on Project Performance.” *Construction Management and Economics* 40 (7-8): 618–637. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2022.2048042.

He, Z., R. Du, and K. Perlin. 2020. "Collabovr: A Reconfigurable Framework for Creative Collaboration in Virtual Reality." *Proc.* 2020 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR), IEEE, 542–554 https://doi.org/10.1109/ISMAR50242.2020.000821728185084.

Hosseini, M. R., M. Maghrebi, A. Akbarnezhad, I. Martek, and M. Arashpour. 2018. "Analysis of Citation Networks in Building Information Modeling Research." *Journal of Construction Engineering and Management* 144 (8): 04018064. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001492.

Hosseini, M. R., I. Martek, E. K. Zavadskas, A. A. Aibinu, M. Arashpour, and N. Chileshe. 2018. "Critical Evaluation of off-Site Construction Research: A Scientometric Analysis." *Automation in Construction* 87: 235–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2017.12.002.

Huang, L., R. Pradhan, S. Dutta, and Y. Cai. 2022. "BIM4D-Based Scheduling for Assembling and Lifting in Precast-Enabled Construction." *Automation in Construction* 133: 103999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2021.103999.

Huang, Y., A. Hammad, G. Torabi, A. Ghelmani, and M. Guevremont. 2021. "Towards near Real-Time Digital Twins of Construction Sites: Developing High LOD 4D Simulation Based on Computer Vision and RTLS." *Proc., ISARC. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction*, IAARC Publications, 248–255 https://doi.org/10.22260/ISARC2021/0036.

Javanmardi, A., S. A. Abbasian-Hosseini, M. Liu, and S. M. Hsiang. 2018. "Benefit of Cooperation among Subcontractors in Performing High-Reliable Planning." *Journal of Management in Engineering* 34 (2): 04017062. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000578

Jimenez Anders, V. B. 2022. "Scrum applied to a construction Small-Medium Enterprise." Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. http://hdl.handle.net/2117/372958.

Jongeling, R., J. Kim, M. Fischer, C. Mourgues, and T. Olofsson. 2008. "Quantitative Analysis of Workflow, Temporary Structure Usage, and Productivity Using 4D Models." *Automation in Construction* 17 (6): 780–791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2008.02.006.

Kandregula, S. K., and Le, T. 2020. "Investigating the Human Errors in 4D BIM Construction Scheduling." *Proc., Construction Research Congress 2020: Project Management and Controls*, Materials, and Contracts, American Society of Civil Engineers Reston, VA, 750–757 https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784482889.079.

Kang, J. H., S. D. Anderson, and M. J. Clayton. 2007. "Empirical Study on the Merit of Web-Based 4D Visualization in Collaborative Construction Planning and Scheduling." *Journal of Construction Engineering and Management* 133 (6): 447–461. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2007)133:6(447).

Khan, A., S. Sepasgozar, T. Liu, and R. Yu. 2021. "Integration of BIM and Immersive Technologies for AEC: A scientometric-SWOT Analysis and Critical Content Review." *Buildings* 11 (3): 126. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11030126.

Khataei, S., A. Akcamete, and R. Sonmez. 2020. "4D BIM Integrated Productivity Estimation of Construction Projects." *6th International Project and Construction Management Conference (IPCMC2020)*, Istanbul, Turkey.

Kim, W.-G., N. Ham, and J.-J. Kim. 2021. "Enhanced Subcontractors Allocation for Apartment Construction Project Applying Conceptual 4d Digital Twin Framework." *Sustainability* 13 (21): 11784. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132111784.

Koolwijk, J. S. J., C. J. van Oel, J. W. F. Wamelink, and R. Vrijhoef. 2018. "Collaboration and Integration in Project-Based Supply Chains in the Construction Industry." *Journal of Management in Engineering* 34 (3): 04018001. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000592.

Korb, S., and R. Sacks. 2021. "Agent-Based Simulation of General Contractor-Subcontractor Interactions in a Multiproject Environment." *Journal of Construction Engineering and Management* 147 (1): 04020151. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001944.

Li, B., S. Austin, and T. Thorpe. 2006. "Management and Planning of a Collaborative Construction Planning Process." The International Conference on Asia-European Sustainable Urban Development China. https://repository.lboro.ac.uk/account/articles/9437369.

Lin, J. J., and M. Golparvar-Fard. 2016. "Web-Based 4D Visual Production Models for Decentralized Work Tracking and Information Communication on Construction Sites." *Proc.* Construction Research Congress 2016, 1731–1741 https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784479827.173.

Lin, J. J., and M. Golparvar-Fard. 2017. "Proactive Construction Project Controls via Predictive Visual Data Analytics." Computing in Civil Engineering 2017, 147–154 https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784480830.019.

Lin, Y. 2022. "Social Media for Collaborative Planning: A Typology of Support Functions and Challenges." *Cities* 125: 103641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103641.

Ma, H., H. Zhang, and P. Chang. 2020. "4D-Based Workspace Conflict Detection in Prefabricated Building Constructions." *Journal of Construction Engineering and Management* 146 (9): 04020112. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001883.

Ming, X. G., J. Q. Yan, X. Wang, S. Li, W. F. Lu, Q. Peng, and Y. Ma. 2008. "Collaborative Process Planning and Manufacturing in Product Lifecycle Management." *Computers in Industry* 59 (2-3): 154–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2007.06.012.

Mirzaei, A., F. Nasizadeh, M. Parchami Jalal, and Y. Zamani. 2018. "4D-BIM Dynamic Time-Space Conflict Detection and Quantification System for Building Construction Projects." *Journal of Construction Engineering and Management* 144 (7): 04018056. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001504.

Momade, M. H., S. Shahid, G. Falah, D. Syamsunur, and D. Estrella. 2023. "Review of Construction Labor Productivity Factors from a Geographical Standpoint." *International Journal of Construction Management* 23 (4): 697–707. https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2021.1917285.

Olivieri, H., O. Seppänen, T. d C. Alves, N. M. Scala, V. Schiavone, M. Liu, and A. D. Granja. 2019. "Survey Comparing Critical Path Method, Last Planner System, and Location-Based Techniques." *Journal of Construction Engineering and Management* 145 (12): 04019077. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001644.

Olivieri, H., O. Seppänen, and A. Peltokorpi. 2017. "Real-Time Tracking of Production Control: Requirements and Solutions." *Proc. Lean & Computing in Construction Congress (LC3)*, 671–678 https://doi.org/10.24928/2017/0177.

