# 9. BLEJSKI OTOK: ANTROPOLOŠKA ANALIZA

## 9. BLED ISLAND: ANTHROPOLOGICAL EXAMINATION

Petra LEBEN-SELJAK

Antropološka analiza okostij, izkopanih na Blejskem otoku v letih 1962–1965, je bila izdelana pred 25 leti po standardnih antroposkopskih in antropometričnih metodah (Martin, Saller 1957; Acsádi, Nemeskéri 1970; Chiarelli 1980; Krogman, Îşcan 1986; Îşcan, Kennedy 1989; Hauser, De Stefano 1989; Rogers, Waldron 1994; Hillson 1996). V okviru doktorske disertacije je bilo obdelanih 11 grobišč z Bleda in okolice (Leben-Seljak 1996): poleg Blejskega otoka še dve poznoantični nekropoli (Bled – Pristava I, Ajdna nad Potoki) in osem zgodnjesrednjeveških (Bled – Pristava II, Bled – Brdo, Bled – Grad, Žale pri Zasipu, Dlesc pri Bodeščah, Spodnje Gorje, Moste pri Žirovnici ter Smokuč).

Popis obdelanega skeletnega gradiva z Blejskega otoka je predstavljen v katalogu grobov (glej pogl. 9.7). Tu pa so povzeti glavni izsledki antropološke analize okostij iz tistih grobov, ki so bili po mnenju Vinka Šribarja zgodnjesrednjeveški: prva grobiščna skupina severno od cerkve (grobovi št. 1–64, po pomoti smo vključili tudi grob 65) ter druga grobiščna skupina na mestu današnje lope (grobovi št. 76–89, 92–96, 101–107). Prva ima v tej knjigi oznako grobiščna skupina G1 in je datirana med letoma 900 in 1010, druga skupina G4 je datirana okvirno med letoma 1030 in 1200.

### 9.1 ŠTEVILO SKELETOV

Za grobišče na Blejskem otoku so značilni razmeroma številni prekopi oziroma večkratna uporaba grobnih jam. Zaradi tega je bilo okostij nedvomno več, kot je bilo evidentiranih grobov. Kolikor toliko točno število okostij bi bilo mogoče določiti le, če bi bil že pri izkopa-vanjih na terenu navzoč antropolog. Ob poizkopavalni antropološki analizi pa le, če bi bilo gradivo intaktno, analiza pa zastavljena s ciljem ugotavljanja števila okostij ob upoštevanju odnosov med posameznimi grobovi.

Prvi pogoj (intaktno gradivo) je bil verjetno izpolnjen ob prvi antropološki analizi, po kateri naj bi bilo okostij kar 219 (Filipič et al. 1971, Tomazo et al. 1971–1972). Ta številka je previsoka, ker ni bil izpolnjen drugi pogoj (upoštevanje odnosov med grobovi). Zaradi

The anthropological examination of the skeletons excavated on Bled Island* during the 1962–1965 excavations was performed 25 years ago in line with anthroposophical and anthropometric standards and methods (Martin, Saller 1957; Acsádi, Nemeskéri 1970; Chiarelli 1980; Krogman, Îşcan 1986; Îşcan, Kennedy 1989; Hauser, De Stefano 1989; Rogers, Waldron 1994; Hillson 1996). Eleven burial grounds from Bled and its surroundings were treated within the frame of the doctoral dissertation (Leben-Seljak 1996): alongside Bled Island this included two Late Antiquity necropolises (Bled – Pristava I, Ajdna nad Potoki) and eight Early Medieval sites (Bled – Pristava II, Bled – Brdo, Bled – Grad, Žale pri Zasipu, Dlesc pri Bodeščah, Spodnje Gorje, Moste pri Žirovnici and Smokuč).

The analysis of the treated skeletal remains from Bled Island is presented in the catalogue of graves (see Chapter 9.7). At this stage we will present the main findings of the anthropological examination of the skeletons from those graves which Vinko Šribar believed to be Early Medieval: one burial group north of the church (graves Nos. 1–64, we wrongfully also included Grave 65) and a second burial group in the location of today’s shed (graves Nos. 76–89, 92–96, 101–107). We have marked the first burial group, dated between 900 and 1010 AD, as G1 and the second group, dated approximately between 1030 and 1200 AD, as G4.

### 9.1 NUMBER OF SKELETONS

Characteristic of the burial site on Bled Island are relatively numerus reburials or reuses of grave pits, which led to a higher number of skeletons than there were recorded graves. As no anthropologist was present during the excavations, it was impossible to establish a precise number of skeletons. It would also be possible to determine a more precise number of skeletons during the post-excavation anthropological examination if the remains remained intact, and the analysis was set with the

<footnote>* Translation: Sunčan Patric Stone</footnote>
prekopov in verjetno tudi površnega izkopa okostij je namreč večina grobov vsebovala ostanke več skeletov. Nadštevilne kosti, ki izvirajo iz sosednjih grobov in poškodovanih grobov, so bile štete kot samostojni skeleti, čeprav v resnici niso bili. Za primer vzemimo grob 25, ki ga je Šribar opisal kot otroško lobanjo v grobni jami št. 57. Deponirano gradivo iz groba 25 obsega ostanke šestih okostij: v nobenem primeru ne gre za kompleten skelet, od "skeleta" 25d je ohranjena samo stegnenica, od "skeleta" 25e samo ključnica in podlahtnica itn. Grob 57, v katerem je ležala otroška lobanja št. 25, je Šribar opisal kot uničen grob, v deponiranem gradivu so bili fragmentirani ostanki najmanj štirih oseb, verjetneje pa šestih. Po metodologiji štetja "skeletov" po grobnih enotah bi bilo torej v teh dveh grobovih skupaj kar 10–12 skeletov. Z antropološkega stališča pa bi morali ta dva groba obravnavati kot en sam grob. Skeletov je bilo torej pol manj: največ 6, verjetneje pa le 2 ali 3, ker bi nekatere kosti oziroma "skeleti" lahko izvirali iz sosednjih grobov. Kar dokazuje naslednji primer okostja dojenčka. Kosti dojenčkov oziroma otrok, mlajših od 1 leta, smo našli v 6 grobovih (grob št. 2, 23, 24, 25, 26 in 62), v 4 primerih smo jih označili kot "skelete". Vendar pa kosti najbrž pripadajo le 1 skeletu, ker se nobena kost ne podvaja, grobovi pa ležijo blizu skupaj.

Pristop štetja okostij po grobovih bi bilo mogoče uporabiti pri prvi antropološki analizi, ko je bilo gradivo še v prvotnem stanju. Med drugo antropološko analizo pa ne več, ker se je izkazalo, da shranjeno gradivo ni bilo več intaktno, okostja so bila premešana, povezava skelet-

<figure><img src="image_163.png" /><figcaption>Sl. 9.1: Grob 2. Po Šribarjevem opisu gre za skupek fragmentiranih kosti odrasle osebe, v škatli so bile fragmentirane kosti najmanj 4 oseb, dveh odraslih in dveh otrok.</figcaption></figure>

<caption>Fig. 9.1: Grave 2. According to Šribar grave contained a pile of fragmented adult bones, but the box included fragmented bones of at least 4 individuals, two adults and two children. (Arhiv / Archive NMS, neg. 4593)</caption>

goal of ascertaining the number of skeletons while taking into account the relations between individual graves.

The first condition (intact remains) was most likely fulfilled during the first anthropological examination, according to which there were as many as 219 skeletons (Filipič et al. 1971, Tomazo et al. 1971–1972). This number was set too high, as the second condition was not fulfilled (the relations between the graves were not taken into account). Most grave pits included the remains of numerous skeletons, which is most likely the result of the numerous reburials and the careless excavation process. Numerous bones that originated from neighbouring and damaged graves were considered to be individual skeletons, even though this was not the case. Let's take a look at Grave 25 for example: Šribar described this grave as a child's skull in grave pit No. 57. The deposited material from Grave 25 includes the remains of six skeletons, however none of them are complete: 'skeleton' 25d consists of a femur, 'skeleton' 25e consists of a clavicle and an ulna, etc. Šribar described Grave 57, which revealed child skull No. 25, as a destroyed grave, and the deposited material included fragmented remains of at least four individuals, but more likely six. According to the methodology of counting 'skeletons' in grave units these two graves alone housed 10 to 12 skeletons between them. From the anthropological viewpoint these two graves should be treated as a single grave. The total number of skeletons should be halved: there should be a maximum of 6, but more likely only 2 or 3 skeletons, as some of the bones or 'skeletons' could have originated from neighbouring graves. This is verified by the following example of an infant skeleton. The bones of children under the age of 1 were discovered in 6 graves (Nos. 2, 23, 24, 25, 26 and 62), out of which 4 were marked as 'skeletons'. However, there is a high chance that the bones belong to a single skeleton, as none of the bones were duplicated, and the graves were located close together.

The approach of counting skeletons in graves could be used during the first anthropological examination, when the remains were still in their original state. This was no longer possible when performing the second anthropological examination, as the preserved material was no longer intact, the skeletons have been mixed up, which means that the connections between the skeleton remains and the original graves was no longer reliable (see Chapter 9.7). All we can say for sure is that there are definitely more skeletons than 124 (the number of recorded graves) and undoubtedly less than 219 (the number of 'skeletons' according to the first anthropological examination), but most likely somewhere between 150 and 170. We could re-examine the remains and establish the minimum number of skeletons, at which we would view the entire burial site as a single grave, a mass tomb. However, if we were to do this, the number of skeletons would most likely be underestimated due to the fragmented remains, and the expected results would not justify the invested time and work.
nega gradiva s prvotnimi grobovi je zato nezanesljiva (glej popis gradiva). Rečemo lahko le to, da je okostij zagotovo več kot 124 (število evidentiranih grobov) in nedvomno manj kot 219 (število "skeletov" po prvi antropološki analizi), verjetno med 150 in 170. Lahko bi naredili revizijo gradiva in določili minimalno število okostij, pri čemer bi celotno grobišče jemali kot 1 grob, grobnico. Vendar bi v tem primeru zaradi fragmentarno ohranjenega gradiva število okostij najbrž podcenili, pričakovani rezultati pa ne bi upravičili vloženega časa in dela.

## 9.2 SPOLNA IN STAROSTNA STRUKTURA OKOSTIJ

Paleodemografska analiza temelji na tistih okostjih iz prve in druge grobiščne skupine, ki so bila kolikor toliko kompletna ter določljiva po spolu in starosti. Takih okostij je bilo 65, od tega 15 otroških (23,1 odstotka). Večina otrok je umrla pred dopolnjenim 7. letom starosti (infans I, 10 skeletov).

Med preostalimi 50 okostji je 27 moških in 23 žensk. Razmerje med spoloma je razmeroma uravnoteženo, opazna pa je spolna razlika v mortaliteti, ženske so umirale prej kot moški: v obdobju juvenis (15–20 let) so umrli 3 ženske in 1 moški, v obdobju adultus (21–40 let) 10 žensk in le 4 moški, v obdobju maturus (41–60 let) 9 žensk in 18 moških, v obdobju senilis (nad 61 let) pa 1 ženska in 4 moški.

Skeletna serija z Blejskega otoka izkazuje karakteristike, tipične za srednjeveške in druge zgodovinske populacije. Prva je visoka umrljivost v otroštvu, ki je glede na število odkritih otroških okostij podcenjena, saj manjkajo okostja otrok, mlajših od enega leta. Druga pa je spolna razlika v mortaliteti odraslih, moški so umirali kasneje kot ženske: sicer so tako eni kot drugi lahko dočakali visoko starost, vendar pa je bila v rodni dobi smrtnost pri ženskah precej višja kot pri moških, zlasti v starostnih obdobjih juvenis (15–20 let) in adultus I (21–30 let).

## 9.3 MORFOLOŠKE KARAKTERISTIKE

Merili smo 14 parametrov lobanje in 27 parametrov dolgih postkranialnih kosti. Zaradi slabe ohranjenosti gradiva se bomo tu omejili le na dve značilnosti, krani alni indeks (razmerje med največjo širino in največjo dolžino lobanje) ter telesno višino okostij iz prve in druge grobiščne skupine po Šribarju.

### Kranialni indeks

Dolžina je bila merljiva pri 16 lobanjah (10 moških, 6 ženskih), širina pri 21 lobanjah (13 moških, 8 ženskih), oba parametra, na podlagi katerih smo lahko izraču-

## 9.2 SEX AND AGE STRUCTURE OF THE SKELETONS

The paleodemographic analysis was based on those skeletons from the first and second grave group that were more or less complete and could be defined as regards their sex and age. There were 65 such skeletons in total, out of which 15 belonged to children (23.1 percent). Most children died before the age of 7 (infans I, 10 skeletons).

Amongst the remaining 50 skeletons, 27 are male and 23 female. The sex ratio is relatively balanced, however there was a noticeable sex difference in mortality, as women died younger (on average): 3 females and 1 male died in the *juvenis* period (15–20 years of age), 10 females and only 4 males in the *adultus* period (21–40 years of age), 9 females and 18 males in the *maturus* period (41–60 years of age), and 1 female and 4 males in the *senilis* period (61+ years).

The skeletal series from Bled Island shows demographic characteristics typical for medieval and other historic populations. One of these characteristics is certainly the high death rates of children, however, taking into account the number of discovered children skeletons this was underestimated, as there were no skeletons of children under the age of one. The second characteristic is the sex difference in the adult mortality, as men died at an older average age than women: even though both could achieve a respectful age, the mortality during the child baring age was much higher for women than men, especially in the age periods of *juvenis* (15–20 years) and *adultus* I (21–30 years).

## 9.3 MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

We have measured 14 skull parameters and 27 parameters of the long postcranial bones. Due to the poor condition of the remains we will limit ourselves to two characteristics only, the cranial index (the ratio between the greatest width and the greatest length of the skull) and the stature of the skeletons from the first and second grave groups (according to Šribar).

### Cranial index

Length could be measured in 16 skulls (10 male, 6 female), and width in 21 skulls (13 male, 8 female), while both parameters, which enables us to calculate the cranial index, could be measured in 15 skulls (10 male, 5 female). Taking into account their average values, the skulls of both sexes can be categorised as medium length and medium width skulls. The male skulls measured between 171 and 200 mm in length (average value of 182.6 mm) and between 135 and 163 mm in width (average value of 146.7 mm), while the female skulls measured between 157 and 184 mm in length (average value of 172.0 mm) and between 136 and
nali kranialni indeks, pa pri 15 lobanjah (10 moških, 5 ženskih). Glede na povprečno vrednost sodijo lobanje obeh spolov v kategoriji srednje dolgih in srednje širokih lobanj. Moške lobanje so dolge od 171 do 200 mm (povprečna vrednost 182,6 mm) in široke od 135 do 163 mm (povprečna vrednost 146,7 mm), ženske lobanje pa so dolge od 157 do 184 mm (povprečna vrednost 172,0 mm) in široke od 136 do 156 mm (povprečna vrednost 142,1 mm). Največ lobanj sodi v kategoriji dolgih (7) in srednje dolgih lobanj (6), kratki sta le 2, zelo dolga pa 1. Glede na širino prevladujejo srednje široke lobanje (9), sledijo ozke (7) in široke (5). Povprečna vrednost kranialnega indeksa (moški 80,05, ženske 80,12) je na meji med mezokranijo in brahikranijo, razpon pa sega od dolihokranije do hiperbrahikranije (moški 75,8–85,5, ženske 73,9–89,3). Prevladujejo mezokrane lobanje (8) nad brahikranimi (4), hiperbrahikrani sta 2, dolihokrana pa samo 1.

## Telesna višina

Izračunali smo jo po Manouvrierjevi metodi pri 23 moških in 11 ženskah. Glede na povprečno vrednost (moški 170,0 cm, ženske 159,7 cm) se oba spola uvrščata na spodnjo mejo kategorije visoke telesne višine. Moški so bili visoki od 160 do 191 cm, ženske od 149 do 167 cm. Zastopani sta kategoriji srednje telesne višine (13 moških, 5 žensk) in visoke telesne višine (9 moških, 6 žensk), zelo visok (moški nad 180 cm, ženske nad 168 cm) je bil le 1 moški.

## 9.4 OSTALE KARAKTERISTIKE

V okviru antropološke analize so bili pregledani tudi zobje, epigenetski znaki in patološke spremembe.

Zobje so bili ohranjeni pri 26 odraslih, od 307 ohranjenih zob je bilo karioznih 19 zob ali 6,2 %. Kariozne zobe je imelo 30 % oseb, praviloma od 1 do 3 zoba, masovni karies je bil ugotovljen le v enem primeru (ženski skelet št. 86, 7 karioznih zob od 30). Pri obeh spolih je bil karies omejen na kočnike in ličnike.

Patoloških sprememb je bilo malo: *cribra orbitalia* (skelet št. 4a in 45), degenerativne spremembe na vretenčih (skeleti št. 5, 26, 29), eksostozi na nadlahtnici (skelet 54) in koželjnici (skelet 4b) ter zaceljena sled udarca nad desnim očesnim obokom (skelet 102).

## 9.5 PRIMERJALNE ANALIZE IN RAZPRAVA

V paleodemografskih karakteristikah so si vse zgodnjesrednjeveške blejske serije podobne. Pri dopolnjem 20. letu so imeli ljudje, pokopani na Blejskem otoku, pred seboj v povprečju še 25,4 leta življenja: moški 30,6 leta, ženske 19 let. Kar je približno enako kot na obeh

156 mm in width (average value of 142.1 mm). Most skulls could be categorised as long (7) or medium long skulls (6), with 2 short, and 1 very long. According to their width most skulls were of medium width (9), followed by narrow (7) and wide (5). The average value of the cranial index (male 80.05, female 80.12) is on the border between mesocrania and brachycrania, and the span ranges from dolichocrania to hyperbrachycrania (male 75.8–85.5, female 73.9–89.3). Mesocranic skulls prevail (8) over brachycranic (4), hyperbrachycranic (2), and a lonesome dolichocranial one.

## Stature

We used Manouvrier's method to calculate the stature of 23 males and 11 females. Taking into account the average height (male 170.0 cm, female 159.7 cm) both sexes could be said to be at the lower edge of the category high stature. Men measured between 160 and 191 cm, while women measured between 149 and 167 cm in height. The following categories were represented: medium height (13 men, 5 women) and tall (9 men, 6 women), with a single man in the extremely tall category (men over 180 cm, women over 168 cm).

## 9.4 OTHER CHARACTERISTICS

Teeth, epigenetic traits and pathological changes were also analysed within the frame of the anthropological examination.

Teeth were preserved in 26 adults; from the 307 preserved teeth 19 or 6.2% had dental caries. 30% of the people had teeth with dental caries, most commonly one to three teeth were affected, while wide spread caries was ascertained in a single example (female skeleton No. 86, 7 teeth with caries from a total of 30 teeth). Dental caries was limited to molars and premolars, which was the case in both sexes.

We have found only a few pathological changes: *cribra orbitalia* (skeletons Nos. 4a and 45), degenerative changes of the vertebra (skeletons Nos. 5, 26, 29), exostosis on the humerus (skeleton 54) and radius (skeleton 4b) and a healed mark of a wound above the right brow ridge (skeleton 102).

## 9.5 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

All Early Medieval series in Bled reveal similar adult mortality. At the age of 20 the people buried on Bled Island had 25.4 years of life to look forward to: men 30.6 years, women 19 years. This was roughly the same in both neighbouring Early Medieval locations, Bled – Grad (25.8 years: men 28.2 years, women 23.3 years) and Bled – Pristava II (27 years: men 31.5 years, women 21.8 years).
sosednjih zgodnjesrednjeveških lokacijah, Bled - Grad (25,8 leta: moški 28,2 leta, ženske 23,3 leta) in Bled - Pristava II (27 let: moški 31,5 leta, ženske 21,8 leta). V primerjavi s prebivalci sosednjih dežel se zgodnjesrednjeveški Blejci uvrščajo med tiste z daljšo pričakovano življenjsko dobo (Leben-Seljak, Štefančič 1999).

Opazen je rahel kronološki trend naraščanja kari-
esa (število karioznih zob glede na število ohranjenih
zob): Pristava II 1,9 %, Grad 4,5 %, Otok 6,2 %. V okvir
zgoraj omenjenih serij se uvrščata tudi zgodnjesrednje-
veški seriji Žale pri Zasipu (3,6 % karioznih zob) in
Bodešče (5,1 %). Kariozne zobe je imela na Pristavi II
četrina posameznikov (22 %), v preostalih serijah pa
tretjina (Grad 27 %, Otok 31 %, Bodešče 33 %, Žale pri
Zasipu 35 %). Tudi v frekvenci pred smrtjo izpadlih zob
so razlike med serijami majhne: Pristava II 14,1 %, Grad
13,0 %, Bodešče 13,4 %, Otok 15,8 %; izstopa serija Žale
pri Zasipu s 4,9 %.

Primerjalna analiza morfoloških karakteristik vključuje le tiste 4 serije, ki izpolnjujejo pogoj, da je vsak primerjani parameter izmerjen pri najmanj 10 posameznikih. To so poznoantična Pristava I, zgodnjesrednjeveški Pristava II in Bled - Grad ter Bled - Otok, kjer pa pogoj minimalnega števila pri ženskah ni izpolnjen. Za primerjavo smo uporabili analizo biološke distance po Penrosu, ki primerja po 2 seriji (statistično značilni so koeficienti distance, večji od 0,30, pri 5-odstotni napaki), sorodne serije pa združuje v bloke (klastre).

V telesni višini so si vse 3 zgodnjesrednjeveške
serije podobne, tako v frekvenčnih distribucijah kot v
povprečni telesni višini. Moški, pokopani na Blejskem
otoku, so bili v povprečju visoki 170,0 cm (Pristava II
169,7 cm, Grad 171,0 cm), ženske pa 159,7 cm (Pri-
stava II 159,7 cm, Grad 158,5 cm). Distančna analiza,
ki je poleg telesne višine vključevala še 9 parametrov
(dolžino stegnenice ter 8 premerov in obodov dolgih
kosti), je pokazala na veliko podobnost moških skeletov
s Pristave II, Gradu in Otoka, ki jih povezujejo nizki
koeficienti distance (0,03-0,10; ženske 0,23-0,30). Pri
obeh spolih izkazuje Otok malenkost večjo podobnost
z Gradom kot pa s Pristavo II, medtem ko poznoantična
Pristava I zavzema distanciran položaj zaradi manjše
telesne višine in gracilnejših okostij.

Edina karakteristika, ki okostja z Blejskega otoka
loči od drugih, je oblika lobanj. Lobanje so namreč v
povprečju mezo-brahikrane, medtem ko so lobanje s
Pristave II in Gradu mezokrane, lobanje iz Bodešč in
Žal pri Zasipu pa doliho-mezokrane. Distančna anal-
iza, izdelana na povprečnih vrednostih 9 parametrov
(največja in celotna dolžina lobanje, ušesna višina, 5
širinskih parametrov možganskega dela lobanje in širina
mandibule), je pokazala na distanciran položaj Otoka.
Najnižji koeficient distance 0,09 povezuje moške lobanje
s Pristave II in Gradu. Ti dve zgodnjesrednjeveški seriji

The Early Medieval inhabitants of Bled had a longer life expectancy at the age of 20 than other Middle European populations (Leben-Seljak, Štefančič 1999).

A slight increasing chronological trend of dental
caries (toth count: number of teeth with dental caries in
relation to the total preserved teeth) has been ascertained:
Pristava II 1.9%, Grad 4.5%, Otok 6.2%. Within the frame
of the above-mentioned series belong also the Early
Medieval series Žale pri Zasipu (3.6% teeth with dental
caries) and Bodešeče (5.1%). In Pristava II one quarter of
all individuals (22%) had teeth with dental caries, while
in the remaining series one third of the population had
dental caries (Grad 27%, Otok 31%, Bodešeče 33%, Žale
pri Zasipu 35%). The differences in ante mortem tooth
loss count are also small: Pristava II 14.1%, Grad 13.0%,
Bodešeče 13.4%, Otok 15.8%; the series Žale pri Zasipu
stands out with 4.9%.

The comparative analysis of the morphological char-
acteristics included only those four series that fulfilled the
condition that each of the comparative parameters was
measured on at least 10 individuals. These are: Late An-
tiquity Pristava I, Early Mediaeval Pristava II, Bled - Grad
and Bled - Otok, where the precondition for the minimal
number was not fulfilled in the category of females. For
comparison purposes we used the analysis of biological
distance according to Penrose, who compares 2 series
(statistically important are the coefficients of biological
distance larger than 0.30, with a 5% error), and merges
similar series into clusters.

All three Early Mediaeval series are similar as regards postcranial characteristics, in the frequency distribution as well as in the average. Men buried on Bled Island were on average 170.0 cm tall (Pristava II 169.7 cm, Grad 171.0 cm), while women measured 159.7 cm (Pristava II 159.7 cm, Grad 158.5 cm). The analysis of biological distance, which together with stature, included an additional 9 postcranial parameters (the length of the femur and 8 diameters and circumferences of the long bones; Martin No. H 7, F 2, F 8, F 9, F 10, F 18, T 8a, T 9a, T 10b), revealed great similarity between the male skeletons from Pristava II, Grad and Bled Island, which were connected by the low coefficients of biological distance (0.03-0.10; women 0.23-0.30). The characteristics determined at Bled Island are slightly closer to Grad than Pristava II for both sexes, while the Late Antiquity site of Pristava I occupies a more biologically distant position due to the shorter individuals and more gracile skeletons.

