nitrogen stocks—A meta-analysis. Front. For. Glob. Change 4. https://doi.org/
10.3389/ffgc.2021.0606669.

Reazin, C., Morris, S., Smith, J.E., Cowan, A.D., Jumpponen, A., 2016. Fires of differing intensities rapidly select distinct soil fungal communities in a Northwest US ponderosa pine forest ecosystem. For. Ecol. Manag. 377, 118–127. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.foreco.2016.07.002.

Restaino, J.C., Peterson, D.L., 2013. Wildfire and fuel treatment effects on forest carbon dynamics in the western United States. For. Ecol. Manag. 303, 46–60. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.foreco.2013.03.043.

Rigney, C., Wilson, D., Renou-Wilson, F., Müller, C., Moser, G., Byrne, K.A., 2018. Greenhouse gas emissions from two rewetted peatlands previously managed for forestry. Mires and Peat 21, 1–23. 10.19189/MaP.2017.0Bola.314.

Roberge, J.-M., Lämås, T., Lundmark, T., Ranius, T., Felton, A., Nordin, A., 2015. Relative contributions of set-ases and tree retention to the long-term availability of key forest biodiversity structures at the landscape scale. J. Environ. Manage. 154, 284–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.02.040.

Rosenberg, O., Persson, T., Högbom, L., Jacobson, S., 2010. Effects of wood-ash application on potential carbon and nitrogen mineralisation at two forest sites with different tree species, climate and N status. For. Ecol. Manag. 260, 511–518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.05.006.

Rovira, P., Romanyà, J., Duguy, B., 2012. Long-term effects of wildfires on the biochemical quality of soil organic matter: A study on Mediterranean shrublands. Geoderma 179–180, 9–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.goderma.2012.02.011.

Ruiz-Benito, P., Lines, E.R., Gómez-Aparicio, I., Zavala, M.A., Coomes, D.A., 2013. Patterns and Drivers of Tree Mortality in Iberian Forests: Climatic Effects Are Modified by Competition. PLOS ONE 8, e56843.

Ruiz-Peinado, R., Bravo-Oviedo, A., López-Senespleda, E., Montero, G., Río, M., 2013. Do thinnings influence biomass and soil carbon stocks in Mediterranean maritime pinewoods? Eur. J. For. Res. 132, 253–262. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-012-0672-z.

Ruiz-Peinado, R., Bravo-Oviedo, A., Montero, G., del Río, M., 2016. Carbon stocks in a Scots pine afforestation under different thinning intensities management. Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. Glob. Change 21, 1059–1072. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-014-9585-0.

Rutigliano, F.A., De Marco, A., D'Ascoli, R., Castaldi, S., Gentile, A., Virgo De Santo, A., 2007. Impact of fire on fungal abundance and microbial efficiency in C assimilation and mineralisation in a Mediterranean maquis soil. Biol. Fertil. Soils 44, 377–381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-007-0214-x.

Rütting, T., Björk, R.G., Meyer, A., Klemedtson, L., Sikström, U., 2014. Reduced global warming potential after wood ash application in drained Northern peatland forests. For. Ecol. Manag. 328, 159–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.05.033.

Saari, A., Smolander, A., Martikainen, P. J., 2004. Methane consumption in a frequently nitrogen-fertilized and limed spruce forest soil after clear-cutting. Soil Use Manag. 20, 65–73. 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00338.x.

Saarsalmi, A., Mälkönen, E., 2001. Forest Fertilization Research in Finland: A Literature Review. Scand. J. For. Res. 16, 514–535. https://doi.org/10.1080/
02827580152699358.

Saarsalmi, A., Smolander, A., Kukkola, M., Moilanen, M., Saramäki, J., 2012. 30-Year effects of wood ash and nitrogen fertilization on soil chemical properties, soil microbial processes and stand growth in a Scots pine stand. For. Ecol. Manag. 278, 63–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.05.006.

Saarsalmi, A., Smolander, A., Moilanen, M., Kukkola, M., 2014. Wood ash in boreal, low-productive pine stands on upland and peatland sites: Long-term effects on stand growth and soil properties. For. Ecol. Manag. 327, 86–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.foreco.2014.04.031.

Saetre, P., Brandtberg, P.-O., Lundkvist, H., Bengtsson, J., 1999. Soil organisms and carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus mineralisation in Norway spruce and mixed Norway spruce - Birch stands. Biol. Fertil. Soils 28, 382–388. https://doi.org/
10.1007/s00374005058.

Saksa, T., 2013. Regeneration after stump harvesting in southern Finland. For. Ecol. Manag. Environmental effects of tree-stump harvesting 290, 79–82. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.foreco.2012.08.014.

Santaniello, F., Djupström, L.B., Ranius, T., Weslien, J., Rudolphi, J., Sonesson, J., 2017. Simulated long-term effects of varying tree retention on wood production, dead wood and carbon stock changes. J. Environ. Manage. 201, 37–44. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.06.026.

Sartori, F., Markewitz, D., Borders, B.E., 2007. Soil carbon storage and nitrogen and phosphorous availability in loblolly pine plantations over 4 to16 years of herbicide and fertilizer treatments. Biogeochemistry 84, 13–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s10533-007-9072-8.

Scheu, S., Albers, D., Alphei, J., Buryn, R., Klages, U., Migge, S., Platner, C., Salamon, J.-A., 2003. The soil fauna community in pure and mixed stands of beech and spruce of different age: trophic structure and structuring forces. Oikos 101, 225–238. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12131.x.

Schulp, C.J.E., Nabuurs, G.-J., Verburg, P.H., de Waal, R.W., 2008. Effect of tree species on carbon stocks in forest floor and mineral soil and implications for soil carbon inventories. For. Ecol. Manag. Impacts of forest ecosystem management on greenhouse gas budgets 256, 482–490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
foreco.2008.05.007.

