# Leveraging video annotations in video-based e-learning

Olivier Aubert, Yannick Prié, Camila Canellas

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Olivier Aubert, Yannick Prié, Camila Canellas. Leveraging video annotations in video-based e-learning. 7th International Conference on Computer Supported Education (CSEDU), Apr 2014, Barcelone, Spain. pp.N/A. hal-00979314v2

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Leveraging video annotations in video-based e-learning

Olivier Aubert, Yannick Prié and Camila Canellas

University of Nantes, LINA - UMR 6241, Nantes, France
olivier.aubert, yannick.prie, camila.canellas@univ-nantes.fr

**Keywords:** E-learning, MOOCs, Video Annotation, Pedagogical Processes.

**Abstract:** The e-learning community has been producing and using video content for a long time, and in the last years, the advent of MOOCs greatly relied on video recordings of teacher courses. Video annotations are information pieces that can be anchored in the temporality of the video so as to sustain various processes ranging from active reading to rich media editing. In this position paper we study how video annotations can be used in an e-learning context - especially MOOCs - from the triple point of view of pedagogical processes, current technical platforms functionalities, and current challenges. Our analysis is that there is still plenty of room for leveraging video annotations in MOOCs beyond simple active reading, namely live annotation, performance annotation and annotation for assignment; and that new developments are needed to accompany this evolution.

# 1 INTRODUCTION

While video material had been used for several decades as a learning support, the development of web-based e-learning first caused a setback in the usage of pedagogical videos, due to lack of network bandwidth or standardized formats and software. However, video streaming, video hosting and the dissemination of capture and editing tools have come along and supported the exponential growth of video usage on the Web. Again video became an important component of e-learning setups, through the OpenCourseWare movement and the recent advent of Massive Online Open Courses (MOOCs).

Video annotations (section 2) are information pieces that can be anchored in the temporality of the video so as to sustain various processes ranging from active reading to rich media editing (section 3). Our main interest in this position paper is related to how video annotations are and can be used in e-learning context - especially MOOCs - from the triple point of view of pedagogical processes (section 4), current technical platforms functionalities (section 5), and current challenges (section 6). One of the most important results of our analysis<fnref n="1" /> is that there is still plenty of room for leveraging video annotations in MOOCs beyond simple active reading, namely live annota-

tion, performance annotation and annotation for as- signment; and that technological improvements are needed to accompany this evolution.

# 2 VIDEO ANNOTATIONS

Active reading is a process where a reader assimilates and re-uses the object of his reading, as part of his knowledge work (Waller, 2003). The goals may be the exploration of a document, its enrichment or its analysis, for oneself or within a collaborative activity. Active reading usually relies on annotations, that add some information to a specific section or fragment of the target document, and can thereafter be reused along it for searching, navigating, repurposing, etc.

The link between the annotation and the original document may be more or less explicit, from the handwritten note in the margin of a book to the note taken on a notebook while watching a movie (which will involve more work from the annotator to specify the targeted information). Two main components of an annotation are usually considered: its content and its anchor. The content may take any form, as long as the underlying support allows it, and can be more or less structured. Anchoring will depend on the nature of the annotated document, and will be more or less explicit and easy to navigate.

We specifically position ourselves in this article in the audiovisual context. Video documents present a number of specific or more stringent issues. First,

<footnote n="1">¹This work has received a French government support granted to the COMIN Labs excellence laboratory and managed by the National Research Agency in the "Investing for the Futures" program ANR-JO-LABX-07-0J.</footnote>
contrary to text content, they do not have any implicit semantics: any active reading must thus be mediated through annotations that provide an explicit information layer along the document. Second, contrary to text reading, the reading speed is imposed by the player. The annotation process then requires some kind of interruption or interference from the viewing process, and this conflict between the temporality of the video and that of the annotation process must be addressed somehow.

<figure><img src="image_2.png" /><figcaption>Figure 1: Video annotations anchors and content</figcaption></figure>

A video annotation is composed of data explicitly associated to a spatiotemporal fragment of a video. As illustrated in Figure 1, the spatiotemporal anchors define at least a timestamp (in the case of duration-less fragments, specifying a single time in the document, e.g. 354), but more generally a begin and an end timecodes (e.g. 1321 and 1521). They may additionally address a specific static or dynamic zone of the displayed video (e.g. a rectangle shape that would follow a player in football video).