The only characteristic that truly differentiates the skeletons from Bled Island from the rest is the skull shape. On average the skulls are meso-brachycranic, while the skulls from Pristava II and Grad are meso-cranic, and the skulls from Bodešeče and Žale pri Zasipu dolicho-mesocranic. The biological distance analysis, performed on the average values of 9 parameters (2 length parameters, 5 width parameters, the ear-height, and the width of the mandible; Martin No. 1, 2, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13,
<figure><img src="image_164.png" /><figcaption>največja dolžina lobanje (Martin št. 1) v mm / max. cranium length (Martin No. 1) in mm</figcaption></figure>

<caption>Graf 9.1.: Širina in dolžina lobanj v treh blejskih serijah – moški.</caption>

<figure><img src="image_165.png" /><figcaption>največja dolžina lobanje (Martin št. 1) v mm / max. cranium length (Martin No. 1) in mm</figcaption></figure>

<caption>Graf 9.2: Širina in dolžina lobanj v treh blejskih serijah – ženske.</caption>

<caption>Graph 9.2: Width and length of the crania in three Bled seires – female.</caption>
<figure><img src="image_166.png" /><figcaption>Graf 9.3: Trend brahikefalizacije – povprečne vrednosti kranialnega indeksa v nekaterih slovenskih serijah.</figcaption></figure>

<caption>Graph 9.3: Brachycephalisation trend – average values of cranial index in some Slovenian series.</caption>

se navezujeta na poznoantično Pristavo I s koeficientoma distance 0,24. Blejski otok, ki zavzema distanciran položaj, je še najbolj podoben Gradu (koeficient distance 0,29), manj Pristavi II (koeficient distance 0,33, stostično značilna razlika pri 5-odstotni napaki), najbolj pa se razlikuje od Pristave I (koeficient distance 0,73). Opazen je kronološki trend (Pristava II–Grad–Otok): absolutno gledano so moške lobanje v nekaj stoletjih postale v povprečju krajše (186,95–186,10–182,60 mm) in širše (največja širina: 142,45–144,50–146,69 mm), medtem ko je ušesna višina ostala skorajda nespremenjena (116,50–115,67–115,58 mm). Lobanje so postale širše tudi v predelu zatilja (širina zatilnice, mastoidna širina), povečala se je tudi največja širina čela, ne pa tudi najmanjša širina čela. Zato so se spremenili indeksi, lobanje so postale bolj brahikrane (76,2–77,7–80,1) in stenometopične (67,9–68,4–66,1). Podobno zasledimo pri ženskih lobanjah.

Razlike so manj opazne, če pogledamo kranialni indeks posameznih lobanj. Večina lobanj z Otoka se namreč lepo vključuje med lobanje s Pristave II in Gradu (graf 9.1 in 9.2), čeprav se tudi tu vidi, da so med krajšimi. Od 3 tipično brahikranih lobanj (vrednost indeksa nad 83,0) je 1 iz prve grobiščne skupine (moški

20, 66), showed that Bled Island was biologically distant from the rest. The lowest biological distance coefficient of 0.09 connected the male skulls from Pristava II and Grad. These two Early Mediaeval series are linked to the Late Antiquity Pristava I with the biological distance coefficient of 0.24. The Bled Island, which occupies a biologically distant position is the closest to Grad (biological distance coefficient of 0.29), not as close to Pristava II (biological distance coefficient of 0.33, a statistically characteristic difference with a 5% error), and the furthest away from Pristava I (biological distance coefficient of 0.73). The chronological trend is noticeable (Pristava II–Grad–Bled Island): absolutely viewed male skulls have become shorter (186.95–186.10–182.60 mm) and wider (greatest width: 142.45–144.50–146.69 mm) on average over the centuries, while the ear-height remained almost unchanged (116.50–115.67–115.58 mm). Skulls became wider also in the part of the occiput (width of the occipital bone, mastoid width), the greatest width of the forehead also increased, while the smallest width of the forehead did not. This is why the indexes changed, the skulls of males became more brachycranic (76.2–77.7–80.1) and stenometopic (67,9–68,4–66,1). Similar was established for female skulls.
skelet 20), 2 pa sta iz druge grobiščne skupine (ženski skelet 84a, moški skelet 102). Tipično brahikrani sta še 2 ženski lobanji (skeleta 90k, 111b), ki pa nista bili vključeni v primerjalno analizo, ker izvirata iz grobov četrte grobiščne skupine.

Na podlagi podobnosti postkranialnih karakteristik menimo, da so na Otoku verjetno pokopani Blejci. Razlika v kranialnem indeksu pa kaže na to, da je grobišče na Blejskem otoku kronološko mlajše od grobišč na Pristavi in na Gradu (Leben-Seljak 2000). Antropološko dokazano dejstvo je, da se je v srednjem veku v Evropi zgodila brahikefalizacija. Trend je zaznati tudi v Sloveniji (graf 9.3). Da gre za kronološki trend, ki ni posledica različne etnične pripadnosti, dokazuje nekropola pri farni cerkvi v Kranju (Leben-Seljak 1991), kjer je povprečna vrednost kranialnega indeksa pri moških zrasla s 77,7 (zgodnjesrednjeveška serija Kranj I, 8.–12. st.) na 82,9 (baročna serija Kranj II, 16.–18. st.) in 83,3 (serija Kranj III – karner, 17.–18. st.).

Razširjena distančna analiza, ki primerja karakteristike lobanj iz 7 slovenskih skeletnih serij (Leben-Seljak 1996, 244–245, 347–348), oblikuje tako pri moških kot pri ženskah 2 bloka (klastra): v prvem so poleg poznantične Pristave I še zgodnjesrednjeveške serije Pristava II, Bled – Grad, Ptuj in Kranj I, v drugem bloku pa Bled – Otok in baročna serija Kranj II. Baročna serija Kranj II se pri moških sicer statistično značilno razlikuje od vseh primerjalnih serij, vendar izkazuje največjo sorodnost ravno s serijo Bled – Otok in zgodnjesrednjeveško serijo Kranj I (koeficienta distance 0,55), pri ženskah pa je pod mejo signifikantne razlike (koeficienta distance 0,24 in 0,28).

Trend brahikefalizacije torej kaže, da je domnevno zgodnjesrednjeveška serija Bled – Otok kronološko mlajša od serij Pristava II in Bled – Grad, časovno pa je bližja Gradu. To potrjuje tudi primerjava postkranialnih karakteristik.

<figure><img src="image_167.png" /><figcaption>Sl. 9.2: Grob 120. Škatle grob 120 ali oznake 120 v gradivu ni bilo, v fototeki pa obstaja fotografija groba.</figcaption></figure>

<caption>Fig. 9.2: Grave 120. There was no box marked Grave 120 or tag 120 amongst the material, but there is a photo of the grave. (Arhiv / Archive NMS, neg. 5943)</caption>

The differences are less noticeable if we look at the cranial index of individuals. Most skulls from Bled Island fit in with the skulls from Pristava II and Grad (Graph 9.1 and Graph 9.2), even though they are amongst the shorter ones. From the 3 typically brachycranic skulls (index value above 83.0) 1 was found amongst the remains belonging to the first grave group (male skeleton 20), while 2 were found amongst the remains belonging to the second grave group (female skeleton 84a, male skeleton 102). An additional 2 female skulls (skeletons 90k, 111b) are also typically brachycranic, however, they were not included in the comparative analysis as they originated from the graves of the fourth grave group.

Based on the post-cranial similarities of all 3 Early Meieval skeletal series we have concluded that people from Bled were buried on Bled Island. The differences in the cranial index indicates that the burial site on Bled Island belongs to a chronologically later period than the burial sites in Pristava and Grad (Leben-Seljak 2000). It is an anthropologically proven fact that brachycephalization took place in Europe during the Middle Ages. This trend was also noticeable in Slovenia (Graph 9.3). That this is a chronological trend that is not a consequence of belonging to different ethical groups is proven by the necropolis at the parish church in Kranj (Leben-Seljak 1991), where the average value of the cranial index for males increased from 77.7 (Early Mediaeval series Kranj I, 8th - 12th centuries) to 82.9 (Baroque series Kranj II, 16th - 18th centuries) and 83.3 (series Kranj III – ossuary, 17th - 18th centuries).

The broader biological distance analysis, which compares the cranium characteristics from 7 Slovenian series of skeletons (Leben-Seljak 1996, 244–245, 347–348), divides men as well as women into 2 clusters: the first includes the Late Antiquity Pristava I as well as the Early Mediaeval series Pristava II, Bled – Grad, Ptuj and Kranj I, while the second consists of Bled Island and the Baroque series Kranj II. The Baroque male series Kranj II statistically differs from all other compared series, however it shows the greatest similarities with Bled Island series and the Early Mediaeval series Kranj I (biological distance coefficient 0.55), while for females this remained below the border of statistically significant differences (distance coefficients of 0.24 and 0.28).

The trend of brachycephalization thus indicates that the supposedly Early Mediaeval Bled Island series is chronologically later than series Pristava II and Bled – Grad, but closer to Grad. This is also confirmed by the comparison of the post-cranial characteristics.
## 9.6 ZAKLJUČKI

Na Blejskem otoku je bilo v letih 1962–1965 odkritih 124 grobov. Gradivo, deponirano v Narodnem muzeju v Ljubljani, je bilo antropološko pregledano dvakrat, prvič v diplomski nalogi kmalu po zaključku arheoloških raziskav (Filipič et al. 1971), drugič pa v okviru primerjalne analize blejskih grobišč (Leben-Seljak 1996). V času med obema antropološkima analizama se je gradivo premešalo, zaradi česar povezava okostij s prvotnimi grobovi ni več mogoča. Iz tega razloga tudi ni več mogoče določiti števila skeletov, sklepamo pa, da jih je bilo od 150 do 170.

Antropološka analiza temelji na selekcionirani skeletni seriji grobiščnih skupin G1 in G4. Med 65 okostji je 15 otrok, 27 moških in 23 žensk. Značilna je pričakovana spolna razlika v mortaliteti, ki je posledica večje umrljivosti žensk v rodni dobi, zlasti med 20. in 30. letom starosti. Pri dopolnjenem 20. letu so imeli moški pred seboj v povprečju še 30,6 leta življenja, ženske pa le 19 let. V paleodemografskih karakteristikah serija ne izstopa iz okvira preostalih blejskih grobišč, v okviru srednjeevropskih populacij pa so srednjeveški Blejci med tistimi z daljšo pričakovano življenjsko dobo. Na razmeroma ugodne življenjske razmere v tistem času kažejo tudi maloštevilne patološke spremembe. Tudi stopnja kariesa (6,2 % karioznih zob, karies je bil ugotovljen pri tretjini posameznikov) ni bistveno višja kot v preostalih blejskih zgodnjesrednjeveških serijah (1,9–5,1 %), je pa nakazan rahel kronološki trend porasta kariesa.

Moški so bili v povprečju visoki 170 centimetrov, ženske 159,7 centimetra. V telesni višini med blejskimi zgodnjesrednjeveškimi serijami ni razlik, ravno tako ne v robustnosti okostja. Je pa zaznati razliko v kranialnem indeksu, saj so lobanje z Blejskega otoka mezo-brahikrane (povprečna vrednost kranialnega indeksa je pri obeh spolih 80,1), lobanje preostalih serij pa mezokrane ali doliho-mezokrane. Na Blejskem otoku je več brahikranih in manj dolihokranih lobanj kot v drugih serijah, lobanje so krajše in širše. V morfoloških karakteristikah je serija z Blejskega otoka najbolj podobna seriji Bled – Grad, trend brahikefalizacije pa dokazuje, da je kronološko mlajša.

## 9.6 CONCLUSIONS

124 graves were excavated on Bled Island between 1962 and 1965. The remains stored in the National Museum in Ljubljana were anthropologically examined twice; the first time for the graduation thesis which was written soon after the archaeological excavation had been completed (Filipič et al. 1971), and the second time within the frame of the comparative study of the Bled burial sites (Leben-Seljak 1996). In the period between the two anthropological examinations the remains have been disrupted, due to which the connections between the skeletons and the original graves have been lost. Due to this it was also impossible to establish the total number of skeletons, however, our estimate ranges between 150 and 170.

The anthropological examination was based on selected skeletal series belonging to grave groups G1 and G4. Amongst the 65 skeletons, 15 belonged to children, 27 to men and 23 to women. The sex difference in mortality is characteristic, for it is a consequence of the higher female mortality rates during childbearing age, especially in women between 20 and 30 years of age. The life expectancy at the age of 20 was 30.6 years for men and only 19 years for women. The studied series does not stand out from the rest of the burial sites in the Bled area as regards the paleodemographic characteristics, however, when compared to the general Central European population the inhabitants from Bled have a higher than average life expectancy. The relatively favourable living conditions at the time are also indicated by the low numbers of pathological changes. The level of dental caries (6.2% of teeth with dental caries, dental caries was established in one third of all individuals) is not significantly higher than in the other Early Mediaeval series from Bled (1.9 – 5.1%), however, it does indicate the slight chronological trend in the increase of caries.

On average men were 170 cm tall, while women measured 159.7 centimetres. There are no significant differences in the stature in the Early Mediaeval series in Bled, nor do the skeletons differ in their robustness. However, there is a noticeable difference in the cranial index, as the skulls from Bled Island are meso-brachycranic (the average value of the cranial index for both sexes is 80.1), while the skulls of the remaining series are mesocranic or dolicho-mesocranic. The Bled Island skeletal remains included more brachycranic and less dolichocranicskulls than other series, i.e. the skulls are shorter and wider. As regards the morphological characteristics the series from Bled Island is the closest to the series Bled – Grad, while the brachycephalization trend proves that it is chronologically latter.
## 9.7 POPIS SKELETNEGA GRADIVA

Popis je nastal na osnovi zabeležk ob obdelavi gradiva v letih 1992 in 1995, ko so bila antropološko pregledana okostja, odkrita med arheološkimi izkopavanji v letih od 1962 do 1965 (grobovi 1–124). Prvi antropološki pregled tega gradiva je bil narejen kmalu po zaključku izkopavanj v okviru diplomske naloge pod mentorstvom Zlate Dolinar Osole (Filipič et al. 1971, Tomazo et al. 1971–1972). Ker so bili izsledki te antropološke analize pomanjkljivi in za primerjalno analizo z ostalimi blejskimi grobišči neuporabni, smo gradivo v letih 1992–1995 še enkrat pregledali (Leben-Seljak 1996). Kosti so bile shranjene v depoju Narodnega muzeja v Ljubljani v kartonastih škatlah z napisom Bled ter številko groba. Na lobanjah in nekaterih dolgih kosteh so bile s črnim tušem napisane številke skeleta, dodeljene ob prvi antropološki analizi.

Iz popisa je razvidno, da gradivo leta 1992 ni bilo več v takem stanju kot pri izkopu. Večina grobov je vsebovala ostanke več skeletov in ne le enega. Deloma bi bilo to lahko posledica površnega izkopa skeletov (manjkajoče kosti nekaterih skeletov smo namreč našli v drugih grobovih) in razmeroma številnih prekopov, saj so nekatere pokojnike pokopali v že obstoječe grobove. Vendar pa to ni edini vzrok, saj se je pokazalo, da se v precej primerih gradivo ne ujema s Šribarjevim opisom groba (neobjavljen tipkopisni članek). V grobu 63 naj bi bili po Šribarju le dve kosti (stegnenica in golenica), v škatli z napisom grob 63 pa so bile lobanja ter postkranijalne kosti dveh odraslih. Poleg tega so nekateri grobovi manjkali: nekaterih številk v gradivu sploh nismo našli (11grobov: št. 18, 30, 40, 42, 44, 48, 66, 70, 88, 96, 120), druge smo našli v škatlah z drugačno številko groba (grobovi št. 103–108 in 118 v škatlah grob 78, 79, 80, 83), nekatere številke grobov so se podvajale (grob št. 80, 81, 102, 109–117). Vse našteto kaže, da se je gradivo premešalo, verjetno po prvi antropološki analizi pri prelaganju okostij v nove škatle. Kje je npr. dobro ohranjeni skelet iz groba 41, ne vemo, ker je bila v škatli samo maksila.

Po letu 1995 smo pregledali še skelet, prezentiran v cerkvi Marijinega vnebovzetja na Blejskem otoku (Leben-Seljak 1999, glej grob xx), ter ostanke okostij iz dveh grobov, odkritih leta 2016 ob zaščitnih arheoloških izkopavanjih v mali zakristiji cerkve (Leben-Seljak 2016).

V nadaljevanju pri opisu grobov za ohranjene kosti uporabljamo slovenska imena (glej slovensko-latinski slovarček), le pri obeh čeljustnicah smo se odločili za poslovenjena izraza mandibula in maksila. Seznam okostij z določenim spolom in starostjo je predstavljen v tabeli 9.1.

## 9.7 INVENTORY OF THE SKELETAL REMAINS

This inventory was compiled from the records that were created when the remains discovered during the 1962 - 1965 archaeological excavations (Graves 1 – 124) were anthropologically examined between 1992 and 1995. The first anthropological examination of the remains was conducted within the frame of the graduation thesis under the mentorship of Zlata Dolinar Osole (Filipič et al. 1971, Tomazo et al. 1971–1972), which took place almost immediately after the excavations were concluded. Because the findings from the first anthropological examination were insufficient and could not be used in an analysis with other grave-sites in the Bled area, the remains were re-examined between 1992–1995 (Leben-Seljak 1996). The bones were kept in cardboard boxes marked Bled and the number of the grave in the depot of the National Museum in Ljubljana. The skulls and some of the long bones were marked with the number of the skeleton that was assigned to them during the first anthropological analysis in black ink.

The inventory shows that by 1992 the remains were no longer in the same condition as they were when excavated. Most graves contained remains of numerous skeletons and not merely a single one. To a certain degree this could have been a consequence of the careless excavation (we have found some missing bones of certain skeletons in other graves) and the relatively numerous reburials, as some of the deceased were buried in already existing graves. However, this was not the sole reason, for it has been established that the remains did often not correspond to Šribar's description of the grave (as described in his unpublished typed article). According to Šribar Grave 63 consisted of two bones (femur and tibia), however, the box supposedly containing the remains from Grave 63 included a skull and the postcranial bones belonging to two adults. Boxes linked to certain graves were missing, thus we failed to find some of the numbers that should have been amongst the remains (11 graves: Nos. 18, 30, 40, 42, 44, 48, 66, 70, 88, 96, 120), others were found in boxes with a different grave number (bones from graves Nos. 103–108 and 118 were found in boxes marked Grave 78, 79, 80, 83), while some grave numbers were duplicated (Graves 80, 81, 102, 109–117). It is clear that the remains had been disrupted, most likely following the first anthropological examination when the bones were moved to new boxes. We have no idea where the well-preserved skeleton from Grave 41 is located, as the box marked Grave 41 contained merely a maxilla.

Post 1995 we also examined the skeleton in the church of the Assumption of Mary on Bled Island (Leben-Seljak 1999, see Grave xx), as well as the remains of the skeletons from the two graves discovered in 2016 during the preventive archaeological excavations in the small sacristy in the church (Leben-Seljak 2016).

The list of skeletons with their sex and age is presented in Table 9.1.
<table><thead><tr><th>Številka skeleta / Skeleton no.</th><th>Spol / Sex</th><th>Starostna kategorija / Age category</th><th>Okvirna starost (leta) / Tenative age (years)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1a</td><td>moški / male</td><td>maturus</td><td>46-58</td></tr><tr><td>1b</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>adultus I</td><td>21-24</td></tr><tr><td>2a</td><td>moški / male</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td>&lt;21</td></tr><tr><td>2b</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td>&lt;24</td></tr><tr><td>2c</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans II</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2d</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans I</td><td>0-1</td></tr><tr><td>3a</td><td>moški / male</td><td>adultus</td><td>23-43</td></tr><tr><td>3b</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>maturus I</td><td>40-49</td></tr><tr><td>3c</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans II</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4a</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>juvenis</td><td>16</td></tr><tr><td>4b</td><td>moški / male</td><td>adultus II</td><td>34-43</td></tr><tr><td>5a</td><td>moški / male</td><td>maturus II</td><td>48-65</td></tr><tr><td>5b</td><td>?</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>moški / male</td><td>senilis</td><td>58-72</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>moški / male</td><td>maturus II</td><td>50-66</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>moški / male</td><td>maturus I</td><td>41-50</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>adultus I</td><td>19-28</td></tr><tr><td>10a</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>juvenis</td><td>20</td></tr><tr><td>10b</td><td>moški / male</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>11a</td><td>moški / male</td><td>adultus II</td><td>31-40</td></tr><tr><td>11b</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>11c</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans I</td><td>4 ± 1</td></tr><tr><td>12</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>maturus II</td><td>52-58</td></tr><tr><td>13</td><td>moški / male</td><td>maturus II</td><td>53-66</td></tr><tr><td>14</td><td>moški / male</td><td>maturus</td><td>46-58</td></tr><tr><td>15a</td><td>moški / male</td><td>adultus</td><td>23-40</td></tr><tr><td>15b</td><td>moški / male</td><td>maturus</td><td>46-58</td></tr><tr><td>15c</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>adultus I</td><td>20-24</td></tr><tr><td>16</td><td>moški / male</td><td>senilis</td><td>58-72</td></tr><tr><td>17</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans I</td><td>4 ± 1</td></tr><tr><td>19a</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>adultus I</td><td>21-24</td></tr><tr><td>19b</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>20</td><td>moški / male</td><td>maturus</td><td>44-59</td></tr><tr><td>21a</td><td>moški / male</td><td>senilis</td><td>63-72</td></tr><tr><td>21b</td><td>?</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>22</td><td>moški / male</td><td>maturus</td><td>41-60</td></tr><tr><td>23a</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans I</td><td>2-4</td></tr><tr><td>23b</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans I</td><td>6 mes. / months</td></tr><tr><td>23c</td><td>?</td><td>juvenis</td><td>15-18</td></tr><tr><td>24a</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans II</td><td>8 ± 2</td></tr><tr><td>24b</td><td>?</td><td>adultus</td><td>21-40</td></tr><tr><td>25a</td><td>moški / male</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>25b</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>maturus</td><td>46-58</td></tr><tr><td>25c</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans I</td><td>6-7</td></tr><tr><td>25d</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans I</td><td>3-5</td></tr><tr><td>25e</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans I</td><td>0-1</td></tr><tr><td>25f</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>26</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>maturus</td><td>46-62</td></tr><tr><td>27</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans I</td><td>4 ± 1</td></tr></tbody></table>

