<figure><img src="image_45.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 39.** Fits from our BHM to the water ratio which was determined using the methods of Welbanks et al. (2019). Left: BHM applied to retrievals that yielded a fit which was preferred to >3σ compared to the flat model. Right: BHM applied to retrievals that yielded a fit which was preferred to >2σ compared to the flat model. The fits for a linear trend fit (top) and flat trend (i.e., constant with mass, bottom) are shown, with the thick line indicating the best-fit model and the thinner lines representing the traces from the fit that fell within 1σ of the best-fit model. In both cases, the flat model is preferred, implying we cannot conclude there is a trend between planet mass and the water-to-hydrogen ratio from these data.</figcaption></figure>

<table><caption>**Table 15**

Results of Our Chemical Equilibrium Retrievals</caption><thead><tr><th>Planet Name</th><th>C/O</th><th>log<sub>10</sub>(Z<sub>P</sub>)</th><th>log<sub>10</sub>(Z<sub>P</sub>/Z<sub>S</sub>)</th><th>σ</th><th>Planet Name</th><th>C/O</th><th>log<sub>10</sub>(Z<sub>P</sub>)</th><th>log<sub>10</sub>(Z<sub>P</sub>/Z<sub>S</sub>)</th><th>σ</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>CoRoT-1 b</td><td>1.09<sup>+0.6</sup><sub>-0.65</sub></td><td>0.56<sup>+0.82</sup><sub>-0.96</sub></td><td>2.71<sup>+0.82</sup><sub>-0.96</sub></td><td>1.99</td><td>LTT 9779 b</td><td>1.39<sup>+0.41</sup><sub>-0.65</sub></td><td>0.83<sup>+0.97</sup><sub>-1.03</sub></td><td>2.42<sup>+0.97</sup><sub>-1.03</sub></td><td>...</td></tr><tr><td>GJ 436 b</td><td>1.04<sup>+0.59</sup><sub>-0.52</sub></td><td>0.32<sup>+1.03</sup><sub>-0.81</sub></td><td>2.16<sup>+0.03</sup><sub>-0.81</sub></td><td>...</td><td>TOI-270 c</td><td>0.57<sup>+0.52</sup><sub>-0.3</sub></td><td>0.19<sup>+1.21</sup><sub>-0.78</sub></td><td>2.22<sup>+1.21</sup><sub>-0.78</sub></td><td>...</td></tr><tr><td>GJ 1214 b</td><td>0.53<sup>+0.5</sup><sub>-0.28</sub></td><td>0.03<sup>+0.97</sup><sub>-0.62</sub></td><td>1.49<sup>+0.97</sup><sub>-0.62</sub></td><td>2.38</td><td>TOI-270 d</td><td>0.51<sup>+0.39</sup><sub>-0.28</sub></td><td>0.35<sup>+1.19</sup><sub>-0.95</sub></td><td>2.38<sup>+1.19</sup><sub>-0.95</sub></td><td>3.67</td></tr><tr><td>GJ 3470 b</td><td>0.57<sup>+0.36</sup><sub>-0.3</sub></td><td>0.02<sup>+0.91</sup><sub>-0.64</sub></td><td>1.69<sup>+0.91</sup><sub>-0.64</sub></td><td>2.27</td><td>TOI-674 b</td><td>0.48<sup>+0.25</sup><sub>-0.52</sub></td><td>0.12<sup>+0.83</sup><sub>-0.68</sub></td><td>2.7<sup>+0.83</sup><sub>-0.68</sub></td><td>4.94</td></tr><tr><td>HAT-P-1 b</td><td>0.64<sup>+0.2</sup><sub>-0.31</sub></td><td>1.73<sup>+0.92</sup><sub>-1.0</sub></td><td>3.46<sup>+0.2</sup><sub>-1.0</sub></td><td>4.53</td><td>TrES-2 b</td><td>0.97<sup>+0.6</sup><sub>-0.31</sub></td><td>0.46<sup>+0.91</sup><sub>-0.88</sub></td><td>2.46<sup>+0.91</sup><sub>-0.88</sub></td><td>...</td></tr><tr><td>HAT-P-2 b</td><td>1.09<sup>+0.56</sup><sub>-0.64</sub></td><td>0.39<sup>+1.0</sup><sub>-0.86</sub></td><td>2.1<sup>+1.0</sup><sub>-0.86</sub></td><td>...</td><td>TrES-4 b</td><td>1.18<sup>+0.5</sup><sub>-0.24</sub></td><td>0.49<sup>+0.92</sup><sub>-0.94</sub></td><td>2.2<sup>+0.92</sup><sub>-0.94</sub></td><td>...</td></tr><tr><td>HAT-P-3 b</td><td>1.04<sup>+0.59</sup><sub>-0.54</sub></td><td>0.51<sup>+0.92</sup><sub>-0.82</sub></td><td>2.1<sup>+0.92</sup><sub>-0.82</sub></td><td>...</td><td>V1298 Tau b</td><td>0.23<sup>+0.17</sup><sub>-0.41</sub></td><td>-0.01<sup>+0.36</sup><sub>-0.39</sub></td><td>1.7<sup>+0.36</sup><sub>-0.39</sub></td><td>18.48</td></tr><tr><td>HAT-P-7 b</td><td>0.93<sup>+0.64</sup><sub>-0.53</sub></td><td>0.56<sup>+0.96</sup><sub>-0.95</sub></td><td>2.15<sup>+0.96</sup><sub>-0.95</sub></td><td>...</td><td>V1298 Tau c</td><td>0.23<sup>+0.17</sup><sub>-0.45</sub></td><td>-0.01<sup>+0.36</sup><sub>-0.39</sub></td><td>1.7<sup>+0.36</sup><sub>-0.39</sub></td><td>14.56</td></tr><tr><td>HAT-P-11 b</td><td>0.47<sup>+0.34</sup><sub>-0.24</sub></td><td>1.59<sup>+0.27</sup><sub>-1.4</sub></td><td>3.13<sup>+0.27</sup><sub>-1.4</sub></td><td>4.77</td><td>WASP-6 b</td><td>0.42<sup>+0.28</sup><sub>-0.0</sub></td><td>0.31<sup>+0.94</sup><sub>-0.8</sub></td><td>2.37<sup>+0.94</sup><sub>-0.8</sub></td><td>4.99</td></tr><tr><td>HAT-P-12 b</td><td>0.72<sup>+0.79</sup><sub>-0.41</sub></td><td>0.39<sup>+1.07</sup><sub>-0.85</sub></td><td>2.53<sup>+1.07</sup><sub>-0.85</sub></td><td>...</td><td>WASP-12 b</td><td>0.46<sup>+0.29</sup><sub>-0.24</sub></td><td>-0.07<sup>+0.63</sup><sub>-0.49</sub></td><td>1.45<sup>+0.63</sup><sub>-0.49</sub></td><td>6.02</td></tr><tr><td>HAT-P-17 b</td><td>0.82<sup>+0.76</sup><sub>-0.45</sub></td><td>0.41<sup>+0.95</sup><sub>-0.84</sub></td><td>2.26<sup>+0.95</sup><sub>-0.84</sub></td><td>...</td><td>WASP-17 b</td><td>0.32<sup>+0.27</sup><sub>-0.53</sub></td><td>1.74<sup>+0.18</sup><sub>-0.9</sub></td><td>3.79<sup>+0.18</sup><sub>-0.9</sub></td><td>8.77</td></tr><tr><td>HAT-P-18 b</td><td>1.05<sup>+0.65</sup><sub>-0.68</sub></td><td>0.84<sup>+0.91</sup><sub>-1.17</sub></td><td>2.59<sup>+0.91</sup><sub>-1.17</sub></td><td>3.2</td><td>WASP-18 b</td><td>1.12<sup>+0.52</sup><sub>-0.37</sub></td><td>0.41<sup>+0.94</sup><sub>-0.9</sub></td><td>2.16<sup>+0.94</sup><sub>-0.9</sub></td><td>...</td></tr><tr><td>HAT-P-26 b</td><td>0.32<sup>+0.27</sup><sub>-0.16</sub></td><td>0.32<sup>+0.85</sup><sub>-1.12</sub></td><td>2.22<sup>+0.85</sup><sub>-0.82</sub></td><td>9.29</td><td>WASP-19 b</td><td>0.47<sup>+0.26</sup><sub>-0.28</sub></td><td>0.95<sup>+0.57</sup><sub>-1.11</sub></td><td>2.65<sup>+0.57</sup><sub>-1.11</sub></td><td>4.65</td></tr><tr><td>HAT-P-32 b</td><td>0.47<sup>+0.29</sup><sub>-0.24</sub></td><td>0.23<sup>+1.23</sup><sub>-0.75</sub></td><td>2.12<sup>+1.23</sup><sub>-0.75</sub></td><td>7.31</td><td>WASP-29 b</td><td>1.02<sup>+0.61</sup><sub>-0.23</sub></td><td>0.27<sup>+1.03</sup><sub>-0.84</sub></td><td>2.02<sup>+1.03</sup><sub>-0.84</sub></td><td>...