Peñaloza, G. A., D. D. Viana, F. S. Bataglin, C. T. Formoso, and I. R. Bulhões. 2016. "Guidelines for Integrated Production Control in Engineer-to-Order Prefabricated Concrete Building Systems: Preliminary Results." *Proc., Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction*, Boston, MA, USA, 18–24.

Pérez, C. T., and D. Bastos Costa. 2021. "Increasing Production Efficiency through the Reduction of Transportation Activities and Time Using 4D BIM Simulations." *Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management* 28 (8): 2222–2247. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-02-2020-0132.

Poudel, R., B. Garcia de Soto, and E. Martinez. 2020. "Last Planner System and Scrum: Comparative Analysis and Suggestions for Adjustments." *Frontiers of Engineering Management* 7 (3): 359–372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42524-020-0117-1.

Pourrahimian, E., L. Shehab, and F. Hamzeh. 2023. "Investigating and Simulating Collaboration among the Lps Phases." 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31), 929–941 https://doi.org/10.24928/2023/0174.

Pratama, L. A. 2015. "Immersive Virtual Reality Prototype for Evaluating 4D CAD Model." In *Master of Science in Construction Management*. Seattle, WA: University of Washington. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/33484.

Priven, V., and R. Sacks. 2016. "Impacts of the Social Subcontract and Last Planner System Interventions on the Trade-Crew Workflows of Multistory Residential Construction Projects." *Journal of Construction Engineering and Management* 142 (7): 04016013. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001102.

Rashed, A., and I. Mutis. 2023. "Trends of Integrated Project Delivery Implementations Viewed from an Emerging Innovation Framework." *Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management* 30 (3): 989–1014. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-06-2021-0516.

Rashidi, A., W. Y. Yong, D. Maxwell, and Y. Fang. 2022. "Construction Planning through 4D BIM-Based Virtual Reality for Light Steel Framing Building Projects." *Smart and Sustainable Built Environment* 12 (5): 1153–1173. https://doi.org/10.1108/SASBE-06-2022-0127.
<figure><img src="image_45.png" /></figure>

Ratajczak, J., C. P. Schimanski, C. Marcher, M. Riedl, and D. T. Matt. 2018. "Collaborative Tool for the Construction Site to Enhance Lean Project Delivery." Proc., Cooperative Design, Visualization, and Engineering: 15th International Conference, CDVE 2018, Hangzhou, China, October 21-24, 2018, Proceedings 15, Springer, 192-199 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00560-3_26.3030005593.

Rebai, S., O. Hamdi, S. BuHamdan, Z. Lafhaj, and P. Yim. 2022. "AWP for Residential Buildings to Modular Construction: A Proposed Framework." *Modular and Offsite Construction (MOC) Summit Proceedings 2022:* 50-57. https://doi.org/10.29173/mocs264.

Retik, A., and A. Shapira. 1999. "VR-Based Planning of Construction Site Activities." *Automation in Construction* 8 (6): 671-680. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-5805(98)00113-7.

Ribeiro, F. S., and D. B. Costa. 2018. "Last Planner System: Implementation and Evaluation with Focus on the Phase Schedule." Proc., 26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC), Chennai, India. https://doi.org/10.24928/2018/0411.

Romigh, A., J. Kim, and A. Sattineni. 2017. "4D Scheduling: A Visualization Tool for Construction Field Operations." Proc. 53rd ASC Annual International Conference Proceedings, 395-404.

Roupé, M., M. Johansson, L. Maftei, R. Lundstedt, and M. Viklund-Tallgren. 2020. "Virtual Collaborative Design Environment: Supporting Seamless Integration of Multitouch Table and Immersive VR." *Journal of Construction Engineering and Management* 146 (12): 04020132. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001935.

Sacks, R., R. Barak, B. Belaciano, U. Gurevich, and E. Pikas. 2013. "KanBIM Workflow Management System: Prototype implementation and field testing." *Lean Construction Journal* https://leanconstruction.org/resOURCES/lean-construction-journal/lcj-back-issues/2013-issue/.

Sakikhales, M. 2021. "Nonlinear Project Management: Agile, Scrum and Kanban for the Construction Industry." *Industry 4.0 for the Built Environment: Methodologies, Technologies and Skills*, 227-246. Switzerland: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82430-3_10.

Salhab, D., K. Noueihed, A. Fayek, F. Hamzeh, and R. Ahuja. 2021. "A Framework for Implementing the Last Planner® System in a Virtual Environment." *Proc., Proc.* 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC), 75-84 https://doi.org/10.24928/2021/0179.

Scala, N. M., Liu, M. Alves, T. d C. L. Schiavone, V, and Hawkins, D. 2022. "The Gold Standard: developing a Maturity Model to Assess Collaborative Scheduling." *Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management* 30 (4): 1636-1656. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-07-2021-0609.

Schiavi, B., V. Havard, K. Beddiar, and D. Baudry. 2022. "A VR Training Scenario Editor for Operation in Construction Based on BIM 4D and Domain Expert Authoring." *Smart and Sustainable Built Environment* 12 (5): 1074-1089. https://doi.org/10.1108/SASBE-06-2022-0125.

Schimanski, C. P., C. Marcher, P. Dallasega, E. Marengo, C. Follini, A. U. Rahman, A. Revolti, W. Nutt, and D. Matt. 2018. "Promoting Collaborative Construction process management by Means of a Normalized Workload Approach." *Proc.* 26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC), González, VA("ed."), Chennai, India, 764-774. https://doi.org/10.24928/2018/0488.

Sheikhkhoshkar, M., H. Bril El Haouzi, A. Aubry, and F. Hamzeh. 2024. "An Advanced Exploration of Functionalities as the Underlying Principles of Construction Control Metrics." *Smart and Sustainable Built Environment* 13 (3): 644-676. https://doi.org/10.1108/SASBE-12-2023-0379.

Sheikhkhoshkar, M., H. B. El-Haouzi, A. Aubry, and F. Hamzeh. 2023. "Functionality as a Key Concept for Integrated Project Planning and Scheduling Methods." *Journal of Construction Engineering and Management* 149 (7):27. https://doi.org/10.1061/JCEMD4/COENG-13427.