<table><thead><tr><th>Številka skeleta / Skeleton no.</th><th>Spol / Sex</th><th>Starostna kategorija / Age category</th><th>Okvirna starost (leta) / Tenative age (years)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>28</td><td>moški / male</td><td>maturus I</td><td>41-50</td></tr><tr><td>29</td><td>moški / male</td><td>maturus II</td><td>54-60</td></tr><tr><td>31</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>juvenis</td><td>18</td></tr><tr><td>32a</td><td>moški / male</td><td>maturus I</td><td>44-50</td></tr><tr><td>32b</td><td>moški / male</td><td>adultus</td><td>21-40</td></tr><tr><td>32c</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans I</td><td>4 ± 1</td></tr><tr><td>33a</td><td>moški / male</td><td>senilis</td><td>58-72</td></tr><tr><td>33b</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans I</td><td>3 ± 1</td></tr><tr><td>34a</td><td>moški / male</td><td>maturus</td><td>41-60</td></tr><tr><td>34b</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans I</td><td>1 ± 4 mes. / months</td></tr><tr><td>35</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>adultus</td><td>21-40</td></tr><tr><td>36</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>maturus II</td><td>55-61</td></tr><tr><td>37a</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans I</td><td>4 ± 1</td></tr><tr><td>37b</td><td>moški / male</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>38</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>senilis</td><td>58-72</td></tr><tr><td>39a</td><td>moški / male</td><td>maturus I</td><td>35-53</td></tr><tr><td>39b</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>maturus II</td><td>48-56</td></tr><tr><td>39c</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans I</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>41</td><td>ženski / male</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>43</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans I</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>45</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>maturus I</td><td>44-50</td></tr><tr><td>46</td><td>moški / male</td><td>maturus II</td><td>51-60</td></tr><tr><td>47</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans I</td><td>2,5-3</td></tr><tr><td>49</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>maturus I</td><td>37-46</td></tr><tr><td>50</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans II</td><td>9 ± 2</td></tr><tr><td>51</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>adultus I</td><td>23-30</td></tr><tr><td>52a</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans I</td><td>6-7</td></tr><tr><td>52b</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans I</td><td>4 ± 1</td></tr><tr><td>53</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans II</td><td>8 ± 2</td></tr><tr><td>54</td><td>moški / male</td><td>adultus I</td><td>25-31</td></tr><tr><td>55a</td><td>moški / male</td><td>senilis</td><td>63-69</td></tr><tr><td>55b</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans I</td><td>3-4</td></tr><tr><td>55c</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>56</td><td>moški / male</td><td>maturus I</td><td>42-48</td></tr><tr><td>57a</td><td>moški / male</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>57b</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>57c</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans II</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>57d</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans I</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>58</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>maturus</td><td>41-60</td></tr><tr><td>59a</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>adultus II</td><td>31-40</td></tr><tr><td>59b</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans II</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>59c</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans I</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>60a</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>maturus</td><td>47-56</td></tr><tr><td>60b</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans II</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>61</td><td>moški / male</td><td>maturus II</td><td>52-67</td></tr><tr><td>62a</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans II</td><td>11 ± 2,5</td></tr><tr><td>62b</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans I</td><td>0-1</td></tr><tr><td>63</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>adultus</td><td>21-40</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th>Številka skeleta / Skeleton no.</th><th>Spol / Sex</th><th>Starostna kategorija / Age category</th><th>Okvirna starost (leta) / Tenative age (years)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>64a</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>adultus</td><td>23-39</td></tr><tr><td>64b</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans I</td><td>3-4</td></tr><tr><td>64c</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans II</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>65</td><td>moški / male</td><td>senilis</td><td>58-72</td></tr><tr><td>67a</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>67b</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>adultus</td><td>21-40</td></tr><tr><td>68a</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans II</td><td>8 ± 2</td></tr><tr><td>68b</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>68c</td><td>moški / male</td><td>maturus/senilis</td><td>54-68</td></tr><tr><td>68d</td><td>moški / male</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>68e</td><td>?</td><td>adultus I</td><td>21-24</td></tr><tr><td>69</td><td>?</td><td>moški / male</td><td>odrasel / adult</td></tr><tr><td>71</td><td>moški / male</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>73</td><td>moški / male</td><td>maturus</td><td>41-60</td></tr><tr><td>74</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>maturus</td><td>41-60</td></tr><tr><td>75</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>maturus/senilis</td><td>&lt; 41</td></tr><tr><td>76a</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans II</td><td>9 ± 2</td></tr><tr><td>76b</td><td>moški / male</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>76c</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>77a</td><td>moški / male</td><td>maturus</td><td>45-60</td></tr><tr><td>77b</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans II</td><td>12 ± 2</td></tr><tr><td>77c</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans I</td><td>2-3</td></tr><tr><td>78a</td><td>moški / male</td><td>maturus</td><td>45-60</td></tr><tr><td>78b</td><td>?</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>78c</td><td>?</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>78d</td><td>?</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>79a</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>maturus</td><td>48-65</td></tr><tr><td>79b</td><td>?</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>80a</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans I</td><td>1 ± 4 mes. / months</td></tr><tr><td>80b</td><td>moški / male</td><td>adultus/maturus</td><td>31-50</td></tr><tr><td>80c</td><td>?</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>81a</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans I</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>81b</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>maturus II</td><td>53-66</td></tr><tr><td>81c</td><td>moški / male</td><td>juvenis</td><td>18</td></tr><tr><td>81d</td><td>moški / male</td><td>senilis</td><td>58-72</td></tr><tr><td>81e</td><td>moški / male</td><td>adultus</td><td>23-39</td></tr><tr><td>81f</td><td>moški / male</td><td>adultus</td><td>21-40</td></tr><tr><td>82a</td><td>moški / male</td><td>maturus II</td><td>50-59</td></tr><tr><td>82b</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans I</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>83a</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>maturus</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>83b</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans I</td><td>5 ± 16 mes. / months</td></tr><tr><td>84a</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>adultus I</td><td>22-30</td></tr><tr><td>84b</td><td>moški / male</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>84c</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans I</td><td>30 m.</td></tr><tr><td>85</td><td>moški / male</td><td>maturus II</td><td>53-66</td></tr><tr><td>86</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>adultus</td><td>23-39</td></tr><tr><td>87a</td><td>moški / male</td><td>adultus</td><td>23-39</td></tr></tbody></table>

<table><thead><tr><th>Številka skeleta / Skeleton no.</th><th>Spol / Sex</th><th>Starostna kategorija / Age category</th><th>Okvirna starost (leta) / Tenative age (years)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>87b</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>adultus</td><td>23-39</td></tr><tr><td>89</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans I</td><td>2-3</td></tr><tr><td>90a</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans I</td><td>0-6 mes. / months</td></tr><tr><td>90b</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans I</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>90c</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans I</td><td>5-6</td></tr><tr><td>90d</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans II</td><td>13</td></tr><tr><td>90e</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans II</td><td>14</td></tr><tr><td>90f</td><td>moški / male</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>90g</td><td>moški / male</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>90h</td><td>moški / male</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>90i</td><td>moški / male</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>90j</td><td>?</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>90k</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>maturus/senilis</td><td>&lt; 51</td></tr><tr><td>91</td><td>moški / male</td><td>adultus</td><td>25-39</td></tr><tr><td>92a</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans I</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>92b</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans II</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>92c</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans II</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>92d</td><td>moški / male</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>92e</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>92f</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>92g</td><td>?</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>92h</td><td>?</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>93a</td><td>moški / male</td><td>maturus</td><td>41-65</td></tr><tr><td>93b</td><td>moški / male</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>93c</td><td>?</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>94</td><td>?</td><td>juvenis</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>98</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>juvenis</td><td>15-18</td></tr><tr><td>100</td><td>?</td><td>moški / male</td><td>maturus/senilis &lt; 51</td></tr><tr><td>102</td><td>moški / male</td><td>maturus/senilis &lt; 51</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>109a</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>maturus II</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>109b</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>juvenis</td><td>19</td></tr><tr><td>109c</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>adultus I</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>109d</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>maturus II</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>109e</td><td>moški / male</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>109f</td><td>moški / male</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>109g</td><td>moški / male</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>109h</td><td>moški / male</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>109i</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans I</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>109j</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans II</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>110</td><td>moški / male</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>111a</td><td>moški / male</td><td>adultus II</td><td>35-40</td></tr><tr><td>111b</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>senilis</td><td>58-72</td></tr><tr><td>112a</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans II</td><td>8 ± 2</td></tr><tr><td>112b</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>113</td><td>moški / male</td><td>maturus/senilis</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>114</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>maturus</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>115a</td><td>moški / male</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>115b</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans II</td><td>7</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Tab. 9.1: Seznam okostij</caption><thead><tr><td>Številka skeleta / Skeleton no.</td><td>Spol / Sex</td><td>Starostna kategorija / Age category</td><td>Okvirna starost (leta) / Tenative age (years)</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>116a</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>116b</td><td>? moški / male</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>117a</td><td>moški / male</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>117b</td><td>?</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>119</td><td>?</td><td>juvenis</td><td>15</td></tr><tr><td>121a</td><td>moški / male</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>121b</td><td>moški / male</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>121c</td><td>moški / male</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>121d</td><td>moški / male</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>121e</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>121f</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>121g</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>122a</td><td>moški / male</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

<caption>Tab. 9.1: List of skeletons</caption>

### Grob 1

Šribar: slabo ohranjen skelet odrasle osebe (luničasti uhan).

V škatli so bile fragmentirane kosti dveh odraslih oseb in dva otroška zoba (mlečna kočnika), ki ju nismo označili kot skelet.

Skelet 1a, robustne kosti: lobanja z mandibulo, korpusi obeh stegnenic in leve golenice.

Skelet 1b, gracilne kosti: mandibula, korpusa obeh nadlahtnic, kolčnica in kaput stegnenice.

Nerazporejeno: proksimalni deli treh podlahtnic in ene koželjnice.

### Grob 2

Šribar: skupek fragmentiranih kosti odrasle osebe (ob severni steni cerkve, skelet uničen ob izkopu temeljev cerkve).

V škatli so bile fragmentirane kosti najmanj 4 oseb, dveh odraslih in dveh otrok.

Skelet 2a, robustne kosti: zatilnica, desna nadlahtnica, križnica, leva kolčnica, obe stegnenici, golenica.

Skelet 2b, gracilne kosti: obe kolčnici, stegnenici in golenica.

Skelet 2c: fragmenti lobanje, glede na debelino starejši otrok.

Skelet 2d: leva polovica čelnice, mlajši otrok.

### Grob 3

Šribar: skelet (dolžina skeleta 124 cm) vzporeden z ostanki skeleta 7 in dve stegnenici.

V škatli so bile kosti treh oseb.

Skelet 3a, robustne kosti: obe stegnenici, distalni del desne koželjnice, korpus podlahtnice.

Skelet 3b, gracilne kosti: slabo ohranjen skelet, poleg lobanje tudi večina postkraniuma (manjkajo: obe ključnici, leva nadlahtnica, desna podlahtnica, mečnici).

Skelet 3c, kosti otroka: fragment mandibule ter dve epifizi (kaput nadlahtnice in kondilus stegnenice).

<table><thead><tr><td>Številka skeleta / Skeleton no.</td><td>Spol / Sex</td><td>Starostna kategorija / Age category</td><td>Okvirna starost (leta) / Tenative age (years)</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>122b</td><td>?</td><td>juvenis</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>123a</td><td>moški / male</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>123b</td><td>moški / male</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>123c</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>123d</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>123e</td><td>otrok / child</td><td>infans II</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>124a</td><td>moški / male</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>124b</td><td>?</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>XX</td><td>moški / male</td><td>senilis</td><td>66-75</td></tr><tr><td>1a/2016</td><td>ženska</td><td>juveis-adultus</td><td>18-20</td></tr><tr><td>1b/2016</td><td>ženska</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1c/2016</td><td>moški / male</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2/2016</td><td>ženski / female</td><td>odrasel / adult</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

### Grave 1

Šribar: poorly preserved adult skeleton (crescent-shaped earring).

The box contained fragmented bones belonging to two adults as well as two children's teeth (deciduous molars), which were not categorised as a skeleton.

Skeleton 1a, robust bones: skull with mandible, the shafts of both femurs and the left tibia.

Skeleton 1b, gracile bones: mandible, shafts of both humeri, innominate and caput femuris.

Unsorted: the proximal parts of three ulnas and one radius.

### Grave 2

Šribar: a pile of fragmented adult bones (alongside the north side of the church, the skeleton was destroyed when the foundations for the church were built).

The box included fragmented bones of at least 4 individuals, two adults and two children.

Skeleton 2a, robust bones: occipital, right humerus, sacrum, left innominate, both femurs, tibia.

Skeleton 2b, gracile bones: both innominates, femurs and tibia.

Skeleton 2c: skull fragments, most likely an older child (taking into account the thickness).

Skeleton 2d: left side of the frontal bone, younger child.

### Grave 3

Šribar: skeleton (length 124 cm) parallel to the remains of skeleton 7 and two femurs.

The box included the bones of three skeletons.

Skeleton 3a, robust bones: both femurs, distal end of the right radius, the shaft of the ulna.

Skeleton 3b, gracile bones: a poorly preserved skeleton, skull as well as most postcranial bones (missing: both clavicles, left humerus, right ulna, fibulas).

Skeleton 3c, bones belonging to a child: mandible fragment and two epiphyses (humeral head and femoral condyle).
### Grob 4

Šribar: odrasel skelet (vzporedno z grobom 5), pod njim stegnenica močnejše osebe. Vrstni red pokopa: najprej 13, nato 4, nato 5.

V škatli so bile kosti dveh oseb.

Skelet 4a, gracilne kosti: lobanja in postkranialni skelet, ki mu manjkajo kosti goleni (golenici, mečnici) ter kosti stopal.

Skelet 4b, robustne kosti: kosti leve roke (lopatica, nadlahtnica, proksimalna dela koželjnice in podlahtnice) in desne noge (fragment kolčnice, stegnenica, golenica); lahko del skeleta iz groba 6.

### Grob 5

Šribar: cel skelet, zraven lobanja, mandibula in femur označeni kot grob 13.

V škatli je bilo eno okostje, poleg tega pa še nekaj fragmentov od drugega skeleta.

Skelet 5a, robustne kosti: skoraj popoln postkranialni skelet; poleg lobanje mnjkajo le mečnici in kosti stopal.

Skelet 5b: fragment kolčnice in fragmenti kosti rok (kapitulum nadlahtnice, leva koželjnica, podlahtnica); najverjetneje iz groba 13.

### Grob 6

Šribar: odrasel skelet (vzporedno z grobom 4) in ostanki prekopa (grob 14).

V škatli je bilo okostje odrasle osebe, ki mu je manjkalo nekaj kosti, odveč pa je bila križnica (morda iz groba 7 ali 14).

Skelet 6: lobanja brez mandibule (ta bi se lahko nahajala v škatli grob 14) ter postkranialni skelet, ki mu manjkajo leva nadlahtnica, leva koželjnica in leva golenica.

### Grob 7

Šribar: spodnji del skeleta odrasle osebe.

Skelet 7: nekompleten postkranialni skelet, poleg lobanje manjkajo kosti ramenskega obroča (lopatici in ključnici), nadlahtnici ter križnica.

### Grob 8

Šribar: med skeletoma 3 in 7 so bili fragmenti kosti (verjetno pokopi uničeni ob vkopu grobov 3 in 7), ob grobu 7 je grob 15, med stegnenicama skeletov 3 in 7 pa lobanja (skelet 8).

V škatli je bila fragmentarno ohranjena lobanja (skelet 8) ter nekaj fragmentov postkranialnih kosti od dveh odraslih skeletov, robustnega (korpusa desne podlahtnice in leve golenice) in gracilnega (distalna dela nadlahtnice in stegnenice, fragment mečnice).

### Grob 9

Šribar: odrasel skelet, delno uničen.

Skelet 9: fragmentarno ohranjen skelet, nekaj kosti lobanje (zatilnica, desna ličnica, maksila, mandibula), rebra in vretenca, kosti rok (manjka samo desna podlahtnica) ter leva stegnenica.

### Grob 10

Šribar: gracilne kosti in fragmenti lobanje. Na kolčnici je ležala lobanja označena kot skelet 11, postkranium je verjetno pod zidom.

V škatli so bili ostanki dveh okostij.

### Grave 4

Šribar: adult skeleton (parallel to Grave 5), underneath lay a femur belonging to a stronger individual. The order of burials: first 13, then 4, and then 5.

The box contained the bones belonging to two humans.

Skeleton 4a, gracile bones: skull and postcranial bones, without the shin bones (tibias, fibulas) and feet bones.

Skeleton 4b, robust bones: bones of the left arm (scapula, humerus, proximal parts of the radius and ulna) and the right leg (innominate fragment, femur, tibia); could be a part of the skeleton from Grave 6.

### Grave 5

Šribar: complete skeleton, with the addition of a skull, mandible and femur categorised as Grave 13.

The box contained one skeleton, as well as several fragments belonging to another skeleton.

Skeleton 5a, robust bones: almost all postcranial bones, apart from the skull only the fibulas and feet bones are missing.

Skeleton 5b: fragment of the innominate and fragments of arm bones (capitulum of the humerus, left radius, ulna); most likely belonged to Grave 13.

### Grave 6

Šribar: adult skeleton (parallel to Grave 4) and the remains from a reburial (Grave 14).

The box contained an adult skeleton, which was missing a few bones, and had an additional sacrum (possibly from Grave 7 or 14).

Skeleton 6: skull without mandible (this could be located in the box marked Grave 14) and postcranial bones, without the left humerus, left radius and left tibia.

### Grave 7

Šribar: lower part of an adult skeleton.

Skeleton 7: incomplete postcranial bones, apart from the skull the shoulder girdle (scapulas and clavicles), both humeri and sacrum are also missing.

### Grave 8

Šribar: fragmented bones were found between skeletons 3 and 7 (most likely from a grave that was destroyed when Graves 3 and 7 were created); Grave 15 was located alongside Grave 7; a skull (skeleton 8) lay between the femurs belonging to skeletons 3 and 7.

The box contained a fragmentally preserved skull (skeleton 8) and a few fragments of postcranial bones belonging to two adult skeletons, robust one (shaft of the right ulna and the left tibia) and gracile one (distal parts of the humerus and femur, a fibula fragment).

### Grave 9

Šribar: adult skeleton, partially destroyed.

Skeleton 9: a fragmentally preserved skeleton, a few skull bones (occipital, right zygomatic, maxilla, mandible), ribs and vertebra, arm bones (only the right ulna is missing) and the left femur.

### Grave 10

Šribar: gracile bones and skull fragments. On the hipbone lay a skull categorised as skeleton 11, the postcranial bones are most likely located underneath the wall.
Skelet 10a, gracilne kosti: fragmentarno ohranjena lobanja, vretenca, obe ključnici, nadlahtnica, del kolčnice (sram-nica).

Skelet 10b, zelo robustne kosti: fragment lobanjskega krova, desna ličnica in korpus desne stegnenice.

### Grob 11

Šribar: lobanja na kolčnici skeleta 10.

V škatli so bili ostanki več okostij (med drugim npr. desne ličnice treh odraslih oseb), Šribarjevemu opisu odgovarja lobanja (skelet 11a), ostale kosti pa so najbrž iz sosednjih grobov.

Skelet 11a, robustne kosti: vse kosti lobanjskega krova, leva maksila in leva stran mandibule, korpusi obeh stegnenic, desne golenice in mečnice ter petnica. Del kosti tega skeleta je verjetno tudi v škatli grob 49.

Skelet 11b, gracilne kosti (skoraj zagotovo iz groba 12): desna maksila, rebra, del koželjnice, kosti dlani.

Skelet 11c, kosti otroka (verjetno iz groba 17): maksila, ključnica, proksimalni del nadlahtnice.

### Grob 12

Šribar: odrasel skelet, vzporedno z grobom 11.

Skelet 12: lobanja brez desne maksile (najdena v škatli grob 11) in postkranialni skelet, ki mu manjkajo kosti goleni in stopal.

Odvečne kosti: leva polovica otroške mandibule (verjetno iz groba 17).

### Grob 13

Šribar: glej grob 5.

Skelet 13: fragmentarno ohranjen lobanjski krov, mandibula, ledveno vretence, desna lopatica, desna stegnenica, obe golenici in obe mečnici.

### Grob 14

Šribar: glej grob 6.

V škatli so bili ostanki najmanj treh odraslih skeletov in enega otroškega.

Skelet 14: kot skelet 14 smo smatrali celo mandibulo, desno nadlahtnico, desno kolčnico ter par golenic.

Preostale kosti: levi polovici dveh mandibul, rebra, 6 vretenc, 2 levi lopatici, kosti stopal ter desna polovica otroške mandibule.

### Grob 15

Šribar: glej grob 8.

V škatli so bili ostanki najmanj štirih odraslih okostij, kot skelete smo označili tri, ločili smo jih po spolnih in starostnih kazalcih.

Skelet 15a, mlajši moški: mandibula, kosti leve podlahti (koželjnica in podlahtnica), obe kolčnici, kosti leve noge (stegnenica, golenica).

Skelet 15b, starejši moški: desna nadlahtnica, leva podlahtnica, leva kolčnica.

Skelet 15c, mlajša ženska: mandibula, kosti desne podlahti (koželjnica in podlahtnica), desna kolčnica, desna stegnenica in desna golenica.

Nerazporejeno: še ena desna ženska stegnenica, rebra, vretenca, dve lopatici, kosti dlani in stopal.

The box contained the remains of two skeletons.

Skeleton 10a, gracile bones: fragmentarily preserved skull, vertebrae, both clavicles, humerus, a part of the innominate (the pubis).

Skelet 10b, very robust bones: fragment of the calotte, right zygomatic and the shaft of the right femur.

### Grave 11

Šribar: skull found on the hipbone belonging to skeleton 10.

The box contains the remains of a number of skeletons (including right zygomatic bones belonging to three different adults), the skull corresponds to Šribar's description (skeleton 11a), while the other bones most likely originated from the neighbouring graves.

Skelet 11a, robust bones: all bones of the neurocranium, left maxilla and the left side of the mandible, shafts of both femurs, the right tibia and the fibula as well as the calca-neus. Some of the bones belonging to this skeleton were most likely placed in the box marked Grave 49.

Skelet 11b, gracile bones (almost certainly from Grave 12): right maxilla, ribs, a part of the radius, metacarpal bones.

Skelet 11c, child's bones (most likely from Grave 17): maxilla, clavicle, proximal part of the humerus.

### Grave 12

Šribar: adult skeleton, parallel to Grave 11.

Skelet 12: the skull without the right maxilla (found in the box marked Grave 11) and the postcranial bones without the bones of the shin and foot.

Superfluous bones: left side of a child's mandible (most likely from Grave 17).

### Grave 13

Šribar: see Grave 5.

Skelet 13: fragmentally preserved neurocranium, mandible, lumbar vertebrae, right scapula, right femur, both tibias and both fibulas.

### Grave 14

Šribar: see Grave 6.

The box contained the remains belonging to at least three adults and one child.

Skelet 14: we categorised the entire mandible, the right humerus, right innominate and a pair of tibias as skeleton 14.

Remaining bones: the left sides of two mandibles, ribs, 6 vertebrae, 2 left scapulas, bones of the feet and the right side of a child's mandible.

### Grave 15

Šribar: see Grave 8.

The box contained the remains belonging to at least four adult skeletons, and we categorised three as skeletons, as we could differentiate them by gender and age.

Skelet 15a, young male: mandible, bones of the left forearm (radius and ulna), both innominates, bones of the left leg (femur, tibia).

Skelet 15b, older male: right humerus, left ulna, left innominate.

Skelet 15c, younger female: mandible, bones of the right forearm (radius and ulna) and right leg (innominate, femur, tibia).

Unsorted: another right female femur, ribs, vertebrae, two scapulas, bones of the hand and feet.
### Grob 16

Šribar: glej grob 8.

V škatli je bila fragmentarno ohranjena lobanja z maksilo in mandibulo (skelet 16, moški) ter fragmenti postkranialnih kosti od najmanj 4 odraslih okostij (domnevno treh moških in ene ženske), ki jih nismo označili kot skelete.

Robustne kosti (moške): 3 nadlahtnice, 3 leve koželjnice.

Gracilne kosti (ženske?): desna podlahtnica, desna stegnenica.

Ostalo: rebra, prsno vretence, križnica, leva ključnica, desna lopatica, še ena desna stegnenica.

### Grob 17

Šribar: uničen grob, ohranjen je samo del otroške lobanje.

Skelet 17, otrok: vse kosti možganskega dela lobanje, desna polovica mandibule, rebra, vretenca, obe lopatici, nadlahtnica, koželjnica, obe podlahtnici, čevrnica in stegnenica. Manjkajoče kosti se verjetno nahajajo v drugih škatlah (glej skelet 11 c in grob 12).

### Grob 18

Šribar: odrasel skelet, robusten.

Škatle oziroma skeleta z oznako grob 18 v gradivu ni bilo.

### Grob 19

Šribar: odrasel skelet (poleg grobov 40, 41 in 43).

V škatli so bili ostanki večih okostij.

Skelet 19a: kompleten slabo ohranjen skelet, manjka samo desna maksila (leva senčnica je bila najdena v škatli grob 20).

Skelet 19b, kosti otroka (lahko iz groba 43): korpusa koželjnice in nadlahtnice, 2 čevrnici.

Odvečne kosti odraslih oseb: prvi dve vratni vretenci (sodita v grob št. 20), proksimalna dela dveh humerusov, distalni del podlahtnice, skočnica.

### Grob 20

Šribar: odrasel, slabo ohranjen skelet.

Skelet 20: skoraj kompleten skelet, pri lobanji manjkata mandibula in desna maksila, pri postkranialnem okostju pa prvi dve vratni vretenci (najdeni v škatli grob 19).

### Grob 21

Šribar: glej grob 22.

Skelet 21a: lobanja manjka, ohranjen pa je skoraj popoln postkranialni skelet (manjkajo ena ključnica, ledvena vretenca in križnica).

Skelet 21b: nemerljivi fragmenti stegnenic in golenic ter kosti stopal; verjetno iz groba 22.

### Grob 22

Šribar: kasnejši pokop v jamo 21, odrasel skelet.

Skelet 22: fragmentarno ohranjen možganski del lobanje, desna maksila in večina postkranialnih kosti; manjkajo kosti desne podlahti (koželjnica in podlahtnica) ter kosti goleni (ohranjen je samo delček golenice) in stopal.

Višek kosti: desna maksila odrasle osebe in nekaj otroških kosti (3 rebra, ključnica, distalni del nadlahtnice; morda od skeletov 23a, 27, 33b).

### Grave 16

Šribar: see Grave 8.

The box contained a fragmentally preserved skull with maxilla and mandible (skeleton 16, male) and fragments of postcranial bones belonging to at least four adults (most likely three male and one female), which we have not categorised as skeletons.

Robust bones (male): 3 humeri, 3 left radii.

Gracile bones (female?): right ulna, right femur.

Other: ribs, thoracic vertebrae, sacrum, left clavicle, right scapula, another right femur.

### Grave 17

Šribar: destroyed grave, only a fragment of a child's skull was preserved.

Skeleton 17, child: all bones of the cranium, right side of the mandible, ribs, vertebrae, both scapulas, humerus, radius, both ulnas, ilium and femur. The missing bones are most likely stored in other boxes (see skeleton 11 c and Grave 12).

### Grave 18

Šribar: adult skeleton, robust.

There was no box or skeleton marked Grave 18 amongst the material.

### Grave 19

Šribar: adult skeleton (alongside Graves 40, 41 and 43).

The box contained the remains of a number of skeletons.

Skeleton 19a: a complete, but poorly preserved skeleton, only the right maxilla is missing (the left temporal bone was found in the box marked Grave 20).

Skeleton 19b, bones belonging to a child (possibly from Grave 43): shafts of the radius and humerus, 2 ilia.