</td></tr><tr><td>HAT-P-38 b</td><td>0.51<sup>+0.27</sup><sub>-0.26</sub></td><td>1.59<sup>+0.25</sup><sub>-0.65</sub></td><td>3.38<sup>+0.25</sup><sub>-0.65</sub></td><td>2.87</td><td>WASP-31 b</td><td>0.79<sup>+0.71</sup><sub>-0.47</sub></td><td>0.17<sup>+1.02</sup><sub>-0.76</sub></td><td>2.23<sup>+1.02</sup><sub>-0.76</sub></td><td>2.4</td></tr><tr><td>HAT-P-41 b</td><td>0.46<sup>+0.25</sup><sub>-0.23</sub></td><td>1.32<sup>+0.37</sup><sub>-1.34</sub></td><td>2.96<sup>+0.37</sup><sub>-1.34</sub></td><td>4.89</td><td>WASP-39 b</td><td>0.32<sup>+0.29</sup><sub>-0.86</sub></td><td>1.87<sup>+0.1</sup><sub>-0.94</sub></td><td>3.84<sup>+0.1</sup><sub>-0.94</sub></td><td>9.24</td></tr><tr><td>HD 3167c</td><td>1.36<sup>+0.45</sup><sub>-0.86</sub></td><td>1.74<sup>+0.21</sup><sub>-1.66</sub></td><td>3.56<sup>+0.21</sup><sub>-1.66</sub></td><td>3.34</td><td>WASP-43 b</td><td>0.63<sup>+0.79</sup><sub>-0.07</sub></td><td>0.6<sup>+0.83</sup><sub>-0.98</sub></td><td>2.51<sup>+0.83</sup><sub>-0.98</sub></td><td>2.6</td></tr><tr><td>HD 97658 b</td><td>0.86<sup>+0.04</sup><sub>-0.07</sub></td><td>1.95<sup>+0.04</sup><sub>-0.07</sub></td><td>4.03<sup>+0.04</sup><sub>-0.07</sub></td><td>5.3</td><td>WASP-52 b</td><td>0.41<sup>+0.46</sup><sub>-0.48</sub></td><td>0.33<sup>+0.91</sup><sub>-0.82</sub></td><td>2.15<sup>+0.91</sup><sub>-0.82</sub></td><td>6.8</td></tr><tr><td>HD 106315c</td><td>0.51<sup>+0.26</sup><sub>-0.26</sub></td><td>1.61<sup>+0.31</sup><sub>-1.74</sub></td><td>3.74<sup>+0.31</sup><sub>-1.74</sub></td><td>5.58</td><td>WASP-62 b</td><td>0.43<sup>+0.25</sup><sub>-0.43</sub></td><td>0.19<sup>+0.63</sup><sub>-0.67</sub></td><td>2.01<sup>+0.63</sup><sub>-0.67</sub></td><td>5.56</td></tr><tr><td>HD 149026 b</td><td>0.69<sup>+0.62</sup><sub>-0.37</sub></td><td>0.58<sup>+1.04</sup><sub>-1.01</sub></td><td>2.08<sup>+1.04</sup><sub>-1.01</sub></td><td>...</td><td>WASP-63 b</td><td>0.7<sup>+0.73</sup><sub>-0.65</sub></td><td>0.49<sup>+0.85</sup><sub>-0.88</sub></td><td>2.26<sup>+0.85</sup><sub>-0.88</sub></td><td>...</td></tr><tr><td>HD 189733 b</td><td>0.5<sup>+0.49</sup><sub>-0.28</sub></td><td>0.89<sup>+0.62</sup><sub>-0.97</sub></td><td>2.77<sup>+0.62</sup><sub>-0.97</sub></td><td>4.95</td><td>WASP-67 b</td><td>0.83<sup>+0.73</sup><sub>-0.53</sub></td><td>0.5<sup>+0.91</sup><sub>-0.92</sub></td><td>2.43<sup>+0.91</sup><sub>-0.92</sub></td><td>2.33</td></tr><tr><td>HD 209458 b</td><td>0.42<sup>+0.29</sup><sub>-0.23</sub></td><td>-0.04<sup>+0.83</sup><sub>-0.62</sub></td><td>1.81<sup>+0.83</sup><sub>-0.62</sub></td><td>6.78</td><td>WASP-69 b</td><td>0.42<sup>+0.77</sup><sub>-0.19</sub></td><td>-0.13<sup>+0.86</sup><sub>-0.57</sub></td><td>1.58<sup>+0.86</sup><sub>-0.57</sub></td><td>4.98</td></tr><tr><td>HD 219666 b</td><td>0.89<sup>+0.69</sup><sub>-0.47</sub></td><td>0.46<sup>+1.02</sup><sub>-1.0</sub></td><td>2.27<sup>+1.02</sup><sub>-1.0</sub></td><td>2.66</td><td>WASP-74 b</td><td>0.64<sup>+0.74</sup><sub>-0.31</sub></td><td>0.69<sup>+0.84</sup><sub>-0.96</sub></td><td>2.15<sup>+0.84</sup><sub>-0.96</sub></td><td>1.93</td></tr><tr><td>HIP 41378 b</td><td>0.87<sup>+0.74</sup><sub>-0.48</sub></td><td>0.68<sup>+1.0</sup><sub>-1.06</sub></td><td>2.65<sup>+1.0</sup><sub>-1.06</sub></td><td>...</td><td>WASP-76 b</td><td>0.5<sup>+0.26</sup><sub>-0.62</sub></td><td>1.75<sup>+0.15</sup><sub>-0.21</sub></td><td>3.24<sup>+0.15</sup><sub>-0.21</sub></td><td>8.11</td></tr><tr><td>HIP 41378 f</td><td>0.11<sup>+0.01</sup><sub>-0.0</sub></td><td>-0.49<sup>+0.48</sup><sub>-0.32</sub></td><td>1.48<sup>+0.48</sup><sub>-0.32</sub></td><td>6.3</td><td>WASP-79 b</td><td>0.37<sup>+0.24</sup><sub>-0.57</sub></td><td>0.06<sup>+0.97</sup><sub>-0.68</sub></td><td>1.89<sup>+0.97</sup><sub>-0.68</sub></td><td>5.49</td></tr><tr><td>K2-18 b</td><td>0.77<sup>+0.75</sup><sub>-0.43</sub></td><td>0.34<sup>+1.18</sup><sub>-0.87</sub></td><td>2.07<sup>+1.18</sup><sub>-0.87</sub></td><td>3.05</td><td>WASP-80 b</td><td>0.71<sup>+0.75</sup><sub>-0.63</sub></td><td>0.29<sup>+1.0</sup><sub>-0.82</sub></td><td>2.28<sup>+1.0</sup><sub>-0.82</sub></td><td>2.96</td></tr><tr><td>K2-24 b</td><td>1.14<sup>+0.52</sup><sub>-0.65</sub></td><td>0.34<sup>+1.01</sup><sub>-0.86</sub></td><td>1.85<sup>+1.01</sup><sub>-0.86</sub></td><td>...</td><td>WASP-96 b</td><td>0.78<sup>+0.77</sup><sub>-0.56</sub></td><td>0.53<sup>+0.7</sup><sub>-0.8</sub></td><td>2.24<sup>+0.7</sup><sub>-0.8</sub></td><td>3.84</td></tr><tr><td>KELT-1 b</td><td>0.99<sup>+0.6</sup><sub>-0.53</sub></td><td>0.53<sup>+0.91</sup><sub>-0.96</sub></td><td>2.38<sup>+0.91</sup><sub>-0.96</sub></td><td>...</td><td>WASP-101 b</td><td>1.01<sup>+0.59</sup><sub>-0.68</sub></td><td>0.06<sup>+0.82</sup><sub>-0.67</sub></td><td>1.71<sup>+0.82</sup><sub>-0.67</sub></td><td>2.27</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>**Table 15**
(Continued)</caption><thead><tr><th>Planet Name</th><th>C/O</th><th>log<sub>10</sub>(Z<sub>P</sub>)</th><th>log<sub>10</sub>(Z<sub>P</sub>/Z<sub>S</sub>)</th><th>σ</th><th>Planet Name</th><th>C/O</th><th>log<sub>10</sub>(Z<sub>P</sub>)</th><th>log<sub>10</sub>(Z<sub>P</sub>/Z<sub>S</sub>)</th><th>σ</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>KELT-7 b</td><td>0.6<sup>+0.53</sup><sub>-0.31</sub></td><td>-0.15<sup>+0.67</sup><sub>-0.49</sub></td><td>1.57<sup>+0.67</sup><sub>-0.49</sub></td><td>3.46</td><td>WASP-103 b</td><td>1.03<sup>+0.52</sup><sub>-0.64</sub></td><td>-0.3<sup>+0.48</sup><sub>-0.42</sub></td><td>1.49<sup>+0.48</sup><sub>-0.42</sub></td><td>6.54</td></tr><tr><td>KELT-11 b</td><td>0.58<sup>+0.17</sup><sub>-0.19</sub></td><td>-0.09<sup>+0.14</sup><sub>-0.17</sub></td><td>1.6<sup>+0.14</sup><sub>-0.17</sub></td><td>10.4</td><td>WASP-107 b</td><td>0.25<sup>+0.18</sup><sub>-0.16</sub></td><td>1.4<sup>+0.45</sup><sub>-1.28</sub></td><td>3.24<sup>+0.45</sup><sub>-1.28</sub></td><td>9.95</td></tr><tr><td>Kepler-9 b</td><td>0.96<sup>+0.68</sup><sub>-0.55</sub></td><td>0.64<sup>+0.89</sup><sub>-1.09</sub></td><td>2.45<sup>+0.89</sup><sub>-1.09</sub></td><td>1.89</td><td>WASP-117 b</td><td>0.9<sup>+0.69</sup><sub>-0.54</sub></td><td>0.61<sup>+0.98</sup><sub>-1.03</sub></td><td>2.57<sup>+0.98</sup><sub>-1.03</sub></td><td>2.8</td></tr><tr><td>Kepler-9 c</td><td>1.04<sup>+0.59</sup><sub>-0.56</sub></td><td>0.25<sup>+1.07</sup><sub>-0.78</sub></td><td>2.06<sup>+1.07</sup><sub>-0.78</sub></td><td>...</td><td>WASP-121 b</td><td>0.46<sup>+0.25</sup><sub>-0.26</sub></td><td>1.76<sup>+0.18</sup><sub>-2.12</sub></td><td>3.48<sup>+0.18</sup><sub>-2.12</sub></td><td>5.68</td></tr><tr><td>Kepler-51 b</td><td>1.13<sup>+0.56</sup><sub>-0.62</sub></td><td>0.58<sup>+1.04</sup><sub>-1.09</sub></td><td>2.38<sup>+1.04</sup><sub>-1.09</sub></td><td>...</td><td>WASP-127 b</td><td>0.29<sup>+0.21</sup><sub>-0.23</sub></td><td>-0.12<sup>+0.7</sup><sub>-0.57</sub></td><td>1.91<sup>+0.7</sup><sub>-0.57</sub></td><td>18.17</td></tr><tr><td>Kepler-51 d</td><td>0.9<sup>+0.63</sup><sub>-0.57</sub></td><td>0.5<sup>+1.09</sup><sub>-0.98</sub></td><td>2.3<sup>+1.09</sup><sub>-0.98</sub></td><td>...</td><td>WASP-178 b</td><td>0.57<sup>+0.56</sup><sub>-0.26</sub></td><td>0.08<sup>+0.83</sup><sub>-0.65</sub></td><td>2.0<sup>+0.83</sup><sub>-0.65</sub></td><td>3.41</td></tr><tr><td>Kepler-79 d</td><td>1.09<sup>+0.58</sup><sub>-0.63</sub></td><td>0.56<sup>+1.03</sup><sub>-1.01</sub></td><td>2.49<sup>+1.03</sup><sub>-1.01</sub></td><td>...</td><td>XO-1 b</td><td>0.76<sup>+0.19</sup><sub>-0.55</sub></td><td>0.97<sup>+0.7</sup><sub>-1.21</sub></td><td>2.8<sup>+0.7</sup><sub>-1.21</sub></td><td>3.28</td></tr></tbody></table>

