of Parliament [14], they can be either subject of an active corruption, in generally, either is under the provisions of article 13 of the Law 78/2000.

The article 5 is recovered due of the quality imposed to the perpetrator in the article 8¹ (e) and article 8² of the Law 78/2000.

The active special subject (article 6 of the Convention), whom is member of public assemblies, falling under provisions of the article 8¹ (f).

The Article 7 and 8 from the Convention refers to the corruption from private sector and it was criminalized by the article 254, 255 from the Criminal Code, as a result of the Law 140/1996, regulation which bring together the legal texts regarding to the notion of "civil servant" and "other employees", stating that the notion of civil servant include also the "public officer" one, as it is regulated by the article 147 of the Criminal Code, and also "any employee that exercises a duty in the interest of a legal[15]entity"; moreover, the Law 78/2000, in the article 1(b, e) refers to this aspect, too.

The Article 9 of the Convention regarding international civil servant is finding its applicability in the provisions of article 8¹ (a, c) of Law 78/2000.

The next article refers also to the quality of the subject, the member of international parliamentary assemblies one, regulated by the article 8¹ (b).

The Article 12 criminalized the conduct of the trafficker and the buyer of influence[16] and are founded in the article 247 from the Criminal Code and article 6¹ from the Law 78/2000, introduced by the Law 161/2003.

Before the intervention of this domestic law (no 78/2000) the person that was buying the real influence or the alleged one of the traffic author couldn't have the active quality of a subject, so he was not criminal responsible [17]. Our criminal code, inspired by other legislation, didn't punish the act of influence buyer(as it is stated in the case of giving bribe offence), which is charged distinctly by the offence of giving bribe, even if in reality, the offence of buying influence have obviously a social danger.

By the formulation of the article 6¹ the rising question is what is the meaning of a person "with influence, or at least making to believe of having influence". To explain this formulation of the legislator, identical to the formulation of the article 257 of the Penal Code, we start from the answer given by the doctrine in the case of this offence. Thus, in a first form, the trafficker has in a concrete way the influence, or he is enjoying in a real way the trust and the respect of that public officer, we are having in the view an objective criterion. This eventually can lead to the influence presumption of the prospective trafficker, a fact that in our conception is unacceptable. Going even further with this suggestion we could say than that every person that enjoys the respect, or is having an important function can be connected by the influence buyers.

The second form (he's letting to believe) [18] is realizing when is created the wrong belief that trafficker can influence a civil servant.

In both forms it is essential that the trafficker is adopting an active attitude and not a passive one, either by an action, or inaction; in the support of the mentions above we refer to the criminal Convention regarding the corruption, from Strasbourg, which in the article 12 imposes the prospective trafficker to "say" or to "confirm" he's able to exercise such an influence. If we wouldn't make such of reference to the behaviour adopted by the trafficker, than we would analyses the existing condition of the offence ("has...influence") through the angle of subjective of the buyer, and the measure in which he had represented the capacity of influencing the trafficker and if it can be proved, he is perpetrator of the offence stated by the Article 6 of the Law 78/2000. And if we would analyse instead in an objective way this condition, the things would complicate even more by considering the effects of the error in which the buyer would be.
Regarding *ferenda law*, we're suggesting the reconsideration of this regulation in consonance with the Law 27/16 January 2002 regarding the ratification of the convention with the one from Convention.

The article 13 imposes the states who have ratified the Convention to incriminate the acts of money laundry [19] caused through performance of corruption offences. In the article 17 of the Law 78/2000, which is represented by offences directly linked with the corruption, at letter e are stated acts of money laundry [20] from the Law 656/2002.

In the article 18 of the Convention is established the responsibility of the legal entity for the offences of briber, influence trafficking and money laundry derived from corruption offences.

To stimulate this form of responsibility the physical person must represent, lead and control the activity of such legal entity. "The premise situation"[21] is fulfilled if the person has by the time of committing the offence one of the three qualities.