The superfluous adult bones: first two cervical vertebrae (they belong to Grave 20), the proximal parts of two humeri, the distal part of an ulna, talus.

### Grave 20

Šribar: poorly preserved adult skeleton.

Skeleton 20: almost complete skeleton, the mandible and right maxilla are missing from the skull, two cervical vertebrae are missing from the postcranial bones (found in box marked Grave 19).

### Grave 21

Šribar: see Grave 22.

Skeleton 21a: missing skull, however, almost all of the postcranial bones are preserved (missing: one clavicle, the lumbar vertebrae and the sacrum).

Skeleton 21b: immeasurable fragments of femurs, tibias and foot bones; most likely belonging to Grave 22.

### Grave 22

Šribar: later burial into pit 21, adult skeleton.

Skeleton 22: fragmentally preserved cranium, right maxilla and most postcranial bones; bones of the right forearm (radius and ulna), shin (only a small fragment of the tibia has been preserved) and feet are missing.

Superfluous bones: right adult maxilla and a few children's bones (3 ribs, clavicle, distal part of the humerus; possibly belonging to skeletons 23a, 27, 33b).
### Grob 23

Šribar: skoraj uničen skelet s pokopom št. 30 in izkopom temeljev (vrstni red pokopov: 31, 23, 30).

V škatli so bili ostanki 3 okostij, 2 otrok in mlade ženske.

Skelet 23a, mlajši otrok: fragmenti lobanjskega krova, nadlahtnice, koželjnice, stegnenice in golenice.

Skelet 23b, dojenček: fragmenti mandibule, nadlahtnice, podlahtnice, koželjnice in golenice.

Skelet 23c, mladostnik: desna stegnenica, obe golenici, del mečnice, petnica in stopalnica; sodijo k skeletu 31.

### Grob 24

Šribar: odrasel gracilen skelet, otrok?

V škatli so bile kosti otroka in odrasle osebe, poleg tega pa še nekaj zelo tankih kosti lobanjskega krova (dojenček, verjetno od skeleta 23b).

Skelet 24a, otrok: kompleten skelet.

Skelet 24 b, odrasla oseba: fragmenti lobanje (čelnica, temenica, desna maksila, leva stran mandibule) in nekaj kosti roke (ključnica, leva podlahtnica, zapestna kost in prstni členek).

### Grob 25

Šribar: otroška lobanja v grobni jami 57.

V škatli so bili fragmentarno ohranjene in nemerljive kosti najmanj 6 okostij, 3 otroških in 3 odraslih (leva moška kolčnica in 2 desni ženski kolčnici). Šribarjevemu opisu morda ustreza skelet 25c, kosti preostalih okostij pa so verjetno tudi v grobu 57.

Skelet 25a, robustne kosti, moške: kosti leve roke (nadlahtnica, koželjnica, podlahtnica), leva kolčnica, desna stegnenica, leva golenica, 2 pogačici.

Skelet 25 b, gracilne kosti, ženske: mandibula, kosti leve roke (nadlahtnica, koželjnica, podlahtnica), desna kolčnica.

Skelet 25c, starejši otrok: fragmenti lobanjskega krova, desni vogal mandibule, nadlahtnica, proksimalni del podlahtnice, desna stegnenica, leva golenica.

Skelet 25d, mlajši otrok: stegnenica.

Skelet 25e, dojenček: ključnica in podlahtnica (lahko del skeleta 23b).

Skelet 25f, ženska: druga desna ženska kolčnica.

### Grob 26

Šribar: ostanki odrasle osebe v nasutju.

V škatli so bili ostanki 3 oseb, odrasle ženske in dveh otrok.

Skelet 26, ženska: fragmenti lobanje z maksilo (mandibula manjka) in nekaterih postkranialnih kosti (5 vretenc, proksimalna dela podlahnice in koželjnice, obe stegnenici).

Treh otroških kosti nismo označili, fragment stegnenice principala mlajšemu otroku, leva polovica čelnice in fragment nedoločljive dolge kosti pa dojenčku.

### Grob 27

Šribar: poškodovan otroški skelet, pod 21 in 22.

Skelet 27, otrok: fragmenti lobanjskega krova, leva maksila, desna stran mandibule, rebra, vretenca, obe lopatici, ključnica, obe nadlahtnici in podlahtnici, koželjnica, obe črevnici (ostale kosti nog manjkajo).

### Grave 23

Šribar: skeleton almost destroyed by burial No. 30 and the digging of the foundations (order of burials: 31, 23, 30).

The box contained the remains of three skeletons, 2 children and a young woman.

Skeleton 23a, young child: fragments of the cranium, humerus, radius, femur and tibia.

Skeleton 23b, infant: fragments of the mandible, humerus, ulna, radius and tibia.

Skeleton 23c, juvenile: right femur, both tibias, a part of the fibula, calcaneus and metatarsals; they belong to skeleton 31.

### Grave 24

Šribar: gracile adult skeleton, child?

The box contained the bones of a child and an adult, as well as a few very thin bones of the neuurocranium (infant, most likely skeleton 23b).

Skeleton 24a, child: complete skeleton.

Skeleton 24 b, adult: skull fragments (frontal, parietal, right maxilla, left side of the mandible) and a few bones of the arm (clavicle, left ulna, one carpal bone and a phalanx).

### Grave 25

Šribar: child's skull in grave pit 57.

The box contained fragmentally preserved and immeasurable bones belonging to at least 6 skeletons, 3 children and 3 adult (left male innominate and 2 right female innomates). Skeleton 25c might fit Šribar's description, while the missing bones of the remaining skeletons might be located in Grave 57.

Skeleton 25a, robust bones, male: bones of the left arm (humerus, radius, ulna), left innominate, right femur, left tibia, 2 patellas.

Skeleton 25 b, gracile bones, female: mandible, bones of the left arm (humerus, radius, ulna), right innominate.

Skeleton 25c, older child: fragments of the calotte, right corner of the mandible, humerus, proximal part of the ulna, right femur, left tibia.

Skeleton 25d, young child: femur.

Skeleton 25e, infant: clavicle and ulna (could be a part of skeleton 23b).

Skeleton 25f, female: second right female innominate.

### Grave 26

Šribar: remains of an adult in the rubble.

The box contained the remains of 3 individuals, an adult woman and two children.

Skeleton 26, female: fragments of cranium and maxilla (mandible is missing) and a few postcranial bones (5 vertebrae, the proximal parts of the ulna and radius, both femurs).

We have not categorised three child bones; a femur fragment belongs to a young child, while the left half of the frontal bone and the fragment of an undefinable long bone belong to an infant.

### Grave 27

Šribar: a damaged child skeleton, under 21 and 22.

Skeleton 27, child: fragments of the neurocranium, left maxilla, the right side of the mandible, ribs, vertebra, both scapulas, clavicle, both humeri and ulnas, radius, both ilia (the remaining leg bones are missing).
### Grob 28

Šribar: lobanja, nad levo stranjo skeleta 18.

Skelet 28: fragmentarno ohranjena lobanja brez mandibule.

### Grob 29

Šribar: odrasel skelet, uničen skelet 33.

Skelet 29: fragmentarno ohranjene kosti lobanje in zgornji del postkranialnega skeleta (rebra, vretenca, kosti obeh rok, kolčnici, stegnenici), manjkajo kosti goleni in stopal). Poleg tega sta bili v škatli še 2 kosti otroka (desna črevnica in proksimalni del leve stegnenice), ki ju nismo označili kot skelet, verjetno sodita k skeletu 33b.

### Grob 30

Šribar: odrasel robusten skelet.

Skeleta ali škatle z oznako grob 30 v gradivu ni bilo. Šribarjevemu opisu npr, odgovarjata skeleta 32a in xx.

### Grob 31

Šribar: slabo ohranjen odrasel skelet.

Skelet 31: od lobanje sta ohranjeni le maksili in mandibula, od postkraniuma pa rebra, vretenca, prsnica, ena nadlahtnica, obe lopatici, ključnici, koželjnici in podlahtnici, obe kolčnici in leva stegnenica. Manjkajoče postkranialne kosti smo našli v škatli grob 23 (glej skelet 23c).

### Grob 32

Šribar: ostanki zgornjega dela otroškega skeleta med lobanjama 23 in 33.

V škatli so bile kosti štirih oseb, s Šribarjevim opisom se ujema skelet, ki smo mu dodelili oznako 32c.

Skelet 32a, moški: skoraj kompleten odrasel skelet, zelo robusten; pri lobanji manjkata čeljustnici (ohranjen je samo fragment mandibule in nekaj izoliranih zob), pri postkranialnem skeletu pa mečnici in kosti stopal. Morda gre za skelet iz manjkajočega groba 30.

Skelet 32b, moški: nekaj kosti lobanje (fragment čelnice, desna temenica, desna senčnica, obe ličnici) ter fragmenti postkraniuma (2 vretenci, kolčnica, križnica, ključnica, lopatica), ki bi lahko sodili k skeletu 33a.

Skelet 32c, mlajši otrok: lobanja z maksilama in mandibulo, rebra, vretenca, obe lopatici in ključnici, leva nadlahtnica in proksimalni del desne, sramnica.

Poleg tega je bilo v škatli še nekaj kosti od starejšega otroka (distalna epifiza koželjnice, del črevnice), ki ga nismo označili kot skelet.

### Grob 33

Šribar: ostanki odraslega skeleta, fragmentirane dolge kosti na kupu, desna stegnenica je ležala desno ob 22 in 29.

V škatli so bile kosti dveh oseb, odraslega in otroka.

Skelet 33a, moški: fragmenti lobanjskega krova, mandibula in nekaj fragmentov postkranialnih kosti (obe lopatici, desna nadlahtnica, leva podlahtnica, obe kolčnici, stegnenici in golenici, leva mečnica). K temu skeletu bi lahko sodile tudi kosti najdene v škatli grob 32 (glej skelet 32b).

Skelet 33b, mlajši otrok: mandibula, rebra, ključnica, koželjnica, desna črevnica in nedoločljivi fragmenti dolgih kosti.

### Grave 28

Šribar: skull, above the left side of skeleton 18.

Skeleton 28: fragmentally preserved skull without mandible.

### Grave 29

Šribar: adult skeleton, destroyed skeleton 33.

Skeleton 29: the fragmentally preserved skull bones and the upper postcranial bones (ribs, vertebrae, bones of both arms, innominates, femurs), missing are the shin and feet bones. The box also contained 2 child bones (right ilium and the proximal part of the left femur), which we did not categorise as a skeleton; they most likely belong to skeleton 33b.

### Grave 30

Šribar: adult robust skeleton.

There was no skeleton or box marked Grave 30 amongst the material. Skeletons 32a and xx could fit Šribar's description.

### Grave 31

Šribar: poorly preserved adult skeleton.

Skeleton 3: only the maxillae and mandible are preserved from the skull; from the postcranial bones the following have been preserved: the ribs, vertebrae, sternum, one humerus, both scapulas, clavicles, both radiuses and ulnas, both innominates and the left femur. The missing postcranial bones have been found in the box marked Grave 23 (see skeleton 23c).

### Grave 32

Šribar: the remains of the upper part of a child's skeleton were located between skulls 23 and 33.

The box contained the bones of four individuals, the skeleton that we have categorised as skeleton 32c matched Šribar's description.

Skeleton 32a, male: almost entire adult skeleton, very robust; the skull is missing both jawbones (only a fragment of a mandible and a few isolated teeth have been preserved), while the postcranial bones are missing the fibulas and the foot bones. This could be the skeleton from the missing Grave 30.

Skeleton 32b, male: a few cranial bones (a fragment of the fronta, the right parietal, the right temporal, both zygomatic bones) and fragments of the postcranial bones (2 vertebrae, an innominate, sacrum, clavicle, scapula), which could belong to skeleton 33a.

Skeleton 32c, young child: skull with mandible and maxillae, ribs, vertebrae, both scapulas and clavicles, left humerus and the proximal part of the right pubis bone.

The box included a few additional bones belonging to a slightly older child (distal radial epiphysis, part of the ilium), which we did not categorise as a skeleton.

### Grave 33

Šribar: remains of an adult skeleton, fragmented long bones piled up, the right femur lay to the left, alongside 22 and 29.

The box included the bones belonging to two individuals, an adult and a child.

Skeleton 33a, male: fragments of the neurocranium, mandible and a few fragments of post-cranial bones (both scapulas, right humerus, left ulna, both innominates, femurs and tibias, left fibula). The bones found in box marked Grave 32 (see skeleton 32b) could belong to this skeleton.
### Grob 34

Šribar: fragmentiran odrasel skelet ter nadlahtnica in podlah-
tnica od druge osebe.

V škatli so bili ostanki 3 okostij, največ jih pripada skeletu
34a, ostale kosti verjetno izvirajo iz sosednjih grobov.

Skelet 34a, moški: fragmenti lobanjskega krova, leva polovica mandibule ter zgornji del postkraniuma (rebra, vratna in prsna vretenca, prsnica, obe ključnici, lopatici in nadlahtnici, delčki koželjnice in podlahtnice).

Skelet 34b, otrok: leva stran mandibule, leva ličnica in fragment dolge kosti.

Od tretje osebe, ki je nismo označili kot skelet, je bila ohranjena samo desna polovica mandibule, ženska.

### Grob 35

Šribar: odrasel skelet, poškodovan pri pokopu skeleta 36.

Skelet 35: ohranjena je samo lobanja, brez maksile in mandibule.

### Grob 36

Šribar: odrasel skelet.

Skelet 36: lobanja (manjkata leva maksila in mandibula, razen levega ramusa) in kompleten postkranialni skelet.

Višek kosti: desna maksila, leva ličnica, baza križnice in del mečnice; morda od skeleta 35.

### Grob 37

Šribar: uničen odrasel skelet.

V škatli so bile kosti moškega in otroka.

Skelet 37a, mlajši otrok: fragmenti kosti lobanjskega krova, desna polovica mandibule, vretenca, fragment stegnenice in delci neprepoznavnih dolgih kosti.

Skelet 37b, moški: fragmenti reber, prsnice, 2 vretenci, del kolčnice, distalni epifizi obeh stegnenic, petnica in skočnica.

### Grob 38

Šribar: odrasel gracilen skelet, fragmentiran.

Skelet 38: lobanja v fragmentih, leva stran mandibule in izolirani zobje, fragmenti skoraj vseh postkranialnih kosti (manjkata desna ključnica).

### Grob 39

V škatli so bili ostanki najmanj 3 okostij, moškega, ženske in otroka.

Skelet 39a, moški: lobanja v fragmentih (ohranjeni sta obe maksili, od mandibule samo levi vogal) in fragmenti večine postkranialnih kosti (manjkato leva golenica in obe mečnici).

Skelet 39b, ženska: lobanja v fragmentih (manjkata leva maksila in mandibula) in fragmenti večine postkranialnih kosti (manjkajo kosti leve roke: levi humerus, ulna in radius).

Skelet 39c, otrok: fragmenti lobanjskega krova in postkraniuma (dolge kosti, črevnica in sednica).

Skeleton 33b, young child: mandible, ribs, clavicle, radius, right ilium and undefinable long bone fragments.

### Grave 34

Šribar: fragmented adult skeleton alongside a humerus and ulna belonging to a different individual.

The box contained the remains of 3 skeletons; most bones belong to skeleton 34a, while the remaining bones most likely originate from neighbouring graves.

Skelet 34a, male: fragments of the neurocranium, left side of the mandible and the upper postcranial bones (ribs, cervical and thoracic vertebrae, sternum, both clavicles, scapulas and humeri, fragments of the radius and ulna).

Skelet 34b, child: left side of the mandible, left zygomatic bone and fragment of a long bone.

The box contained also a bone belonging to a third individual, a female, however, we did not categorise it as a skeleton, as only the right side of a mandible was preserved.

### Grave 35

Šribar: adult skeleton, damaged during the burial of skeleton 36.

Skelet 35: only part of the skull is preserved, without the mandible and maxilla.

### Grave 36

Šribar: adult skeleton.

Skelet 36: skull (the left maxilla and mandible are missing, except for the left ramus) and all postcranial bones.

Surplus bones: right maxilla, left zygomatic bone, base of the sacrum and a part of the fibula; possibly belonging to skeleton 35.

### Grave 37

Šribar: a destroyed adult skeleton.

The box contained the bones of a male and a child.

Skelet 37a, young child: fragments of neurocranium, right side of the mandible, vertebrae, a femur fragment and parts of unrecognisable long bones.

Skelet 37b, male: rib fragments, sternum, 2 vertebrae, a part of the innominate, distal epiphyses of both femurs, calcaneus and talus.

### Grave 38

Šribar: gracile adult skeleton, fragmented.

Skelet 38: fragmented cranium, left side of the mandible and isolated teeth, fragments of almost all postcranial bones (right clavicle is missing).

### Grave 39

The box contained the remains of at least 3 skeletons, male, female and a child.

Skelet 39a, male: fragmented skull (both maxillae are preserved, as is the left corner of the mandible) and fragments of most postcranial bones (left tibia and both fibulas are missing).

Skelet 39b, female: fragmented skull (left maxilla and mandible are missing), most postcranial bones are fragmented (the bones of the left arm are missing: left humerus, ulna and radius).

Skelet 39c, child: fragments of neurocranium and some postcranial bones (long bones, ilium and ischium).
### Grob 40

Šribar: odlično ohranjen odrasel skelet, čelni del poškodovan ob vkopu 19.

Skeleta ali škatle z oznako grob 40 v gradivu ni bilo.

### Grob 41

Šribar: dobro ohranjen skelet, istočasen pokop s 40.

V škatli je bila samo maksila z oznako 41.

### Grob 42

Šribar: uničen odrasel skelet.

Skeleta ali škatle z oznako grob 42 v gradivu ni bilo.

### Grob 43

Šribar: fragmenti lobanje in rebra otroka.

Skelet 43, otrok: fragmenti lobanje (brez maksile in mandibule) in reber.

Poleg tega je bilo v škatli še nekaj kosti stopal (2 skočnici, stopalnica) odrasle osebe.

### Grob 44

Šribar: prsti in golenici odrasle osebe.

Skeleta ali škatle z oznako grob 44 v gradivu ni bilo.

### Grob 45

Šribar: odrasel skelet.

Skelet 45: srednje dobro ohranjen kompleten skelet, vse kosti lobanje in postkraniuma.

### Grob 46

Šribar: odrasel skelet.

Skelet 46: v škatli je bil samo možganski del lobanje. Poleg tega pa še fragmenta temenice od druge lobanje.

### Grob 47

Šribar: fragmenti otroškega skeleta.

Skelet 47, otrok: fragmenti postkranialnega skeleta (rebra, 2 vretenci, koželjnica, desna podlahtnica, črevnica in sramnica, desna stegnenica.

Poleg tega je bilo v škatli še nekaj kosti stopal (kocka, 2 prstna členka) odraslega skeleta.

### Grob 48

Šribar: golenici odrasle osebe.

Skeleta ali škatle z oznako grob 48 v gradivu ni bilo.

### Grob 49

Šribar: poškodovan odrasel skelet brez lobanje, ki je bila uničena ob pokopu 11.

Skelet 49, ženska: del čelnice in fragmentarno ohranjen postkranialni skelet, skoraj kompleten (manjkajo ključnici in golenici).

Poleg tega je bilo v škatli še nekaj kosti od treh drugih oseb, ki jih nismo šteli kot skelete:

Odrasel moški: zelo robustne in velike kosti (kaput nadlahtnice, kosti stopal), ki najbrž sodijo v grob 11.

Mladostnik: neprirasel kaput nadlahtnice in križnica, morda od skeleta 10a.

Otrok: fragmenti lobanjskega krova.

### Grave 40

Šribar: excellently preserved adult skeleton, the forehead was damaged at burial 19.

There was no skeleton or box marked Grave 40 amongst the material.

### Grave 41

Šribar: a well-preserved skeleton, simultaneous burial with 40.

The box included merely a maxilla marked 41.

### Grave 42

Šribar: destroyed adult skeleton.

There was no skeleton or box marked Grave 42 amongst the material.

### Grave 43

Šribar: skull fragments and child ribs.

Skeleton 43, child: skull fragments (without mandible and maxilla) and rib fragments.

The box also included a few foot bones (2 taluses, metatarsals) belonging to an adult.

### Grave 44

Šribar: fingers and tibias belonging to an adult.

There was no skeleton or box marked Grave 44 amongst the material.

### Grave 45

Šribar: adult skeleton.

Skeleton 45: a complete, medium preserved skeleton, all skull and postcranial bones were present.

### Grave 46

Šribar: adult skeleton.

Skeleton 46: the box contained a cranium and two parietal bone fragments belonging to a different skull.

### Grave 47

Šribar: fragments of a child skeleton.

Skeleton 47, child: partial postcranial bones (ribs, 2 vertebrae, radius, right ulna, ilium and pubis bone, right femur).

The box also included a few bones of the feet (cuboid bone, 2 phalanges) belonging to an adult.

### Grave 48

Šribar: tibias belonging to an adult.

There was no skeleton or box marked Grave 48 amongst the material.

### Grave 49

Šribar: a damaged adult skeleton without a skull, which was destroyed during burial 11.

Skeleton 49, female: a part of the frontal bone and fragmentarily preserved postcranial bones, almost complete skeleton (the clavicles and tibias are missing).

The box also contained a few bones belonging to three individuals which we did not categorise as skeletons:

Adult male: very robust and large bones (head of humerus, bones of the feet), which most likely belong to Grave 11.

Juvenile: head of humerus and sacrum have not ossified yet, they possibly belong to skeleton 10a.

Child: fragments of the neurocranium.
### Grob 50

Šribar: poškodovan otroški skelet.

Skelet 50, starejši otrok: fragmenti lobanje in večine kosti postkranialnega skeleta.

### Grob 51

Š: odrasel skelet, zgornji del.

Skelet 51, ženska: lobanja z maksilama in mandibulo ter nekaj fragmentov postkranialnega skeleta (rebra, vretenca, obe lopatici, ključnici in nadlahtnici, distalni del leve stegnenice). Poleg tega je bilo v škatli še nekaj kosti otroka starega okoli 4 leta (vretence, desna lopatica, del ključnice, distalni del nadlahtnice, proksimalni del stegnenice), ki bi lahko spadale k skeletu 52b.

### Grob 52

Šribar: uničen otroški skelet, nekaj vretenc in reber.

V škatli so bili ostanki dveh otroških skeletov (samo postkranialne kosti), večina pripada skeletu 52a, medtem ko se s Šribarjevim opisom ohranjenosti bolj ujema skelet 52b.

Skelet 52a, starejši otrok: vretenca, križnica, obe črevnici, leva nadlahtnica, koželjnica, proksimalna dela obeh podlahtnic, obe stegnenici.

Skelet 52b, mlajši otrok: vretenca, proksimalni del nadlahtnice, distalni del koželjnice. Nekaj kosti od tega otroka je verjetno tudi v škatli grob 51.

### Grob 53

Šribar: fragmenti lobanje otroka, ostali deli uničeni.

Skelet 53, starejši otrok: fragmenti lobanjskega krova in leva polovica mandibule. Glede na starost bi k tej lobanji lahko sodil postkranialni skelet 52a.

### Grob 54

Šribar: fragmenti odraslega skeleta.

Skelet 54, moški: lobanja (brez maksil in mandibule) ter skoraj kompleten in relativno dobro ohranjen postkranialni skelet (manjka desna koželjnica). Poleg tega je bil v škatli tudi del otroške stegnenice.

### Grob 55

Šribar: odrasel skelet v fragmentih.

V škatli so bili ostanki 3 okostij, večina kosti pripada skeletu 55a.

Skelet 55a, moški: lobanja z maksilama in mandibulo ter skoraj kompleten postkranialni skelet (manjka samo leva kolčnica).

Skelet 55b, otrok: desna črevnica, proksimalni del leve stegnenice, 2 rebri in še nekaj fragmentov dolgih kosti.

Skelet 55c, domnevno ženska: čelnica, leva in desna kolčnica, deli nadlahtnice, stegnenice in golenice.

### Grob 56

Šribar: odrasla oseba, nad grobom 57.

Skelet 56, moški: lobanja z maksilama in mandibulo ter skoraj kompleten postkranialni skelet (manjkajo desna ključnica, križnica, obe kolčnici).

### Grave 50

Šribar: a damaged child skeleton.

Skeleton 50, older child: fragments of the skull and most postcranial bones.

### Grave 51

Šribar: adult skeleton, upper part.

Skeleton 51, female: skull with mandible and both maxillae as well as a few postcranial bones (ribs, vertebrae, both scapulas, clavicles and humeri, the distal part of the left femur). The box also included a few bones belonging to a child who was approximately 4 years old (vertebrae, right scapula, a part of the clavicle, the distal part of the humerus, proximal part of the femur), which could belong to skeleton 52b.

### Grave 52

Šribar: a destroyed child skeleton, a few vertebrae and ribs.

The box contained the remains of two child skeletons (only postcranial bones), most belong to skeleton 52a, however skeleton 52b is closer to the description (as regards its preservation) provided by Šribar.

Skeleton 52a, older child: vertebrae, sacrum, both ilia, left humerus, radius, proximal parts of both ulnas, both femurs.

Skelet 52b, young child: vertebrae, proximal part of the humerus, distal part of the radius. Some of the bones belonging to this child were most likely located in the box marked Grave 51.

### Grave 53

Šribar: child, fragments of a skull, the other bones have been destroyed.

