# A complementary description of Amblyseius bidens Karg (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and two new species records from Slovakia

Ismail Döker, Lucia Švecová, Peter Fenda

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Ismail Döker, Lucia Švecová, Peter Fenda. A complementary description of Amblyseius bidens Karg (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and two new species records from Slovakia. Acarologia, 2024, 64 (3), pp.952-960. 10.24349/4m7p-s9rz. hal-04692934

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# A complementary description of *Amblyseius bidens* Karg (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and two new species records from Slovakia

Ismail Döker IDª, Lucia Švecová IDᵇ, Peter Fend'a IDᵇ

## Original research

### ABSTRACT

A complementary description of *Amblyseius bidens* Karg (Acari: Phytoseiidae), along with a discussion on the possible synonymy between this species and *A. myrtilli* Papadoulis, Emmanouel & Kapaxidi, a species previously described from Greece, and subsequently reported from Russia, is provided. In addition, *Neoseiulus roumelioticus* Papadoulis, Emmanouel & Kapaxidi and *N. tauricus* (Livshitz & Kuznetsov) are reported for the first time from Slovakia. Measurements and important diagnostic characters of the new records are provided to further improve diagnosis and avoid any confusion regarding the species status of the Slovak specimens.

**Keywords** Amblyseiinae; fauna; new record; predatory mites; redescription; taxonomy

## Introduction

Phytoseiidae (Acari: Phytoseiidae) comprise mite species mainly considered predators of phytophagous mites and small soft-bodied insects, such as thrips and whiteflies (McMurtry *et al.* 2013). Although a series of phytoseiid species are mass-produced and available commercially to manage the pests mentioned above, the determination of indigenous species is of considerable importance for achieving more effective biological control (Gerson 2014).

In Slovakia, faunistic data regarding the family Phytoseiidae come from several studies in above-ground vegetation floors, of soil fauna and finally from parasitological studies (fauna of nests of birds and mammals). A total of 57 species including synonyms belonging to 12 genera have been reported from Slovakia (Jedličková 1993, 2001; Jedličková and Kolodochka 1994; Kalúz 2008; Fend'a 2010, SAS 2024).

In this study, we provided a complementary description of *Amblyseius bidens* Karg, 1970 along with a discussion on the possible synonymy of this species and *A. myrtilli* Papadoulis, Emmanouel & Kapaxidi, 2009. In addition, we also reported *Neoseiulus roumelioticus* Papadoulis, Emmanouel & Kapaxidi, 2009 and *N. tauricus* (Livshitz & Kuznetsov, 1972) for the first time in Slovakia.

## Material and methods

Mites were collected from soil samples (bulk of grass with rhizosphere, approx. 200 cm³) from xerothermic and subxerothermic herbaceous biotopes. The samples were taken during spring and autumn 2018 from several localities on Burda mountain (southwestern Slovakia). Soil mites

Received 11 June 2024
Accepted 26 August 2024
Published 30 August 2024

Corresponding author
Ismail Döker ID: idoker@cu.edu.tr

Academic editor
Kreiter, Serge

https://doi.org/10.24349/4m7p-s9rz

ISSN 0044-586X (print)
ISSN 2107-7207 (electronic)

<figure><img src="image_2.png" /></figure>

Döker I. et al.

Licensed under
Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0

OPEN ACCESS

<footnote>ª Cukurova University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Plant Protection, Acarology Laboratory, 01330, Adana, Türkiye.</footnote>

<footnote>ᵇ Comenius University, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Zoology, Bratislava, Slovakia.</footnote>
were extracted using Berlese-Tullgren funnels and stored in 70% ethanol. Mites were separated and mounted using chloralhydrate based medium Liquido de Swan. The examinations of the specimens were undertaken with an Olympus® CX-41 microscope. Illustrations were prepared by using a U-Da drawing attachment, Camera Lucida. Final corrections were made using a computer program Adobe Photoshop (version CS6). Pictures were taken by using compound microscope Axio Imager A2, equipped with differential interference contrast (DIC) optical system and Axiocam 506 color camera (Carl Zeiss, Germany). The taxonomic system follows that of Chant and McMurtry (2007). Dorsal setal nomenclature is based on Lindquist and Evans (1965), as adapted by Rowell *et al.* (1978); ventral setal nomenclature is based on Chant and Yoshida-Shaul (1991). Nomenclature of dorsal solenostomes is based on Athias-Henriot (1975). Leg chaetotaxy follows that of Evans (1963). For each structure, measurements are given in micrometers and presented as the mean followed by the respective range, in parenthesis. The examined specimens are deposited in the mite collection of Cukurova University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Plant Protection, Acarology Laboratory, Adana, Türkiye.