The responsibility of the legal entity is engaged no matter of his form of participation that the leader/representative is acquiring in committing the offence (author, accomplice, and instigator).

This is applicable also when due to shortage of surveillance or control, another person being under the authority of such person concern by aligns. 1 is committing such an offence. It can be observed the possibility of accumulating the responsibility of the legal entity with the physical person.

In order to pronounce upon the form of responsibility of the legal entity, it must be analyzed the Article 19(2) regarding the penalties and measures to be taken against this person. The formulation proposed by this article contains an extreme large interpretation, making reference only to "efficient sanctions", whether if they have a criminal, civil or administrative feature. However, taking into account the feature of the Convention, the criminal law one, and the fact that the physical person has committed an offence in the name of the juridical person, we can pass in the way of giving criminal responsibility [22] to the legal entity.

This interpretation can be proved through the references of similar dispositions from the Corpus Juris project. Thus, the article 13 establishes the criminal responsibility of the juridical person for the offences of articles 1-8 from Corpus Juris, when the offence was committed in the interest of the entity by any other person that acts in behalf of his name and interest.

On the same line, the dispositions of article 5 and 6 of E.C.H.R. are not excluding the possibility of penal sanction to the juridical person.

This change of vision of the European legislator is reflected also in the domestic law, thus the draft of Criminal Code is setting up the criminal responsibility of the juridical person for the offence of giving bribe and influence trafficking.

## 4. CONCLUSIONS

The purpose to confer to juridical person a criminal responsibility would be represented by a much strong and consistent punishment, realizing in this way one of the purposes of criminal trials, the general prevention translated by the general and abstract fear of the society toward a criminal result.

The article 20 imposes to the parties of the Convention the establishment of a specialized authority in the fight against the corruption. Through the Ordinance no. 43/2002 it is established the National Anti-corruption Authority which receives, depending on the nature of the offences stipulated by the Law 78/2000 and the prejudice caused by the perpetrator [23] to the state, the exclusive competence to accused the perpetrators of these offences.

The article 22 stipulates the taking of measures in order to protect the witness and the co-operator in front of the corruption offences. The Law 682/2002[24] in the article 2(3) (h) foresees the possibility of taking special measures of the witnesses and their inclusion in the program of witness protection when an offence of corruption is under investigation.
References

[1] Belarus, Canada, Japan, Mexico, United States of America.

[2] Adopted by the 102 session of the Ministers Committee, from 4 May 1998.

[3] Mateut, Gh., *Dreptul / Theoretical and practical synthesis regarding the repression of the influence trafficking in the actual and perspective regulations*, 5, 158, 2002.

[4] the Convention was ratified by: Albania, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Morocco, Moldova, Holland, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia and United Kingdom; it is observed that to the ratification participated also non-member states.

[5] Published in M.O. part I, no. 219 from 18 May 2000.

[6] Published in M.O. no. 279 from 21 April 2003.

[7] Diaconescu, H., *Dreptul / Modifications of the structure and content of the offences of giving and receiving bribe, receiving other benefits and influence trafficking of the Law 78/2000 for preventing, discovery and punishing the corruption*, 4, 44, 2001.

[8] Stipulated in art. 17-18 of the law 78/2000.

[9] Stipulated in art. 10-16 of the law 78/2000.

[10] Stipulated in art. 18-18⁵ of the law 78/2000.

[11] Dobrinoiu, V., *Revista de drept penal / Note to the case: Taking bribe. Special confiscation*, 1, 85, 2001.

[12] Lascu, I., and Lascu, L., *Dreptul / A new regulation regarding the corruption offence*, 10, 6, 2000.

[13] Streteanu, F., *Penal Law*, Rosetti, Bucharest, 2003, 75-84.

[14] Ciuncan, D., *Dreptul / The penal responsibility of the parliamentaries and members of the government*, 1, 45, 1995. p 45-50. Enache, M., *Dreptul / The parliamentary immunity regime*, 9, 3, 1997. Pavel, D., *Revista de drept penal / Parliamentary immunity*, 3, 18, 1997. Ciuncan, D., *Pro lege / The solidity acquiescence in raising the parliamentary immunity*, 1, 42, 1998.