Sheikhkhoshkar, M., H. B. El-Haouzi, A. Aubry, F. Hamzeh, and M. Poshdar. 2023. "Analyzing the Lean Principles in Integrated Planning and Scheduling Methods." *Proc.* 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction, IGLC31, 1196-1207 https://doi.org/10.24928/2023/0159.

Sheikhkhoshkar, M., F. P. Rahimian, M. H. Kaveh, M. R. Hosseini, and D. J. Edwards. 2019. "Automated Planning of Concrete Joint Layouts with 4D-BIM." *Automation in Construction* 107: 102943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2019.102943.

Shelbourn, M., N. Bouchlaghem, C. Anumba, and P. Carrillo. 2007. "Planning and Implementation of Effective Collaboration in Construction Projects." *Construction Innovation* 7 (4): 357-377. https://doi.org/10.1108/14714170710780101.

Srijprasert, E., and N. Dawood. 2003. "Multi-Constraint Information Management and Visualisation for Collaborative Planning and Control in Construction." *Journal of Information Technology in Construction* 8: 341-366. http://www.itcon.org/2003/25.

Strelzoff, A., and T. Sulbaran. 2008. "Transformation of a Collaborative Virtual Reality Environment for Construction Scheduling to Help Individual with Mental Health Issues." Proc. 2008 38th Annual Frontiers in Education Conference, IEEE, S4J-13-S14J-18 1424419697. https://doi.org/10.1109/FIE.2008.4720671.

Su, X., and H. Cai. 2016. "Enabling Construction 4D Topological Analysis for Effective Construction Planning." *Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering* 30 (1): 04014123. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000463.

Su, X., and H. Cai. 2018. "A Graphical Planning Method for Workspace-Aware, Four-Dimensional Modeling to Assist Effective Construction Planning." *Journal of Information Technology in Construction* 23 (Jan): 340-353. http://www.itcon.org/2018/17.

Tallgren, M. V., M. Johansson, and M. Roupé. 2022. "Developing Support for BIM-Based Takt Time Schedules for Production Control." *Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Construction Applications of Virtual RealityChung-Ang University, South Korea.*

Tallgren, M. V., M. Roupé, and M. Johansson. 2021. "4D Modelling Using Virtual Collaborative Planning and Scheduling." *Journal of Information Technology in Construction* 26 (42): 763-782. https://doi.org/10.36680/j.itcon.2021.042.

Tomar, A., and V. Bansal. 2022. "Generation, Visualization, and Evaluation Schedule of Repetitive Construction Projects Using GIS." *International Journal of Construction Management* 22 (6): 1104-1119. https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2019.1683691.

Torres-Calderon, W., Y. Chi, F. Amer, M. Golparvar-Fard, and V. A. Reston. 2019. "Automated Mining of Construction Schedules for Easy and Quick Assembly of 4D BIM Simulations." *Computing in Civil Engineering* 2019: Visualization, Information Modeling, and Simulation, American Society of Civil Engineers 432-438 https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784482421.055.

Truong, P., K. Hölttä-Otto, P. Becerril, R. Turtiainen, and S. Siltanen. 2021. "Multi-User Virtual Reality for Remote Collaboration in Construction Projects: A Case Study with High-Rise Elevator Machine Room Planning." *Electronics* 10 (22): 2806. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10222806.

Verheij, H., and G. Augenbroe. 2006. "Collaborative Planning of AEC Projects and Partnerships." *Automation in Construction* 15 (4): 428-437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2005.06.011.

Viklund Tallgren, M., M. Roupé, M. Johansson, and P. Bosch-Sijtsema. 2020. "BIM-Tool Development Enhancing Collaborative Scheduling for Pre-Construction." *Journal of Information Technology in Construction* 25: 374-397. https://doi.org/10.36680/j.itcon.2020.022.

Von Heyl, J., and J. Teizer. 2017. "Lean Production Controlling and Tracking Using Digital Methods." *Proc., Proceedings of the 25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction*, Heraklion, Greece, 9-12. https://doi.org/10.24928/2017/0238.

Wang, L., A. Y. C. Nee, A. Y. C. Nee, and L. Wang. 2009. *Collaborative Design and Planning for Digital Manufacturing*. London: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-287-0.

Wilkinson, P. 2005. *Construction Collaboration Technologies: The Extranet Evolution*. Kirjastus: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203004791.

Wu, B., Q. Gu, Z. Liu, and J. Liu. 2023. "Clustered Institutional Investors, Shared ESG Preferences and Low-Carbon Innovation in Family Firm." *Technological Forecasting and Social Change* 194: 122676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122676.

Wu, C., X. Wang, P. Wu, J. Wang, R. Jiang, M. Chen, and M. Swapan. 2021. "Hybrid Deep Learning Model for Automating Constraint Modelling in Advanced Working Packaging." *Automation in Construction* 127: 103733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2021.103733.

Yang, B., M. Dong, C. Wang, B. Liu, Z. Wang, and B. Zhang. 2021. "IFC-Based 4D Construction Management Information Model of
<figure><img src="image_45.png" /></figure>

Ratajczak, J., C. P. Schimanski, C. Marcher, M. Riedl, and D. T. Matt. 2018. "Collaborative Tool for the Construction Site to Enhance Lean Project Delivery." Proc., Cooperative Design, Visualization, and Engineering: 15th International Conference, CDVE 2018, Hangzhou, China, October 21-24, 2018, Proceedings 15, Springer, 192-199 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00560-3_26.3030005593.

Rebai, S., O. Hamdi, S. BuHamdan, Z. Lafhaj, and P. Yim. 2022. "AWP for Residential Buildings to Modular Construction: A Proposed Framework." *Modular and Offsite Construction (MOC) Summit Proceedings 2022:* 50-57. https://doi.org/10.29173/mocs264.

Retik, A., and A. Shapira. 1999. "VR-Based Planning of Construction Site Activities." *Automation in Construction* 8 (6): 671-680. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-5805(98)00113-7.

Ribeiro, F. S., and D. B. Costa. 2018. "Last Planner System: Implementation and Evaluation with Focus on the Phase Schedule." Proc., 26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC), Chennai, India. https://doi.org/10.24928/2018/0411.

Romigh, A., J. Kim, and A. Sattineni. 2017. "4D Scheduling: A Visualization Tool for Construction Field Operations." Proc. 53rd ASC Annual International Conference Proceedings, 395-404.