## Results

### Amblyseius bidens Karg

(Figures 1-2)

*Amblyseius bidens* Karg, 1970: 293.

*Amblyseius myrtilli* Papadoulis, Emmanouel & Kapaxidi, 2009: 57. Suspected as junior synonym.

### Material examined

Nitra region, Burda Mts, Kamenica nad Hronom, Burdov (National Nature Reserve); 47.83234°N, 18.74084°E; 233 m alt.; 17 March 2018; col. P. Fend'a; leg. I. Döker, sub-xerophilous herbaceous biotopes in pastures; 5 females; slide SU6/18.

### Diagnosis

Idiosomal setal pattern 10A:9B/JV-3:ZV (*r3* and *R1* off shield). Dorsal shield sclerotized, oval, without waist, smooth except a few anterolateral striations; with seven pairs of solenostomes (*gd1*, *gd2*, *gd4*, *gd5*, *gd6*, *gd8* and *gd9*). Dorsal setae smooth acuminate, except *Z4* and *Z5* slightly serrated, and *J5* with one barb. Peritremes extending to level of setae *j1*. Sternal and genital shields smooth; ventranal shield pentagonal, reticulated anteriorly, conspicuously larger than genital shield, with three pairs of preanal setae and small rounded preanal solenostomes. Setae *JV5* smooth and acuminate. Spermatheca with saccular calyx and nodular, c-shaped atrium, without neck. Fixed digit of chelicera with four teeth and movable digit with two teeth. Trochanter I with five (1 0/1 0/2 1) and genu II with seven setae (2 2/0 2/0 1). Leg I without macroseta; *SgeII*, *SgeIII*, *StiIII*, *SgeIV*, *StiIV* and *StIV* present.

### Complementary description

#### Female (n = 5)

**Dorsal idiosoma** — (Figure 1A). Dorsal setal pattern 10A:9B (*r3* and *R1* off shield). Dorsal shield smooth except few anterolateral striations, entire, oval, without waist; with seven pairs of solenostomes (*gd1*, *gd2*, *gd4*, *gd5*, *gd6*, *gd8* and *gd9*), and 16 pairs of poroids (*id1*, *id2*, *id4*, *id5*, *id6*, *idm1*, *idm2*, *idm3*, *idm4*, *idm5*, *idm6*, *idx*, *is1*, *idl1*, *idl3* and *idl4*). Muscle-marks (sigillae) visible mostly on podosoma; length of dorsal shield 352 (350–355), width at level of *s4* 239 (233–245), width at level of *S2* 268 (265–270). Dorsal setae smooth and acuminate, except *Z4* and *Z5* slightly serrated, and *J5* with one barb. Measurements of dorsal setae as follows: *j1* 22 (20–23), *j3* 47 (45–51), *j4* 5 (5–6), *j5* 5 (5–6), *j6* 5 (5–6), *J2* 6 (5–7), *J5* 12 (11–12), *z2* 11 (10–12), *z4* 7 (7–8), *z5* 5 (5–6), *Z1* 6 (6–7), *Z4* 88 (87–90), *Z5* 154 (145–168), *s4* 59 (54–62),
<figure><img src="image_3.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 1** *Amblyseius bidens* Karg, 1970, female. A – Dorsal idiosoma, B – Ventral idiosoma, C – Chelicera, D – Spermathecae.</figcaption></figure>

S2 9 (8–9), S4 10 (9–10), S5 10 (9–10), *r3* 14 (12–15) and *R1* 9 (8–10). Peritremes extending to level of setae *j1*.

**Ventral idiosoma** — (Figure 1B). Ventral setal pattern 14:JV–3:ZV. Sternal shield scle-rotized, smooth with three pairs of setae (ST1, ST2 and ST3), two pairs of poroids (*iv1* and *iv2*); distance between ST1–ST3 62 (60–65), ST2–ST2 64 (62–65); seta ST3 and poroid *iv3* on
<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 2** *Amblyseius bidens* Karg, 1970, female right legs. A – leg I (trochanter-tibia), B – leg II (trochanter-basitarsus), C – leg III (trochanter-basitarsus), D – leg IV (trochanter-basitarsus). Macroseta drawn in solid black for clarity.</figcaption></figure>

metasternal shield. Genital shield smooth, one pair of para-genital poroids *iv5* on soft cuticle; width at level of setae *ST5* 68 (66–70). Ventrianal shield pentagonal, conspicuously larger than genital shield, reticulated anteriorly; with three pairs of pre-anal setae (*JV1*, *JV2* and *ZV2*), one pair of para-anal (*Pa*) and a postanal seta (*Pst*), with one pair of small rounded preanal solenostomes located posteromesad of *JV2*; distance between gv3 pores 42 (40–45). Length of
ventrianal shield 112 (110–115), width at level of setae ZV2 107 (104–110). Setae ZV1, ZV3, JV4 and JV5 and four pairs of poroids (three pairs of *ivo* and *ivp*) on integument surrounding ventrianal shield. Setae JV5 smooth, located on small platelets, and 69 (65–73) in length.