Skelet 53, younger child: fragments of the neurocranium and the left side of the mandible. Taking age into account the postcranial bones 52a could belong to this skull.

### Grave 54

Šribar: fragments of an adult skeleton.

Skelet 54, male: skull (without the mandible and maxillae) and almost all and relatively well-preserved postcranial bones (the right radius is missing). A part of a femur belonging to a child was also found in the box.

### Grave 55

Šribar: fragmented adult skeleton.

The box contained the remains of 3 skeletons; most bones belong to skeleton 55a.

Skelet 55a, male: skull with mandible and both maxillae and almost all postcranial bones (with the exception of the left innominate which is missing).

Skelet 55b, child: right ilium, proximal part of the left femur, 2 ribs and a few long bone fragments.

Skelet 55c, assumed to be female: frontal bone, left and right innominate, parts of the humerus, femur and tibia.

### Grave 56

Šribar: adult, above Grave 57.

Skelet 56, male: skull with mandible and both maxillae and almost all postcranial bones (right clavicle, sacrum, both innominate are missing).
### Grob 57

Šribar: uničen skelet – otrok, ohranjena je lobanja.

V štatli so bile premešane človeške in živalske kosti, človeške pripadajo najmanj 4 osebam (moški, ženska, 2 otroka), verjetneje pa 6 (ostanki lobanj so verjetneje od 3 odraslih, lok vretenca pa je od dojenčka). Šribarjevemu opisu ustreza skelet 57d, ostala okostja so verjetno ista kot v škatli grob 25.

Skelet 57a, moški: fragmenti nadlahtnice, kolčnice in mečnice.

Skelet 57b, ženska: podlahtnica.

Skelet 57c, starejši otrok: fragmenti nadlahtnice, korpusa obeh stegnenic, proksimalni del golenice.

Skelet 57d, mlajši otrok: fragmenti lobanje z mandibulo, fragmenti vretenc, ključnice, nadlahtnice, koželjnice in stegnenice.

K obema odraslima okostjema (57 a in b) verjetno spadajo tudi ostanki 2 ali 3 lobanj (kalota, 2 zatilnici, senčnica, leva maksila), rebra in kosti stopal. Med otroškimi kostmi pa je bil tudi lok vretenca (dojenček), ki po starosti ne spada k otrokoma 57 c in d.

### Grob 58

Šribar: odrasel skelet.

Skelet 58, ženska: zelo slabo ohranjen skelet, fragmenti lobanj-skega krova ter nemerljivi fragmenti postkranialnih kosti (koželjnica, leva podlahtnica, kolčnica, obe stegnenici, ibiji in mečnici, kosti dlani in stopal).

### Grob 59

Šribar: odrasel skelet, uničen ob izkopu 60.

V škatli so bile kosti najmanj 4 skeletov, vendar pa moške nadlahtnice (leva, distalni del) nismo označili kot skelet.

Skelet 59a, ženska: nemerljivi fragmenti lobanje, reber, vretenc, lopatice, ključnice, desne podlahtnice, desne kolčnice in obeh stegnenic.

Skelet 59b, starejši otrok: desna podlahtnica, korpus koželjnice, del križnice, desna črevnica. Temu skeletu po velikosti ustrezajo tudi kosti, ki smo jih našli v škatli grob 60 (glej skelet 60b).

Skelet 59c, mlajši otrok: 2 fragmenta lobanjskega krova, 4 rebra, lok vretenca in desna lopatica.

### Grob 60

Šribar: odrasel skelet, gracilen.

V škatli so bile kosti dveh okostij, Šribarjevemu opisu ustraza skelet 60a.

Skelet 60a, ženska: nekaj kosti lobanje (baza zatilnice, desna ličnica in 2 zoba) ter skoraj kompleten postkranium (manjka desna podlahtnica).

Skelet 60b: lobanja, vretenca, distalni del nadlahtnice, leva kolčnica in desna stegnenica. K temu skeletu verjetno sodijo tudi kosti označene kot skelet 59b.

### Grob 61

Šribar: odrasel skelet, uničen, poškodovan ob pokopu 55.

Skelet 61, moški: kompleten skelet, lobanja v fragmentih.

V škatli je bilo še nekaj kosti otroške lobanje (temenica, leva senčnica), ki morda sodijo k skeletu 55b.

### Grave 57

Šribar: child, the skeleton has been destroyed, the skull is preserved.

The box included a mixture of human and animal bones, human bones belonged to at least 4 individuals (male, female, 2 children), but more likely 6 (the skull remains most likely belonged to 3 adults, while the vertebral arch belonged to an infant). Skeleton 57d fits Šribar's description, while the remaining bones are most likely parts of skeletons found in the box marked Grave 25.

Skeleton 57a, male: fragments of the humerus, innominate and fibula.

Skelet 57b, female: ulna.

Skelet 57c, older child: fragments of the humerus, the shafts of both femurs, proximal part of the tibia.

Skelet 57d, younger child: fragments of a skull with mandible, fragments of vertebrae, clavicle, humerus, radius and femur.

The two adult skeletons (57 a and b) most likely include the remains of 2 or 3 skulls (callote, 2 occipitals, temporal bone, left maxilla), ribs and bones of the feet. The child bones included a vertebral arch (infant), which does not belong to children 57 c or d (due to its age).

### Grave 58

Šribar: adult skeleton.

Skelet 58, female: very poorly preserved skeleton, fragments of the neurocranium and fragments of postcranial bones that are too small to measure (radius, left ulna, innominate, both femurs, tibias and fibulas, bones of the hand and feet).

### Grave 59

Šribar: adult skeleton, destroyed during the excavation of Grave 60.

The box contained the bones of at least 4 skeletons, however, the humerus belonging to a male (left, distal part) was not classified as a skeleton.

Skelet 59a, female: immeasurable fragments of the skull, ribs, vertebrae, scapula, clavicle, right ulna, right innominate and both femurs.

Skelet 59b, older child: right ulna, the shaft of the radius, a part of the sacrum, right ilium. The size of the bones indicate that these bones could form a skeleton together with the bones found in the box marked Grave 60 (see skeleton 60b).

Skelet 59c, young child: 2 fragments of the neurocranium, 4 ribs, vertebral arch and the right scapula.

### Grave 60

Šribar: adult skeleton, gracile.

The box contained the bones of two skeletons, skeleton 60a fits Šribar's description.

Skelet 60a, female: a few skull bones (the base of occipital, right zygomatic and 2 teeth) and almost all postcranial bones (the right ulna is missing).

Skelet 60b: skull, vertebrae, distal part of the humerus, left innominate and right femur. Bones categorised as skeleton 59b most likely belong to this skeleton.

### Grave 61

Šribar: adult skeleton, destroyed, damaged during the burial of skeleton 55.
### Grob 62

Šribar: lobanja na ostankih skeleta 64.

V škatli so bile kosti 2 otrok.

Skelet 62a, starejši otrok: lobanja, vretenca, rebra, obe lopatici, obe nadlahtnici, del koželjnice, križnica, desna črevnica in leva stegnenica.

Skelet 62b, dojenček: kosti medenice (2 črevnici in sednica).

### Grob 63

Šribar: desna stegnenica in golenica in situ.

V škatli so bili fragmenti lobanje z mandibulo, ki smo jo označili kot skelet 63. Poleg tega pa še fragmenti postkranialnih kosti dveh odraslih skeletov: nadlahtnica, koželjnica, podlahtnica, korpusi 3 stegnenic, 2 golenici, mečnica.

### Grob 64

Šribar: ob levem ramenu skeleta 60 je ležal fragment otroške lobanje, nekaj fragmentov kosti pod lobanjo 12.

V škatli so bili ostanki 4 skeletov.

Skelet 64a, ženska: fragmenti lobanje z maksilo in mandibulo ter fragmenti nadlahtnice, podlahtnice, obeh koželjnic, obeh stegnenic, golenic in mečnic.

Skelet 64b, mlajši otrok: fragmenti lobanje z mandibulo.

Skelet 64c, starejši otrok: desna senčnica, vratno vretence, rebra, leva lopatica in leva podlahtnica.

Poleg tega je bila v škatli še cela mandibula odrasle osebe, ki je nismo označili kot skelet.

### Grob 65

Šribar: odrasel skelet in ostanki.

Skelet 65, moški: lobanja in nemerljive kosti zgornjega dela postkranialnega skeleta (obe lopatici, nadlahtnici in podlahtnici, križnica in obe kolčnici).

Poleg tega je bila v škatli še odvečna leva senčnica.

### Grob 66

Škatle ali skeleta z oznako grob 66 v gradivu ni bilo.

### Grob 67

Šribar: odrasel skelet.

V škatli so bili ostanki dveh slabo ohranjenih okostij.

Skelet 67a, starejša oseba, domnevno ženska: leva stran čelnice, leva polovica mandibule, fragmenti vseh dolgih postkranialnih kosti.

Skelet 67b, mlajša ženska: lobanja v fragmentih, 3 vratna vretenca, desna kolčnica in fragmenti vseh dolgih postkranialnih kosti.

### Grob 68

Šribar: razmetane kosti.

V škatli so bili premešani fragmenti najmanj 7 skeletov, otroškega in 6 odraslih. Kot skelete smo označili tiste kosti, ki smo jim lahko določili spol in starost, poleg otroka še 4 odrasle.

Skelet 68a, otrok: nadlahtnica, leva stegnenica, nekaj izoliranih zob.

Skelet 68b, ženska: desna kolčnica.

Skelet 68c, starejši moški: druga desna kolčnica.

Skelet 68d, moški: tretja desna kolčnica.

Skelet 68e, mlajša oseba: leva kolčnica z nedokončano osifikacijo.

Skeleton 61, male: complete skeleton, fragmented skull.

The box contained also a few bones belonging to a child's skull (parietal bones, left temporal), which might belong to skeleton 55b.

### Grave 62

Šribar: skull found on top of the remains of skeleton 64.

The box contained the bones of 2 children.

Skelet 62a, older child: skull, vertebrae, ribs, both scapulas, both humeri, a part of the radius, sacrum, right ilium and left femur.

Skelet 62b, infant: pelvis bones (2 ilia and ischium).

### Grave 63

Šribar: right femur and tibia in situ.

The box contained fragments of a skull with mandible, which we have categorised as skeleton 63. The box also contained fragments of postcranial bones belonging to two adult skeletons: humerus, radius, ulna, shafts of 3 femurs, 2 tibias, fibula.

### Grave 64

Šribar: a fragment of a child's skull lay alongside the left shoulder belonging to skeleton 60; a few bone fragments were located under skull 12.

The box contained the remains of 4 individuals.

Skelet 64a, female: skull fragments with mandible and maxilla and fragments of the humerus, ulna, both radii, femurs, tibias and fibulas.

Skelet 64b, young child: fragments of a skull with mandible.

Skelet 64c, older child: right temporal bone, cervical vertebrae, ribs, left scapula and left ulna.

The box also contained an adult mandible, which was not categorised as a skeleton.

### Grave 65

Šribar: adult skeleton and remains.

Skelet 65, male: skull and immeasurable upper postcranial bones (both scapulas, humeri and ulnas, sacrum and both innominates).

The box also contained an additional left temporal bone.

### Grave 66

There was no box or skeleton marked Grave 66 amongst the material.

### Grave 67

Šribar: adult skeleton.

The box contained the remains of two poorly preserved skeletons.

Skelet 67a, older individual, most likely female: left side of the frontal bone, left side of the mandible, fragments of all long postcranial bones.

Skelet 67b, younger female: fragmented skull, 3 cervical vertebrae, right innominate and fragments of all postcranial bones.

### Grave 68

Šribar: disorganised bones.

The box contained fragments belonging to a minimum of 7 individuals, one child and 6 adults. Those bones that could be defined as regards sex and age were categorised as skeletons, i.e. a child and 4 adults.
Poleg kolčnic (3 leve, 3 desne) so bile fragmentarno ohranjene še naslednje kosti odraslih oseb: 6 čelnic, 3 senčnice (2 levi, 1 desna), 4 maksile (1 leva, 3 desne), 2 mandibuli (1 cela, 1 desni vogal), 1 leva ključnica, 3 lopatice (2 levi, 1 desna), 5 nadlahtnic (1 leva, 4 desne), 4 koželjnice (2 levi, 2 desni), 2 podlahtnici (1 leva, 1 desna), 2 križnici, najmanj 7 stegnenic, 5 golenic (4 leve, 1 desna), 6 mečnic.

### Grob 69

Šribar: zidana baročna grobna jama.

Skelet 69, domnevno moški: nekaj fragmentov lobanjskega krova in dolgih kosti (2 nadlahtnici, koželjnica, 2 stegnenici, golenica).

### Grob 70

Šribar: prezidana grobna jama.

Škatle ali skeleta z oznako grob 70 v gradivu ni bilo.

### Grob 71

Šribar: fragmenti.

Skelet 71: lobanja brez mandibule (ta se je nahajala v škatli grob 39) ter fragmentarno ohranjene postkranialne kosti (ključnici, nadlahtnici, podlahtnici, koželjnici, kolčnici, stegnenici). Lahko bi šlo za 2 skeleta, ker so na lobanji izraženi ženski spolni znaki, na medenici pa moški.

### Grob 72

Šribar: grob v cerkveni ladji v drugi grobni jami, odrasel skelet, posebnost (rimska?).

V škatli je bilo samo nekaj fragmentov od dveh okostij, odrasle osebe (lobanjski krov, moški?) in otroka (sramnica). Nobenega nismo šteli kot samostojen skelet.

### Grob 73

Skelet 73, moški: fragmentarno ohranjen skelet, lobanja in nemerljive dolge kosti (leva nadlahtnica, leva podlahtnica, desna koželjnica, stegnenica, 2 golenici, 2 petnici).

### Grob 74

Skelet 74, ženska: slabo ohranjen skelet, lobanja z mandibulo in levo maksilo, fragmenti dolgih kosti (desna lopatica, obe nadlahtnici, leva podlahtnica, leva koželjnica, obe stegnenici in golenici).

### Grob 75

Skelet 75, ženska: slabo ohranjen skelet, fragmenti lobanjskega krova in maksile ter večine dolgih kosti.

### Grob 76

Šribar: juvenis.

V škatli so bile kosti 3 oseb, Šribarjevemu opisu ustreza skelet 76a.

Skelet 76a, starejši otrok: komplten slabo ohranjen skelet.

Skelet 76b, moški: korpus nadlahtnice, ledvena vretenca, obe stegnenici.

Skelet 76c, ženska: koželjnica in še nekaj fragmentov drugih kosti.

Skeleton 68a, child: humerus, left femur, a few isolated teeth.

Skeleton 68b, female: right innominate.

Skeleton 68c, older male: the second right innominate.

Skeleton 68d, male: the third right innominate.

Skeleton 68e, young individual: left innominate, unossified.

Alongside the innominates (3 left, 3 right) the following adult bones were preserved in fragments: 6 frontal bones, 3 temporal bones (2 left, 1 right), 4 maxillae (1 left, 3 right), 2 mandibles (1 whole, 1 right corner), 1 left clavicle, 3 scapulas (2 left, 1 right), 5 humeri (1 left, 4 right), 4 radiuses (2 left, 2 right), 2 ulnas (1 left, 1 right), 2 sacrums, at least 7 femurs, 5 tibias (4 left, 1 right), 6 fibulas.

### Grave 69

Šribar: Baroque style grave pit, bricked.

Skeleton 69, assumed to be male: a few fragments of the neurocranium and long bones (2 humeri, radius, 2 femurs, tibia).

### Grave 70

Šribar: a grave pit that has been built over.

There was no skeleton or box marked Grave 70 amongst the material.

### Grave 71

Šribar: fragments.

Skelet 71: skull without mandible (this was located in the box marked Grave 39) and fragmented postcranial bones (clavicles, humeri, ulnas, 2 radiuses, innominate, femurs). We could be dealing with 2 skeletons, as it seems that the skull could have belonged to a female while the pelvis could have belonged to a male.

### Grave 72

Šribar: Grave in the second grave pit in the church nave, adult skeleton, stands out (Roman?).

The box contained merely a few fragments belonging to two different skeletons, an adult (neurocranium, male?) and a child (pubis bone). We did not categorise either as an individual skeleton.

### Grave 73

Skeleton 73, male: fragmentally preserved skeleton, skull and immeasurable long bones (left humerus, left ulna, right radius, femur, 2 tibias, 2 calcanei).

### Grave 74

Skeleton 74, female: poorly preserved skeleton, skull with mandible and left maxilla, long bone fragments (right scapula, both humeri, left ulna, left radius, both femurs and tibias).

### Grave 75

Skeleton 75, female: poorly preserved skeleton, fragments of the cranium and most long bones.

### Grave 76

Šribar: *juvenis*.

The box contained the bones of 3 individuals, skeleton 76a fits Šribar's description.

Skeleton 76a, older child: a complete, but poorly preserved skeleton.

Skeleton 76b, male: shaft of the humerus, lumbar vertebrae, both femurs.

Skeleton 76c, female: radius and a few fragments of other bones.
### Grob 77

Šribar: odrasel skelet.

V škatli so bile kosti 3 oseb, Šribarjevemu opisu ustreza skelet 77a.

Skelet 77a: lobanja z mandibulo (maksili manjkata) in zgornji del postkraniuma (kosti obeh rok, kolčnici in proksimalna dela obeh stegnenic).

Skelet 77b, starejši otrok: samo mandibula.

Skelet 77c, mlajši otrok: postkranialne kosti (vretenca, podlahtnica, črevnica, golenica in nedoločljivi delci dolgih kosti).

### Grob 78

Šribar: odrasel skelet.

V škatli z oznako grob 78 so bili ostanki večih skeletov ter oznake 102, 103, 104 in 105.

Skelet 78a (102), moški: lobanja z mandibulo, maksili manjkata.

Skelet 78b (105): lobanja, ohranjena fragmentarno.

Skelet 78c (103): del lobanje (temenici in ličnici) ter fragmenti postkranialnih kosti.

Skelet 78d (78, 104): postkranialne kosti v fragmentih (rebra, vretenca, prsnica, obe ključnici, obe nadlahtnici).

### Grob 79

Šribar: odrasel skelet.

V škatli grob 79 so bili ostanki najmanj 2 skeletov ter oznaki 106 in 107.

Skelet 79a (107): mandibula, kosti trupa in obeh rok, kosti so večinoma cele (rebra, vretenca, lopatici, ključnici, nadlahtnici, koželjnici, podlahtnici).

Skelet 79b (106): fragmentarno ohranjena lobanja z mandibulo in fragmentarno ohranjen postkranium (vse dolge kosti rok in nog, nemerljive).

### Grob 80

Šribar: pod 77.

Oznako grob 80 so imele 3 škatle (morda tudi 4, glej grob 117), vsaka od njih pa poleg tega še drugo oznako 108, 109 in 110. Ostanke najmanj 3 skeletov smo obravnavali kot skupen grob 80.

Škatla grob 80 (109) = skelet 80a, mlajši otrok: fragmenti otroške lobanje.

Škatla grob 80 (108) = skelet 80b, mlajši moški: fragmenti lobanje z maksilo.

Škatla grob 80 (110): nekaj otroških kosti (fragmenta 2 mandibul, korpus dolge kosti; verjetno od skeleta 80a) in kosti najmanj 2 odraslih oseb: fragmenti lobanjskega krova, 3 senčnice, fragmenti 2 maksil in 2 mandibul, rebra, prsnica, vretenca (med njimi 2 atlasa), 3 lopatice, 3 ključnice, 3 nadlahtnice, 2 podlahtnici. 2 desni koželjnici, kosti dlani, leva kolčnica, par stegnenic, golenica. Nekatere kosti verjetno spadajo k lobanji 80b, druge pa smo označili kot skelet 80c.

### Grob 81

Šribar: skeleta 81 (juvenis) in 82, pod njima št. 102 in 104.

Oznako grob 81 je imelo 5 škatel, vsaka pa poleg te še drugo oznako 111, 112, 113, 114 in 115. Vseh 5 škatel smo obravnavali kot grob 81, kosti pa pripadajo najmanj 6 skeletonom: otroku (skelet 81a), mladostniku (skelet 81c) in 4 odraslim (skeleti 81 b, d, e, f). Šribarjevemu opisu

### Grave 77

Šribar: adult skeleton.

The box included the bones of 3 individuals, skeleton 77a fits Šribar's description.

Skeleton 77a: skull with mandible (both maxillae are missing) and upper postcranial bones (the bones of both arms, both innominates and proximal parts of both femurs).

Skeleton 77b, older child: only mandible.

Skeleton 77c, young child: postcranial bones (vertebrae, ulna, ilium, tibia and undefinable parts of long bones).

### Grave 78

Šribar: adult skeleton.

The box marked Grave 78 included bones belonging to numerous individuals which carried tags 102, 103, 104 and 105.

Skeleton 78a (102), male: skull with mandible, both maxillae are missing.

Skeleton 78b (105): skull, fragmentarily preserved.

Skeleton 78c (103): a part of the cranium (parietal bones and zygomatic bones) and fragments of postcranial bones.

Skeleton 78d (78, 104): fragmented postcranial bones (ribs, vertebrae, sternum, both clavicles, both humeri).

### Grave 79

Šribar: adult skeleton.

Box marked Grave 79 contained the remains of at least 2 skeletons carrying tags 106 and 107.

Skeleton 79a (107): mandible, bones of the thorax and both arms, most of the bones are whole (ribs, vertebraescapulas, clavicles, humeri, both radiususes, ulnas).

Skeleton 79b (106): fragmentally preserved skull with mandible and fragmentally preserved postcranial bones (all long bones from the arms and legs are immeasurable).

### Grave 80

Šribar: under 77.

3 boxes were marked Grave 80 (possibly 4, see Grave 117), and each one of them was additionally marked with a tag 108, 109 and 110 respectively. The remains of at least 3 skeletons were treated as shared Grave 80.

Box marked Grave 80 (109) = skeleton 80a, young child: fragments of a child's skull.

Box marked Grave 80 (108) = skeleton 80b, young male: fragments of a skull with maxilla.

Box marked Grave 80 (110): a few child bones (fragments of 2 mandibles, shaft of a long bone; most likely belonging to skeleton 80a) and bones of at least 2 adults: fragments of the calotte, 3 temporal bones, fragments of 2 maxillae and 2 mandibles, ribs, sternum, vertebrae (including 2 atlases), 3 scapulas, 3 clavicles, 3 humeri, 2 ulnas. 2 right radiususes, bones of the hand, left innominate, a pair of femurs, tibia. It is highly likely that some bones belong to skull 80b, while we categorised the others as skeleton 80c.

### Grave 81

Šribar: skeleton 81 (juvenis) and 82, beneath them Nos. 102 and 104.

5 boxes were marked Grave 81, and every box was additionally marked with the tag 111, 112, 113, 114 and 115 respectively. We treated all 5 boxes as Grave 81, however, the bones belong to at least 6 skeletons: a child (skeleton 81a), a juvenile (skeleton 81c) and 4 adults (skeletons 81 b, d,
ustreza okostje mladostnika (skelet 81c) najdeno v škatli
grob 81 (111).

Škatla grob 81 (111): premešane kosti najmanj 6 okostij, otroka, mladostnika in 4 odraslih. Kot skeleta smo označili kosti otroka (skelet 81a: desna črevnica, fragmenti nadlahtnici, stegnenice in golenice) in kosti mladostnika (skelet 81c: fragmenti lobanje, lopatica, leva nadlahtnica, leva podlahtnica, kolčnica, leva stegnenica). Drugih kosti, ki pripadajo najmanj 4 odraslim, nismo označevali: fragmenti lobanje starejše osebe, prsnica, 2 lopatici, 4 ključnice, najmanj 8 nadlahtnic, 4 podlahtnice, 4 koželjnice, 8 stegnenic, 3 pogačice, 5 golenic, 3 mečnice, 3 skočnice, 1 petnica, palčeva stopalnica.

Škatla grob 80 (112): lobanja z maksilo in mandibulo ter kosti rok (desna ključnica, obe nadlahtnici, obe koželjnici, desna podlahtnica). Neočiščene kosti pripadajo mlajšemiu moškemu, ki smo ga označili kot skelet 81f.

Škatla grob 81 (114): neočiščene kosti nog (fragmenti kolčnic, obeh stegnenic in golenic, mečnice) skoraj zagotovo pripadajo istemu skeletu kot kosti iz škatle grob 80 (112), torej skeletu 81f.

Škatla grob 81 (115): polna škatla manjših fragmentov, ki verjetno sodijo k skeletom iz škatle grob 81 (111).

Škatla grob 81 (113): 3 lobanje označene kot skelet 81b (starejša ženska; rekonstruiran možganski del in korpus mandibule), 81d (starejši moški; možganski del lobanje) in 81e (mlada oseba, rekonstruiran možganski del, manjka zatilnica). Poleg tega pa še 2 mandibuli in maksili, morda od lobanj 81 d in 81e.

Grob 82

Šribar: glej 81.

V škatli grob 82 (116) so bile kosti dveh oseb, moškega in otroka, poleg tega pa še korpus nadlahtnice od tretje osebe, ki je nismo označili kot skelet.

Skelet 82a, moški: skoraj kompleten postkranialni skelet (manjkajo ena lopatica, desna ključnica in leva golenica).

Skelet 82b, otrok: fragmenti postkranialnih kosti (koželjnica, stegnenica, golenica).