Roupé, M., M. Johansson, L. Maftei, R. Lundstedt, and M. Viklund-Tallgren. 2020. "Virtual Collaborative Design Environment: Supporting Seamless Integration of Multitouch Table and Immersive VR." *Journal of Construction Engineering and Management* 146 (12): 04020132. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001935.

Sacks, R., R. Barak, B. Belaciano, U. Gurevich, and E. Pikas. 2013. "KanBIM Workflow Management System: Prototype implementation and field testing." *Lean Construction Journal* https://leanconstruction.org/resOURCES/lean-construction-journal/lcj-back-issues/2013-issue/.

Sakikhales, M. 2021. "Nonlinear Project Management: Agile, Scrum and Kanban for the Construction Industry." *Industry 4.0 for the Built Environment: Methodologies, Technologies and Skills*, 227-246. Switzerland: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82430-3_10.

Salhab, D., K. Noueihed, A. Fayek, F. Hamzeh, and R. Ahuja. 2021. "A Framework for Implementing the Last Planner® System in a Virtual Environment." *Proc., Proc.* 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC), 75-84 https://doi.org/10.24928/2021/0179.

Scala, N. M., Liu, M. Alves, T. d. C. L. Schiavone, V., and Hawkins, D. 2022. "The Gold Standard: developing a Maturity Model to Assess Collaborative Scheduling." *Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management* 30 (4): 1636-1656. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-07-2021-0609.

Schiavi, B., V. Havard, K. Beddiar, and D. Baudry. 2022. "A VR Training Scenario Editor for Operation in Construction Based on BIM 4D and Domain Expert Authoring." *Smart and Sustainable Built Environment* 12 (5): 1074-1089. https://doi.org/10.1108/SASBE-06-2022-0125.

Schimanski, C. P., C. Marcher, P. Dallasega, E. Marengo, C. Follini, A. U. Rahman, A. Revolti, W. Nutt, and D. Matt. 2018. "Promoting Collaborative Construction process management by Means of a Normalized Workload Approach." *Proc.* 26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC), González, VA("ed."), Chennai, India, 764-774. https://doi.org/10.24928/2018/0488.

Sheikhkhoshkar, M., H. Bril El Haouzi, A. Aubry, and F. Hamzeh. 2024. "An Advanced Exploration of Functionalities as the Underlying Principles of Construction Control Metrics." *Smart and Sustainable Built Environment* 13 (3): 644-676. https://doi.org/10.1108/SASBE-12-2023-0379.

Sheikhkhoshkar, M., H. B. El-Haouzi, A. Aubry, and F. Hamzeh. 2023. "Functionality as a Key Concept for Integrated Project Planning and Scheduling Methods." *Journal of Construction Engineering and Management* 149 (7):27. https://doi.org/10.1061/JCEMD4/COENG-13427.

Sheikhkhoshkar, M., H. B. El-Haouzi, A. Aubry, F. Hamzeh, and M. Poshdar. 2023. "Analyzing the Lean Principles in Integrated Planning and Scheduling Methods." *Proc.* 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction, IGLC31, 1196-1207 https://doi.org/10.24928/2023/0159.

Sheikhkhoshkar, M., F. P. Rahimian, M. H. Kaveh, M. R. Hosseini, and D. J. Edwards. 2019. "Automated Planning of Concrete Joint Layouts with 4D-BIM." *Automation in Construction* 107: 102943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2019.102943.

Shelbourn, M., N. Bouchlaghem, C. Anumba, and P. Carrillo. 2007. "Planning and Implementation of Effective Collaboration in Construction Projects." *Construction Innovation* 7 (4): 357-377. https://doi.org/10.1108/14714170710780101.

Srijprasert, E., and N. Dawood. 2003. "Multi-Constraint Information Management and Visualisation for Collaborative Planning and Control in Construction." *Journal of Information Technology in Construction* 8: 341-366. http://www.itcon.org/2003/25.

Strelzoff, A., and T. Sulbaran. 2008. "Transformation of a Collaborative Virtual Reality Environment for Construction Scheduling to Help Individual with Mental Health Issues." Proc. 2008 38th Annual Frontiers in Education Conference, IEEE, S4J-13-S14J-18 1424419697. https://doi.org/10.1109/FIE.2008.4720671.

Su, X., and H. Cai. 2016. "Enabling Construction 4D Topological Analysis for Effective Construction Planning." *Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering* 30 (1): 04014123. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000463.

Su, X., and H. Cai. 2018. "A Graphical Planning Method for Workspace-Aware, Four-Dimensional Modeling to Assist Effective Construction Planning." *Journal of Information Technology in Construction* 23 (Jan): 340-353. http://www.itcon.org/2018/17.

Tallgren, M. V., M. Johansson, and M. Roupé. 2022. "Developing Support for BIM-Based Takt Time Schedules for Production Control." *Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Construction Applications of Virtual RealityChung-Ang University, South Korea.*

Tallgren, M. V., M. Roupé, and M. Johansson. 2021. "4D Modelling Using Virtual Collaborative Planning and Scheduling." *Journal of Information Technology in Construction* 26 (42): 763-782. https://doi.org/10.36680/j.itcon.2021.042.

Tomar, A., and V. Bansal. 2022. "Generation, Visualization, and Evaluation Schedule of Repetitive Construction Projects Using GIS." *International Journal of Construction Management* 22 (6): 1104-1119. https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2019.1683691.

Torres-Calderon, W., Y. Chi, F. Amer, M. Golparvar-Fard, and V. A. Reston. 2019. "Automated Mining of Construction Schedules for Easy and Quick Assembly of 4D BIM Simulations." *Computing in Civil Engineering* 2019: Visualization, Information Modeling, and Simulation, American Society of Civil Engineers 432-438 https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784482421.055.

Truong, P., K. Hölttä-Otto, P. Becerril, R. Turtiainen, and S. Siltanen. 2021. "Multi-User Virtual Reality for Remote Collaboration in Construction Projects: A Case Study with High-Rise Elevator Machine Room Planning." *Electronics* 10 (22): 2806. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10222806.

Verheij, H., and G. Augenbroe. 2006. "Collaborative Planning of AEC Projects and Partnerships." *Automation in Construction* 15 (4): 428-437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2005.06.011.