**Chelicera** — (Figure 1C). Fixed digit 27 (26–28) long with four teeth and pilus dentilis; movable digit 29 (28–30) long with two teeth.

**Spermatheca** — (Figure 1D). Calyx saccular, flaring distally, 25 (24–26) long; atrium nodular, c-shaped, attached to calyx without neck.

**Legs** — (Figures 2A–D). Length of legs (excluding pretarsus): I, 340 (335–345); II, 269 (265–271); III, 251 (245–255); IV, 323 (315–330). Chaetotactic formulae as follows; Leg I: coxa 0 0/1 0/1 0, trochanter 1 0/1 0/2 1, femur 2 3/1 2/2 2, genu 2 2/1 2/1 2, tibia 2 2/1 2/1 2. Leg II: coxa 0 0/1 0/1 0, trochanter 1 0/1 0/2 1, femur 2 3/1 2/1 1, genu 2 2/0 2/0 1, tibia 1 2/1 1/1 1. Leg III: coxa 0 0/1 0/1 0, trochanter 1 1/1 0/2 0, femur 1 2/1 1/0 1, genu 1 2/1 2/0 1, tibia 1 1/1 2/1 1. Leg IV: coxa 0 0/1 0/0 0, trochanter 1 1/1 0/2 0, femur 1 2/1 1/0 1 (*av* missing in the illustrated specimen), genu 1 2/1 2/0 1, tibia 1 1/1 2/0 1. Leg I without macroseta. Measurements of macrosetae as follows: SgeII (pd1) 32 (30–35), SgeIII (ad1) 35 (33–38), StiIII (ad) 26 (25–27), SgeIV (ad1) 71 (65–75), StiIV (ad) 55 (52–58) and StIV (ad3) 52 (50–55) in length.

**Remarks**

The original description of *Amblyseius bidens* by Karg (1970) was based on material collected from oak leaf litter in Elsterhang, Germany. This description was not very detailed, relying only on simple drawings and measurements of some dorsal setae, including Z4 and Z5. *Amblyseius myrtilli* Papadoulis, Emmanouel & Kapaxidi, 2009, described based on material collected from *Vaccinium myrtillus* L. (Ericaceae) in northern Greece, shows an affinity to *A. bidens* (Khaustov 2020). Papadoulis et al. (2009) distinguished *A. myrtilli* from *A. bidens* based on the number of solenostomes on the dorsal shield (5-6 in *A. bidens* vs. 7 in *A. myrtilli*) and the number of preanal setae on the male ventrianal shield (4 pairs in *A. bidens* vs. 3 pairs in *A. myrtilli*).

It should be noted that the number of dorsal solenostomes might vary from one species to another in the genera *Euseius* Wainstein, *Neoseiulus* Hughes, *Typhlodromus* Scheuten, and *Paraseiulus* Muma. The taxonomic utility of dorsal solenostomes to separate species is validated by molecular studies for *Neoseiulus* Hughes and *Kampimodromus* Nesbitt (Döker *et al.* 2018; Khaustov *et al.* 2022). However, seven pairs of dorsal solenostomes are consistently observed in phytoseiid mites originating from soil-litter habitats especially for *Amblyseius* Berlese, *Proprioseiopsis* Muma, and *Transeius* Chant & McMurtry (Zannou *et al.* 2007; Khaustov *et al.* 2021). Therefore, we assumed that the number of dorsal solenostomes might not have been illustrated properly in a previous redescription of *A. bidens* due to the quality of the optical material used at that time (Denmark and Muma 1989).

Furthermore, the description of *A. bidens* by Denmark and Muma (1989) is the only available description that includes males of this species. It should also be noted that the setae illustrated by Denmark and Muma (1989) (page 135, figure 720), anterior and in line with setae JV1, have not been reported in any phytoseiid species until now (Chant and Yoshida-Shaul 1991; Tsolakis and Ragusa 2016; Demite *et al.* 2020; Kreiter *et al.* 2021; Ferragut and Navia 2022; Döker *et al.* 2023). Therefore, we also assumed that the setae illustrated by Denmark and Muma (1989) might not be preanal but probably setae ST5. In conclusion, we propose *A. myrtilli* as a suspected junior synonym of *A. bidens*.

