td>1.81</td><td>0.051</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td><td>2.88</td><td>0.051</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td></tr><tr><td>Year 2011</td><td>2.84</td><td>0.056</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td><td>4.91</td><td>0.057</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td></tr><tr><td>Year 2012</td><td>8.91</td><td>0.098</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td><td>11.92</td><td>0.098</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td></tr><tr><td>Year 2013</td><td>39.46</td><td>0.460</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td><td>41.48</td><td>0.458</td><td>&lt; 0.001 **</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Frailty variance θ, χ<sup>2</sup> and p-value<sup>b</sup></strong></td><td>0.04</td><td>634<sup>b</sup></td><td>&lt; 0.001<sup>**b</sup></td><td>0.02</td><td>12<sup>b</sup></td><td>&lt; 0.001<sup>**b</sup></td></tr><tr><td>Number of women</td><td></td><td>13,859</td><td></td><td></td><td>13,859</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Integrated log of partial likelihood and χ<sup>2</sup> value</td><td></td><td>-243,053 (2,654)</td><td></td><td></td><td>-241,367 (6,028)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Akaike Information Criterion (AIC)</td><td></td><td>2,568</td><td></td><td></td><td>5,942</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Statistical significance: **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05, °p < 0.10.

Note: The effect of parity does not appear in the list of variables because the model was stratified by parity,

a standard error of coefficients,

b χ² value and p-value from the likelihood ratio test.

c DeathICI: Death of an index child in the current interval, DeathNICBI: death of a non-index child before the current interval (in all previous intervals), DeathNICI: death of a non-index child in the interval

<caption>Table A19</caption>

Multinomial logistic regression analyzing the effect of conflict exposure within a 75 km buffer around DHS clusters during the 3-year window prior to the survey on women's desire for children

<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Characteristic</th><th colspan="3">Wants within 2 years, n = 2,851<br>(Ref.:Wants no more,<br>n = 3,142)</th><th colspan="3">Wants after 2 years,<br>n = 6,549<br>(Ref.:Wants no more,<br>n = 3,142)</th><th colspan="3">Undecided,<br>n = 560<br>(Ref.:Wants no more,<br>n = 3,142)</th></tr><tr><th>OR<sup>1</sup></th><th>95% CI<sup>1</sup></th><th>p-value</th><th>OR<sup>1</sup></th><th>95% CI<sup>1</sup></th><th>p-value</th><th>OR<sup>1</sup></th><th>95% CI<sup>1</sup></th><th>p-value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Log (conflict events-3 years before survey)</td><td>0.92</td><td>0.88-0.97</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>0.93</td><td>0.89-0.97</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>1</td><td>0.92-1.08</td><td>0.997</td></tr><tr><td>Age</td><td>1.55</td><td>1.46-1.65</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>1.39</td><td>1.30-1.48</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>1.23</td><td>1.12-1.36</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td></tr><tr><td>Age<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.99</td><td>0.99-0.99</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>0.99</td><td>0.99-0.99</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>1</td><td>1.0-1.00</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Residence</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rural</td><td>1</td><td>Ref.</td><td></td><td>1</td><td>Ref.</td><td></td><td>1</td><td>Ref.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Urban</td><td>0.5</td><td>0.47-0.53</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>0.56</td><td>0.52-0.60</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>0.72</td><td>0.71-0.74</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Highest education level</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Higher</td><td>1</td><td>Ref.</td><td></td><td>1</td><td>Ref.</td><td></td><td>1</td><td>Ref.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>No education</td><td>1.32</td><td>1.25-1.40</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>1.23</td><td>1.16-1.30</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>83.8</td><td>80.6-87.2</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td></tr><tr><td>Primary</td><td>1.17</td><td>1.10-1.24</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>1.13</td><td>1.07-1.20</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>62.3</td><td>59.8-64.9</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td></tr><tr><td>Secondary</td><td>1.07</td><td>1.01-1.12</td><td>0.014*</td><td>1.17</td><td>1.11-1.24</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>41.2</td><td>40.4-41.9</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Wealth index</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Poorest</td><td>1</td><td>Ref.</td><td></td><td>1</td><td>Ref.</td><td></td><td>1</td><td>Ref.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Poorer</td><td>0.97</td><td>0.92-1.03</td><td>0.382</td><td>0.9</td><td>0.84-0.96</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>0.92</td><td>0.91-0.93</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td></tr><tr><td>Middle</td><td>0.79</td><td>0.75-0.83</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>0.83</td><td>0.78-0.88</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>0.8</td><td>0.80-0.81</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td></tr><tr><td>Richer</td><td>0.7</td><td>0.67-0.74</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>0.68</td><td>0.65-0.72</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>0.77</td><td>0.77-0.78</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td></tr><tr><td>Richest</td><td>0.58</td><td>0.55-0.60</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>0.62</td><td>0.59-0.65</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>0.54</td><td>0.54-0.55</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Parity</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>Ref.</td><td></td><td>1</td><td>Ref.</td><td></td><td>1</td><td>Ref.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>0.33</td><td>0.32-0.35</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>0.63</td><td>0.60-0.67</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>0.71</td><td>0.70-0.71</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>0.11</td><td>0.11-0.12</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>0.35</td><td>0.33-0.37</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>0.61</td><td>0.61-0.61</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.05-0.06</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>0.25</td><td>0.24-0.27</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>0.37</td><td>0.36-0.37</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.03-0.03</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>0.2</td><td>0.19-0.21</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>0.34</td><td>0.34-0.35</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td></tr><tr><td>6 or more</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.01-0.01</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.13-0.15</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>0.26</td><td>0.25-0.26</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td></tr><tr><td>Age of the youngest child</td><td>1.04</td><td>1.04-1.04</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>0.95</td><td>0.95-0.95</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>1</td><td>1.00-1.00</td><td>0.223</td></tr></tbody></table>