Shanin, V., Juutinen, A., Ahtikoski, A., Frolov, P., Chertov, O., Rämö, J., Lehtonen, A., Laiho, R., Mäkärantä, P., Nieminen, M., Laurén, A., Sarkkola, S., Penttilä, T., Tupek, B., Mäkipää, R., 2021. Simulation modelling of greenhouse gas balance in continuous-cover forestry of Norway spruce stands on nutrient-rich drained peatlands. For. Ecol. Manag. 496, 119479 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
foreco.2021.119479.

Shanin, V., Komarov, A., Mäkipää, R., 2014. Tree species composition affects productivity and carbon dynamics of different site types in boreal forests. Eur. J. For. Res. 133, 273–286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-013-0759-1.

Shanin, V., Valkonen, S., Grabarnik, P., Mäkipää, R., 2016. Using forest ecosystem simulation model EFIMOD in planning uneven-aged forest management. For. Ecol. Manag. 378, 193–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.07.041.

Sierra, C.A., Müller, M., Trumbore, S.E., 2012. Models of soil organic matter decomposition: the SoilR package, version 1.0. Geosci. Model Dev. 5, 1045–1060. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-1045-2012.

Sikström, U., Hjelm, K., Holt Hanssen, K., Saksa, T., Wallertz, K., 2020. Influence of mechanical site preparation on regeneration success of planted conifers in clearcuts in Fennoscandia - a review. Silva Fenn. 54. 10.14212/sf.10172.

Siljanen, H.M.P., Welti, N., Voigt, C., Heiskanen, J., Biasi, C., Martikainen, P.J., 2020. Atmospheric impact of nitrous oxide uptake by boreal forest soils can be comparable to that of methane uptake. Plant Soil 454, 121–138. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s11104-020-04638-6.

Singh, N., Abiven, S., Torn, M.S., Schmidt, M.W.I., 2012. Fire-derived organic carbon in soil turns over on a centennial scale. Biogeosciences 9, 2847–2857. https://doi.org/
10.5194/bg-9-2847-2012.

Sitaula, B.K., Bakken, L.R., Abrahamsen, G., 1995. N-fertilization and soil acidification effects on N₂O and CO₂ emission from temperate pine forest soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 27, 1401–1408. https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(95)00078-S.

Skovsgaard, J.P., Stupak, I., Vesterdal, L., 2006. Distribution of biomass and carbon in even-aged stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) A case study on spacing and thinning effects in northern Denmark. Scand. J. For. Res. 21, 470–488. https://doi.org/10.1080/02827580601056268.

Smith, J., Gottschalk, P., Bellarby, J., Chapman, S., Lilly, A., Towers, W., Bell, J., Coleman, K., Nayak, D., Richards, M., Hillier, J., Flynn, H., Wattenbach, M., Aitkenhead, M., Yeluripati, J., Farmer, J., Milne, R., Thomson, A., Evans, C., Whitmore, A., Falloon, P., Smith, P., 2010. Estimating changes in Scottish soil carbon stocks using ECOSS. I. Model description and uncertainties. Clim. Res. 45, 179–192. https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00899.

Smolander, A., Heiskanen, J., 2007. Soil N and C transformations in two forest clear-cuts during three years after mounding and inverting. Can. J. Soil Sci. 87, 251–258. https://doi.org/10.4141/S06-028.

Smolander, A., Kitunen, V., 2021. Soil organic matter properties and C and N cycling processes: Interactions in mixed-species stands of silver birch and conifers. Appl. Soil Ecol. 160, 103841 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2020.103841.

Smolander, A., Kitunen, V., Priha, O., Mälkönen, E., 1995. Nitrogen transformation in limed and nitrogen fertilized soil in Norway spruce stands. Plant Soil 172, 107–115. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00020864.

Smolander, A., Kurka, A., Kitunen, V., Mälkönen, E., 1994. Microbial biomass C and N, and respiratory activity in soil of repeatedly limed and N-and P-fertilized Norway spruce stands. Soil Biol. Biochem. 26, 957–962. https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717
(94)90109-0.

Smolander, A., Paavolainen, L., Mälkönen, E., 2000. C and N transformations in forest soil after mounding for regeneration. For. Ecol. Manag. 134, 17–28. https://doi.org/
10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00242-X.

Snjadr, J., Dobićšová, P., Urbanová, M., Petránková, M., Cajtham, T., Frouz, J., Baldrian, P., 2013. Dominant trees affect microbial community composition and activity in post-mining afforested soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. Special Issue: Interactions of Soil Minerals with Organic Components and Microorganisms VII and Enzymes in the Environment IV 56, 105–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.05.004.

Sohn, J.A., Hartig, F., Kohler, M., Huss, J., Bauhus, J., 2016. Heavy and frequent thinning promotes drought adaptation in Pinus sylvestris forests. Ecol. Appl. 26, 2190–2205. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.1373.

Speratti, A.B., Romanyà, J., Garcia-Pausas, J., Johnson, M.S., 2018. Determining the Stability of Sugarcane Filtercake Biochar in Soils with Contrasting Levels of Organic Matter. Agriculture 8, 71. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture8060071.

Sterkenburg, E., Clemmensen, K.E., Lindahl, B.D., Dahlberg, A., 2019. The significance of retention trees for survival of ectomycorrhizal fungi in clear-cut Scots pine forests. J. Appl. Ecol. 56, 1367–1378. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13363.

Straková, P., Penttilä, T., Laine, J., Laiho, R., 2012. Disentangling direct and indirect effects of water table drawdown on above- and belowground plant litter decomposition: consequences for accumulation of organic matter in boreal peatlands. Glob. Change Biol. 18, 322–335. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02503-x.

Strömgren, M., Hedwall, P.-O., Olsson, B.A., 2016. Effects of stump harvest and site preparation on N₂O and CH₄ emissions from forest soil soils after clear-cutting. For. Ecol. Manag., Stump harvesting - impact on climate and environment 371, 15-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.03.019.

Strömgren, M., Mjöfors, K., 2012. Soil-CO₂ flux after patch scarification, harrowing and stump harvest in a hemi-boreal forest. Scand. J. For. Res. 27, 754–761. https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2012.723741.