Grob 83

V škatli grob 83 (116) so bile kosti dveh oseb, ženske in otroka.

Skelet 83a, ženska: fragmenti lobanje, 3 vretenca, 2 ključnici, desna nadlahtnica, kosti dlani.

Skelet 83b, otrok: mandibula, rebra, lopatica, nadlahtnici, črevnici, golenici.

Grob 84

Šribar: juvenis.

V škatli grob 84 so bile kosti 3 oseb, večina kosti pripada
skeletu 84a.

Skelet 84a, mlada ženska: lobanja z maksilo (mandibula manjka) in večji del postkranialnega skeleta (manjkajo golenici, mečnici, kosti stopal).

Skelet 84b, starejši moški: mandibula ter fragmenti nekaterih postkranialnih kosti (vretenca, ključnica, koželjnica, stegnenica), verjetno iz groba 85.

Skeleta 84c, otrok: desna senčnica, stegnenica in nekaj fragmentov dolgih kosti.

e, f). Skeleton 81c (the skeleton of the juvenile) found in the box marked Grave 81 (111) fits Šribar's description.

Box marked Grave 81 (111): mixed bones belonging to at least 6 skeletons, a child, a juvenile and 4 adults. We have categorised the bones of the child (skeleton 81a: right ilium, fragments of the humerus, femur and tibia) and the bones belonging to the juvenile (skeleton 81c: fragments of the skull, scapula, left humerus, left ulna, innominate, left femur) as two individual skeletons. However, the remaining bones, which belong to at least 4 adults, were not categorised as individual skeletons: skull fragments belonging to an older individual, a sternum, 2 scapulas, 4 clavicles, at least 8 humeri, 4 ulnas, 4 radiuses, 8 femurs, 3 patellas, 5 tibias, 3 fibulas, 3 taluses, 1 calcaneus, first metatarsal.

Box marked Grave 80 (112): skull with mandible and maxilla and the bones of the arms (right clavicle, both humeri, both radiuses, right ulna). The uncleaned bones belong to a young male, which we have categorised as skeleton 81f.

Box marked Grave 81 (114): The uncleaned bones of the legs (innominate fragments, both femurs and tibias, fibula) almost certainly belong to the same skeleton as the bones found in box 80 (112), i.e. skeleton 81f.

Box marked Grave 81 (115): a box full of small fragments, which most likely belong to the skeleton found in the box marked Grave 81 (111).

Box marked Grave 81 (113): 3 skulls tagged as skeleton 81b (older female; reconstructed cranial part and the body of mandible), 81d (older male; cranial part of the skull) and 81e (young individual, reconstructed cranial part, the occipital is missing). Additionally there were also 2 mandibles and maxillae, possibly belonging to skulls 81 d and 81e.

Grave 82

Šribar: see 81.

Box marked Grave 82 (116) included the bones of two individu-
als, a male and a child, as well as a shaft of the humerus
belonging to a third person, which has not been catego-
rised as a skeleton.

Skeleton 82a, male: almost all postcranial bones (one scapula, the right clavicle and the left tibia are missing).

Skeleton 82b, child: fragments of postcranial bones (radius, femur, tibia).

Grave 83

Box marked Grave 83 (116) included the bones of two individu-
als, a female and a child.

Skeleton 83a, female: skull fragments, 3 vertebrae, 2 clavicles, right humerus, bones of the hand.

Skeleton 83b, child: mandible, ribs, scapula, humeri, ilia, tibias.

Grave 84

Šribar: *juvenis*.

Box marked Grave 84 included the bones of 3 individuals, most of the bones belong to skeleton 84a.

Skeleton 84a, young female: neurocranium with maxilla (the mandible is missing) and most postcranial bones (tibias, fibulas and the bones of the feet are missing).

Skeleton 84b, older male: mandible and fragments of some postcranial bones (vertebrae, clavicle, radius, femur), most likely from Grave 85.

Skeleton 84c, child: right temporal bone, femur and a few fragments of the long bones.
### Grob 85

Šribar: uničen skelet ob pokopu 84.

V škatli je bila samo lobanja (skelet 85) brez maksil in mandibule (ta bi bila lahko označena kot skelet 84b).

### Grob 86

Šribar: lobanja in vretenca, ostalo uničeno ob pokopih 84 in 85.

Skelet 86: lobanja z maksilama in mandibulo.

### Grob 87

Šribar: juvenis, ostanki št. 88, spodaj še št. 101.

V škatli grob 87 so bile premešane kosti več okostij, 4 ali 5 lobanj, med postkranialnimi kostmi pa je bilo največ podlahtnic, 7.

Skelet 87a, moški: lobanja (brez zatilnice, maksil in mandibule), robustna desna nadlahtnica, korpus koželjnice).

Skelet 87b, ženska: del lobanje (senčnici in zatilnica), gracilne kosti rok (nadlahtnici in koželjnici), desna kolčnica.

Neoznačeno: moška čelnica (ni od lobanje 87a), lobanjski krov, 3 gracilne ključnice, 7 podlahtnic, desna kolčnica, stegnenice, golenice.

### Grob 88

Škatle ali skeleta z oznako grob 88 v gradivu ni bilo.

### Grob 89

Šribar: uničen otroški skelet.

Skelet 89, otrok: fragmenti kosti rok (nadlahtnici, koželjnica, podlahtnica) in nog (desna črevnica, leva stegnenica).

### Grob 90

Šribar: grobna jama s skeletoma 90 (odrasel robusten skelet) in 91, od prej ostanki najmanj treh prekopov.

Oznako grob 90 so imele 3 škatle, v katerih so bile premešene kosti najmanj 11 okostij, 5 otrok različne starosti (skeleti 90 a, b, c, d, e) in najmanj 6 odraslih oseb (skeleti 90 f, g, h, i, j, k: 4 moški, 1 ženska, 1 nedoločljivega spola).

Skelet 90a, novorojenček: humerus, distalni del stegnenice, korpus tibije.

Skelet 90b, 2-letni otrok: leva polovica mandibule, par nadlahtnic, stegnenica in par golenic.

Skelet 90c, 5-6 letni otrok: leva polovica mandibule, par stegnenic in par golenic.

Skelet 90d, 13-letni otrok: leva nadlahtnica, par stegnenic, desna golenica, petnica.

Skelet 90e, 14-letni otrok: par senčnic in cela mandibula (lahko tudi od skeleta 90d), desna nadlahtnica, distalni del stegnenice, petnica.

Skeleti 90 f-k: postkranialne kosti odraslih pripadajo glede na število ohranjenih delov najmanj 6 osebam (3 oški, 3 ženske), toliko je namreč nadlahtnic (12: 6 desnih, 6 levih) in golenic (11: 6 levih, 5 desnih), drugih kosti je nekaj manj: 9 podlahtnic, 7 koželjnic, 7 kolčnic, 8 stegnenic, 6 skočnic, 5 petnic. Lobanj je morda nekaj manj, zaradi slabe ohranjenosti število ni določljivo: cela ženska lobanja (skelet 91k, manjka obrazni del) ter fragmenti najmanj 1 ženske in 2 moških lobanj.

### Grave 85

Šribar: skeleton destroyed during burial 84.

The box contained merely a cranium (skeleton 85), without the maxillae and mandible (which could have been categorised as skeleton 84b).

### Grave 86

Šribar: skull and vertebrae, the rest destroyed during burials 84 and 85.

Skeleton 86: skull with mandible and both maxillae.

### Grave 87

Šribar: *juvenis*, remains No. 88, underneath also No. 101.

Box marked Grave 87 included mixed bones from a number of skeletons, 4 or 5 skulls, while the most common bones amongst the postcranial bones were ulnas, as there were 7 of them.

Skeleton 87a, male: cranium (missing occipital, mandible and maxillae), robust right humerus, shaft of the radius.

Skeleton 87b, female: a part of the cranium (two temporal bones and the occipital), gracile bones of the arms (humeri and both radiuses), right innominate.

Unmarked: male frontal bone (does not belong to skull 87a), calotte, 3 gracile clavicles, 7 ulnas, right innominate, femur, tibia.

### Grave 88

There was no box or skeleton marked Grave 88 amongst the material.

### Grave 89

Šribar: a destroyed child skeleton.

Skeleton 89, child: fragments of bones of the arms (humeri, radius, ulna) and legs (right ilium, left femur).

### Grave 90

Šribar: the grave pit included skeletons 90 (adult robust skeleton) and 91 as well as the remains of at least 3 previous burials.

3 boxes were marked Grave 90, and these boxes contained bones belonging to at least 11 skeletons, 5 children of various ages (skeletons 90a, b, c, d, e) and at least 6 adults (skeletons 90 f, g, h, i, j, k: 4 male, 1 female, 1 undefinable sex).

Skeleton 90a, newly born: humerus, distal part of the femur, shaft of the tibia.

Skeleton 90b, 2-year old child: left side of the mandible, pair of humeri, femur and a pair of tibias.

Skeleton 90c, 5 or 6-year-old child: left side of the mandible, pair of femurs and a pair of tibias.

Skeleton 90d, 13-year-old child: left humerus, a pair of femurs, right tibia, calcaneus.

Skeleton 90e, 14-year-old child: a pair of temporal bones and an entire mandible (possibly belonging to skeleton 90d), right humerus, distal part of the femur, calcaneus.

Skeletons 90 f-k: the number of adult humeri (12: 6 right, 6 left) and tibias (11: 6 left, 5 right) clearly indicate that the bones belonged to at least 6 individuals (3 male, 3 female); other postcranial bones came in lower numbers: 9 ulnas, 7 radiuses, 7 innominates, 8 femurs, 6 taluses, 5 calcanei. There were not as many skulls, however it was impossible to establish the exact number due to their poor state: there was an entire female skull (skeleton 91k, the facial part is missing) and fragments of at least 1 female and 2 male skulls.
### Grob 91

Šribar: odrasel skelet (glej grob 90).

V škatli grob 91 je bilo poleg enega skeleta (skelet 91) še nekaj kosti, ki jih nismo označili (korpus stegnenice, ženska podlahtnica).

Skelet 91, moški: lobanja z maksilama in mandibulo ter skoraj kompleten postkranialni skelet, ki mu manjkajo samo kosti desne roke (ključnica, nadlahtnica, koželjnica, podlahtnica).

### Grob 92

V škatli grob 92 so bili premešani ostanki najmanj 3 otrok različne starosti (skeleti 92 a, b in c: lobanjski krov, 2 črevnici, 4 stegnenice, golenica) in najmanj 8 odraslih oseb (kot skelete smo jih označili 5: 92 d, e, f, g, h), od katerih so se ohranili fragmenti vsaj 6 lobanj, med postkranialnimi kostmi pa je bilo največ stegnenic (16) in golenic (14).

### Grob 93

Šribar: manjša grobna jama s skeletom 93 (juvenis) pod skeleti 84, 85 in 86. Dve fragmentirani lobanji 93/1 in 93/2, uničeni ob pokopu 93.

V škatli grob 93 je bil poleg delno ohranjenega odraslega okostja le še ena otroška čevrnica. Lobanji z oznako 93 sta bili v drugi škatli (glej grob 94).

Skelet 93a, moški: del lobanje (samo leva ličnica in mandibula), kosti trupa (rebra, vretenca in križnica) ter obeh rok (lopatici, ključnici, nadlahtnici, podlahtnici, koželjnici). Skelet se ne ujema s Šribarjevim opisom, saj ne gre za mladostnika.

### Grob 94

Šribar: v isti jami kot 78, pod njim lobanja 94.

V škatli z oznako grob 94 je bila oznaka grob 93 in fragmenti večih lobanj, od katerih je bila ena brez oznake (skelet 94: temenici in čelnica z odprtimi šivi, juvenis-adultus I; morda Šribarjev grob 93), na preostalih dveh pa sta bili zapisani številki 93b (lobanjski krov, starejši moški) in 93c (del lobanjskega krova, starejša oseba).

### Grob 95

Šribar: odrasel skelet vzporeden s 76, pod njim ostanki pokopa.

V škatli grob 95 je bilo samo nekaj fragmentov, nobenega nismo šteli kot samostojen skelet: leva in desna maksila (različne barve, 2 osebi), 2 fragmenta lobanjskega krova, distalna dela dveh nadlahtnic (moški), proksimalni del stegnenice (moški) in 3 fragmenti korpusov golenic.

### Grob 96

Šribar: uničen skelet

Škatle ali skeleta z oznako grob 96 v gradivu ni bilo.

### Grob 97

Šribar: grobna jama s skeleti 97–100; odrasel skelet, uničen ob pokopu 98.

V škatli sta bila samo samo 2 fragmenta stegnenice.

### Grave 91

Šribar: adult skeleton (see Grave 90).

Alongside skeleton 91, the box marked Grave 91 included a few additional bones, which we have not categorised as a separate skeleton (shaft of a femur, female ulna).

Skeleton 91, male: skull with mandible and both maxillae and almost all postcranial bones, with the exception of the bones of the right arm which are missing (clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna).

### Grave 92

Box marked Grave 92 included the remains of at least 3 children of various ages (skeletons 92 a, b and c: neurocranium, 2 ilia, 4 femurs, tibia) and at least 8 adults (5 of which we categorised as skeletons: 92 d, e, f, g, h), with preserved fragments of at least 6 skulls, while the postcranial bones included the most femurs (16) and tibias (14).

### Grave 93

Šribar: a small grave pit with skeleton 93 (juvenis) underneath skeletons 84, 85 and 86. Two fragmented skulls 93/1 and 93/2 were destroyed during burial 93.

Box marked Grave 93 included a partially preserved adult skeleton and a child ilium. The two skulls marked 93 were found in a different box (see Grave 94).

Skeleton 93a, male: a part of the skull (only the left zygomatic bone and mandible), bones pertaining to the torso (ribs, vertebrae and sacrum) and both arms (scapulas, clavicles, humeri, ulnas, both radiususes). The skeleton does not match Šribar's description, as it does not belong to a juvenile.

### Grave 94

Šribar: in the same pit as 78, skull 94 was located underneath it.

Box marked Grave 94 included the tag Grave 93 and fragments of numerous skulls, one of which was not marked at all (skeleton 94: parietal bones and frontal bone with open sutures, juvenis-adultus I; possibly Šribar's Grave 93), while the remaining two had numbers 93b (neurocranium, older male) and 93c (a part of the neurocranium, older individual) inscribed on them.

### Grave 95

Šribar: adult skeleton parallel to 76, underneath it were the remains of a burial.

Box marked Grave 95 contained merely a few fragments, none of which were categorised as an independent skeleton: left and right maxilla (various colours, 2 individuals), 2 fragments of the calotte, distal parts of two humeri (male), the proximal part of the femur (male) and 3 fragments of shafts of tibias.

### Grave 96

Šribar: a destroyed skeleton

There was no box or skeleton marked Grave 96 amongst the material.

### Grave 97

Šribar: grave pit with skeletons 97–100; adult skeleton, destroyed during burial 98.

The box contained merely two femur fragments.
### Grob 98

Šribar: glej grob 97.

V škatli je bilo okostje mladostnika ter nekaj fragmentov kosti od odrasle osebe (leva senčnica, baza zatilnice, proksimalni del leve podlahtnice), ki je nismo označili kot skelet.

Skelet 98, mlada ženska: lobanja z mandibulo, kosti obeh rok (manjkajo lopatici in leva ključnica) in leva črevnica.

### Grob 99

Šribar: obe nadlahtnici in lopatici, starejši od 98, uničen ob pokopu 97.

V škatli je bilo nekaj vretenc, leva in desna lopatica, 3 nadlahtnice (2 desni, 1 leva: različni, eden od mladostnika ali starejšega otroka), proksimalni del desne podlahtnice.

### Grob 100

Šribar: lobanja in druge kosti (glej grob 97)

Skelet 100: samo lobanja z mandibulo, maksili manjkata.

### Grob 101

Skelet 101: samo desna kolčnica in kaput desne stegnenice.

### Grob 102

Šribar: pod skeletoma 81 in 82, v isti grobni jami skeleti 102, 103 in 104.

Skelet 102, moški: v škatli z oznako grob 102 je bila lobanja brez mandibule ter slabo ohranjene postkranialne kosti (manjkata samo leva koželjnica in križnica). Oznaka grob 102 je bila najdena tudi v škatli grob 78.

### Grob 103

Štibar: glej 102.

Škatle grob 103 v gradivu ni bilo, je pa bila oznaka najdena v škatli grob 78.

### Grob 104

Šribar: glej 102.

Škatle grob 104 v gradivu ni bilo, je pa bila oznaka najdena v škatli grob 78.

### Grob 105

Šribar: fragmenti kosti.

Škatle grob 105 v gradivu ni bilo, je pa bila oznaka najdena v škatli grob 78.

### Grob 106

Škatle grob 106 v gradivu ni bilo, je pa bila oznaka najdena v škatli grob 79.

### Grob 107

Škatle grob 106 v gradivu ni bilo, je pa bila oznaka najdena v škatli grob 79.

### Grob 108

Škatle grob 108 v gradivu ni bilo, je pa bila oznaka najdena v eni od treh škatel z oznako grob 80.

### Grave 98

Šribar: see Grave 97.

The box contained a skeleton belonging to a juvenile and a few bone fragments belonging to an adult (left temporal bone, base of occipital, proximal part of the left ulna), which we have not categorised as a skeleton.

Skeleton 98, young female: skull with mandible, bones of both arms (scapulas and the left clavicle are missing) and the left ilium.

### Grave 99

Šribar: both humeri and scapulas, older than 98, destroyed during burial 97.

The box included a few vertebrae, left and right scapula, 3 humeri (2 right, 1 left: various, one belonging to a juvenile or an older child), proximal part of the right ulna.

### Grave 100

Šribar: skull and other bones (see Grave 97)

Skeleton 100: only skull with mandible, both maxillae are missing.

### Grave 101

Skeleton 101: only right innominate and right femoral head.

### Grave 102

Šribar: skeletons 102, 103 and 104 were located underneath skeletons 81 and 82, but in the same grave pit.

Skeleton 102, male: box marked Grave 102 included a skull without a mandible together with poorly preserved postcranial bones (only the left radius and sacrum were missing). The tag Grave 102 was also found in the box marked Grave 78.

### Grave 103

Štibar: see 102.

There was no box marked Grave 103 amongst the material, however the tag was found in the box marked Grave 78.

### Grave 104

Šribar: see 102.

There was no box marked Grave 104 amongst the material, however the tag was found in the box marked Grave 78.

### Grave 105

Šribar: fragmented bones.

There was no box marked Grave 105 amongst the material, however the tag was found in the box marked Grave 78.

### Grave 106

There was no box marked Grave 106 amongst the material, however the tag was found in the box marked Grave 79.

### Grave 107

There was no box marked Grave 107 amongst the material, however the tag was found in the box marked Grave 79.

### Grave 108

There was no box marked Grave 108 amongst the material, however the tag was found in the box marked Grave 80.
### Grob 109

V škatli z oznako grobna jama 109 pa so bili premešani ostanardi najmanj 10 okostij, 2 otrok (lok vratsnega vretenca, del črevnice in fragmenta dveh različno velikih stegenic) in 8 odraslih oseb (5 lobanj, 12 nadlahtnic, 7 podlahtnic, 5 koželjnic, 4 kolčnice, 15 stegenic, 7 golenic).

Oznaka grob 109 je bila najdena tudi v eni od treh škatel z oznako grob 80.

### Grob 110

Skelet 110: fragmenti lobanjskega krova ter kosti desne roke (nadlahtnica, koželjnica, podlahtnica).

Poleg tega so bili v škatli še fragmenti 3 golenic, oznaka 110 pa je bila najdena tudi v eni od treh škatel z oznako grob 80.

### Grob 111

Šribar: odrasel robusten skelet (skupina skeletov 111–114, niso istočasni; po odstranitvi skeletov pod njimi skelet 117 in obe golenici skeleta 111.

V škatli grob 111 so bili ostanardi vsaj 2 skeletov, oznaka 111 pa je bila najdena tudi v škatli grob 81.

Skelet 111a, moški: očiščen postkranialni skelet, skoraj kompletien (manjkajo mečnici ter kosti stopal), brez lobanje. Ustreza Šribarjevemu opisu.

Skelet 111b, ženska: neočiščena lobanja, leva kolčnica (ženska) in 2 golenici.

### Grob 112

Šribar: gracilen skelet (glej tudi grob 111).

V škatli grob 112 sta bila delno ohranjena skeleta ženske in otroka, oznaka 112 pa je bila najdena tudi v škatli z oznako grob 81.

Skelet 112a, otrok: fragmenti lobanje, vratna vretenca in lopatici.

Skelet 112b, ženska: fragmenti lobanje, vratna vretenca, lopatica, desna nadlahtnica.

### Grob 113

Šribar: odrasel, gracilen skelet (glej tudi grob 111).

V škatli grob 113 je bila fragmentarno ohranjena moška lobanja, oznaka 113 pa je bila najdena tudi v škatli z oznako grob 81.

### Grob 114

Šribar: samo fragmenti lobanje in nekaj kosti prsnega koša (glej tudi grob 111).

Lobanja z oznako 114 (ženska) je bila najdena v škatli grob 115, poleg nje je bilo v škatli še nekaj fragmentov postkranialnih kosti. Oznaka 114 pa je bila najdena tudi v škatli grob 81.

### Grob 115

Šribar: raztresene kosti ob zakristiji, skeleta 115 (lobanja, stegnenica, golenica) in 116 (otrok).

Kosti, na katerih je bila napisana št. 115, so bile najdene v škatli grob 114. Oznaka 115 pa je bila najdena tudi v škatli grob 81.

Skelet 115a, moški: desna nadlahtnica, del stegnenice s kaputom, fragmenti obeh golenic.

Skelet 115b, otrok: lobanja (brez maksil in mandibule), kosti ene roke (ključnica, nadlahtnica, koželjnica, podlahtnica) in obeh nog (črevnici, stegnenici, golenici).

### Grave 109

Box marked grave pit 109 included mixed remains belonging to at least 10 skeletons, 2 children (arch of a cervical vertebra, a part of the ilium and fragments of two different sized femurs) and 8 adults (5 skulls, 12 humeri, 7 ulnas, 5 radiuses, 4 innominates, 15 femurs, 7 tibias).

The tag Grave 109 was also found in one of the three boxes marked Grave 80.

### Grave 110

Skeleton 110: fragments of the skull roof and bones belonging to the right arm (humerus, radius, ulna).

The box also included fragments of 3 tibias, while the tag 110 was also found in one of the three boxes marked Grave 80.

### Grave 111

Šribar: adult robust skeleton (the skeleton group 111–114 does not originate from the same period; once the skeletons were removed they revealed skeleton 117 and both tibias belonging to skeleton 111).

Box marked Grave 111 included the remains of at least 2 skeletons, while tag 111 was also found in the box marked Grave 81.

Skeleton 111a, male: almost all cleaned postcranial bones (fibulas and the bones of the feet are missing), no skull. Fits Šribar's description.

Skeleton 111b, female: uncleaned skull, left innominate (female) and 2 tibias.

### Grave 112

Šribar: gracile skeleton (see also Grave 111).

Box marked Grave 112 included two partially preserved skeletons, one belonging to a female and the other to a child, tag 112 was also found in the box marked Grave 81.

Skeleton 112a, child: fragments of the skull, cervical vertebrae and scapulas.

Skeleton 112b, female: fragments of the skull, cervical vertebrae, scapula, right humerus.

### Grave 113

Šribar: adult, gracile skeleton (see also Grave 111).

Box marked Grave 113 included a fragmentarily preserved male skull, and the tag 113 was also found in the box marked Grave 81.

### Grave 114

Šribar: only fragments of a skull and a few bones belonging to the thorax (see also Grave 111).

Skull marked 114 (female) was found in the box marked Grave 115; the box also included a few fragments of postcranial bones. Tag 114 was also found in the box marked Grave 81.

### Grave 115

Šribar: scattered bones, next to the sacristy, skeletons 115 (skull, femur, tibia) and 116 (child).

Bones carrying the tag 115 were found in the box marked Grave 114. Tag 115 was also found in the box marked Grave 81.

Skeleton 115a, male: right humerus, a part of the femur with the head, fragments of both tibias.

Skeleton 115b, child: skull (without the mandible and maxillae), bones of one arm (clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna) and both legs (ilia, femurs, tibias).
### Grob 116

Šribar: glej grob 115.

Oznaka 116 je bila najdena tudi v škatli grob 82, medtem ko so bile v škatli grob 116 močno fragmentirane kosti najmanj 2 okostij, ki smo jih označili kot skeleta 116a (ženska; senčnica in del kolčnice) in 116b (moški, senčnica).

### Grob 117

Šribar: glej grob 111

V škatli grob 117 so bili ostanki dveh okostij.

Skelet 117a, moški, svetlejše kosti: korpusi nadlahtnice, podlahtnice in koželjnice, del kolčnice, korpusa stegnenice in golenice. Oznaka 117a je bila tudi na mandibuli, ki pa verjetno ne pripada temu okostju, ker ima izražene ženske spolne znake.

Skelet 117b, ženski, temnejše kosti: desna nadlahtnica, proksimalni del podlahtnice, desna stegnenica (moška).

Skelet 117c: oznaka 117, grob 80, je bila zapisana tudi na škatli, ki je bila v depoju shranjena na polici med škatlama grob 82 in grob 83. V njej je bila lobanja z mandibulo (ženska) ter fragmentarno ohranjene kosti nog (2 stegnenici, 2 golenici, pogačica, mečnica, 2 petnici, 2 skočnici).

