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139. Rao, V.S.; Ivey-Miranda, J.B.; Cox, Z.L.; Moreno-Villagomez, J.; Testani, J.M. Association of Urine Galectin-3 with Cardiorenal Outcomes in Patients with Heart Failure. *J. Card. Fail.* **2023**, *30*, 340–346. [CrossRef]

140. Ozyildirim, S.; Dogan, O.; Barman, H.A.; Tanyolaç, S.; Atıcı, A.; Enar, R.; Doğan, S.M. Galectin-3 as a Biomarker to Predict Cardiorenal Syndrome in Patients with Acute Heart Failure. *Acta Cardiol. Sin.* **2023**, *39*, 862–870.

141. Martínez-Martínez, E.; Brugnolaro, C.; Ibarrola, J.; Ravassa, S.; Buonafine, M.; López, B.; Fernández-Celis, A.; Querejeta, R.; Santamaria, E.; Fernández-Irigoyen, J.; et al. CT-1 (Cardiotrophin-1)-Gal-3 (Galectin-3) Axis in Cardiac Fibrosis and Inflammation. *Hypertens Dallas Tex 1979* **2019**, *73*, 602–611. [CrossRef]

142. Hogas, S.; Bilha, S.C.; Branisteanu, D.; Hogas, M.; Gaipov, A.; Kanbay, M.; Covic, A. Potential novel biomarkers of cardiovascular dysfunction and disease: Cardiotrophin-1, adipokines and galectin-3. *Arch. Med. Sci. AMS* **2017**, *13*, 897–913. [CrossRef]

143. López-Andrés, N.; Rousseau, A.; Akhtar, R.; Calvier, L.; Iñigo, C.; Labat, C.; Zhao, X.; Cruickshank, K.; Díez, J.; Zannad, F.; et al. Cardiotrophin 1 is involved in cardiac, vascular, and renal fibrosis and dysfunction. *Hypertens Dallas Tex 1979* **2012**, *60*, 563–573. [CrossRef]

144. Madsen, K. Renoprotective effects of cardiotrophin-1 in a mouse model of chronic kidney disease. *Acta Physiol. Oxf. Engl.* **2019**, *226*, e13274. [CrossRef]

145. Perretta-Tejedor, N.; Muñoz-Félix, J.M.; Düwel, A.; Quiros-Luis, Y.; Fernández-Martín, J.L.; Morales, A.I.; López-Hernández, F.J.; Lopez-Novoa, J.M.; Martínez-Salgado, C. Cardiotrophin-1 opposes renal fibrosis in mice: Potential prevention of chronic kidney disease. *Acta Physiol. Oxf. Engl.* **2019**, *226*, e13247. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

146. Morita, H.; Nakae, S.; Saito, H.; Matsumoto, K. IL-33 in clinical practice: Size matters? *J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.* **2017**, *140*, 381–383. [CrossRef]

147. Lefrançais, E.; Roga, S.; Gautier, V.; Gonzalez-de-Peredo, A.; Monsarrat, B.; Girard, J.P.; Cayrol, C. IL-33 is processed into mature bioactive forms by neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G. *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA* **2012**, *109*, 1673–1678. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

148. Chen, W.Y.; Yang, J.L.; Wu, Y.H.; Li, L.C.; Li, R.F.; Chang, Y.T.; Dai, L.-H.; Wang, W.-C.; Chang, Y.-J. IL-33/ST2 axis mediates hyperplasia of intrarenal urothelium in obstructive renal injury. *Exp. Mol. Med.* **2018**, *50*, 1–11. [CrossRef]

149. Ferhat, M.; Robin, A.; Giraud, S.; Sena, S.; Goujon, J.M.; Touchard, G.; Hauet, T.; Girard, J.-P.; Gombert, J.-M.; Herbelin, A.; et al. Endogenous IL-33 Contributes to Kidney Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury as an Alarmin. *J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.* **JASN** **2018**, *29*, 1272–1288. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