(continued on next page)
<table><caption>Table A19 (continued)</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Characteristic</th><th colspan="3">Wants within 2 years, n = 2,851<br>(Ref.:Wants no more,<br>n = 3,142)</th><th colspan="3">Wants after 2 years,<br>n = 6,549<br>(Ref.:Wants no more,<br>n = 3,142)</th><th colspan="3">Undecided,<br>n = 560<br>(Ref.:Wants no more,<br>n = 3,142)</th></tr><tr><th>OR<sup>1</sup></th><th>95 % CI<sup>1</sup></th><th>p-value</th><th>OR<sup>1</sup></th><th>95 % CI<sup>1</sup></th><th>p-value</th><th>OR<sup>1</sup></th><th>95 % CI<sup>1</sup></th><th>p-value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Region</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Kinshasa</td><td>1</td><td>Ref.</td><td></td><td>1</td><td>Ref.</td><td></td><td>1</td><td>Ref.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bas-congo</td><td>0.37</td><td>0.37-0.37</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>0.47</td><td>0.46-0.47</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>0.67</td><td>0.67-0.67</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td></tr><tr><td>Bandundu</td><td>0.55</td><td>0.53-0.58</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>0.76</td><td>0.70-0.82</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>0.68</td><td>0.67-0.69</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td></tr><tr><td>Equateur</td><td>0.89</td><td>0.84-0.94</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>0.6</td><td>0.56-0.65</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>0.85</td><td>0.84-0.86</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td></tr><tr><td>Province orientale</td><td>0.91</td><td>0.89-0.93</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>0.61</td><td>0.60-0.63</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>0.74</td><td>0.74-0.74</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td></tr><tr><td>Nord-Kivu</td><td>1.01</td><td>1.01-1.02</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>0.99</td><td>0.99-1.00</td><td>0.119</td><td>0.34</td><td>0.34-0.34</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td></tr><tr><td>Maniema</td><td>1.81</td><td>1.69-1.94</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>1.05</td><td>0.98-1.13</td><td>0.199</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.30-0.31</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td></tr><tr><td>Sud-Kivu</td><td>2.19</td><td>2.16-2.21</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>1.35</td><td>1.33-1.36</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>0.43</td><td>0.43-0.43</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td></tr><tr><td>Katanga</td><td>1.99</td><td>1.89-2.11</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>1.31</td><td>1.23-1.40</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>0.62</td><td>0.61-0.62</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td></tr><tr><td>Kasaï oriental</td><td>3.26</td><td>3.24-3.28</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>2.41</td><td>2.40-2.43</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>1.28</td><td>1.28-1.28</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td></tr><tr><td>Kasaï occident</td><td>2.48</td><td>2.45-2.51</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>1.78</td><td>1.76-1.80</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>1.23</td><td>1.23-1.23</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td></tr></tbody></table>

¹OR = Odds Ratio-CI = Confidence Interval

Statistical significance: **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05, °p < 0.10.