Notes. The C/O ratio and metallicity were free parameters in these retrievals, with the planet-to-star metallicity ratio (log<sub>10</sub>(Z<sub>P</sub>/Z<sub>S</sub>)) calculated from the retrieved metallicity value and the star's Fe/H as described in the text. The sigma column refers to the significance of the model with respect to the flat model. Where the preference for the atmospheric model was below 2σ, we do not report the significance and assume that, from our retrieval, there is no meaningful evidence for atmospheric modulation. For completeness, we report the C/O and metallicity in all cases.

<table><caption>**Table 16**
Retrieved Volume Mixing Ratios of Water from Our Free Chemistry Retrievals</caption><thead><tr><th>Planet Name</th><th>log<sub>10</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)</th><th>log<sub>10</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O/H)</th><th>σ</th><th>Planet Name</th><th>log<sub>10</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)</th><th>log<sub>10</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O/H)</th><th>σ</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>CoRoT-1 b</td><td>-5.33<sup>+2.81</sup><sub>-3.81</sub></td><td>-1.65<sup>+2.81</sup><sub>-3.81</sub></td><td>2.36</td><td>LTT 9779 b</td><td>-8.23<sup>+2.37</sup><sub>-2.33</sub></td><td>-5.12<sup>+2.37</sup><sub>-2.33</sub></td><td>...</td></tr><tr><td>GJ 1214 b</td><td>-2.98<sup>+1.03</sup><sub>-1.39</sub></td><td>-0.33<sup>+1.03</sup><sub>-1.39</sub></td><td>2.41</td><td>TOI-270 c</td><td>-3.73<sup>+1.56</sup><sub>-3.78</sub></td><td>-0.52<sup>+1.56</sup><sub>-3.78</sub></td><td>...</td></tr><tr><td>GJ 3470 b</td><td>-3.34<sup>+1.09</sup><sub>-1.93</sub></td><td>-0.48<sup>+1.09</sup><sub>-1.93</sub></td><td>2.16</td><td>TOI-270 d</td><td>-2.63<sup>+0.93</sup><sub>-1.06</sub></td><td>0.58<sup>+0.94</sup><sub>-1.06</sub></td><td>4.0</td></tr><tr><td>GJ 436 b</td><td>-6.89<sup>+2.83</sup><sub>-2.86</sub></td><td>-3.87<sup>+2.83</sup><sub>-2.86</sub></td><td>...</td><td>TOI-674 b</td><td>-3.12<sup>+0.78</sup><sub>-1.04</sub></td><td>0.65<sup>+0.78</sup><sub>-1.04</sub></td><td>4.96</td></tr><tr><td>HAT-P-1 b</td><td>-1.67<sup>+0.53</sup><sub>-1.07</sub></td><td>1.58<sup>+0.55</sup><sub>-1.07</sub></td><td>4.4</td><td>TrES-2 b</td><td>-6.47<sup>+3.24</sup><sub>-3.07</sub></td><td>-2.94<sup>+3.24</sup><sub>-3.07</sub></td><td>...</td></tr><tr><td>HAT-P-2 b</td><td>-7.23<sup>+2.8</sup><sub>-2.83</sub></td><td>-4.0<sup>+2.8</sup><sub>-2.83</sub></td><td>2.87</td><td>TrES-4 b</td><td>-6.85<sup>+3.14</sup><sub>-2.96</sub></td><td>-3.62<sup>+3.14</sup><sub>-2.96</sub></td><td>...</td></tr><tr><td>HAT-P-3 b</td><td>-6.72<sup>+3.08</sup><sub>-3.13</sub></td><td>-3.61<sup>+3.08</sup><sub>-3.13</sub></td><td>...</td><td>V1298 Tau b</td><td>-2.51<sup>+0.41</sup><sub>-0.54</sub></td><td>0.39<sup>+0.41</sup><sub>-0.54</sub></td><td>19.4</td></tr><tr><td>HAT-P-7 b</td><td>-6.48<sup>+3.4</sup><sub>-3.2</sub></td><td>-3.36<sup>+3.41</sup><sub>-3.2</sub></td><td>...</td><td>V1298 Tau c</td><td>-1.56<sup>+0.32</sup><sub>-0.52</sub></td><td>1.64<sup>+0.34</sup><sub>-0.52</sub></td><td>14.53</td></tr><tr><td>HAT-P-11 b</td><td>-1.94<sup>+0.68</sup><sub>-1.26</sub></td><td>0.89<sup>+0.7</sup><sub>-1.27</sub></td><td>4.62</td><td>WASP-6 b</td><td>-2.83<sup>+0.87</sup><sub>-1.14</sub></td><td>0.75<sup>+0.88</sup><sub>-1.14</sub></td><td>4.88</td></tr><tr><td>HAT-P-12 b</td><td>-3.72<sup>+1.61</sup><sub>-3.33</sub></td><td>-0.15<sup>+1.62</sup><sub>-3.33</sub></td><td>...</td><td>WASP-12 b</td><td>-2.89<sup>+0.53</sup><sub>-0.63</sub></td><td>0.22<sup>+0.53</sup><sub>-0.63</sub></td><td>8.3</td></tr><tr><td>HAT-P-17 b</td><td>-6.0<sup>+3.41</sup><sub>-3.44</sub></td><td>-2.96<sup>+3.41</sup><sub>-3.44</sub></td><td>...</td><td>WASP-17 b</td><td>-1.87<sup>+0.57</sup><sub>-0.67</sub></td><td>1.7<sup>+0.59</sup><sub>-0.67</sub></td><td>9.15</td></tr><tr><td>HAT-P-18 b</td><td>-1.89<sup>+0.63</sup><sub>-1.39</sub></td><td>1.11<sup>+0.65</sup><sub>-1.4</sub></td><td>3.57</td><td>WASP-18 b</td><td>-6.75<sup>+3.46</sup><sub>-3.27</sub></td><td>-3.46<sup>+3.46</sup><sub>-3.27</sub></td><td>...</td></tr><tr><td>HAT-P-26 b</td><td>-2.5<sup>+0.89</sup><sub>-0.97</sub></td><td>0.88<sup>+0.9</sup><sub>-0.97</sub></td><td>9.35</td><td>WASP-19 b</td><td>-1.88<sup>+0.52</sup><sub>-1.03</sub></td><td>1.36<sup>+0.53</sup><sub>-1.04</sub></td><td>4.56</td></tr><tr><td>HAT-P-32 b</td><td>-1.18<sup>+0.12</sup><sub>-0.32</sub></td><td>2.27<sup>+0.12</sup><sub>-0.33</sub></td><td>7.35</td><td>WASP-29 b</td><td>-6.51<sup>+2.95</sup><sub>-3.03</sub></td><td>-3.29<sup>+2.95</sup><sub>-3.03</sub></td><td>...</td></tr><tr><td>HAT-P-38 b</td><td>-3.07<sup>+1.12</sup><sub>-2.27</sub></td><td>0.24<sup>+1.13</sup><sub>-2.27</sub></td><td>2.25</td><td>WASP-31 b</td><td>-3.29<sup>+1.36</sup><sub>-3.44</sub></td><td>0.28<sup>+1.36</sup><sub>-3.44</sub></td><td>2.01</td></tr><tr><td>HAT-P-41 b</td><td>-2.55<sup>+0.92</sup><sub>-1.36</sub></td><td>0.62<sup>+0.93</sup><sub>-1.36</sub></td><td>4.72</td><td>WASP-39 b</td><td>-1.13<sup>+0.09</sup><sub>-0.24</sub></td><td>2.39<sup>+0.1</sup><sub>-0.25</sub></td><td>9.47</td></tr><tr><td>HD 3167c</td><td>-3.73<sup>+1.07</sup><sub>-0.97</sub></td><td>-0.73<sup>+1.07</sup><sub>-0.97</sub></td><td>4.61</td><td>WASP-43 b</td><td>-3.14<sup>+1.41</sup><sub>-5.5</sub></td><td>0.29<sup>+1.42</sup><sub>-5.5</sub></td><td>3.63</td></tr><tr><td>HD 97658 b</td><td>-3.49<sup>+0.35</sup><sub>-0.53</sub></td><td>-0.23<sup>+0.35</sup><sub>-0.53</sub></td><td>13.25</td><td>WASP-52 b</td><td>-2.61<sup>+0.78</sup><sub>-0.93</sub></td><td>0.73<sup>+0.79</sup><sub>-0.93</sub></td><td>7.1</td></tr><tr><td>HD 106315c</td><td>-1.92<sup>+0.58</sup><sub>-1.01</sub></td><td>1.51<sup>+0.59</sup><sub>-1.02</sub></td><td>5.61</td><td>WASP-62 b</td><td>-1.4<sup>+0.23</sup><sub>-0.51</sub></td><td>1.95<sup>+0.24</sup><sub>-0.52</sub></td><td>5.81</td></tr><tr><td>HD 149026 b</td><td>-4.54<sup>+2.45</sup><sub>-4.12</sub></td><td>-1.53<sup>+2.45</sup><sub>-4.12</sub></td><td>...</td><td>WASP-63 b</td><td>-3.49<sup>+1.48</sup><sub>-4.05</sub></td><td>-0.2<sup>+1.48</sup><sub>-4.05</sub></td><td>...</td></tr><tr><td>HD 189733 b</td><td>-2.01<sup>+0.56</sup><sub>-0.86</sub></td><td>1.4<sup>+0.57</sup><sub>-0.87</sub></td><td>4.98</td><td>WASP-67 b</td><td>-3.6<sup>+1.51</sup><sub>-2.75</sub></td><td>-0.17<sup>+1.51</sup><sub>-2.75</sub></td><td>2.21</td></tr><tr><td>HD 209458 b</td><td>-3.1<sup>+0.95</sup><sub>-1.17</sub></td><td>0.28<sup>+0.95</sup><sub>-1.17</sub></td><td>6.76</td><td>WASP-69 b</td><td>-2.48<sup>+0.69</sup><sub>-0.94</sub></td><td>0.71<sup>+0.7</sup><sub>-0.94</sub></td><td>5.32</td></tr><tr><td>HD 219666 b</td><td>-3.23<sup>+1.57</sup><sub>-4.21</sub></td><td>0.1<sup>+1.58</sup><sub>-4.21</sub></td><td>2.33</td><td>WASP-74 b</td><td>-3.88<sup>+2.13</sup><sub>-4.79</sub></td><td>-0.9<sup>+2.14</sup><sub>-4.79</sub></td><td>1.98</td></tr><tr><td>HIP 41378 b</td><td>-4.03<sup>+2.34</sup><sub>-4.79</sub></td><td>-0.65<sup>+2.35</sup><sub>-4.79</sub></td><td>...</td><td>WASP-76 b</td><td>-2.96<sup>+0.84</sup><sub>-1.33</sub></td><td>0.06<sup>+0.84</sup><sub>-1.33</sub></td><td>7.49</td></tr><tr><td>HIP 41378 f</td><td>-8.8<sup>+1.14</sup><sub>-1.77</sub></td><td>-5.65<sup>+1.14</sup><sub>-1.77</sub></td><td>16.77</td><td>WASP-79 b</td><td>-2.05<sup>+0.4</sup><sub>-0.6</sub></td><td>1.3<sup>+0.41</sup><sub>-0.6</sub></td><td>6.44</td></tr><tr><td>K2-18 b</td><td>-3.19<sup>+1.28</sup><sub>-1.71</sub></td><td>-0.28<sup>+1.28</sup><sub>-1.71</sub></td><td>2.98</td><td>WASP-80 b</td><td>-2.97<sup>+0.93</sup><sub>-1.59</sub></td><td>0.21<sup>+0.93</sup><sub>-1.59</sub></td><td>2.69</td></tr><tr><td>K2-24 b</td><td>-7.83<sup>+2.92</sup><sub>-3.64</sub></td><td>-5.13<sup>+2.92</sup><sub>-2.64</sub></td><td>2.46</td><td>WASP-96 b</td><td>-2.77<sup>+1.01</sup><sub>-1.47</sub></td><td>0.47<sup>+1.02</sup><sub>-1.47</sub></td><td>3.72</td></tr><tr><td>KELT-1 b</td><td>-6.63<sup>+3.23</sup><sub>-3.08</sub></td><td>-3.23<sup>+3.23</sup><sub>-3.08</sub></td><td>...</td><td>WASP-101 b</td><td>-6.72<sup>+3.18</sup><sub>-3.07</sub></td><td>-3.54<sup>+3.18</sup><sub>-3.07</sub></td><td>3.56</td></tr><tr><td>KELT-7 b</td><td>-4.33<sup>+1.5</sup><sub>-4.78</sub></td><td>-1.09<sup>+1.5</sup><sub>-4.78</sub></td><td>5.97</td><td>WASP-103 b</td><td>-7.71<sup>+2.86</sup><sub>-2.59</sub></td><td>-4.35<sup>+2.86</sup><sub>-2.59</sub></td><td>6.78</td></tr><tr><td>KELT-11 b</td><td>-5.09<sup>+1.57</sup><sub>-0.87</sub></td><td>-1.89<sup>+1.57</sup><sub>-0.87</sub></td><td>10.87</td><td>WASP-107 b</td><td>-2.0<sup>+0.53</sup><sub>-0.83</sub></td><td>1.02<sup>+0.54</sup><sub>-0.84</sub></td><td>10.33</td></tr><tr><td>Kepler-9 b</td><td>-4.71<sup>+2.51</sup><sub>-4.19</sub></td><td>-1.73<sup>+2.51</sup><sub>-4.19</sub></td><td>...</td><td>WASP-117 b</td><td>-3.1<sup>+1.38</sup><sub>-2.85</sub></td><td>0.37<sup>+1.38</sup><sub>-2.85</sub></td><td>2.6</td></tr><tr><td>Kepler-9 c</td><td>-5.99<sup>+2.22</sup><sub>-3.25</sub></td><td>-3.0<sup>+2.22</sup><sub>-3.25</sub></td><td>2.78</td><td>WASP-121 b</td><td>-3.14<sup>+0.9</sup><sub>-1.25</sub></td><td>0.12<sup>+0.9</sup><sub>-1.25</sub></td><td>5.6</td></tr><tr><td>Kepler-51 b</td><td>-6.1<sup>+3.13</sup><sub>-3.32</sub></td><td>-3.11<sup>+3.13</sup><sub>-3.32</sub></td><td>...</td><td>WASP-127 b</td><td>-1.14<sup>+0.08</sup><sub>-0.12</sub></td><td>2.44<sup>+0.09</sup><sub>-0.13</sub></td><td>18.44</td></tr><tr><td>Kepler-51 d</td><td>-6.92<sup>+2.9</sup><sub>-3.04</sub></td><td>-3.93<sup>+2.9</sup><sub>-3.04</sub></td><td>...</td><td>WASP-178 b</td><td>-3.01<sup>+0.67</sup><sub>-0.95</sub></td><td>0.45<sup>+0.67</sup><sub>-0.96</sub></td><td>4.85</td></tr><tr><td>Kepler-79 d</td><td>-6.82<sup>+2.9</sup><sub>-3.04</sub></td><td>-3.71<sup>+2.9</sup><sub>-3.04</sub></td><td>2.03</td><td>XO-1 b</td><td>-1.39<sup>+0.27</sup><sub>-0.69</sub></td><td>1.98<sup>+0.29</sup><sub>-0.7</sub></td><td>3.2</td></tr></tbody></table>

