z ostanki prekopanih grobov,<fnref n="39" /> le po pripovedovanju je znana najdba emajliranih uhanov na grobišču v Spodnjih Gorjah.<fnref n="40" /> Na omenjenih grobiščih prevladujejo najdbe, ki so tipološko značilne za köttlaško skupino (ali za skupini Köttlach II in C3). Grobišča te vrste so najpogostejaša zgodnjesrednjeveška najdišča v Blejskem kotu, le dve, na Blejskem otoku in pri Sv. Martinu, sta bili odkriti ob zdajšnjih cerkvah, druga so stran od njih (sl. 2.7: 1,2,5–8,10; seznam 1: 1,2,5–8,10). Na Dlescu pri Bodeščah, Žalah pri Zasipu in Sedlu na Blejskem gradu so našli polmesečaste uhane v grobovih, ki jih A. Pleterski s pomočjo stratigrafske in topografsko-kronološke analize pripisuje tretji in četrti generaciji prebivalcev, pokopanih na vaških grobiščih (brez cerkve) med letoma okoli 870 in 960.<fnref n="41" />

Polmesečasti uhani z vzhodnoalpskih najdišč so kovani ali uliti, kovani imajo večinoma črtni, uliti emajlji okras. Poleg dveh načinov izdelave in številnih oblikovnih podrobnosti je za polmesečaste uhane značilna raznovrstna motivika okrasa.<fnref n="42" /> Ta je zlahka prepoznavna pri vrhunsko narejenih uhanih, manj pri izdelkih, ki te posnemajo. Pri kakovostnih ulitih uhanih je okras upodobljen v celičnem emajlu, kot palmeta na paru uhanov z grobišča pri župni cerkvi v Kranju (sl. 2.8: 1,2),<fnref n="43" /> na posnetkih, okrašenih z jamičastim emajlom, je ta rastlinski motiv bolj zabrisan, npr. pri uhanih z grobišča v Mostah pri Žirovnici (sl. 2.8: 5,6),<fnref n="44" /> ali komaj prepoznaven kot pri uhanu iz Križevske vasi (sl. 2.8: 12).<fnref n="45" /> Na skrbno izdelanem kovanem uhanu z grobišča pri župni cerkvi v Kranju je vrezan zoomorfni preplet, motiv dveh stiliziranih živali z iztegnjenima jezikoma (sl. 2.8: 3),<fnref n="46" /> na podobnem uhanu z grobišča pri križišču Iskra v Kranju pa rastlinski motiv, ena od inačic palmete (sl. 2.8: 4).<fnref n="47" /> Kovane uhane so krasili tudi z geometrijskimi motivi, pogosto vrezanimi z drobnim cikcakom (tresoči vrez), kot so polkrogi na uhanih z grobišča v

on the Bled castle,<fnref n="36" /> Žale near Zasip<fnref n="37" /> and Dlesc near Bodešče.<fnref n="38" /> At the church of St Martin in Bled a crescent shaped earning lay in the layer together with the remains from reburied graves,<fnref n="39" /> while the enamelled earrings from the burial ground in Spodnje Gorje are known only by word of mouth.<fnref n="40" /> In the aforementioned burial grounds finds prevail which are typologically characteristic of the Köttlach group (or for groups Köttlach II and C3). Burial grounds of this kind were the most common Early Mediaeval sites in the Bled area; only two, the one on Bled Island and the one next to St Martin, were discovered alongside present-day churches (Fig. 2.7: 1,2,5–8,10; List 1: 1,2,5–8,10). At Dlesc near Bodešče, Žale near Zasip and Sedlo on the Bled castle crescent shaped earrings were found in graves, which A. Pleterski, with the aid of stratigraphic and topographic-chronological analysis categorised as belonging to the third and fourth generation of inhabitants buried in village burial grounds (without a church) between approx. 870 and 960.<fnref n="41" />

Crescent shaped earrings from the sites in the Eastern Alps were forged or cast; the forged earrings are often decorated with linear motifs, cast earrings have enamelled decorations. Even though crescent shaped earrings share two common manners of production and numerous design similarities, they characteristically have diverse decorative motifs.<fnref n="42" /> These are instantly recognisable with the high-quality earrings, and less with products that try to mimic them. With the high-quality cast earrings the decoration is depicted in cloisonné, as found for instance in the palm in the pair of earrings from the burial ground at the parish church in Kranj (Fig. 2.8: 1,2).<fnref n="43" /> On the imitations, decorated with enamel in pits (champlevé), for instance earrings from the burial ground in Moste near Žirovnica (Fig. 2.8: 5,6),<fnref n="44" /> this vegetative motif is less visible, or almost non-recognisable as is the case with the

<footnote n="39">³⁹ Sagadin 1986, 285, sl. 65: 1.</footnote>

<footnote n="40">⁴⁰ Knific, Pleterski 1993, 235.</footnote>

<footnote n="41">⁴¹ Pleterski 2013b, 306–311, 315–320, 327–328, 331–334, sl. 6b; 8b; 10; 15. Na sl. 15 sta pomotoma zamenjani najdišči pri rumenem (pravilno Sedlo) in modrem stolpcu (pravilno St. Peter).</footnote>

<footnote n="42">⁴² Podrobna obravnava uhанov: Eichert 2010a, 65–75.</footnote>

<footnote n="43">⁴³ Uhana iz groba 132/1953 hrani Gorenjski muzej Kranj, inv. št. GM KFC 1943a,b. Objava: Kastelic 1960, 46, sl. 6 (prvi na levi v zgornji vrsti, drugi z desne v spodnji vrsti); Šribar, Stare 1974, 31, t. 4: 3,4 = Šribar, Stare 1975, 31, Taf. 4: 3,4; Pleterski, Štular, Belak, Bešter 2019, 84–86.</footnote>

<footnote n="44">⁴⁴ Uhana hrani NMS, inv. št. S 2239 (sl. 2.8: 5) in S 2240 (sl. 2.8: 6).</footnote>

<footnote n="45">⁴⁵ Uhan hrani NMS, inv. št. S 2020. Objava: Gabrovec 1954, 132, risba 1.</footnote>

<footnote n="46">⁴⁶ Uhan iz groba 2/1953 hrani Gorenjski muzej Kranj, inv. št. GM KFC 1537b. Objava: Kastelic 1960, 47–48, sl. 4c; Pleterski, Štular, Belak, Bešter 2019, 39, 40. – Za motiv zoomorfnega prepleta glej Sagadin 2018, 180, sl. 3.</footnote>

<footnote n="47">⁴⁷ Sagadin 1988, 21, 83 (grob 90), t. 15: 10; 60: 12; Sagadin 2018, 180, sl. 1c.</footnote>

<footnote n="36">³⁶ Valič 1964, 18, 33, 39, Pl. 7: 5 (Grave 29); Pl. 23: 13 (chance find); Valič 1969a, 225–226, 227, Pl. 2: 31,32 (Grave 166).</footnote>

<footnote n="37">³⁷ Knific, Pleterski 1993, 246–247, Pl. 6: 32/1 (Grave 32); 8: 36/1,4 (Grave 36); 15: 2,3,5.</footnote>

<footnote n="38">³⁸ Knific, Pleterski 1981a, 490, Figs. 23: 27; Pl. 9: 30/1,2 (Grave 30).</footnote>

<footnote n="39">³⁹ Sagadin 1986, 285, Fig. 65: 1.</footnote>

<footnote n="40">⁴⁰ Knific, Pleterski 1993, 235.</footnote>

<footnote n="41">⁴¹ Pleterski 2013b, 306–311, 315–320, 327–328, 331–334, Figs. 6b; 8b; 10; 15. In Fig. 15 the burial grounds in the yellow and blue column should be corrected to Sedlo and St Peter respectively.</footnote>

<footnote n="42">⁴² Similar categorisation of earrings: Eichert 2010a, 65–75.</footnote>

<footnote n="43">⁴³ The earrings from Grave 132/1953 are kept at the Gorenjska Museum in Kranj, inv. No. GM KFC 1943a,b. Publication: Kastelic 1960, 46, Fig. 6 (first to the left in the upper row, the second from the right in the bottom row); Šribar, Stare 1974, 31, Pl. 4: 3,4 = Šribar, Stare 1975, 31, Taf. 4: 3,4; Pleterski, Štular, Belak, Bešter 2019, 84–86.</footnote>

<footnote n="44">⁴⁴ The earrings are kept by NMS, inv. No. S 2239 (Fig. 2.8: 5) and S 2240 (Fig. 2.8: 6).</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_87.png" /><figcaption>Sl. 2.8: Zgodnjesrednjeveške najdbe köttlaške skupine z nekaterih grobišč pri cerkvah v Sloveniji: 1–17 bron, 1,2,5,6,12 emajl. M. = 1 : 2.</figcaption></figure>

<caption>Fig. 2.8: Early Medieval finds pertaining to the Köttlach group, from some burial sites next to churches in Slovenia: 1–17 bronze, 1,2,5,6,12 enamel. Scale = 1:2.</caption>

<caption>1–3 Kranj, Župna cerkev, 4 Kranj, Križišče Iskra (Sagadin 1988); 5–8 Moste; 9,10 – Spodnje Duplje; 11 – Ljubljana, Šempeter; 12 – Križevska vas; 13 – Breg; 14 Šentpavel pri Domžalah; 15,16 – Muljava; 17 – Batuje (Svoljšak, Knific 1976).
(Risba / Drawing: 1–3, 5–16 D. Knific Lunder)</caption>

Mostah pri Žirovnici (sl. 2.8: 7,8)<fnref n="48" /> ali trikotniki na uhanu iz Šempetra v Ljubljani (sl. 2.8: 11).<fnref n="49" /> Omenjena najdišča so bila odkrita pri zdajšnjih cerkvah, tako kot večina grobišč z najdbami köttlaške skupine v Sloveniji, razen Blejskega kota, kjer so pogostejša grobišča brez cerkve (sl. 2.9: 4,8,9,15,16; seznam 2: 4,8,9,15,16).

Okras na paru kovanih uhanov z Blejskega otoka (t. 1: 1,2; 15: 1,2) se opisani motiviki izmika, po vzporedno vrezanih lokih ga lahko primerjamo z okrasom na uhanih iz Spodnjih Dupelj (sl. 2.8: 9)<fnref n="50" /> in Sankt Daniela v Ziljski dolini v Avstriji.<fnref n="51" /> Roglji so podobno okrašeni, razlika je v srednjem delu okrasa, ki je na blejskem

earring from Križevska vas (Fig. 2.8: 12).<fnref n="45" /> A zoomorphic motif, depicting two stylised animals with tongues hanging out (Fig. 2.8: 3), was engraved in the meticulously made forged earring found in the burial ground at the parish church in Kranj,<fnref n="46" /> while a similar earring from the burial ground at the Iskra crossroads in Kranj shows a vegetative motif, one of the palm variants (Fig. 2.8: 4).<fnref n="47" /> Forged earrings could also be decorated with geometric motifs, which were often engraved with a slight zigzag, such as the semi-circles in the earrings found at the

<footnote n="48">⁴⁸ Uhana hrani NMS, inv. št. S 2238 (sl. 2.8: 7) in S 2237 (sl. 2.8: 8).</footnote>

<footnote n="49">⁴⁹ Uhan hrani NMS, inv. št. S 2233. Objava: Ložar 1937, 135, sl. 1g.</footnote>

<footnote n="50">⁵⁰ Valič 1969b, 231, sl. 2 (desni uhan). – Uhana hrani Gorenjski muzej Kranj, inv. št. 1625 (sl. 2.8: 9) in 1624 (sl. 2.8: 10).</footnote>

<footnote n="51">⁵¹ Eichert 2010a, 239, Taf. 28: 1, Sankt Daniel.</footnote>

<footnote n="45">⁴⁵ The earring is kept by NMS, inv. No. S 2020. Publication: Gabrovec 1954, 132, drawing 1.</footnote>

<footnote n="46">⁴⁶ The earring from Grave 2/1953 is kept by the Gorenjska Museum in Kranj, inv. No. GM KFC 1537b. Publication: Kastelic 1960, 47–48, Fig. 4c; Pleterski, Štular, Belak, Bešter 2019, 39, 40. – For the motif of zoomorphic interlacement see Sagadin 2018, 180, Fig. 3.</footnote>

<footnote n="47">⁴⁷ Sagadin 1988, 21, 83 (Grave 90), Pl. 15: 10; 60: 12; Sagadin 2018, 180, Fig. 1c.</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_88.png" /><figcaption>Sl. 2.9: Zgodnjesrednjeveška grobišča z najdbami *köttlaške skupine* v Sloveniji (glej *seznam* 2). a – grobišča pri cerkvi; b – druga grobišča.
Fig. 2.9: Early Medieval burial sites with finds pertaining to the *Köttlach group* in Slovenia (see List 2). a – burial sites next to a church; b – other burial sites.</figcaption></figure>

(Izdelava / Elaborated by: V. Bitenc)

uhanu vrezan s pokončnimi črtami. Če je bil okras na (zdaj poškodovanih) blejskih uhanih simetričen, njegova zasnova spominja na uhane s krilatim motivom, kot je prikazan na uhanu iz Kanala ob Soči.<fnref n="52" />

Ulita in z jamičastim emajlom okrašena polmesečasta uhana iz otoškega groba 45 spadata po obliki med uhane s srednjim rogljem, eden je okrašen z živalskim (t. 2: 11; 15: 3), drugi z rastlinskim motivom (t. 2: 12; 15: 4). Uhani s podobo živali so zelo značilna in razširjena inačica, znanih je 20 primerkov z 10 najdišč (sl. 2.10; *seznam* 3). Najdišča so najbolj strnjena na Gorenjskem (poleg Mengša po dve na Bledu in v Kranju), druga so bolj razpršena – v Sloveniji še Ptujski grad, v Furlaniji Corno di Rosazzo/Koren, v severni Avstriji pa Krungl, Köttlach in Micheldorf/Kremsdorf (sl. 2.11; *seznam* 3). Uhane so našli na velikih grobiščih, največ, šest primerkov, na grobišču pri župni cerkvi v Kranju (sl. 2.12: 2–6; *seznam* 3: 6–11).

Pri župni cerkvi v Kranju so par uhanov našli v grobu 1965_z0193 skupaj z ulitima uhanoma z zvezdastim priveskom (sl. 2.10: 7–10).<fnref n="53" /> Na tem grobišču so uhan z

burial ground in Moste near Žirovnica (Fig. 2.8: 7,8)<fnref n="48" /> or triangles on the earring from Šempeter in Ljubljana (Fig. 2.8: 11).<fnref n="49" /> The aforementioned sites were discovered next to present-day churches, as were most of the burial grounds with finds belonging to the *Köttlach group* in Slovenia (Fig. 2.9: 4,8,9,15,16; List 2: 4,8,9,15,16), except in Bled area, where burial grounds without churches are more common.

The decoration on the pair of forged earrings from Bled Island (Pls. 1: 1,2; 15: 1,2) avoids the described motifs, however their parallel engraved arches are comparable to the decorations found on the earrings from Spodnje Duplje (Fig. 2.8: 9)<fnref n="50" /> and Sankt Daniel in Gailtal in Austria.<fnref n="51" /> The prongs are similarly decorated, the difference lies in the central part of the decoration, which is represented by engraved vertical lines in the Bled earring. If the decoration on the (now damaged) Bled earrings

<footnote n="48">⁴⁸ The earrings are kept by NMS, inv. No. S 2238 (Fig. 2.8: 7) and S 2237 (Fig. 2.8: 8).</footnote>

<footnote n="49">⁴⁹ The earring is kept by NMS, inv. No. S 2233. Publication: Ložar 1937, 135, Fig. 1g.</footnote>

<footnote n="50">⁵⁰ Valič 1969b, 231, Fig. 2 (right earring). – The earrings are kept by the Gorenjska Museum in Kranj, inv. No. 1625 (Fig. 2.8: 9) and 1624 (Fig. 2.8: 10).</footnote>

<footnote n="51">⁵¹ Eichert 2010a, 239, Taf. 28: 1, Sankt Daniel.</footnote>

<footnote n="52">⁵² Knific 2009–2010, 185–186, sl. 1: 1; 2: 1.</footnote>

<footnote n="53">⁵³ Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2016, 91–92, sl. 1–4.</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_89.png" /><figcaption>Sl. 2.10: Polmesečasti uhani s podobo živali z raznih najdišč (prim. *seznam* 3). M. = 1 : 2.
Fig. 2.10: Crescent earrings with depictions of animals, various sites (compare List 3). Scale = 1:2.</figcaption></figure>

zvezdastim priveskom našli tudi v grobu 1971_z0098,<fnref n="54" /> kot raztreseno najdbo pa na bližnjem grobišču Križišče Iskra.<fnref n="55" /> V Sloveniji so takšen uhan našli tudi na Ptujskem gradu, v grobu 269, skupaj z ulitim uhanom, okrašenim

was symmetrical, their design would be reminiscent of the earrings with wing motifs, as found on the earring from Kanal ob Soči for instance.<fnref n="52" />

Due to their shape, the cast crescent shaped earrings decorated in technique *champlevé*, found in Grave 45,

<footnote n="54">⁵⁴ Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 161, sl. 2.</footnote>

<footnote n="55">⁵⁵ Sagadin 1988, 50–51, 116, t. 44: 10; 60: 9.</footnote>

<footnote n="52">⁵² Knific 2009–2010, 185–186, Figs. 1: 1; 2: 1.</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_90.png" /><figcaption>Sl. 2.11: Najdišča polmesečastih uhanov s podobo živali (prim. *seznam* 3).
Fig. 2.11: Sites with crescent earrings with depictions of animals (compare List 3)
(Izdelava / Elaborated by: V. Bitenc)</figcaption></figure>

1 – Blejski otok / Bled Island

2 – Pristava (Bled)

3 – Kranj, Župna cerkev

4 – Kranj Križišče Iskra

5 – Mengeš

6 – Ptuj, Ptujski grad

7 – Corno di Rosazzo

8 – Krungl

9 – Micheldorf / Kremsdorf

10 – Köttlach

z jamičastim emajlom.<fnref n="56" /> Uhani z zvezdastim priveskom so imeli dolg razvoj, od 7. do 11. stoletja, ki se je končal z ulitimi izdelki, kot so omenjeni primerki s slovenskih najdišč.<fnref n="57" />

Grobna celota s parom uhanov s podobo živali je znana tudi s Ptujkega gradu (sl. 2.10: 13–24).<fnref n="58" /> Poleg ulitih polmesečastih uhanov je bil v grobu 183 še par ulitih grozdastih uhanov, ki imata na krakih dvojno odebelitev (sl. 2.10: 18,19). Takšni uhani so na belobrdskih

belong in the group of earrings with a central prong; in this case one is decorated with an animal (Pls. 2: 11; 15: 3), and the other with a vegetative motif (Pls. 2: 12; 15: 4). Earrings with animal motifs are characteristic and widely-spread, as 20 examples from 10 sites are known (Fig. 2.10; List 3). The sites are the most densely concentrated in Gorenjska area (apart from Mengeš there are two in Bled and two in Kranj), while the rest are more broadly scattered – in Slovenia at Ptuj castle, in Friuli in Corno di Rosazzo, in northern Austria in Krungl, Köttlach and Micheldorf/Kremsdorf (Fig. 2.11; List 3). Earrings were found in large burial grounds, the most numerous find,

<footnote n="56">56 Korošec 1999, 24, t. 31: 12,13.</footnote>

<footnote n="57">57 Sagadin 1988, 50–51, 116.</footnote>

<footnote n="58">58 Korošec 1999, 20, t. 19: 1–12.</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_91.png" /><figcaption>Sl. 2.12: Polmesečasti uhani s podobo živali (prim. *seznam* 3). M = 1 : 1.</figcaption></figure>

<caption>Fig. 2.12: Crescent earrings with depictions of animals. Scale = 1:1.</caption>

1 – Blejski otok, gr. 45 (z grafičnim obrisom podobe živali / with an outline of an animal), 2 – Kranj, Župna cerkev, gr. 1965_z0117 (Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2016, 59, sl. 1); 3, 4 – Kranj, Župna cerkev, gr. 1965_z0193 (Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2016, 92, sl. 1 in 2); 5 – Kranj, Župna cerkev, 1973, neznana lega / unknown location (Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 272, sl. 2); 6 – Kranj, Župna cerkev, brez podatkov / no data (Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 355, sl. 9); 7, 8 – Mengeš. (Foto / Photo: T. Lauko)

najdiščih v Sloveniji pogosti (na Ptujskem gradu so jih našli 30),<fnref n="59" /> večinoma so grobo izdelani, le redko so bili uliti v kakovostnem kalupu. Ti so bili blizu srebrnim prototipom volinjskega tipa, izdelanim v tehniki filigrana in granulacije, ki so se razširili okrog leta 1000 iz Kijevske Rusije tudi v Potisje, v 11. stoletju so njihove imitacije postale ena najbolj priljubljenih oblik nakita v medrečju Drave, Donave in Save (tip 17b po J. Gieslerju).⁶⁰

Podobo živali na polmesečastih ulitih in emajliranih uhanih so različno opisovali, kot štirinožno žival,⁶¹

six earrings, was found in the burial ground at the parish church in Kranj (Fig. 2.12: 2–6; List 3: 6–11).

At the parish church in Kranj a pair of earrings was found in Grave 1965_z0193 together with cast earrings with a star-shaped appendix (Fig. 2.10: 7–10).<fnref n="53" /> An earring with a star shaped appendix was also found in Grave 1971_z0098 at this burial ground,<fnref n="54" /> as well as amongst the scattered finds at the nearby burial ground Iskra crossroads.<fnref n="55" /> In Slovenia a similar earring was also found in Grave 269 at Ptuj castle, together with a cast earring, decorated with pits filled with enamel.<fnref n="56" /> Earrings with a star shaped appendix have a long development, they emerged in the 7th century and lasted to the 11th century, when they were brought to an end with cast artefacts similar to the aforementioned examples from Slovenian sites.<fnref n="57" />

<footnote n="59">⁵⁹ Knific, Tomanič Jevremov 2005, 164–165.
⁶⁰ Vinski 1970, 58–61; Giesler 1981, 94–103, 165–166, Taf. 51: 2; Tomičić 1993, 552; Tomičić 1994–1995, 79.
⁶¹ Giesler 1989, 235, Abb. 58b; Šribar, Stare 1979, 24 (uliti uhani skupine L).</footnote>

<footnote n="53">⁵³ Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2016, 91–92, Figs. 1–4.</footnote>

<footnote n="54">⁵⁴ Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 161, Fig. 1.</footnote>

<footnote n="55">⁵⁵ Sagadin 1988, 50–51, 116, Pl. 44: 10; 60: 9.</footnote>

<footnote n="56">⁵⁶ Korošec 1999, 24, Pl. 31: 12,13.</footnote>

<footnote n="57">⁵⁷ Sagadin 1988, 50–51, 116.</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_92.png" /><figcaption>Sl. 2.13: Uhani z razčlenjenim obročkom. M = 1 : 2.
Fig. 2.13: Earrings with an articulated loop. Scale = 1:2.
1 – Blejski otok, gr. 4; 2,3 – Moste (Žirovnica), gr. 10 (Valič 1982); 4,5 – Kranj, Župna cerkev, gr. 1973_z0289; 6,7 – Kranj, Župna cerkev, gr. 1973_z0275; 8,9 – Kranj, Župna cerkev, gr. 1984_z0008; 10 – Kranj, Župna cerkev, gr.1984_z0010; 11 – Kranj, Župna cerkev, gr. 1965_z0243 (Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2016; 2017).</figcaption></figure>

žival z nazaj obrnjeno glavo<fnref n="62" /> ali kot panterja.<fnref n="63" /> Ob rastlinskih motivih in geometrijskih vzorcih je živalska figuralika na ulitih uhanih običajna, upodobitev v kovini, ki jo obdajajo jamice z emajlom, je pogosto dopolnjena z vrezanim obrisom živali.<fnref n="64" />

Tudi drugi uhan iz otoškega groba 45, uliti in z
jamičastim emajlom okrašeni polmesečasti primerek
z rastlinskim motivom (t. 2: 12; 15: 4), uvrščamo med
uhane s srednjim rogljem. Med njimi je ob uhanih s
podobo živali zelo številna in razširjena tudi inačica z
okrnjenim rastlinskim motivom, ki ji pripada npr. uhan

A grave with a pair of earrings with animal images is also known from the Ptuj castle (Fig. 2.10: 13–24).<fnref n="58" /> Apart from the cast crescent shaped earrings, Grave 183 also included a pair of cast grape-shaped earrings with double thickening at the endings (Fig. 2.10: 18,19). Such earrings were common in the *Bijelo Brdo* culture sites in Slovenia (30 were found at Ptuj castle),<fnref n="59" /> most of them rough in design, and only rarely were they cast from a high-quality cast. These were close to the silver prototypes of the Volyn type, made in filigree and granulation techniques, which spread around the year 1000 from Kiev all the way to the Tisa river basin, and by the 11th century their imitations became one of the most popular forms of jewellery in the area between the rivers Drava, Donava and Sava (type 17b in J. Giesler’s categorisation).<fnref n="60" />

There are various descriptions of the animal motifs
found on cast and enamelled crescent shaped earrings,
ranging from a four-legged animal,<fnref n="61" /> an animal with its
head turned backwards<fnref n="62" /> to a panther.<fnref n="63" /> Alongside vegeta-
tive motifs and geometrical patterns, animal figures were
also very common on cast earrings; the depiction in metal,
surrounded by pits filled with enamel, is often emphasised
by an engraved outline of the animal.<fnref n="64" />

The second earring from Grave 45 on Bled Island, the cast crescent shaped example decorated with a dimpled enamelled vegetative motif (Pls. 2: 12; 15: 4), belongs amongst the group of earrings with a central prong. Alongside earrings with animal motifs these also include a wide spread and numerous version with a downgraded vegetative motif, e.g. the earring from Križevska vas (Fig. 2.8: 12),<fnref n="65" /> while the example from Bled Island with a more prominent vegetative motif belongs amongst the rare finds, with comparisons in the damaged earring from the burial ground at the parish church in Kranj.<fnref n="66" />

<footnote n="62">⁶² Dinklage 1941b, 9; Korošec, P., 1950, 321; Sagadin 1988, 49, 115. – Podoba živali z nazaj obrnjeno glavo je pogost okrasni motiv na ulitih in z emajlom okrašenih zgodnjesrednjeveških okrasnih zaponkah z območja Slovenije (Preložnik 2018). Večino zaponk so našli na grobiščih z najdbami köttlaške skupine.</footnote>

<footnote n="63">⁶³ Dinklage 1941a, 371; Šribar, Stare 1978–1979, 215; Šribar, Stare 1979, 24 (uliti uhani skupine L); Šribar 1983, 299; Sagadin 1988, 49, 115; Sagadin 2018, 182, sl. 9.</footnote>

<footnote n="64">⁶⁴ Giesler 1989, 235, Abb. 58b.</footnote>

<footnote n="58">58 Korošec 1999, 20, Pl. 19: 1–12.</footnote>

<footnote n="59">59 Knific, Tomanič Jevremov 2005, 164–165.</footnote>

<footnote n="60">⁶⁰ Vinski 1970, 58–61; Giesler 1981, 94–103, 165–166, Taf. 51: 2; Tomičić 1993, 552; Tomičić 1994–1995, 79.</footnote>

<footnote n="61">⁶¹ Giesler 1989, 235, Abb. 58b; Šribar, Stare 1979, 24 (cast earrings belonging to group L).</footnote>

<footnote n="62">⁶² Dinklage 1941b, 9; Korošec, P., 1950, 321; Sagadin 1988, 49, 115. – The image of an animal with its head turned backwards is a common decorative motif found in Early Mediaeval cast decorative fibulae decorated with enamel, discovered in present-day Slovenian territories (Preložnik 2018). Most fibulae were found in burial grounds together with finds belonging to the *Köttlach group*.</footnote>