150. Akcay, A.; Nguyen, Q.; He, Z.; Turkmen, K.; Won Lee, D.; Hernando, A.A.; Altmann, C.; Toker, A.; Pacic, A.; Ljubanovic, D.G.; et al. IL-33 exacerbates acute kidney injury. *J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.* **JASN** **2011**, *22*, 2057–2067. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

151. Sanada, S.; Hakuno, D.; Higgins, L.J.; Schreiter, E.R.; McKenzie, A.N.J.; Lee, R.T. IL-33 and ST2 comprise a critical biomechanically induced and cardioprotective signaling system. *J. Clin. Investig.* **2007**, *117*, 1538–1549. [CrossRef]

152. Chen, W.Y.; Hong, J.; Gannon, J.; Kakkar, R.; Lee, R.T. Myocardial pressure overload induces systemic inflammation through endothelial cell IL-33. *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA* **2015**, *112*, 7249–7254. [CrossRef]

153. Ghali, R.; Habeichi, N.J.; Kaplan, A.; Tannous, C.; Abidi, E.; Bekdash, A.; Lee, R.T. IL-33 induces type-2-cytokine phenotype but exacerbates cardiac remodeling post-myocardial infarction with eosinophil recruitment, worsened systolic dysfunction, and ventricular wall rupture. *Clin. Sci. Lond. Engl.* **1979** **2020**, *134*, 1191–1218. [CrossRef]

154. Florens, N.; Kasam, R.K.; Rudman-Melnick, V.; Lin, S.C.; Prasad, V.; Molkentin, J.D. Interleukin-33 Mediates Cardiomyopathy after Acute Kidney Injury by Signaling to Cardiomyocytes. *Circulation* **2023**, *147*, 746–758. [CrossRef]

155. Bartunek, J.; Delrue, L.; Van Durme, F.; Muller, O.; Casselman, F.; De Wiest, B.; Croes, R.; Verstreken, S.; Goethals, M.; de Raedt, H.; et al. Nonmyocardial production of ST2 protein in human hypertrophy and failure is related to diastolic load. *J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.* **2008**, *52*, 2166–2174. [CrossRef]

156. Weir, R.A.P.; Miller, A.M.; Murphy, G.E.J.; Clements, S.; Steedman, T.; Connell, J.M.C.; McInnes, I.B.; Dargie, H.J.; Mcmurray, J.J. Serum soluble ST2: A potential novel mediator in left ventricular and infarct remodeling after acute myocardial infarction. *J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.* **2010**, *55*, 243–250. [CrossRef]

157. Ghali, R.; Altara, R.; Louch, W.E.; Cataliotti, A.; Mallat, Z.; Kaplan, A.; Zouein, F.A.; Booz, G.W. IL-33 (Interleukin 33)/sST2 Axis in Hypertension and Heart Failure. *Hypertens Dallas Tex 1979* **2018**, *72*, 818–828. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

158. Coronado, M.J.; Bruno, K.A.; Blauwet, L.A.; Tschöpe, C.; Cunningham, M.W.; Pankuweit, S.; van Linthout, S.; Jeon, E.-S.; McNamara, D.M.; Krejčí, J.; et al. Elevated Sera sST2 Is Associated with Heart Failure in Men ≤ 50 Years Old with Myocarditis. *J. Am. Heart Assoc.* **2019**, *8*, e008968. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

159. Wang, J.; He, M.; Li, H.; Chen, Y.; Nie, X.; Cai, Y.; Xie, R.; Li, L.; Chen, P.; Sun, Y.; et al. Soluble ST2 Is a Sensitive and Specific Biomarker for Fulminant Myocarditis. *J. Am. Heart Assoc.* **2022**, *11*, e024417. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

160. Martínez-Martínez, E.; Miana, M.; Jurado-López, R.; Rousseau, E.; Rossignol, P.; Zannad, F.; Cachofeiro, V.; López-Andrés, N. A role for soluble ST2 in vascular remodeling associated with obesity in rats. *PLoS ONE* **2013**, *8*, e79176. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

161. Te Riet, L.; van Esch, J.H.M.; Roks, A.J.M.; van den Meiracker, A.H.; Danser, A.H.J. Hypertension: Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system alterations. *Circ. Res.* **2015**, *116*, 960–975. [CrossRef]