Notes. The H<sub>2</sub>O/H ratio was subsequently derived as described in the text. The sigma column refers to the significance of the preferred model with respect to the flat model. Where the preference for the atmospheric model was below 2σ, we do not report the significance and assume that, from our retrieval, there is no meaningful evidence for atmospheric modulation. For completeness, we report the H<sub>2</sub>O abundance in all cases.
## Appendix E

### Fitting the WFC3 G141 Spectral Feature Size

The key spectral feature within the HST WFC3 G141 band is the 1.4 µm water feature. Instead of performing retrievals in an attempt to recover the abundance of this molecule, several studies have instead measured the size of the feature in relation to other bands within WFC3’s spectral range (Fu et al. 2017; Wakeford et al. 2019). While the information gained in the approach is limited, we nonetheless explored its use to compare our results to other studies which have previously used this metric. We achieved this by first modeling a cloud-free atmosphere where water is the only molecular opacity. We also include scattering due to Rayleigh and CIA. The model is then scaled using

$$y(\lambda) = ax(\lambda) + bx + c, \qquad (12)$$

where $x(\lambda)$ is the original spectrum model, $a$ is a scaling factor, $b$ is the wavelength coefficient for the baseline slope, and $c$ is a constant offset (Fu et al. 2017). The scaling factor, $a$, moderates the size of the water feature, acting as proxy for clouds, while $b$ can be used to account for slopes within the spectrum (e.g., due to H⁻ opacity). We fit the model using Nestle<fnref n="21" /> (Skilling 2004; Mukherjee et al. 2006; Shaw et al. 2007) and we follow the methodology of Stevenson (2016), computing the difference between the minimum in the J band (1.22–1.30) and the maximum in the H₂O band (1.36–1.44) from the preferred model spectrum after removing the slope.

By dividing the feature size by the expected transit depth modulation from 1 scale height of atmosphere, one can determine the magnitude of atmospheric absorption in a way that easily facilitates comparisons across a broad parameter space. The change in the transit depth due to 1 scale height of atmosphere was determined by

$$\Delta D = \frac{2HR_p}{R_s^2}, \qquad (13)$$

where $R_p$ is the planet’s radius, $R_s$ is the radius of the host star, and $H$ is the atmospheric scale height, calculated from

$$H = \frac{kT}{\mu g}, \qquad (14)$$

where $k$ is the Boltzmann constant, $T$ is the planet’s equilibrium temperature, $\mu$ is the atmospheric mean molecular weight (set to 2.3), and $g$ is the planet’s surface gravity.

An example fit for WASP-107 b is given in Figure 40. We provide the feature size for all planets studied here in Table 17. The spectral feature size has often been used to infer the presence of clouds and proposed as a way of guiding observers as to the spectral modulation that could be expected when planning future observations. Across the population, we recover an average feature size of 0.92 scale heights, a comparable value to previous studies, e.g., 1.4 H (Fu et al. 2017) and 0.89 H (Wakeford et al. 2019). The amplitude of this feature is far below what would be expected from a clear, solar-

<figure><img src="image_46.png" /><figcaption>Figure 40. Postersiors and best-fit spectrum for amplitude fitting of WASP-107 b.</figcaption></figure>

metallicity atmosphere. However, we note that the magnitude of the atmospheric absorption is only valid across the HST WFC3 G141 range and that other instruments, particularly those that probe further into the IR, will see larger feature sizes.

Extending the models used to derive the 1.4 µm feature size in the HST WFC3 G141 data, we estimate the amplitude of features seen in observations with future instruments by studying the minimum and maximum transit depth across their spectral coverage. For JWST NIRISS GR700XD (0.6–2.8 µm; Doyon et al. 2012) and JWST NIRSpec G395H (2.8–5.1 µm; Birkmann et al. 2016) we predict average feature sizes of 2.52 and 1.65 scale heights, respectively. Combining both instruments, observing with the JWST NIRSpec PRISM (0.6–5.3 µm), or with Twinkle (0.5–4.5 µm; Edwards et al. 2019) gives an amplitude of 2.57 scale heights. Finally, the expected amplitude across the spectral coverage of Ariel (0.5–7.8 µm; Tinetti et al. 2018) is 3.13 scale heights.

Therefore, while clouds and hazes obviously need to be accounted for during the planning of observations with future facilities, current data show the expected amplitude should, on average, be greater than a single scale height. However, we note also that the methodology used to measure the amplitude of absorption features is somewhat flawed. While the parameters in Equation (12) allow the spectrum to be modulated to fit the data and account for the features seen, the final fit does not provide a robust analysis of the nature of the atmosphere. The presence, and effect, of clouds can be better understood by fitting physical models to the data via atmospheric retrievals.

<footnote n="21">²¹ https://github.com/kbarbary/nestle</footnote>
<table><caption>**Table 17**
1.4 µm Feature Size, in Scale Heights, of the Planets Studied Here</caption><thead><tr><th>Planet Name</th><th>Feature Size</th><th>Planet Name</th><th>Feature Size</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>CoRoT-1 b</td><td>5.3 ± 2.08</td><td>LTT 9779 b</td><td>0.32 ± 0.68</td></tr><tr><td>GJ 1214 b</td><td>0.12 ± 0.04</td><td>TOI-270 c</td><td>0.27 ± 0.366</td></tr><tr><td>GJ 3470 b</td><td>0.68 ± 0.24</td><td>TOI-270 d</td><td>2.66 ± 0.</td></tr><tr><td>GJ 436 b</td><td>0.02 ± 0.36</td><td>TOI-674 b</td><td>1.38 ± 0.26</td></tr><tr><td>HAT-P-1 b</td><td>1.89 ± 0.37</td><td>TrES-2 b</td><td>1.5 ± 2.47</td></tr><tr><td>HAT-P-2 b</td><td>6.04 ± 3.74</td><td>TrES-4 b</td><td>-5.75 ± 3.61</td></tr><tr><td>HAT-P-3 b</td><td>0.61 ± 0.62</td><td>V1298Tau b</td><td>10.66 ± 0.57</td></tr><tr><td>HAT-P-7 b</td><td>3.31 ± 4.36</td><td>V1298Tau c</td><td>14.24 ± 0.71</td></tr><tr><td>HAT-P-11 b</td><td>2.0 ± 0.39</td><td>WASP-6 b</td><td>1.78 ± 0.36</td></tr><tr><td>HAT-P-12 b</td><td>0.46 ± 0.21</td><td>WASP-12 b</td><td>2.42 ± 0.34</td></tr><tr><td>HAT-P-17 b</td><td>0.97 ± 0.61</td><td>WASP-17 b</td><td>1.88 ± 0.2</td></tr><tr><td>HAT-P-18 b</td><td>0.81 ± 0.19</td><td>WASP-18 b</td><td>-1.31 ± 3.01</td></tr><tr><td>HAT-P-26 b</td><td>2.52 ± 0.27</td><td>WASP-19 b</td><td>2.29 ± 0.46</td></tr><tr><td>HAT-P-32 b</td><td>1.89 ± 0.25</td><td>WASP-29 b</td><td>-0.15 ± 0.36</td></tr><tr><td>HAT-P-38 b</td><td>1.56 ± 0.61</td><td>WASP-31 b</td><td>1.07 ± 0.38</td></tr><tr><td>HAT-P-41 b</td><td>2.06 ± 0.45</td><td>WASP-39 b</td><td>1.58 ± 0.15</td></tr><tr><td>HD 3167c</td><td>1.22 ± 0.31</td><td>WASP-43 b</td><td>1.45 ± 0.43</td></tr><tr><td>HD 97658 b</td><td>1.98 ± 0.64</td><td>WASP-52 b</td><td>1.6 ± 0.24</td></tr><tr><td>HD 106315c</td><td>2.42 ± 0.4</td><td>WASP-62 b</td><td>1.37 ± 0.26</td></tr><tr><td>HD 149026 b</td><td>1.08 ± 0.54</td><td>WASP-63 b</td><td>0.64 ± 0.28</td></tr><tr><td>HD 189733 b</td><td>2.09 ± 0.38</td><td>WASP-67 b</td><td>1.16 ± 0.51</td></tr><tr><td>HD 209458 b</td><td>0.98 ± 0.15</td><td>WASP-69 b</td><td>0.61 ± 0.12</td></tr><tr><td>HD 219666 b</td><td>2.05 ± 0.62</td><td>WASP-74 b</td><td>0.96 ± 0.44</td></tr><tr><td>HIP 41378 b</td><td>2.25 ± 0.97</td><td>WASP-76 b</td><td>1.39 ± 0.19</td></tr><tr><td>HIP 41378 f</td><td>-2.41 ± 0.68</td><td>WASP-79 b</td><td>2.41 ± 0.38</td></tr><tr><td>K2-18 b</td><td>2.33 ± 0.67</td><td>WASP-80 b</td><td>0.44 ± 0.21</td></tr><tr><td>K2-24 b</td><td>-1.04 ± 0.68</td><td>WASP-96 b</td><td>2.36 ± 0.66</td></tr><tr><td>KELT-1 b</td><td>-1.19 ± 4.63</td><td>WASP-101 b</td><td>0.11 ± 0.29</td></tr><tr><td>KELT-7 b</td><td>1.35 ± 0.46</td><td>WASP-103 b</td><td>1.97 ± 0.64</td></tr><tr><td>KELT-11 b</td><td>1.12 ± 0.14</td><td>WASP-107 b</td><td>0.79 ± 0.08</td></tr><tr><td>Kepler-9 b</td><td>3.26 ± 1.57</td><td>WASP-117 b</td><td>0.99 ± 0.31</td></tr><tr><td>Kepler-9 c</td><td>-0.9 ± 1.86</td><td>WASP-121 b</td><td>1.05 ± 0.18</td></tr><tr><td>Kepler-51 b</td><td>0.14 ± 0.48</td><td>WASP-127 b</td><td>2.47 ± 0.15</td></tr><tr><td>Kepler-51 d</td><td>0.08 ± 0.47</td><td>WASP-178 b</td><td>1.6 ± 0.44</td></tr><tr><td>Kepler-79 d</td><td>-2.46 ± 1.58</td><td>XO-1 b</td><td>2.72 ± 0.69</td></tr></tbody></table>