Video annotation content data can be of any type. Textual data is most often used, since it is the easiest to produce and to consume, but any content (audio, images, video, key/values...) can as well be associated. For instance, in a language learning context, the tutor can take textual notes about a video recording of a session, and also annotate by recording some spoken words to indicate the correct pronunciation. Annotations can also be articulated through some structure, such as a type classification: a feature movie analysis could for instance define different annotation types like Shot, Sequence or Character appearance (see figure 1).

## 3 USING VIDEO ANNOTATIONS

Annotations can be created manually or automatically. Manual creation involves various user interfaces, depending on the nature of the task and on the information that has to be captured (see VideoAnt and Advene in figure 2). Annotations may also automatically be created by extracting features from an actual video document (through speech recognition, or automatic shot detection for example) (Nixon et al., 2013), or by capturing synchronized information during the very recording of the document. This last case is used

for instance when recording information about the activity of a user: an ergonomics researcher studying the use of a software can capture a recording of the user screen while using the software, along with more discrete information capture from the software (button clicks, file openings, etc.).

Beyond information retrieval and search, which is routinely carried out in active reading activities or in video monitoring systems, video annotations can be used in a variety of ways, such as enrichment and document creation.

Enrichment of the rendering of the video document is not new: subtitles can indeed be considered as video annotations, that are displayed as a caption over the video. But such overlays can also be graphical, to attract the attention of the viewer on a specific visual element. Video enrichments produced from the annotations can also be placed along the (original) video player, to produce a navigable table of contents for instance. Video annotations can also be used to create other documents, be it other videos as it is the case in video summarization (automatic or guided); or more rich-media documents as an article illustrated with some fragments (through the annotations) of the video; or even an annotation-based hypervideo that permits the navigation from one video to the other. Eventually, collaborative activities can greatly benefit from annotations, that here serve as an interpretative layer between participants.

These different types of uses can be put to use in different application domains. **Video archives** (e.g. TV, surveillance) can propose an enhanced access to their collections through video annotations, allowing to find specific video fragments. The Yovisto platform<fnref n="2" /> (Waitelonis and Sack, 2012) offers for example access to video through semantic annotations, allowing to look for specific location, people, events... **Sports analysis** also greatly relies on video material, which can be used in a reflective way by offering the sportsman to view his own performance, or to analyse the behaviour of adversaries on recordings of previous competitions. Many applications such as EliteSportsAnalysis or MotionView Video Analysis Software offer tools to annotate and analyse sport performances. **Research on activity** in domains such as ergonomics, animal behaviour, linguistics, etc. also uses annotation software, since researchers need to perform a precise analysis of video recordings. There exist a number of research tools such as Advene, Anvil or Transana, as well as commercial offers like Noldus. They all offer annotation capabilities accompanied by various

<footnote n="2">²Underlined terms have an associated URL given in the Webography annex at the end of the article.</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_3.png" /><figcaption>Figure 2: On the left, the VideoAnt video online annotation system displays the video with some annotations organised in a list. On the right, the Advene video annotation tool features several annotation display and creation interfaces: here a timeline at the bottom and a temporalized note-taking view on the right of the video.</figcaption></figure>

visualisation and analysis capabilities. **Pedagogy** is obviously an important domain for video annotation practices. First, any matter dealing with videos content as learning material, such as language or movie courses (Aubert and Prié, 2005; Puig and Sirven, 2007), can benefit from the usage of annotations on a course support, as in *VideoNot.es*. Second, discussion about self-reflective activities can be enhanced by annotation-based tools. For instance, *VideoTraces* has been used for a long time in dance courses (Cherry et al., 2003; Bailey et al., 2009) for annotating dance sessions. More generally, video recordings of learners presentations or interaction are used to implement self-reflection activities in classrooms (Rich and Hannafin, 2009), supported by a number of tools such as *VideoTraces*, *CLAS* or *MediaNotes*.

It appears that a great number of practices have been experimented in different contexts and application domains, from the 1990s VHS based reflective activities to the more recent collaborative and online video analyses. The experience accumulated on these tools and practices could fruitfully be incorporated in e-learning.

# 4 E-LEARNING PROCESSES BASED ON VIDEO ANNOTATIONS

In order to assess in what measure we can leverage the existing experience in video annotation systems in an e-learning context, we organize these processes along four classes of scenarios.