162. Lambers Heerspink, H.J.; de Borst, M.H.; Bakker, S.J.L.; Navis, G.J. Improving the efficacy of RAAS blockade in patients with chronic kidney disease. *Nat. Rev. Nephrol.* **2013**, *9*, 112–121. [CrossRef]
138. Bayes-Genis, A.; de Antonio, M.; Vila, J.; Peñafiel, J.; Galán, A.; Barallat, J.; Zamora, E.; Urrutia, A.; Lupón, J. Head-to-head comparison of 2 myocardial fibrosis biomarkers for long-term heart failure risk stratification: ST2 versus galectin-3. *J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.* **2014**, *63*, 158–166. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

139. Rao, V.S.; Ivey-Miranda, J.B.; Cox, Z.L.; Moreno-Villagomez, J.; Testani, J.M. Association of Urine Galectin-3 with Cardiorenal Outcomes in Patients with Heart Failure. *J. Card. Fail.* **2023**, *30*, 340–346. [CrossRef]

140. Ozyildirim, S.; Dogan, O.; Barman, H.A.; Tanyolaç, S.; Atıcı, A.; Enar, R.; Doğan, S.M. Galectin-3 as a Biomarker to Predict Cardiorenal Syndrome in Patients with Acute Heart Failure. *Acta Cardiol. Sin.* **2023**, *39*, 862–870.

141. Martínez-Martínez, E.; Brugnolaro, C.; Ibarrola, J.; Ravassa, S.; Buonafine, M.; López, B.; Fernández-Celis, A.; Querejeta, R.; Santamaria, E.; Fernández-Irigoyen, J.; et al. CT-1 (Cardiotrophin-1)-Gal-3 (Galectin-3) Axis in Cardiac Fibrosis and Inflammation. *Hypertens Dallas Tex 1979* **2019**, *73*, 602–611. [CrossRef]

142. Hogas, S.; Bilha, S.C.; Branisteanu, D.; Hogas, M.; Gaipov, A.; Kanbay, M.; Covic, A. Potential novel biomarkers of cardiovascular dysfunction and disease: Cardiotrophin-1, adipokines and galectin-3. *Arch. Med. Sci. AMS* **2017**, *13*, 897–913. [CrossRef]

143. López-Andrés, N.; Rousseau, A.; Akhtar, R.; Calvier, L.; Iñigo, C.; Labat, C.; Zhao, X.; Cruickshank, K.; Díez, J.; Zannad, F.; et al. Cardiotrophin 1 is involved in cardiac, vascular, and renal fibrosis and dysfunction. *Hypertens Dallas Tex 1979* **2012**, *60*, 563–573. [CrossRef]

144. Madsen, K. Renoprotective effects of cardiotrophin-1 in a mouse model of chronic kidney disease. *Acta Physiol. Oxf. Engl.* **2019**, *226*, e13274. [CrossRef]

145. Perretta-Tejedor, N.; Muñoz-Félix, J.M.; Düwel, A.; Quiros-Luis, Y.; Fernández-Martín, J.L.; Morales, A.I.; López-Hernández, F.J.; Lopez-Novoa, J.M.; Martínez-Salgado, C. Cardiotrophin-1 opposes renal fibrosis in mice: Potential prevention of chronic kidney disease. *Acta Physiol. Oxf. Engl.* **2019**, *226*, e13247. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

146. Morita, H.; Nakae, S.; Saito, H.; Matsumoto, K. IL-33 in clinical practice: Size matters? *J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.* **2017**, *140*, 381–383. [CrossRef]

147. Lefrançais, E.; Roga, S.; Gautier, V.; Gonzalez-de-Peredo, A.; Monsarrat, B.; Girard, J.P.; Cayrol, C. IL-33 is processed into mature bioactive forms by neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G. *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA* **2012**, *109*, 1673–1678. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

148. Chen, W.Y.; Yang, J.L.; Wu, Y.H.; Li, L.C.; Li, R.F.; Chang, Y.T.; Dai, L.-H.; Wang, W.-C.; Chang, Y.-J. IL-33/ST2 axis mediates hyperplasia of intrarenal urothelium in obstructive renal injury. *Exp. Mol. Med.* **2018**, *50*, 1–11. [CrossRef]