Note. In this table we report all fitted values, but in the figures we only plot those where the uncertainty of the feature size is less than 2 scale heights.

## ORCID iDs

Billy Edwards https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5494-3237

Quentin Changeat https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6516-4493

Angelos Tsiaras https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3840-1793

Kai Hou Yip https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9616-1524

Ahmed F. Al-Refaie https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2241-5330

Lara Anisman https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7771-6432

Michelle F. Bieger https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9166-3042

Amélie Gressier https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0854-3002

Sho Shibata https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5418-6336

Nour Skaf https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9372-5056

James Y-K. Cho https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4525-5651

Masahiro Ikoma https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5658-5971

Olivia Venot https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2854-765X

Ingo Waldmann https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4205-5267

Giovanna Tinetti https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6058-6654

## References

Abe, L., Gonçalves, I., Agabi, A., et al. 2013, A&A, 553, A49

Abel, M., Frommhold, L., Li, X., & Hunt, K. L. C. 2011, JPCA, 115, 6805

Abel, M., Frommhold, L., Li, X., & Hunt, K. L. C. 2012, JChPh, 136, 044319

Akinsanmi, B., Santos, N. C., Faria, J. P., et al. 2020, A&A, 635, L8

Al-Refaie, A. F., Changeat, Q., Venot, O., Waldmann, I. P., & Tinetti, G. 2022, ApJ, 932, 123

Al-Refaie, A. F., Changeat, Q., Waldmann, I. P., & Tinetti, G. 2021, ApJ, 917, 37

Alam, M. K., Kirk, J., Dressing, C. D., et al. 2022, ApJL, 927, L5

Allard, F., Homeier, D., & Freytag, B. 2012, RSPTA, 370, 2765

Allart, R., Bourrier, V., Lovis, C., et al. 2019, A&A, 623, A58

Anderson, D. R., Collier Cameron, A., Delrez, L., et al. 2014, MNRAS, 445, 1114

Anderson, D. R., Collier Cameron, A., Delrez, L., et al. 2017, A&A, 604, A110

Anderson, D. R., Collier Cameron, A., Hellier, C., et al. 2011, A&A, 531, A60

Anderson, D. R., Gillon, M., Maxted, P. F. L., et al. 2010b, A&A, 513, L3

Anderson, D. R., Hellier, C., Gillon, M., et al. 2010a, ApJ, 709, 159

Anderson, D. R., Smith, A. M. S., Madhusudhan, N., et al. 2013, MNRAS, 430, 3422

Anisman, L. O., Chubb, K. L., Changeat, Q., et al. 2022a, JQSRT, 283, 108146

Anisman, L. O., Chubb, K. L., Elsey, J., et al. 2022b, JQSRT, 278, 108013

Anisman, L. O., Edwards, B., Changeat, Q., et al. 2020, AJ, 160, 233

Arcangeli, J., Désert, J.-M., Line, M. R., et al. 2018, ApJ, 855, L30

Arcangeli, J., Désert, J.-M., Parmentier, V., et al. 2019, A&A, 625, A136

Armstrong, D. J., de Mooij, E., Barstow, J., et al. 2016, NatAs, 1, 0004

Astropy Collaboration, Price-Whelan, A. M., Sipőcz, B. M., et al. 2018, AJ, 156, 123

Atreya, S. K., Crida, A., Guillot, T., et al. 2016, arXiv:1606.04510

Bakos, G. Á., Kovács, G., Torres, G., et al. 2007b, ApJ, 670, 826

Bakos, G. Á., Noyes, R. W., Kovács, G., et al. 2007a, ApJ, 656, 552

Bakos, G. Á., Torres, G., Pál, A., et al. 2010, ApJ, 710, 1724

Barber, R. J., Strange, J. K., Hill, C., et al. 2013, MNRAS, 437, 1828

Barge, P., Baglin, A., Auvergne, M., et al. 2008, A&A, 482, L17

Barstow, J. K., Aigrain, S., Irwin, P. G. J., & Sing, D. K. 2017, ApJ, 834, 50

Baxter, C., Désert, J.-M., Parmentier, V., et al. 2020, A&A, 639, A36

Baxter, C., Désert, J.-M., Tsai, S.-M., et al. 2021, A&A, 648, A127

Bean, J. 2012, Revealing the Diversity of Super-Earth Atmospheres, HST Proposal 13021, STScI

Bean, J. 2013, Follow The Water: The Ultimate WFC3 Exoplanet Atmosphere Survey, HST Proposal 13467, STScI

Bean, J. L., Désert, J.-M., Seifahrzt, A., et al. 2013, ApJ, 771, 108

Bean, J. L., Stevenson, K. B., Batalha, N. M., et al. 2018, PASP, 130, 114402

Beatty, T. G., Collins, K. A., Fortney, J., et al. 2014, ApJ, 783, 112

Beatty, T. G., Deming, D., Fortney, J., et al. 2016, Phase-Resolved Emission Spectroscopy of the Transiting Brown Dwarf KELT-1b Using WFC3, HST Proposal 14664, STScI

Beatty, T. G., Fortney, J., Greene, T. P., et al. 2019, Reconnaissance of the Hottest Neptune-Class Planet Transiting a Bright Parent Star, HST Proposal 15698, STScI

Beatty, T. G., Madhusudhan, N., Pogge, R., et al. 2017a, AJ, 154, 242

Beatty, T. G., Stevens, D. J., Collins, K. A., et al. 2017b, AJ, 154, 25

Beichman, C., Hirano, T., David, T. J., et al. 2019, RNAAS, 3, 89

Belkovski, M., Becker, J., Howe, A., Malsky, I., & Batygin, K. 2022, AJ, 163, 277

Bell, T. J., Dang, L., Cowan, N. B., et al. 2021, MNRAS, 504, 3316

Benneke, B., Barman, T. S., Crossfield, I., et al. 2015, Exploring the Diversity of Exoplanet Atmospheres in the Super-Earth Regime, HST Proposal 13665, STScI

Benneke, B., Barman, T. S., Crossfield, I., et al. 2016b, A Search for Methane, Ammonia, and Water on Two Habitable Zone Super-Earths, HST Proposal 14682, STScI

Benneke, B., David, T., Doyon, R., et al. 2016a, Spectroscopic Characterization of a Newborn Neptune-Sized Planet, HST Proposal 14887, STScI

Benneke, B., Werner, M., Petigura, E., et al. 2017, ApJ, 834, 187

Benneke, B., Wong, I., Piaulet, C., et al. 2019, ApJL, 887, L14

Berta, Z. K., Charbonneau, D., Desert, J.-M., et al. 2012, ApJ, 747, 35

Berta-Thompson, Z. K., Deck, K. M., Fabrycky, D., et al. 2015, The Atmospheres of Two Low-Mass, Low-Density Exoplanets Transiting a Young Star, HST Proposal 14218, STScI

Biddle, L. I., Pearson, K. A., Crossfield, I. J. M., et al. 2014, MNRAS, 443, 1810

Bieryla, A., Collins, K., Beatty, T. G., et al. 2015, AJ, 150, 12

Birkby, J. L. 2018, arXiv:1806.04617

Birkmann, S. M., Ferruit, P., Rawle, T., et al. 2016, Proc. SPIE, 9904, 99040B

Bodenheimer, P., & Pollack, J. B. 1986, Icar, 67, 391

Bonfils, X., Gillon, M., Udry, S., et al. 2012, A&A, 546, A27

Booth, R. A., Clarke, C. J., Madhusudhan, N., & Ilee, J. D. 2017, MNRAS, 469, 3994
Borsa, F., Allart, R., Casasayas-Barris, N., et al. 2021, A&A, 645, A24

Borsato, L., Malavolta, L., Piotto, G., et al. 2019, MNRAS, 484, 3233

Borucki, W. J., Koch, D., Jenkins, J., et al. 2009, *Sci*, 325, 709

Bouchy, F., Udry, S., Mayor, M., et al. 2005, A&A, 444, L15

Brande, J., Crossfield, I. J. M., Kreidberg, L., et al. 2022, AJ, 164, 197

Brewer, J. M., Fischer, D. A., & Madhusudhan, N. 2017, AJ, 153, 83

Brown, D. J. A., Triaud, A. H. M. J., Doyle, A. P., et al. 2017, MNRAS, 464, 810

Bruno, G., Lewis, N. K., Alam, M. K., et al. 2020, MNRAS, 491, 5361

Bruno, G., Lewis, N. K., Stevenson, K. B., et al. 2018, AJ, 155, 55

Buchner, J., Georgakakis, A., Nandra, K., et al. 2014, A&A, 564, A125

Burton, J. R., Watson, C. A., Littlefair, S. P., et al. 2012, ApJS, 201, 36

Butler, R. P., Vogt, S. S., Marcy, G. W., et al. 2004, ApJ, 617, 580

Cabot, S. H. C., Madhusudhan, N., Welbanks, L., Piette, A., & Gandhi, S. 2020, MNRAS, 494, 363

Carone, L. 2017, Now You See Me - The WASP-117b Version, HST Proposal 15301, STScI