For **active reading with annotations**, video is a learning material whose content has to be assimilated or evaluated. This task is carried out through an it-

erative process, dedicated to the analysis of the audiovisual source through its enrichment with annotations and the definition of appropriate visualisations. In a learning context, students may annotate the video material by taking notes, by themselves or collaboratively. Conversely, teachers may use the same techniques for evaluating and grading videos produced by students. And both learners and teachers can engage into a discussion about a video through annotations.

**Live annotation** occurs during a live lecture, which is recorded and annotated at the same time. Students take notes during the lecture, and reuse these notes as a basic indexing system when replaying the recording. Teachers may also let students ask questions through annotations, and answer them at the end of the lecture (Bétrancourt et al., 2011).

**Performance annotation** also implies video as a trace of a performance, be it recorded in a conventional classroom or during a synchronous online session. The recording may already be augmented automatically by the capture of annotations containing information about the activity (sent documents, chat messages, etc). Based on this recorded video and activity trace, students may annotate their own performance, for self-reflection or for sharing an analysis with their teacher (Rich and Hannafin, 2009). Teachers may as well annotate their own performance in a self-reflective way, to improve their practice (ibid). Eventually, students may annotate a recorded course for suggesting improvements or pointing out difficult sections. The teacher can use that feedback when preparing the next course or the next version of the same course (Sadallah et al., 2013).

Eventually, in **annotation for assignment**, the video is a material that has to be used to prepare an assignment (a feature movie, a recording of new for media analysis, etc). The work may require stu-
dents to analyse some aspects of the video, and pro-
duce annotations reflecting their analysis. The anno-
tations are then later assessed by the teacher (Wong
and Pauline, 2010). Further, the annotations resulting
from the analysis may be reused to produce a new
document, like an abstract or a video collage. At
Columbia University, students use the MediaThread
platform (Bossewitch and Preston, 2011) to produce
critical video composition or critical multimedia es-
says, by combining annotations. The teachers then
assess their productions.

We can identify distinguishing features between
these different classes of scenarios, considering on
the one hand the status of the video, and on the other
hand the actors producing and using the annotations.
The annotated video can be a base learning material,
such as a movie or a documentary to study, or can be
a recording of a lecture (which the students may or
may not have seen live). It can also be the recording
of student contributions. The actors producing and/or
using the annotations can be the students, the teach-
ers, student colleagues or teacher colleagues, or even
the general public.

5 ANNOTATION USES IN E-LEARNING SYSTEMS

Table 1 provides an overview of the various func-
tionalities related to video annotation offered by
mainstream MOOC platforms<fnref n="3" /> or more specifically
dedicated tools.

From our analysis, it appears first that features that
facilitate the comprehension of the discourse - such
as the possibility to adjust the video speed or acti-
vate subtitles and transcriptions - are largely present
in MOOCs. These tools seem to be important in a
multicultural context where subtitles or transcription
are frequently produced in collaboration with student
in the case of translations to other languages. Second,
there is the use of interactive enrichments in MOOC
platforms, usually to have the video stop so that stu-
dents answer a question in order to verify the under-
standing of what had just been explained. Third, if
many MOOC platforms allow adding comments on
video lectures, annotations refering to a part of the
video are only possible via external tools. Fourth, the

dedicated tools we analyzed offer more features re-
garding the annotation process - such as interactive
timelines, export of annotated data, sharing of anno-
tation, etc. - than MOOC platforms.

Thus, most of the solutions presented in Table 1
provide the possibility to develop pedagogical activ-
ities aiming to achieve active reading with annota-
tion from students. Indeed, this is the main use of
such tools by MOOC students, who are seeking a
better understanding of the proposed video material.
Annotation-based active reading can be carried out in-
dividually as well as collaboratively in the majority of
the tools. This last possibility is even more signifi-
cant: as students cannot always rely on having their
doubts/difficulties solved by the teacher, collabora-
tion with peers via annotation tools can increase their
understanding along with secondary benefits of devel-
oping cognitive capacities on learning from video, ob-
servational skills and increasing focus and attention.

As far as our other classes of scenarios are con-
cerned, performance annotation was not observed in
the MOOC context although it could lead to an im-
provement of courses as it would be based on facili-
tated self-reflection for the teacher or, even better, if
made in collaboration with students. Tasks involving
annotation as assignment were not observed either,
though it is clear that the possibility of critical explo-
ration where students must find evidences to support
their thinking could be used within the MOOC con-
text, even so with the use of external annotation tools
and peer evaluation (a well developed practice already
used regarding text assignments).