Viklund Tallgren, M., M. Roupé, M. Johansson, and P. Bosch-Sijtsema. 2020. "BIM-Tool Development Enhancing Collaborative Scheduling for Pre-Construction." *Journal of Information Technology in Construction* 25: 374-397. https://doi.org/10.36680/j.itcon.2020.022.

Von Heyl, J., and J. Teizer. 2017. "Lean Production Controlling and Tracking Using Digital Methods." *Proc., Proceedings of the 25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction*, Heraklion, Greece, 9-12. https://doi.org/10.24928/2017/0238.

Wang, L., A. Y. C. Nee, A. Y. C. Nee, and L. Wang. 2009. *Collaborative Design and Planning for Digital Manufacturing*. London: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-287-0.

Wilkinson, P. 2005. *Construction Collaboration Technologies: The Extranet Evolution*. Kirjastus: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203004791.

Wu, B., Q. Gu, Z. Liu, and J. Liu. 2023. "Clustered Institutional Investors, Shared ESG Preferences and Low-Carbon Innovation in Family Firm." *Technological Forecasting and Social Change* 194: 122676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122676.

Wu, C., X. Wang, P. Wu, J. Wang, R. Jiang, M. Chen, and M. Swapan. 2021. "Hybrid Deep Learning Model for Automating Constraint Modelling in Advanced Working Packaging." *Automation in Construction* 127: 103733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2021.103733.

Yang, B., M. Dong, C. Wang, B. Liu, Z. Wang, and B. Zhang. 2021. "IFC-Based 4D Construction Management Information Model of
<figure><img src="image_46.png" /></figure>

Prefabricated Buildings and Its Application in Graph Database." *Applied Sciences* 11 (16): 7270. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11167270.

Yerrapathruni, S., J. I. Messner, A. J. Baratta, and M. J. Horman. 2003. "Using 4 D CAD and immersive virtual environments to improve construction planning." Pennsylvania State University https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253968162.

Zegarra, O., and L. F. Alarcón. 2015. "A Production Control Tool for Coordination of Teams, Meetings and Managerial Processes." *Igic* 23: 113.

Zhao, N., and S. An. 2016. "Collaborative Management of Complex Major Construction Projects: Anylogic-Based Simulation Modelling." *Discrete*

Dynamics in Nature and Society 2016: 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/6195673.

Zhou, W., P. Georgakis, D. Heesom, and X. Feng. 2012. "Model-Based Groupware Solution for Distributed Real-Time Collaborative 4D Planning through Teamwork." *Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering* 26 (5): 597–611. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000153.

Zhou, Wei., David Heesom, Panagiotis Georgakis, and Joseph H.m. Tah. 2014. "User-Centred Design for Collaborative 4D Modelling." *Construction Innovation* 14 (4): 493–517. https://doi.org/10.1108/CI-01-2014-0008.

Appendix A

<table><caption>Table A. The results of normalized score and DC for each functionality in each matrix.</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="3">This step is to compare the results of SNA with Simplified Analysis</th><th colspan="2">Using Simplified Analysis</th><th colspan="2">Using SNA</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2">Normalised score</th><th colspan="2">Normalised DC</th></tr><tr><th>Matrix C</th><th>Matrix T</th><th>Network C</th><th>Network T</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Code</td><td>Functionalities</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>F1</td><td>Allowing just-in-time (JIT) purchasing and delivery of material</td><td>0.083</td><td>0.040</td><td>0.042</td><td>0.019</td></tr><tr><td>F2</td><td>Allowing the interactions of multiple team professionals and stakeholders in a common environment.</td><td>0.500</td><td>0.400</td><td>0.250</td><td>0.456</td></tr><tr><td>F3</td><td>Assisting in reducing waste</td><td>0.667</td><td>0.440</td><td>0.792</td><td>0.381</td></tr><tr><td>F4</td><td>Automated planning of concrete joint layouts</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.040</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.063</td></tr><tr><td>F5</td><td>Automatic generation of the as-built real-time 4D simulation</td><td>0.167</td><td>0.080</td><td>0.354</td><td>0.131</td></tr><tr><td>F6</td><td>Better flow of information</td><td>0.167</td><td>0.200</td><td>0.094</td><td>0.225</td></tr><tr><td>F7</td><td>Constructability evaluation</td><td>0.083</td><td>0.600</td><td>0.156</td><td>0.563</td></tr><tr><td>F8</td><td>Continuous improvement process</td><td>1.000</td><td>0.120</td><td>0.938</td><td>0.100</td></tr><tr><td>F9</td><td>Continuous learning</td><td>0.333</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.531</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>F10</td><td>Creativity, option generation, and innovation</td><td>0.333</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.365</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>F11</td><td>Decentralized work tracking and information communication on construction sites</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.160</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.169</td></tr><tr><td>F12</td><td>Detected more logical errors, more accurately, and faster, with less need for intrateam communication</td><td>0.167</td><td>0.400</td><td>0.146</td><td>0.381</td></tr><tr><td>F13</td><td>Dynamic collision detection and spatial-temporal conflict analysis</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.480</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.531</td></tr><tr><td>F14</td><td>Early involvement of key project stakeholders</td><td>0.250</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.281</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>F15</td><td>Easing of access and low training time</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.160</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.206</td></tr><tr><td>F16</td><td>Effective supply chain practices</td><td>0.250</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.104</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>F17</td><td>Empowering automated project progress monitoring</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.560</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.600</td></tr><tr><td>F18</td><td>Enabling lean construction adoption and situation awareness</td><td>0.167</td><td>0.080</td><td>0.188</td><td>0.081</td></tr><tr><td>F19</td><td>Enabling project performance prediction</td><td>0.333</td><td>0.120</td><td>0.240</td><td>0.169</td></tr><tr><td>F20</td><td>Enabling real-time collaborative 4D planning to gain a robust construction plan</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.080</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.075</td></tr><tr><td>F21</td><td>Enabling real-time communication with workers</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.080</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.106</td></tr><tr><td>F22</td><td>Enabling real-time tracking in construction site</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.120</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.194</td></tr><tr><td>F23</td><td>Enabling value management/engineering</td><td>0.083</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.156</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>F24</td><td>Enhancing transparency</td><td>0.750</td><td>0.080</td><td>0.719</td><td>0.106</td></tr><tr><td>F25</td><td>Experiencing and reviewing scheduled sequences on a 1:1 scale</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.240</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.344</td></tr><tr><td>F26</td><td>Facilitating communication with subcontractors</td><td>0.500</td><td>0.200</td><td>0.573</td><td>0.300</td></tr><tr><td>F27</td><td>Fosters the convergence of 4D uses with project documents</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.080</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.100</td></tr><tr><td>F28</td><td>Generating real-time interactive project visualisation</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.160</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.225</td></tr><tr><td>F29</td><td>Aligning goals with owner</td><td>0.500</td><td>0.040</td><td>0.458</td><td>0.075</td></tr><tr><td>F30</td><td>Higher sense of immersion and interaction</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.320</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.425</td></tr><tr><td>F31</td><td>Highlighting the importance of short-term planning at crew level</td><td>0.417</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.552</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>F32</td><td>Identifying possible optimizations</td><td>0.167</td><td>0.160</td><td>0.104</td><td>0.150</td></tr><tr><td>F33</td><td>Identifying time-space conflicts</td><td>0.083</td><td>0.600</td><td>0.156</td><td>0.438</td></tr><tr><td>F34</td><td>Improving alignment of engineering & procurement with construction and commissioning</td><td>0.250</td><td>0.040</td><td>0.115</td><td>0.088</td></tr><tr><td>F35</td><td>Improving collaborative sensemaking</td><td>0.417</td><td>0.120</td><td>0.427</td><td>0.106</td></tr><tr><td>F36</td><td>Improving communication and teamworking between the project team</td><td>0.583</td><td>1.000</td><td>0.625</td><td>1.000</td></tr><tr><td>F37</td><td>Improving decision making among geographically dispersed industry practitioners</td><td>0.167</td><td>0.160</td><td>0.188</td><td>0.194</td></tr><tr><td>F38</td><td>Improving engineering curriculum</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.240</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.256</td></tr><tr><td>F39</td><td>Improving organisational agility</td><td>0.333</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.229</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>F40</td><td>Improving role description and responsibilities</td><td>0.167</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.135</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>F41</td><td>Improving safety management on site</td><td>0.083</td><td>0.800</td><td>0.063</td><td>0.794</td></tr><tr><td>F42</td><td>Improving the involvement and the commitment of all the professional groups</td><td>0.667</td><td>0.120</td><td>0.750</td><td>0.138</td></tr><tr><td>F43</td><td>Increasing the work-flow reliability onsite</td><td>0.583</td><td>0.200</td><td>0.583</td><td>0.206</td></tr><tr><td>F44</td><td>Maintaining a workable backlog</td><td>0.167</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.250</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>F45</td><td>Making decision under a user-centric approach</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.120</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.138</td></tr><tr><td>F46</td><td>Monitoring worker motion and worker location</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.080</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.144</td></tr><tr><td>F47</td><td>More efficient resources management.</td><td>0.417</td><td>0.440</td><td>0.552</td><td>0.381</td></tr><tr><td>F48</td><td>More natural and industry-adapted interactions during a collaboration session</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.160</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.181</td></tr><tr><td>F49</td><td>Moving participants from passive receivers of a schedules to active contributors to the schedule</td><td>0.250</td><td>0.320</td><td>0.167</td><td>0.256</td></tr><tr><td>F50</td><td>Permitting real-time virtual collaboration for stakeholders from different locations</td><td>0.083</td><td>0.240</td><td>0.083</td><td>0.294</td></tr><tr><td>F51</td><td>Providing predictive control/monitoring method to make the best decisions with forwarding simulation</td><td>0.083</td><td>0.200</td><td>0.094</td><td>0.231</td></tr></tbody></table>