Carone, L., Mollière, P., Zhou, Y., et al. 2021, A&A, 646, A168

Carter, A. L., Nikolov, N., Sing, D. K., et al. 2020, MNRAS, 494, 5449

Cartier, K. M. S., Beatty, T. G., Zhao, M., et al. 2017, AJ, 153, 34

Cauley, P. W., Wang, J., Shkolnik, E. L., et al. 2021, AJ, 161, 201

Chachan, Y., Jontof-Hutter, D., Knutson, H. A., et al. 2020, AJ, 160, 201

Changeat, Q. 2022, AJ, 163, 106

Changeat, Q., Al-Refaie, A., Mugnai, L. V., et al. 2020a, AJ, 160, 80

Changeat, Q., & Edwards, B. 2021, ApJL, 907, L22

Changeat, Q., Edwards, B., Al-Refaie, A. F., et al. 2020b, AJ, 160, 260

Changeat, Q., Edwards, B., Al-Refaie, A. F., et al. 2022, ApJS, 260, 3

Changeat, Q., Keyte, L., Waldmann, I. P., & Tinetti, G. 2020c, ApJ, 896, 107

Charbonneau, D., Brown, T. M., Latham, D. W., & Mayor, M. 2000, ApJL, 529, L45

Charbonneau, D., Berta, Z. K., Irwin, J., et al. 2009, Natur, 462, 891

Christiansen, J. L., Ballard, S., Charbonneau, D., et al. 2010, ApJ, 710, 97

Cloutier, R., Astudillo-Defru, N., Doyon, R., et al. 2017, A&A, 608, A35

Cloutier, R., Charbonneau, D., Deming, D., Bonfils, X., & Astudillo-Defru, N. 2021, AJ, 162, 174

Collette, A. 2013, Python and HDF5 (Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly Media)

Collins, K. A., Kielkopf, J. F., & Stassun, K. G. 2017, AJ, 153, 78

Colon, K. 2017, The KELT-11b Opportunity: Measuring the Atmospheric Water Abundance for a Sub-Saturn-Mass Planet around a Metal-Rich Star, HST Proposal 15255, STScI

Cortes-Zuleta, P., Rojo, P., Wang, S., et al. 2020, A&A, 636, A98

Cowan, N. B., & Agol, E. 2011, ApJ, 729, 54

Cridland, A. J., van Dishoeck, E. F., Alessi, M., & Pudritz, R. E. 2019, A&A, 632, A63

Croll, B., Albert, L., Lafreniere, D., Jayawardhana, R., & Fortney, J. J. 2010, ApJ, 717, 1084

Crossfield, I. 2017, The Atmospheric Diversity of Mini-Neptunes in Multi-planet Systems, HST Proposal 15333, STScI

Crossfield, I. J. M., & Kreidberg, L. 2017, AJ, 154, 261

Crossfield, I. J. M., Ciardi, D. R., Petigura, E. A., et al. 2016, ApJS, 226, 7

Crossfield, I. J. M., Ciardi, D. R., Isaacson, H., et al. 2017, AJ, 153, 255

Crossfield, I. J. M., Dragomir, D., Cowan, N. B., et al. 2020, ApJL, 903, L7

Cubillos, P. E., & Blecic, J. 2021, MNRAS, 505, 2675

David, T. J., Cody, A. M., Hedges, C. L., et al. 2019b, AJ, 158, 79

David, T. J., Petigura, E. A., Luger, R., et al. 2019a, ApJL, 885, L12

de Wit, J., Wakeford, H. R., Lewis, N. K., et al. 2018, NatAs, 2, 214

Delrez, L., Madhusudhan, N., Lendl, M., et al. 2018, MNRAS, 474, 2334

Delrez, L., Santerne, A., Almenara, J.-M., et al. 2016, MNRAS, 458, 4025

Deming, D. 2010, The Atmospheric Structure of Giant Hot Exoplanets, HST Proposal 12181, STScI

Deming, D. 2011, Atmospheric Composition of the ExoNeptune HAT-P-11, HST Proposal 12449, STScI

Deming, D., Wilkins, A., McCullough, P., et al. 2013, ApJ, 774, 95

Desert, J.-M. 2011, Relative Atmospheric Compositions and Metallicities of a Multi-planet System, HST Proposal 12482, STScI

Desert, J.-M., Stevenson, K., Arcangeli, J., et al. 2020, Cooking a Planet: The Heating and Cooling of an Exoplanet Atmosphere, HST Proposal 16194, STScI

Doyon, R., Hutchings, J. B., Beaulieu, M., et al. 2012, Proc. SPIE, 8442, 84422R

Dragomir, D., Crossfield, I. J. M., Benneke, B., et al. 2020, ApJL, 903, L6

Dreizler, S., & Ofir, A. 2014, arXiv:1403.1372

Dressing, C., Adibekyan, V., Akinsanmi, B., et al. 2020, Probing the Atmosphere of a Temperate Transiting Jovian Planet with an Orbital Period of 1.5 Years, HST Proposal 16267, STScI

Dymont, A. H., Yu, X., Ohno, K., et al. 2022, ApJ, 937, 90

Edwards, B., Anisman, L., Changeat, Q., et al. 2020a, Atmospheric Characterisation of a Disintegrating Planet in the Hot Neptune Desert, HST Proposal 16457, STScI

Edwards, B., Anisman, L., Changeat, Q., et al. 2020c, RNAAS, 4, 109

Edwards, B., Changeat, Q., Baeyens, R., et al. 2020b, AJ, 160, 8

Edwards, B., Changeat, Q., Mori, M., et al. 2021a, AJ, 161, 44

Edwards, B., Changeat, Q., Yip, K. H., et al. 2021b, MNRAS, 504, 5671

Edwards, B., Mugnai, L., Tinetti, G., Pascale, E., & Sarkar, S. 2019, AJ, 157, 242

Edwards, B., Rice, M., Zingales, T., et al. 2019, ExA, 47, 29

Edwards, B., & Tinetti, G. 2022, AJ, 164, 15

Ehrenreich, D., Lovis, C., Allart, R., et al. 2020, Natur, 580, 597

Eistrup, C., Walsh, C., & van Dishoeck, E. F. 2018, A&A, 613, A14

Ellis, T. G., Boyajian, T., von Braun, K., et al. 2021, AJ, 162, 118

Espinoza, N., Rackham, B. V., Jordán, A., et al. 2019, MNRAS, 482, 2065

Esposito, M., Armstrong, D. J., Gandolfi, D., et al. 2019, A&A, 623, A165

Esposito, M., Covino, E., Mancini, L., et al. 2014, A&A, 564, L13

Esteves, L. J., De Mooij, E. J. W., & Jayawardhana, R. 2013, ApJ, 772, 51

Esteves, L. J., Mooij, E. J. W. D., & Jayawardhana, R. 2015, ApJ, 804, 150

Evans, T. 2015, Characterizing an Extreme Planet on the Verge of Tidal Disruption, HST Proposal 14468, STScI

Evans, T. 2017, A Global Map of Thermal Inversions for an Ultra-hot Planet, HST Proposal 15134, STScI

Evans, T. M., Sing, D. K., Wakeford, H. R., et al. 2016, ApJL, 822, L4

Evans, T. M., Sing, D. K., Goyal, J. M., et al. 2018, AJ, 156, 283

Faedi, F., Barros, S. C. C., Anderson, D. R., et al. 2011, A&A, 531, A40

Feinstein, A. D., David, T. J., Montet, B. T., et al. 2022, RPL, 925, L2

Feroz, F., Hobson, M. P., & Bridges, M. 2009, MNRAS, 398, 1601

Fisher, C., & Heng, K. 2018, MNRAS, 481, 4698

Fletcher, L. N., Gustafsson, M., & Orton, G. S. 2018, ApJS, 235, 24

Foreman-Mackey, D. 2016, JOSS, 1, 24

Foreman-Mackey, D., Hogg, D. W., Lang, D., & Goodman, J. 2013, PASP, 125, 306

Fortney, J. J., Lodders, K., Marley, M. S., & Freedman, R. S. 2008, ApJ, 678, 1419

Fortney, J. J., Mordasini, C., Nettelmann, N., et al. 2013, ApJ, 775, 80

Fu, G., Deming, D., Knutson, H., et al. 2017, ApJ, 847, L22

Fulton, B. J., & Petigura, E. A. 2018, arXiv:1805.01453

Gandhi, S., Madhusudhan, N., & Mandell, A. 2020, AJ, 159, 232

Gandolfi, D., Barragán, O., Hatzes, A. P., et al. 2017, AJ, 154, 123

Garcia, L. J., Moran, S. E., Rackham, B. V., et al. 2022, A&A, 665, A19

Gardner, J. P., Mather, J. C., Clampin, M., et al. 2006, SSRv, 123, 485

Garhart, E., Deming, D., Mandell, A., et al. 2020, AJ, 159, 137

Gelman, A., Carlin, J. B., Stern, H. S., et al. 2013, Bayesian Data Analysis (3rd ed.; London: Chapman and Hall),

Gibson, N. P., Merritt, S., Nugroho, S. K., et al. 2020, MNRAS, 493, 2215

Gillon, M., Anderson, D. R., Triaud, A. H. M. J., et al. 2009, A&A, 501, 785

Gillon, M., Anderson, D. R., Collier-Cameron, A., et al. 2014, A&A, 562, L3

Gillon, M., Pont, F., Demory, B. -O., et al. 2007, A&A, 472, L13

Glidic, K., Schlawin, E., Wiser, L., et al. 2022, AJ, 164, 19

Gordon, I., Rothman, L. S., Wilczewski, J. S., et al. 2016, AAS/Division for Planetary Sciences Meeting, 48, 421.13

Gressier, A., Mori, M., Changeat, Q., et al. 2022, A&A, 658, A133

Guilluy, G., Gressier, A., Wright, S., et al. 2021, AJ, 161, 19

Gunther, M. N., Pozuelos, F. J., Dittmann, J. A., et al. 2019, NatAs, 3, 1099

Guo, X., Crossfield, I. J. M., Dragomir, D., et al. 2020, AJ, 159, 239

Hartman, J. D., Bakos, G. Á., Béky, B., et al. 2012, AJ, 144, 139

Hartman, J. D., Bakos, G. Á., Sato, B., et al. 2011a, ApJ, 726, 52

Hartman, J. D., Bakos, G. Á., Kipping, D. M., et al. 2011b, ApJ, 728, 138

Hartman, J. D., Bakos, G. Á., Torres, G., et al. 2009, ApJ, 706, 785

Hartman, J. D., Bakos, G. Á., Torres, G., et al. 2011c, ApJ, 742, 59

Hebb, L., Collier-Cameron, A., Loeillet, B., et al. 2009, ApJ, 693, 1920

Hébrard, G., Collier Cameron, A., Brown, D. J. A., et al. 2013, A&A, 549, A134

Hellier, C., Anderson, D. R., Collier-Cameron, A., et al. 2011a, ApJL, 730, L31

Hellier, C., Anderson, D. R., Cameron, A. C., et al. 2009, Natur, 460, 1098

Hellier, C., Anderson, D. R., Collier Cameron, A., et al. 2010, ApJL, 723, L60

Hellier, C., Anderson, D. R., Collier Cameron, A., et al. 2011b, A&A, 535, L7

Hellier, C., Anderson, D. R., Collier Cameron, A., et al. 2012, MNRAS, 426, 739

Hellier, C., Anderson, D. R., Cameron, A. C., et al. 2014, MNRAS, 440, 1982

Hellier, C., Anderson, D. R., Collier Cameron, A., et al. 2015, AJ, 150, 18

Hellier, C., Anderson, D. R., Barkaoui, K., et al. 2019, MNRAS, 490, 1479

Henry, G. W., Marcy, G. W., Butler, R. P., & Vogt, S. S. 2000, ApJ, 529, L41

Hoeijmakers, H. J., Seidel, J. V., Pino, L., et al. 2020, A&A, 641, A123
Hogg, D. W., Myers, A. D., & Bovy, J. 2010, ApJ, 725, 2166