Strömgren, M., Mjöfors, K., Holmström, B., Grelle, A., 2012. Soil CO₂ flux during the first years after stump harvesting in two Swedish forests. Silva Fenn. 46. 10.14212/sf.66.

Strömgren, M., Mjöfors, K., Olsson, B.A., 2017. Soil-surface CO₂ flux during the first 2 years after stump harvesting and site preparation in 14 Swedish forests. Scand. J. For. Res. 32, 213–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2016.1221993.

Strong, T.F., 1997. Harvesting Intensity Influences the Carbon Distribution in a Northern Hardwood Ecosystem. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station.

Strukelj, M., Brais, S., Paré, D., 2015. Nine-year changes in carbon dynamics following different intensities of harvesting in boreal aspen stands. Eur. J. For. Res. 134, 737–754. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-015-0880-4.
nitrogen stocks—A meta-analysis. Front. For. Glob. Change 4. https://doi.org/
10.3389/ffgc.2021.0606669.

Reazin, C., Morris, S., Smith, J.E., Cowan, A.D., Jumpponen, A., 2016. Fires of differing intensities rapidly select distinct soil fungal communities in a Northwest US ponderosa pine forest ecosystem. For. Ecol. Manag. 377, 118–127. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.foreco.2016.07.002.

Restaino, J.C., Peterson, D.L., 2013. Wildfire and fuel treatment effects on forest carbon dynamics in the western United States. For. Ecol. Manag. 303, 46–60. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.foreco.2013.03.043.

Rigney, C., Wilson, D., Renou-Wilson, F., Müller, C., Moser, G., Byrne, K.A., 2018. Greenhouse gas emissions from two rewetted peatlands previously managed for forestry. Mires and Peat 21, 1–23. 10.19189/MaP.2017.0Bola.314.

Roberge, J.-M., Lämås, T., Lundmark, T., Ranius, T., Felton, A., Nordin, A., 2015. Relative contributions of set-ases and tree retention to the long-term availability of key forest biodiversity structures at the landscape scale. J. Environ. Manage. 154, 284–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.02.040.

Rosenberg, O., Persson, T., Högbom, L., Jacobson, S., 2010. Effects of wood-ash application on potential carbon and nitrogen mineralisation at two forest sites with different tree species, climate and N status. For. Ecol. Manag. 260, 511–518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.05.006.

Rovira, P., Romanyà, J., Duguy, B., 2012. Long-term effects of wildfires on the biochemical quality of soil organic matter: A study on Mediterranean shrublands. Geoderma 179–180, 9–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.02.011.

Ruiz-Benito, P., Línes, E.R., Gómez-Aparicio, L., Zavala, M.A., Coomes, D.A., 2013. Patterns and Drivers of Tree Mortality in Iberian Forests: Climatic Effects Are Modified by Competition. PLOS ONE 8, e56843.

Ruiz-Peinado, R., Bravo-Oviedo, A., López-Senespleda, E., Montero, G., Río, M., 2013. Do thinnings influence biomass and soil carbon stocks in Mediterranean maritime pinewoods? Eur. J. For. Res. 132, 253–262. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-012-0672-z.

Ruiz-Peinado, R., Bravo-Oviedo, A., Montero, G., del Río, M., 2016. Carbon stocks in a Scots pine afforestation under different thinning intensities management. Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. Glob. Change 21, 1059–1072. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-014-9585-0.

Rutigliano, F.A., De Marco, A., D'Ascoli, R., Castaldi, S., Gentile, A., Virgo De Santo, A., 2007. Impact of fire on fungal abundance and microbial efficiency in C assimilation and mineralisation in a Mediterranean maquis soil. Biol. Fertil. Soils 44, 377–381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-007-0214-x.

Rütting, T., Björk, R.G., Meyer, A., Klemedtson, L., Sikström, U., 2014. Reduced global warming potential after wood ash application in drained Northern peatland forests. For. Ecol. Manag. 328, 159–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.05.033.

Saari, A., Smolander, A., Martikainen, P. J., 2004. Methane consumption in a frequently nitrogen-fertilized and limed spruce forest soil after clear-cutting. Soil Use Manag. 20, 65–73. 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00338.x.

Saarsalmi, A., Mälkönen, E., 2001. Forest Fertilization Research in Finland: A Literature Review. Scand. J. For. Res. 16, 514–535. https://doi.org/10.1080/
02827580152699358.

Saarsalmi, A., Smolander, A., Kukkola, M., Moilanen, M., Saramäki, J., 2012. 30-Year effects of wood ash and nitrogen fertilization on soil chemical properties, soil microbial processes and stand growth in a Scots pine stand. For. Ecol. Manag. 278, 63–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.05.006.

Saarsalmi, A., Smolander, A., Moilanen, M., Kukkola, M., 2014. Wood ash in boreal, low-productive pine stands on upland and peatland sites: Long-term effects on stand growth and soil properties. For. Ecol. Manag. 327, 86–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.foreco.2014.04.031.

Saetre, P., Brandtberg, P.-O., Lundkvist, H., Bengtsson, J., 1999. Soil organisms and carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus mineralisation in Norway spruce and mixed Norway spruce - Birch stands. Biol. Fertil. Soils 28, 382–388. https://doi.org/
10.1007/s00374005058.

Saksa, T., 2013. Regeneration after stump harvesting in southern Finland. For. Ecol. Manag. Environmental effects of tree-stump harvesting 290, 79–82. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.foreco.2012.08.014.

Santaniello, F., Djupström, L.B., Ranius, T., Weslien, J., Rudolphi, J., Sonesson, J., 2017. Simulated long-term effects of varying tree retention on wood production, dead wood and carbon stock changes. J. Environ. Manage. 201, 37–44. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.06.026.

Sartori, F., Markewitz, D., Borders, B.E., 2007. Soil carbon storage and nitrogen and phosphorous availability in loblolly pine plantations over 4 to16 years of herbicide and fertilizer treatments. Biogeochemistry 84, 13–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s10533-007-9072-8.