<footnote n="63">⁶³ Dinklage 1941a, 371; Šribar, Stare 1978–1979, 215; Šribar, Stare 1979, 24 (cast earrings belonging to group L); Šribar 1983, 299; Sagadin 1988, 49, 115; Sagadin 2018, 182, Fig. 9.</footnote>

<footnote n="64">⁶⁴ Giesler 1989, 235, Abb. 58b.</footnote>

<footnote n="65">⁶⁵ Map and List of sites: Knific, Žbona-Trkman 1990, 511, Fig. 3: 1–12. – The additions to the data for the site parish church in Kranj: Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2016, 33, Grave 1964_z0017, Fig. 1; Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 201, 272, Grave 1972_z0224, Figs. 2,3; unknown position, Fig. 1.</footnote>

<footnote n="66">⁶⁶ Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 220, quadrant XX,</footnote>
iz Križevske vasi (sl. 2.8: 12),<fnref n="65" /> primerek z Blejskega otoka z bolj jasnim rastlinskim motivom pa spada med redke najdbe, s primerjavo v poškodovanem uhanu z grobišča pri župni cerkvi v Kranju.<fnref n="66" />

Med nakitom z Blejskega otoka je posebnost uhan iz groba 4, s svitkastimi in valjastimi odebelitvami na spodnjem delu loka (sl. 2.13: 1; t. 1: 6; 15: 5). Primerjave ima v paru uhanov z grobišča pri Sv. Martinu v Mostah pri Žirovnici (sl. 2.13: 2,3).<fnref n="67" /> Vsi trije uhani so izdelani zelo natančno: členitev je ritmična, okrašena je le polovica obročka, zaključka sta oblikovana različno, eden koničasto, drugi odebeljeno (podobno kot pri polmesečastih uhanih). Po klasifikacijskem sistemu za določanje značilnih lastnosti so obročki z astragalnimi odebelitvami opredeljeni kot tip NO 0700_0810.<fnref n="68" /> Nekoliko manj natančno, vendar z jasno členitvijo, sta bila narejena uhana iz groba 1973_z0289, ki so ju odkrili pri župni cerkvi v Kranju (sl. 2.13: 4,5).<fnref n="69" /> Pri več drugih obročkih s tega najdišča je členitev locna bolj površna, nakazana le z vrezi, sta zaključka locnov prav tako različna, eden, koničasti in drugi odebeljen (sl. 2.13: 6–11).<fnref n="70" /> Ti primerki so očitno posnetki kakovostnih vzorcev, kot so uhani z Blejskega otoka in iz Most pri Žirovnici (sl. 38: 1–3). Drugačen je naglavni obroček iz St. Petra pri Spittalu na avstrijskem Koroškem, ki je na enem koncu sicer razčlenjen s poševnimi žlebiči, vendar sta njegova zaključka enaka, z enojnima odebelitvama,<fnref n="71" /> zaradi česar je obroček zgolj podoben uhanom z astragalnimi odebelitvami.<fnref n="72" /> Namero po oblikovni spremembi naglavnega obročka (obsenčnika) v polmesečast uhan jasno kaže primerek z grobišča v Batujah (sl. 2.8: 17).<fnref n="73" />

The earring from Grave 4, with astragal-shaped thickenings on the lower part of the loop (Fig. 2.13: 1; Pls. 1: 6; 15: 5) stands out from the jewellery found on Bled Island. Comparisons were found in the pair of earrings from the burial ground at St Martin in Moste near Žirovnica (Fig. 2.13: 2,3).<fnref n="67" /> All three earrings are extremely finely crafted: the division is rhythmical, only one half of the loop is decorated, the endings are variously formed, one is pointed, the other thickened (similar to the case with the crescent shaped earrings). According to the classification system used for defining typical characteristics, the rings with astragal-shaped thickenings are categorised as type NO 0700_0810.<fnref n="68" /> The earrings from Grave 1973_z0289, which were discovered at the parish church in Kranj were made somewhat less precisely, but with clearly articulated thickenings (Fig. 2.13: 4,5).<fnref n="69" /> Numerous rings from this site have a more superficial division of the loop, indicated merely with incisions, however the loop endings differ, one is pointed and the other thickened (Fig. 2.13: 6–11).<fnref n="70" /> These examples are obviously copies of high-quality earrings, such as the ones found on Bled Island and at Moste near Žirovnica (Fig. 38: 1–3). The temple ring from St Peter near Spittal in Carinthia (Austria) is different with its loop ornamented with transversal grooves at one end, but both of its bulges are the same, with single thickenings,<fnref n="71" /> which makes the temple ring appear similar to earrings with astragal-shaped thickenings.<fnref n="72" /> The intent to change a temple ring into a crescent shaped earring can be clearly seen in the example from the burial ground in Batuje (Fig. 2.8: 17).<fnref n="73" />

Fig. 3. – Earrings with motifs of birds next to fountains are also rare (Sagadin 2018, 180; Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 289, Grave 1984_z0013 Figs. 1,3).

⁶⁷ A pair of earrings was found in Grave 10, which was discovered underneath the occupation surface in the entrance lobby. The rings in a pair of cast bronze ring earrings, with one end ending in a point and the other in a thickening, are in one of the earrings divided by five long and five short thickenings (h. 3.35 cm, w. 3.25 cm, th. 0.37 cm) and in the other by four long and four short thickenings (h. 3.31 cm, w. 3.27 cm, th. 0.4 cm). The earrings are kept by the Gorenjska Museum in Kranj, inv. Nos. A 1454 and A 1455. Publication: Valič 1982.

⁶⁸ Pleterski 2013b, 315, 320; 331, 334; Fig. 16.

⁶⁹ Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 266–267, Grave 1973_z0289, Figs. 1,2.

⁷⁰ Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2016, 107, Grave 1965_z0243, Fig. 1; Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 263, 287–288, Grave 1973_z0275, Figs. 1,2; Grave 1984_z0008, Figs. 1,2; Grave 1984_z0010, Fig. 1.

⁷¹ Eichert, Rogl 2010, 212, Taf. 36: 2, Grave 85. Cf. Eichert 2010b, 169.

⁷² Cf. Pleterski 2013b, 315, 331.

⁷³ Svoljšak, Knific 1976, 50, 65, Pl. 29: 1; 59: 3.

<footnote n="65">⁶⁵ Karta in seznam najdišč: Knific, Žbona-Trkman 1990, 511, sl. 3: 1–12. – Dopolnitev podatkov za najdišče Kranj, Župna cerkev: Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2016, 33, grob 1964_z0017, sl. 1; Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 201, 272, grob 1972_z0224, sl. 2,3; neznana lega, sl. 2.</footnote>

<footnote n="66">⁶⁶ Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 220, kvadrant XX, sl. 3. – Maloštevilni so tudi uhani z motivom ptic pri vodnjaku žive vode (Sagadin 2018, 180; Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 289, grob 1984_z0013 sl. 1,3).</footnote>

<footnote n="67">⁶⁷ Par uhanov so našli v grobu 10, ki so ga odkrili v vhodni lopi. Ulita bronasta obročasta uhana, pri katerih se en konec zaključuje koničasto, drugi z odebelitvijo, imata obroča razčlenjena, eden s petimi dolgimi in petimi kratkimi odebelitvami (viš. 3,35 cm, šir. 3,25 cm, deb. 0,37 cm), drugi pa s štirimi dolgimi in štirimi kratkimi odebelitvami (viš. 3,31 cm, šir. 3,27 cm, deb. 0,4 cm). Uhana hrani Gorenjski muzej Kranj, inv. št. A 1454 in A 1455. Objava: Valič 1982.</footnote>

<footnote n="68">⁶⁸ Pleterski 2013b, 315, 320; 331, 334; sl. 16.</footnote>

<footnote n="69">⁶⁹ Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 266–267, grob 1973_z0289, sl. 1,2.</footnote>

<footnote n="70">⁷⁰ Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2016, 107, grob 1965_z0243, sl. 1; Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 263, 287–288, grob 1973_z0275, sl. 1,2; grob 1984_z0008, sl. 1,2; grob 1984_z0010, sl. 1.</footnote>

<footnote n="71">⁷¹ Eichert, Rogl 2010, 212, Taf. 36: 2, grab 85. Prim. Eichert 2010b, 169.</footnote>

<footnote n="72">⁷² Prim. Pleterski 2013b, 315, 331.</footnote>

<footnote n="73">⁷³ Svoljšak, Knific 1976, 50, 65, t. 29: 1; 59: 3.</footnote>
NAGLAVNI OBROČKI

Med zgodnjesrednjeveškimi predmeti z Blejskega otoka so najštevilnejši naglavni obročki, v literaturi znani tudi kot obsenčni obročki ali obsenčniki. V 12 grobovih (št. 3, 12, 24, 27, 34, 36–38, 49, 59, 83, 96) so jih našli 20, tri pa kot raztresene najdbe na severnem delu grobišča (kat. št. 69, 74 in 88; t. 3: 14–16). V osmih grobovih sta bila po dva obročka: v šestih primerih gre za pare, med seboj podobna obročka sta bila v grobu 24 (t. 1: 17,18), različna pa v grobu 49 (t. 2: 13,14). Po en obroček so našli v štirih grobovih, od katerih so bili trije deloma prekopani (grobovi 34, 59 in 96). V šestih grobovih so bile pokopane ženske (3, 12, 36, 38, 49, 59), v štirih otroci (24, 27, 37, 83), v dveh primerih spola zaredi slabe ohranjenosti okostij ni bilo mogoče ugotoviti (grobova 34 in 96).

Večina naglavnih obročkov ima z odebelitvami profilirana konca, z enojno odebelitvijo 14 obročkov (t. 1: 3,4,14,17,18,22; 2: 1–4,6,14; 3: 11,16). Pri dveh parih obročkov (iz grobov 27 in 83) je bila enojna odebelitev le na enem koncu (pri enem obročku sicer ni ohranjena), drugi konec je ravno odrezan (t. 1: 19,20; 3: 9,10). Obročka, ki so ju našli zunaj grobov, sta razčlenjena z dvojno (t. 3: 15) oziroma trojno odebelitvijo (t. 3: 14). Par obročkov iz groba 36 ima na koncih enojno odebelitev, zareze ob njih pa dajejo vtis večkratne odebelitve (t. 2: 1,2).

Obročki so različno veliki, najmanjši, 2,5 x 2,4 cm, je obroček iz groba 38 (t. 2: 6), največji, 5,1 x 4,4 cm, je iz groba 34 (t. 1: 22). Z drugimi najdbami so bili skupaj le v treh grobovih, dvakrat z nožem (grobova 3 in 38) in enkrat s prstanom (grob 37). V enem grobu (grob 49) je bil obroček z odebeljenima koncema v paru z obročkom z S-zanko in ravno odrezanim koncem locna, edinim naglavnim obročkom drugačne oblike na grobišču.

Med zgodnjesrednjeveškim arheološkim gradivom z območja Vzhodnih Alp so naglavni obročki s profiliranima koncema ena od značilnih oblik nakita. Datirani so v pozno obdobje, v tipološke sestave najdb köttlaške skupine,<fnref n="74" /> skupine Köttlach II,<fnref n="75" /> v koroško skupino C (780–11. stoletje).<fnref n="76" /> Koroški primerki so razdeljeni na sedem tipov, na začetek njihovega razvoja, v pozno 8. stoletje, so postavljeni obročki z enojnimi valjastimi odebelitvami (tip Kb), na konec, v 10. stoletje, pa obročki z več odebelitvami (tip Kf).<fnref n="77" />

Po klasifikacijskem sistemu za naglavni nakit so obročki z enojno odebelitvijo opredeljeni kot tip NO 0100_0808, obročki z večkratno odebelitvijo pa kot tip NO 0100_0909.<fnref n="78" /> Obe vrsti sta sočasni, s tem da so prvi

TEMPLE RINGS

Temple rings, in literature also known as head circlets are amongst the most common Early Mediaeval artefacts found on Bled Island. 20 were found in 12 graves (Nos. 3, 12, 24, 27, 34, 36–38, 49, 59, 83 and 96), while three were found as scattered finds in the north part of the burial ground (cat. Nos. 69, 74 and 88; Pl. 3: 14–16). Eight graves contained two rings: in six cases these were found in pairs, two rings of a similar design were found in Grave 24 (Pl. 1: 17,18), while two different rings were found in Grave 49 (Pl. 2: 13,14). Four graves revealed a solitary ring; three of the graves have been partially redug (Graves 34, 59 and 96). Women were buried in six of the graves (3, 12, 36, 38, 49 and 59), children in four (24, 27, 37 and 83), while the sex in two graves could not be determined due to the poor condition of the skeletons (Graves 34 and 96).

Most of the temple rings have moulded endings, 14 rings have single bulges (Pls. 1: 3,4,14,17,18,22; 2: 1–4,6,14; 3: 11,16). Two pairs of rings (from Graves 27 and 83) have a single thickening at one end (in one of the rings this was not preserved), while the other end is straight (Pls. 1: 19,20; 3: 9,10). The two rings that were found outside of the graves had a double (Pl. 3: 14) or triple thickening (Pl. 3: 15). The pair of rings from Grave 36 has a single thickening at the end, however the engravings next to it give the impression of multiple thickenings (Pl. 2: 1,2).

The rings are of various sizes, the smallest, 2.5 x 2.4 cm, is the ring from Grave 38 (Pl. 2: 6), while the largest, 5.1 x 4.4 cm, was found in Grave 34 (Pl. 1: 22). Only in three graves were they found together with other finds, twice with a knife (Graves 3 and 38) and once with a finger ring (Grave 37). Grave 49 contained a ring with thickened endings paired with a ring with an S-shaped loop and a straight ending, the only temple ring of a different shape at this burial ground.

Temple rings with moulded endings represent characteristic jewellery form within the Early Mediaeval archaeological material found in the area of the Eastern Alps. They were dated into the typological group of finds belonging to the Köttlach group,<fnref n="74" /> Köttlach II,<fnref n="75" /> and the Carinthian group C (780–11th century).<fnref n="76" /> The Carinthian examples are divided into seven types; the rings with singular cylindrical thickenings (type Kb) are placed at the beginning of their development, in the late 8th century, while the rings with multiple thickenings (type Kf) are placed at the end of their development, in the 10th century.<fnref n="77" />

According to the classification system for head jewellery the rings with a single thickening are categorised as type NO 0100_0808, while the rings with multiple

<footnote n="74">⁷⁴ Korošec 1961, 179, t. 6: 16; Korošec 1979, 189/I.</footnote>

<footnote n="75">⁷⁵ Giesler 1980, 87, Abb. 3: 9; Giesler 2002, 402, Abb. 2: 35.</footnote>

<footnote n="76">⁷⁶ Eichert 2010a, 1, Abb. 46.</footnote>

<footnote n="77">⁷⁷ Eichert 2010a, 40–45, Abb. 10.</footnote>

<footnote n="78">⁷⁸ Pleterski 2013b, 302, sl. 2.</footnote>

<footnote n="74">⁷⁴ Korošec 1961, 179, Pl. 6: 16; Korošec 1979, 189/I.</footnote>

<footnote n="75">⁷⁵ Giesler 1980, 87, Abb. 3: 9; Giesler 2002, 402, Abb. 2: 35.</footnote>

<footnote n="76">⁷⁶ Eichert 2010a, 1, Abb. 46.</footnote>

<footnote n="77">⁷⁷ Eichert 2010a, 40–45, Abb. 10.</footnote>
datirani v obdobje od zadnje tretjine 9. do začetka 11. stoletja, drugi tip naj bi se pojavil nekoliko pozneje, v prvi tretjini 10. stoletja.<fnref n="79" />

Zgornje opredelitve obročkov z odebelitvami se kronološko ujemajo v drugi polovici 10. stoletja in v zgodnjem 11. stoletju. Ker so takšne obročke pogosto našli tudi na grobiščih s prevladujočimi najdbami t. i. *belobrdske kulture* v Karpatski kotlini, jih je J. Giesler vključil kot tip D v kronološko skupino *Bijelo Brdo I*, datirano v drugo polovico 10. in prvo polovico 11. stoletja.<fnref n="80" /> Tako pozna datacija je bila ugotovljena za obročke z več odebelitvami na koncih, ki so jih na avstrijskem Koroškem našli na grobiščih pri cerkvah.<fnref n="81" /> Obročki z enojnimi ali več odebelitvami so najštevilnejše najdbe tudi v Sloveniji, tako na grobiščih pri zdajšnjih cerkvah ali stran od njih (sl. 2.9, *seznam* 2), pri nekaterih cerkvah so obročki skoraj edine znane najdbe *köttlaške skupine*, npr. na Bregu pri Žirovnici (sl. 2.8: 13),<fnref n="82" /> v Šentpvavlu pri Domžalah (sl. 2.8: 14)<fnref n="83" /> in na Muljavi (sl. 2.8: 15,16).<fnref n="84" />

Izjema med naglavnimi obročki, ki so jih našli na Blejskem otoku, je primerk z esasto ali S-zanko iz groba 49 (t. 2: 13; 15: 12). Grob je bil pri lobanji prekopan, obroček je ležal ob kosteh levega komolca (t. 29: 4). Po *klasifikacijskem sistemu* naglavnega nakita obroček uvrščamo v tip NO0100_0506.<fnref n="85" /> Za obročke tega tipa je značilno, da je en konec locna ravno odrezan in se ne stika z S-zanko, v katero je oblikovan drugi konec.

V Sloveniji so večino takšnih obročkov našli na grobiščih s prevladujočimi najdbami t. i. *belobrdske kulture* v Podravju in Posotelju,<fnref n="86" /> in sicer na Ptujskem gradu, Spodnji Hajdini pri Ptuju, Cirkevci pri Središču ob Dravi, v Radvanju pri Mariboru ter na Svetih gorah nad Bistrico ob Sotli (*seznam* 4: 9, 11, 12, 14, 15; sl. 2.14: 9, 11, 12, 14, 15). Na Ptujskem gradu, kjer so bili obročki najštevilnejši, so bili v 53 grobovih, pogosto po več primerkov v enem grobu.<fnref n="87" />

Na Gorenjskem, na območju grobišč z večinskimi najdbami *köttlaške skupine*, je obročkov z S-zanko in ravno odrezanim koncem zelo malo. Na velikih grobiščih pri župni cerkvi in na križišču Iskra v Kranju so

thickenings are categorised as type NO 0100_0909.<fnref n="78" /> Both types were present at the same time, however the first are dated between the last third of the 9th and the beginning of the 11th century, while the second type most likely appeared at a slighter later date, in the first third of the 10th century.<fnref n="79" />

The previously mentioned types of rings with thickenings were present at the same time during the second half of the 10th century and the early 11th century. Because such rings were also common finds in burial grounds in the Carpathian valley, in which the finds of the so-called *Bijelo Brdo culture* prevailed, J. Giesler included them as type D in the chronological group *Bijelo Brdo I*, dated in the second half of the 10th and the first half of the 11th century.<fnref n="80" /> Such late dates were ascertained for rings with multiple thickenings on the endings, which were found in burial grounds next to churches in Carinthia (Austria).<fnref n="81" /> Rings with singular or multiple thickenings are the most frequent finds also in Slovenia, in burial grounds next to present-day churches as well as away from them (Fig. 2.9, List 2), while at the sites next to some churches these rings are practically the only known find pertaining to the *Köttlach group*, e.g. Breg near Žirovnica (Fig. 2.8: 13),<fnref n="82" /> Šentpavel pri Domžalah (Fig. 2.8: 14)<fnref n="83" /> and Muljava (Fig. 2.8: 15,16).<fnref n="84" />

An exception amongst the temple rings found on Bled Island is the example with the S-shaped loop found in Grave 49 (Pls. 2: 13; 15: 12). The grave was dug up next to the skull, the ring lay next to the bones of the left elbow (Pl. 29: 4). According to the *classification system* for head jewellery this ring was categorised as type NO0100_0506.<fnref n="85" /> For rings of this type it is characteristic that one end of the loop is straight and does not reach the S-shaped loop, into which the other end is shaped.

In Slovenia most of such rings were found in the Drava river basin and Posotelje region in burial grounds in which finds belonging to the so-called *Bijelo Brdo culture* prevailed,<fnref n="86" /> i.e. at Ptuj castle, Spodnja Hajdina near Ptuj, Cirkevca near Središče ob Dravi, Radvanje near Maribor and on Svete gore above Bistrica ob Sotli (List 4: 9, 11, 12, 14, 15; Fig. 2.14: 9, 11, 12, 14, 15). At Ptuj castle, where the finds of these rings were most numerous, they were found in all 53 graves, and there was often more than one example in an individual grave.<fnref n="87" />

<footnote n="79">⁷⁹ Pleterski 2013b, 320, sl. 16.</footnote>

<footnote n="80">⁸⁰ Giesler 1981, 125, Taf. 52: D.</footnote>

<footnote n="81">⁸¹ Eichert 2010a, 40–45, Abb.10.</footnote>

<footnote n="82">⁸² Sagadin 2013b, 21, t. 2: 12.</footnote>

<footnote n="83">⁸³ Sagadin 1996. Predmet je evidentiran v NMS, pod št. ZN 124.</footnote>

<footnote n="84">⁸⁴ Neobjavljeno, obročka hrani NMS, inv. št. S 2027 (sl. 2.8: 15) in S 2026 (sl. 2.8: 16).</footnote>

<footnote n="85">⁸⁵ Pleterski 2013b, 302, sl. 2.</footnote>

<footnote n="86">⁸⁶ Zgodovina raziskav in najdišča v Sloveniji: Knific, Tomanič Jevremov 2005, 162–163, 167–168, 172–174, sl. 4.</footnote>

<footnote n="87">⁸⁷ Obročki so bili v grobovih št. 10, 12, 13, 20, 25, 37, 42, 43, 48, 50, 51, 52, 64, 65, 68, 71, 77, 81, 97, 99, 100, 104, 113, 120, 122, 125, 143, 150, 156, 175, 178, 181, 191, 192, 204, 208, 209, 221, 222, 224, 226, 228, 237, 239, 244, 275, 296, 323, 338, 385, 386, 395, 420.</footnote>

<footnote n="78">⁷⁸ Pleterski 2013b, 302, Fig. 2.</footnote>

<footnote n="79">⁷⁹ Pleterski 2013b, 320, Fig. 16.</footnote>

<footnote n="80">⁸⁰ Giesler 1981, 125, Taf. 52: D.</footnote>

<footnote n="81">⁸¹ Eichert 2010a, 40–45, Abb.10.</footnote>

<footnote n="82">⁸² Sagadin 2013b, 21, Pl. 2: 12.</footnote>

<footnote n="83">⁸³ Sagadin 1996. The object is catalogued by NMS, under No. ZN 124.</footnote>

<footnote n="84">⁸⁴ Unpublished, the rings are kept by NMS, inv. No. S 2027 (Fig. 2.8: 15) and S 2026 (Fig. 2.8: 16).</footnote>

<footnote n="85">⁸⁵ Pleterski 2013b, 302, Fig. 2.</footnote>

<footnote n="86">⁸⁶ The history of research and sites in Slovenia: Knific, Tomanič Jevremov 2005, 162–163, 167–168, 172–174, Fig. 4.</footnote>

<footnote n="87">⁸⁷ The temple rings were found in Graves 10, 12, 13, 20,</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_93.png" /><figcaption>Sl. 2.14: Najdišča naglavnih obročkov z S-zanko in ravno odrezanim locnom v Sloveniji, Furlaniji-Julijski krajini (I) in na Koroškem (A). a – grobišča z najdbami t. i. belobrdske kulture, b – grobišča z najdbami köttlaške skupine, c – neopredeljena grobišča (glej seznam 4).</figcaption></figure>

<caption>Fig. 2.14: Sites containing temple rings with an S-loop and a straight ending in Slovenia, Friuli-Venezia Giulia (I) and Carinthia (A). a – burial sites with finds belonging to the so-called Bijelo Brdo culture, b – burial sites with finds belonging to the Köttlach group, c – uncategorised burial sites (see List 4).</caption>

(Izdelava / Elaborated by: V. Bitenc)

jih našli devet, dva primerka pa na manjšem grobišču na Žalah v Srednji vasi v Bohinju (seznam 4: 5, 7, 8; sl. 2.14: 5, 7, 8). Nekaj takšnih obročkov so našli tudi v Veržeju, Črnomlju in na Črešnjevcu (seznam 4: 10, 13, 17; sl. 2.14: 10, 13, 17), na najdiščih, ki jih zaradi majhne raziskanosti ni mogoče natančneje opredeliti.

Zahodno in severnozahodno od najdišč v Sloveniji so obročki z S-zanko in ravno odrezanim koncem locna redke najdbe, v Italiji so jih našli v Pordenonu v Furlaniji-Julijski krajini (seznam 4: 1; sl. 2.14: 1), v Avstriji pa na Judenbichlu pri Villachu/Beljaku na Koroškem (seznam 4: 3; sl. 2.14: 3). Na obeh grobiščih so bili skupaj z najdbami, katerih večino uvrščamo v köttlaško skupino. Na avstrijskem Koroškem so ob manj značilnih predmetih našli dva para takšnih obročkov tudi na manjših grobiščih v Puchu pri Villachu/Beljaku in v Längdorfu/Veliki vasi (seznam 4: 2, 4; sl. 2.14: 2, 4).

Takšni obročki so zelo pogoste najdbe na grobiščih, odkritih v velikim številu vzhodno in severovzhodno od najdišč v Sloveniji, na Hrvaškem,<fnref n="88" /> Madžarskem,<fnref n="89" /> Slovaškem<fnref n="90" /> in v vzhodni Avstriji.<fnref n="91" /> Na območju Karpatanske kotline so bili ena od značilnih oblik naglavnega

In Gorenjska, in the area of burial grounds with prevailing finds belonging to the Köttlach group, there were very few rings with an S-shaped loop and a straight ending. Nine were found at the large burial grounds at the parish church and at the Iskra crossroads in Kranj, while two examples were found at a smaller burial ground in Žale in Srednja vas v Bohinju and one at Legen (List 4: 5, 7, 8; Fig. 2.14: 5, 7, 8). A few rings of this type were also found in Veržej, Črnomelj and Črešnjevec (List 4: 10, 13, 17; Fig. 2.14: 10, 13, 17), i.e. in sites that cannot be more precisely defined as they were not sufficiently researched.

West and north-west of the sites in Slovenia rings with an S-shaped loop and a straight ending are rare, however, in Italy these rings were found in Pordenone in the Friuli region (List 4: 1; Fig. 2.14: 1), and in Austria in Judenbichl near Villach in Carinthia (List 4: 3; Fig. 2.14: 3). In both burial grounds they were found together with finds that were categorised predominantly as belonging to the Köttlach group. In Carinthia (Austria) two pairs of such rings were found alongside less characteristic artefacts in smaller burial grounds in Puch near Villach and Längdorf (List 4: 2, 4; Fig. 2.14: 2, 4).