Holman, M. J., Fabrycky, D. C., Ragozzine, D., et al. 2010, *Sci*, 330, 51

Howard, A. W., Johnson, J. A., Marcy, G. W., et al. 2011, ApJ, 730, 10

Howard, A. W., Bakos, G. Á., Hartman, J., et al. 2012, ApJ, 749, 134

Huitson, C. 2012, The First Transmission Spectrum of an Eccentric Cool Jupiter, HST Proposal 12956, STScI

Huitson, C. 2013, The First Spectroscopic Phase Curve of a Transiting Planet: Understanding the Deeper Atmosphere, HST Proposal 13431, STScI

Huitson, C. M., Sing, D. K., Pont, F., et al. 2013, MNRAS, 434, 3252

Hunter, J. D. 2007, CSE, 9, 90

Ikoma, M., Nakazawa, K., & Emori, H. 2000, ApJ, 537, 1013

Iro, N., & Maxted, P. F. L. 2013, *Icar*, 226, 1719

Iyer, A. R., Swain, M. R., Zellem, R. T., et al. 2016, ApJ, 823, 109

Jenkins, J. S., Diaz, M. R., Kurtovic, N. T., et al. 2020, NatAs, 4, 1148

John, T. L. 1988, A&A, 193, 189

Jontof-Hutter, D. 2017, The Atmosphere of an Extremely Low Density Super-Earth Mass Planet, HST Proposal 15138, STScI

Jontof-Hutter, D., Lissauer, J. J., Rowe, J. F., & Fabrycky, D. C. 2014, ApJ, 785, 15

Jordán, A., Espinoza, N., Rabus, M., et al. 2013, ApJ, 778, 184

Kass, R. E., & Raftery, A. E. 1995, *J. Am. Stat. Assoc.*, 90, 773

Kawashima, Y., Hu, R., & Ikoma, M. 2019, ApJL, 876, L5

Kawashima, Y., & Min, M. 2021, A&A, 656, A90

Kawauchi, K., Narita, N., Sato, B., & Kawashima, Y. 2022, PASJ, 74, 225

Keating, D., & Cowan, N. B. 2022, MNRAS, 509, 289

Kedziora-Chudczer, L., Zhou, G., Bailey, J., et al. 2019, MNRAS, 483, 5110

Kesseli, A. Y., Snellen, I. A. G., Casasayas-Barris, N., Mollière, P., & Sánchez-López, A. 2022, AJ, 163, 107

Kipping, D., & Bakos, G. 2011, ApJ, 733, 36

Kirk, J., Alam, M. K., López-Morales, M., & Zeng, L. 2020, AJ, 159, 115

Kirk, J., Rackham, B. V., MacDonald, R. J., et al. 2021, AJ, 162, 34

Knutson, H. 2009, A Search for Water and Methane on a Neptune-Mass Transiting Planet, HST Proposal 11622, STScI

Knutson, H. 2012, Characterizing the Atmosphere of Benchmark Super-Earth HD 97658b, HST Proposal 13501, STScI

Knutson, H. A., Charbonneau, D., Burrows, A., O'Donovan, F. T., & Mandushev, G. 2009, ApJ, 691, 866

Knutson, H. A., Howard, A. W., & Isaacson, H. 2010, ApJ, 720, 1569

Knutson, H. A., Dragomir, D., Kreidberg, L., et al. 2014, ApJ, 794, 155

Kokori, A., Tsiaras, A., Edwards, B., et al. 2022a, ExA, 53, 547

Kokori, A., Tsiaras, A., Edwards, B., et al. 2022b, ApJS, 258, 40

Kokori, A., Tsiaras, A., Edwards, B., et al. 2023, ApJS, 265, 4

Kreidberg, L., Bean, J., Stevenson, K., et al. 2014a, Exploring the Frontier of Exoplanet Atmosphere Dynamics with NASA's Great Observatories, Spitzer Proposal 10999

Kreidberg, L., Line, M., Morley, C., & Stevenson, K. 2017, First Atmosphere Characterization of the Benchmark Exo-Neptune WASP-107b, HST Proposal 14915, STScI

Kreidberg, L., Line, M. R., Thorngren, D., Morley, C. V., & Stevenson, K. B. 2018a, ApJL, 858, L6

Kreidberg, L., Bean, J. L., Désert, J. -M., et al. 2014b, *Natur*, 505, 69

Kreidberg, L., Line, M. R., Parmentier, V., et al. 2018b, AJ, 156, 17

Lam, K. W. F., Faedi, F., Brown, D. J. A., et al. 2017, A&A, 599, A3

Lanotte, A. A., Gillon, M., Demory, B. -O., et al. 2014, A&A, 572, A73

Lee, J. -M., Heng, K., & Irwin, P. G. J. 2013, ApJ, 778, 97

Lendl, M., Cubillos, P. E., Hagelberg, J., et al. 2017, A&A, 606, A18

Lendl, M., Triaud, A. H. M. J., Anderson, D. R., et al. 2014, A&A, 568, A81

Lewis, N. K., Showman, A. P., Fortney, J. J., Knutson, H. A., & Marley, M. S. 2014, ApJ, 795, 150

Lewis, N. K., Knutson, H. A., Showman, A. P., et al. 2013, ApJ, 766, 95

Li, G., Gordon, I. E., Rothman, L. S., et al. 2015, ApJS, 216, 15

Libby-Roberts, J. E., Berta-Thompson, Z. K., Desert, J. -M., et al. 2020, AJ, 159, 57

Libby-Roberts, J. E., Berta-Thompson, Z. K., Diamond-Lowe, H., et al. 2022, AJ, 164, 59

Loeillet, B., Shporer, A., Bouchy, F., et al. 2008, A&A, 481, 529

Lothringer, J. D., Barman, T., & Koskinen, T. 2018, ApJ, 866, 27

Lothringer, J. D., Nikolov, N., Rustamkulov, Z., et al. 2020, Measuring the Rock-to-Ice Ratio in an Exoplanet, HST Proposal 16450, STScI

Lothringer, J. D., Sing, D. K., Rustamkulov, Z., et al. 2022, *Natur*, 604, 49

Luque, R., Casasayas-Barris, N., Parviainen, H., et al. 2020, A&A, 642, A50

Lustig-Yaeger, J., Sotzen, K. S., Stevenson, K. B., et al. 2022, AJ, 163, 140

Madhusudhan, N., Bitsch, B., Johansen, A., & Eriksson, L. 2017, MNRAS, 469, 4102

Madhusudhan, N., & Seager, S. 2010, ApJ, 725, 261

Mandell, A. M., Haynes, K., Sinukoff, E., et al. 2013, ApJ, 779, 128

Mandushev, G., O'Donovan, F. T., Charbonneau, D., et al. 2007, ApJL, 667, L195

Manjavacas, E., Apai, D., Zhou, Y., et al. 2019, AJ, 157, 101

Mansfield, M., Line, M. R., Bean, J. L., et al. 2021, NatAs, 5, 1224

Martioli, E., Colón, K. D., Angerhausen, D., et al. 2018, MNRAS, 474, 4264

Masuda, K. 2014, ApJ, 783, 53

May, E. M., Stevenson, K. B., Bean, J. L., et al. 2022, AJ, 163, 256

McCullough, P. 2012, Spanning the Chasms: Re-observing the Transiting Exoplanet HD 189733b, HST Proposal 12881, STScI

McCullough, P., & MacKenty, J. 2012, Considerations for Using Spatial Scans with WFC3, Space Telescope WFC Instrument Science Report WFC3 2012-08-08, STScI

McCullough, P. R., Stys, J. E., Valenti, J. A., et al. 2006, ApJ, 648, 1228

McGruder, C. D., López-Morales, M., Kirk, J., et al. 2022, AJ, 164, 134

McKemmish, L. K., Masseron, T., Hoeijmakers, H. J., et al. 2019, MNRAS, 488, 2836

McKemmish, L. K., Yurchenko, S. N., & Tennyson, J. 2016, MNRAS, 463, 771

McKinney, W. 2011, 4th Workshop on Python for High Performance and Scientific Computing, 14, https://www.dlr.de/sc/portaldata/15/resources/dokumente/pyhpc2011/submissions/pyhpc2011_submission_9.pdf

Merritt, S. R., Gibson, N. P., Nugroho, S. K., et al. 2020, A&A, 636, A117

Mikal-Evans, T., Sing, D. K., Barstow, J. K., et al. 2022, NatAs, 6, 471

Mizuno, H. 1980, *PThPh*, 64, 544

Molaverdikhani, K., Henning, T., & Molliere, P. 2020, ApJ, 899, 53

Montet, B. T., Morton, T. D., Foreman-Mackey, D., et al. 2015, ApJ, 809, 25

Mordasini, C., Alibert, Y., Georgy, C., et al. 2012, A&A, 547, A112

Mordasini, C., van Boekel, R., Molliere, P., Henning, T., & Benneke, B. 2016, ApJ, 832, 41

Morello, G., Claret, A., Martin-Lagarde, M., et al. 2020, AJ, 159, 75

Mugnai, L. V., Modirrousta-Galian, D., Edwards, B., et al. 2021, AJ, 161, 284

Mukherjee, P., Parkinson, D., & Liddle, A. R. 2006, ApJL, 638, L51

Murgas, F., Chen, G., Nortmann, L., Palle, E., & Nowak, G. 2020, A&A, 641, A158

Murgas, F., Astudillo-Defru, N., Bonfils, X., et al. 2021, A&A, 653, A60

Nikolov, N., Sing, D. K., Burrows, A. S., et al. 2015, MNRAS, 447, 463

Nymeyer, S., Harrington, J., Hardy, R. A., et al. 2011, ApJ, 742, 35

Öberg, K. I., Murray-Clay, R., & Bergin, E. A. 2011, ApJL, 743, L16

O'Donovan, F. T., Charbonneau, D., Harrington, J., et al. 2010, ApJ, 710, 1551

O'Donovan, F. T., Charbonneau, D., Mandushev, G., et al. 2006, ApJL, 651, L61

Ohno, K., & Fortney, J. J. 2022, ApJ, 930, 50

Oliphant, T. E. 2006, A Guide to NumPy, Vol. 1 (USA: Trelgol Publishing)

Öztürk, O., & Erdem, A. 2019, MNRAS, 486, 2290

Pacetti, E., Turrini, D., Schisano, E., et al. 2022, ApJ, 937, 36

Pal, A., Bakos, G. Á., Torres, G., et al. 2008, ApJ, 680, 1450

Pál, A., Bakos, G. Á., Torres, G., et al. 2010, MNRAS, 401, 2665

Palle, E., Chen, G., Prieto-Arranz, J., et al. 2017, A&A, 602, L15

Panwar, V., Baxter, C., Bean, J. L., et al. 2020, Atmospheric Characterization of the Innermost Gas Giants in the Infant Multiplanet System V1298 Tau, HST Proposal 16462, STScI