[15] Mateut, Gh., and Gazdac, V., *Dreptul / A problem regarding the interpretation of the text of art. 257 from the Penal Code regarding the offence of influence trafficking, in the light of the modifications made by the Law 140 from 14 November 1996*, 12, 114, 1998. Popa, R., *Anale - ISEPT Timisoara / The public officer in the light of the new regulations of the Penal Code**, 6, 152, 1997. Grigore, M., *Pro lege / The notions of public officer and the office worker*, 2, 10, 1997.

[16] Gh. Mateut "Theoretical and practical synthesis regarding the repression of the influence trafficking in the actual regulations and in perspective", Dreptul no. 5/2002, p. 158, T.B. Crisan "Suggestion of ferenda law regarding the incrimination of the traffick buyer" Revista de drept penal, no. 1/2000, p. 74

[17] Dongoroz, V., *Theoretical explanations of the Romanian Penal Code. Special Part*, Academy, Bucharest, 153, 1972. Loghin, O., *Romanian Penal Law. Special Part*, Sansa, Bucharest, 2001, 412.

[18] Supreme Court of Justice, military chamber, judgement 52(18 December 1995); Court of Appeal, Timisoara, criminal chamber, judgement 152(30 September 1996).

[19] Sandu, A.M., *Juridica / Intern and international regulations regarding money laundry*, 10, 394, 2000.

[20] Pitulescu, I., *Dreptul / Considerations regarding money laundry*, 8, 144, 2002.

[21] Dongoroz, V., op. cit., 153.

[22] Streteanu, F., *Revista de drept comercial / The penal responsibility of juridical persons in legislation and doctrine. Compared law exam*, 3, 64, 1997; Streteanu, F., *Penal Law, General Part*, Rosetti, Bucharest, 2003, 80-84.

[23] Article 13(2), O.U.G. 43/2002.

[24] published in M.O. 964/28 December 2002.

<figure><img src="image_50.png" /></figure>
# The EU Roma Strategy and the Involvement of Regional and Local Authorities of Romania in 2010. A Case Study

DR. SIMION COSTEA

Jean Monnet Professor, "Petru Maior" University of Târgu-Mureş

**Abstract.** Europe needs an effective implementation of a EU Roma Strategy. The involvement of Regional and local authorities is crucial for the success of the EU Roma Strategy. As an example, Mureş County, known as the county with the largest number of officially registered Romas in Romania, was included in vast projects for the Romas' social integration, most of them managed by the Roma National Agency and others developed and financed by the authorities from the local budget. The regional and local authorities implemented several concrete measures for Roma inclusion in Social, Education and Health fields. However, long-term vision, perseverance and active participation of Romas are necessary, for the success of EU Roma Strategy.

**Keywords:** EU Roma Strategy, historical perspective, statistics, social problems, public policies, education, health, EU projects.

## 1. FOR A EUROPEAN ROMA STRATEGY

<figure><img src="image_51.png" /></figure>

The Roma people constitute the largest ethnic minority in Europe. Member states are now home to approximately 10-12 million Romas, the majority inflicted by social exclusion, discrimination, segregation and deep poverty. Although there is a Roma community living in all the 27 Member States, the largest live in Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Spain. The agenda of the Spanish-Belgian-Hungarian Presidency sets forth the need to manage the existing problems with efficient measures and instruments<fnref n="1" />. The objective of the Hungarian Presidency is to encourage the EU Member States to adopt a European framework system of their Roma integration strategies (a European Roma Strategy). The framework would be the corner stone of the unified European Roma Policy, on the basis of member states to develop their own Roma integration reform programmes in the future<fnref n="2" />.