<footnote n="88">⁸⁸ Tomičič 1993, 546; Demo 2009, 447–448.</footnote>

<footnote n="89">⁸⁹ Giesler 1981, 104; Obenaus 2010, 190–191.</footnote>

<footnote n="90">⁹⁰ Hanuliak, Rejholcová 1999, 58–60.</footnote>

<footnote n="91">⁹¹ Obenaus 2010, 191–199.</footnote>

<footnote>25, 37, 42, 43, 48, 50, 51, 52, 64, 65, 68, 71, 77, 81, 97, 99, 100, 104, 113, 120, 122, 125, 143, 150, 156, 175, 178, 181, 191, 192, 204, 208, 209, 221, 222, 224, 226, 228, 237, 239, 244, 275, 296, 323, 338, 385, 386, 395, 420.</footnote>
nakita, v tipološki shemi najdb t. i. *belobrdske kulture* so razdeljeni po obsegu na večje (tip I) in manjše obročke (tip II), po debelini žice pa na več inačic (1–6).<fnref n="92" /> Blejski obroček po tej razdelitvi spada med primerke tipa I, 7/2, glede na obseg 7,5 cm in debelino žice 0,18 cm. Obročki tega tipa so kronološko postavljeni v fazo *Bijelo Brdo I*, v obdobje, ki se je začelo kmalu po sredini 10. in končalo kmalu po sredini 11. stoletja.<fnref n="93" /> Obroček z S-zanko iz groba 49 uvrščamo med predmete *belobrdske skupine*, ki se v Sloveniji in še zahodneje pojavljajo posamično, a razmeroma pogosto na grobiščih s prevladujočimi najdbami *köttlaške skupine*.<fnref n="94" />

## OKRASNA ZAPONKA

Za okroglo okrasno zaponko (t. 1: 16; 16: 1), ki so jo našli ob premaknjenih kosteh v grobu 16, ni zanesljivo, da je grobni pridatek tega groba. Na ploščici zaponke je na več mestih vrezan gost in neenakomeren cikcakast okras. Za tako imenovani okras volčjega zoba najdemo veliko primerjav na rimskih fibulah,<fnref n="95" /> tudi z najdišč v Sloveniji.<fnref n="96" /> Zgodnjesrednjeveški primer takšnega okrasa je na srebrni križni fibuli iz groba 63 s Fraunberga pri Sondershausnu v Nemčiji, datirani v iztekajoče se 7. ali zgodnje 8. stoletje.<fnref n="97" /> Gost cikcak je pogosto vrezan tudi na kovanih polmesečastih uhanih<fnref n="98" /> in okroglih okrasnih zaponkah, okrašenih z vložki emajla,<fnref n="99" /> značilnih najdbah iz poznega obdobja zgodnjega srednjega veka v Vzhodnih Alpah.

Na hrbtni strani zaponke z Blejskega otoka so na dveh mestih ostanki kositrno-svinčeve spajke,<fnref n="100" /> s katero sta bila verjetno pritrjena nosilec in ležišče za iglo, ki se tako kot igla nista ohranila. Pritrjevanje naprave za pripenjanje s spajkanjem je tehnološka posebnost, ki so jo ugotovili pri petih okrasnih zaponkah z grobišča

Such rings are very common finds in burial grounds to the east and northeast of Slovenia, i.e. in Croatia,<fnref n="88" /> Hungary,<fnref n="89" /> Slovakia<fnref n="90" /> and east Austria.<fnref n="91" /> Within the Carpathian basin these temple rings represented one of the most characteristic jewellery forms, and in the typological group of finds belonging to the so-called *Bijelo Brdo culture* they were divided according to their circumference into large (type I) and small rings (type II), and into a number of variants depending on the thickness of the wire (1–6).<fnref n="92" /> According to this categorisation the Bled temple ring, with a circumference of 7.5 cm and wire thickness of 0.18 cm, belongs amongst the examples of type I, 7/2. Rings of this type are chronologically set into phase *Bijelo Brdo I*, in a period which started soon after the mid-10th century and ended soon after the mid-11th century.<fnref n="93" /> The temple ring with the S-shaped loop from Grave 49 is categorised as an object, typical for the *Bijelo Brdo group*, which appear individually in Slovenia and west of Slovenia, and are found relatively often in burial grounds with prevailing finds belonging to the *Köttlach group*.<fnref n="94" />

## BROOCH

It is uncertain whether the round brooch (Pls. 1: 16; 16: 1), which was found alongside the moved bones in Grave 16, was a grave good. There is an engraved, dense and irregular zigzag decoration on numerous parts of the fibula plate. There are numerous comparisons in fibulae originating from the Roman period for the so-called decoration of the wolf's tooth,<fnref n="95" /> including the sites in Slovenia.<fnref n="96" /> An Early Mediaeval example of such decoration can be seen on the silver cross fibula from Grave 63 in Fraunberg near Sondershausen in Germany, which was dated in the end of the 7th or beginning of the 8th century.<fnref n="97" /> The dense zigzag pattern is often engraved onto forged crescent shaped earrings<fnref n="98" /> and round brooches, decorated with enamel inlays,<fnref n="99" /> characteristic finds from the late Early Mediaeval period in the Eastern Alps.

<footnote n="92">⁹² Giesler 1981, 40, Abb. 7.</footnote>

<footnote n="93">⁹³ Giesler 1981, 136–137, Taf. 53.</footnote>

<footnote n="94">⁹⁴ Knific, Tomanič Jevremov 2005, 167–168, 172–174, sl. 4; Knific, Mlinar 1014, 439–440, 457–458.</footnote>

<footnote n="95">⁹⁵ Pogosto na kolenčastih fibulah, npr. Jobst 1975, 63–68, Taf. 18–24.</footnote>

<footnote n="96">⁹⁶ Npr. Ptuj (Ciglenečki 1990, 158–160, sl. 7; Ciglenečki 1993, 512, t. 2: 8), Kalce (Ciglenečki 1990, 160, t. 5: 4), Ilovica pri Vranskem (Lazar 2006, 39, 44–47, sl. M5, M12, M13), Tonovcov grad pri Kobaridu (Milavec 2011a, 22, t. 1: 18).</footnote>

<footnote n="97">⁹⁷ Brieske 2017, 226–227, op. 21, Abb. 3: 5.</footnote>

<footnote n="98">⁹⁸ Korošec 1979, t. 38: 1a; 45: 9; 46: 6; 57: 2a; 66: 2a,b; 77: 3,4.</footnote>

<footnote n="99">⁹⁹ Preložnik 2018, 162–163, sl. 5: 3; 7: 5; 9: 1,3; 11: 3.</footnote>

<footnote n="100">¹⁰⁰ Za obe mesti je meritev XRF pokazala sestavo, ki se razlikuje od drugih vzorcev, izmerjenih na površini okrasne zaponke. Sestava elementov (v odstotkih): 1. mesto – Sn 65,56; Cu 16,35; Pb 8,95; Si 4,76; Al 2,42; Fe 0,87; Zn 0,59; P 0,44; W 0,07; 2. mesto – Sn 46,62; Cu 25,32; Pb 11,51; Si 8,57; Al 4,77; Fe 1,24; Zn 0,98; P 0,85; W 0,10; As 0,03. Meritev je opravila Eva Menart, NMS.</footnote>

<footnote n="88">⁸⁸ Tomičič 1993, 546; Demo 2009, 447–448.</footnote>

<footnote n="89">⁸⁹ Giesler 1981, 104; Obenaus 2010, 190–191.</footnote>

<footnote n="90">⁹⁰ Hanuliak, Rejholcová 1999, 58–60.</footnote>

<footnote n="91">⁹¹ Obenaus 2010, 191–199.</footnote>

<footnote n="92">⁹² Giesler 1981, 40, Abb. 7.</footnote>

<footnote n="93">⁹³ Giesler 1981, 136–137, Taf. 53.</footnote>

<footnote n="94">⁹⁴ Knific, Tomanič Jevremov 2005, 167–168, 172–174, Fig. 4; Knific, Mlinar 1014, 439–440, 457–458.</footnote>

<footnote n="95">⁹⁵ Often found on knee fibulae, e.g. Jobst 1975, 63–68, Taf. 18–24.</footnote>

<footnote n="96">⁹⁶ E.g. Ptuj (Ciglenečki 1990, 158–160, Fig. 7; Ciglenečki 1993, 512, Pl. 2: 8), Kalce (Ciglenečki 1990, 160, Pl. 5: 4), Ilovica near Vransko (Lazar 2006, 39, 44–47, Figs. M5, M12, M13), Tonovcov grad near Kobarid (Milavec 2011a, 22, Pl. 1: 18).</footnote>

<footnote n="97">⁹⁷ Brieske 2017, 226–227, note 21, Abb. 3: 5.</footnote>

<footnote n="98">⁹⁸ Korošec 1979, Pl. 38: 1a; 45: 9; 46: 6; 57: 2a; 66: 2a, b; 77: 3,4.</footnote>

<footnote n="99">⁹⁹ Preložnik 2018, 162–163, Figs. 5: 3; 7: 5; 9: 1,3; 11: 3.</footnote>
na blejskem Sedlu,<fnref n="101" /> pri okrasni zaponki z grobišča
pri Sv. Urhu v Tolminu je bila z analizo PIXE določena
podrobna sestava spajke.<fnref n="102" /> Spajkanje in cikcak otoško
zaponko povezujeta z drugimi okrasnimi zaponkami iz
köttlaške skupine.

PRSTANI

Na Blejskem otoku so našli prstane v šestih gro-
bovih (št. 4, 37, 41, 45, 77 in 111), dva prstana pa sta
raztreseni najdbi (kat. št. 42 in 157). V grobovih 4 in
45 sta bili pokopani ženski, v grobu 77 moški, v grobu
37 otrok, v grobovih 41 in 111 spol pokopanega ni bil
ugotovljen.

V grobu 4 sta bila prstana z okrasnim kamnom:
na bolje ohranjenem prstanu je ovalen vložek iz tem-
nomodrega natronskega stekla (t. 1: 7), na drugem
prstanu, z obročkom, okrašenim z globokimi vrezi, je
bil verjetno pritrjen okrogel vložek iz svetlomodrega
stekla s tremi belimi očesci (t. 1: 9,10). Kovinski ležišči
okrasnih kamnov se nista ohranili, so pa pod vložkom
na prvem prstanu vidni ostanki spajke. Tudi tretji pr-
stan iz tega groba je bil morda, kot je mogoče sklepati
po drobnem ostanku razširjenega dela, okrašen s "kam-
nom" (t. 1: 8). Prstani so bili v grobu skupaj z uhanom
z astragalnimi odebelitvami (t. 1: 6) in nožem (t. 1: 11).

V zgodnjesrednjeveških grobovih na območju
Vzhodnih Alp so prstani z okrasnim kamnom – kot tudi
uhani z astragalnimi odebelitvami – redke najdbe. Več
primerkov obeh vrst so našli le na grobišču pri župni
cerkvi v Kranju. Bronasti prstani z okrasnim kamnom
so bili v petih grobovih,<fnref n="103" /> vedno skupaj z naglavnimi
obročki köttlaške skupine: v štirih grobovih z obročki
z enojno odebelitvijo na koncih (tip NO 0100_0808),
v enem z obročkoma z dvojno odebelitvijo (tip NO
0100_0909). V grobu 1984_z0102 je bil obroček prstana
(okrasni kamen ni ohranjen) okrašen s poševnimi preč-
nimi žlebiči,<fnref n="104" /> tako kot obročka pri blejskih primerkih
(t. 1: 7,10). Podoben prstan (brez kamna) so na grobiš-
ču pri kranjski župni cerkvi našli tudi kot raztreseno
najdbo.<fnref n="105" /> Pri treh prstanih je okrasni vložek steklen,
pri enem snov ni prepoznana.

Tudi v grobu 37 so našli prstan (t. 2: 5) skupaj z
naglavnima obročkoma z enojno odebelitvijo na koncih
(t. 2: 3,4). Prstan ima močno presegajoča zaključka, ker

The back side of the brooch from Bled Island shows
remains of tin-lead soldering in two places,<fnref n="100" /> which was
most likely used to attach the hinge and the loop for the
pin, which were not preserved (nor was the pin). Attach-
ing the clasp by soldering is a technological speciality
that was ascertained with five brooches from the burial
ground at Bled Sedlo,<fnref n="101" /> while the PIXE analysis revealed
a detailed composition of the soldering material on the
brooch from the burial ground at St Urh in Tolmin.<fnref n="102" />
Soldering and the zigzag engraving connect the brooch
from Bled Island to other brooches belonging to the
*Köttlach group*.

FINGER RINGS

Finger rings were found in six graves (Nos. 4, 37,
41, 45, 77 and 111) on Bled Island, while two finger rings
were categorised as scattered remains (cat. Nos. 42 and
157). Graves 4 and 45 contained female skeletons, Grave
77 a male skeleton, Grave 37 an infant’s skeleton, while
the sex of the buried could not be determined in Graves
41 and 111.

Grave 4 contained two finger rings with decorative
stones: the better-preserved finger ring contained an inlay
made from dark blue natron glass (Pl. 1: 7), while a light
blue inlay with three eyes most likely belongs to the second
finger ring, decorated with deep incisions. (Pl. 1: 9, 10). The
metal plates for attaching the decorative stones were not
preserved, however there are visible remains of soldering
underneath the insert on the first finger ring. The third
finger ring found in the same grave might have also been
decorated with a ‘stone’, which is indicated by the small
remnant of the widened part (Pl. 1: 8). These finger rings
were found in a grave together with an earring with an
astragal-shaped thickening (Pl. 1: 6) and a knife (Pl. 1: 11).

Similar to earrings with astragal-shaped thicken-
ings, finger rings with a decorative stone are rare finds in
Early Mediaeval graves in the area of the Eastern Alps.
Several examples of both types of artefacts were found
only at the burial ground at the parish church in Kranj.
Bronze finger rings with decorative stones were found in
five graves,<fnref n="103" /> always together with temple rings belong-

<footnote n="101">¹⁰¹ Okrasne zaponke iz grobov 9, 24, 26, 85, 143, glej
Valič 1964, 15, 17, 18, 29; Valič 1969a, 221.</footnote>

<footnote n="102">¹⁰² Knific, Mlinar 2014, 427, op. 3.</footnote>

<footnote n="103">¹⁰³ Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 185, 194–195, 262–263, 302, 311, grob 1972_z0173, sl. 3; grob 1972_z0204, sl. 5; grob 1973_z0274, sl. 3; grob 1984_z0059, sl. 3; grob 1984_z0102, sl. 3.</footnote>

<footnote n="104">¹⁰⁴ Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 311, sl. 3.</footnote>

<footnote n="105">¹⁰⁵ Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 322, sl. 7.</footnote>

<footnote n="100">¹⁰⁰ The XRF measurement in both locations showed a com-
position that differs from the other samples measured on the
surface of the brooch. The composition of the elements (in per-
centages): 1. location – Sn 65.56; Cu 16.35; Pb 8.95; Si 4.76; Al
2.42; Fe 0.87; Zn 0.59; P 0.44; W 0.07; 2. location – Sn 46.62; Cu
25.32; Pb 11.51; Si 8.57; Al 4.77; Fe 1.24; Zn 0.98; P 0.85; W 0.10;
As 0.03. The measurement was performed by Eva Menart, NMS.</footnote>

<footnote n="101">¹⁰¹ Brooches from Graves 9, 24, 26, 85 and 143, see Valič
1964, 15, 17, 18, 29; Valič 1969a, 221.</footnote>

<footnote n="102">¹⁰² Knific, Mlinar 2014, 427, note 3.</footnote>

<footnote n="103">¹⁰³ Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 185, 194–195, 262–263, 302, 311, Grave 1972_z0173, Fig. 3; Grave 1972_z0204, Fig. 5; Grave 1973_z0274, Fig. 3; Grave 1984_z0059, Fig. 3; Grave 1984_z0102, Fig. 3.</footnote>
so njegov premer zmanjšali. Nesklenjeni prstani s trikot-
nim prerezom, ki so jih našli na grobiščih v Vzhodnih
Alpah, so uvrščeni v skupino *Köttlach I*, datirano v drugo
polovico 9. in prvo polovico 10. stoletja.<fnref n="106" /> Pri župni
cerkvi v Kranju so odkrili grobova, ki potrjujeta pove-
zavo teh prstanov s predmeti, uvrščenimi v omenjeno
tipološko skupino: v grobu 1972_z0122 sta to naglavna
obročka z S-zanko, ki se zapenjata s kaveljčkom,<fnref n="107" /> v
grobu 1969_z0001 pa prstan z razširjenim zgornjim
delom, drugi predmeti iz tega groba (dvoramni okrasni
zaponki, naglavna obročka z odebelitvami in velika
obročka z S-zanko in kaveljčkom) so značilni za skupino
*Köttlach II*.<fnref n="108" />

Trije prstani z Blejskega otoka so masivni, ne-
sklenjeni, z okroglimi preseki: pri prstanu iz groba 41
sta konca ravno odrezana (t. 2: 8), pri prstanu iz groba
45 rahlo stanjšana (t. 2: 10), pri prstanu iz groba 58
pa koničasta (t. 2: 20). Ta vrsta prstanov, odkritih na
najdiščih s prevladujočimi najdbami köttlaške skupine,
kot sta Sedlo na Blejskem gradu<fnref n="109" /> in Križišče Iskra
v Kranju,<fnref n="110" /> je povezana z arheološkim gradivom t. i.
belobrdske kulture. Jochen Giesler jih je vključil kot tip
25 v kronološko skupino *Bijelo Brdo I* (druga polovica
10. in prva polovica 11. stoletja),<fnref n="111" /> Željko Demo pa jih
je pri objavi grobišča Vukovar – Lijeva Bara opredelil
kot inačice tipa 1.6a.<fnref n="112" />

Trakast prstan iz bronaste pločevine iz groba 111,
okrašen z nizoma vrezanih črtic, ki ju na treh mestih
prekinjajo prečno postavljeni nizi črtic (t. 3: 13; t. 15: 15),
ima primerjavo na grobišču pri župni cerkvi v Kranju,
vendar je tamkajšnji prstan raztresena najdba.<fnref n="113" /> Tudi
s primerjavo za otoška prstana iz groba 77 (t. 3 :7) in
raztreseno najdbo iz kvadranta 15 (t. 3: 18) je podob-
no: podatki za primerljivi prstan iz kranjskega groba
1973_z0269 so nezanesljivi, verjetno gre za najdbo iz
premetane plasti.<fnref n="114" />

NOŽI

Noži so bili pridatek v osmih grobovih (št. 3–6, 35,
38, 41, 61). V štirih grobovih so bili edini pridatek (št.
5, 6, 35, 61), v štirih pa skupaj z nakitom, z naglavnimi
obročki v grobovih 3 (t. 1: 3–5) in 38 (t. 1: 6,7), s prstan-
nom v grobu 41 (t. 1: 8,9), z uhanom in prstani v grobu
4 (t. 1: 6–11). V treh grobovih z noži (št. 5, 6 in 61) so

ing to the *Köttlach group*: in four graves together with
temple rings with a single thickening at the end (type
NO 0100_0808) and in one grave with two temple rings
with a double thickening (type NO 0100_0909). Grave
1984_z0102 contained a finger ring (the decorative stone
was not preserved) decorated with transversal grooves,<fnref n="104" />
similar to the finger rings from Bled (Pl. 1: 7,10). A similar
finger ring (without the stone) was found as a scattered
find in the burial ground at the parish church in Kranj.<fnref n="105" />
Three finger rings have a decorative glass inlay, while the
material of the inlay has not been determined for one
finger ring.

A finger ring (Pl. 2: 5) was also found in Grave 37,
together with temple rings with a single thickening (Pl. 2:
3,4). The finger ring has strongly overhanging endings, as
the finger ring's circumference was reduced. Open circle
finger rings with a triangular cross-section, which were
found in burial grounds in the Eastern Alps, are categor-
ised into the group *Köttlach I*, dated in the second half
of the 9th and the first half of the 10th century.<fnref n="106" /> At the
parish church in Kranj two graves confirm the connection
between these finger rings and artefacts belonging to the
aforementioned typological group: Grave 1972_z0122
revealed two temple rings with an S-shaped loop, which
is fastened with a hook,<fnref n="107" /> while Grave 1969_z0001 re-
vealed a finger ring with a widened upper part, while the
remaining artefacts from this grave (equal-arm fibula, two
temple rings with moulded ends and large temple rings
with S-shaped loops and hooks) are characteristic of the
*Köttlach II* group.<fnref n="108" />

The three finger rings from Bled Island are massive,
open circle finger rings, with round cross-sections: the
finger ring from Grave 41 has straight endings (Pl. 2: 8),
the endings on the finger ring from Grave 45 are slightly
thinned (Pl. 2: 10), while the endings on the finger ring
from Grave 58 are pointed (Pl. 2: 20). This type of finger
rings, discovered in sites with prevailing finds from the
*Köttlach group*, such as Sedlo at the Bled castle<fnref n="109" /> and the
Iskra crossroads in Kranj,<fnref n="110" /> is linked to archaeological
material belonging to the so-called *Bijelo Brdo culture*.
Jochen Giesler categorised them as type 25 within the
chronological group *Bijelo Brdo I* (the second half of the
10th and first half of the 11th centuries).<fnref n="111" /> In the publica-
tion on the Vukovar – Lijeva Bara burial ground, Željko
Demo categorised them as variants type 1.6a.<fnref n="112" />

The ribbon finger ring made from bronze sheet
metal, found in Grave 111, decorated with a series of

<footnote n="106">¹⁰⁶ Giesler 1980, 86, Abb. 2: 10; Giesler 2002, 402, Abb. 2: 23.</footnote>

<footnote n="107">107 Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2016, 169, sl. 1,2.</footnote>

<footnote n="108">¹⁰⁸ Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 203–206.</footnote>

<footnote n="109">¹⁰⁹ Valič 1964, 42.</footnote>

<footnote n="110">¹¹⁰ Sagadin 1988, 54, 119.</footnote>

<footnote n="111">111 Giesler 1981, 110, 113, Taf. 4: 25; 53.</footnote>

<footnote n="112">¹¹² Demo 2009, 513, sl. 43: 1.6a¹, 1.6a².</footnote>

<footnote n="113">113 Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 270, kvadrant III, sl. 4.</footnote>

<footnote n="114">114 Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 260–261, sl. 3.</footnote>

<footnote n="104">¹⁰⁴ Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 311, Fig. 3.</footnote>

<footnote n="105">105 Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 322, Fig. 7.</footnote>

<footnote n="106">¹⁰⁶ Giesler 1980, 86, Abb. 2: 10; Giesler 2002, 402, Abb. 2: 23.</footnote>

<footnote n="107">107 Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2016, 169, Fig. 1,2.</footnote>

<footnote n="108">108 Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 203–206.</footnote>

<footnote n="109">109 Valič 1964, 42.</footnote>

<footnote n="110">110 Sagadin 1988, 54, 119.</footnote>

<footnote n="111">111 Giesler 1981, 110, 113, Taf. 4: 25; 53.</footnote>

<footnote n="112">112 Demo 2009, 513, Fig. 43: 1.6a, 1.6a.</footnote>
bili pokopani moški, v vseh brez drugih najdb. Samo z nožem je bila pokopana ena ženska (v grobu 35), tri pa z nakitom (v grobovih 3, 4 in 38). Spol pokopanega v grobu 41, v katerem je bil tudi prstan, ni znan.

Štirje noži imajo značilen, proti konici poševno zalomljen hrbet rezila (t. 1: 5,12,23; 2: 7). Na grobiščih z najdbami köttlaške skupine so takšni noži pogoste najdbe. V Blejskem kotu so jih našli na Pristavi (v grobu 108 in 149),<fnref n="115" /> na Sedlu (v grobovih 11, 25, 27, 31, 62, in 163),<fnref n="116" /> na Dlescu pri Bodeščah (grobova 6 in 43)<fnref n="117" /> in v Zasipu (v grobovih 43 in 45).<fnref n="118" /> V Batujah v Vipavski dolini so našli nože v 12 grobovih, od teh jih je bilo šest s poševno zalomljenim rezilom.<fnref n="119" />

Tako je oblikovano tudi rezilo noža z rogovinastim ali koščenim ročajem iz otoškega groba 38 (t. 2: 7; 17: 5; 27: 3). Platnici, pritrjeni na ročaj z železnima kovicama, sta okrašeni s prečnimi in križajočimi se vrezi. Noži z rogovinastim ali koščenim ročajem so pogosti na grobiščih iz karolinškega obdobja v zahodni Panonski nižini, npr. v Sopronkőhidi in Zalavarju. Okrašeni so predvsem s koncentričnimi krogi s piko v sredini.<fnref n="120" />

## PISALI

Podatki o legi železni pisal v grobovih 55 (t. 2: 16; 17: 7) in 56 (t. 2: 18; 17: 8) so pomanjkljivi, možno je, da sta raztreseni rimskodobni najdbi (glej pogl. 1.4.2). Poznoantične primerjave za otoški pisali, datirane od 5. do 7. stoletja, najdemo na Tonovcovem gradu pri Kobaridu,<fnref n="121" /> Invillinu v Furlaniji<fnref n="122" /> in Hemmabergu / Sv. Hemi v Podjuni.<fnref n="123" /> Med zgodnjesrednjeveške najdbe pa je uvrščen železen stilus z Malega gradu v Kamniku.<fnref n="124" />

## TKANINA

V grobu 68, opredeljenem v čas po zgodnjem srednjem veku, so se med prekopanimi kostmi ohranili ostanki tkanine (sl. 2.6; t. 20). Preliminarne preiskave tkanine je z lupo in presevnim mikroskopom opravila Ana Motnikar (Slovenski etnografski muzej, Ljubljana). Po njenih ugotovitvah gre za več različnih tkanin z različno gostoto tkanja. Prevladuje platnena vezava, na

engraved lines that are broken in three places by transversal lines (Pl. 3: 13; Pl. 15: 15), has a comparison from the burial ground at the parish church in Kranj, however the finger ring found there belonged amongst scattered finds.<fnref n="113" /> The situation is similar when the finger ring from Grave 77 (Pl. 3: 7) and the finger ring found as a scattered find in quadrant 15 (Pl. 3: 18) are compared: the data for the comparative finger ring from the Kranj Grave 1973_z0269 is unreliable, most likely it was found in a layer of dug up material.<fnref n="114" />

## KNIVES

Knives were found as grave goods in eight graves (Nos. 3–6, 35, 38, 41 and 61). In four graves they represented the only grave good (Nos. 5, 6, 35 and 61), while in four they were found together with jewellery, with temple rings in Graves 3 (Pl. 1: 3–5) and 38 (Pl. 1: 6,7), with a finger ring in Grave 41 (Pl. 1: 8,9), and with an earring and finger rings in Grave 4 (Pl. 1: 6–11). Three graves with knives (Nos. 5, 6 and 61) contained male skeletons, and none of them had any other grave goods. One woman was buried only with a knife (Grave 35), while three were buried with a knife and jewellery (Graves 3, 4 and 38). The sex of the buried in Grave 41, which also included a finger ring, is not known.

Four knives have a characteristic, towards the tip obliquely descending back of the blade (t. 1: 5,12,23; 2: 7). At the burial grounds with finds pertaining to the Köttlach group knives like this were common finds. In Bled area they were found at Pristava (in Graves 108 and 149),<fnref n="115" /> on Sedlo (in Graves 11, 25, 27, 31, 62 and 163),<fnref n="116" /> at Dlesc near Bodešče (Graves 6 and 43)<fnref n="117" /> and in Zasip (in Graves 43 and 45).<fnref n="118" /> In Batuje in the Vipava valley knives were found in 12 graves, six of which had a obliquely slanting blade.<fnref n="119" />

This was also how the blade of the knife with a bone or antler handle from Grave 38 (Pls. 2: 7; 17: 5; 27: 3) was designed. The two sides of the handle, attached to the tang with iron rivets, are decorated with transverse and intersecting engravings. Knives with a bone or antler handle are common in Carolingian period burial grounds in the west Pannonian plain, e.g. in Sopronkőhida and Zalavar. They are most commonly decorated with concentric circles with a dot in the centre.<fnref n="120" />

<footnote n="115">¹¹⁵ Kastelic, Škerlj 1950, 43, sl. 15.</footnote>

<footnote n="116">¹¹⁶ Valič 1964, 15, 17–19, 25, t. 4: 1; 7: 3; 8: 2,4; 14: 2; Valič 1969a, 225, t. 2: 23.</footnote>

<footnote n="117">¹¹⁷ Knific, Pleterski 1981b, 484, 495, t. 2: 6/3; 14: 43/6.</footnote>

<footnote n="118">¹¹⁸ Knific, Pleterski 1993, 247–248, t. 8: 43/1; 9: 45: 2.</footnote>

<footnote n="119">¹¹⁹ Svoljšak, Knific 1976, 65, t. 14: 2; 15: 1; 16: 2; 21: 5; 23: 7, 27: 2.</footnote>

<footnote n="120">¹²⁰ Szőke 2014, 37, 108, Figs. 26, 83.</footnote>

<footnote n="121">¹²¹ Milavec 2011b, 53, 59,414, t. 18: 5–8, 10.</footnote>

<footnote n="122">¹²² Bierbrauer 1987, 116, 172, 352, Taf: 57: 9–13.</footnote>

<footnote n="123">¹²³ Ladstätter 2000, 258, Taf. 34: 42–45.</footnote>

<footnote n="124">¹²⁴ Sagadin 2001, 370–371, t. 3: 12; Štular 2009, 121–122, sl. 8.2: 25.</footnote>

<footnote n="113">¹¹³ Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 270, quadrant III, Fig. 4.</footnote>

<footnote n="114">¹¹⁴ Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 260–261, Fig. 3.</footnote>

<footnote n="115">¹¹⁵ Kastelic, Škerlj 1950, 43, Fig. 15.</footnote>

<footnote n="116">¹¹⁶ Valič 1964, 15, 17–19, 25, Pl. 4: 1; 7: 3; 8: 2,4; 14: 2; Valič 1969a, 225, PL. 2: 23.</footnote>

<footnote n="117">¹¹⁷ Knific, Pleterski 1981b, 484, 495, Pl. 2: 6/3; 14: 43/6.</footnote>

<footnote n="118">¹¹⁸ Knific, Pleterski 1993, 247–248, Pl. 8: 43/1; 9: 45: 2.</footnote>

<footnote n="119">¹¹⁹ Svoljšak, Knific 1976, 65, Pl. 14: 2; 15: 1; 16: 2; 21: 5; 23: 7, 27: 2.</footnote>

<footnote n="120">¹²⁰ Szőke 2014, 37, 108, Figs. 26, 83.</footnote>
več mestih je videti vzorec, pridobljen s posebno tehniko tkanja. Na robu tkanine so bile v trak ali obrobo vtkane zlate ali pozlačene niti. Dobro je viden spoj dveh tkanin, kar kaže, da so to ostanki oblačila, sodeč po gladkih in ravnih vlaknih, zelo verjetno iz svile, vendar volne ne moremo povsem izključiti.