Scheu, S., Albers, D., Alphei, J., Buryn, R., Klages, U., Migge, S., Platner, C., Salamon, J.-A., 2003. The soil fauna community in pure and mixed stands of beech and spruce of different age: trophic structure and structuring forces. Oikos 101, 225–238. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12131.x.

Schulp, C.J.E., Nabuurs, G.-J., Verburg, P.H., de Waal, R.W., 2008. Effect of tree species on carbon stocks in forest floor and mineral soil and implications for soil carbon inventories. For. Ecol. Manag. Impacts of forest ecosystem management on greenhouse gas budgets 256, 482–490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
foreco.2008.05.007.

Shanin, V., Juutinen, A., Ahtikoski, A., Frolov, P., Chertov, O., Rämö, J., Lehtonen, A., Laiho, R., Mäkiranta, P., Nieminen, M., Laurén, A., Sarkkola, S., Penttilä, T., Tupek, B., Mäkipää, R., 2021. Simulation modelling of greenhouse gas balance in continuous-cover forestry of Norway spruce stands on nutrient-rich drained peatlands. For. Ecol. Manag. 496, 119479 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
foreco.2021.119479.

Shanin, V., Komarov, A., Mäkipää, R., 2014. Tree species composition affects productivity and carbon dynamics of different site types in boreal forests. Eur. J. For. Res. 133, 273–286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-013-0759-1.

Shanin, V., Valkonen, S., Grabarnik, P., Mäkipää, R., 2016. Using forest ecosystem simulation model EFIMOD in planning uneven-aged forest management. For. Ecol. Manag. 378, 193–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.07.041.

Sierra, C.A., Müller, M., Trumbore, S.E., 2012. Models of soil organic matter decomposition: the SoilR package, version 1.0. Geosci. Model Dev. 5, 1045–1060. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-1045-2012.

Sikström, U., Hjelm, K., Holt Hanssen, K., Saksa, T., Wallertz, K., 2020. Influence of mechanical site preparation on regeneration success of planted conifers in clearcuts in Fennoscandia - a review. Silva Fenn. 54. 10.14212/sf.10172.

Siljanen, H.M.P., Welti, N., Voigt, C., Heiskanen, J., Biasi, C., Martikainen, P.J., 2020. Atmospheric impact of nitrous oxide uptake by boreal forest soils can be comparable to that of methane uptake. Plant Soil 454, 121–138. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s11104-020-04638-6.

Singh, N., Abiven, S., Torn, M.S., Schmidt, M.W.I., 2012. Fire-derived organic carbon in soil turns over on a centennial scale. Biogeosciences 9, 2847–2857. https://doi.org/
10.5194/bg-9-2847-2012.

Sitaula, B.K., Bakken, L.R., Abrahamsen, G., 1995. N-fertilization and soil acidification effects on N₂O and CO₂ emission from temperate pine forest soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 27, 1401–1408. https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(95)00078-S.

Skovsgaard, J.P., Stupak, I., Vesterdal, L., 2006. Distribution of biomass and carbon in even-aged stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) A case study on spacing and thinning effects in northern Denmark. Scand. J. For. Res. 21, 470–488. https://doi.org/10.1080/02827580601056268.

Smith, J., Gottschalk, P., Bellarby, J., Chapman, S., Lilly, A., Towers, W., Bell, J., Coleman, K., Nayak, D., Richards, M., Hillier, J., Flynn, H., Wattenbach, M., Aitkenhead, M., Yeluripati, J., Farmer, J., Milne, R., Thomson, A., Evans, C., Whitmore, A., Falloon, P., Smith, P., 2010. Estimating changes in Scottish soil carbon stocks using ECOSS. I. Model description and uncertainties. Clim. Res. 45, 179–192. https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00899.

Smolander, A., Heiskanen, J., 2007. Soil N and C transformations in two forest clear-cuts during three years after mounding and inverting. Can. J. Soil Sci. 87, 251–258. https://doi.org/10.4141/S06-028.

Smolander, A., Kitunen, V., 2021. Soil organic matter properties and C and N cycling processes: Interactions in mixed-species stands of silver birch and conifers. Appl. Soil Ecol. 160, 103841 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2020.103841.

Smolander, A., Kitunen, V., Priha, O., Mälkönen, E., 1995. Nitrogen transformation in limed and nitrogen fertilized soil in Norway spruce stands. Plant Soil 172, 107–115. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00020864.

Smolander, A., Kurka, A., Kitunen, V., Mälkönen, E., 1994. Microbial biomass C and N, and respiratory activity in soil of repeatedly limed and N-and P-fertilized Norway spruce stands. Soil Biol. Biochem. 26, 957–962. https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717
(94)90109-0.

Smolander, A., Paavolainen, L., Mälkönen, E., 2000. C and N transformations in forest soil after mounding for regeneration. For. Ecol. Manag. 134, 17–28. https://doi.org/
10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00242-X.

Snjadr, J., Dobićšová, P., Urbanová, M., Petránková, M., Cajthán, T., Frouz, J., Baldrian, P., 2013. Dominant trees affect microbial community composition and activity in post-mining afforested soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. Special Issue: Interactions of Soil Minerals with Organic Components and Microorganisms VII and Enzymes in the Environment IV 56, 105–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.05.004.

Sohn, J.A., Hartig, F., Kohler, M., Huss, J., Bauhus, J., 2016. Heavy and frequent thinning promotes drought adaptation in Pinus sylvestris forests. Ecol. Appl. 26, 2190–2205. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.1373.

Speratti, A.B., Romanyà, J., Garcia-Pausas, J., Johnson, M.S., 2018. Determining the Stability of Sugarcane Filtercake Biochar in Soils with Contrasting Levels of Organic Matter. Agriculture 8, 71. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture8060071.

Sterkenburg, E., Clemmensen, K.E., Lindahl, B.D., Dahlberg, A., 2019. The significance of retention trees for survival of ectomycorrhizal fungi in clear-cut Scots pine forests. J. Appl. Ecol. 56, 1367–1378. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13363.