(continued)
<figure><img src="image_46.png" /></figure>

Prefabricated Buildings and Its Application in Graph Database." *Applied Sciences* 11 (16): 7270. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11167270.

Yerrapathruni, S., J. I. Messner, A. J. Baratta, and M. J. Horman. 2003. "Using 4 D CAD and immersive virtual environments to improve construction planning." Pennsylvania State University https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253968162.

Zegarra, O., and L. F. Alarcón. 2015. "A Production Control Tool for Coordination of Teams, Meetings and Managerial Processes." *Iglc* 23: 113.

Zhao, N., and S. An. 2016. "Collaborative Management of Complex Major Construction Projects: Anylogic-Based Simulation Modelling." *Discrete*

Dynamics in Nature and Society 2016: 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/6195673.

Zhou, W., P. Georgakis, D. Heesom, and X. Feng. 2012. "Model-Based Groupware Solution for Distributed Real-Time Collaborative 4D Planning through Teamwork." *Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering* 26 (5): 597–611. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000153.

Zhou, Wei., David Heesom, Panagiotis Georgakis, and Joseph H.m. Tah. 2014. "User-Centred Design for Collaborative 4D Modelling." *Construction Innovation* 14 (4): 493–517. https://doi.org/10.1108/CI-01-2014-0008.