## 2.3 INTERPRETACIJA RAZTRESENIH NAJDB

Na Blejskem otoku so našli v zasutju grobov in drugod na raziskanem območju veliko posamičnih najdb in delno ohranjenih predmetov, opisanih v poglavju 12.2 (*Katalog raztresenih najdb*). Opisi si sledijo glede na glavna območja arheoloških raziskav, ki so potekale severno od cerkve, v njeni notranjosti in južno od cerkve. Na začetku kataloga so posebej opisane najdbe iz zasutja grobov, znotraj arheoloških območij so opisi razdeljeni na sklope po izkopavalnih odsekih (sonde 1–3, IP 1–3, prostori v cerkvi).

Raztresene najdbe iz prazgodovinske in rimske dobe ter poznoantičnega obdobja so obravnavane v poglavju 1.4. V tem poglavju interpretiramo srednjeveške in mlajše raztresene najdbe, ki se delijo na kovinske predmete, odlomke lončenine in stekla, koščen obesek, drobne stavbne ostanke, žitno zrnje in polžje hišice.

### KOVINSKI PREDMETI

#### Nakit

Trije naglavni obročki z odebelitvami na koncih (kat. št. 69, 74 in 88; t. 3: 14–16; 15: 8), ki so jih našli na grobišču severno od cerkve, lahko izvirajo iz prekopanih zgodnjesrednjeveških grobov (glej *Naglavni obročki*). Tudi prstan, okrašen z nizom pik (kat. št. 42; t. 3: 17; 16: 10), ima primerjavo v bližnjem grobu 77, odkritem pod tlakom preddverja (glej Prstani). Časovna opredelitev sklenjenega prstana iz sonde 2 (kat. št. 157; t. 3: 18) je široka, bronaste (ali še pogosteje srebrne) prstane z D-prerezom so našli na grobiščih z najdbami köttlaške skupine,<fnref n="125" /> a tudi v poznejših srednjeveških grobovih.<fnref n="126" />

#### Predmeti za pritrjevanje

Na Blejskem otoku so našli dve vrsti železnih predmetov za pritrjevanje, in sicer skobe in *žeblje*. S skobami so spenjali lesene dele predmetov in stavbne elemente,

### STYLUSES

The data on the location of the iron styluses in Graves 55 (Pls. 2: 16; 17: 7) and 56 (Pls. 2: 18; 17: 8) was insufficient, and it is possible, that they were scattered Roman period remains (see Chapter 1.4.2). Late Antiquity comparisons for the two styluses found on Bled Island, dated from the 5th to the 7th centuries, were found at Tonovcov grad near Kobarid,<fnref n="121" /> Invillino in Friuli<fnref n="122" /> and Hemmaberg in Jauntal.<fnref n="123" /> The iron stylus from Mali grad in Kamnik is categorised as an Early Mediaeval find.<fnref n="124" />

### FABRIC

Grave 68, categorised as post Early Mediaeval period, contained remains of fabric alongside the reburied bones (Fig. 2.6; Pl. 20). The preliminary research of the fabric was performed by Ana Motnikar (Slovenian Ethnographic Museum, Ljubljana) who used a magnifying glass and a screening microscope. Her tests revealed that these were different fabrics with different thread density. Plain weave prevails and a pattern created with the use of a special weaving technique can be seen in numerous places. The edge of the fabric had a ribbon or a hem with golden or gilded threads woven into it. The connection of the two fabrics is clearly visible and taking the smooth and straight threads into account these could be the remnants of an article of clothing made from silk – however wool cannot be entirely excluded.

## 2.3 INTERPRETATION OF SCATTERED FINDS

A lot of individual finds and partially preserved artefacts were found in the fill-in material of the graves as well as elsewhere in the researched area on Bled Island; these are described in Chapter 12.2 (*Catalogue of Scattered Remains*). The descriptions follow one another in relation to the main areas of archaeological research, which took place north of the church, in the church's interior and south of the church. In the first part of the catalogue the finds from the fill-in material of the graves are described, within the archaeological areas the descriptions are divided into groups according to the excavated areas (trial trenches 1–3, IP 1–3, spaces within the church).

Scattered finds from the Prehistoric, Roman and Late Antique periods are treated in Chapter 1.4. This chapter focuses on the interpretation of mediaeval and later scattered finds, which are divided into metal artefacts, pot-

<footnote n="125">¹²⁵ Npr. Kranj, Križišče Iskra, grob 26 (Sagadin 1988, 16, 53, 78, 119–120, t. 6: 8); Komenda, naključna najdba št. 1999/25 (Sagadin 2013a, 261, 275, 285, t. 7: 25).</footnote>

<footnote n="126">¹²⁶ Kranj, Župna cerkev, grobova 1972_p0875 in 1972_p0878 (Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 82, 84, sl. 1, 2).</footnote>

<footnote n="121">¹²¹ Milavec 2011b, 53, 59,414, Pl. 18: 5–8, 10.</footnote>

<footnote n="122">¹²² Bierbrauer 1987, 116, 172, 352, Taf. 57: 9–13.</footnote>

<footnote n="123">¹²³ Ladstätter 2000, 258, Taf. 34: 42–45.</footnote>

<footnote n="124">¹²⁴ Sagadin 2001, 370–371, Pl. 3: 12; Štular 2009, 121–122, Fig. 8.2: 25.</footnote>
najpogostejše so skobe v obliki polovice črke H. Takšna je tudi trakasta skoba, ki je ležala "v zasipnem gradivu" nad grobom 115 (kat. št. 25; t. 3: 19), skupaj z odlomkom poznoantične čaše (kat. št. 24; sl. 1.25: 3, t. 16: 5) in delom zgodnjesrednjeveške lončene posode (kat. št. 23; t. 6: 13; 18: 8). Poškodbe na konicah skobe kažejo, da je bila uporabljena. Podobni skobi so našli v grobu 43 na Dlescu pri Bodeščah,<fnref n="127" /> kar bi dopuščalo domnevo, da je otoška skoba ostanek iz nekega prekopanega groba.<fnref n="128" /> Skobe kot deli krst so znane v številnih poznoantičnih in avarskodobnih grobovih, odkritih na ozemlju Panonske nižine.<fnref n="129" /> Skobam podoben okov, očitno zabit v les in pri konici zapognjen, so našli med ostalinami srednjeveške trdnjave Kostanjevica nad Starim gradom v Podbočju.<fnref n="130" /> Druga otoška skoba, ki je ležala v bližini prve, nekje na območju izkopnega polja IP 1/2, je močno zravnana (kat. št. 88; t. 4: 14).

Ročno kovani žeblji so bili raztreseni na celotnem raziskanem območju. Pod tlakom cerkvene ladje so jih našli v grobovih 68 in 69, datiranih v čas po zgodnjem srednjem veku: v grobnih jamah so ležali skupaj s koščki lesa in so verjetno ostanki krst (t. 3: 1–5). V grobovih 55 in 56 sta bila žeblja skupaj z železnima pisaloma (t. 2: 16–19), a je zapisana le približna lega žeblja v grobu 56, tj. “nad glavo” okostja. V grobu 118 so žebelj našli v bližini vkopa, ki je poškodoval del okostja (kat. št. 26; t. 3: 20).

Številnejši so bili raztreseni žeblji na območju IP 1/2 (kat. št. 52–55, 60, 61, 71; t. 4: 3–6,8,9,12), pod tlakom preddverja cerkve (kat. št. 104–107; sl. 2.15; t. 4: 16,17; 5: 1,2), v ladji (kat. št. 124, 126, 133–135; t. 5: 3,5,7–9) in južno od cerkve (kat. št. 152–154, 166–168, 185, 186; t. 5: 10–15,18,19). V preddverju so žeblji ležali v plasti nad grobovi, v kateri je bilo med gradbenimi ostanki tudi veliko odlomkov poznosrednjeveške lončenine. Nekateri žeblji so skrivljeni, zviti, pravokotno zapognjeni ali odlomljeni, kar kaže, da so bili uporabljeni (npr. sl. 2.15; t. 4: 2,3; 5: 3,8).

Žeblji imajo oglato skovano steblo, večina podolgovato ploščato glavico, primerno za zabijanje. Med njimi so nekateri dolgi približno 10 cm (t. 4: 4,15), kar jih uvršča med žeblje, primerne za pritrjevanje večjih stavbnih elementov; pogosti pa so tudi žeblji dolžine okoli 8 cm (t. 4: 8,9) in 6 cm (t. 5: 2,9), ki so bili uporabni za zbijanje pohištva in stavbne opreme.<fnref n="131" />

tery and glass fragments, a bone pendant, small building remains, grains and snail shells.

## METAL ARTEFACTS

### Jewellery

It is possible that the three temple rings with moulded ends (cat. Nos. 69, 74 and 88; *Pls.* 3: 14–16; 15: 8), which were found in the burial ground north of the church, originate from the redug Early Mediaeval graves (see *Temple rings*). The finger ring, decorated with a series of dots (cat. No. 42; *Pls.* 3: 17; 16: 10), also has a comparison in the nearby Grave 77, discovered under the occupation surface in the lobby (see *Finger rings*). The time scale for the closed finger ring from trench 2 (cat. No. 157; *Pl.* 3: 18) is broad, as bronze (and even more often silver) finger rings with a D-cross-section were found in burial grounds with finds belonging to the *Köttlach group*,<fnref n="125" /> but they were also found in later mediaeval graves.<fnref n="126" />

### Objects for attaching

Two types of iron objects for attaching were found on Bled Island: staples and nails. Staples, which were usually shaped as half of the letter H, were used to attach wooden parts of objects or building constructions together. This was also the case with the strip staple, which lay in the ‘fill-in material’ above Grave 115 (cat. No. 25; *Pl.* 3: 19), together with a fragment of a Late Antique cup (cat. No. 24; Fig. 1.25: 3, *Pl.* 16: 5) and a part of an Early Mediaeval earthenware vessel (cat. No. 23; *Pl.* 6: 13; 18: 8). The damages at the endings of the staple show that it was used. Similar staples were found in Grave 43 at Dlesc near Bodešče,<fnref n="127" /> which would lead to the assumption that the staple from Bled Island was a remnant of a reburied grave.<fnref n="128" /> As parts of coffins staples have been found in numerous Late Antique and Avar period graves discovered in the Pannonian plain.<fnref n="129" /> Mounts similar to a staple, obviously hammered into wood and bent at the tip, were found amongst the remains of the mediaeval

<footnote n="127">¹²⁷ Knific, Pleterski 1981a, 495, t. 14: 4.</footnote>

<footnote n="128">¹²⁸ Pod grobom 115 so bili *in situ* deli okostja, ki so označeni kot grob 116. Odlomki kosti so bili raztreseni tudi v okoli 0,5 m debeli plasti “nad grobno jamo s skeletoma 115 in 116” (*arhiv* 489, str. 65–67).</footnote>

<footnote n="129">¹²⁹ Cseh et al. 2005, 46, 117, 137–141, Taf. 15: 5,7; 35: 3,4 (Grab 2); 55: 3,5 (Grab 45); 60: 1–3 (Grab 60); Kiss 1977, 74–75, 105, Pl. 28: 10 (grave 16), grave 12, grave 24, 1 (grave 27); 29: 4 (grave 29); 30: 4 (grave 54); 42, grave 5.</footnote>

<footnote n="130">¹³⁰ Predovnik 2003, 191, t. 78, kat. št. 870.</footnote>

<footnote n="131">¹³¹ Predovnik 2003, 88–90; Štular 2009, 91.</footnote>

<footnote n="125">¹²⁵ E.g., Kranj, Iskra intersection, Grave 26 (Sagadin 1988, 16, 53, 78, 119–120, *Pl.* 6: 8); Komenda, chance find No. 1999/25 (Sagadin 2013a, 261, 275, 285, Pl. 7: 25).</footnote>

<footnote n="126">¹²⁶ Kranj, parish church, Graves 1972_p0875 and 1972_p0878 (Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 82, 84, Figs. 1, 2).</footnote>

<footnote n="127">¹²⁷ Knific, Pleterski 1981a, 495, Pl. 14: 4.</footnote>

<footnote n="128">¹²⁸ Parts of skeleton marked as Grave 16 were in situ under Grave 115. Bone fragments were scattered also throughout the approximately 0.5 m thick layer 'above the pit with skeletons 115 and 116' (*Archive* 489, pg. 65–67).</footnote>

<footnote n="129">¹²⁹ Cseh et al. 2005, 46, 117, 137–141, Taf. 15: 5,7; 35: 3,4 (Grave 2); 55: 3,5 (Grave 45); 60: 1–3 (Grave 60); Kiss 1977, 74–75, 105, Pl. 28: 10 (Grave 16), Grave 12, Grave 24, 1 (Grave 27); 29: 4 (Grave 29); 30: 4 (Grave 54); 42, Grave 5.</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_94.png" /><figcaption>Sl. 2.15: Blejski otok, železni žeblji (kat. št. 104–107), najdeni pod tlakom v preddverje cerkve.</figcaption></figure>

<caption>Fig. 2.15: Bled Island, iron nails (cat. No. 104–107), found underneath the paving stones in the church lobby.
(Foto / Photo: T. Lauko)</caption>

V Blejskem kotu so takšne žeblje našli v Zasipu ob zidovih stolpa iz poznega srednjega veka (13.–14. stoletje).<fnref n="132" />

Dva žeblja imata koničasto glavico, ki je lahko krasila predmet,<fnref n="133" /> v katerega sta bila zabita; žeblja so našli v grobovih 69 in 118, pri obeh je steblo kvadratnega prereza, dolžina celega žeblja je 6,13 cm (t. 3: 4,20; 17: 11). Z žeblji, kot je primerek s pravokotno zapognjeno glavico (kat. št. 55, t. 4: 6), so verjetno pritrjevali kovinske okove na leseno podlago.<fnref n="134" />

## Ključ z votlo nogo

Med srednjeveškimi kovinskimi najdbami z Blejskega otoka je tudi železen vrtljivi ključ z brado in votlo nogo (kat. št. 65; t. 4: 10; 17: 14). Takšni ključi so znani s številnih drugih slovenskih najdišč (seznam 5; sl. 2.16). Vrtljivi ključi z brado so tehnološka iznajdba zgodnjega srednjega veka, v osnovni obliki so v rabi še

castle Kostanjevica above Stari grad v Podbočju.<fnref n="130" /> The second staple from Bled Island, which lay in the vicinity of the first, within the excavation area IP 1/2, was strongly flattened (cat. No. 88; Pl. 4: 14).

Hand forged nails were scattered throughout the entire excavated area. The nails found in Graves 68 and 69 underneath the occupation surface of the church nave were dated to the post Early Mediaeval period: as they lay in grave pits together with pieces of wood, they were most likely parts of coffins (Pl. 3: 1–5). In Graves 55 and 56 the nails were found together with iron styluses (Pl. 2: 16–19), however only the approximate location of the nail in Grave 56 was recorded, i.e. ‘above the head’ of the skeleton. In Grave 118 the nail was found in the vicinity of the dug-in pit, which damaged part of the skeleton (Cat. No. 26; Pl. 3: 20).

Scattered nails were more numerous in area IP 1/2 (Cat. No. 52–55, 60, 61, 71; Pl. 4: 3–6, 8, 9, 12), underneath the occupation surface of the church lobby (cat. Nos. 104–107; Fig. 2.15; Pl. 4: 16,17; 5: 1,2), in the nave (cat. No. 124, 126, 133–135; Pl. 5: 3, 5, 7–9) and south of the church (cat. No. 152–154, 166–168, 185, 186; Pl. 5: 10–15, 18, 19). In the lobby the nails lay in the layer above the graves, which also included building material and numerous fragments of Late Mediaeval pottery. Some nails were bent at various angles and in different places or broken off, which indicates that they were used (for instance Fig. 2.15; Pls. 4: 2,3; 5: 3, 8).

The nails have a shank with a square cross-section and most have an elongated flat head, suitable for hammering. The approximately 10 cm long (Pl. 4: 4,15) nails were suitable for assembling large building elements; also common were nails measuring approximately 8 cm (Pl. 4: 8,9) and 6 cm (Pl. 5: 2,9) in length, which were suitable for manufacturing furniture and carpentry.<fnref n="131" />

In Bled area such nails were found in Zasip alongside the walls of the Late Mediaeval tower (13th–14th centuries).<fnref n="132" />

Two nails have a pointed head which indicates that they could have been used as a decorative addition to an object<fnref n="133" /> into which they were hammered; these two nails were found in Graves 69 and 118. Both fully preserved nails measure 6.13 cm in length and have a shank with a square cross-section (Pl. 3: 4,20; 17: 11). Nails such as the example with the head bent at a right angle (cat. No. 55, Pl. 4: 6), were most likely used to attach metal mouts into a wooden base.<fnref n="134" />

<footnote n="132">132 Sagadin 1990, 382, t. 3: 12–15.</footnote>

<footnote n="133">133 Predovnik 2003, 89.</footnote>

<footnote n="134">134 Predovnik 2003, 90.</footnote>

<footnote n="130">130 Predovnik 2003, 191, Pl. 78, cat. No. 870.</footnote>

<footnote n="131">131 Predovnik 2003, 88–90; Štular 2009, 91.</footnote>

<footnote n="132">132 Sagadin 1990, 382, Pl. 3: 12–15.</footnote>

<footnote n="133">133 Predovnik 2003, 89.</footnote>

<footnote n="134">134 Predovnik 2003, 90.</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_95.png" /><figcaption>Sl. 2.16: Najdišča ključev z votlo nogo in lečastih kresil v Sloveniji (glej seznam 5).
Fig. 2.16: Sites where keys with hollow stems and lenticular tender were found in Slovenia (see List 5).
(Izdelava / Elaborated by: V. Bitenc)</figcaption></figure>

zdaj.<fnref n="135" /> Ključi z votlo nogo so bili izdelani iz enega kosa pločevine: srednji del je bil zvit v steblo, zgornji uvit in skovan v glavo, spodnji, najširši del je bil oblikovan v brado; ta je pogosteje iz ene plasti pločevine, kot pri otoškem ključu, redkeje je narejena iz dveh stisnjenih plasti pločevine.<fnref n="136" /> Podobno razmerje med eno in drugo vrsto izdelave lahko opazimo na primer v Mikulčicah na Češkem, kjer so med več kot dvajsetimi ključi le trije z dvoplastno brado.<fnref n="137" /> Ključi z votlo nogo se med seboj razlikujejo tudi po obliki glave in brade. Najstarejši naj bi bili preprosti, s kapljasto oblikovano ploščato skovano glavo in nerazčlenjeno brado, postopoma je glava postajala bolj okrogla in v preseku kvadratna, brada pa čedalje bolj razčlenjena. Te lastnosti niso povsem zanesljiv kronološki kazalec, lahko se pojavljajo v različnih kombinacijah; ključi s ploščato kapljasto glavo, a razčlenjeno brado iz Paderborna v Nemčiji so datirani v 8./9. stoletje,<fnref n="138" /> z najdišča Emsdetten-Isendorf pa v 9./10. stoletje.<fnref n="139" /> Številni preprosti ključi, datirani v dru-

Key with a hollow stem

Mediaeval metal finds from Bled Island include an iron rotary key with a bit and a hollow stem (cat. No. 65; *Pls.* 4: 10; 17: 14). Such keys are known from numerous other Slovenian sites (*List* 5; *Fig. 2.16*. Rotary keys with a bit were an Early Mediaeval technological invention, and in their basic design they are still in use today.<fnref n="135" /> Keys with a hollow stem were made from a single layer of sheet-metal: the central part was rolled into a stem, the upper part was rolled and forged into the bow, while the bottom, widest part was formed into the bit. Bits were most commonly made from a single layer of sheet-metal, as is the case with the island key, and only rarely were they made from two layers of sheet metal pressed together.<fnref n="136" /> A similar ratio between the two types of manufacture can be found for instance in Mikulčice in Czechia, where only three out of the over twenty keys in total have a two-layered bit.<fnref n="137" /> Keys with a hollow stem differ also in the shapes of the bow and the bit. Earlier keys were simpler in design, with a teardrop shaped flat bow and

<footnote n="135">¹³⁵ Štular 2009, 78.</footnote>

<footnote n="136">¹³⁶ Bitenc, Knific 2013–2014, 159–160, sl. 11.</footnote>

<footnote n="137">¹³⁷ Klima 1980, sl. 24–28.</footnote>

<footnote n="138">¹³⁸ Mecke, Westphal 1999, 131–132, kat. št. III.14.</footnote>

<footnote n="139">¹³⁹ Köhn 1999, 240, kat. št. IV.84.</footnote>

<footnote n="135">¹³⁵ Štular 2009, 78.</footnote>

<footnote n="136">¹³⁶ Bitenc, Knific 2013–2014, 159–160, Fig. 11.</footnote>

<footnote n="137">¹³⁷ Klima 1980, Figs. 24–28.</footnote>
go polovico 9. stoletja in 10. stoletje, so bili najdeni na Češkem, tako v naselbinskih plasteh<fnref n="140" /> kot v zakladnih najdbah.<fnref n="141" /> Manj pogosto so ključe našli na območju zgodnjesrednjeveških grobišč, v Sloveniji so znani kot raztresene najdbe z Blejskega otoka, Brda na Bledu, iz Tolmina in Kranja. Pri župni cerkvi v Kranju so našli tri ključe, enega kot raztreseno najdbo in dva v grobovih,<fnref n="142" /> obakrat kot edini pridatek, položen umrlemu v dlan desnice oziroma levice.<fnref n="143" /> V Pordenonu v Furlaniji je bil takšen ključ v grobu skupaj s parom polmesečastih emajlnih uhanov.<fnref n="144" /> Vrtljivi ključi z votlo nogo nekoliko bolj razvitih oblik so drugod po srednji Evropi datirani od 11. do 13. stoletja.<fnref n="145" />

Na Blejskem otoku so ključ našli severovzhodno od cerkve, v bližini temeljev zidu 6, tako kot več drugih železnih predmetov, ki jih je mogoče opredeliti kot srednjeveške, poleg obeh skob (t. 3; 19; 4: 14) in žebljev (t. 4: 8,9,12) še nož (t. 4: 7), del lečastega kresila (t. 4: 11) in prijemalko (t. 4: 13).

## Lečasto kresilo

Med srednjeveškimi kovinskimi najdbami z Blejskega otoka je tudi lečasto kresilo, ohranjeno v majhnem, a prepoznavnem delu (kat. št. 70; t. 4: 11; 17: 15). V Sloveniji so takšna kresila našli na različnih najdiščih (seznam 5; sl. 2.16). Doslej edina grobna najdba je kresilo iz Fijeroge pri Pomjanu, ki so ga našli v grobu pri razvalinah cerkve sv. Štefana, skupaj s kamnitimi kresilniki ob kosteh leve podlakti.<fnref n="146" /> Zanj so bile navedene primerjave iz naselbinskih plasti na Otoku pri Dobravi (Gutenwerd), na Hrušici (nad plastmi rimskodobne trdnjave Ad Pirum), Pustem gradu nad Lipnico pri Radovljici (Waldenberg) in iz struge Ljubljanice pri Črni vasi. Na podlagi slovenskih in bližnjih srednjeevropskih primerjav je bilo fijeroško kresilo datirano v 12. ali 13. stoletje.<fnref n="147" />

Pri objavi najdb z Malega gradu v Kamniku je Benjamin Štular obravnaval tudi tamkajšnje lečasto kresilo na verigi.<fnref n="148" /> Ob drugih evropskih primerjavah je opozoril na najstarejša zanesljivo datirana lečasta kresila

a solid bit, and through time the bow became rounder and squarer in the cross-section, while the bit became increasingly varied. These characteristics do not represent a reliable chronological indicator, for they can appear in various combinations; keys with a flat teardrop shaped bow, but with bit indented with clefs, from Paderborn in Germany are dated to the 8th/9th centuries,<fnref n="138" /> while similar keys from Emsdetten-Isendorf were dated to the 9th/10th century.<fnref n="139" /> Numerous simple keys, dated to the second half of the 9th and the 10th centuries, were found in Czechia, in settlement layers<fnref n="140" /> as well as in hoards.<fnref n="141" /> Less common were keys found in the area of Early Mediaeval burial grounds; in Slovenia they are known as scattered finds from Bled Island, Brdo in Bled, Tolmin and Kranj. Three keys were found at the parish church in Kranj, one as a scattered find and two in graves,<fnref n="142" /> both times as the only grave good, placed into the deceased's right and left palm respectively.<fnref n="143" /> In Pordenone in Friuli such a key was found in a grave together with a pair of crescent shaped enamel earrings.<fnref n="144" /> Rotary keys with a hollow stem that show slightly more developed forms are elsewhere in Europe dated between the 11th and 13th centuries.<fnref n="145" />

On Bled Island the key was found northeast of the church, in the vicinity of the foundations of wall 6, similar to a number of other iron artefacts, which can be categorised as mediaeval, alongside both staples (Pls. 3; 19; 4: 14) and nails (Pl. 4: 8,9,12) as well as a knife (Pl. 4: 7), a part of a lenticular strike-a-light (Pl. 4: 11) and a tong (Pl. 4: 13).

