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Mikolajewicz, U., Kapsch, M., Gayler, V., Meccia, V. L., Riddick, T., Ziemen, F. A., and Schannwell, C.: PalMod2 MPI-M MPI-ESM1-2-CR Transient Simulations of the Last Deglaciation with prescribed ice sheets from GLAC-1D reconstructions (r1i1p2f2), World Data Center for Climate (WDCC) at DKRZ [data set], https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/PMMXMCRTDGP122, 2023e.

Mikolajewicz, U., Kapsch, M., Gayler, V., Meccia, V. L., Riddick, T., Ziemen, F. A., and Schannwell, C.: PalMod2 MPI-M MPI-ESM1-2-CR Transient Simulations of the Last Deglaciation with prescribed ice sheets from GLAC-1D reconstructions (r1i1p3f2), World Data Center for Climate (WDCC) at DKRZ [data set], https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/PMMXMCRTDGP132, 2023f.

Muglia, J. and Schmittner, A.: Glacial Atlantic overturning increased by wind stress in climate models: Wind stress and glacial AMOC, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 9862–9868, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL064583, 2015.

Muglia, J. and Schmittner, A.: Carbon isotope constraints on glacial Atlantic meridional overturning: Strength vs. depth, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 257, 106844, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106844, 2021.

Ng, H. C., Robinson, L. F., McManus, J. F., Mohamed, K. J., Jacob, A. W., Ivanovic, R. F., Gregoire, L. J., and Chen, T.: Coherent deglacial changes in western Atlantic Ocean circulation, Nat. Commun., 9, 2947, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05312-3, 2018.

Obase, T. and Abe-Ouchi, A.: Abrupt Bølling-Allerød Warming Simulated under Gradual Forcing of the Last Deglaciation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 11397–11405, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL084675, 2019.

Obase, T., Abe-Ouchi, A., and Saito, F.: Abrupt climate changes in the last two deglaciations simulated with different North-ern ice sheet discharge and insolation, Sci. Rep.-UK, 11, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01651-2, 2021.

Oka, A., Hasumi, H., and Abe-Ouchi, A.: The thermal threshold of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and its control by wind stress forcing during glacial climate: The thermal threshold of the AMOC, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L09709, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051421, 2012.

Otto-Bliesner, B. L. and Brady, E. C.: The sensitivity of the climate response to the magnitude and location of freshwater forcing: last glacial maximum experiments, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 29, 56–73, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.07.004, 2010.

Otto-Bliesner, B., Brady, E., Tomas, R., Liu, Z., and He, C.: iTraCE, NCAR [data set], https://doi.org/10.26024/b290-an76, 2021.

Park, H.-S., Kim, S.-J., Stewart, A. L., Son, S.-W., and Seo, K.-H.: Mid-Holocene Northern Hemisphere warming driven by Arctic amplification, Sci. Adv., 5, eaax8203, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax8203, 2019.

Peltier, W. R.: Global Glacial Isostasy and the Surface of the Ice-Age Earth: The ICE-5G (VM2) Model and GRACE, Annu. Rev. Earth Pl. Sc., 32, 111–149, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.32.082503.144359, 2004.

Peltier, W. R., Argus, D. F., and Drummond, R.: Space geodesy constrains ice age terminal deglaciation: The global ICE-6G_C (VM5a) model: Global Glacial Isostatic Adjustment, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 120, 450–487, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JB011176, 2015.

Pöppelmeier, F., Baggenstos, D., Grimmer, M., Liu, Z., Schmitt, J., Fischer, H., and Stocker, T. F.: The Effect of Past Saturation Changes on Noble Gas Reconstructions of Mean Ocean Temperature, Geophys. Res. Lett., 50, e2022GL102055, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL102055, 2023a.

Pöppelmeier, F., Jeltsch-Thömmes, A., Lippold, J., Joos, F., and Stocker, T. F.: Multi-proxy constraints on Atlantic circulation dynamics since the last ice age, Nat. Geosci., 16, 349–356, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-023-01140-3, 2023b.

Rahmstorf, S.: Decadal Variability of the Thermohaline Ocean Circulation, in: Beyond El Niño, edited by: Navarra, A., Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 309–331, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58369-8_15, 1999.

Rahmstorf, S.: Ocean circulation and climate during the past 120 000 years, Nature, 419, 207–214, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01090, 2002.