**Neoseiulus roumelioticus Papadoulis, Emmanouel & Kapaxidi**

(Figure 3)

*Neoseiulus roumelioticus* Papadoulis, Emmanouel & Kapaxidi, 2009: 87.

*Neoseiulus roumelioticus* Papadoulis, Emmanouel & Kapaxidi, Döker *et al.* 2022: 155.
<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 3** DIC micrograph of spermatheca of *Neoseiulus roumelioticus* Papadoulis, Emmanuel & Kapaxidi, 2009.</figcaption></figure>

**Material examined**

Nitra region, Burda Mts, Kamenica nad Hronom, Burdov (National Nature Reserve); 47.82655°N, 18.74652°E; 180 m alt.; 18. April 2018; col. P. Fend'a; leg. I. Döker; xerothermic herbaceous biotopes; 1 female; slide SU14/18; Burda Mts, Chľaba, Burdov (National Nature Reserve); 47.83127°N, 18.81612°E; 220 m alt.; 22. October 2018; col. P. Fend'a; leg. I. Döker; xerothermic herbaceous biotopes in vineyards; 2 females; slide SU101/18.

**Complementary description**

**Female (n = 3)**

Dorsal shield smooth except some patches of lateral reticulations or striations with five pairs of solenostomes (gd1, gd2, gd4, gd6, and gd9). Length of dorsal shield 334 (325–343), width at level of s4 162 (160–165), width at level of S2 188 (185–190). All dorsal setae smooth except Z4 and Z5 slightly serrated. Measurements of dorsal setae as follows: j1 14 (13–14), j3 20 (20–21), j4 15 (14–17), j5 14 (14–15), j6 18 (17–19), J2 22 (21–23), J5 11 (10–11), z2 18 (17–18), z4 19 (18–20), z5 16 (15–17), Z1 23 (23–24), Z4 47 (46–48), Z5 68 (65–74), s4 27 (27–28), S2 28 (27–29), S4 30 (30–31), S5 14 (13–15), r3 18 (17–18), and R1 16 (15–17). Peritremes extends to setae level of j3. Sternal shield smooth; with three pairs of setae (ST1–ST3); distance between ST1–ST3 66 (64–68), width distance between setae ST2 61 (60–62); genital shield smooth, width at level of ST5 62 (60–64); ventrianal shield pentagonal, striated anteriorly, reticulated posteriorly; with three pairs of preanal setae (JV1, JV2, and ZV2), and with one pair of small rounded solenostomes gv3, distance between gv3 pores 28. Length of ventrianal shield 114 (112–115), width at level of ZV2 97 (96–98). Four pairs of caudoventral setae (ZV1, ZV3, JV4, and JV5) on integument surrounding ventrianal shield. Seta JV5 smooth, 50 (49–52) in length. Fixed digit 27 (27–28) long, with three teeth clustered apically and pilus dentilis; movable digit 27 (26–27) long, with three teeth. Calyx of spermatheca bell-shaped flaring distally, 12 (11–12) in length; atrium nodular, narrower than base of calyx, directly attached to calyx without neck; major duct thick-walled, fusiform, vacuolated area where it joins atrium; minor duct visible (Figure 3). Chaetotaxy of legs as follows: Leg I: coxa 0 0/1 0/1 0, trochanter 1 0/1 0/2 1, femur 2 3/1 2/2 2, genu 2 2/1 2/1 2, tibia 2 2/1 2/1 2. Leg II: coxa 0 0/1 0/1 0, trochanter 1 0/1 0/2 1, femur 2 3/1 2/1 1, genu 2 2/0 2/0 1, tibia 1 1/1 2/1 1. Leg III:
<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 4** DIC micrograph of spermathecae of *Neoseiulus tauricus* (Livshitz & Kuznetsov, 1972).</figcaption></figure>

coxa 0 0/1 0/1 0, trochanter 1 1/1 0/2 0, femur 1 2/1 1/0 1, genu 1 2/1 2/0 1, tibia 1 1/1 2/1 1.
Leg IV: coxa 0 0/1 0/0 0, trochanter 1 1/1 0/2 0, femur 1 2/1 1/0 1, genu 1 2/1 2/0 1, tibia 1 1/1
2/0 1. Leg IV with one sharp pointed macroseta, *StIV* 66 (65–68) in length. Other legs without
macroseta.