## Lenticular strike-a-light

Mediaeval metal finds on Bled Island include a lenticular shaped strike-a-light, preserved in a small, but recognisable part (cat. No. 70; Pl. 4: 11; 17: 15). This type of strike-a-light was found in various sites in Slovenia (List 5; Fig. 2.16). So far the only grave good is a strike-a-light from Fijeroga near Pomjan, which was found in the grave alongside the ruins of the church of St Stephen, together with a flint alongside left ulna bones.<fnref n="146" /> Comparisons for

<footnote n="140">¹⁴⁰ Klima 1980, 54–65, 100, sl. 24–28.</footnote>

<footnote n="141">¹⁴¹ Bartoškova 1986, 43–44, sl. 21: 19, 20; Geisler, Kohoutek 2014, 111, sl.:21. D2/14.</footnote>

<footnote n="142">¹⁴² Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 35 (pri grobu 1972_p0672).</footnote>

<footnote n="143">¹⁴³ Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 277 (grob 1984_p0016, v desnici), 309–310 (grob 1984_z0095, v levici).</footnote>

<footnote n="144">¹⁴⁴ Mader 1993, 247–248, Grab/tomba 23: 2.</footnote>

<footnote n="145">¹⁴⁵ Štular 2009, 78–85; Knific, Mlinar 2014, 436; Cavada 1996, 100, 101; Raffaelli 1996a, 137–138 (t. i. normanski ključi, ki oblikovno izvirajo iz severnih območij Evrope); Raffaelli 1996b, 168–171; Schwoerbel 1998, 74–75.</footnote>

<footnote n="146">¹⁴⁶ Knific 1994, 53–55, sl. 26: 6,8–17.</footnote>

<footnote n="147">¹⁴⁷ Knific 1994, 60, 62, sl. 28.</footnote>

<footnote n="148">¹⁴⁸ Štular 2009, 73, 189, t. 1: 3; sl. 5.3: a.</footnote>

<footnote n="138">¹³⁸ Mecke, Westphal 1999, 131–132, cat. No. III.14.</footnote>

<footnote n="139">¹³⁹ Köhn 1999, 240, cat. No. IV.84.</footnote>

<footnote n="140">¹⁴⁰ Klima 1980, 54–65, 100, Figs. 24–28.</footnote>

<footnote n="141">¹⁴¹ Bartoškova 1986, 43–44, Fig. 21: 19, 20; Geisler, Kohoutek 2014, 111, Fig.:21. D2/14.</footnote>

<footnote n="142">¹⁴² Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 35 (alongside/near Grave 1972_p0672).</footnote>

<footnote n="143">¹⁴³ Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 277 (Grave 1984_p0016, in the right hand), 309–310 (Grave 1984_z0095, in the left hand).</footnote>

<footnote n="144">¹⁴⁴ Mader 1993, 247–248, Grave 23: 2.</footnote>

<footnote n="145">¹⁴⁵ Štular 2009, 78–85; Knific, Mlinar 2014, 436; Cavada 1996, 100, 101; Raffaelli 1996a, 137–138 (so-called Norman keys, the style of which originates from northern Europe); Raffaelli 1996b, 168–171; Schwoerbel 1998, 74–75.</footnote>

<footnote n="146">¹⁴⁶ Knific 1994, 53–55, Fig. 26: 6,8–17.</footnote>
z vzhodnonemškega grobišča Penkun, ki je opredeljeno v čas od 1180 do okoli 1200. Kresilo z Malega gradu stratigrafsko spada med najdbe iz faze 4b, datirane v večji del 13. stoletja.<fnref n="149" />

Na verigo je obešeno tudi lečasto kresilo z Ulake nad Starim trgom pri Ložu; veliko kresilo (dol. 13,3 cm), odkrito z iskalnikom kovin, je okrašeno z vrezano mrežo; okvirno je datirano v čas od 13. do 15. stoletja.<fnref n="150" /> Še večje (dol. 14,8 cm) je kresilo z Gradišča nad Bašljem, prav tako okrašeno z vrezano mrežo in tudi najdeno z iskalnikom kovin; na kresilo je nataknjen ovalen obroček, na katerega bi bila lahko pripeta veriga, tako kot je pri kresilih z Malega gradu in Ulake.<fnref n="151" />

Lečasto kresilo so našli tudi na grobišču belobrdske kulture Vukovar – Lijeva Bara. Kresilo iz groba 89 ima luknjico za obešanje, našli so ga skupaj s kresilnikom, označeno je kot kresilo elipsasto-pravokotne oblike.<fnref n="152" /> Zgodnje primerjave zanj iz hrvaškega Podonavja, spodnjega Potisja in madžarske Baranje so datirane v prvo polovico 11. stoletja, za kresila iz širšega območja se omenja datacija v čas 11.–12./13. stoletja.<fnref n="153" />

### Noži

Od štirih nožev, ki so jih kot raztresene najdbe našli na Blejskem otoku, je le delno ohranjeno rezilo (t. 4: 1), podobno nožem iz grobov 3, 5, 35 in 38, ker ima tako kot ti proti konici poševno zalomljen hrbet rezila (t. 1: 5,12,23; 2: 7).

Drugi trije noži so značilni za poznosrednjeveški in še mlajši čas. Najstarejši med njimi je nož s trnom za ročaj in z vloženim bakrenim križem na rezilu (kat. št. 178; t. 5: 16; 17: 17). Srednjeveški noži s trnom, na katerega je bil nasajen enodelen ročaj, so bili običajni do 14. stoletja, od začetka tega stoletja pa so izdelovali tudi nože s trakastim nastavkom za dvodelne ročaje, ki so se v tej obliki dokončno uveljavili šele v 15. stoletju.<fnref n="154" /> Ker so nožarji začeli z žigi izdelovalca označevati kakovostne nože v 14. stoletju,<fnref n="155" /> lahko otoški nož datiramo najbolj zgodaj v to stoletje, zanesljivejšo datacijo pa bi verjetno pokazale primerjave za enostranski znak na rezilu, križ z razcepljenimi kraki, ki pa jih ne poznamo.

Dva noža imata trakast nastavek za pritrditev dvodelnega ročaja s kovicami (kat. 57 in 183; t. 4: 7; 5: 17; 17: 13,18). Spadata med jedilne nože, kakršne so v velikem številu našli v strugi Ljubljanice in so datirani v 15. in 16. stoletje.<fnref n="156" />

this find can be made with finds from the settlement layers at Otok near Dobrava (Gutenwerd), Hrušica (amongst the layers of the Roman period fortress Ad Pirum), Pusti grad above Lipnica near Radovljica (Waldenberg) and from the riverbed of the Ljubljanica river at Črna vas. Based on the comparisons in Slovenia and other nearby Central European sites, the Fijeroga strike-a-light can be dated to the 12th or 13th century.<fnref n="147" />

In the publication of finds from Mali grad in Kamnik, Benjamin Štular wrote about the lenticular strike-a-light on a chain.<fnref n="148" /> Alongside other European comparisons he also drew attention to the earliest reliably dated lenticular strike-a-lights found at the east German burial ground in Penkun, dated between 1180 and 1200. Stratigraphically, the strike-a-light from Mali grad belongs amongst the finds from phase 4b, dated in the majority of the 13th century.<fnref n="149" />

The lenticular strike-a-light from Ulaka above Stari trg pri Ložu was also attached to a chain; the large strike-a-light (length 13.3 cm), discovered with the use of a metal detector, is decorated with an engraved grid; it is roughly dated between the 13th and 15th centuries.<fnref n="150" /> Even larger (length 14.8 cm) is the strike-a-light from Gradišče above Bašelj, which is also decorated with an engraved grid and also found with a metal detector; the strike-a-light had an oval ring around it to which a chain could have been attached, as was the case with the strike-a-lights from Mali grad and Ulaka.<fnref n="151" />

A lenticular strike-a-light was also found at the *Bijelo Brdo* culture burial ground Vukovar – Lijeva Bara. The elliptical-rectangular shaped strike-a-light found together with flintstone in Grave 89 has a little hole that was used for hanging.<fnref n="152" /> Early comparisons for this type were found in the Croatian Danube area, lower Tisa river area and the Hungarian Baranja, all of which are dated into the first half of the 11th century, while similar strike-a-lights from the broader area are dated between the 11th and 12th/13th centuries.<fnref n="153" />

### Knives

The partially preserved blade with its back transversally angled towards the tip (Pl. 4: 1) belonged to the only knife (out of the four found as scattered remains on Bled Island) that was similar to the knives in Graves 3, 5, 35 and 28 (Pls. 1: 5,12,23; 2: 7).

The remaining three knives are characteristic of the Late Mediaeval and later periods. The earliest amongst

<footnote n="149">¹⁴⁹ Štular 2009, 73–74, 150, 154, sl. 8.4.</footnote>

<footnote n="150">¹⁵⁰ Nabergoj 2013.</footnote>

<footnote n="151">¹⁵¹ Kresilo hrani NMS, inv. št. S 4179.</footnote>

<footnote n="152">¹⁵² Demo 2009, 106–107, 414, sl. 14: 2.3.</footnote>

<footnote n="153">¹⁵³ Demo 2009, 414.</footnote>

<footnote n="154">¹⁵⁴ Predovnik 2003, 84–85; Štular 2009, 74–76.</footnote>

<footnote n="155">¹⁵⁵ Predovnik 2003, 84.</footnote>

<footnote n="156">¹⁵⁶ Veršnik 2009a; Knific, Nabergoj 2016, 119–120, sl. 144.</footnote>

<footnote n="147">¹⁴⁷ Knific 1994, 60, 62, Fig. 28.</footnote>

<footnote n="148">¹⁴⁸ Štular 2009, 73, 189, Pl. 1: 3; Fig. 5.3: a.</footnote>

<footnote n="149">¹⁴⁹ Štular 2009, 73–74, 150, 154, Fig. 8.4.</footnote>

<footnote n="150">¹⁵⁰ Nabergoj 2013.</footnote>

<footnote n="151">¹⁵¹ The tender is kept by the NMS, inv. No. S 4179.</footnote>

<footnote n="152">¹⁵² Demo 2009, 106–107, 414, Fig. 14: 2.3.</footnote>

<footnote n="153">¹⁵³ Demo 2009, 414.</footnote>
## Prijemalka

Nenavaden predmet med otoškimi železnimi najdbami je prijemalka s trakastima krakoma (kat. št. 80; t. 4: 13; 17: 16). Ležala je v izkopu za zid 6, pod nivojem njegovih temeljev (planum 11).<fnref n="157" /> Dolga kraka prijemalke sta na koncih poškodovana, uporaba predmeta ni jasna, glede na lego je predmet verjetno srednjeveški.<fnref n="158" />

## Svetinjica in koščen obesek

Bronasta svetinjica z motivom Sv. Družine (kat. št. 163; t. 16: 15) je iz prve polovice 19. stoletja. Mrtvaška glavica (*memento mori*), izrezljana iz kosti (kat. št. 39; t. 5: 25; 16: 9), je bila verjetno obesek na molku s konca 17. ali iz 18. stoletja.

## LONČENINA

Od srednjeveških lončenih posod so se na Blejskem otoku ohranili večinoma manjši odlomki (t. 6–12), nekoliko večja kosa sta ostala le od dveh posod (t. 7: 5; 12: 4). Raztresene lončene najdbe so bile pogostejše v zasutju nekaterih grobov, v okolici zakladne najdbe srebrnikov, v plasti nad grobovi pod tlakom prezbiterija in v izkopnem polju IP 1/2.

Odlomki lončenine so bili v zasutju sedmih grobov (št. 1, 41, 45, 61, 71, 84 in 115). V zasipu groba 1 so našli odlomek ostenja z razčlenjenim rebrom, nalepljenim pokončno pod ustjem posode (kat. št. 1; t. 6: 1; 18: 1). Vidni so sledovi prostoročne izdelave posode, glini je primešan kremenčev pesek. Podobno lončenino so našli na blejski Pristavi (najpozneje iz začetka druge polovice 10. stoletja),<fnref n="159" /> na Krvavcu (9.–10. stoletje)<fnref n="160" /> in na planini Krstenica nad Bohinjem.<fnref n="161" /> Na poselitvenem območju 2 na Krstenici je največ odlomkov posod, okrašenih s razčlenjenimi rebri, med njimi so tudi trije primeri s pokončnim rebrom.<fnref n="162" /> Odlomki pripadajo visokosrednjeveški kuhinjski lončenini, narejeni iz gline z dodanimi zrnci kremena, datirani v čas 10./11.–12. stoletja.<fnref n="163" /> Grob 1, v katerem sta bila polmesečasta uhana (t. 1: 1,2), je bil delno prekopan pri vkopu za temelje zidu 2. Podoben odlomek z vodoravnim razčlenjenim rebrom je bil tudi v zasipu groba 84 (kat. št. 21; t. 6: 11; 18: 7).

them is the knife with the tang for the handle and the inlayered copper cross on the blade (cat. No. 178; *Pls.* 5: 16; 17: 17). Mediaeval knives with a tang, onto which the single part handle was impaled, were common until the 14th century; at the beginning of the 14th century knives with a strip tang used for two part handles appeared, however, they only became wide-spread during the 15th century.<fnref n="154" /> As knife makers only started putting their maker's stamp on high quality knives in the 14th century,<fnref n="155" /> the earliest date for the island knife would be the 14th century, while a more precise date could possibly be established with comparisons for the sign found on one side of the blade, a cross with split ends, which we have not found so far.

Two knives have a tang for applying a two-part handle onto it with rivets (cat. Nos. 57 and 183; *Pls.* 4: 7; 5: 17; 17: 13,18). They belong amongst cutlery, which was found in large quantities in the Ljubljanica riverbed and which is dated into the 15th and 16th centuries.<fnref n="156" />

## Tong

The tong with two flat arms (cat. No. 80; *Pls.* 4: 13; 17: 16) is an unusual artefacts amongst the metal finds from Bled Island. It lay in the material dug up for wall 6, underneath the level of its foundations (planum 11).<fnref n="157" /> The long arms of the tong were damaged at the ends; it is unclear what the object was used for, but taking the location in which it was found into consideration, it is most likely a mediaeval object.<fnref n="158" />

## Pilgrim badge and bone pendant

The bronze holy pendant depicting the Holy Family (cat. No. 163; *Pl. 16: 15*) is dated to the first half of the 19th century. The skull (*memento mori*), carved from bone (cat. No. 39; *Pls.* 5: 25; 16: 9), was most likely a pendant on a rosary in the end of 17th and in the 18th century.

## POTTERY

Mainly smaller fragments of mediaeval pottery were preserved at Bled Island (*Pls.* 6–12), with slightly larger pieces remaining only from two vessels (*Pls.* 7: 5; 12: 4). Scattered pottery finds were more common in the fill-in material in certain graves, the vicinity of the silver coin hoard, the layer above the graves underneath the

<footnote n="157">157 *Arhiv* 489, str. 248.</footnote>

<footnote n="158">158 Primerjavo za prijemalko oziroma pinceto je V. Šribar videl v podobnem železnem predmetu, ki so ga našli na Otoku pri Dobravi v izkopu za železarsko jamo (*arhiv* 489, str. 248).</footnote>

<footnote n="159">159 Pleterski 2008a, 178, t. 25: 3; Pleterski 2010a, 175.</footnote>

<footnote n="160">160 Peršič 2005, pril. 39: 8, 40: 5; 41: 2,4; Pleterski, Peršič 2008, 139.</footnote>

<footnote n="161">161 Lavrenčič 2015, 53–56.</footnote>

<footnote n="162">162 Lavrenčič 2015, 52–53, sl. 30, t. 3: 6,12,16.</footnote>

<footnote n="163">163 Lavrenčič 2015, 63–64.</footnote>

<footnote n="154">154 Predovnik 2003, 84–85; Štular 2009, 74–76.</footnote>

<footnote n="155">155 Predovnik 2003, 84.</footnote>

<footnote n="156">156 Veršnik 2009a; Knific, Nabergoj 2017, 119–120, Fig. 144.</footnote>

<footnote n="157">157 *Archive* 489, pg. 248.</footnote>

<footnote n="158">158 V. Šribar saw the comparison for the tong in a similar iron object, which was found on Otok near Dobrava, in the material dug up for the ironmonger's pit (*archive* 489, pg. 248).</footnote>
V grobu 41 je ob desni nadlahtnici ležal odlomek izvihanega ustja s strehastim, ravno odrezanim robom (kat. št. 10, *t. 6*: 2; *18*: 2; *27*: 5). Posoda je bila pod vra-
tom okrašena z raztegnjenima enojnima valovnicama,
ustje je obvrteno, na notranji strani ostenja so sledi
prostoročne izdelave, in sicer odtisi navpičnih potegov
s prsti, kar dopušča opredelitev odlomka med zgod-
njesrednjeveško lončenino, verjetno sočasno nožu in
prstanu, pridatkoma v grobu (*t. 2*: 8,9). Prostoročno sta
bili narejeni tudi posodi, ki sta jima pripadala odlomka
iz zasutja v grobu 45 (kat. št. 11 in 12, *t. 6*: 3,4; *18*: 3,4),
v katerem so našli polmesečasta uhana in prstan (*t. 2*:
10–12). Podobno izdelavo kažeta odlomka iz groba 61
(kat. št. 15 in 16; *t. 6*: 5,6; *18*: 5,6), vidne so sledi gnetenja,
a tudi dodelave na vretenu; pridatek v tem grobu je bil
nož (*t. 2*: 22). Vrezane valovite in ravne vodoravne črte,
pasovi vodoravnih črt in glavničenje, ki se pojavljajo na
obravnavanih odlomkih, so ustaljene vrste posamičnega
okrasa na zgodnjesrednjeveški lončenini npr. iz nasel-
binskih plasti na blejski Pristavi.<fnref n="164" />

Posoda, od katere se je v "zasipnem gradivu" nad
grobom 115 ohranil večji odlomek, pa je bila okrašena
z redkejšo vrsto sestavljenega okrasa (kat. št. 23; *t. 6*:
13; *18*: 8). Odlomek so našli skupaj s skobo (*t. 3*: 19)
in odlomkom poznoantične steklene čaše (*t. 16*: 5).
Okras sestavljajo ploščato izvlečeno rebro (videti je kot
odebelitev ostenja), okrašeno z nizom kratkih poševnih
vrezov, in tri vodoravne valovnice, vrezane nad njim,
vso površino pa prekrivajo plitvi žlebiči, ustvarjeni z
glavničenjem. Primerjave za tako okrašene posode so s
Pristave na Bledu (rebro je nalepljeno)<fnref n="165" /> in s Krstenice
nad Bohinjem (z manj bogatim okrasom, večinoma
prečnimi vrezi prek rebra).<fnref n="166" /> Skromneje okrašenim
primerkom s Krstenice je podoben tudi naključno naj-
deni odlomek z otoka, na katerem je rebro okrašeno s
poševnimi vrezi (kat. št. 188; *t. 12*: 5; *19*: 17).

Odlomki lončenine iz zasipa groba 71, vkopanega
pod tlakom ladje, so poznejši. Razen odlomka dna pri-
padajo lončenini, obdelani na vretenu, oziroma vrtenim
posodam (kat. št. 17–20: *t. 6*: 7–10).

Drugo mesto, kjer je bilo na Blejskem otoku več
raztresenih keramičnih odlomkov, je okolica zakladne
najdbe srebrnikov (verjetni zakop med letoma 1287 in
1292). Z zakladom so povezovali del posode z izvihanim
ustjem, vrezanim okrasom vodoravnih črt in luknjico
na največjem obodu (kat. št. 36, *t. 7*: 5; *18*: 9),<fnref n="167" /> vendar
o takšni povezavi v terenski dokumentaciji ni podatkov.
Ostanki prismojene hrane na ostenju pričajo, da so
posodo uporabljali za kuhanje. Na notranji površini so
vidni sledovi prostoročne obdelave, ustje z zaobljenim
robom je obvrteno, na notranji strani ustja se nakazuje

occupation surface in the presbytery and in excavation
area IP 1/2.

Pottery fragments were found in the fill-in mate-
rial in seven graves (Nos. 1, 41, 45, 61, 71, 84 and 115).
A fragment of a vessel wall with a rib with impressions,
attached vertically below the vessel rim was found in
the fill-in material of the Grave 1 (cat. No. 1; *Pls.* 6: 1;
*18*: 1). There are visible traces indicating that the vessel
was hand made; the clay had quartz sand mixed into
it. Similar pottery was found at Pristava in Bled (at the
latest from the beginning of the second half of the 10th
century),<fnref n="159" /> on Krvavec (9th–10th century)<fnref n="160" /> and on the
Krstenica mountain above Bohinj.<fnref n="161" /> Settlement area 2 on
Krstenica contained mainly vessels decorated with ribs
with impressions, including three examples with a verti-
cal rib.<fnref n="162" /> Fragments belong to High Mediaeval period
kitchenware, made from clay with an addition of quartz
grains, dated in the 10th/11th–12th centuries.<fnref n="163" /> Grave 1 on
Bled Island, which included the crescent shaped earrings
(*Pl.* 1:1,2), was partially dug up when the foundations for
wall 2 were created. A similar fragment with a horizontal
rib with impressions was also found amongst the fill-in
material in Grave 84 (cat. No. 21; *Pl.* 6: 11; *18*: 7).

A fragment of an everted rim with a roof shaped,
straight edge (cat. No. 10, *Pls.* 6: 2; *18*: 2; *27*: 5) lay along-
side the right humerus in Grave 41. Below its neck, the
vessel was decorated with elongated single wavy lines,
the rim was made on a slow wheel, while the inner side
of the wall shows traces of being hand-thrown, as it
shows impressions of vertical finger traces, all of which
enable the fragment to be categorised as Early Mediae-
val pottery, most likely from the same time as the knife
and finger ring, the grave goods found in the grave (*Pl.*
2: 8,9). The fragments from the fill-in material in Grave
45 (cat. No. 11 and 12, *Pls.* 6: 3,4; *18*: 3,4), in which the
crescent shaped earrings and the finger ring were found
(*Pl.* 2: 10–12), also belong to hand-thrown vessels. Similar
workmanship was also noticed on the fragments from
Grave 61 (cat. Nos. 15 and 16; *Pls.* 6: 5,6; *18*: 5,6); traces
of kneading, as well as traces of working on the spinning
wheel are visible; the grave good in this grave was a knife
(*Pl.* 1: 22). The incised waves and straight horizontal lines,
belts of horizontal lines and combing, which appear in
the addressed fragments, are established types of Early
Mediaeval pottery decorations, e.g. from the settlement
layers in Pristava in Bled.<fnref n="164" />

The vessel, a larger fragment of which was preserved
in the fill-in material above Grave 115, was decorated with
a rarer type of complex decoration (cat. No. 23; *Pls.* 6: 13;

<footnote n="164">¹⁶⁴ Pleterski 2010a, 41–44, sl. 2.42.</footnote>

<footnote n="165">165 Pleterski 2008a, 179; t. 26: 29; Pleterski 2010a, 47, sl.
2.46: 1.</footnote>

<footnote n="166">¹⁶⁶ Lavrenčič 2015, 52, t. 2: 1–4,13; 4: 7,19.</footnote>

<footnote n="167">167 Šribar, Stare, Bregant 1972–1973, 39, 41, t. 1: 1.</footnote>

<footnote n="159">¹⁵⁹ Pleterski 2008a, 178, *Pl.* 25: 3; Pleterski 2010a, 175.</footnote>

<footnote n="160">¹⁶⁰ Peršič 2005, appendix 39: 8, 40: 5; 41: 2,4; Pleterski, Peršič 2008, 139.</footnote>

<footnote n="161">161 Lavrenčič 2015, 53–56.</footnote>

<footnote n="162">162 Lavrenčič 2015, 52–53, Fig. 30, *Pl.* 3: 6,12,16.</footnote>

<footnote n="163">163 Lavrenčič 2015, 63–64.</footnote>

<footnote n="164">164 Pleterski 2010a, 41–44, Fig. 2.42.</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_96.png" /><figcaption>Sl. 2.17: Blejski otok, odlomki maltnega tlaka (1,2) in ometa (3) iz IP 1/2 (kat. št. 83).</figcaption></figure>

<caption>Fig. 2.17: Bled Island, fragments of mortar occupation surface (1,2) and plaster (3) found in IP 1/2 (cat. No. 83).
(Foto / Photo: T. Lauko)</caption>

rob, ki bi bil lahko žleb za pokrovko (ustje je značilno za skupino S5 po A. Pleterskem).<fnref n="168" /> V bližini najdeni odlomek (kat. št. 38, t. 7: 6; 19: 1) ima strehast rob ustja z napuščem (skupina S4).<fnref n="169" /> Skupini sta datirani od okoli leta 800 (v zvezi z opredelitvami lončenine s Pristave) do okoli leta 950 (skupina S4) oziroma 1050 (skupina S5).<fnref n="170" /> Na najdišču Mali grad v Kamniku so ustja takšne oblike (tipa 1F in 5D), širše značilna za čas 12. in 13. stoletja, datirana v večji del 13. stoletja (faza 4b).<fnref n="171" /> Nekaj odlomkov, najdenih v bližini otoške zakladne najdbe (kv. 4), je iz poznosrednjeveškega obdobja (kat. št. 33–35; t. 7: 2–4).

Iz poznega srednjega veka je tudi večina keramič-
nih odlomkov iz plasti nad grobovi pod tlakom pred-
derja (kat. št. 90–103, 108–118), z izkopnega polja IP
1/2 (kat. št. 46–51, 58, 63, 66, 68, 79), iz notranjosti
cerkve (kat. št. 122, 123, 147) in z območja južno od
cerkve (kat. št. 148, 150, 156, 162, 164, 174–177).

18: 8). The fragment was found together with a staple (Pl.
3: 19) and a fragment belonging to a Late Antique glass
cup (Pl. 16: 5). The decoration comprises a flat elongated
rib (it appears as a thickening in the wall), decorated with
a series of short slanting incisions, and three horizontal
wavy lines, carved into the pottery above the rib, while
the entire surface is covered by shallow grooves, created
by combing. Comparisons for vessels decorated in this
way were found at Pristava in Bled (the rib is attached)<fnref n="165" />
and on Krstenica above Bohinj (with poorer decoration,
mainly consisting of slanting incisions on the rib).<fnref n="166" />
The accidental find of the fragment, on which the rib is
decorated with slanting incisions (cat. No. 188; Pls. 12: 5;
19: 17) is similar to the more poorly decorated examples
from Krstenica.

Pottery fragments from the fill-in material in Grave 71, dug underneath the occupation surface of the nave, are of a later date. With the exception of the base fragments they belong to wheel-thrown pottery (cat. No. 17–20: Pl. 6: 7–10).

The second location on Bled Island to include
multiple scattered pottery fragments, was in the vicin-
ity of the silver coin hoard (most likely buried between
1287 and 1292). A part of a vessel with an everted rim,
an incised decoration consisting of horizontal lines and
a small hole on the largest circumference (cat. No. 36, Pl.
7: 5; 18; 9)<fnref n="167" /> was associated with the trove, however the
fieldwork documentation does not contain any data that
would support this connection. The remains of charred
food on the wall indicate that the vessel was used for cook-
ing. The inner surface revealed traces that indicated the
vessel was hand-thrown, while the rim with the rounded
edge was made on a slow-wheel. The inner side of the rim
has an indication of an edge which could be a grove for
a lid (according to A. Pleterski, the rim is characteristic
of group S5).<fnref n="168" /> The fragment found in the vicinity (Cat.
No. 38, Pl. 7: 6; 19: 1) has a roof like rim edge with an
overhang (group S4).<fnref n="169" /> Both groups are dated between
approximately the year 800 (dated in connection to the
pottery from Pristava) and the year 950 (group S4) or
1050 (group S5).<fnref n="170" /> At Mali grad in Kamnik, rims of this
type (type 1F and 5D), were characteristic of the 12th and
13th centuries, and were mainly dated in the 13th century
(phase 4b).<fnref n="171" /> A few fragments, found in the vicinity of
the above mentioned hoard (quadrant 4), originate from
the Late Mediaeval period (cat. No. 33–35; Pl. 7: 2–4).