Repschläger, J., Zhao, N., Rand, D., Lisiecki, L., Muglia, J., Mulitza, S., Schmittner, A., Cartapanis, O., Bauch, H. A., Schiebel, R., and Haug, G. H.: Active North Atlantic deepwater formation during Heinrich Stadial 1, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 270, 107145, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107145, 2021.

Riddick, T., Brovkin, V., Hagemann, S., and Mikolajewicz, U.: Dynamic hydrological discharge modelling for coupled climate model simulations of the last glacial cycle: the MPI-DynamicHD model version 3.0, Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 4291–4316, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4291-2018, 2018.

Roberts, N. L., Piotrowski, A. M., McManus, J. F., and Keigwin, L. D.: Synchronous Deglacial Overturning and Water Mass Source Changes, Science, 327, 75–78, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1178068, 2010.

Roche, D. M., Renssen, H., Weber, S. L., and Goosse, H.: Could meltwater pulses have been sneaked unnoticed into the deep
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Mikolajewicz, U., Kapsch, M., Gayler, V., Meccia, V. L., Riddick, T., Ziemen, F. A., and Schannwell, C.: PalMod2 MPI-M MPI-ESM1-2-CR Transient Simulations of the Last Deglaciation with prescribed ice sheets from ICE-6G reconstructions (r1i1p2f2), World Data Center for Climate (WDCC) at DKRZ [data set], https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/PMMXMCRTDIP122 2023b.

Mikolajewicz, U., Kapsch, M., Gayler, V., Meccia, V. L., Riddick, T., Ziemen, F. A., and Schannwell, C.: PalMod2 MPI-M MPI-ESM1-2-CR Transient Simulations of the Last Deglaciation with prescribed ice sheets from ICE-6G reconstructions (r1i1p3f2), World Data Center for Climate (WDCC) at DKRZ [data set], https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/PMMXMCRTDIP132, 2023c.

Mikolajewicz, U., Kapsch, M., Gayler, V., Meccia, V. L., Riddick, T., Ziemen, F. A., and Schannwell, C.: PalMod2 MPI-M MPI-ESM1-2-CR Transient Simulations of the Last Deglaciation with prescribed ice sheets from GLAC-1D reconstructions (r1i1p1f1), World Data Center for Climate (WDCC) at DKRZ [data set], https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/PMMXMCRTDGP111, 2023d.

Mikolajewicz, U., Kapsch, M., Gayler, V., Meccia, V. L., Riddick, T., Ziemen, F. A., and Schannwell, C.: PalMod2 MPI-M MPI-ESM1-2-CR Transient Simulations of the Last Deglaciation with prescribed ice sheets from GLAC-1D reconstructions (r1i1p2f2), World Data Center for Climate (WDCC) at DKRZ [data set], https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/PMMXMCRTDGP122, 2023e.

Mikolajewicz, U., Kapsch, M., Gayler, V., Meccia, V. L., Riddick, T., Ziemen, F. A., and Schannwell, C.: PalMod2 MPI-M MPI-ESM1-2-CR Transient Simulations of the Last Deglaciation with prescribed ice sheets from GLAC-1D reconstructions (r1i1p3f2), World Data Center for Climate (WDCC) at DKRZ [data set], https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/PMMXMCRTDGP132, 2023f.

Muglia, J. and Schmittner, A.: Glacial Atlantic overturning increased by wind stress in climate models: Wind stress and glacial AMOC, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 9862–9868, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL064583, 2015.

Muglia, J. and Schmittner, A.: Carbon isotope constraints on glacial Atlantic meridional overturning: Strength vs. depth, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 257, 106844, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106844, 2021.

Ng, H. C., Robinson, L. F., McManus, J. F., Mohamed, K. J., Jacob, A. W., Ivanovic, R. F., Gregoire, L. J., and Chen, T.: Coherent deglacial changes in western Atlantic Ocean circulation, Nat. Commun., 9, 2947, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05312-3, 2018.

Obase, T. and Abe-Ouchi, A.: Abrupt Bølling-Allerød Warming Simulated under Gradual Forcing of the Last Deglaciation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 11397–11405, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL084675, 2019.

Obase, T., Abe-Ouchi, A., and Saito, F.: Abrupt climate changes in the last two deglaciations simulated with different North-

ern ice sheet discharge and insolation, Sci. Rep.-UK, 11, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01651-2, 2021.

Oka, A., Hasumi, H., and Abe-Ouchi, A.: The thermal threshold of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and its control by wind stress forcing during glacial climate: The thermal threshold of the AMOC, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L09709, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051421, 2012.