149. Ferhat, M.; Robin, A.; Giraud, S.; Sena, S.; Goujon, J.M.; Touchard, G.; Hauet, T.; Girard, J.-P.; Gombert, J.-M.; Herbelin, A.; et al. Endogenous IL-33 Contributes to Kidney Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury as an Alarmin. *J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.* **JASN** **2018**, *29*, 1272–1288. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

150. Akcay, A.; Nguyen, Q.; He, Z.; Turkmen, K.; Won Lee, D.; Hernando, A.A.; Altmann, C.; Toker, A.; Pacic, A.; Ljubanovic, D.G.; et al. IL-33 exacerbates acute kidney injury. *J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.* **JASN** **2011**, *22*, 2057–2067. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

151. Sanada, S.; Hakuno, D.; Higgins, L.J.; Schreiter, E.R.; McKenzie, A.N.J.; Lee, R.T. IL-33 and ST2 comprise a critical biomechanically induced and cardioprotective signaling system. *J. Clin. Investig.* **2007**, *117*, 1538–1549. [CrossRef]

152. Chen, W.Y.; Hong, J.; Gannon, J.; Kakkar, R.; Lee, R.T. Myocardial pressure overload induces systemic inflammation through endothelial cell IL-33. *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA* **2015**, *112*, 7249–7254. [CrossRef]

153. Ghali, R.; Habeichi, N.J.; Kaplan, A.; Tannous, C.; Abidi, E.; Bekdash, A.; Lee, R.T. IL-33 induces type-2-cytokine phenotype but exacerbates cardiac remodeling post-myocardial infarction with eosinophil recruitment, worsened systolic dysfunction, and ventricular wall rupture. *Clin. Sci. Lond. Engl.* **1979** **2020**, *134*, 1191–1218. [CrossRef]

154. Florens, N.; Kasam, R.K.; Rudman-Melnick, V.; Lin, S.C.; Prasad, V.; Molkentin, J.D. Interleukin-33 Mediates Cardiomyopathy after Acute Kidney Injury by Signaling to Cardiomyocytes. *Circulation* **2023**, *147*, 746–758. [CrossRef]

155. Bartunek, J.; Delrue, L.; Van Durme, F.; Muller, O.; Casselman, F.; De Wiest, B.; Croes, R.; Verstreken, S.; Goethals, M.; de Raedt, H.; et al. Nonmyocardial production of ST2 protein in human hypertrophy and failure is related to diastolic load. *J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.* **2008**, *52*, 2166–2174. [CrossRef]

156. Weir, R.A.P.; Miller, A.M.; Murphy, G.E.J.; Clements, S.; Steedman, T.; Connell, J.M.C.; McInnes, I.B.; Dargie, H.J.; Mcmurray, J.J. Serum soluble ST2: A potential novel mediator in left ventricular and infarct remodeling after acute myocardial infarction. *J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.* **2010**, *55*, 243–250. [CrossRef]

157. Ghali, R.; Altara, R.; Louch, W.E.; Cataliotti, A.; Mallat, Z.; Kaplan, A.; Zouein, F.A.; Booz, G.W. IL-33 (Interleukin 33)/sST2 Axis in Hypertension and Heart Failure. *Hypertens Dallas Tex 1979* **2018**, *72*, 818–828. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

158. Coronado, M.J.; Bruno, K.A.; Blauwet, L.A.; Tschöpe, C.; Cunningham, M.W.; Pankuweit, S.; van Linthout, S.; Jeon, E.-S.; McNamara, D.M.; Krejčí, J.; et al. Elevated Sera sST2 Is Associated with Heart Failure in Men ≤ 50 Years Old with Myocarditis. *J. Am. Heart Assoc.* **2019**, *8*, e008968. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

159. Wang, J.; He, M.; Li, H.; Chen, Y.; Nie, X.; Cai, Y.; Xie, R.; Li, L.; Chen, P.; Sun, Y.; et al. Soluble ST2 Is a Sensitive and Specific Biomarker for Fulminant Myocarditis. *J. Am. Heart Assoc.* **2022**, *11*, e024417. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