Most of the pottery fragments found in the layers
above the graves and underneath the occupation surface

<footnote n="168">¹⁶⁸ Pleterski 2010a, 74, sl. 3.25: PO2A8.</footnote>

<footnote n="169">¹⁶⁹ Pleterski 2010a, 72, sl. 3.22: PO5D1.</footnote>

<footnote n="170">¹⁷⁰ Pleterski 2010a, 159.</footnote>

<footnote n="171">¹⁷¹ Štular 2009, 125–128, 153–154, sl. / Fig. 6.3.</footnote>

<footnote n="165">¹⁶⁵ Pleterski 2008a, 179; *Pl.* 26: 29; Pleterski 2010a, 47, Fig. 2.46: 1.</footnote>

<footnote n="166">¹⁶⁶ Lavrenčič 2015, 52, *Pl.* 2: 1–4,13; 4: 7,19.</footnote>

<footnote n="167">¹⁶⁷ Šribar, Stare, Bregant 1972–1973, 39, 41, *Pl.* 1: 1.</footnote>

<footnote n="168">¹⁶⁸ Pleterski 2010a, 74, Fig. 3.25: PO2A8.</footnote>

<footnote n="169">¹⁶⁹ Pleterski 2010a, 72, Fig. 3.22: PO5D1.</footnote>

<footnote n="170">¹⁷⁰ Pleterski 2010a, 159.</footnote>

<footnote n="171">¹⁷¹ Štular 2009, 125–128, 153–154, Fig. 6.3.</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_97.png" /><figcaption>Sl. 2.18: Blejski otok, odlomki ometa z rdečo poslikavo iz IP 1/2 (kat. št. 87).</figcaption></figure>

<caption>Fig. 2.18: Bled Island, fragments of plaster with red painting, found in IP 1/2 (cat. No. 87).</caption>

(Foto / Photo: T. Lauko)

### OKENSKO STEKLO

Ob južni steni cerkve so našli delno ohranjeno okroglo steklo (kat. št. 169; t. 5: 24; 16: 16), eno od ploščic iz okenskega satovja, pod tlakom cerkvene ladje pa številne odlomke ravnih okenskih šip (kat. št. 128; t. 21). Nekaj odlomkov ravnega okenskega stekla so našli tudi pod preddverjem (kat. št. 119; t. 5: 22; 16: 13) in na območju IP 1/1 (kat. št. 44; t. 5: 21; 16: 11).

Za odlomek ravne šipe z območja IP 1/1 je PIXE-PIGE analiza pokazala, da gre za kalijevo, torej poznosrednjeveško ali novoveško steklo.

### OSTANKI OMETA, TLAKA IN STEBRIČKA

Na območju IP 1/2, severovzhodno od zdajšnje cerkve, kjer je bilo v okolici zidu 6 raztresenih več srednjeveških najdb, so našli tudi manjše kose maltnega tlaka (kat. št. 83; sl. 2.17) in stenskega, rdeče slikanega ometa (kat. 87; sl. 2.18), ki so pripadali neki starejši cerkveni stavbi. Del cerkvene opreme je bil verjetno tudi kamnit stebriček, od katerega se je ohranil majhen odlomek, natančnejše mesto najdbe pa ni znano (kat. št. 189; t. 12: 6).

in the presbytery (cat. No. 90–103, 108–118), excavation area IP 1/2 (cat. No. 46–51, 58, 63, 66, 68, 79), the church interior (cat. No. 122, 123, 147) and the area south of the church (cat. No. 148, 150, 156, 162, 164, 174–177) also belong to Late Mediaeval period.

### WINDOW GLASS

A partially preserved circular crown glass fragment, a window pane from a leaded window (cat. No. 169; Pls. 5: 24; 16: 16) was found alongside the south church wall, while numerous fragments of flat window panes (cat. No. 128; Pl. 21) were found underneath the occupation surface of the church nave. A few fragments of the flat glass window were also found underneath the lobby (cat. No. 119; Pls. 5: 22; 16: 13) and in area IP 1/1 (cat. No. 44; Pls. 5: 21; 16: 11).

The PIXE-PIGE analysis performed on a fragment of the flat window pane from area IP 1/1 showed that this was potassium glass, i.e. Late Mediaeval or modern glass.

### REMAINS OF PLASTER, PAVING STONES AND A PILLAR

In area IP 1/2, northeast of the present-day church, in the vicinity of wall 6, small pieces of a mortar occupation surface (cat. No. 83; Fig. 2.17) and red wall plaster (cat. No. 87; Fig. 2.18) were found amongst the multiple scattered mediaeval finds, both of which belonged to an earlier church building. The small stone pillar, of which only a small fragment was preserved, was most likely a part of the church furnishings, however the precise location of this find is unknown (cat. No. 189; Pl. 12: 6).

### WHEAT GRAIN

Radiocarbon dating of the charred grains of barley and millet (cat. No. 56; Fig. 2.19), which lay underneath the remains of wall 5, showed they originate from between 1215 and 1282 (95,4% probability).<fnref n="172" /> V. Šribar concluded that the carbonised wheat 'was from the period during which wall 5 was under construction or before'.<fnref n="173" />

<footnote n="172">¹⁷² Sample No. Poz-107997 (Poznań Radiocarbon Laboratory, Poland).</footnote>

<footnote n="173">¹⁷³ Archive 489, pg. 73.</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_98.png" /><figcaption>Sl. 2.19: Blejski otok, zoglenelo žitno zrnje iz IP 1/2 (kat. št. 56).</figcaption></figure>

<caption>Fig. 2.19: Bled Island, charred wheat grains found in IP 1/2 (cat. No. 56).</caption>

(Foto / Photo: T. Lauko)

<figure><img src="image_99.png" /><figcaption>Sl. 2.20: Hišice polžev vrste navdani pasar (kat. št. 127), najdene pod tlakom v ladiji cerkve.</figcaption></figure>

<caption>Fig. 2.20: Shells of true glass snails (cat. No. 127), found underneath the walking surface in the church nave.</caption>

(Foto / Photo: T. Lauko)

## ŽITNO ZRNJE

Zoglenela zrna ječmena in prosa (kat. št. 56; sl. 2.19), ki so ležala pod ostanki zidu 5, so z analizo C 14 datirana med leti 1215 in 1282 (verjetnost 95,4 %).<fnref n="172" /> V. Šribar je sklepal, da je karbonizirano žito "iz časa postavljanja zidu 5 ali neposredno pred njim".<fnref n="173" />

## POLŽJE HIŠICE

Hišice navadnega pasarja (kat. št 127; sl. 2.20), ki so jih našli ob temeljih zgodnjesrednjeveške apside, bi lahko pričale o estivaciji polžev v poletni vročini. V hlad cerkvenega zidu bi se lahko zalezli, ko je bila apsida na prostem, preden je njene ostanke obdalo zidovje in prekril tlak mlajše cerkve. Datiranje z analizo C 14 je za hišice kopenskih polžev nezanesljivo.<fnref n="174" />

## SNAIL SHELLS

Shells of true glass snails (cat. No. 127; Fig. 2.20), which were found next to the foundations of the Early Mediaeval apse, could indicate the snail aestivation during the summer heat. They could have hidden in the cold provided by the church wall, when the apse was in the open, before its remains were surrounded by a wall and covered by the occupation surface of the newer church. C14 analysis is unreliable for terrestrial snail shells.<fnref n="174" />

<footnote n="172">¹⁷² Vzorec št. Poz-107997 (Póznanjski radiokarbonski laboratorij, Poljska).</footnote>

<footnote n="173">¹⁷³ Arhiv 489, str. 73.</footnote>

<footnote n="174">¹⁷⁴ Informacija Tomasza Goslarja (Póznanjski radiokarbonski laboratorij, Poljska).</footnote>

<footnote n="174">¹⁷⁴ Information passed on by Tomasz Goslar (Poznań Radiocarbon Laboratory, Poland).</footnote>
## 2.4 ZAKLJUČKI

Prvi sledovi človekove navzočnosti na Blejskem otoku so iz tretjega tisočletja pred našim štetjem, iz obdobja bakrene dobe. Nekateri odlomki lončenine so verjetno iz železne dobe, nekaj najdb je rimskodobnih in poznoantičnih. Arheološki ostanki so se ohranili v kotanjah, deloma napolnjenih s plastjo zemlje, ki je pokrivala skalnato osnovo otoka (glej pogl. 1.4).

V zgodnjem srednjem veku so na otoku začeli pokopavati. Za grobišče so izbrali edino večje in razmeroma ravno zemljišče na vrhu otoka, na območju deloma zapolnjene kotanje (kotanja A), kjer je bila plast zemlje debela okoli 0,6 m. Pokopavanje je bilo prostorsko urejeno, skeletni grobovi so bili razporejeni v petih vrstah (sl. 2.2), odkritih je bilo 64 grobov (prva skupina grobov). Grobovi so ležali v prevladujoči vzhodni smeri, na osrednjem delu kotanje so bili vkopani na gosto, redkeje na obrobju, kjer so grobne jame vsekali v živo skalo (sl. 2.2a). Na severni strani so ta del grobišča zamejevali trije nekoliko odmaknjeni grobovi, na zahodnem robu so nekaj grobov vkopali v skalnati greben. Povezave z grobovi v globoki vzhodni kotanji (kotanja B, druga skupina grobov) na vzhodni strani ni bilo mogoče ugotoviti, ker je bilo zemljišče med kotanjama prekopano. Na južni strani so bili grobovi odkriti v bližini cerkvenih temeljev. Pomembna značilnost prve skupine grobov so pridatki (sl. 2.2c): na grobišču s 124 grobovi so veliko večino vseh pridatkov našli v grobovih te skupine, in sicer v 24 od skupno 33 grobov s pridatki (glej pogl. 2.1).

Arheološki podatki kažejo, da so pridatki predvsem osebni predmeti, s katerimi so največkrat pokopali ženske. Med najdbami je v glavnem naglavni nakit, obročki (naglavni) in uhani. Obe vrsti nakita se pojavljata v parih, ob njih je bil v grobu ponekod še prstan ali pa nož. Noži so bili kot edini pridatek tudi v treh moških grobovih. Pridatke uvrščamo v köttlaško skupino (po P. Korošec), ki se tipološko v glavnem ujema s časovno skupino Köttlach II (po J. Gieslerju) oziroma s koroško skupino C3 (po S. Eichartu). Časovni okvir, v katerem so zajete te tipološke skupine, je dvestoletno obdobje od sredine 9. do sredine 11. stoletja. V to obdobje so po klasifikacijskem sistemu za naglavni nakit (po A. Pleterskem) datirani tudi polmesečasti uhani in obročki z odebelitvami na konceh, značilne najdbe vseh omenjenih tipoloških skupin (glej pogl. 2.2).

Prva skupina grobov na Blejskem otoku ima več primerjav med zgodnjesrednjeveškimi najdišči v Blejskem kotu (sl. 2.7; seznam 1). Ob žganem grobu z Došče pri Bodeščah, naselbinskih ostankih na Pristavi in zakladni najdbi iz Sebenj (sl. 2.7: 11–13; seznam 1: 11–13) so bila tam odkrita večinoma skeletna grobišča. Starejša od otoškega so bila grobišča na Žalah pri Ble-

## 2.4 CONCLUSIONS

The first traces of human presence on Bled Island reach into the third millennium BCE, into the Copper Age. Some pottery fragments most likely originate from the Iron Age, while some finds belonged to the Roman and Late Antique periods. The archaeological remains have been preserved in hollows, partially filled with a layer of soil, which covered the island's rock base (see Chapter 1.4).

People were first buried on the island in the Early Middle Ages. The only larger and relatively flat area at the top of the island, the area of the partially filled-in hollow (hollow A), where the layer of soil was approximately 0.6 m thick, was chosen as the burial ground. The burials were planned in advance, for the 64 unearthed skeletal graves (the first group of graves) were laid out in five rows (Fig. 2.2b). Most of the graves were oriented towards the east; in the central part of the hollow the graves were packed closely together, while towards the edges of the hollow, they were laid further apart, as the grave pits were carved into the bedrock (Fig. 2.2a). To the north, this part of the burial ground ended with three slightly remote graves, while to the west a few graves were dug into the rocky ridge. It was impossible to ascertain any connection with the graves in the deep hollow (hollow B, second group of graves) located on the east side, as the area between the hollows has been dug up. The graves to the south were unearthed in the vicinity of the church's foundations. Grave goods (Fig. 2.2c) represent an important characteristic of the first group of island graves: even though the entire burial ground on the island consists of 124 graves, the majority of grave goods were found in the graves belonging to this group, for this is where 24 graves of the total of 33 graves containing grave goods were found (see Chapter 2.1).

Archaeological data revealed that most of the grave goods were represented by personal belongings, which were most commonly added into female graves. The grave goods were most likely to be head jewellery, such as temple rings (head circlets) or earrings. Both jewellery types appear in pairs, and sometimes the grave also contained a finger ring or a knife. Knives were found as the sole grave good in three male graves. The grave goods belong to the Köttlach group (according to P. Korošec), which typologically matches the period group Köttlach II (according to J. Giesler) or the Carinthian group C3 (according to S. Eichart). The time frame, which encompasses these typological groups, spans two hundred years, from mid-9th to mid-11th century. According to the classification system for head jewellery (as defined by A. Pleterski), the crescent shaped earrings and the temple rings with thickenings, characteristic finds in all of the previously mentioned typological groups, also belong to this period (see Chapter 2.2).
du, Brdu, Pristavi (starejši del grobišča)<fnref n="175" /> in Mlinem (sl. 2.7: 3,4,5,9; seznam 1: 3,4,5,9). Za starejša grobišča v Blejskem kotu je značilno zgodnjesrednjeveško gradivo, ki je na območju Vzhodnih Alp opredeljeno kot karantanska skupina najdb (od 7. do prve polovice 9. stoletja),<fnref n="176" /> oziroma kot tipološko primerljivi sklopi najdb v časovnih skupinah Vor-Köttlach in Köttlach I (pozno 8.-prva polovica 10. stoletja)<fnref n="177" /> ali v koroške skupine B in C 1–2 (740–900).<fnref n="178" /> Takšnih najdb, kot so jih našli na starejših blejskih grobiščih, na Blejskem otoku (razen prstana v grobu 37) ni bilo.

Mlajša grobišča v Blejskem kotu so odkrili na Pristavi (mlajši del grobišča), Sedlu na Blejskem gradu, v Spodnjih Gorjah, na Žalah pri Zasipu in Dlescu pri Bodeščah (sl. 2.7: 5–8,10; seznam 1: 5–8,10). Spadajo med vaška grobišča brez cerkve, praviloma v ravninskem svetu, ob sočasnih naselbinah, kar so za najdišče na Pristavi potdrile arheološke raziskave.<fnref n="179" /> Tem grobiščem je po urejenosti v vrste, številu grobov in pridatkih podobna prva skupina grobov na Blejskem otoku. Posebnost med vaškimi grobišči je višinska lega grobišča na Sedlu, ki smo jo poskušali razložiti z domnevnim premikom neke naselbine iz nižine (iz bližine grobišča na Brdu) na naravno dobro zavarovan grajski hrib.<fnref n="180" />

Na mlajših grobiščih v Blejskem kotu so v grobovih tudi redke najdbe, ki tipološko sodijo v karantansko skupino (oziroma skupini Vor-Köttlach in Köttlach I ter skupine B in C 1–2). Za naglavne obročke z grobišč na Žalah pri Zasipu, Dlescu pri Bodeščah in Sedlu na Blejskem gradu je bilo s pomočjo stratigrafske in topografsko-kronološke analize pojasnjeno, da so to starejši predmeti, najdeni v grobovih, v katerih so bili pokopani prebivalci prve in druge generacije iz bližnje naselbine, približno v času med letoma 790 in 870.<fnref n="181" /> Na Blejskem otoku grobov, ki bi bili po starejšem naglavnem nakitu sočasni z grobovi prve in druge generacije na vaških grobiščih (brez cerkve), niso našli, na podlagi naglav nega nakita je mogoče ugotavljati sočasnost z grobovi prebivalcev tretje in četrte generacije, pokopanih med letoma okoli 870 in 960.

Med prvimi pokopanimi na Blejskem otoku je bil verjetno otrok, čigar kostne ostanke so našli v grobu 37. V grobu je bil par naglavnih obročkov z enojno odebelitvijo na konceh (t. 2: 3,4) in prstan trikotnega preseka (t. 2: 5). Tipološko prstan spada med najdbe skupine Köttlach I (druga polovica 9. in prva polovica 10.

The first group of graves on Bled Island has numerous comparisons amongst the Early Medieval sites in Bled area (Fig. 2.7; List 1). Alongside the cremation grave from Došca near Bodešče, the settlement remains at Pristava and the Sebenje hoard (Fig. 2.7: 11–13; List 1: 11–13) this area mainly revealed skeletal burial grounds. The burial grounds at Žale in Bled, Brdo, Pristava (the earlier part of the burial ground)<fnref n="175" /> and Mlino (Fig. 2.7: 3,4,5,9; List 1: 3,4,5,9) predated the burial ground from Bled Island. Earlier burial grounds in the Bled area revealed characteristic Early Mediaeval material defined as the *Karantania group* of finds (between the 7th and the first half of the 9th century in the area of the Eastern Alps),<fnref n="176" /> and the typologically comparable groups of finds from *chronological groups Vor-Köttlach* and *Köttlach I* (late 8th – first half of the 10th century)<fnref n="177" /> or the *Carinthian groups B and C 1–2* (740–900).<fnref n="178" /> With the exception of the finger ring found in Grave 37, there were no other finds on Bled Island that would be similar to those found at the earlier Bled burial grounds.

Later burial grounds in the Bled area were discovered at Pristava (the later part of the burial ground), Sedlo on the Bled castle, Spodnje Gorje, Žale near Zasip and Dlesc near Bodešče (Fig. 2.7: 5–8,10; List 1: 5–8,10). These were village burial grounds without a church, which were as a rule located on plains, next to settlements – which was confirmed for the site at Pristava by archaeological excavations.<fnref n="179" /> The organisation of graves into rows, the number of graves and grave goods, make these burial grounds similar to the first group of graves on Bled Island. The one standing out from the village burial grounds is the burial ground on Sedlo with its higher altitude, which we tried to explain with the presumed move of the settlement from the lower lying grounds (in the vicinity of the burial ground at Brdo) to the naturally well protected castle hill.<fnref n="180" />

The graves in the later burial grounds in the Bled area included rare finds, which typologically belong to the *Karantania group* (or groups Vor-Köttlach and Köttlach I and Carinthian groups B and C 1–2). The stratigraphic and topographic-chronological analysis performed for the temple rings from the burial grounds at Žale near Zasip, Dlesc near Bodešče and Sedlo on Bled castle revealed that these were earlier artefacts, found in graves in which the settlers from the first and second generations of the nearby settlement were buried, approximately between 790 and 870.<fnref n="181" /> On Bled Island no graves that would be contem-

<footnote n="175">¹⁷⁵ Za delitev zgodnjesrednjeveškega grobišča na Pristavi glej Knific 1974.</footnote>

<footnote n="176">¹⁷⁶ Korošec 1979, 55–91/I, 305/I.</footnote>

<footnote n="177">¹⁷⁷ Giesler 1980, 86–87, Abb. 1, 2; Giesler 2002, 402, Abb. 2: 1–26.</footnote>

<footnote n="178">¹⁷⁸ Eichert 2010a, 164–170, Abb. 45, 46.</footnote>

<footnote n="179">¹⁷⁹ Pleterski 2008a, 159–161.</footnote>

<footnote n="180">¹⁸⁰ Knific 1983, 72–74.</footnote>

<footnote n="181">¹⁸¹ Pleterski 2013b, 306–311, 315–320, 327–328, 331–334, sl. 5, 6, 8, 10, 15, 16.</footnote>

<footnote n="175">¹⁷⁵ For the division of the Early Mediaeval burial ground in Pristava see Knific 1974.</footnote>

<footnote n="176">¹⁷⁶ Korošec 1979, 55–91/I, 305/I.</footnote>

<footnote n="177">¹⁷⁷ Giesler 1980, 86–87, Abb. 1, 2; Giesler 2002, 402, Abb. 2: 1–26.</footnote>

<footnote n="178">¹⁷⁸ Eichert 2010a, 164–170, Abb. 45, 46.</footnote>

<footnote n="179">¹⁷⁹ Pleterski 2008a, 159–161.</footnote>

<footnote n="180">¹⁸⁰ Knific 1983, 72–74.</footnote>

<footnote n="181">¹⁸¹ Pleterski 2013b, 306–311, 315–320, 327–328, 331–334, Figs. 5, 6, 8, 10, 15, 16.</footnote>
stoletja), naglavni obročki te vrste pa se po kronologiji klasifikacijskega sistema pojavijo po letu 870¹⁸² oziroma v koroškem sklopu najdb (tip Ka) v pozni stopnji skupine C2 (830–900).<fnref n="183" /> Najzgodnejša datacija za grob 37 bi lahko bila pozno 9. stoletje.

Najmlajši v prvi skupini grobov na Blejskem otoku so grobovi z najdbami, ki imajo primerjave med gradi- vom t. i. belobrdske kulture, v kronološki skupini *Bijelo Brdo I* (druga polovica 10. in prva polovica 11. stoletja). To so grob 49 z naglavnim obročkom z S-zanko (t. 2: 13), ki ima več primerjav na grobiščih z najdbami *köttlaške skupine* (sl. 2.14; seznam 4), ter grobovi 41, 45 in 58 z masivnimi ulitimi prstani (t. 2: 8, 10, 20). Za te grobo- ve je utemeljena datacija v drugo polovico 10. stoletja, možna pa je tudi poznejša datacija, v prvo polovico 11. stoletja (glej *Prstani*).

V prid pozni dataciji prve skupine otoških grobov govori najdba dveh ulitih in emajliranih polmeseča- stih uhanov s srednjim rogljem, ki sta bila v grobu 45 skupaj z masivnim prstanom (t. 2: 10–12). Eden od uhanov iz groba, okrašen s podobo živali, ima številne primerjave (sl. 2.11; seznam 3); na Ptujskem gradu so takšna polmesečasta uhana našli v grobu 183 skupaj z ulitima grozdastima uhanoma z dvojno odebelitvijo na krakih (sl. 2.10: 18,19). Grozdasti uhani te vrste (tip 17b po J. Gieslerju) so se v Karpatski kotlini razširili po letu 1000.<fnref n="184" /> Na Ptujskem gradu so našli tudi ulite polmesečaste uhane s srednjim rogljem, ki so okrašeni z rastlinskim motivom, poleg treh primerkov iz groba 183 (sl. 2.10: 15–17) še par uhanov iz groba 79.<fnref n="185" /> V tem grobu so bili skupaj z masivnimi prstani z oglatim presekom (tip 27 po J. Gieslerju), ki so datirani od druge četrtine 11. stoletja.<fnref n="186" /> Ti primeri pričajo, da so polmesečaste uhane s srednjim rogljem nosili še v prvi polovici 11. stoletja. Uhan s srednjim rogljem in takšnim rastlinskim okrasom so našli tudi v grobu 29 na Sedlu na Blejskem gradu,<fnref n="187" /> pri razčlenitvi gro- bišča na podlagi stratigrafije je bil uhan uvrščen med najmlajše najdbe.<fnref n="188" />

Prva skupina otoških grobov ima več podobnih značilnosti z grobiščem na Sedlu. Poleg nenavadne lege (na otoku in pod vrhom hriba) je primerljivo tudi pokopavanje na izrazito skalnatih tleh. Zaradi tega so bili na obeh grobiščih pogosti zaporedni pokopi v jame, vkopane v živo skalo ali, kot je zapisano za grobove na Sedlu, v “škrape in majhne kraške jame”.<fnref n="189" /> Ob veliki raznovrstnosti najdb *köttlaške skupine* na Sedlu,

porary with the graves of the first and second generation in the village burial grounds (without a church) were found; based on head jewellery it is possible to ascertain contemporaneity with the graves of the inhabitants of the third and fourth generation, buried between 870 and 960.

It is highly likely that one of the first to be buried on Bled Island was the infant whose bone remains were found in Grave 37. The grave contained a pair of temple rings with a single thickening at the endings (Pl. 2: 3,4) and a finger ring with a triangular cross-section (Pl. 2: 5). Typologically this finger ring belongs amongst the finds belonging to the group *Köttlach I* (second half of the 9th and first half of the 10th century), while temple rings of this kind, according to the *classification system* chronology appear post 870¹⁸² or in the Carinthian group of smaller finds (type Ka) in the late stage of group C2 (830–900).<fnref n="183" /> The earliest date for Grave 37 could be the late 9th century.

The latest in the first group of graves on Bled Island are the graves with finds that are comparable to the finds from the so-called *Bijelo Brdo culture*, to the period group *Bijelo Brdo I* (second half of the 10th and first half of the 11th century). These are Grave 49 with the temple ring with an S-shaped loop (Pl. 2: 13), which has multiple comparisons in burial grounds with finds pertaining to the *Köttlach group* (Fig. 2.14; List 4), and Graves 41, 45 and 58 with massive cast finger rings (pl. 2: 8, 10, 20). These graves can be dated in the second half of the 10th century, however a later date, in the first half of the 11th century is also possible (see *Finger rings*).

The find of two cast and enamelled, crescent shaped earrings with a central prong, which were found in Grave 45 together with a massive finger ring (Pl. 2: 10–12), sup- port the late dating of the first group of island graves. One of the earrings from this grave, the one decorated with a zoological motif, has numerous comparisons (Fig. 2.11; List 3). At Ptuj castle such crescent shaped earrings were found in Grave 183 together with the cast grape-shaped earrings with a double thickening at the endings (Fig. 2.10: 18,19). Grape-shaped earrings of this type (type 17b ac- cording to J. Giesler) spread through the Carpathian basin after the year 1000.<fnref n="184" /> At the Ptuj castle, three cast crescent shaped earrings decorated with a vegetative motif with a central prong were found in Grave 183 (Fig. 2.10: 15–17) and a pair of similar earrings was found in Grave 79.<fnref n="185" /> This grave also contained massive rings with an angular cross-section (type 27 according to J. Giesler), which are dated to the second quarter of the 11th century.<fnref n="186" /> These examples indicate that crescent shaped earrings with a central prong were still worn in the first half of the 11th century. An earring with a central prong and vegetative

<footnote n="182">¹⁸² Pleterski 2013b, 320, 334, sl. 16 (NO 0100_0808).</footnote>

<footnote n="183">¹⁸³ Eichert 2010a, 44–45, 169; Abb. 10, 46.</footnote>

<footnote n="184">¹⁸⁴ Giesler 1981, 165–166, Taf. 3: 17b; 51: 2; 53: 17b.</footnote>

<footnote n="185">¹⁸⁵ Korošec 1999, 17, t. 8: 14–19.</footnote>

<footnote n="186">¹⁸⁶ Vinski 1970, 58–61; Giesler 1981, 110–111, 113, Taf. 4: 27; 53: 27.</footnote>

<footnote n="187">¹⁸⁷ Valič 1964, 18, 39, t. 7: 5.</footnote>

<footnote n="188">¹⁸⁸ Pleterski 1982, 141, sl..3–5.</footnote>

<footnote n="189">¹⁸⁹ Valič 1964, 8, priloga 2; Valič 1969a, 218.</footnote>

<footnote n="182">¹⁸² Pleterski 2013b, 320, 334, Fig. 16 (NO 0100_0808).</footnote>

<footnote n="183">¹⁸³ Eichert 2010a, 44–45, 169; Abb. 10, 46.</footnote>

<footnote n="184">¹⁸⁴ Giesler 1981, 165–166, Taf. 3: 17b; 51: 2; 53: 17b.</footnote>

<footnote n="185">¹⁸⁵ Korošec 1999, 17, Pl. 8: 14–19.</footnote>

<footnote n="186">¹⁸⁶ Vinski 1970, 58–61; Giesler 1981, 110–111, 113, Taf. 4: 27; 53: 27.</footnote>
posebno okrasnih zaponk s krščansko motiviko,<fnref n="190" /> se osnovne oblike naglavnega nakita večinoma ujemajo, na obeh grobiščih pa so našli tudi najdb t. i. *belobrdske kulture*.