Otto-Bliesner, B. L. and Brady, E. C.: The sensitivity of the climate response to the magnitude and location of freshwater forcing: last glacial maximum experiments, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 29, 56–73, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.07.004, 2010.

Otto-Bliesner, B., Brady, E., Tomas, R., Liu, Z., and He, C.: iTraCE, NCAR [data set], https://doi.org/10.26024/b290-an76, 2021.

Park, H.-S., Kim, S.-J., Stewart, A. L., Son, S.-W., and Seo, K.-H.: Mid-Holocene Northern Hemisphere warming driven by Arctic amplification, Sci. Adv., 5, eaax8203, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax8203, 2019.

Peltier, W. R.: Global Glacial Isostasy and the Surface of the Ice-Age Earth: The ICE-5G (VM2) Model and GRACE, Annu. Rev. Earth Pl. Sc., 32, 111–149, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.32.082503.144359, 2004.

Peltier, W. R., Argus, D. F., and Drummond, R.: Space geodesy constrains ice age terminal deglaciation: The global ICE-6G_C (VM5a) model: Global Glacial Isostatic Adjustment, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 120, 450–487, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JB011176, 2015.

Pöppelmeier, F., Baggenstos, D., Grimmer, M., Liu, Z., Schmitt, J., Fischer, H., and Stocker, T. F.: The Effect of Past Saturation Changes on Noble Gas Reconstructions of Mean Ocean Temperature, Geophys. Res. Lett., 50, e2022GL102055, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL102055, 2023a.

Pöppelmeier, F., Jeltsch-Thömmes, A., Lippold, J., Joos, F., and Stocker, T. F.: Multi-proxy constraints on Atlantic circulation dynamics since the last ice age, Nat. Geosci., 16, 349–356, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-023-01140-3, 2023b.

Rahmstorf, S.: Decadal Variability of the Thermohaline Ocean Circulation, in: Beyond El Niño, edited by: Navarra, A., Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 309–331, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58369-8_15, 1999.

Rahmstorf, S.: Ocean circulation and climate during the past 120 000 years, Nature, 419, 207–214, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01090, 2002.

Repschläger, J., Zhao, N., Rand, D., Lisiecki, L., Muglia, J., Mulitza, S., Schmittner, A., Cartapanis, O., Bauch, H. A., Schiebel, R., and Haug, G. H.: Active North Atlantic deepwater formation during Heinrich Stadial 1, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 270, 107145, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107145, 2021.

Riddick, T., Brovkin, V., Hagemann, S., and Mikolajewicz, U.: Dynamic hydrological discharge modelling for coupled climate model simulations of the last glacial cycle: the MPI-DynamicHD model version 3.0, Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 4291–4316, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4291-2018, 2018.

Roberts, N. L., Piotrowski, A. M., McManus, J. F., and Keigwin, L. D.: Synchronous Deglacial Overturning and Water Mass Source Changes, Science, 327, 75–78, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1178068, 2010.

Roche, D. M., Renssen, H., Weber, S. L., and Goosse, H.: Could meltwater pulses have been sneaked unnoticed into the deep
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Roche, D. M., Wiersma, A. P., and Renssen, H.: A systematic study of the impact of freshwater pulses with respect to different geographical locations, Clim. Dynam., 34, 997–1013, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-009-0578-8, 2010.

Roche, D. M., Renssen, H., Paillard, D., and Levavasseur, G.: Deciphering the spatio-temporal complexity of climate change of the last deglaciation: a model analysis, Clim. Past, 7, 591–602, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-7-591-2011, 2011.

Romé, Y. M., Ivanovic, R. F., Gregoire, L. J., Sherriff-Tadano, S., and Valdes, P. J.: Millennial-Scale Climate Oscillations Triggered by Deglacial Meltwater Discharge in Last Glacial Maximum Simulations, Paleooceanogr. Paleoclimatol., 37, e2022PA004451, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022PA004451, 2022.

Roy, K. and Peltier, W. R.: Relative sea level in the Western Mediterranean basin: A regional test of the ICE-7G_NA (VM7) model and a constraint on late Holocene Antarctic deglaciation, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 183, 76–87, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.12.021, 2018.

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Schmittner, A. and Lund, D. C.: Early deglacial Atlantic overturning decline and its role in atmospheric CO₂ rise inferred from carbon isotopes (δ¹³C), Clim. Past, 11, 135–152, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-135-2015, 2015.