160. Martínez-Martínez, E.; Miana, M.; Jurado-López, R.; Rousseau, E.; Rossignol, P.; Zannad, F.; Cachofeiro, V.; López-Andrés, N. A role for soluble ST2 in vascular remodeling associated with obesity in rats. *PLoS ONE* **2013**, *8*, e79176. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

161. Te Riet, L.; van Esch, J.H.M.; Roks, A.J.M.; van den Meiracker, A.H.; Danser, A.H.J. Hypertension: Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system alterations. *Circ. Res.* **2015**, *116*, 960–975. [CrossRef]

162. Lambers Heerspink, H.J.; de Borst, M.H.; Bakker, S.J.L.; Navis, G.J. Improving the efficacy of RAAS blockade in patients with chronic kidney disease. *Nat. Rev. Nephrol.* **2013**, *9*, 112–121. [CrossRef]
163. Koszegi, S.; Molnar, A.; Lenart, L.; Hodrea, J.; Balogh, D.B.; Lakat, T.; Szkibinszkij, E.; Hosszu, A.; Sparding, N.; Genovese, F.; et al. RAAS inhibitors directly reduce diabetes-induced renal fibrosis via growth factor inhibition. *J. Physiol. 2019*, *597*, 193–209. [CrossRef]

164. Okamoto, K.; Fujii, H.; Watanabe, K.; Goto, S.; Kono, K.; Nishi, S. Changes of FGF23 and the Renin-Angiotensin-System in Male Mouse Models of Chronic Kidney Disease and Cardiac Hypertrophy. *J. Endocr. Soc.* **2022**, *6*, bvab187. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

165. Desai, A.S.; Webb, D.J.; Taubel, J.; Casey, S.; Cheng, Y.; Robbie, G.J.; Foster, D.; Huang, S.A.; Rhyee, S.; Sweetser, M.T.; et al. Zilebesiran, an RNA Interference Therapeutic Agent for Hypertension. *N. Engl. J. Med.* **2023**, *389*, 228–238. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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170. Voors, A.A.; Damman, K.; Teerlink, J.R.; Angermann, C.E.; Collins, S.P.; Kosiborod, M.; Biegus, J.; Ferreira, J.P.; Nassif, M.E.; Psotka, M.A.; et al. Renal effects of empagliflozin in patients hospitalized for acute heart failure: From the EMPULSE trial. *Eur. J. Heart Fail.* **2022**, *24*, 1844–1852. [CrossRef]

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164. Okamoto, K.; Fujii, H.; Watanabe, K.; Goto, S.; Kono, K.; Nishi, S. Changes of FGF23 and the Renin-Angiotensin-System in Male Mouse Models of Chronic Kidney Disease and Cardiac Hypertrophy. *J. Endocr. Soc.* **2022**, *6*, bvab187. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

165. Desai, A.S.; Webb, D.J.; Taubel, J.; Casey, S.; Cheng, Y.; Robbie, G.J.; Foster, D.; Huang, S.A.; Rhyee, S.; Sweetser, M.T.; et al. Zilebesiran, an RNA Interference Therapeutic Agent for Hypertension. *N. Engl. J. Med.* **2023**, *389*, 228–238. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

166. Chang, D.; Xu, T.T.; Zhang, S.J.; Cai, Y.; Min, S.D.; Zhao, Z.; Lu, C.-Q.; Wang, Y.-C.; Ju, S. Telmisartan ameliorates cardiac fibrosis and diastolic function in cardiorenal heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. *Exp. Biol. Med. Maywood NJ* **2021**, *246*, 2511–2521. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

167. Tibi, S.; Zeynalvand, G.; Mohsin, H. Role of the Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System in the Pathogenesis of Sepsis-Induced Acute Kidney Injury: A Systematic Review. *J. Clin. Med.* **2023**, *12*, 4566. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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**Disclaimer/Publisher's Note:** The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.
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[PubMed]

**Disclaimer/Publisher's Note:** The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.