Note: Standard errors were clustered on DHS clusters to account for the correlation between observations within clusters.

Source: Pooled data from the DRC DHS 2007 and 2013–2014

<caption>Table A20</caption>

Multinomial logistic regression analyzing the relationship between women's desire for children and the number of children lost during the 3-year window prior to the survey

<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Number of children who died in the three years prior to the survey</th><th colspan="3">Wants within 2 years, n = 2,851<br>(Ref.:Wants no more,<br>n = 3,142)</th><th colspan="3">Wants after 2 years,<br>n = 6,549<br>(Ref.:Wants no more,<br>n = 3,142)</th><th colspan="3">Undecided,<br>n = 560<br>(Ref.:Wants no more,<br>n = 3,142)</th></tr><tr><th>OR<sup>1</sup></th><th>95 % CI<sup>1</sup></th><th>p-value</th><th>OR<sup>1</sup></th><th>95 % CI<sup>1</sup></th><th>p-value</th><th>OR<sup>1</sup></th><th>95 % CI<sup>1</sup></th><th>p-value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>Ref.</td><td></td><td>1</td><td>Ref.</td><td></td><td>1</td><td>Ref.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>1.89</td><td>1.80-1.99</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>1.31</td><td>1.23-1.39</td><td>&lt; 0.001</td><td>1.33</td><td>1.32-1.33</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>2.91</td><td>2.71-3.12</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>1.58</td><td>1.46-1.71</td><td>&lt; 0.001</td><td>1.35</td><td>1.35-1.36</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td></tr><tr><td>3 or more</td><td>3.15</td><td>3.02-3.28</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>1.65</td><td>1.59-1.71</td><td>&lt; 0.001</td><td>1.45</td><td>1.45-1.46</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td></tr></tbody></table>

¹OR = Odds Ratio-CI = Confidence Interval

Statistical significance: **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05, °p < 0.10.

Note: This model controls for the same variables as in Table A19. Standard errors were clustered on DHS clusters to account for the correlation between observations within clusters.

Source: Pooled data from the DRC DHS 2007 and 2013–2014

<caption>Table A21</caption>

Multinomial logistic regression of the effect of the interaction between conflict exposure (within a 75 km buffer radius around DHS clusters) and the number of child deaths during the 3-year window prior to the survey on women's desire for children

<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Log (conflict events-3 years before survey) * Number of child deaths in the 3 years before the survey</th><th colspan="3">Wants within 2 years<br>(Ref.:Wants no more)</th><th colspan="3">Wants after 2 years<br>(Ref.:Wants no more)</th><th colspan="3">Undecided<br>(Ref.:Wants no more)</th></tr><tr><th>OR<sup>1</sup></th><th>95 % CI<sup>1</sup></th><th>p-value</th><th>OR<sup>1</sup></th><th>95 % CI<sup>1</sup></th><th>p-value</th><th>OR<sup>1</sup></th><th>95 % CI<sup>1</sup></th><th>p-value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Log conflict event* Child deaths (1)</td><td>0.98</td><td>0.91,<br>1.06</td><td>0.627</td><td>0.98</td><td>0.91,<br>1.06</td><td>0.622</td><td>0.98</td><td>0.94,<br>1.01</td><td>0.143</td></tr><tr><td>Log conflict event*Child deaths (2)</td><td>1.02</td><td>0.97,<br>1.07</td><td>0.383</td><td>0.99</td><td>0.93,<br>1.05</td><td>0.789</td><td>0.82</td><td>0.81,<br>0.82</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td></tr><tr><td>Log conflict event* Child deaths (3 or more)</td><td>1.11</td><td>1.04,<br>1.18</td><td>0.002**</td><td>1.12</td><td>1.05,<br>1.19</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td><td>1.08</td><td>1.06,<br>1.09</td><td>&lt; 0.001**</td></tr></tbody></table>

¹OR = Odds Ratio-CI = Confidence Interval

Note: This model controls for the same variables as in Table A19. Standard errors were clustered on DHS clusters to account for the correlation between observations within clusters.