Straková, P., Penttilä, T., Laine, J., Laiho, R., 2012. Disentangling direct and indirect effects of water table drawdown on above- and belowground plant litter decomposition: consequences for accumulation of organic matter in boreal peatlands. Glob. Change Biol. 18, 322–335. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02503-x.

Strömgren, M., Hedwall, P.-O., Olsson, B.A., 2016. Effects of stump harvest and site preparation on N₂O and CH₄ emissions from forest soil soils after clear-cutting. For. Ecol. Manag., Stump harvesting - impact on climate and environment 371, 15-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.03.019.

Strömgren, M., Mjöfors, K., 2012. Soil-CO₂ flux after patch scarification, harrowing and stump harvest in a hemi-boreal forest. Scand. J. For. Res. 27, 754–761. https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2012.723741.

Strömgren, M., Mjöfors, K., Holmström, B., Grelle, A., 2012. Soil CO₂ flux during the first years after stump harvesting in two Swedish forests. Silva Fenn. 46. 10.14212/sf.66.

Strömgren, M., Mjöfors, K., Olsson, B.A., 2017. Soil-surface CO₂ flux during the first 2 years after stump harvesting and site preparation in 14 Swedish forests. Scand. J. For. Res. 32, 213–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2016.1221993.

Strong, T.F., 1997. Harvesting Intensity Influences the Carbon Distribution in a Northern Hardwood Ecosystem. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station.

Strukelj, M., Brais, S., Paré, D., 2015. Nine-year changes in carbon dynamics following different intensities of harvesting in boreal aspen stands. Eur. J. For. Res. 134, 737–754. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-015-0880-4.
Sun, O.J., Campbell, J., Law, B.E., Wolf, V., 2004. Dynamics of carbon stocks in soils and detritus across chronosequences of different forest types in the Pacific Northwest, USA. Glob. Change Biol. 10, 1470–1481. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00829.x.

Suomen viirinvalto tilasto 2022. Metsähoito- ja metsänparannystöyt.
Luonnonvarakeskus. https://www.stat.fi/en/statistics/mhppt.

Szmidt, R.A., Ferguson, J., 2004. Co-utilization of rock dust, mineral fines and compost. Act. Compost Ltd, SEPA Scotl, p. P4.

Tamminen, P., Ilvesniemi, H., 2012. Maaperän hiili ja typpi luonnontilaisissa ja taloimestissä.

Tang, J., Bolstad, P.V., Martin, J.G., 2009. Soil carbon fluxes and stocks in a Great Lakes forest chronosequence. Glob. Change Biol. 15, 145–155. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01741.x.

Tapio-Biström, M.-L., Joosten, H., Tol, S., Mitigation of Climate Change in Agriculture Programme, Wetlands International (Eds.), 2012. Peatlands: guidance for climate change mitigation through conservation, rehabilitation and sustainable use, 2nd ed. Mitigation of climate change in agriculture series. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations : Wetlands International, Rome.

Taudière, A., Richard, F., Carcaillet, C., 2017. Review on fire effects on ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, an unachieved work for a scalding topic. For. Ecol. Manag. 391, 446–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.02.043.

Tedersoo, L., Bahram, M., Cajthaml, T., Pölme, S., Hiiesalu, I., Anslan, S., Harend, H., Buegger, F., Pritsch, K., Koricheva, J., Abarenkov, K., 2016. Tree diversity and species identity effects on soil fungi, protists and animals are context dependent. ISME J. 10, 346–362. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2015.116.

Thiffault, E., Hannam, K.D., Paré, D., Titus, B.D., Hazlett, P.W., Maynard, D.G., Brais, S., 2011. Effects of forest biomass harvesting on soil productivity in boreal and temperate forests — A review. Environ. Rev. 19, 278–309. https://doi.org/10.1139/a11009.

Thuille, A., Schulze, E.-D., 2006. Carbon dynamics in successional and afforested spruce stands in Thuringia and the Alps. Glob. Change Biol. 12, 325–342. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01078.x.

Tomao, A., Antonio Bonet, J., Castaño, C., de-Miguel, S., 2020. How does forest management affect fungal diversity and community composition? Current knowledge and future perspectives for the conservation of forest fungi. For. Ecol. Manag. 457, 117678. 10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117678.

Treseder, K.K., 2008. Nitrogen additions and microbial biomass: a meta-analysis of ecosystem studies. Ecol. Lett. 11, 1111–1120. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01230.x.

Treseder, K.K., 2004. A meta-analysis of mycorrhizal responses to nitrogen, phosphorus, and atmospheric CO₂ in field studies. New Phytol. 164, 347–355. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01159.x.

Tuomi, M., Rasinmäki, J., Repa, A., Vanhala, P., Liski, J., 2011. Soil carbon model Yasso07 graphical user interface. Environ. Model. Softw. 26, 1358–1362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2011.05.009.

Tupek, B., Ortiz, C.A., Hashimoto, S., Stendahl, J., Dahlgren, J., Karltun, E., Lehtonen, A., 2016. Underestimation of boreal soil carbon stocks by mathematical soil carbon models linked to soil nutrient status. Biogeosciences 13, 4439–4459. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4439-2016.

Urbanová, M., Snájdr, J., Baldrian, P., 2015. Composition of fungal and bacterial communities in forest litter and soil is largely determined by dominant trees. Soil Biol. Biochem. 84, 53–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.02.011.

Urbanová, Z., Bárta, J., 2020. Recovery of methanogenic community and its activity in long-term drained peatlands after rewetting. Ecol. Eng. 150, 105852 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2020.105852.

Urbanová, Z., Picek, T., Hájek, T., Bufková, I., Tuittila, E.-S., 2012. Vegetation and carbon gas dynamics under a changed hydrological regime in central European peatlands. Plant Ecol. Divers. 5, 89–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2012.688069.

Vassilev, S.V., Baxter, D., Andersen, L.K., Vassileva, C.G., 2013. An overview of the composition and application of biomass ash. Part 1. Phase-mineral and chemical composition and classification. Fuel 105, 40–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.09.041.