Severinghaus, J. P. and Brook, E. J.: Abrupt Climate Change at the End of the Last Glacial Period Inferred from Trapped Air in Polar Ice, Science, 286, 930–934, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.286.5441.930, 1999.

Shakun, J. D., Clark, P. U., He, F., Marcott, S. A., Mix, A. C., Liu, Z., Otto-Bliesner, B., Schmittner, A., and Bard, E.: Global warming preceded by increasing carbon dioxide concentrations during the last deglaciation, Nature, 484, 49–54, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10915, 2012.

Sherriff-Tadano, S. and Klockmann, M.: PMIP contributions to understanding the deep ocean circulation of the Last Glacial Maximum, PAGES Mag., 29, 84–85, https://doi.org/10.22498/pages.29.2.84, 2021.

Sherriff-Tadano, S., Abe-Ouchi, A., Yoshimori, M., Oka, A., and Chan, W.-L.: Influence of glacial ice sheets on the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation through surface wind change, Clim. Dynam., 50, 2881–2903, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3780-0, 2018.

Smith, R. S. and Gregory, J. M.: A study of the sensitivity of ocean overturning circulation and climate to freshwater input in different regions of the North Atlantic: Sensitivity of MOC to Hosing Region, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L15701, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL038607, 2009.

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Roche, D. M., Wiersma, A. P., and Renssen, H.: A systematic study of the impact of freshwater pulses with respect to different geographical locations, Clim. Dynam., 34, 997–1013, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-009-0578-8, 2010.

Roche, D. M., Renssen, H., Paillard, D., and Levavasseur, G.: Deciphering the spatio-temporal complexity of climate change of the last deglaciation: a model analysis, Clim. Past, 7, 591–602, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-7-591-2011, 2011.

Romé, Y. M., Ivanovic, R. F., Gregoire, L. J., Sherriff-Tadano, S., and Valdes, P. J.: Millennial-Scale Climate Oscillations Triggered by Deglacial Meltwater Discharge in Last Glacial Maximum Simulations, Paleooceanogr. Paleoclimatol., 37, e2022PA004451, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022PA004451, 2022.

Roy, K. and Peltier, W. R.: Relative sea level in the Western Mediterranean basin: A regional test of the ICE-7G_NA (VM7) model and a constraint on late Holocene Antarctic deglaciation, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 183, 76–87, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.12.021, 2018.

Schilt, A., Baumgartner, M., Schwander, J., Buiron, D., Capron, E., Chappellaz, J., Loulergue, L., Schüpbach, S., Spahni, R., Fischer, H., and Stocker, T. F.: Atmospheric nitrous oxide during the last 140 000 years, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 300, 33–43, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.09.027, 2010.

Schmittner, A. and Lund, D. C.: Early deglacial Atlantic overturning decline and its role in atmospheric CO₂ rise inferred from carbon isotopes (δ¹³C), Clim. Past, 11, 135–152, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-135-2015, 2015.

Severinghaus, J. P. and Brook, E. J.: Abrupt Climate Change at the End of the Last Glacial Period Inferred from Trapped Air in Polar Ice, Science, 286, 930–934, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.286.5441.930, 1999.

Shakun, J. D., Clark, P. U., He, F., Marcott, S. A., Mix, A. C., Liu, Z., Otto-Bliesner, B., Schmittner, A., and Bard, E.: Global warming preceded by increasing carbon dioxide concentrations during the last deglaciation, Nature, 484, 49–54, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10915, 2012.

Sherriff-Tadano, S. and Klockmann, M.: PMIP contributions to understanding the deep ocean circulation of the Last Glacial Maximum, PAGES Mag., 29, 84–85, https://doi.org/10.22498/pages.29.2.84, 2021.

Sherriff-Tadano, S., Abe-Ouchi, A., Yoshimori, M., Oka, A., and Chan, W.-L.: Influence of glacial ice sheets on the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation through surface wind change, Clim. Dynam., 50, 2881–2903, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3780-0, 2018.

Smith, R. S. and Gregory, J. M.: A study of the sensitivity of ocean overturning circulation and climate to freshwater input in different regions of the North Atlantic: Sensitivity of MOC to Hosing Region, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L15701, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL038607, 2009.

Smith, R. S., Gregory, J. M., and Osprey, A.: A description of the FAMOUS (version XDBUA) climate model and control run, Geosci. Model Dev., 1, 53–68, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-1-53-2008, 2008.

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