# C

## Hardware configuration

We encountered a few challenges while configuring the Raspberry Pi (RPi) nodes. We highlight them to make you aware so that you can adopt a suitable solution.

- The boot time of the Raspberry Pi 3 (RPi3) and Raspberry Pi 4 (RPi4) differs due to variations in their hardware. The RPi3 can take several minutes to boot on some occasions, while the RPi4 typically boots successfully within a few seconds. However, there may be minor variations in boot time among different RPi4 nodes, even when powered up simultaneously.

Removing the memory card from an RPi node, particularly for the purpose of altering any files on it, can lead to an extended boot time during the subsequent startup. This is an important consideration to bear in mind when conducting experiments to study completeness, as the capture must commence simultaneously on all sniffers.

- When executing *python* code or a utility such as *tcpdump* in the terminal, it is not necessary to enter the complete path for the tool. However, when configuring a command or script to run on boot using crontab, it is advisable to include the complete path for the tool, script, or Python itself. Similarly, when running a tool such as *tcpdump* within a script, it is recommended to include the path within the script as well.
- As previously mentioned, it is essential to utilize full paths. Additionally, it is imperative to verify the path, as it may change following an update, especially when utilizing the Raspberry Pi operating system (OS). We encountered an issue when a script was unable to locate tcpdump after an OS update. We discovered that the path of tcpdump had changed from `/usr/sbin/tcpdump` to `/usr/bin/tcpdump`. The update from Debian Buster to Debian Bullseye for the RPi OS equally created difficulties.

- The RPi utilizes a traditional interface naming convention, in which interfaces are labeled as eth0, eth1, wlano, waxn1, and so on. The interface for an RPi's internal Wi-Fi card is consistently labeled as wlano. However, an issue can arise when using an external Wi-Fi adapter, as it should logically be named waxn1. However, during the RPi's boot process, it labels the interfaces in the order in which it detects them. Due to this reason, the interface names wlano and waxn1 may occasionally be reversed. If a script is configured for traffic capture using `wlan1`, it may fail if the interface names are reversed, as the internal Wi-Fi card of an RPi cannot be set to monitor mode.
One potential solution is to allow the RPi to boot completely before plugging in the Wi-Fi adapter. Alternatively, one could enable the predictable naming option on the RPi. In this case, the interface name will initiate with `wlx` and end with the adapter's MAC address [125, 126]. However, predictable naming necessitates the consistent usage of the same Wi-Fi adapter, and some sort of identification will be required in the case of multiple co-located RPi sniffers.

- It is essential to verify that the Wi-Fi adapter is functioning correctly before conducting experiments. Not all Wi-Fi adapters are plug-and-play, and some may require additional or external drivers to operate. The Alfa AWUS 051NH adapter is plug-and-play and does not require any additional drivers to function properly. However, version 3 of the TP-Link WN722N Wi-Fi dongle is not plug-and-play. Installing separate
drivers is necessary, and even then, capturing traffic in monitor mode
can cause difficulties.

- Like any other system that runs on an operating system, the RPi must be shut down correctly. In experiments where the RPi does not have a screen attached, it is crucial to include the shutdown command at the end of the script. Directly unplugging the RPi while the operating system is still running can damage the memory card, which could lead to it becoming read-only permanently.

- If you intend to use an external battery to power your RPi, it is essential to ensure that it has sufficient power to make the antenna work. For instance, a battery with a 12,000 mAh capacity and an output of 5 Volts and 1 Ampere is adequate to power the RPi node itself, but not enough to provide power to the USB ports to run the Wi-Fi adapter. However, a battery with a 20,000 mAh capacity and an output of 5 Volts and 3.1 Amperes can handle the RPi4 sniffer very well.

Additionally, it is important to check if a single battery can simulta-
neously power multiple RPis or not. For example, a battery with a
26,800 mAh capacity and an output of 5 Volts, and a total of 5.5 Am-
peres across three USB ports (or 2.4 Amperes individual) can power up
to three RPi4 sniffers simultaneously.
D

List of my publications

JOURNAL ARTICLES

**M. I. Syed**, A. Fladenmuller, and M. Dias de Amorim. “Unity is strength: Improving Wi-Fi passive measurements through sniffer redundancy”. In: *Ad Hoc Networks* (2023), p. 103287. ISSN: 1570-8705. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2023.103287

CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

**M. I. Syed**, A. Fladenmuller et M. Dias de Amorim, “Jusqu’où la redondance peut aider dans la capture passive de trafic Wi-Fi,” in *CORES 2022 – 7ème Rencontres Francophones sur la Conception de Protocoles, l’Évaluation de Performance et l’Expérimentation des Réseaux de Communication*, Saint-Rémy-Lès-Chevreuse, France, May 2022.

**M. I. Syed**, A. Fladenmuller, and M. Dias de Amorim, “Assessing the completeness of passive Wi-Fi traffic capture,” in *2022 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing (IWCMC)*, 2022.
**M. I. Syed**, A. Fladenmuller, and M. Dias de Amorim, "How much can sniffer redundancy improve Wi-Fi traffic?," in *2022 IEEE 95th Vehicular Technology Conference: (VTC2022-Spring)*, 2022.

**M. I. Syed**, A. Fladenmuller, and M. Dias de Amorim, "RSSI: Lost and alone, a case for redundancy," in *2022 18th International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob)*, 2022.

TECHNICAL REPORTS

**M. I. Syed**, A. Flandenmuller, and M. Dias de Amorim, "PyPal: Wi-Fi Trace Synchronization and Merging Python Tool," LIP6 UMR 7606, UPMC Sorbonne Université, France, Technical Report, Mar. 2022.

M. F. Akli, N. N. E. A. Boukerras, N. Derradji, D. Laga, and **M. I. Syed**, "BLEPal," Aug. 2022.

N. Bencherif, M. Chabane, L. Mehidi, L. Paredes, and **M. I. Syed**, "Impact of TP-Link WN 722N and Sniffer placement on trace completeness," Aug. 2022.
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