Vesterdal, L., Clarke, N., Sigurdsson, B.D., Gundersen, P., 2013. Do tree species influence soil carbon stocks in temperate and boreal forests? For. Ecol. Manag. Influence of tree species on forest soils: New evidence from field studies 309, 4–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.01.017.

Vesterdal, L., Dalsgaard, M., Felby, C., Raulund-Rasmussen, K., Jørgensen, B.B., 1995. Effects of thinning and soil properties on accumulation of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in the forest floor of Norway spruce stands. For. Ecol. Manag. 77, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(95)03579-Y.

Vilä-Vilardell, L., De Cáceres, M., Piqué, M., Casals, P., 2022. Prescribed fire after thinning increase resistance of sub-Mediterranean pine forests to dorught events and wildfires. Forest Ecology and Management. in press.

Virkkula, A., Levula, J., Pohja, T., Aalto, P.P., Keronen, P., Schobesberger, S., Clements, C.B., Pirjola, L., Kieloaho, A.-J., Kulmala, L., Aaltonen, H., Patokoski, J.,

Pumpanen, J., Rinne, J., Ruuskanen, T., Pihlatie, M., Manninen, H.E., Aaltonen, V., Junninen, H., Petäjä, T., Backman, J., Dal Maso, M., Nieminen, T., Olsson, T., Grönholm, T., Aalto, J., Virtanen, T.H., Kajos, M., Kerminen, V.-M., Schultz, D.M., Kukkonen, J., Sofiev, M., De Leeuw, G., Bäck, J., Hari, P., Kulmala, M., 2014. Prescribed burning of logging slash in the boreal forest of Finland: emissions and effects on meteorological quantities and soil properties. Atmospheric Chem. Phys. 14, 4473–4502. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4473-2014.

Walkiewicz, A., Rafalska, A., Bulak, P., Bieganowski, A., Osborne, B., 2021. How Can Litter Modify the Fluxes of CO2 and CH4 from Forest Soils? A Mini-Review. Forests 12, 1276. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12091276.

Walmsley, J.D., Godbold, D.L., 2010. Stump Harvesting for Bioenergy – A Review of the Environmental Impacts. For. Int. J. For. Res. 83, 17–38. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpp028.

Wan, X., Xiao, L., Vadeboncoeur, M.A., Johnson, C.E., Huang, Z., 2018. Response of mineral soil carbon storage to harvest residue retention depends on soil texture: A meta-analysis. For. Ecol. Manag. 408, 9–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.10.028.

Wang, Q., Zhong, M., Wang, S., 2012. A meta-analysis on the response of microbial biomass, dissolved organic matter, respiration, and N mineralization in mineral soil to fire in forest ecosystems. For. Ecol. Manag. 271, 91–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.02.006.

Wittenberg, L., Pereira, P., 2021. Fire and soils: Measurements, modelling, management and challenges. Sci. Total Environ. 776, 145964 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145964.

Worrall, F., Armstrong, A., Holden, J., 2007. Short-term impact of peat drain-blocking on water colour, dissolved organic carbon concentration, and water table depth. J. Hydrol. 337, 315–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.01.046.

Wu, X., Brüggemann, N., Gasche, R., Papen, H., Willibald, G., Butterbach-Bahl, K., 2011. Long-term effects of clear-cutting and selective cutting on soil methane fluxes in a temperate spruce forest in southern Germany. Environ. Pollut. Nitrogen Deposition, Critical Loads and Biodiversity 159, 2467–2475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.06.025.

Wu, X., Vuichard, N., Ciais, P., Viovy, N., de Noblet-Ducoudré, N., Wang, X., Magliulo, V., Wattenbach, M., Vitale, L., Di Tommasi, P., Moors, E.J., Jans, W., Elbers, J., Cheschia, E., Tallec, T., Bernhofer, C., Grünwald, T., Moureaux, C., Manise, T., Ligne, A., Cellier, P., Loubet, B., Larmanou, E., Ripoche, D., 2016. ORCHIDEE-CROP (v0), a new process-based agro-land surface model: model description and evaluation over Europe. Geosci. Model Dev. 9, 857–873. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-857-2016.

Wu, Y., Blodau, C., 2013. PEATBOG: a biogeochemical model for analyzing coupled carbon and nitrogen dynamics in northern peatlands. Geosci. Model Dev. 6, 1173–1207. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-1173-2013.

Wutzler, T., Mund, M., 2007. Modelling mean above and below ground litter production based on yield tables. Silva Fenn. 41. 10.14214/sf.289.

Wutzler, T., Reichstein, M., 2007. Soils apart from equilibrium - consequences for soil carbon balance modelling. Biogeosciences 4, 125–136. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-125-2007.

Xia, N., Du, E., Wu, X., Tang, Y., Wang, Y., de Vries, W., 2020. Effects of nitrogen addition on soil methane uptake in global forest biomes. Environ. Pollut. 264, 114751 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114751.

Yang, L., Niu, S., Tian, D., Zhang, C., Liu, W., Yu, Z., Yan, T., Yang, W., Zhao, X., Wang, J., 2022. A global synthesis reveals increases in soil greenhouse gas emissions under forest thinning. Sci. Total Environ. 804, 150225 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150225.

Zavisić, A., Yang, N., Marhan, S., Kandeler, E., Polle, A., 2018. Forest Soil Phosphorus Resources and Fertilization Affect Ectomycorrhizal Community Composition, Beech P Uptake Efficiency, and Photosynthesis. Front. Plant Sci. 9 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00463.

Zerva, A., Mencuccini, M., 2005. Short-term effects of clearfelling on soil CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O fluxes in a Sitka spruce plantation. Soil Biol. Biochem. 37, 2025–2036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.03.004.

Zhang, X., Guan, D., Li, W., Sun, D., Jin, C., Yuan, F., Wang, A., Wu, J., 2018. The effects of forest thinning on soil carbon stocks and dynamics: A meta-analysis. For. Ecol. Manag. 429, 36–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.06.027.