6 SOME CHALLENGES

It appears that video material and its use in
MOOCs are massive nowadays; nevertheless a more
advanced use of video enrichments and more specif-
ically of video annotations is still not a reality. From
the classes of scenarios we described earlier and
the overview of the current situation of e-learning
and MOOC platforms, we would like to put for-
ward a number of challenges that we think should
be addressed in future versions of e-learning systems,
linked with annotation issues.

**Manual production of annotations.** Manual an-
notation processes raise specific ergonomic and us-
ability issues, all the more in the video domain where
playing the document may interfere with annotation
entry. The variety of targeted devices like mobile
phones exacerbates these issues. Moreover, as men-
tioned above, annotations are also an ideal vehicle
for collaboration activities around videos, in a syn-

<footnote n="3">³Based on courses available in late December 2013. Some platforms such as Udemy were not considered due to the fact that they do not have an open access. This table will be actualized for the final version of the paper. A more detailed version is available on the web and constantly actualized on http://comin-ocw.org/video-annotations/platform-features/.</footnote>
<table><caption>Table 1: Annotation-related functionalities offered by mainstream MOOC platforms or dedicated tools</caption><thead><tr><th></th><th></th><th>EdX</th><th>Coursera</th><th>Canvas Network</th><th>Khan Academy</th><th>Iversity</th><th>Open2Study</th><th>VideoANT</th><th>VideoNot.es</th><th>Annotated HTML</th><th>Mediathread</th><th>YouTube</th><th>Matterhorn Player</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="7">Visualization</td><td>Multilanguage subtitles</td><td></td><td>X<sup>1,2</sup></td><td>X</td><td>X<sup>1</sup></td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>X</td><td>X</td></tr><tr><td>Transcription</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td></td><td>X</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>X</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Other synchronized enrichments (e.g. slides)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>X<sup>3</sup></td></tr><tr><td>List of annotations (navigable)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td></td><td>X</td></tr><tr><td>Timeline with annotations</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>X</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>X</td></tr><tr><td>Interactive enrichments on the video or aside (e.g. embedded questions, alternative endings, hypertext links to external content)</td><td></td><td>X<sup>4</sup></td><td></td><td>X<sup>4</sup></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>X<sup>5</sup></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Comment (about the whole video)</td><td>X</td><td></td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>X</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="7">Editing/sharing features</td><td>Video markers (single timecode + comment)</td><td>X<sup>6</sup></td><td></td><td>X<sup>6</sup></td><td></td><td>X<sup>6</sup></td><td></td><td></td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>X</td></tr><tr><td>Internal annotation tools (natively on the platform)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>X</td></tr><tr><td>External annotation tools<sup>7</sup> (third-party tools)</td><td>X</td><td>X<sup>8</sup></td><td></td><td>X</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>X</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Exportation of temporalized data</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Internal annotations sharing</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>X</td><td></td><td>X</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>External annotations sharing<sup>9</sup></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Notes: 1. Usually generated automatically with the possibility of correction by the students. 2. Translations into other languages are carried out in collaboration with students (crowd sourced translation). 3. Synchronized slides. 4. Use of multiple choice embedded question. 5. Video Questions is a new feature available in beta version. There is also a possibility to choose the ending of a video. 6. Navigation of the video through transcriptions. 7. Usually VideoNot.es, those are the platforms featured on its website. 8. The use of the tool is promoted on the Coursera wiki page. 9. In most cases, videos on YouTube can be used by the external tools.

chronous (Nathan et al., 2008) or asynchronous way. This brings some specifics issues, notably around the ergonomics of video co-annotation; as well as privacy (e.g. the level of shared information must be clearly displayed and tunable by users).

**Semi-automatic generation of annotations.**

Most video-based e-learning systems use only plain videos, sometimes fragmented into small independent videos, providing only basic features. In order to make these videos more accessible, e-learning platforms should commonly provide features such as transcription or chaptering. Some projects such as *TransLectures* aim at providing automatic or semi-automatic transcription of video, so that users may use the transcription as entry points into the video, either for querying and finding specific fragments, or as a simple navigation means.

**Rich media and hypervideos.** Beyond the basic video layout (side to side, overlay) that can be used to display the video material, annotations can be used to enrich the video or to produce whole new documents, such as hypervideos (Chambel et al., 2006) that are documents combining video and assets originating from annotations. Challenges here pertain to ergonomics, document modelling and (semi-)automatic production, for instance through an annotation-guided summarization.