Na grobišču Sedlo sta bila v grobu 56 ulit grozdast uhan (tip 16) in masiven prstan s stanjšanima koncema (tip 25),<fnref n="191" /> ki tipološko spadata med gradivo skupine *Bijelo Brdo I* in ju datiramo v drugo polovico 10. in prvo tretjino 11. stoletja.<fnref n="192" /> V grobu 143 so našli grozdasta uhana z dvojno odebelitvijo na krakih (tip 17b)<fnref n="193" /> in ulit prstan s prečno členjeno zunanjo površino (tip 33); po kronologiji J. Gieslerja so takšni predmeti pojavijo okoli leta 1000 in se razširijo v prvi polovici 11. stoletja.<fnref n="194" />

Po analizi stratigrafskih odnosov med grobovi na Sedlu je A. Pleterski presodil, da ti pripadajo štirim generacijam prebivalcev, začetek pete generacije je videl v grobu 143 z belobrdskima uhanoma. Za časovno mejo med četrto in peto generacijo je predlagal leto 960,<fnref n="195" /> pokopavanje pa naj bi se domnevno končalo pred zadnjo tretjino 10. stoletja.<fnref n="196" /> Vendar med tem datumom in datacijo za oba tipa belobrdskih predmetov, ki so jih našli na Sedlu v grobu 143 (uhani tipa 17b, prstani tipa 33), ostaja nesoglasje, ker takšnih predmetov do časa, predlaganega za prenehanje pokopavanja, še niso izdelovali. Najzgodnejša datacija za otroški grob 143 bi zato lahko bila začetek 11. stoletja.

Posebnost med nakitom v prvi skupini grobov na Blejskem otoku je uhan iz groba 4 z astragalnimi odebelitvami na spodnjem delu loka (t. 1: 6; 15: 5). Ta tip uhana, ki bi ga po eponimnem najdišču lahko poime-novali tip *Blejski otok*, ima enako kakovostni primerjavi na grobišču v Mostah pri Žirovnici, nekoliko manj natančno sta izdelana uhana z grobišča v Kranju, kjer so našli tudi več površnih posnetkov (sl. 2.13). V Kranju je bil par kakovostnih uhanov v grobu skupaj z naglavnim obročkom z dvojno odebelitvijo na konceh,<fnref n="197" /> kar uhane postavlja med pozne najdbe *köttlaške skupine*. Vsi znani primerki uhanov z astragalnimi odebelitvami na loku so z grobišč pri cerkvah.

Za nekatere najdbe iz prve skupine otoških grobov – za pisali, svinčeni ploščici in žeblje – ni zanesljivo, da so grobni pridatki, v grobove bi lahko prišli tudi kot raztresene najdbe z zasutjem. Večino najdb smo kljub včasih pomanjkljivim terenskim zapisom opredelili kot grobne pridatke. Spadajo med značilne najdbe *köttlaške*

decoration was also found in Grave 29 on Sedlo at the Bled castle,<fnref n="187" /> where it was, as a result of the division of the burial ground based on stratigraphy, categorised as one of the most recent artefacts found at this site.<fnref n="188" />

The first group of Bled Island graves has numerous similarities with the burial ground on Sedlo. Apart from their unusual locations (on the island and under the top of the hill) they also share the fact that the graves were dug into explicitly rocky grounds. This resulted in common multiple burials into pits carved into the bedrock in both burial grounds or, as stated for the graves at Sedlo, into ‘limestone pavements and small Karst sinkholes’.<fnref n="189" /> Alongside the diverse finds pertaining to the *Köttlach group* on Sedlo, especially decorative fibulae with Christian motifs,<fnref n="190" /> the two sites have the same basic forms of head jewellery, as well as finds belonging to the so-called *Bijelo Brdo culture*.

Grave 56 at the burial ground Sedlo contained a grape-shaped earring (type 16) and a massive ring with thinner endings (type 25),<fnref n="191" /> which typologically belong to the group *Bijelo Brdo I* and are dated in the second half of the 10th or the first third of the 11th century.<fnref n="192" /> Grape-shaped earrings with a double thickening at the endings (type 17b)<fnref n="193" /> and a cast finger ring with a transversally divided exterior (type 33) were found in Grave 143; according to J. Giesler’s chronology such objects appear approximately around the year 1000 and become wide-spread during the first half of the 11th century.<fnref n="194" />

Taking into account the stratigraphic relations between the graves on Sedlo, A. Pleterski concluded that these graves belonged to four generations of inhabitants, while the fifth generation graves started with the burial in Grave 143, which included the *Bijelo Brdo* type earrings. For the chronological border between the fourth and fifth generation he proposed the year 960,<fnref n="195" /> while the last burial in this site is believed to have taken place before the last third of the 10th century.<fnref n="196" /> However, there is a discord between this date and the date of the two types of the *Bijelo Brdo* artefacts that were found in Grave 143 (earrings type 17b, rings type 33), as artefacts like these were not made until after the proposed last burials. The earliest date for the infant Grave 143 could thus be the beginning of the 11th century.

The earring from Grave 4 with an astragal shaped thickenings on the lower part of the loop (Pls. 1: 6; 15: 5) stands out amongst the jewellery finds in the first group

<footnote n="190">¹⁹⁰ Knific, Mlinar 2014, 433–434, 453–454, sl. 9: 5–9.</footnote>

<footnote n="191">¹⁹¹ Valič 1964, 23–24, t. 13: 2,5.</footnote>

<footnote n="192">¹⁹² Giesler 1981, 165–166, Taf. 3: 16; 51: 2; 53: 16.</footnote>

<footnote n="193">¹⁹³ Glej op. 60.</footnote>

<footnote n="194">¹⁹⁴ Giesler 1981, 111, Taf. 4: 33; 53: 33.</footnote>

<footnote n="195">¹⁹⁵ Pleterski 2013b, 317, 319, sl. 15 (napisa St. Peter in Sedlo sta zamenjana).</footnote>

<footnote n="196">¹⁹⁶ Pleterski 1982, 146.</footnote>

<footnote n="197">¹⁹⁷ Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 266–267, grob 1973_z0289, sl. 3.</footnote>

<footnote n="187">¹⁸⁷ Valič 1964, 18, 39, Pl. 7: 5.</footnote>

<footnote n="188">¹⁸⁸ Pleterski 1982, 141, Figs. 3–5.</footnote>

<footnote n="189">¹⁸⁹ Valič 1964, 8, appendix 2; Valič 1969a, 218.</footnote>

<footnote n="190">¹⁹⁰ Knific, Mlinar 2014, 433–434, 453–454, Figs. 9: 5–9.</footnote>

<footnote n="191">¹⁹¹ Valič 1964, 23–24, Pl 13: 2,5.</footnote>

<footnote n="192">¹⁹² Giesler 1981, 165–166, Taf. 3: 16; 51: 2; 53: 16.</footnote>

<footnote n="193">¹⁹³ See note 60.</footnote>

<footnote n="194">¹⁹⁴ Giesler 1981, 111, Taf. 4: 33; 53: 33.</footnote>

<footnote n="195">¹⁹⁵ Pleterski 2013b, 317, 319, Fig. 15 (the inscriptions St Peter and Sedlo are switched around).</footnote>

<footnote n="196">¹⁹⁶ Pleterski 1982, 146.</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_100.png" /><figcaption>Sl. 2.21: Zgodnjesrednjeveško grobišče s cerkvijo pri Batujah v Vipavski dolini (Svoljšak, Knific 1976).</figcaption></figure>

<caption>Fig. 2.21: Early Medieval burial site next to a church from the same period, Batuje in the Vipava valley.</caption>

skupine, med katerimi je bilo tudi nekaj predmetov iz arheološkega sklopa t. i. belobrdske kulture. Najdbe iz prve skupine grobov datiramo v čas od poznega 9. stoletja do prve polovice 11. stoletja, za večino pa je možna tudi ožja datacija, tj. čas druge polovice 10. in prve polovice 11. stoletja.

Grobovi prve skupine so bili časovno povezani z zgodnjesrednjeveško cerkvijo. Njeni arhitekturni ostanki so datirani z grobom 72, ki so ga vkopali tesno ob apsidi cerkve, v smeri (azimut 59°), ki je posebnost na grobišču. Za okostje v grobu 72 je datacija C14 pokazala časovni 2Σ razpon med letoma 869 in 1013 (verjetnost 94,2 %), kar je zaradi stika groba s cerkvijo časovna potrditev za obstoj cerkve. Po arhitekturnih ostankih je mogoče sklepati, da se je prva skupina grobov širila severozahodno od zgodnjesrednjeveške cerkve.

V Sloveniji sta bili zgodnjesrednjeveški grobišči ob sočasni cerkvi odkriti v Batujah v Vipavski dolini in na Legnu pri Slovenj Gradcu.

Na ledini Pri svetem Juriju zahodno od Batuj so odkrili z arheološkimi izkopavanji ostanke cerkve in okoli nje skeletno grobišče s 104 grobovi (sl. 2.21). Ostanki cerkve so skromni, ker so jo podrli do temeljev. Glede na razporeditev grobov, delno še ohranjene zidove in potek plitvih jarkov, v katerih so zidovi stali, se je dalo razbrati, da je bila cerkev enoladijska, s polkrožno apsido

of graves on Bled Island. This type of earring, which could be named type *Bled Island* according to its eponymous site of discovery, has equally qualitative comparisons at the burial ground in Moste near Žirovnica, while the two earrings from the burial ground in Kranj, where also numerous imitations were found (Fig. 2.13), were not as finely made. In Kranj the two high-quality earrings were found in the grave together with the temple ring with double thickenings at the ends,<fnref n="197" /> which places the earrings amongst the late *Köttlach group* finds. All known examples of earrings with astragal shaped thickenings are from burial grounds next to churches.

It is uncertain whether some finds from the first group of Bled Island graves (styluses, lead tablets and nails) were grave goods, as they could have found their way into the graves as scattered finds in the fill-in material. Regardless of the – at times deficient – fieldwork records, most of the finds were defined as grave goods; they are characteristic finds belonging to the *Köttlach group*, which included a few artefacts belonging to the so called *Bijelo Brdo culture*. The finds from the first group of graves are dated between the late 9th century and the first half of the 11th century, however, most can be dated more precisely, i.e. in the second half of the 10th and the first half of the 11th century.

As regards the time of origin, the graves belonging to the first group were linked to the Early Mediaeval church. The church's architectural remains were dated with Grave 72, which was dug close to the apse of the church, with an orientation (azimuth 59°) that stands out at this burial ground. C14 dating of the skeleton in Grave 72 showed a temporal 2Σ span between the years 869 and 1013 (94.2% probability), which – as a result of the contact between the grave and the church – confirmed the time period of the church's existence. The architectural remains indicate that the first group of graves spread from the Early Mediaeval church towards the northwest.

In Slovenia, Early Mediaeval burial grounds next to the churches of the same period were discovered in Batuje in Vipavska dolina and in Legen near Slovenj Gradec.

Archaeological excavations in the fallow next to the church of St George, west of Batuje, revealed the remains of an old church and a burial ground with 104 graves (Fig. 2.21). The church remains are modest, as it was demolished to its foundations. Taking into account the layout of the graves, the partially preserved walls and the locations of the shallow ditches, in which the walls stood, one can conclude that this was a single nave church with a semi-circular apse on the east side.<fnref n="198" /> Stone fragments with guilloche ornaments were discovered in the village already prior to archaeological excavations; they were built into two houses in Batuje, but according to oral tradition they originated from the old church of St George,

<footnote n="197">¹⁹⁷ Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 266–267, Grave 1973/z0289, Fig. 3.</footnote>

<footnote n="198">¹⁹⁸ Svoljšak, Knific 1976, 71–77.</footnote>
na vzhodni strani.<fnref n="198" /> Že pred arheološkimi izkopavanji so v vasi odkrili kamnite odlomke s pleteninasto ornamentiko; vzdani so bili v dveh batujskih hišah, a naj bi po izročilu izvirali iz stare cerkvice sv. Jurija, ki so jo podrli leta 1764 ali malo pred tem.<fnref n="199" /> Največ grobov je bilo na gosto vkopanih južno od cerkve, ob apsidi je bil vkopan grob 79 v podobni smeri (azimut 69°) kot grob 72 na Blejskem otoku. Pridatki iz grobov spadajo v köttlaško skupino, najdbe so časovno opredeljene v 9. in 10. stoletje, vendar je verjetnejša datacija v drugo polovico 10. in 11. stoletje.<fnref n="200" /> Slednjemu v prid bi govoril tudi cerkveni zavetnik sv. Jurij, ki mu je bila cerkev lahko posvečena šele po sredini 10. stoletja.<fnref n="201" />

Druga zgodnjesrednjeveška cerkev z grobiščem, Sv. Jurij na Legnu, je stala na terasi na obronku zahodnega Pohorja nad Mislinjsko dolino. Izkopavanja, ki so potekala ob obnovitvenih delih v notranjščini cerkve, so odkrila temelje cerkve, zgrajene iz naloženega kamenja brez veziva.<fnref n="202" /> Gre za preprosto enoladijsko cerkev pravokotnega tlorisa, apsida je bila ožja od ladje in zunaj pravokotno obzidana. Primerjavi za tako oblikovano cerkev sta znani iz Jeninsa v Švici<fnref n="203" /> in Fischingena v Nemčiji.<fnref n="204" /> Datacijo cerkve dopolnjujejo zgodnjesrednjeveški grobovi, razporejeni okrog njenih temeljev. Pridatki v grobovih spadajo med najdbe köttlaške skupine (naglavni obročki z enojno odebelitvijo, okrasne zaponke z emajlom). Našli so tudi naglavni obroček z S-zanko in ravno odrezanim locnom ter nakit v obliki pelte, ki ima primerjave v Porenju, datirane v 10. in 11. stoletje.<fnref n="205" /> Grobišče ni do konca raziskano, razteza se še zunaj temeljev sedanje cerkve.

Ob zgodnjesrednjeveških cerkvah z grobišči ozirroma s pokopališči v Batujah, na Legnu in Blejskem otoku<fnref n="206" /> je v osrednji in zahodni Sloveniji veliko grobišč z najdbami köttlaške skupine, ki so jih v veliki večini odkrili pri cerkvah (seznam 2; sl. 2.9).<fnref n="207" /> V teh primerih časovni odnos med zgodnjesrednjeveškim grobiščem in cerkvijo večinoma ni znan, vsekakor pa postavitev (tudi veliko mlajše) cerkve na starem grobišču priča o navezanosti okoliških prebivalcev na kraj pokopavanja. Ta pojav ni značilen le za Slovenijo, ampak za celotno območje Vzhodnih Alp, kje so pri nekdanjih in zdajšnjih cerkvah odkrili veliko grobišč z najdbami

which was demolished in 1764 or slightly before.<fnref n="199" /> Most of the graves were dug close together, south of the church, however, alongside the apse, Grave 79 showed a similar orientation (azimuth 69°) as Grave 72 on Bled Island. The grave goods belong to the Köttlach group, the finds of which are dated into the 9th and 10th centuries, however the dating in the second half of the 10th and 11th centuries is more likely.<fnref n="200" /> The church patron, St George, to whom the church could be dedicated only after the mid-10th century also speaks in favour of the later date.<fnref n="201" />

The second Early Mediaeval church with a burial ground, St George on Legen, overlooking the Mislinja valley, stood on a terrace on the edge of the western Pohorje ridge. The excavations which took place during the renovation works in the church interior, revealed the foundations of a church built from stacked stones without the use of binding material.<fnref n="202" /> This was a simple single nave church with a rectangular ground plan, an apse that was narrower than the nave and rectangular on the outside. Comparisons for this church are known from Jenins in Switzerland<fnref n="203" /> and Fischingen in Germany.<fnref n="204" /> The date of the church was confirmed by the Early Mediaeval graves which are laid out around the church's foundations. The grave goods belong amongst the finds of the Köttlach group (temple rings with a single thickening, enamelled brooches). They also found a temple ring with an S-shaped loop and a straight ending and jewellery in the form of pelta, which has comparisons in 10th and 11th century Rhineland.<fnref n="205" /> The burial ground was not explored to the end, for it expands outside of the foundations of the present-day church.

Alongside the Early Mediaeval churches with burial grounds or graveyards in Batuje, on Legen and Bled Island,<fnref n="206" /> central and western Slovenia have numerous burial grounds with finds belonging to the Köttlach group, most of which were discovered next to churches (List 2; Fig. 2.9).<fnref n="207" /> In these examples the temporal relation between the Early Mediaeval burial ground and the church is usually unknown, however, the positioning of (the much later) church on the early burial ground indicates the attachment of the local inhabitants on the burial location. This phenomenon is not characteristic merely for Slovenia, but can be found throughout the territory of the Eastern Alps, where numerous burial grounds

<footnote n="198">¹⁹⁸ Svoljšak, Knific 1976, 71–77.</footnote>

<footnote n="199">¹⁹⁹ Höfler 2019, 43–47.</footnote>

<footnote n="200">²⁰⁰ Svoljšak, Knific 1976, 60–71; Höfler 2019, 45.</footnote>

<footnote n="201">²⁰¹ Höfler 2013, 392–393.</footnote>

<footnote n="202">²⁰² Strmčnik Gulič 1994.</footnote>

<footnote n="203">²⁰³ Sennhauser 1979, 137, Abb. 11: 7.</footnote>

<footnote n="204">²⁰⁴ Scholkmann 1997, 457, sl. 522 b: g.</footnote>

<footnote n="205">²⁰⁵ Wamers 1994, 147–148; Pleterski 2003a, 365.</footnote>

<footnote n="206">²⁰⁶ Arhiv 489, str. 269: "Posebnost otoškega grobišča je v njegovi razbitosti na pet skupin, ki so vse v določenem odnosu do dveh oziroma treh najstarejših cerkvenih stavb na otoku, tako da grobove na otoku lahko opredeljujemo kot grobišče okoli cerkve."</footnote>

<footnote n="207">²⁰⁷ Knific, Mlinar 2014, 440–443, 458–459, sl. 15.</footnote>

<footnote n="199">¹⁹⁹ Höfler 2019, 43–47.</footnote>

<footnote n="200">²⁰⁰ Svoljšak, Knific 1976, 60–71; Höfler 2019, 45.</footnote>

<footnote n="201">²⁰¹ Höfler 2013, 392–393.</footnote>

<footnote n="202">²⁰² Strmčnik Gulič 1994.</footnote>

<footnote n="203">²⁰³ Sennhauser 1979, 137, Abb. 11: 7.</footnote>

<footnote n="204">²⁰⁴ Scholkmann 1997, 457, Fig. 522 b: g.</footnote>

<footnote n="205">²⁰⁵ Wamers 1994, 147–148; Pleterski 2003a, 365.</footnote>

<footnote n="206">²⁰⁶ Archive 489, pg. 269: 'The speciality of the island burial ground can be found in its division into five groups, which are all in a certain relation to the two or three oldest church buildings on the island, thus, the graves can be defined as a burial ground next to a church.'</footnote>

<footnote n="207">²⁰⁷ Knific, Mlinar 2014, 440–443, 458–459, Fig. 15.</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_101.png" /><figcaption>Sl. 2.22: Grobišča z najdbami *kötlaške skupine* pri cerkvah na severnojadranskem in vzhodnoalpskem ozemlju (glej *seznam 6*).
Fig. 2.22: Burial sites with finds pertaining to the *Köttlach group*, next to churches in the Northern Adriatic and Eastern Alpine regions (see *List 6*).</figcaption></figure>

(Izdelava / Elaborated by: V. Bitenc)

*kötlaške skupine* (časovni horizont *Köttlach II*, skupina C 3). Najdišča so najštevilnejša na Koroškem in Gorenjskem, v obsežnih kotlinah ob zgornji Dravi in Savi (*seznam 6*; sl. 2.22).

with finds belonging to the *Köttlach group* (*time horizon Köttlach II*, group C 3) have been found next to former or present-day churches. Such sites are most common in Koroška and Gorenjska regions, in the large basins alongside the upper Drava and Sava rivers (*List 6*; Fig. 2.22).
<figure><img src="image_102.png" /></figure>
## 3. METODA STRATIGRAFSKE ANALIZE IN ANALIZE NESTOJEČIH STAVBNIH OSTANKOV

## 3. METHOD OF STRATIGRAPHIC ANALYSIS AND ANALYSIS OF NON-STANDING BUILDING REMAINS

Benjamin ŠTULAR

### 3.1 UVOD

Namen tega sklopa knjige sta stratigrafska analiza najdišča in interpretacija nestoječih stavbnih ostankov na najdišču Blejski otok. Osnovni znanstveni vprašanji tega dela sta morebiten obstoj predkrščanskega svetišča na Blejskem otoku in – v neposredni povezavi s tem – kronologija cerkva.

Kot nestoječe stavbne ostanke obravnavamo tiste, ki niso sestavni del današnje cerkvene stavbe in za katere je najpomembnejši vir podatkov arheološki zapis. Vendar so ti stavbni ostanki neločljivo prepleteni z arheološkim zapisom srednjeveškega grobišča. Zato smo za razumevanje sosledja stavbnega razvoja v stratigrafsko in prostorsko analizo pritegnili tudi grobišče. Celostna analiza grobišča, posameznih grobov in artefaktov je predstavljena zgoraj (glej pogl. 2).

### 3.2 METODA ARHEOLOŠKIH IZKOPAVANJ MED LETOMA 1962 IN 1964

Na tem mestu bomo na kratko predstavili metodo arheoloških izkopavanj na Blejskem otoku med letoma 1962 in 1964. S stališča moderne analize je ključen podatek, da je šlo za tako imenovana *izkopavanja po planumih* (Šribar 1974, 7; za izraz kopanje po režnjih prim. Novaković 2003, 56, op. 37; Dular, Tecco Hvala 2007, 28; Štular 2008, 45–47). To je metoda arheoloških izkopavanj, pri katerih se arheološki zapis odstranjuje v arbitrarno določenih horizontalnih režnjih. Veljalo je, da je podoba enega planuma (...) horizontalni prerez skozi plasti, ki so nastajale istočasno ali pa v nekem

### 3.1 INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this part of the book is to present the stratigraphic analysis, and the interpretation of non-standing building remains, on the Bled Island site.* The two primary scientific questions involve the possible existence of a pre-Christian sanctuary on Bled Island and the – directly related – chronology of the churches.

Non-standing building remains are those that are not constituent parts of the present church building and for which the most important source of data is the archaeological record. These building remains, however, are inseparably intertwined with the archaeological record of the medieval cemetery. The cemetery was therefore included in the stratigraphic and spatial analysis in order to understand the sequence of building development. An integral analysis of the cemetery, individual graves and artefacts, was presented above (see Chapter 2).

### 3.2 THE METHOD OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATION BETWEEN THE YEARS 1962 AND 1964

Here, we will briefly present the method of archaeological excavation on Bled Island between the years 1962 and 1964. From the point of view of modern analysis, the key piece of information is that this used the so-called *planum technique of excavation* (Šribar 1974, 7; for the expression *excavation in spits cf.* Novaković 2003, 56, note 37; Dular, Tecco Hvala 2007, 28; Štular 2008, 45–47). In this method of archaeological excavation, the

<footnote>* Translation Meta Osredkar</footnote>
časovnem zaporedju (Šribar 1974, 7–8). Izbira metode je bila skladna s tedanjimi praksami, saj gre za čas pred uvedbo enokontekstnega dokumentiranja (Harris, Ot-taway 1976; Barker 1977) in stratigrafskih izkopavanj (Harris 1979). Izkopavanja na Blejskem otoku so bila med prvimi v Sloveniji (in tedanji Jugoslaviji), na katerih so uvajali to metodo (prim. Šribar 1974, 8).

Za kakovost izvedbe planumskih izkopavanj je ključna izbira naslednjih parametrov:

– debelina režnja,

– gostota kontrolnih presekov in

– prostorska natančnost dokumentiranja mesta najdb.

Vsak od naštetih dejavnikov neposredno vpliva na eni strani na kakovost arheološke informacije in na drugi strani, obratno sorazmerno, na hitrost izkopavanj. V slovenski arheologiji se je kasneje za izkopavanja v ravnini uveljavilo kopanje 0,1–0,2 m debelih režnjev, puščanje kontrolnih presekov v razmiku 4 ali 5 m in pobiranje najdb znotraj 4- ali 5-metrskih kvadrantov (prim. Šribar 1969, *passim*; Evis, Hanson, Cheetham 2016, 178). Pri izkopavanjih na Blejskem otoku so ti parametri žal mnogo manj natančni:

– debelina režnja od 0,4 m do 2 m (znotraj cerkve 0,2 m),

– brez kontrolnih presekov in

– dokumentiranje najdb zgolj po režnjih.

Pri izkopavanjih na Blejskem otoku so torej upo-rabili izjemno "grobo" različico izkopavanja po režnjih z neznačilno debelimi režnji in brez sistematičnega dokumentiranja mesta najdb vsaj po kvadrantih. Večina pozornosti je bila usmerjena v risarsko in opisno dokumentiranje planumov.

Ni torej naključje, da je Šribar metodo imenoval planumska, kasnejši izkopavalci pa so jo preimenovali v reženjsko. Izrazoslovje opozarja na konceptualno spre-membo: prvotno težišče arheološkega angažmaja je bilo dokumentiranje naključnih horizontalnih in vertikalnih presekov, kasneje pa – pod vplivom splošnega razvoja ar-heološke metodologije – vse bolj sam proces izkopavanja.

Dokumentacija izkopavanj na Blejskem otoku je temeljila na arheološkem dnevniku, v katerem je vodja izkopavanj opisoval in interpretiral arheološko situacijo. Dnevnik so dopolnjevale občasne fotografije stanja in skice, kar je skladno s sočasnimi praksami. Poleg tega so tlorise in preseke dokumentirali še risarsko v merilu 1 : 20 ali 1 : 50, kar tedaj še ni bila povsem uveljavljena praksa (prim. npr. izkopavanja grobišča Župna cerkev v Kranju v letih 1953 ter 1964–1966: Štular, Belak 2012; Štular, Belak 2013).

## Tlorisi

Kot pendant "grobim" parametrom so tlorisi planumov dokumentirani izjemno natančno. Na terenu so

archaeological record is removed in arbitrary levels or spits. It was assumed that the *face of one planum* (...) is *a horizontal section through the layers that were created either simultaneously or in a certain chronological order* (Šribar 1974, 7–8). The choice of method was congruent with contemporary practice, this being the time before the introduction of single-context recording (Harris, Ottaway 1976; Barker 1977) and stratigraphic excavations (Harris 1979). The excavations on Bled Island were among the first in Slovenia (and the then Yugoslavia) in which this method was introduced (cf. Šribar 1974, 8).

The high-quality execution of planum excavations depends on the choice of the following parameters:

– arbitrary level thickness,

– frequency of sample sections, and

– accuracy in recording of the location of finds.

Each of the listed parameters has a direct effect on the quality of archaeological information, but also – in inverse proportion – on the speed of the excavation. Digging 0.1–0.2 m thick spits, recording sample sections every 4 or 5 m, and collecting finds within 4- or 5 m quadrants later became an established practice in Slovenian archaeology for excavations conducted using the planum technique (cf. Šribar 1969, *passim*; Evis, Hanson, Cheetham 2016, 178). Unfortunately, these parameters were far less precise in the Bled Island excavations:

– arbitrary level thickness between 0.4 m and 2 m

(0.2 m inside the church),

– no sample sections, and

– finds recorded only according to the arbitrary level.

This means that a very "coarse" excavation method was used in the Bled Island excavations: digging in spits of atypical thickness and without any systematic recording of the locations of finds, not even by quadrants. The focus was mostly on plan drawings and textual descriptions of the surfaces of arbitrary levels.

It is therefore no coincidence that Šribar referred to this method as excavation using the *planum technique*, while later excavators renamed it excavation in *spits*. This shift in terminology reflects a conceptual change: the original focal point of archaeological engagement was recording arbitrary plan and sections drawings, while later – influenced by the general development of archaeological methodology – the focus was more and more on the excavation process itself.