Zhao, B., Cao, J., Geng, Y., Zhao, X., von Gadow, K., 2019. Inconsistent responses of soil respiration and its components to thinning intensity in a Pinus tabuliformis plantation in northern China. Agric. For. Meteorol. 265, 370–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.11.034.

Zhou, D., Zhao, S.Q., Liu, S., Oeding, J., 2013. A meta-analysis on the impacts of partial cutting on forest structure and carbon storage. Biogeosciences 10, 3691–3703. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3691-2013.

Zhou, W., Guan, K., Peng, B., Tang, J., Jin, Z., Jiang, C., Grant, R., Mezbahuddin, S., 2021. Quantifying carbon budget, crop yields and their responses to environmental variability using the ecosys model for U.S. Midwestern agroecosystems. Agric. For. Meteorol. 307, 108521 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108521.
Sun, O.J., Campbell, J., Law, B.E., Wolf, V., 2004. Dynamics of carbon stocks in soils and detritus across chronosequences of different forest types in the Pacific Northwest, USA. Glob. Change Biol. 10, 1470–1481. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00829.x.

Suomen viirinvalto tilasto 2022. Metsänhoito- ja metsänparannystöyt.
Luonnonvarakeskus. https://www.stat.fi/en/statistics/mhppt.

Szmidt, R.A., Ferguson, J., 2004. Co-utilization of rock dust, mineral fines and compost. Act. Compost Ltd, SEPA Scotl, p. P4.

Tamminen, P., Ilvesniemi, H., 2012. Maaperän hiili ja typpi luonnontilaisissa ja taloimestissä.

Tang, J., Bolstad, P.V., Martin, J.G., 2009. Soil carbon fluxes and stocks in a Great Lakes forest chronosequence. Glob. Change Biol. 15, 145–155. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01741.x.

Tapio-Biström, M.-L., Joosten, H., Tol, S., Mitigation of Climate Change in Agriculture Programme, Wetlands International (Eds.), 2012. Peatlands: guidance for climate change mitigation through conservation, rehabilitation and sustainable use, 2nd ed. Mitigation of climate change in agriculture series. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations : Wetlands International, Rome.

Taudière, A., Richard, F., Carcaillet, C., 2017. Review on fire effects on ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, an unachieved work for a scalding topic. For. Ecol. Manag. 391, 446–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.02.043.

Tedersoo, L., Bahram, M., Cajthaml, T., Põlme, S., Hiiesalu, I., Anslan, S., Harend, H., Buegger, F., Pritsch, K., Koricheva, J., Abarenkov, K., 2016. Tree diversity and species identity effects on soil fungi, protists and animals are context dependent. ISME J. 10, 346–362. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2015.116.

Thiffault, E., Hannam, K.D., Paré, D., Titus, B.D., Hazlett, P.W., Maynard, D.G., Brais, S., 2011. Effects of forest biomass harvesting on soil productivity in boreal and temperate forests — A review. Environ. Rev. 19, 278–309. https://doi.org/10.1139/a11009.

Thuille, A., Schulze, E.-D., 2006. Carbon dynamics in successional and afforested spruce stands in Thuringia and the Alps. Glob. Change Biol. 12, 325–342. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01078.x.

Tomao, A., Antonio Bonet, J., Castaño, C., de-Miguel, S., 2020. How does forest management affect fungal diversity and community composition? Current knowledge and future perspectives for the conservation of forest fungi. For. Ecol. Manag. 457, 117678. 10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117678.

Treseder, K.K., 2008. Nitrogen additions and microbial biomass: a meta-analysis of ecosystem studies. Ecol. Lett. 11, 1111–1120. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01230.x.

Treseder, K.K., 2004. A meta-analysis of mycorrhizal responses to nitrogen, phosphorus, and atmospheric CO₂ in field studies. New Phytol. 164, 347–355. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01159.x.

Tuomi, M., Rasinmäki, J., Repo, A., Vanhala, P., Liski, J., 2011. Soil carbon model Yasso07 graphical user interface. Environ. Model. Softw. 26, 1358–1362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2011.05.009.

Tupek, B., Ortiz, C.A., Hashimoto, S., Stendahl, J., Dahlgren, J., Karltun, E., Lehtonen, A., 2016. Underestimation of boreal soil carbon stocks by mathematical soil carbon models linked to soil nutrient status. Biogeosciences 13, 4439–4459. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4439-2016.

Urbanová, M., Snájdr, J., Baldrian, P., 2015. Composition of fungal and bacterial communities in forest litter and soil is largely determined by dominant trees. Soil Biol. Biochem. 84, 53–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.02.011.

Urbanová, Z., Bárta, J., 2020. Recovery of methanogenic community and its activity in long-term drained peatlands after rewetting. Ecol. Eng. 150, 105852 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2020.105852.

Urbanová, Z., Picek, T., Hájek, T., Bufková, I., Tuittila, E.-S., 2012. Vegetation and carbon gas dynamics under a changed hydrological regime in central European peatlands. Plant Ecol. Divers. 5, 89–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2012.688069.

Vassilev, S.V., Baxter, D., Andersen, L.K., Vassileva, C.G., 2013. An overview of the composition and application of biomass ash. Part 1. Phase-mineral and chemical composition and classification. Fuel 105, 40–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.09.041.

Vesterdal, L., Clarke, N., Sigurdsson, B.D., Gundersen, P., 2013. Do tree species influence soil carbon stocks in temperate and boreal forests? For. Ecol. Manag. Influence of tree species on forest soils: New evidence from field studies 309, 4–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.01.017.

Vesterdal, L., Dalsgaard, M., Felby, C., Raulund-Rasmussen, K., Jørgensen, B.B., 1995. Effects of thinning and soil properties on accumulation of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in the forest floor of Norway spruce stands. For. Ecol. Manag. 77, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(95)03579-Y.

Vilä-Vilardell, L., De Cáceres, M., Piqué, M., Casals, P., 2022. Prescribed fire after thinning increase resistance of sub-Mediterranean pine forests to drought events and wildfires. Forest Ecology and Management. in press.