### Grob 118

Škatle grob 118 v gradivu ni bilo, je pa bila oznaka najdena v škatli grob 83.

### Grob 119

Skelet 119, mladostnik: v škatli je bila lobanja z maksilama in mandibulo ter nadlahtnica.

### Grob 120

Škatle grob 120 ali oznake 120 v gradivu ni bilo.

### Grob 121

V škatli so bili fragmentirani ostanki najmanj 7 odraslih okostij (skeleti 121 a–g): najmanj 4 lobanje, 11 nadlahtnic, 2 koželjnici, 2 podlahtnici, 10 stegnenic, 7 golenic.

### Grob 122

V škatli je bilo poleg živalskih kosti še nekaj človeških, ki padado najmanj 2 osebama: korpus stegnenice (robusten, moški, skelet 122a), korpus druge stegnenice (skelet 122b, mladostnik), korpus golenice ter nekaj fragmentov lobanjskega krova.

### Grob 123

V škatli so bile kosti najmanj 5 okostij, starejšega otroka (skelet 123 e: 1 zob, desna črevnica, distalni del stegnenice) in 4 odraslih (2 moška, 2 ženski), od katerih so se ohranili fragmenti naslednjih kosti: najmanj 3 lobanj, 4 lopatic, 3 ključnic, 6 nadlahtnic, 6 podlahtnic, 3–6 koželjnic, 4 kolčnic, 7 stegnenic, 3 golenic.

### Grob 124

V škatli so bili ostanki dveh različno robustnih postkranialnih okostij, moškega (skelet 142a: distalni del nadlahtnice, proksimalni del koželjnice, desna stegnenica) in domnevne ženske (skelet 124b: desna kolčnica, desna stegnenica). Nerazporejeno: korpusi 2 stegnenic in 3 golenic.

### Grave 116

Šribar: see Grave 115.

Tag 116 was also found in the box marked Grave 82, while the box marked Grave 116 included strongly fragmented bones belonging to at least 2 skeletons, which we have categorised as skeleton 116a (female; temporal bone and a part of the innominate) and 116b (male, temporal bone).

### Grave 117

Šribar: see Grave 111.

Box marked Grave 117 included the remains of two skeletons.

Skeleton 117a, male, lighter coloured bones: shafts of a humerus, ulna and radius, a part of the innominate, femur and tibia shafts. Tag 117a was also found on a mandible, which does most likely not belong to this skeleton, as it shows female sexual traits.

Skeleton 117b, female, darker coloured bones: right humerus, proximal part of the ulna, right femur (male).

Skeleton 117c: a box carrying the tag 117, Grave 80, was also found in the depot between the boxes marked Grave 82 and Grave 83. The box included a skull with mandible (female) and fragmentarily preserved bones of the legs (2 femurs, 2 tibias, patella, fibula, 2 calcanei, 2 taluses).

### Grave 118

There was no box marked Grave 118 amongst the material, however the tag was found in the box marked Grave 83.

### Grave 119

Skeleton 119, juvenile: the box contained a skull with mandible and both maxillae as well as a humerus.

### Grave 120

There was no box marked Grave 120 or tag 120 amongst the material.

### Grave 121

The box contained fragmented remains of at least 7 adults (skeletons 121 a–g): at least 4 skulls, 11 humeri, 2 radiuses, 2 ulnas, 10 femurs, 7 tibias.

### Grave 122

Alongside animal bones the box also contained some human bones, which belonged to at least 2 individuals: shaft of the femur (robust, male, skeleton 122a), another shaft of the femur (skeleton 122b, juvenile), shaft of the tibia and a few fragments of the neurocranium.

### Grave 123

The box contained the bones belonging to at least 5 skeletons, an older child (skeleton 123 e: 1 tooth, right ilium, distal part of the femur) and 4 adults (2 male, 2 female), from which the fragments of the following bones have been preserved: at least 3 skulls, 4 scapulas, 3 clavicles, 6 humeri, 6 ulnas, 3 – 6 radiuses, 4 innominates, 7 femurs, 3 tibias.

### Grave 124

The box contained the remains of two postcranial skeletons which differs in robusticity, male (skeleton 142a: distal part of the humerus, proximal part of the radius, right femur) and assumed female (skeleton 124b: right innominate, right femur). Unallocated: shafts of 2 femurs and 3 tibias.
## Skelet XX

Dobro ohranjeno in skoraj kompletno okostje, prezentirano v cerkvi na blejskem otoku, je bilo antropološko pregledano leta 1999. Manjkajo: večji del reber in vretenc, večina kosti dlani, leva pogačica, leva mečnica in večina kosti obeh stopal (ohranjenih je le 6 nartnih kosti, med drugim obe petnici in skočnici). Verjetno gre za enega od skeletov, ki jih je Šribar opisal kot dobro ohranjen skelet (glej npr. grob 18, 30, 40, 41).

## Grob 1/2016

Fragmentarno ohranjene kosti najmanj treh odraslih oseb, verjetneje pa štirih. Večina postkraniualnih kosti je gracilnih (2 ženski, skeleta 1a in b), nekaj pa robustnih (eden ali dva moška, skelet 1c). Od lobanje so se ohranili 4 fragmenti lobanjskega krova ter 4 fragmenti od dveh mandibul.

Skeleta 1a in 1 b, gracilne kosti: mandibula, rebra, prsna vretenca, leva in desna ključnica, 2 lopatici, 3 nadlahtnice, 3 podlahtnice, 3 koželjnice, križnica, 2 kolčnici, 2 desni stegnenici, 4 fragmenti korpusov mečnice. Večina kosti pripada ženski mlajši od 20 let, druga je bila starejše od 20 let.

Skelet 1c, robustne kosti: 2 fragmenta mandibule, ledvena vretenca, leva kolčnica, korpusa dveh stegnenic, desna golenica, leva petnica.

## Grob 2/2016

Ohranjene kosti pripadajo odrasli ženski: fragmenti reber in vretenc, del prsnice, del desne lopatice, obe ključnici, desna nadlahtnica, proksimalni del desna podlahtnice, leva koželjnica, obe kolčnici, pogačica.

## Antropološki latinsko-slovenski slovarček

* cranium – lobanja, kranium

* neurocranium – možganski del lobanje, nevrokranium (kalota – temenski del lobanje brez baze)

* postcranium – postkranium; vse kosti telesa razen lobanje

Glavne kosti lobanje so: os frontale – čelnica, os parietale – temenica, os occipitale – zatilnica, os temporale – senčnica, os sphaenoidale – zagozdnica, os zygomaticum – ličnica, mandibula – spodnja čeljustnica, mandibula, maxilla – zgornja čeljustnica, maksila.

Glavne kosti postkraniuma so: costae – rebra, sternum – prsnica, vetebrae – vretenca (7 vratnih, 12 prsnih, 5 ledvenih), sacrum – križnica, clavicula – ključnica, scapula – lopatica, humerus – nadlahtnica, radius – koželjnica, ulna – podlahtnica, manus – kosti dlani (ossa carpi – zapestnice, ossa metacarpi – dlančnice, phalanges – prstni členki), os coxae (os ilium, os pubis, os ischii) – kolčnica, sestavljena iz treh kosti, ki se zrastejo okoli 14. leta (črevnica, sramnica, sednica), femur – stegnenica, patella – pogačica, tibia – golenica, fibula – mečnica

pes – kosti stopala (ossa tarsi – nartnice; največji dve sta calcaneus – petnica in talus – skočnica, ossa metatarsi – stopalnice, phalanges – prstni členki).

## Skeleton XX

A well preserved and almost complete skeleton, presented in the church on Bled Island, was anthropologically examined in 1999. Missing bones: a large share of the ribs and vertebrae, most bones of the hand, left patella, left fibula and most bones of feet (only 6 tarsal bones are preserved, including both calcanei and taluses). This skeleton is most likely one of the skeletons that Šribar described as well preserved (see for instance Graves 18, 30, 40, 41).

## Grave 1/2016

Fragmentarily preserved bones belonging to at least three adults, but more likely four. Most postcranial bones are gracile (2 female, skeletons 1a and b), a few are robust (one or two males, skeleton 1c). Of the skull only 4 fragments of the neurocranium and 4 fragments belonging to two mandibles have been preserved.

Skeletons 1a and 1 b, gracile bones: mandible, ribs, thoracic vertebrae, left and right clavicle, 2 scapulas, 3 humeri, 3 ulnas, 3 radiuses, sacrum, 2 innominates, 2 right femurs, 4 fragments of fibula shafts. Most bones belonged to a female under the age of 20, while the rest belonged to a female over 20.

Skeleton 1c, robust bones: 2 mandible fragments, lumbar vertebrae, left innominate, femur shafts, right tibia, left calcaneus.

## Grave 2/2016

The preserved bones belong to an adult female: fragments of ribs and vertebrae, a part of the sternum, a part of the right scapula, both clavicles, right humerus, proximal part of the right ulna, left radius, both innominates, patella.

## Anthropological Latin-English dictionary

* cranium – the skull without themandible

* neurocranium – the braincase (calvaria – the cranium without the face; calotte – calvaria without the base)

* postcranial bones – all of the bones within the body with the exception of the skull

The main bones of the skull are: os frontale – frontal bone, os parietale – parietal bones, os occipitale – occipital, os temporale – temporal bones, os sphaenoidale – sphenoid bone, os zygomaticum – zygomatic bone, mandible – mandible, maxilla – maxilla.

The main postcranial bones are: costae – ribs, sternum – sternum, breastbone, vertebrae – vertebrae (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar), sacrum – sacrum, clavicula – clavicle, scapula – scapula, shoulder blade, humerus – humerus, radius – radius, ulna – ulna, manus – hand bones (ossa carpi – carpal bones, ossa metacarpi – metacarpal bones, phalanges – phalanges), os coxeae (os ilium, os pubis, os ischii) – innominate, consisting of three bones, which ossify approximately at the age of 14 (ilium, pubis bone, ischium), femur – thigh bone, patella – kneecap, tibia – shin bone, fibula – calf bone

pes – bones of the foot (ossa tarsi – tarsal bones; the largest of which are calcaneus – heel bone and talus – ankle bone, ossa metatarsi – metatarsal bones, phalanges – phalanges).
epifiza / diafiza: dolga kost je sestavljena iz osrednjega dela, diafize (korpusa) in dveh epifiz (okrajkov)

proksimalno / distalno: proksimalna epifiza je tisti del dolge kosti, ki leži bližje trupu oziroma lobanji, nasprotni del je distalna epifiza. Npr: proksimalna epifiza oz. kaput stegnenice leži v kolčnem sklepu, distalna epifiza pa v kolenskem.

Starostne kategorije: infans I (0-6 let), infans II (7-15 let), ju-
venis (15-19 let), adultus I (21-30 let), adultus II (31-40
let), maturus I (41-50 let), maturus II (51-60 let), senilis
(nad 61 let).

epiphysis / diaphysis: the long bone consists of the central part,

i.e. diaphysis (shaft) and two epiphyses (rounded ends)

proximal / distal: proximal epiphysis is the part of the long bone that is located closer to the torso or skull, while the opposite side is the distal epiphysis, e.g.: the proximal epiphysis or caput is located in the hip joint, while the distal epiphysis is located in the knee joint.

Age categories: *infans* I (0–6 years), *infans* II (7–15 years), *juvenis* (15–19 years), *adultus* I (21–30 years), *adultus* II (31–40 years), *maturus* I (41–50 years), *maturus* II (51–60 years), *senilis* (61+ years).
<figure><img src="image_168.png" /></figure>
# 10. MITIČNA POKRAJINA.
PREIZKUSI NJENEGA OBSTOJA
Z NAPOVEDNIMA MODELOMA NA PRIMERU BLEDA

## 10. A MYTHICAL LANDSCAPE.
TESTS OF ITS EXISTENCE
WITH PREDICTIVE MODELS FOR THE BLED CASE

Andrej PLETERSKI

### 10.1 UVOD IN POJMI

Pokrajina ni samodejen proizvod narave, ampak jo sooblikuje tudi človek. V tem pogledu jo nedvomno lahko razumemo tudi kot zapleteno presečišče različnih družbenih interesov in dejavnosti, ki se spreminjajo skozi čas (prim. Bender 1995²). Tu bomo obravnavali posebno obliko instrumentalizacije pokrajine, ki se je zgodila, ko so jo ljudje spremenili v orodje (Pleterski 2014). Verjeli so, da z njim lahko vplivajo na delovanje sil narave: na vreme, na gibanje nebesnih teles, na plodnost zemlje, na rodovitnost rastlin, živali, ljudi, na zdravje. Tako pokrajino imenujem mitična pokrajina. Mitična je zato, ker je njeno programsko izhodišče mitična zgodba. To so v zgodbo povezana spoznanja ljudi o delovanju sveta. Ko mitična zgodba dobi obredno funkcijo, postane mit. Ta z obrednim dejanjem sestavlja obred (ritual). Mitična pokrajina je tako lahko tudi oder obredu. Moč obreda, da vpliva na razmere in dogajanje, je obredna moč (magija). Izgovorjeno besedilo, ki v obredu dobi obredno moč, je urok. Praslovanska beseda *urok* namreč pomeni "kar je izrečeno" (Snoj 1997, 700). Znak, ki v obredu dobi obredno moč, je čar. Praslovanska beseda *čar* namreč pomeni "sredstvo, pripomoček, črovniško znamenje, narejeno, vrezano" (Snoj 1997, 66). Čari so tudi prostorski ideogrami. To so tiste medsebojno povezane sestavine mitične pokrajine, ki so jih ljudje določili in pogosto tudi dodatno oblikovali v skladu z mitičnimi predstavami v obliki miselnih slik (o mitičnih slikah: Čausidis 1994, 51–67), katere je ubesedila vsa-kokratna oblika mitične zgodbe. Prostorski ideogram je tako zapis mitične zgodbe, natančneje: njene strukture ali strukture njenega dela. Ker se zdi, da je pomembna funkcija prostorskih ideogramov tudi vzpostavljanje reda v kozmičnem neredu, morajo biti ideogrami v svoji izvedbi urejeni. Tej zahtevi odlično ustrezajo različne

### 10.1 INTRODUCTION AND TERMS

Landscape is not an automatic product of nature, but is co-shaped by humans. In this respect it can undoubt-edly be understood as a complex intersection of different social interests and activities that change over time (cf. Bender 1995²). Here, we will address the specific form taken by the instrumentalisation of a landscape when people turned it into a tool (Pleterski 2014). They believed that it could affect the functioning of the forces of nature: the weather, the movement of celestial bodies, the fertil-ity of the earth, the fertility of plants, animals, humans, and health. I call that landscape a *mythical landscape*. It is mythical because its starting point is a *mythical story*. These are people's insights into how the world works. When the mythical story has a ritual function, it becomes a *myth*. This, alongside a ritual act, constitutes a ritual. In this way the mythical landscape can also be a stage for ritual. The power of ritual to affect conditions and events is *ritual power* (magic). The spoken text that receives ritual power in a ritual is a *spell*. The shapes that receive ritual power in a ritual are *spatial ideograms*. These are those interconnected components of the mythical landscape that people have defined and often additionally shaped in accordance with mythical notions in the form of mental images (about mythical pictures: Čausidis 1994, 51–67), which are articulated through the particular form of the mythical story. The spatial ideogram is thus a record of the mythical story, and more precisely of either its whole structure or its individual parts. Since the establishment of order in cosmic chaos also seems to be an important function of spatial ideograms, ideograms must be orderly in their execution. Various mathematical components such as numbers, numerical relations, and geometric

<footnote>* Translation Andrej Pleterski.</footnote>
matematične sestavine, kot so števila, številčna razmerja, geometrijski liki. Pri tem gre za oblike teh likov, njihove notranje kote, dolžine in razmerja stranic ter njihove astronomske usmeritve (podrobneje o posameznih pojmih: Pleterski 2014, 20–23; 2018).

O mitični pokrajini vemo še zelo malo. Nedvomno jeudejanjena povsod, kjer je prebival in prebiva človek, ter se kaže kot zapleten, krajevno in časovno spremenljiv sistem prostorskih sestavin. V nadaljevanju bom podal njihov okvirni, a še vedno začetni obris ter prikazal njegovo izvedbo v širšem prostoru Bleda. Pri tem se v veliki meri opiram na svojo obširno analizo mitične pokrajine kot izdelka človekovega razumevanja sveta (Pleterski 2014), na zgoščen opis sestavin mitične pokrajine (Pleterski 2018) in na izročilo posoških starovercev (Medvešček 2015). Slednji so svoje naravoverstvo ohranili v organizirani obliki do sredine 20. stoletja. Kot taki so zakladnica delujočih razlag. Te dajejo vpogled v razumevanje sveta in način življenja, za katerega smo mislili, da je izumrl že pred tisočletjem. Seveda je treba upoštevati, da njihovo verovanje ni bilo vedno v vsem povsem nespremenljivo, vendar sem mnenja, da osupljiva strukturna ujemanja med arheološkimi podatki in njihovimi pripovedmi vsekakor niso naključna. Zato si drznem na njih graditi svoje izpeljave.

V nadaljevanju uvodoma navajam vrsto pravil, ki so jih uporabljali ljudje v preteklosti pri simbolnem urejanju svojega prostora. Ne poznam historičnega zapisa, ki bi jih kot take v celoti opisal. A tudi v srednjem veku je ideja simbolnega urejanja prostora nedvomno obstajala. To dokazujejo opisi programa razmestitve cerkvenih zgradb v obliki Kristusovega križa, ki naj bi priklicali njegovo zaščitno moč (npr. za Paderborn Vita Meinwerci, c. 218, objava: Tenckhoff 1921, 131; za Bamberg Frutolfi Cronica, objava Schmale, Schmale-Ott 1972, 47–50; Ex Heimonis De decursu temporum libro, objava Jaffé 1869, 545–546; obširno Pleterski 2014, 130–175).

Po pregledu pravil razvijem napovedni model. Ta pojem ima lahko zelo različne pomene, odvisno od tega, v kateri dejavnosti ga uporabimo. V arheologiji je običajno povezan z geografskimi informacijskimi sistemi, ko iščemo, določamo in raziskujemo arheološki potencial nekega območja, in temelji na raziskovanju velikih količin podatkov in njihovih relacij (uvodno: Gaffney, Stančič 1991). V mojem primeru bom ta pojem uporabil precej drugače.

Prostorska pravila opisujem tako, kot sem jih prepoznal v njihovih ponovitvah v različnih prostorih (Pleterski 2014). Veljavnost te prepoznave je mogoče oceniti s praktičnim preizkusom pravil v izbranem prostoru. Gre za to, da se postavimo v vlogo tedanjih ljudi in na njihov način rešimo njihov problem, ki je zapustil arheološko sled in jo potem lahko odkrijemo. Ker gre za prostorska pravila, napovemo lokacijo in okvirno vrsto najdbe. Če izkopavanje na napovedanem mestu potrdi napovedano najdbo, to pomeni potrditev obstoja pravil,

figures are perfectly suited for this: the shapes of these figures, their internal angles, the lengths and proportions of their sides, and their astronomical orientations (more on specific terms: Pleterski 2014, 20–23; 2018).

We know very little about the mythical landscape. It is undoubtedly realised everywhere that a human being resides and has resided, and manifests itself as a complex, locally and temporally changing, system of spatial components. In the following, I will give initial outline of the mythical landscape and show its implementation in the wider Bled area. In doing so, I rely heavily on my extensive analysis of the mythical landscape as a product of human understanding of the world (Pleterski 2014), on a concise description of the components of the mythical landscape (Pleterski 2018) and on the folk tradition of the Old Faith believers (members of a pre-Christian form of nature religion) in the Soča region (Medvešček 2015). These people retained their nature-based faith in an organised form until the mid-20th century. As such, they are a treasury of explanations. These give an insight into understandings about the world and a way of life that we thought was extinct a millennium ago. Of course, it should be borne in mind that their beliefs have not always been completely unchanging, but I think that the striking structural correspondences between their narratives and archaeological data are by no means accidental, and so I dare to base my derivations on them.

First I state the rules that people have used in the past to symbolically arrange their space. Even in the Middle Ages, the idea of symbolically arranging the components of a landscape clearly existed. This is evidenced by the descriptions of the program of the disposition of church buildings in the form of the cross of Christ, which was intended to invoke his protective power (e.g. for Paderborn Vita Meinwerci, c. 218, edition: Tenckhoff 1921, 131; for Bamberg Frutolfi Cronica, edition: Schmale, Schmale-Ott 1972, 47–50; Ex Heimonis De decursu temporum libro, edition: Jaffé 1869, 545–546; extensively Pleterski 2014, 130–175).

After reviewing the rules, I develop a predictive model. Predictive models can have very different meanings depending on the activity for which it is used. In archaeology, it is usually associated with geographic information systems when we search for, determine, and explore the archaeological potential of an area, and is based on the exploration of large amounts of data and its relationships (introduction: Gaffney, Stančič 1991). I will use this term quite differently here.

I describe spatial rules as I have recognised them in their repetitions in different spaces (Pleterski 2014). The validity of this recognition can be assessed by a practical test of the rules in the space selected. It is about putting ourselves in the role of the people of the past and solving their problem in that way, which left an archaeological trace and can then be discovered. Because these are spatial rules, we can predict the location and the approximate
potrditev njihove vsebine in potrditev njihove pravilne
uporabe v napovednem modelu.

Pravila simbolne ureditve prostora nikoli niso
bila kodificirana in so zato prilagojena vsakokratnemu
prostoru. To pomeni, da moramo pri postavitvi modela
izhajati iz dobro znanega prostora in ga preizkusiti v tem
istem prostoru. Izdelava modela na podlagi poznavanja
enega prostora in njegov preizkus v nekem drugem
prostoru bi se precej verjetno izkazala kot neuspešna.
Mitična pokrajina Bleda je dovolj dobro raziskana (po-
drobno: Pleterski 2014, 236–286), da ponuja potrebna
izhodišča.

Izbira cilja. V Blejskem kotu so arheološko najbolje
raziskana zgodnjesrednjeveška grobišča in njihova ume-
ščenost v mitično pokrajino. Podrobna analiza blejskih
vasi je pokazala, da večina vasi, nastalih v zgodnjem
srednjem veku, stoji še danes in vsaka zgodnjesrednjeve-
ška vas je imela svoje grobišče (Pleterski 2013a). Izziv, da
najdemo eno od manjkajočih grobišč, se je ponujal sam.
Izstopajoče je bilo vprašanje grobišča vasi Spodnje Bo-
dešče, ker je obetalo odgovor na več dodatnih vprašanj.

Podrobna, multidisciplinarna poselitvena analiza
je pokazala, da je vas Spodnje Bodešče nastala v 10. st.
na mestu starejše vasi, ki je propadla predtem. Ta sta-
rejša vas naj bi bila tudi starejša od sosednjih Zgornjih
Bodešč. Iz nje naj bi prišli ustanovitelji Zgornjih Bodešč
(Pleterski 2013a, 45–55, 158–168). Želja je bila najti
grobišče te starejše vasi, ki bi dalo vpogled v najstarejše
slovanske grobove Bleda in potrdilo prikaz poselitvene-
ga dogajanja. Vse to ob osnovnem cilju potrditi obstoj
mitične pokrajine, njenih pravil in ustreznost našega
razumevanja.

10.2. MITIČNA POKRAJINA

10.2.1 SESTAVNI DELI MITIČNE POKRAJINE

Čeprav se zdi samoumevno, je treba poudariti, da
so temeljna skupina sestavnih delov mitične pokraji-
ne njene naravne sestavine, zemeljske – gore, otoki,
kamni, izviri, reke, jezera, drevesa, jame. Potem so tu
še deli nebesne pokrajine – sonce, mesec, zvezde. So
sestavni del pradavne astronomije in koledarja. Kakšen
je bil namen koledarja? Pomembno je, da je bilo treba
opraviti obredna dejanja v pokrajini v natančno pravem
trenutku, da bi imela učinek. Ta vidik mitične pokrajine
raziskuje arheoastronomija (za nadaljnje podrobnosti
o njej in raziskovalnih metodah glej: Šprajc 1991; Ru-
ggles 2005; Ministr 2007; A. Polcaro, V. F. Polcaro 2009;
Rappenglück 2014).

Seveda imamo tudi zgrajene sestavine zemeljske
pokrajine, ki jih je ustvaril človek: ceste, kanale, polja,
naselja, pokopališča, svetišča. Te artefakte lahko arheo-
loško raziskujemo, kar daje možnost, da določimo
njihovo kronologijo.

types of finds. If excavation at the predicted site confirms
the predicted find, then this confirms the existence of the
rules, their contents and their correct use in the predic-
tive model.

The rules of symbolically arranging the landscape
have never been codified and are therefore adapted to
each space individually. This means that when setting
up a model, we have to start from a well-known space
and test the model in that same space. Building the
model based on knowledge of one space and testing it in
another space would very probably prove unsuccessful.
The mythical landscape of Bled is well-researched enough
/detail: Pleterski 2014, 236–286) to provide the necessary
starting points.

**Goal selection.** The Early Medieval burial grounds of the Bled region, and their location in the mythical landscape, are the archaeologically best explored. A detailed analysis of the Bled villages showed that most were formed in the Early Middle Ages and still stand today, and that each Early Medieval village had its own burial ground (Pleterski 2013a). The challenge, to *find one of the missing burial grounds* offered itself. The burial ground for the village of Spodnje Bodešče stood out for its importance because it promised to answer several questions about settlement and the mythical landscape.