**Video annotations related learning analytics.**

With MOOCs, learning analytics have become a major concern for all organisations, by necessity - on this

kind of scale, it is important to take informed decisions - and by opportunity - we now have the technological and processing capacity to capture and analyse the huge amount of information generated by thousands of learners. The annotation process and the annotations themselves offer an additional source of information for learning analytics at a finer scale, that could qualify as micro-analytics. Given the importance of video resources, it is undoubtedly important to have precise feedback on its reception. This new source of information could be used for example in course re-engineering (Sadallah et al., 2013).

**Annotation model and sharing.** Numerous tools provide video annotation features, and many use custom data models for storing annotation information (Cinelab, Exmeralda). However, standardization efforts are underway to define more interoperable and generic annotation models, able to encompass various annotation practices on different source documents and to integrate well with the current semantic web efforts (OpenAnnotation). Let us remark that some universities, mainly in the US, are strongly committed to pushing forward and generalizing annotation practices among students and faculty members, building annotation ecosystems: Columbia (Bossewitch and Preston, 2011), Stanford (Pea et al., 2004) and Harvard.

All these challenges share common concerns. First, mobile phones and tablets have become important platforms for consulting various resources, and
among them, pedagogical resources. It is important to propose the most complete experience on annotation-enhanced e-learning platforms on all devices, and especially on mobile ones, which have important constraints in terms of display size and general capacity. Second, copyright and licensing issues are even more stringent, since they concern not only the video document (which has to be shareable to allow collaborative work), but also the produced annotations. Clear licenses for this additional data should be specified, hopefully with a bias towards openness and reuse. Eventually, the question of accessibility - mainly for sensory deficiencies - has to be considered as video annotations are clearly a means to provide a better level of accessibility to video content (Encelle et al., 2011).

We have proposed four classes of scenarios illustrating how video annotations can be used in e-learning contexts. To evaluate in what measure these scenarios are feasible or already present, we have reviewed a number of e-learning platforms (focusing on MOOCs) and tools, in order to identify existing annotation features. It appears that if some support already exists, there is still plenty of room to efficiently implement the scenarios that go beyond simple active reading, and a number of challenges related to video annotation still remain. These challenges should be addressed in future versions of e-learning systems, and we will tackle some of them in our future work on the COCo platform<fnref n="4" />.

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<footnote n="4">⁴The authors of the paper are involved in the COCo project (Cominlabs Open Courseware) based in University of Nantes, which is a recent initiative of the Cominlabs laboratory. The project goals are to build and animate a research platform for both disseminating and promoting rich media open courseware content.</footnote>
A Webography

You will find here the URLs referenced in the article, in alphabetical order. Due to editing limitations, they could not be included as hyperlinks in this version. The version of the article on the author's website http://www.comin-ocw.org/ has them properly hyperlinked.

Advene: http://www.advene.org/

Annotated HTML: http://www.stanford.edu/group/ruralwest/cgi-bin/drupal/content/building-annotated-video-
player-html

Anvil: http://www.anvil-software.de/

CLAS: http://isit.arts.ubc.ca/support/clas/

Canvas Network: https://www canvas.net/

Cinelab: http://advene.org/cinelab/

Cominlabs Open Courseware: http://comin-ocw.org/

Coursera wiki page: https://share.coursera.org/wiki/index.php/Third-party_Tools

Coursera: https://www.coursera.org/

EdX: https://www.edx.org/

EliteSportsAnalysis: http://www.elitesportsanalysis.com/

Exmeralda: http://www.exmeralda.org/

Harvard: http://annotations.harvard.edu/

Iversity: https://www.iversity.com/

Khan Academy: https://www.khanacademy.org/

Matterhorn Player: http://opencast.org/matterhorn/feature-tour/

MediaNotes: http://www.cali.org/medianotes

Mediathread: http://mediathread.ccnmtl.columbia.edu/

MotionView Video: http://www.allsportsystems.com/

Noldus: http://www.noldus.com/

Open2Study: https://www.open2study.com/

OpenAnnotation: http://www.w3.org/community/openannotation/

Transana: http://www.transana.org/

Translectures: http://www.translectures.eu/

VideoANT: https://ant2.cehd.umn.edu/

VideoNot.es: http://www.videonot.es/

VideoNot.es: http://www.videonot.es/

VideoTraces: http://depts.washington.edu/pettt/projects/videotrades.html

VideoTraces: http://depts.washington.edu/pettt/projects/videotrades.html

YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/

Yovisto platform: http://www.yovisto.com/