Peek, J., Desai, V., White, R. L., et al. 2019, BAAS, 51, 105

Pepper, J., Rodriguez, J. E., Collins, K. A., et al. 2017, AJ, 153, 215

Petigura, E., Benneke, B., Crossfield, I., et al. 2015, Orbit and Atmospheric Composition of the Warm Sub-Saturn EPIC-2037b, HST Proposal 14455, STScI

Petigura, E. A., Howard, A. W., Lopez, E. D., et al. 2016, ApJ, 818, 36

Petigura, E. A., Benneke, B., Batygin, K., et al. 2018, AJ, 156, 89

Pinhas, A., Madhusudhan, N., Gandhi, S., & MacDonald, R. 2019, MNRAS, 482, 1485

Pluriel, W., Whiteford, N., Edwards, B., et al. 2020, AJ, 160, 112

Polyansky, O. L., Kyuberis, A. A., Zobov, N. F., et al. 2018, MNRAS, 480, 2597

Prinoth, B., Hoeijmakers, H. J., Kitzmann, D., et al. 2022, NatAs, 6, 449

Rabus, M., Deeg, H. J., Alonso, R., Belmonte, J. A., & Almenara, J. M. 2009, A&A, 508, 1011

Raetz, S., Maciejewski, G., Ginski, C., et al. 2014, MNRAS, 444, 1351

Ranjan, S., Charbonneau, D., Désert, J. -M., et al. 2014, ApJ, 785, 148

Rathcke, A. D., MacDonald, R. J., Barstow, J. K., et al. 2021, AJ, 162, 138

Rocchetto, M., Waldmann, I. P., Venot, O., Lagage, P. -O., & Tinetti, G. 2016, ApJ, 833, 120

Rodriguez, J. E., Zhou, G., Vanderburg, A., et al. 2017, AJ, 153, 256

Martinez, R. R., Gaudi, B. S., Rodriguez, J. E., et al. 2020, AJ, 160, 111

Rothman, L. S., Gordon, I. E., Barber, R. J., et al. 2010, JQSRT, 111, 2139
Rothman, L. S., & Gordon, I. E. 2014, 13th Int. HITRAN Conf.

Roudier, G. M., Swain, M. R., Gudipati, M. S., et al. 2021, AJ, 162, 37

Saba, A., Tsiaras, A., Morvan, M., et al. 2022, AJ, 164, 2

Samland, M., Mollière, P., Bonnefoy, M., et al. 2017, A&A, 603, A57

Santerne, A., Malavolta, L., Kosiarek, M. R., et al. 2019, arXiv:1911.07355

Sato, B., Fischer, D. A., Henry, G. W., et al. 2005, ApJ, 633, 465

Sato, B., Hartman, J. D., Bakos, G. Á., et al. 2012, PASJ, 64, 97

Schlawin, E., Zhao, M., Teske, J. K., & Herter, T. 2014, ApJ, 783, 5

Sedaghati, E., Boffin, H. M. J., MacDonald, R. J., et al. 2017, Natur, 549, 238

Seidel, J. V., Ehrenreich, D., Pino, L., et al. 2020, A&A, 633, A86

Shaw, J. R., Bridges, M., & Hobson, M. P. 2007, MNRAS, 378, 1365

Sheppard, K. B., Mandell, A. M., Tamburo, P., et al. 2017, ApJL, 850, L32

Shibata, S., Helled, R., & Ikoma, M. 2020, A&A, 633, A33

Shporer, A., Wong, I., Huang, C. X., et al. 2019, AJ, 157, 178

Sing, D. 2011, An Optical Transmission Spectral Survey of Hot-Jupiter Exoplanetary Atmospheres, HST Proposal 12473, STScI

Sing, D. K., Fortney, J. J., Nikolov, N., et al. 2016a, Natur, 529, 59

Sing, D. K., Lopez-Morales, M., Ballester, G. E., et al. 2016b, The Panchromatic Comparative Exoplanetary Treasury Program, HST Proposal 14767, STScI

Sinukoff, E., Howard, A. W., Petigura, E. A., et al. 2016, ApJ, 827, 78

Siverd, R. J., Beatty, T. G., Pepper, J., et al. 2012, ApJ, 761, 123

Skaf, N., Bieger, M. F., Edwards, B., et al. 2020, AJ, 160, 109

Skilling, J. 2004, in AIP Conf. Proc. 735, Bayesian Inference and Maximum Entropy Methods in Science and Engineering: 24th Int. Workshop on, ed. R. Fischer, R. Preuss, & U. V. Toussaint (Melville, NY: AIP), 395

Smalley, B., Anderson, D. R., Collier-Cameron, A., et al. 2012, A&A, 547, A61

Southworth, J., Hinse, T. C., Dominik, M., et al. 2012, MNRAS, 426, 1338

Spake, J., Anderson, D. R., Barstow, J., et al. 2016, Characterising the Atmosphere of a Uniquely Low-density, Sub-Saturn Mass Planet, HST Proposal 14619, STScI

Spake, J. J., Sing, D. K., Evans, T. M., et al. 2018, Natur, 557, 68

Spiegel, D. S., & Burrows, A. 2010, ApJ, 722, 871

Stassun, K. G., Collins, K. A., & Gaudi, B. S. 2017, AJ, 153, 136

Steffen, J. H., Fabrycky, D. C., Agol, E., et al. 2013, MNRAS, 428, 1077

Stevenson, K., Agol, E., Angerhausen, D., et al. 2016a, HST Proposal 14642, STScI

Stevenson, K. B. 2016, ApJL, 817, L16

Stevenson, K. B., Lewis, N. K., Bean, J. L., et al. 2016b, PASP, 128, 094401

Stotesbury, I., Edwards, B., Lavigne, J. -F., et al. 2022, Proc. SPIE, 12180, 1218033

Suárez Mascareño, A., Damasso, M., Lodieu, N., et al. 2021, NatAs, 6, 232

Swain, M. R., Vasisht, G., & Tinetti, G. 2008, arXiv:0802.1030

Swain, M. R., Estrela, R., Roudier, G. M., et al. 2021, AJ, 161, 213

Tennyson, J., Yurchenko, S. N., Al-Refaie, A. F., et al. 2016, JMoSp, 327, 73

Thorngren, D. P., Fortney, J. J., Murray-Clay, R. A., & Lopez, E. D. 2016, ApJ, 831, 64

Tinetti, G., Vidal-Madjar, A., Liang, M. -C., et al. 2007, Natur, 448, 169

Tinetti, G., Drossart, P., Eccleston, P., et al. 2018, ExA, 46, 135

Tinetti, G., Eccleston, P., Haswell, C., et al. 2021, arXiv:2104.04824

Todorov, K., Arcangeli, J., Baxter, C., et al. 2020, Water and Methane in a Juvenile Transiting Exoplanet, HST Proposal 16083, STScI

Torres, G., Winn, J. N., & Holman, M. J. 2008, ApJ, 677, 1324

Torres, G., Bakos, G. Á., Kovács, G., et al. 2007, ApJL, 666, L121

Triaud, A. H. M. J., Anderson, D. R., Collier Cameron, A., et al. 2013, A&A, 551, A80

Triaud, A. H. M. J., Gillon, M., Ehrenreich, D., et al. 2015, MNRAS, 450, 2279

Tsiaras, A., Waldmann, I., Rocchetto, M., et al. 2016a, pylightcurve: Exoplanet lightcurve model, Astrophysics Source Code Library, ascl:1612.018

Tsiaras, A., Waldmann, I. P., Rocchetto, M., et al. 2016b, ApJ, 832, 202

Tsiaras, A., Waldmann, I. P., Tinetti, G., Tennyson, J., & Yurchenko, S. N. 2019, NatAs, 3, 1086

Tsiaras, A., Rocchetto, M., Waldmann, I. P., et al. 2016c, ApJ, 820, 99

Tsiaras, A., Waldmann, I. P., Zingales, T., et al. 2018, AJ, 155, 156

Turner, J. D., Pearson, K. A., Biddle, L. I., et al. 2016, MNRAS, 459, 789

Turrini, D., Miguel, Y., Zingales, T., et al. 2018, ExA, 46, 45

Turrini, D., Schisano, E., Fonte, S., et al. 2021, ApJ, 909, 40

Van Eylen, V., Astudillo-Defru, N., Bonfils, X., et al. 2021, MNRAS, 507, 2154

Vanderburg, A., Bieryla, A., Duev, D. A., et al. 2016a, ApJL, 829, L9

Vanderburg, A., Becker, J. C., Kristiansen, M. H., et al. 2016b, ApJL, 827, L10

Venot, O., Hebrard, E., Agundez, M., Decin, L., & Bounaceur, R. 2015, A&A, 577, A33

Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T. E., et al. 2020, NatMe, 17, 261

Von Essen, C., Mallonn, M., Hermansen, S., et al. 2020, A&A, 637, A76

Wakeford, H., Batalha, N., Clampin, M., et al. 2017a, Definitive Measurement of WASP-17b's Water Abundance in Preparation for JWST, HST Proposal 14918, STScI

Wakeford, H. R., Wilson, T. J., Stevenson, K. B., & Lewis, N. K. 2019, RNAAS, 3, 7

Wakeford, H. R., Sing, D. K., Kataria, T., et al. 2017b, Sci, 356, 628

Wakeford, H. R., Sing, D. K., Deming, D., et al. 2018, AJ, 155, 29

Wang, J. J., Gao, P., Chilcote, J., et al. 2022, AJ, 164, 143

Wang, Y., Jiang, X., Yu, B., & Jiang, M. 2011, arXiv:1107.3351

Welbanks, L., Madhusudhan, N., Allard, N. F., et al. 2019, ApJL, 887, L20

Wende, S., Reiners, A., Seifahrt, A., & Bernath, P. F. 2010, A&A, 523, A58

West, R. G., Hellier, C., Almenara, J. -M., et al. 2016, A&A, 585, A126

Wilson, J., Gibson, N. P., Nikolov, N., et al. 2020, MNRAS, 497, 5155

Winn, J. N., Johnson, J. A., Peek, K. M. G., et al. 2007, ApJL, 665, L167

Woitke, P., Helling, C., Hunter, G. H., et al. 2018, A&A, 614, A1

Wolfgang, A., Rogers, L. A., & Ford, E. B. 2016, ApJ, 825, 19

Wong, I., Knutson, H. A., Kataria, T., et al. 2016, ApJ, 823, 122

Wong, I., Benneke, B., Shporer, A., et al. 2020, AJ, 159, 104

Yan, F., Espinoza, N., Molaverdikhani, K., et al. 2020, A&A, 642, A98

Yan, F., Reiners, A., Pallé, E., et al. 2022, A&A, 659, A7

Yip, K. H., Changeat, Q., Edwards, B., et al. 2021, AJ, 161, 1

Yip, K. H., Tsiaras, A., Waldmann, I. P., & Tinetti, G. 2020, AJ, 160, 171

Yurchenko, S. N., Barber, R. J., & Tennyson, J. 2011, MNRAS, 413, 1828

Yurchenko, S. N., & Tennyson, J. 2014, MNRAS, 440, 1649

Zhou, Y., Apai, D., Bedin, L. R., et al. 2020, AJ, 159, 140