Appendix A

<table><caption>Table A. The results of normalized score and DC for each functionality in each matrix.</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="3">This step is to compare the results of SNA with Simplified Analysis</th><th colspan="2">Using Simplified Analysis</th><th colspan="2">Using SNA</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2">Normalised score</th><th colspan="2">Normalised DC</th></tr><tr><th>Matrix C</th><th>Matrix T</th><th>Network C</th><th>Network T</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Code</td><td>Functionalities</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>F1</td><td>Allowing just-in-time (JIT) purchasing and delivery of material</td><td>0.083</td><td>0.040</td><td>0.042</td><td>0.019</td></tr><tr><td>F2</td><td>Allowing the interactions of multiple team professionals and stakeholders in a common environment.</td><td>0.500</td><td>0.400</td><td>0.250</td><td>0.456</td></tr><tr><td>F3</td><td>Assisting in reducing waste</td><td>0.667</td><td>0.440</td><td>0.792</td><td>0.381</td></tr><tr><td>F4</td><td>Automated planning of concrete joint layouts</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.040</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.063</td></tr><tr><td>F5</td><td>Automatic generation of the as-built real-time 4D simulation</td><td>0.167</td><td>0.080</td><td>0.354</td><td>0.131</td></tr><tr><td>F6</td><td>Better flow of information</td><td>0.167</td><td>0.200</td><td>0.094</td><td>0.225</td></tr><tr><td>F7</td><td>Constructability evaluation</td><td>0.083</td><td>0.600</td><td>0.156</td><td>0.563</td></tr><tr><td>F8</td><td>Continuous improvement process</td><td>1.000</td><td>0.120</td><td>0.938</td><td>0.100</td></tr><tr><td>F9</td><td>Continuous learning</td><td>0.333</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.531</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>F10</td><td>Creativity, option generation, and innovation</td><td>0.333</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.365</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>F11</td><td>Decentralized work tracking and information communication on construction sites</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.160</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.169</td></tr><tr><td>F12</td><td>Detected more logical errors, more accurately, and faster, with less need for intrateam communication</td><td>0.167</td><td>0.400</td><td>0.146</td><td>0.381</td></tr><tr><td>F13</td><td>Dynamic collision detection and spatial-temporal conflict analysis</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.480</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.531</td></tr><tr><td>F14</td><td>Early involvement of key project stakeholders</td><td>0.250</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.281</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>F15</td><td>Easing of access and low training time</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.160</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.206</td></tr><tr><td>F16</td><td>Effective supply chain practices</td><td>0.250</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.104</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>F17</td><td>Empowering automated project progress monitoring</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.560</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.600</td></tr><tr><td>F18</td><td>Enabling lean construction adoption and situation awareness</td><td>0.167</td><td>0.080</td><td>0.188</td><td>0.081</td></tr><tr><td>F19</td><td>Enabling project performance prediction</td><td>0.333</td><td>0.120</td><td>0.240</td><td>0.169</td></tr><tr><td>F20</td><td>Enabling real-time collaborative 4D planning to gain a robust construction plan</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.080</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.075</td></tr><tr><td>F21</td><td>Enabling real-time communication with workers</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.080</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.106</td></tr><tr><td>F22</td><td>Enabling real-time tracking in construction site</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.120</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.194</td></tr><tr><td>F23</td><td>Enabling value management/engineering</td><td>0.083</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.156</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>F24</td><td>Enhancing transparency</td><td>0.750</td><td>0.080</td><td>0.719</td><td>0.106</td></tr><tr><td>F25</td><td>Experiencing and reviewing scheduled sequences on a 1:1 scale</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.240</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.344</td></tr><tr><td>F26</td><td>Facilitating communication with subcontractors</td><td>0.500</td><td>0.200</td><td>0.573</td><td>0.300</td></tr><tr><td>F27</td><td>Fosters the convergence of 4D uses with project documents</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.080</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.100</td></tr><tr><td>F28</td><td>Generating real-time interactive project visualisation</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.160</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.225</td></tr><tr><td>F29</td><td>Aligning goals with owner</td><td>0.500</td><td>0.040</td><td>0.458</td><td>0.075</td></tr><tr><td>F30</td><td>Higher sense of immersion and interaction</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.320</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.425</td></tr><tr><td>F31</td><td>Highlighting the importance of short-term planning at crew level</td><td>0.417</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.552</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>F32</td><td>Identifying possible optimizations</td><td>0.167</td><td>0.160</td><td>0.104</td><td>0.150</td></tr><tr><td>F33</td><td>Identifying time-space conflicts</td><td>0.083</td><td>0.600</td><td>0.156</td><td>0.438</td></tr><tr><td>F34</td><td>Improving alignment of engineering & procurement with construction and commissioning</td><td>0.250</td><td>0.040</td><td>0.115</td><td>0.088</td></tr><tr><td>F35</td><td>Improving collaborative sensemaking</td><td>0.417</td><td>0.120</td><td>0.427</td><td>0.106</td></tr><tr><td>F36</td><td>Improving communication and teamworking between the project team</td><td>0.583</td><td>1.000</td><td>0.625</td><td>1.000</td></tr><tr><td>F37</td><td>Improving decision making among geographically dispersed industry practitioners</td><td>0.167</td><td>0.160</td><td>0.188</td><td>0.194</td></tr><tr><td>F38</td><td>Improving engineering curriculum</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.240</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.256</td></tr><tr><td>F39</td><td>Improving organisational agility</td><td>0.333</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.229</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>F40</td><td>Improving role description and responsibilities</td><td>0.167</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.135</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>F41</td><td>Improving safety management on site</td><td>0.083</td><td>0.800</td><td>0.063</td><td>0.794</td></tr><tr><td>F42</td><td>Improving the involvement and the commitment of all the professional groups</td><td>0.667</td><td>0.120</td><td>0.750</td><td>0.138</td></tr><tr><td>F43</td><td>Increasing the work-flow reliability onsite</td><td>0.583</td><td>0.200</td><td>0.583</td><td>0.206</td></tr><tr><td>F44</td><td>Maintaining a workable backlog</td><td>0.167</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.250</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>F45</td><td>Making decision under a user-centric approach</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.120</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.138</td></tr><tr><td>F46</td><td>Monitoring worker motion and worker location</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.080</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.144</td></tr><tr><td>F47</td><td>More efficient resources management.</td><td>0.417</td><td>0.440</td><td>0.552</td><td>0.381</td></tr><tr><td>F48</td><td>More natural and industry-adapted interactions during a collaboration session</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.160</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.181</td></tr><tr><td>F49</td><td>Moving participants from passive receivers of a schedules to active contributors to the schedule</td><td>0.250</td><td>0.320</td><td>0.167</td><td>0.256</td></tr><tr><td>F50</td><td>Permitting real-time virtual collaboration for stakeholders from different locations</td><td>0.083</td><td>0.240</td><td>0.083</td><td>0.294</td></tr><tr><td>F51</td><td>Providing predictive control/monitoring method to make the best decisions with forwarding simulation</td><td>0.083</td><td>0.200</td><td>0.094</td><td>0.231</td></tr></tbody></table>

(continued)
<figure><img src="image_47.png" /><figcaption>Table A. Continued.</figcaption></figure>