Source: Pooled data from the DRC DHS 2007 and 2013–2014
<table><caption>**Table A22**
Data structure</caption><thead><tr><th>Caseid - DHS wave - Birth Order</th><th>Status</th><th>Tstart</th><th>Tstop</th><th>Duration /Months</th><th>Age</th><th>Conflicts/region in the interval</th><th>Deaths/region in the interval</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1 1 2 2013 2</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>27</td><td>27</td><td>18</td><td>1</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>1 1 2 2013 3</td><td>1</td><td>27</td><td>56</td><td>29</td><td>20</td><td>1</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>1 1 2 2007 2</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>48</td><td>48</td><td>30</td><td>13</td><td>281</td></tr><tr><td>1 1 2 2007 3</td><td>1</td><td>48</td><td>87</td><td>39</td><td>33</td><td>19</td><td>140</td></tr><tr><td>1 19 2 2007 2</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>16</td><td>16</td><td>25</td><td>1</td><td>13</td></tr><tr><td>1 19 2 2007 3</td><td>1</td><td>16</td><td>46</td><td>30</td><td>27</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>1 19 2 2007 4</td><td>1</td><td>46</td><td>84</td><td>38</td><td>29</td><td>16</td><td>542</td></tr><tr><td>1 19 2 2007 5</td><td>1</td><td>84</td><td>110</td><td>26</td><td>31</td><td>4</td><td>238</td></tr><tr><td>1 19 2 2007 6</td><td>1</td><td>110</td><td>131</td><td>21</td><td>34</td><td>2</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>1 19 2 2007 7</td><td>1</td><td>131</td><td>154</td><td>23</td><td>37</td><td>17</td><td>138</td></tr><tr><td>1 2 1 2013 2</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>38</td><td>38</td><td>20</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>1 2 1 2013 3</td><td>1</td><td>38</td><td>76</td><td>38</td><td>23</td><td>5</td><td>12</td></tr><tr><td>1 3 2 2013 2</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>35</td><td>35</td><td>19</td><td>1</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>1 3 2 2013 3</td><td>1</td><td>35</td><td>61</td><td>26</td><td>26</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>1 3 2 2013 4</td><td>1</td><td>61</td><td>87</td><td>26</td><td>28</td><td>40</td><td>2026</td></tr><tr><td>1 3 2 2013 5</td><td>1</td><td>87</td><td>113</td><td>26</td><td>28</td><td>40</td><td>2026</td></tr><tr><td>1 3 2 2013 6</td><td>1</td><td>113</td><td>134</td><td>21</td><td>30</td><td>24</td><td>1015</td></tr><tr><td>1 3 2 2013 7</td><td>1</td><td>134</td><td>218</td><td>84</td><td>32</td><td>18</td><td>2828</td></tr><tr><td>1 4 2 2013 2</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>34</td><td>34</td><td>17</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>1 4 2 2013 3</td><td>1</td><td>34</td><td>72</td><td>38</td><td>19</td><td>4</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>1 4 2 2013 4</td><td>1</td><td>72</td><td>97</td><td>25</td><td>22</td><td>1</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>1 4 5 13 2007 2</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>23</td><td>23</td><td>19</td><td>1</td><td>13</td></tr><tr><td>1 4 5 13 2007 3</td><td>1</td><td>23</td><td>65</td><td>42</td><td>22</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr></tbody></table>

Note: Each color represents one woman. Each line represents a birth interval
<figure><img src="image_32.png" /><figcaption>Fig. A1. Flow chart of inclusion and exclusion criteria for the study population</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_33.png" /><figcaption>Fig. A2. Trends in the boy/girl sex ratio at birth by year in the DRC according to the 2007 and 2013/2014 DHSs</figcaption></figure>

Source: DHS DRC 2007 and 2013/2014

<figure><img src="image_34.png" /><figcaption>Fig. A3. Number of children who died in the 19 years preceding the survey, by age at reported death (in completed months)</figcaption></figure>

Source: DHS DRC 2007 and 2013/2014
Availability of data and materials

DHS data is open access upon request. UCDP data are freely available online. The R scripts used in this study are available upon request.

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