Virkkula, A., Levula, J., Pohja, T., Aalto, P.P., Keronen, P., Schobesberger, S., Clements, C.B., Pirjola, L., Kieloaho, A.-J., Kulmala, L., Aaltonen, H., Patokoski, J.,

Pumpanen, J., Rinne, J., Ruuskanen, T., Pihlatie, M., Manninen, H.E., Aaltonen, V., Junninen, H., Petäjä, T., Backman, J., Dal Maso, M., Nieminen, T., Olsson, T., Grönholm, T., Aalto, J., Virtanen, T.H., Kajos, M., Kerminen, V.-M., Schultz, D.M., Kukkonen, J., Sofiev, M., De Leeuw, G., Bäck, J., Hari, P., Kulmala, M., 2014. Prescribed burning of logging slash in the boreal forest of Finland: emissions and effects on meteorological quantities and soil properties. Atmospheric Chem. Phys. 14, 4473–4502. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4473-2014.

Walkiewicz, A., Rafalska, A., Bulak, P., Bieganowski, A., Osborne, B., 2021. How Can Litter Modify the Fluxes of CO2 and CH4 from Forest Soils? A Mini-Review. Forests 12, 1276. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12091276.

Walmsley, J.D., Godbold, D.L., 2010. Stump Harvesting for Bioenergy – A Review of the Environmental Impacts. For. Int. J. For. Res. 83, 17–38. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpp028.

Wan, X., Xiao, L., Vadeboncoeur, M.A., Johnson, C.E., Huang, Z., 2018. Response of mineral soil carbon storage to harvest residue retention depends on soil texture: A meta-analysis. For. Ecol. Manag. 408, 9–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.10.028.

Wang, Q., Zhong, M., Wang, S., 2012. A meta-analysis on the response of microbial biomass, dissolved organic matter, respiration, and N mineralization in mineral soil to fire in forest ecosystems. For. Ecol. Manag. 271, 91–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.02.006.

Wittenberg, L., Pereira, P., 2021. Fire and soils: Measurements, modelling, management and challenges. Sci. Total Environ. 776, 145964 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145964.

Worrall, F., Armstrong, A., Holden, J., 2007. Short-term impact of peat drain-blocking on water colour, dissolved organic carbon concentration, and water table depth. J. Hydrol. 337, 315–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.01.046.

Wu, X., Brüggemann, N., Gasche, R., Papen, H., Willibald, G., Butterbach-Bahl, K., 2011. Long-term effects of clear-cutting and selective cutting on soil methane fluxes in a temperate spruce forest in southern Germany. Environ. Pollut. Nitrogen Deposition, Critical Loads and Biodiversity 159, 2467–2475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.06.025.

Wu, X., Vuichard, N., Ciais, P., Viovy, N., de Noblet-Ducoudré, N., Wang, X., Magliulo, V., Wattenbach, M., Vitale, L., Di Tommasi, P., Moors, E.J., Jans, W., Elbers, J., Cheschia, E., Tallec, T., Bernhofer, C., Grünwald, T., Moureaux, C., Manise, T., Ligne, A., Cellier, P., Loubet, B., Larmanou, E., Ripoche, D., 2016. CHOREIDEE-CROP (v0), a new process-based agro-land surface model: model description and evaluation over Europe. Geosci. Model Dev. 9, 857–873. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-857-2016.

Wu, Y., Blodau, C., 2013. PEATBOG: a biogeochemical model for analyzing coupled carbon and nitrogen dynamics in northern peatlands. Geosci. Model Dev. 6, 1173–1207. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-1173-2013.

Wutzler, T., Mund, M., 2007. Modelling mean above and below ground litter production based on yield tables. Silva Fenn. 41. 10.14214/sf.289.

Wutzler, T., Reichstein, M., 2007. Soils apart from equilibrium - consequences for soil carbon balance modelling. Biogeosciences 4, 125–136. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-125-2007.

Xia, N., Du, E., Wu, X., Tang, Y., Wang, Y., de Vries, W., 2020. Effects of nitrogen addition on soil methane uptake in global forest biomes. Environ. Pollut. 264, 114751 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114751.

Yang, L., Niu, S., Tian, D., Zhang, C., Liu, W., Yu, Z., Yan, T., Yang, W., Zhao, X., Wang, J., 2022. A global synthesis reveals increases in soil greenhouse gas emissions under forest thinning. Sci. Total Environ. 804, 150225 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150225.

Zavisić, A., Yang, N., Marhan, S., Kandeler, E., Polle, A., 2018. Forest Soil Phosphorus Resources and Fertilization Affect Ectomycorrhizal Community Composition, Beech P Uptake Efficiency, and Photosynthesis. Front. Plant Sci. 9 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00463.

Zerva, A., Mencuccini, M., 2005. Short-term effects of clearfelling on soil CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O fluxes in a Sitka spruce plantation. Soil Biol. Biochem. 37, 2025–2036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.03.004.

Zhang, X., Guan, D., Li, W., Sun, D., Jin, C., Yuan, F., Wang, A., Wu, J., 2018. The effects of forest thinning on soil carbon stocks and dynamics: A meta-analysis. For. Ecol. Manag. 429, 36–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.06.027.

Zhao, B., Cao, J., Geng, Y., Zhao, X., von Gadow, K., 2019. Inconsistent responses of soil respiration and its components to thinning intensity in a Pinus tabuliformis plantation in northern China. Agric. For. Meteorol. 265, 370–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.11.034.

Zhou, D., Zhao, S.Q., Liu, S., Oeding, J., 2013. A meta-analysis on the impacts of partial cutting on forest structure and carbon storage. Biogeosciences 10, 3691–3703. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3691-2013.

Zhou, W., Guan, K., Peng, B., Tang, J., Jin, Z., Jiang, C., Grant, R., Mezbahuddin, S., 2021. Quantifying carbon budget, crop yields and their responses to environmental variability using the ecosys model for U.S. Midwestern agroecosystems. Agric. For. Meteorol. 307, 108521 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108521.