<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="3">This step is to compare the results of SNA with Simplified Analysis</th><th colspan="2">Using Simplified Analysis</th><th colspan="2">Using SNA</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2">Normalised score</th><th colspan="2">Normalised DC</th></tr><tr><th>Matrix C</th><th>Matrix T</th><th>Network C</th><th>Network T</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Code</td><td>Functionalities</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>F52</td><td>Providing a digital equivalence to face-to-face communication in construction projects</td><td>0.083</td><td>0.200</td><td>0.083</td><td>0.238</td></tr><tr><td>F53</td><td>Providing better budget control</td><td>0.333</td><td>0.080</td><td>0.219</td><td>0.081</td></tr><tr><td>F54</td><td>Providing enhanced awareness of ongoing work</td><td>0.083</td><td>0.160</td><td>0.094</td><td>0.194</td></tr><tr><td>F55</td><td>Providing ergonomic interactions with the session workflow.</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.120</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.119</td></tr><tr><td>F56</td><td>Pull planning effectiveness</td><td>0.333</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.594</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>F57</td><td>Real-time safety monitoring</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.120</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.156</td></tr><tr><td>F58</td><td>Reducing information loss in data exchange</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.080</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.144</td></tr><tr><td>F59</td><td>Reducing the change orders during construction</td><td>0.167</td><td>0.080</td><td>0.083</td><td>0.144</td></tr><tr><td>F60</td><td>Reducing the impacts of potential causes of delay</td><td>0.167</td><td>0.080</td><td>0.094</td><td>0.063</td></tr><tr><td>F61</td><td>Reducing uncertainty and risk</td><td>0.750</td><td>0.320</td><td>0.927</td><td>0.388</td></tr><tr><td>F62</td><td>Reshaping an individual's cognitive determinants to influence collaboration throughout project delivery</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.200</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.225</td></tr><tr><td>F63</td><td>Safer learning environment</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.240</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.300</td></tr><tr><td>F64</td><td>Sharing the knowledge and lessons learned</td><td>0.333</td><td>0.080</td><td>0.542</td><td>0.100</td></tr><tr><td>F65</td><td>Site lay-out and environment management</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.440</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.394</td></tr><tr><td>F66</td><td>Solving disputes more efficiently</td><td>0.083</td><td>0.160</td><td>0.031</td><td>0.138</td></tr><tr><td>F67</td><td>Solving site logistic problems</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.360</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.369</td></tr><tr><td>F68</td><td>Supporting the learning and process of planning of offsite construction production challenges</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.360</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.288</td></tr><tr><td>F69</td><td>Supporting co-navigate, co-sort, co-plan, co-simulate and co-talk</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.200</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.231</td></tr><tr><td>F70</td><td>Supporting collaboration through social conversations</td><td>0.833</td><td>0.200</td><td>0.802</td><td>0.306</td></tr><tr><td>F71</td><td>Supporting multi-functional review meetings</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.200</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.244</td></tr><tr><td>F72</td><td>Supporting the trust and reliable promises among the team</td><td>0.833</td><td>0.000</td><td>1.000</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>F73</td><td>Systematic identification and removal of constraints</td><td>0.833</td><td>0.040</td><td>0.896</td><td>0.038</td></tr><tr><td>F74</td><td>Visualizing alternative construction sequences based on various what-if scenario</td><td>0.417</td><td>1.000</td><td>0.344</td><td>0.756</td></tr><tr><td>F75</td><td>Workspace planning</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.720</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.594</td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure><img src="image_47.png" /><figcaption>Table A. Continued.</figcaption></figure>

<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="3">This step is to compare the results of SNA with Simplified Analysis</th><th colspan="2">Using Simplified Analysis</th><th colspan="2">Using SNA</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2">Normalised score</th><th colspan="2">Normalised DC</th></tr><tr><th>Matrix C</th><th>Matrix T</th><th>Network C</th><th>Network T</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Code</td><td>Functionalities</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>F52</td><td>Providing a digital equivalence to face-to-face communication in construction projects</td><td>0.083</td><td>0.200</td><td>0.083</td><td>0.238</td></tr><tr><td>F53</td><td>Providing better budget control</td><td>0.333</td><td>0.080</td><td>0.219</td><td>0.081</td></tr><tr><td>F54</td><td>Providing enhanced awareness of ongoing work</td><td>0.083</td><td>0.160</td><td>0.094</td><td>0.194</td></tr><tr><td>F55</td><td>Providing ergonomic interactions with the session workflow.</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.120</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.119</td></tr><tr><td>F56</td><td>Pull planning effectiveness</td><td>0.333</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.594</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>F57</td><td>Real-time safety monitoring</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.120</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.156</td></tr><tr><td>F58</td><td>Reducing information loss in data exchange</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.080</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.144</td></tr><tr><td>F59</td><td>Reducing the change orders during construction</td><td>0.167</td><td>0.080</td><td>0.083</td><td>0.144</td></tr><tr><td>F60</td><td>Reducing the impacts of potential causes of delay</td><td>0.167</td><td>0.080</td><td>0.094</td><td>0.063</td></tr><tr><td>F61</td><td>Reducing uncertainty and risk</td><td>0.750</td><td>0.320</td><td>0.927</td><td>0.388</td></tr><tr><td>F62</td><td>Reshaping an individual's cognitive determinants to influence collaboration throughout project delivery</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.200</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.225</td></tr><tr><td>F63</td><td>Safer learning environment</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.240</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.300</td></tr><tr><td>F64</td><td>Sharing the knowledge and lessons learned</td><td>0.333</td><td>0.080</td><td>0.542</td><td>0.100</td></tr><tr><td>F65</td><td>Site lay-out and environment management</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.440</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.394</td></tr><tr><td>F66</td><td>Solving disputes more efficiently</td><td>0.083</td><td>0.160</td><td>0.031</td><td>0.138</td></tr><tr><td>F67</td><td>Solving site logistic problems</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.360</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.369</td></tr><tr><td>F68</td><td>Supporting the learning and process of planning of offsite construction production challenges</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.360</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.288</td></tr><tr><td>F69</td><td>Supporting co-navigate, co-sort, co-plan, co-simulate and co-talk</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.200</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.231</td></tr><tr><td>F70</td><td>Supporting collaboration through social conversations</td><td>0.833</td><td>0.200</td><td>0.802</td><td>0.306</td></tr><tr><td>F71</td><td>Supporting multi-functional review meetings</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.200</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.244</td></tr><tr><td>F72</td><td>Supporting the trust and reliable promises among the team</td><td>0.833</td><td>0.000</td><td>1.000</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>F73</td><td>Systematic identification and removal of constraints</td><td>0.833</td><td>0.040</td><td>0.896</td><td>0.038</td></tr><tr><td>F74</td><td>Visualizing alternative construction sequences based on various what-if scenario</td><td>0.417</td><td>1.000</td><td>0.344</td><td>0.756</td></tr><tr><td>F75</td><td>Workspace planning</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.720</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.594</td></tr></tbody></table>