A detailed, multidisciplinary settlement analysis
showed that Spodnje Bodešče was established in the 10th
century in the location of an earlier village that was de-
destroyed before. The earlier village is also supposed to be
earlier than the neighbouring village of Zgornje Bodešče.
The founders of Zgornje Bodešče are supposed to come
from the predecessor village of Spodnje Bodešče (Pleter-
ski 2013a, 45–55, 158–168). It was hoped that a burial
ground could be found for this earlier village that would
give an insight into the earliest Slavic graves in Bled and
confirm the process of settlement developments. The basic
aim of all this is to confirm the existence of the mythical
landscape, its rules and the level of our understanding.

10.2 THE MYTHICAL LANDSCAPE

10.2.1 THE CONSTITUENT COMPONENTS OF
THE MYTHICAL LANDSCAPE

Although it should go without saying, it must be
stressed that the fundamental group of components of the
mythical landscape are the **natural parts** of the **Earth's
landscape** – mountains, islands, stones, springs, rivers,
lakes, trees, and caves, and then, further away, parts of
the **celestial landscape** – the sun, the moon, the stars.
They are incorporated in the emergence of a primeval
astronomy and calendar. What was the calendar needed
for? It must not be forgotten that the ritual deeds involving
the landscape had to be done at the exactly right moment
to have an effect. This part of the mythical landscape is
Poleg naštetih snovnih so še nesnovne sestavine
mitične pokrajine. To je mitična zgodba, ki je ponavadi
razdrobljena, ohranjena v ljudskih pripovedih in drugih
oblikah ljudskega izročila, v krajevnih imenih in včasih
celo v imenih svetnikov, zavetnikov cerkva, ki so kot
mlajša cerkvena pokrajina prekrile starejšo mitično
pokrajino. Ti odlomki mitične zgodbe so prostorsko
povezani s posameznimi snovnimi deli pokrajine. Zato
lahko raziščemo povezavo med tem izročilom in arheo-
loškimi ostanki (prim. Lane 2008). Kronologija slednjih
datira uporabo sestavin mitične zgodbe.

Ker poznamo večno željo krščanske cerkve kot
institucije, da bi bila vseobsegajoča, je dobro znana
njena metoda nadomeščanja starejših svetih mest s
cerkvami (Jerris 2002). To potrjuje znamenito pismo
papeža Gregorja Velikega, ki ga je leta 601 poslal v
Britanijo (Hartmann, Ewald 1899, 56). Zato sta lega in
usmeritev cerkva lahko del zgodovine učinkov (nemško
Wirkungsgeschichte) starejše mitične pokrajine. Raz-
iskane usmeritve cerkva se osredotočajo na vzdolžno os
cerkvene zgradbe. Raziskav usmeritve prečne osi ali celo
diagonale cerkvene ladje še ni (Pleterski 2015a, 26–29).

Tradicionalna razlaga, da je cerkveno usmeritev
določal sončni vzhod ali zahod na praznik svetnika, ki
mu je bila cerkev posvečena, drži samo v zelo redkih
primerih (Čaval 2010, 162; Sassin Allen 2016, 160).
Nekaterih drugih teorij, kot so kronološki in instituc-
onalni vplivi na orientacijo, smer sončnega vzhoda na
dan posvetitve ali sončni vzhod okoli velike noči, pre-
prosto ni mogoče preveriti, saj temeljijo na neizmerljivih
spremenljivkah (Čaval 2010, 163–165; Sassin Allen 2016,
161–163). Za raziskave mitične pokrajine je pomembno,
da je veliko cerkva usmerjenih proti pokrajinskim zna-
čilnostim, vključno s starimi svetimi kraji (Sassin Allen
2016, 169–184). Kaže pa omeniti, da so lahko cerkev
kot sakralno stavbo zgradili kot zapleteno strukturo,
kjer so razmerja, smeri, svetlobe in sence napolnjeni s
simboličnimi pomeni (na primer: Pejaković 1978; 1997).

Da bi razumeli mitično pokrajino, moramo poznati
čim več njenih sestavnih delov in njihovih leg. Čeprav ni
treba poznati vseh, bi moralo biti njihovo število takšno,
da je mogoče prepoznati strukturni okvir. Sestavni deli
morajo biti urejeni pravilno. Le tako spodbudijo red,
ki omogoča ravnovesje naravnih sil in s tem preživetje
ljudi. Če ne bi vzpostavili reda, bi povzročili kaos, kar
prinaša kataklizme in smrt. Na drugi strani obstoj reda
olajšuje naše preučevanje mitične pokrajine. Kot raz-
iskovalci iščemo red.

10.2.2 MITIČNA ZGODBA,
ŠTEVILA IN SPREMEMBE V NARAVI

Mitična zgodba razlaga spremembe v naravi pri
vsakoletnem ponavljanju letnih časov (sl. 10.1). Dogodki
potekajo v krogu in nimajo ne začetka ne konca. Pona-

researched through archaeoastronomy (for further details
about the subject and research methods, see: Šprajc 1991;
Ruggles 2005; Ministr 2007; A. Polcaro, V. F. Polcaro 2009,
Rappenglück 2014).

There are also artificial parts of the Earth's landscape – such as roads, channels, fields, settlements, cemeteries, and shrines. These material artefacts may be the subject of archaeological research, allowing the opportunity to determine their chronology.

There are also intangible components of a mythi-
cal landscape. This is the mythical story, which is usually
fragmented because it is preserved in folk narratives and
performances, in place-names and sometimes even in the
names of saints as patrons of churches, which is a younger
ecclesiastical structure overlaying the earlier mythical
landscape. These fragments are spatially associated with
the individual material parts of a landscape, and therefore,
we can investigate the link between this tradition and the
archaeological remains (cf. Lane 2008). The chronology of
the archaeological remains dates the use of the elements
of the mythical story.

The eternal quest of the Christian Church as an institution was all-embracing, and its method of substituting the earlier sacral places with churches (Jerris 2002), is well known, corroborated in the year 601 CE, with the famous letter from Pope Gregory the Great, sent to the Brittany (Hartmann, Ewald 1899, 56). The position and orientation of churches could therefore be a part of the *Wirkungsgeschichte* (history of the effects) of the earlier mythical landscape. The church orientations that have been researched involve the longitudinal axis of the church building. There are as yet no studies of the orientations of the lateral axis or even diagonal of the church nave (Pleterski 2015a, 26–29).

The most traditional explanation, that church ori-
entation is determined by the sunrise (or sunset) on the
feast day of the saint to whom the church is dedicated,
holds true only in very rare cases (Čaval 2010, 162; Sas-
sin Allen 2016, 160). Some other theories (chronological
and institutional effects on orientation, or the direction
of sunrise when a church was first laid out, or sunrise
around Easter), simply cannot be verified, since they are
based on unquantifiable variables (Čaval 2010, 163–165;
Sassin Allen 2016, 161–163). It is important for mythi-
cal landscape studies that many churches are orientated
around features in the landscape, including old sacred
places (Sassin Allen 2016, 169–184), however, it is worth
mentioning that a church as a sacral building could be
constructed as a complex structure, where relationships,
directions, lights and shadows are filled with symbolic
meaning (for example: Pejaković 1978; 1997).

To understand the mythical landscape it is necessary
to identify its components and their positions. It is not
needed to know them all, but at least enough that the
main structure can be recognised. The components must
be arranged in an orderly way. It is only in this way that
## 4 & 3 = DAJBOG

<figure><img src="image_169.png" /><figcaption>Sl. 10.1: Razmerje med plodnim in neplodnim mitičnim parom, ki ga je mogoče razumeti bodisi kot dvojico, bodisi kot četverico, ter trojstvom bodisi treh sil narave, bodisi treh oseb.</figcaption></figure>

<caption>Fig. 10.1: Relationship between a fertile and infertile mythical couple, which can be understood as either a pair or a quadruple, and a trinity of either three forces of nature or three persons.</caption>

zarja jih zgodba o mitičnem paru, ženski in moškem, ki poletni del leta preživita kot zakonca v nenehnem harmoničnem spolnem odnosu. Njuna koitalna energija proizvaja plodnost, kar ustvarja blaginjo. Čas, ko sta združena, je v krogu leta obdobje obilja. Jeseni se njuna zveza prekine. Moški se postara in izgubi svojo spolno moč, ženski lik ga posledično pohabi (ga kastrira, mu vzame orožje), pogoltne, zapre v svojo votlino. S primodljenim orožjem (ogenj, strela, sekira ...) neplodna ženska vlada pozimi. Moški je dozdevno mrtev (spi), vendar spomladi pomlajen lahko zapusti žensko votlino, vzame orožje nazaj, premaga starko, jo prisili v spolni odnos in ji s tem povrne mladost in plodnost (Pleterski 2014, 7; 37–99). Poleg te zgodbe o plodnem in neplodnem paru, ki jo simbolizira število štiri, obstaja še ena različica s tremi liki, ki živijo v ljubezenskem trikotniku. Tam sta ena ženska in dva moška. Ženska ima spolni odnos z enim od moških pozimi, z drugim pa poleti. Simbolizira jih število tri.

they encourage order, which allows a balance between natural forces and people's livelihoods. Failure to comply with the order causes chaos, which brings cataclysms and death. On the other side, the existence of order facilitates our study: as researchers we are looking for order.

### 10.2.2 A MYTHICAL STORY, NUMBERS AND CHANGES IN NATURE

Mythical stories explain the changes in nature during the annual repetition of the seasons (Fig. 10.1). The events run in a circle and have neither beginning nor end. They are illustrated by the story of a mythical couple, a woman and a man, who spend the summer period of the year as spouses in continuous harmonious intercourse. With their coital energy, they produce fertility that creates prosperity. The period for which they are united is a period of abundance in the cycle of the year. In autumn
V izročilu vasi Prelože in Lokev (jugozahodna Slovenija) je število štiri povezano z likom Svetovidovega križa. To je krog, razdeljen na četrtine, vsaka ima piko. Štiri četrtine predstavljajo štiri strani neba, štiri življenjska obdobja, štiri letne čase, štiri pike pa so sestavine sveta: zemlja, ogenj, voda in zrak. Ker v njegovem središču spomladi zraste novo zeleno drevo, je to središče peta sestavina in tako vsebuje Svetovidov križ tudi število pet. Tamkajšnji kamnoseki so ga včasih upodobili s štirimi dodatnimi črtami, namesto štirih pik, in tako sestavili število osem. Osnovne štiri črte križa so bile bolj poudarjene (Čok 2012, 34; 2015, 112). Po istem izročilu je s številom tri povezan bog Triglav, s številom štiri pa bog Svetovid. Ta dva ustvarjata število sedem, ker sestavljata boga s sedmimi glavami (Čok 2015, 125), ki so ga domačini klicali Dajbog.

Ubeseditev števila pet Svetovidovega križa najdemo tudi v slovenski pravljici Pet bratov, ki jo je pred drugo svetovno vojno na Tolminskem zapisal Ciril Drekonja. "Prvi je bil sledec, da je sledil žival ali človeka še po petih letih. Drugi je lahko v hipu razrušil grad. Tretji je bil strelec, da je zadel zvezdo na nebu. Četrti je bil hiter, da je ujel strelo iz oblakov. Peti je lahko v trenutku postavil grad" (Kenda, Drekonja, Šavli 2012, 28). Tisti, ki gradi, je vzhod, tisti, ki podira, je zahod, zvezda je na nočnem severu, ognjena strela na jugu, stezosledec pozna pravo pot, to je pravo v središču (prim. Banaszkiewicz 1991).

### 10.2.3 ČASOVNA RAZSEŽNOST
MITIČNE ZGODBE

Mitične strukture imajo tudi časovno razsežnost, saj so povezane s spremembami v naravi v teku leta. Prihod mladega boga, ki pomaga ustvariti plodnost spomladi, je nedvomno povezan s 23. aprilom. V krščanskem koledarju je to dan svetega Jurija in zelo verjetno je staro slovansko ime potentnega ženina Jarilo (prim. Katičić 2010a, 19; 2010b, 89–104).

Rad bi opozoril na opis koledarja, ki ni širše znan, vendar je pomemben za razumevanje tudi starega slovanskega koledarja (najnovejši poskus njegove rekonstrukcije, ki pa ne upošteva podatkov, shranjenih v mitični pokrajini: Zaroff 2016). Njegov obstoj je odkril Branimir Gušić (1962) v Malesiji na meji med Črno goro in Albanijo. To je stari koledar albanskih pastirjev, ki začnejo leto na dan svetega Jurija (praznovanje se začne 24. aprila). Dan svetega Dimitrija (26. oktober) zaznamuje sredino leta, obe polovici pa trajata po 180 dni. Dan sv. Jurija so praznovali tri dni, dan svetega Dimitrija pa dva dni. Teh pet dni niso šteli med ostale in so tako dobili leto 365 dni. To je nedvomno sončni koledar, ki se je ravnal po položaju Sonca na obzorju in zato ni poznal problema prestopnih let.

Z njegovo pomočjo lahko ugotovimo, kako pomembna sta dneva sv. Jurija in sv. Dimitrija v koledarju.

their union collapses, the man grows old and loses his sexual power, and the female consequently cripples him (castrates him, takes his weapon), swallows him, or encloses him in a cavity. Using the acquired weapon (fire, lightning, axe etc.), the infertile woman rules during winter. The man is apparently dead (he is sleeping), but in spring, rejuvenated, he can leave the woman's cavity and take the weapon back. He beats the elderly woman, forces her into sex and consequently restores her youth and fertility (Pleterski 2014, 7). In addition to this story about a fertile and an infertile pair, which is symbolised by the *number four*, there is another version with three characters who live in a love triangle. There is one woman and two men; the woman has intercourse with one of the men in winter and with the other one in summer (see below). They are symbolised by the *number three*.

In traditions from the villages of Prelože and Lokev (southwestern Slovenia), the number four is related to the figure of the Cross of Svetovid (the ancient Slavic god). This is a circle that is divided into quarters, each with a dot. The four quarters represent the four sides of the sky, four lifetimes, and the four seasons, and the four dots represent the components of the world: earth, fire, water and air. A new green tree grows in the centre in the spring, however, and this centre is the fifth element: thus the Cross of Svetovid also contains the number *five*. Stonecutters sometimes depicted it with four extra lines instead of four dots, thus making the number *eight*. The basic four lines of the cross were more emphasised (Čok 2012, 34; 2015, 112). In the same tradition, the number three is associated with the ancient god Triglav and the god Svetovid is associated with the number four. These two gods are joined by the number *seven* because they compound a seven-headed god (Čok 2015, 125), called Dajbog (= the giving god).

Textualising the Cross of Svetovid as the number five is also found in the Slovenian fairy tale Five Brothers, written by Ciril Drekonja before the Second World War in the Tolmin region. "The first brother was able to track an animal or human after five years. The second had the ability to destroy a castle in an instant. The third brother was able to shoot and hit a star in the sky. The fourth was fast enough to catch lightning from the clouds. The fifth brother was able to build a castle in an instant" (Kenda, Drekonja, Šavli 2012, 28). The brother who builds is the east, the brother who destroys is the west, the star is the night sky in the north, the lightning is in the south, the tracker knows the right path, which is the law in the centre (cf. Banaszkiewicz 1991).

### 10.2.3 THE TIME DIMENSION
OF MYTHICAL STORY

Mythical structures also have a time dimension, because they are associated with the changes in nature throughout the year. The arrival of a young god who
<figure><img src="image_170.png" /><figcaption>Sl. 10.2: Protistoječi vzhodi in zahodi sonca v idealni ravnini.</figcaption></figure>

<caption>Fig. 10.2: The opposing sunrises and sunsets in the ideal plane.</caption>

Od 26. oktobra do vključno 23. aprila traja 180 dni, zaokroženo je to polovica leta. Če opazujemo sončne vzhode in zahode na obzorju z iste točke v ravnini, se lahko narišejo navidezne črte, ki združijo sončni vzhod 23. aprila in sončni zahod 26. oktobra, pa tudi obratno, sončni zahod 23. aprila in sončni vzhod 26. oktobra (sl. 10.2). Seveda bi lahko izbrali kateri koli drug nasprotni par datumov, vendar ima 23. april še eno pomembno lastnost, ki je nima noben drug datum. Triindvajsetega aprila sonce vzhaja in zahaja na isti točki na obzorju kot 20. avgusta. Od vključno 23. aprila do vključno 20. avgusta mine 120 dni, kar je zaokroženo tretjina leta. Začne se spomladi s prihodom potentnega mitičnega moškega, ki pomladi mitični ženski lik, naslednje štiri mesece pa preživita v nenehnem spolnem odnosu. Tretjina se konča z ločitvijo, ko se mitični ženski lik povzpne na oblast (prim. Pleterski 2015b).

Mitična ločitev je konfliktna situacija in tradicionalno pripovedništvo jo opisuje na različne načine, vendar brez določenega datuma. Ena redkih slovanskih različic mitične zgodbe, ki opisuje jesenski mitični spopad v povezavi z dejanskim koledarskim datumom, je zgodba o nastanku ruskega mesta Jaroslavelj. **Сказание о построении града Ярославля** (Pripoved o ustanovitvi mesta Jaroslavelj). Ohranjena je v zapisu iz leta 1781, ki naj bi bil kopija neznanega starejšega rokopisa, najverjetneje iz 17. stoletja. Slednji je bil napisan s pomočjo starejših virov, morda ustnega izročila Jaroslavlja (Katičić 2008, 123–124, 132). Med drugim zapis opisuje češčenje Volosa, vendar nas zanima, kaj je med svojim obiskom doživel kijevski knez Jaroslav Modri (978–1054). Po pripovedi je zgradil cerkev svetega Ilije, ker je na dan svetega Ilije s sekiro ubil divjo zver (люта звер). Kljub temu, da je ta datum seveda že krščanski, je še vedno zelo pomemben dogodek v poznem poletju.

Jesenska žrtev je bila prvotno verjetno 20. avgusta, konec poletne tretjine leta. V katoliškem krščanstvu se izjemen pomen sredine avgusta ohranja s praznovanjem

helps to create fertility in spring is undoubtedly connected with the 23rd April. In the Christian calendar, this is the day of St George and it is very likely that the old Slavic name of the potent groom is Jarilo (cf. Katičić 2010a, 19; 2010b, 89–104).

I would like to draw attention to a calendar that is generally not well-known, but is important for the understanding of the ancient Slavic calendar (for the latest attempt to reconstruct it, although excluding data from mythical landscapes: Zaroff 2016). Discovered and described by Branimir Gušić (1962) in Malesija on the border between Montenegro and Albania, it is an old calendar of Albanian shepherds, who begin the year on the day of St George (the celebration begins on the 24th of April). The day of St Demetrius (October 26th) marks the middle of the year, and the two halves of the year lasted 180 days each. The day of St George was celebrated for three days and the day of St Demetrius for two days. These five days were not counted and so the year lasted for 365 days. This is undoubtedly a solar calendar, which followed the position of the sun on the horizon and therefore did not recognise leap years.

With the help of this old calendar, we can determine the importance of the days of St George or St Demetrius in calendars. From the 26th October up to and including the 23rd April, there are 180 days: a rounded half year. If we observe the sunrises and sunsets on the horizon from the same point in the plane, virtual lines can be drawn, joining the sunrise on the 23rd April and the sunset on the 26th October – as well as vice versa, the sunset on the 23rd April and the sunrise on the 26th October (Fig. 10.2). Of course, any other opposite pair of dates could be chosen, but the 23rd April has another important feature that no other dates have. On the 23rd April the sun rises and sets at the same place on the horizon as on the 20th August. From and including the 23rd April up to and including the 20th August, there are 120 days, which is rounded up to be one third of the year. This third begins with the arrival of the potent mythical male character in spring, who rejuvenates the mythical female character, and they spend the next four months in constant intercourse. The third ends with their separation, when the mythical female character ascends to power (cf. Pleterski 2015b).

The separation is a conflict situation and traditional storytelling describes it in a number of ways, but without ascribing it an actual date. One of the few Slavic versions of the mythical story that describe the mythical autumn confrontation in conjunction with an actual calendar date is the story about the origin of the Russian town Yaroslavl: **Сказание о построении града Ярославля** (A story of the foundation of the town Yaroslavl). It is preserved in a record from 1781, which is supposed to be a copy of an unknown earlier manuscript, most likely from the 17th century. The latter was written with the help of earlier sources, perhaps the oral tradition of Yaroslavl (Katičić, 2008, 123–124, 132). Among other things, the record describes the worship of
<figure><img src="image_171.png" /><figcaption>Sl. 10.3: Delitev sončnega leta na šest delov.</figcaption></figure>

<caption>Fig. 10.3: The division of the solar year into six parts.</caption>

Marijinega vnebovzetja 15. avgusta. V pravoslavni Makedoniji je v avgustu posebno dvanajstdnevno obdobje, Makaevi, ki napoveduje usodo naslednjih 12 mesecev (Risteski 2005, 398). Datum so prenesli in spremenili v Ilindenske klavne žrtve (2. avgust).

Sredina poletne trejine leta je 21. junij, poletni sončni obrat (sl. 10.3). Od vključno 23. aprila do vključno 21. junija je 60 dni, od vključno 22. junija do vključno 20. avgusta pa prav tako 60 dni. Preostali dve tretjini leta razpolavlja 21. december, zimski sončni obrat. Od vključno 21. avgusta do vključno 21. decembra je 123 dni, od vključno 22. decembra do vključno 22. aprila pa 122 dni. Podobno lahko razdelimo leto, če se opremo na zimsko trejino leta, ki se začne 24. oktobra (po malesijskem koledarju niso šteli dveh dni in so začeli šteti 26. oktobra). Mesto sončnega vzhoda se ponovi 19. februarja. Od vključno 24. oktobra do vključno 19. februarja je 119 dni, ki jih razpolavlja 21. december. Od vključno 24. oktobra do vključno 21. decembra je 59 dni in od vključno 22. decembra do vključno 19. februarja je 60 dni. Preostali dve tretjini razpolavlja 21. junij. Od vključno 22. junija do vključno 23. oktobra je 124 dni in od vključno 20. februarja do vključno 21. junija je 122 dni. Razdelitev leta na tretjine s pomočjo določitve poletne tretjine leta da tako nekoliko bolj skladne tretjine. Kako so ljudje uporabljali tretjine, pa bo lahko pokazala šele statistična analiza velikega števila mitičnih pokrajin. Od vključno 20. februarja do vključno 22. aprila je 62 dni in od vključno 21. avgusta do vključno 23. oktobra je 64 dni. Če ne potrebujemo prestopnega leta in če ne štejemo petih dni, lahko leto poenostavljeno razdelimo na šest delov po šestdeset dni. To je precej verjeten začetek šestdesetiškega sistema in vzrok, da še danes krog

Volos, but at this point, we are interested in what the Kiev Prince Yaroslav the Wise (978–1054) experienced during his visit. According to the narrative, he built the church of St Elijah because he had beaten a wild beast (*люта звер*) with an axe on the day of St Elijah. Despite the fact that this date was, of course, already Christian, it is still a very important event in late summer.

The primary autumn sacrifice was probably the 20th August, the end of the summer-third of the year. The exceptional importance of mid-August is preserved in Catholic Christianity with the celebration of the Assumption on the 15th August. In orthodox Macedonia, the importance of this time in August is marked by a special period of twelve days, *Makaevi*, that predicts the fate of the next 12 months (Risteski 2005, 398) and the date was also moved and transformed into the *Ilinden* (the 2nd August) sacrifices.

The middle of the summer third of the year is the 21st June, the summer solar solstice (Fig. 10.3). There are 60 days between the 23rd April and the 21st June inclusive, and 60 days between the 22nd June and the 20th August inclusive. The remaining two-thirds of the year is halved by the 21st December, the winter solar solstice. There are 123 days from the 21st August to the 21st December inclusive and 122 days from the 22nd December to the 22nd April inclusive. We can similarly divide the year, if we rely on the winter third of the year, beginning on the 24th October (according to the Malesian shepherd calendar they did not count for two days and started counting on the 26th October). The same sunrise point on the horizon recurs on the 19th February. From the 24th October inclusive to the 19th February inclusive there are 119 days, halved by the 21st December. There are 59 days from the 24th October to the 21st December inclusive and 60 days from the 22nd December to the 19th February inclusive. The remaining two-thirds of the year are then halved by the 21st June. From the 22nd June inclusive to the 23rd October inclusive there are 124 days, and from the 20th February inclusive to the 21st June inclusive there are 122 days. The division of the year into thirds, by determining the summer third of the year, thus gives slightly more consistent thirds. Only a statistical analysis of a large number of mythical landscapes can show how people used thirds, however. There are 62 days from the 20th February to the 22nd April inclusive and 64 days from the 21st August to the 23rd October inclusive. If we do not include a leap year and do not count five “holiday” days, then the year can be simply divided into six parts of sixty days. This is the probable origin of the sixties system, and the reason why we still divide the circle into 360 degrees today, an hour at 60 minutes and a minute at 60 seconds. In any case, the sixties system was used in ancient Mesopotamia (cf. Berlinghoff, Gouvêa 2008, 15–17). Its age can be determined through its use in mythical landscapes. The measurement of time with the moon and stars will need to be examined separately.