The documentation of the Bled Island excavations was based on an archaeological field journal, in which the director of the excavations described and interpreted the *archaeological situation*. Congruent with contemporary practice, the journal was complemented by occasional photographs and sketches of the situation. Plan and section drawings at a scale of 1:20 or 1:50 were also produced, which was not yet a fully established practice at the time (cf. for instance the excavations of the Župna cerkev
<figure><img src="image_103.png" /><figcaption>Sl. 3.1: Blejski otok, dokumentiranje stanja izkopnega polja 1/1 pred posegom leta 1962; načrt je orientiran glede na mrežo kvadrantov (digitalna obdelava B. Štular; vir: arhiv NMS AO Rn 222/1).</figcaption></figure>

<caption>Fig. 3.1: Bled Island, trench 1/1 before 1962 excavation; plan drawing is oriented according to excavation grid (digitally remastered by B. Štular; source: NMS archive AO Rn 222/1).</caption>

risali na milimetrski papir v merilu 1 : 20. Za analizo smo imeli na voljo prerise, ki so jih risali v merilu približno 1 : 20, merilo in usmeritev pa na risbah nista označena. Prerisi so opremljeni z naslednjimi podatki:

– številkami plasti,

– opisom plasti v marginah,

– absolutnimi nadmorskimi višinami,

– izrisom vsaj dveh vogalov cerkvene stavbe in

– (v izkopnem polju IP 1/1) z izrisanimi kvadranti.

Kakovost in namen teh risb najlaže pojasnimo na
konkretnem primeru planuma 1 v izkopnem polju IP 1/1
(sl. 3.1). Gre za tloris stanja pred izkopom, ki vključuje
popis tipov travniške vegetacije ter izohipse z ekvidistan-
co 0,05 m. Kartiranje tipov travniške dokumentacije za
arheologijo seveda ni potrebno, ekvidistanca izohips pa
je zavajajoča, saj bi bilo za takšno natančnost potrebnih
vsaj 20 meritev na m². Na tem tlorisu meritve višin sploh
niso zabeležene, na ostalih tlorisih pa so izmerili približ-
no 0,01 višine na m². Dejanska izmera je bila torej pri-
bližno 2000-krat manj točna od natančnosti tlorisa. Da
natančnost izohips ni utemeljena s točnostjo meritev, je
že na prvi pogled razvidno iz oblike izohips, ki bi morale
biti mnogo bolj "nazobčane" (prim. sl. 3.13). Dihotomije
med navidezno natančnostjo dokumentiranja stanja
pred posegom na eni strani in izkopavanjem dvometr-

cemetery in Kranj in the years 1953 and 1964–1966:
Štular, Belak 2012; Štular, Belak 2013).

Plan drawings of horizontal surfaces

Contrary to the “coarse” parameters, plan drawings
are recorded with high accuracy. In the field, they were
drawn on millimetre paper at a scale of 1:20. The drawings
available for this analysis were copies, made at a scale of
approximately 1:20. Scale and orientation are not marked
on the drawings. The copies contain the following data:

– context numbers,

– context descriptions in the margins,

– absolute elevations above sea level,

– drawings of at least two corners of the church
building, and

– (in the IP 1/1 excavation area) drawings of mea-
surement grid.

The quality of these drawings, as well as their pur-
pose, can be best illustrated using the case of Planum 1
in the IP 1/1 excavation area (Fig. 3.1). This plan drawing
of the trench before excavation lists the types of grass
vegetation, and presents contours with an interval of
0.05 m. Mapping types of grassland vegetation is clearly
not important for archaeology, and the interval between
<figure><img src="image_104.png" /><figcaption>Sl. 3.2: Blejski otok, lega presekov (rdeče) na načrtu izkopnih polj izkopavanj 1962–1964; načrt je orientiran glede na mrežo kvadrantov (poudarki in digitalna obdelava B. Štular; vir: arhiv NMS AO Rn 235).</figcaption></figure>

<caption>Fig. 3.2: Bled Island, location of sample sections (red) marked on the plan of all trenches from 1962–1964 excavation; plan drawing is oriented according to excavation grid (digitally remastered by B. Štular; source: NMS archive AO Rn 235).</caption>

skih “režnjev” na drugi strani metodološko preprosto ni mogoče razložiti. Avtorjem risarske dokumentacije natančnost dokumentiranja arheološkega zapisa ni bila edini – morda celo ne najpomembnejši – cilj.

S stališča izpovednosti dokumentacije je še pomembnejša okoliščina, ki izhaja iz izbrane metode. Meritve višin na planumih so žal skoraj izključno meritve višin arbitrarno določenih planumov. Te dokumentirajo zgolj natančnost kopanja. Edine meritve, ki prinašajo neposredne podatke o višinah arheoloških plasti, so meritve višin skeletov v grobovih.

## Preseki (t. i. profili)

Analizirana dokumentacija najdišča na Blejskem otoku vsebuje 35 arheoloških risb presekov z opisom

the contours is misleading, for such accuracy would demand at least 20 elevation measurements per m². No such measurements are marked in this plan drawing, while in other plan drawings, approximately 0.01 elevations were measured per m². The actual measurements were thus about 2000 times less accurate than the accuracy of the plan view. That the precision of the contours is not based on the accuracy of measurements is immediately apparent from the shape of the contours, which should be much more “jagged” (cf. Fig. 3.13). In terms of methodology, the dichotomy between the supposed accuracy of the recorded situation before the intervention on the one hand, and the excavation of 2 m thick arbitrary levels on the other, is simply unexplainable. Clearly, accurate recording of the archaeological record was not the sole – perhaps not even the main – goal for the authors of plan drawings.
<figure><img src="image_105.png" /><figcaption>Sl. 3.3: Blejski otok, preseki izkopnega polja *narteks*; zgoraj preseki, spodaj označena lega. Ni v merilu (avtor B. Štular; vir: arhiv NMS AO Rn 222/29).</figcaption></figure>

<caption>Fig. 3.3: Bled Island, sample sections and the *narteks* trench; above – sections, below – location of sections. Not to scale (by B. Štular; source: NMS archive AO Rn 222/29).</caption>

plasti. Vendar ne gre za sistematično razporejene tako imenovane *kontrolne profile*, temveč večinoma za preseke robov izkopnih polj (sl. 3.2). Severno od današnje cerkvene stavbe so bili dokumentirani preseki testnih jarkov iz leta 1962. Teh zaradi razlik v opisih in izrisu ni mogoče uskladiti s planumi, dokumentiranimi ob izkopavanju leta 1963. V notranjosti današnje cerkvene stavbe so dokumentirali preseke na robovih izkopnih polj. Ker so bila izkopna polja omejena s stoječimi zidovi, ti preseki ležijo natančno pod obstoječimi zidovi. Zato v zgornjem delu prikazujejo zgolj stoječi zid in njegov temelj, v večjih globinah pa presek, vzporeden zidovom. Takšni preseki za analizo stratigrafskih odnosov med arheološkimi plastmi in stoječimi elementi, kar je cilj tega prispevka, niso uporabni (sl. 3.3).

## Najdbe

Najdbe izven grobov niso bile dokumentirane sistematično. Pri kopanju testnih jarkov leta 1962 so najdbe dokumentirali znotraj sond po planumih, vendar večinoma zgolj približno, na primer planum 4/5 (Šribar 1966a, 1–19). Pri izkopavanju leta 1963 in 1964 so najdbe izven grobov dokumentirali kot *naključne najdbe na izkopnem polju*. Najdbe iz izkopnega polja severno od današnje cerkve imajo podatek o kvadrantu, ne pa o planumu (Šribar 1966a, 56–58, 88). Najdbe iz notranjosti cerkve so umeščene v prostor opisno, večinoma brez podatka o planumu (na primer v vogalu med obema *apsidama in južnim stranskim oltarjem*; Šribar 1966a, 119–123, 139–140, 155–156). Podobno velja za najdbe iz prostora južno od cerkve (Šribar 1966a, 178–179).

Med najdbami, ki so inventarizirane v NMS, na inventarnih lističih ni prostorskih podatkov. Zaradi izjemno skromne količine inventariziranih najdb na primer iz plasti novoveških izravnalnih nasutij sklepa-

The method selected for documentation had an important effect on the value of its information. The elevation measurements recorded on the plan drawings are unfortunately almost without exception nothing more than the elevations of arbitrary levels. They only record the accuracy of how horizontal the excavation of each level was. The only informative measurements are the elevations of the skeletons in graves.

## Sections

The analysed documentation from the Bled Island archaeological site contains 35 section drawings with descriptions of layers, however, these are not systematically placed sample sections, but mostly sections drawings of the individual trench edges (Fig. 3.2). To the north of the present church building, sections of test trenches from 1962 have been recorded. They cannot be coordinated with the plan drawings recorded in the 1963 excavations, however, due to discrepancies between the textual descriptions and the drawings. In the interior of the present church building, sections were recorded at the edges of individual trenches. Since trenches were limited by the existing standing walls, the sections are placed precisely under the existing walls. In the upper part, they only show the standing wall and its foundation, under which there is a section that is parallel to the walls. Such sections are of no relevance for the analysis of the stratigraphic relationships between archaeological layers and standing walls, which is the goal of this analysis (Fig. 3.3).

## Finds

Finds from outside the graves were not systematically recorded. During the 1962 test trench excavation, the finds inside the trenches were recorded by arbitrary levels, but
mo, da so med izkopavanji izvajali selekcijo najdb. To
je skladno s pogosto prakso na slovenskih arheoloških
izkopavanjih do sredine osemdesetih let prejšnjega
stoletja, ko najdb, mlajših od zgodnjega srednjega veka
– razen izjemnih lepih kosov – niso dokumentirali (npr.
Štular 2009, 18–19).

Stanje dokumentacije

Za stratigrafsko analizo opisanih podatkov je
ključna ocena, kolikšen delež stratigrafskih odnosov je
bil dokumentiran.

Dokumentacija izkopavanja po planumih ne beleži
(1) niti stratigrafskih odnosov med stratigrafskimi enotami, ki so dokumentirane na istem planumu, (2) niti stratigrafskih enot, ki so bile odkopane hkrati znotraj enega režnja.

Prvo (1) pomanjkljivost je na najdiščih z enotnimi, pretežno horizontalnimi plastmi mogoče deloma nadomestiti s tako imenovanimi kontrolnimi profili. Na najdišču Blejski otok to žal ni mogoče zaradi prej opisanega stanja. Poleg tega je stratigrafija tega najdišča zelo razgibana in večinoma poševna, tako da bi tudi sistematično dokumentirani preseki le delno omilili ta problem.

*Druga* (2) pomanjkljivost je na najdiščih s pretežno
horizontalnimi plastmi toliko manjša, kolikor se debelina
režnja približuje najmanjši debelini stratigrafskih
enot. Debelina režnjev na obravnavanem najdišču je
vsaj enkrat večja kot povprečna debelina plasti: v notranjosti cerkve so estrihi debeli do 0,05 m, režnji pa 0,1 m in več. Na prostoru z najgostejšimi pokopi so bili
režnji debeli do 0,4 m, grobne jame pa globoke nekako
od 0,1 do 0,2 m.

Izgubo podatkov smo količinsko ovrednotili v
cerkveni ladji za planuma 2 in 3. Iz dosegljive dokumentacije smo na podlagi superpozicije planumov 2 in 3 rekonstruirali 79 stratigrafskih odnosov (glej v nadaljevanju). Dodatno je med stratigrafskimi enotami, ki so dokumentirane na planumu 2, 137 nedokumentirani stratigrafskih odnosov in na planumu 3 še 81 takšnih. Rekonstruiran presek pokaže, da je bila z debelino režnja brez dokumentiranja odstranjena najmanj polovica arheološkega zapisa (sl. 3.4). Sklepamo lahko torej na izgubo vsaj še enkrat tolikšnega števila stratigrafskih odnosov. Ocenjeno skupno število stratigrafskih odnosov v arheološkem zapisu med planumoma 2 in 3 je torej 594, od tega jih je v dokumentaciji zabeleženih 79 ali 13 odstotkov. Na najdišču Blejski otok moramo torej računati s tem, da približno 87 odstotkov stratigrafskih odnosov (in 50 odstotkov stratigrafskih enot) ni bilo dokumentiranih.

Rezultat je primerljiv z rezultati študije, v kateri so
merili učinkovitost modernih forenzičnih arbitrarnih
izkopavanj. Pri teh so uporabili 0,1 m debele režnje
in dokumentirali 51 odstotkov stratigrafskih odnosov

most only approximately, for example *Planum* 4/5 (Šribar 1966a, 1–19). During the 1963 and 1964 excavations, finds outside the graves were recorded as *chance finds within the excavation area*. Spatial information about the grid quadrant, but not about the arbitrary level, is given for the finds from the excavation area north of the present-day church (Šribar 1966a, 56–58, 88). The location of the finds from the interior of the church is recorded descriptively, mostly without data about the level (for example *in the corner between the two apses and the southern side altar*; Šribar 1966a, 119–123, 139–140, 155–156). There is a similar situation when it comes to the finds from the area south of the church (Šribar 1966a, 178–179).

The inventory cards for the finds in the National Museum of Slovenia contain no spatial data. Due to the very small quantity of inventoried finds, for example in the Post-Medieval ground-levelling accumulations, we can assume that the finds were subjected to a rigorous selection process during excavation. This is congruent with the practice, common in Slovenian archaeological excavations up to the mid-1980s, of not recording finds from periods later than the Early Middle Ages – with the exception of some remarkable *beautiful items* (e.g. Štular 2009, 18–19).

State of documentation

It is crucial to estimate the share of recorded stratigraphic relationships for any stratigraphic analysis of arbitrary excavation.

With the arbitrary planum method of excavation,
neither (1) the stratigraphic relationships between the
stratigraphic units recorded within the same planum, nor
(2) the stratigraphic units excavated simultaneously in a
single level are recorded in the documentation.

In sites with uniform, mostly horizontal contexts, *the first* (1) deficiency can be partly remedied by the *sample sections*. As described above, this was unfortunately not the case at the Bled Island site. The stratigraphy of this site is furthermore very uneven, and mostly slanted, which means that even systematically recorded sample sections could only mitigate the inadequacies of the planum technique to a degree.

In sites with mostly horizontal layers, *the second* (2)
deficiency is less marked if arbitrary level thickness is close
to the smallest thickness of the stratigraphic contexts.
At the Bled Island site, individual level thickness is at
least twice the average thickness of the contexts: mortar
pavements inside the church are up to 0.05 m thick, and
the levels were 0.1 m or more. In the area with the high-
est frequency of burials, the horizontal levels were up
to 0.4 m thick, and the depth of grave pits was between
approximately 0.1 and 0.2 m.

The loss of data was quantified for arbitrary horizon-
tal Levels 2 and 3 in the church nave. Based on the super-
position of Levels 2 and 3, 79 stratigraphic relationships
<figure><img src="image_106.png" /><figcaption>Sl. 3.4: Blejski otok, idealizirana preseka: zgoraj grobišče severno od sedanje cerkve, spodaj notranjost sedanje cerkve. Razmerje med višino in dolžino je pretiravano (avtor B. Štular).</figcaption></figure>

<caption>Fig. 3.4: Bled Island, idealized sections: above the cemetery north of the present-day church, below interior of the present-day church. Scale between height and length is distorted (by B. Štular).</caption>

(Evis, Hanson, Cheetham 2016). Del razlike med 13 in 51 odstotki dokumentiranih odnosov je posledica tanjših režnjev. Pomembnejša razlika je dejstvo, da so v omenjeni študiji izkušeni arheologi stratigrafske odnose sistematično iskali in dokumentirali hkrati z odstranjevanjem plasti. Izkopavalci na Blejskem otoku pa so bili po večini nearheologi, ki stratigrafskih odnosov niso dokumentirali med odstranjevanjem arheoloških plasti.

V celoti o arheoloških izkopavanjih na Blejskem otoku med letoma 1962 in 1964 lahko rečemo, da niti količina niti kakovost dokumentiranih podatkov ne

were reconstructed from the available documentation (see the following sections). There are also 137 unrecorded stratigraphic relationships between the stratigraphic units recorded in the plan drawing of Level 2, and 81 such relationships in Level 3. The reconstructed section shows that due to the thickness of soil removal within a single level, more than half of the archaeological record was removed without being recorded (Fig. 3.4). It can be therefore assumed that at least twice as many stratigraphic relationships have been lost. The estimated number of all stratigraphic relationships in the archaeological record between Levels 2 and 3 is thus 594; 79 (i.e. 13%) of them
dosegata modernih standardov. Vendar je to za pol stoletja stara izkopavanja pričakovano in razumljivo. Najšibkejša točka so zagotovo krepko predebeli režnji kopanja; z izbiro že tedaj običajne debeline na primer 0,2 m zunaj in 0,1 m znotraj cerkve bi bila možna interpretacija stavbnega razvoja na mnogo višji stopnji. Glede ostalega lahko le sočustvujemo z arheologi, ki so se s tako kompleksnimi ter geomorfološko in stratigrafsko razgibanimi najdišči spopadali brez temeljnega orodja moderne arheologije, stratigrafske metode izkopavanj.

## 3.3 METODE ANALIZE

Interpretacija arheoloških izkopavanj je najučinkovitejša, kadar se izvaja neposredno po zaključku izkopavanj in vključuje izkopavalce. Več časa ko preteče med izkopavanji in interpretacijo, večja je možnost izgube informacij. Dodatna elementa, ki imata enak učinek, sta odsotnost izkopavalcev v procesu interpretiranja in sprememba metode. S slednjim pojmom opisujemo stanje, ko arheolog interpret nima praktičnih izkušenj z metodo, uporabljeno pri izkopavanjih, ki jih interpretira. Kadar so izpolnjeni vsi trije pogoji – od izkopavanj je minilo dolgo časa, odsotnost izkopavalcev, sprememba metode – se arhiv izkopavanj iz informacij spremeni v podatke in tedaj lahko govorimo o arhivskih izkopavanjih. V arheološki praksi to spremembo pogosto označuje uporaba izraza *arhiv izkopavanj* namesto dokumentacija izkopavanj.

**Metodo interpretacije arhivskih izkopavanj lahko v grobem razdelimo na 4 korake (prim. Štular 2008; Pleterski 2008a, predvsem 27–40; Štular 2009, predvsem 39–46):**

- inventarizacija arhiva,

- informatizacija arhiva,

- analiza podatkov in

- arheološka interpretacija.

Prva dva koraka lahko opišemo kot analizo arhiva. V primerjavi z nearhivskimi izkopavanji gre za dodatna koraka, pri katerih uporabljamo osnove metod zgodovinopisja (npr. Grafenauer 1960 zgoščeno poda za naše namene še vedno aktualno metodo). Zadnji korak se ne razlikuje od arheološke interpretacije nearhivskih izkopavanj. Orodja analize podatkov arhivskih izkopavanj pa se od običajnih metod razlikujejo. Najpogosteje je uveljavljena orodja treba nadgraditi z dodatnimi podatki, s katerimi “prevedemo” podatke v informacije, primerne za moderna orodja. Zelo izpoveden je primer prostorskih podatkov: pri modernih izkopavanjih so ti že umeščeni v prostor v modernem absolutnem koordinatnem sistemu; pri starejših izkopavanjih pa so potrebni dodatni koraki, da arhivske podatke (npr. risbe kvadrantov) umestimo v prostor in jih s tem sprememamo v prostorske podatke.

are recorded in the documentation. At the Bled Island archaeological site, we must therefore bear in mind that approximately 87% of stratigraphic relationships (and 50% of stratigraphic contexts) were not recorded.

This result is comparable with the results of a study which measured the efficiency of modern forensic arbitrary excavations. In this study, 0.1 m thick levels were used and 51% of actual stratigraphic relationships were recorded (Evis, Hanson, Cheetham 2016). The difference between 13 and 51% of recorded relationships was due to thinner spits. A more important difference is that in the above-mentioned study, stratigraphic relationships were systematically sought for and recorded by experienced archaeologists simultaneously with the removal of the layers. The majority of the excavators on Bled Island were not archaeologists, and they recorded no stratigraphic relationships during the removal of the layers.

Overall, it can be said that the quantity and quality of the data recorded in the archaeological excavations on Bled Island between 1962 and 1964 fail to meet modern standards. This, however, is both expected and understandable since the excavations took place half a century ago. The weakest point is certainly the thickness of the arbitrary excavation levels: the then-standard thickness of, for example, 0.2 m outside and 0.1 m inside the church would allow for a much higher level of interpretation of the building development. As for the rest, we can only sympathise with the archaeologists of the time: helpless in the face of such complex sites with complicated geomorphological and stratigraphic situations without the basic tool of modern archaeology, the stratigraphic excavation method.

## 3.3 METHODS OF ANALYSIS

The interpretation of archaeological excavations is most efficient when it is conducted directly after the end of the excavations, possibly by the excavators themselves. The more time passes between the excavations and the interpretation, the greater the danger of information loss. Two additional elements with the same effect are the absence of the excavators in the process of interpretation and a change in the method. The latter notion describes the state when the interpreting archaeologist has no practical experience with the method used in the excavation that is being interpreted. When all three conditions are met – a long time has passed since the excavation, the absence of excavators, and a change in the method – the excavation archive transforms from information to data<fnref n="1" /> and at that point one is faced with an archival excavation. In archaeological practice, this change is often reflected

<footnote n="1">¹ Data is the facts or details from which information is derived. Individual pieces of data are rarely useful alone. For data to become information, it needs to be put into context.</footnote>
V nadaljevanju so v 3 sklopil opisana orodja ozi-
roma metode, ki smo jih uporabili pri analizi arhivskih
izkopavanj na Blejskem otoku.

3.3.1 UMESTITEV V PROSTOR

Temelj za morfometrične analize najdišča je po-
enotenje prostorskih podatkov v enotno prostorsko
podatkovno zbirko (tako imenovano geodatabazo).
To smo implementirali v okolju<fnref n="1" /> GIS v koordinatnem
sistemu D96/TM. Umestitev podatkov izkopavanj v
prostor temelji na 68 risbah tlorisov (glej zgoraj). Te so
bile risane v relativnih koordinatnih mrežah, ki so bile
postavljene ad hoc za vsako izkopno polje posebej. Mreža
kvadrantov, ki na skupnem načrtu pokriva celotno ob-
močje izkopavanj z enotno mrežo kvadrantov (sl. 3.2),
je nastala v poizkopavalni analizi in za dokumentiranje
na terenu ni bila uporabljena

Za analizo smo pridobili fotografije koloriranih
prerisov terenskih risb. Šestnajst fotografij risb z grobovi
smo pridobili v polni ločljivosti, ostale pa v zmanjšani
ločljivosti, shranjene z uporabo destruktivnega stiskanja
(angl. lossy compression). Pri slednjih je bila berljivost
številk in črk močno otežena ali celo ni bila mogoča.
Metoda fotografiranja risb nam ni natančno znana,
niti nismo imeli dostopa do metapodatkov; imamo le
podatek, da je bila uporabljena izjemno kakovostna
oprema in opravljena korekcija distorcije fotografskih
leč s programom Adobe Photoshop. V takih okoliščinah
dodatne korekcije niso smotrne.

Pri umeščanju tlorisov v absolutni koordinatni
sistem smo najprej preizkusili metodo, ki smo jo razvili
za sočasna arheološka izkopavanja grobišča Župna cer-
kev v Kranju. Metoda temelji na rekonstrukciji mreže
kvadrantov, v katero so vpete posamezne arheološke
risbe (Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2016, 25–26). Vendar ta
metoda pri obravnavanem gradivu ni bila zadovoljiva,
saj so se pojavljale napake metrskega velikostnega
razreda (sl. 3.5). Merska analiza je pokazala, da napaka
narašča zvezno z razdaljo od vsakokratnega izhodišča
meritev. Dodatna okoliščina je, da kvadranti, vrisani na
risbah izkopnega polja 1/1, te napake nimajo. Mrežo
kvadrantov so namreč zakoličili le v izkopnem polju
severno od cerkve,<fnref n="2" /> a fizično količkov niso vzdrževali;
te so nadomestili z napenjanjem vrvic (sl. 3.6). V na-
daljevanju so količenje povsem opustili. Za meritve pri
risanju večjih površin so zato uporabljali merilni okvir
lastne izdelave (sl. 3.7), pri risanju v utesnjenih pros-
torih cerkvene notranjosti pa so uporabljali neke vrste
improvizirano kartografsko mizo ter se mersko opirali
na arhitekturne elemente (sl. 1.22).

by the use of the expression *excavation archive* instead of
*excavation documentation*.

**The method of interpreting archival excavations**
can be roughly divided into four stages (cf. Štular 2008;
Pleterski 2008a, especially 27–40; Štular 2009, especially
39–46):

– inventorying the archive,

- informatisation of the archive,

– data analysis, and

– archaeological interpretation.

The first two steps can be described as an analysis
of the archive. Compared to non-archival excavations,
they are additional stages in which the basic methods of
historiography are used (Grafenauer 1960, for instance,
gives a concise description of a method that is still relevant
for our purpose). The last step does not differ from the
archaeological interpretation of non-archival excavations.
The tools for the analysis of information from archival
excavations, however, differ from the standard methods.
The standard tools must be enhanced with additional
procedures aimed at “translating” archival data into the
information suitable for modern tools. This process is
easily demonstrated with the example of spatial data: in
modern excavations, spatial data is already georeferenced
in a modern absolute coordinate system; but additional
steps are needed when dealing with archival excavations,
so that archival data (for example plan drawings oriented
on excavation grid) can be georeferenced and transformed
into spatial information (GIS database positioned in a
modern coordinate system).

The following three segments describe the tools and
methods used in the analysis of the archival excavations
on Bled Island.

3.3.1 GEOREFERENCING

The basis for morphometric analyses of a site is
merging the spatial data into a single geodatabase. This
was implemented in the GIS environment,<fnref n="2" /> in the D96/
TM coordinate system. First, the data from the excava-
tions was georeferenced. Sixty eight plan drawings (see
above) were generated in several relative coordinate
systems, designed ad hoc for each excavation area sepa-
rately. An amalgamated plan drawing was created during
the post-excavation analysis using yet another grid of
quadrants – one not used for recording data in the field –
covering the entire area of the excavations (Fig. 3.2).

Photographs of coloured copies of plan drawings
were acquired for our analysis. Sixteen photographs of
plan drawings that included graves were acquired in full
resolution; the rest of the photographs had been saved
in a lossy compression format and in diminished resolu-
tion. The numbers and letters in these photographs, were
poorly or not at all legible. The exact method of photo-

<footnote n="1">¹ ArcGIS 10.5, modul ArcMap.</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² Terenski dnevnik za leto 1962, inv. št. NMS AO 480, str. 15–16.</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² ArcGIS 10.5, ArcMap module.</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_107.png" /><figcaption>Sl. 3.5: Blejski otok, risbe grobov severno od sedanje cerkve umeščene v prostor z metodo rekonstrukcije mreže kvadrantov. Napaka je razvidna iz razlik med geodetskim posnetkom sedanje cerkvene stavbe (rdeče) in izrisoma cerkvene stavbe na dveh načrtih izkopavanja 1962–1964 (črno, sivo); načrt je orientiran glede na geografski sever (avtor B. Štular).</figcaption></figure>

<caption>Fig. 3.5: Bled Island, plan drawings of graves north of the present-day church georeferenced using the grid-reconstruction method. Georeferencing residual error is discernible by comparing the modern plan of the present-day church (red) with that of two plans from the 1962–1964 excavation (black, grey); plan drawing is oriented to north (by B. Štular).</caption>

Sl. 3.7: Blejski otok, pogled na izkopno polje severno od sedanje cerkve, kjer so za meritve pri risanju večjih površin uporabljali merilni okvir lastne izdelave (vir: arhiv NMS OA negativ št. 8531).

Fig. 3.7: Bled Island, a view of the trench north of the present-day church; during the plan drawing measurements were taken using a self-made measurement device (source: NMS archive OA film No. 8531).
<figure><img src="image_108.png" /><figcaption>Sl. 3.6: Blejski otok, pogled na izkopno polje severno od sedanje cerkve, kjer so po odstranitvi označevalnih količkov kvadranti označeni z vrvicami (vir: arhiv NMS OA negativ št. 5839).</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_109.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 3.6: Bled Island, a view of the trench north of the present-day church; after the removal of the grid-stakes the grid was marked with strings (source: NMS archive OA film No. 5839).</figcaption></figure>