Remarks

*Neoseiulus roumelioticus* was described from Greece based on the material collected from moss and low herbaceous plants in various locations in Northern (Macedonia) and Central Greece (Papadoulis *et al.* 2009). It was recently reported in Istanbul province, Türkiye based on the material collected from Asteraceae plants where it was associated with an unknown thrips species. We here provide the first report of this species for Slovak fauna. Morphological characters and measurements of the Slovak specimens are almost identical to the original description and the redescription from Türkiye (Döker *et al.* 2022).

**Neoseiulus tauricus** (Livshitz & Kuznetsov, 1972)

(Figure 4)

*Amblyseius tauricus* Livshitz & Kuznetsov, 1972: 24.

**Material examined**

Nitra region, Burda Mts, Kamenica nad Hronom, Burdov (National Nature Reserve);
47.83234°N, 18.74084°E; 233 m alt.; 17 March 2018; col. P. Fend'a; leg. I. Döker; sub-
xerophilous herbaceous biotopes in pastures; 1 female; slide SU6/18.

**Complementary description**

**Female (n = 1)**

Dorsal shield reticulated laterally and between setae *j6* and *Z4*, with seven pairs of
solenostomes (*gd1*, *gd2*, *gd4*, *gd5*, *gd6*, *gd8* and *gd9*). Length of dorsal shield 318, width at
level of *s4* 160, width at level of *S2* 180. All dorsal setae smooth except *Z4* and *Z5* serrated.
Measurements of dorsal setae as follows: *j1* 17, *j3* 15, *j4* 10, *j5* 9, *j6* 10, *J2* 10, *J5* 7, *z2* 14, *z4* 14,
*z5* 8, *Z1* 14, *Z4* 42, *Z5* 60, *s4* 25, *S2* 22, *S4* 24, *S5* 15, *r3* 15, and *R1* 14. Peritremes extends to
setae level of *j1*. Sternal shield smooth; with three pairs of setae (*ST1*–*ST3*); distance between
*ST1*–*ST3* 62, width distance between setae *ST2* 60; genital shield smooth, width at level of *ST5*
62; ventrianal shield pentagonal, striated with some patches of reticulations; with three pairs
of preanal setae (*JV1*, *JV2*, and *ZV2*), and without solenostomes. Length of ventrianal shield
108, width at level of *ZV2* 90. Four pairs of caudoventral setae (*ZV1*, *ZV3*, *JV4*, and *JV5*) on
integument surrounding ventral shield. Seta JV5 smooth, 54 in length. Fixed digit 27 long, with four teeth and pilus dentilis; movable digit 27 long, with one tooth. Calyx of spermatheca elongated, bendable vase-shaped, swollen basally, then narrowing and finally widening distally, 30 long, atrium nodular directly connected to calyx without neck, major and minor duct visible (Figure 4). Chaetotaxy of legs as follows: Leg I: coxa 0/0/1/0/1/0, trochanter 1/0/1/0/2/1, femur 2/3/1/2/2/2, genu 2/2/1/2/1/2, tibia 2/2/1/2/1/2. Leg II: coxa 0/0/1/0/1/0, trochanter 1/0/1/0/2/1, femur 2/3/1/2/1/1, genu 2/2/0/2/0/1, tibia 1/1/1/2/1/1. Leg III: coxa 0/0/1/0/1/0, trochanter 1/1/1/0/2/0, femur 1/2/1/1/0/1, genu 1/2/1/2/0/1, tibia 1/1/1/2/1/1. Leg IV: coxa 0/0/1/0/0/0, trochanter 1/1/1/0/2/0, femur 1/2/1/1/0/1, genu 1/2/1/2/0/1, tibia 1/1/1/2/0/1. Leg IV with three blunt macrosetae, SgeIV 36, StiIV 23, and StIV 52 in length. Other legs without macrosetae.

## Remarks

*Neoseiulus tauricus* was described by Livshitz and Kuznetsov (1972) from Crimea. It was reported from Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, France, Greece, Hungary, Iran, and Ukraine (Demite *et al.* 2024, Tixier *et al.* 2000). This species is reported for the first time for Slovak fauna. Morphological characters and measurements of the Slovak specimen are almost identical to the original description and the redescriptions (Kolodochka 1978; Papadoulis *et al.* 2009).

## Acknowledgements

This study was financially supported by VEGA grant no. 1/0702/23 and by Cukurova University Scientific Projects Foundation Units, grant number, FAY-2022-14495, study

## ORCID

Ismail Döker https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1412-1554

Lucia Švecová https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4726-8816

Peter Fend'a https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4791-1990

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