The President of the European Commission, José Manuel Durão Barroso, stated: „We need increased action by public authorities and majority societies, as well as increased civic responsibility among the Roma. Finally, while we should encourage the Roma to take control of their destiny and responsibility for their lives, we must first offer them real opportunities. What kind of opportunities, then? Mainstream education. Mainstream jobs. Mainstream housing. We must reach out to the Roma.”<fnref n="3" />

The 10 Common Basic Principles on Roma Inclusion<fnref n="4" /> were presented for the first time at the meeting of the European Platform for Roma inclusion in Prague on 24th April 2009. On 8th June 2009

<footnote n="1">¹ Hungarian Presidency of the Council of the European Union, Creating a European Roma Policy, in http://www.eu2011.hu/developing-european-roma-policy</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² *Ibidem*.</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ José Manuel Durão Barroso, President of the European Commission, Speech -"European Roma Summit", Brussels, 16 September 2008, http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECH/08/429&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴ European Commission, *The 10 Common Basic Principles on Roma Inclusion*, in http://ec.europa.eu/employment social/fdad/cms/stopdiscrimination/downloads/Vademecum_Roma/FDAD_Roma-vademecum-EN.pdf</footnote>
the Council of Ministers in charge of Social Affairs annexed the Principles to their conclusions and invited Member States and the Commission to take them into account<fnref n="1" />. These 10 principles are:

1. Constructive, pragmatic and non-discriminatory policies;

2. Explicit but not exclusive targeting;

3. Inter-cultural approach;

4. Aiming for the mainstream;

5. Awareness of the gender dimension;

6. Transfer of evidence-based policies;

7. Use of European Union instruments;

8. Involvement of regional and local authorities;

9. Involvement of the civil society;

10. Active participation of the Romas”<fnref n="2" />.

Principle No. 8 focuses on regional and local governance, as actors at local level are essential for Roma inclusion. These authorities play a key role in the practical implementation of the policies<fnref n="3" />. Having in view the size of the Roma minority in Romania, we consider it is important to analyse the involvement of the local authorities in Romania, in 2010-2011, in the county where the largest number of Roma people is officially registered. This is Mureș County. Therefore, we have to analyse the social realities and the public policies in Romania, with precise elements on the field, in Mureș County.

## 2. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

The Roma community problems have historical origin. The Romas' slavery lasted for more centuries, starting with the Middle Ages to the middle of the 19th century. It has left obvious traces, visible at present, both regarding the structure and the localisation of the different Roma groups, in their economical-social situation and their relationship with the state and the European authorities.

The period between the 14th and the 15th century is considered to be the period of the first Roma migration to Europe. The Romas' presence was first recorded in The Romanian Countries in Moldova around 1400, then in Transylvania and Walachia.<fnref n="4" />

Approximately 450 years of “Gipsy slavery” followed, till the middle of the 19th century. During that slavery period, but especially starting with the 17th-18th century, the Romas were subdued to forced settling policies, the most important being empress Mary Theresa's and emperor Joseph II's policies. Therefore, in the 19th century, in Transylvania, the immense majority of Romas was forced to settle. They settled in villages and towns, beside Romanians, Hungarians, and Germans<fnref n="5" />.

The temporary government of the Walachia during the Revolution in 1848 and then Prince Alexandru Ioan Cuza (1859-1864) abolished the Romas slavery. The movement for slavery abolishment in the USA had an influence on the Romas slavery abolishment in Romania<fnref n="6" />.

The abolishment laws in the middle of the 19th century constituted the beginning of a great territorial mobility of the Romas, which lasted till the beginning of the 20th century. That period is

<footnote n="1">¹ *Ibidem*.</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² *Ibidem*.</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ *Ibidem*.</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴ Viorel Achim, *The Gipsies in the History of Romania*, Bucharest, Enciclopedica Publishing House, 1998, passim; George Potra, *Contributions to the History of the Gipsies in Romania*, Bucharest, 2002, passim.</footnote>

<footnote n="5">⁵ *Ibidem*.</footnote>

<footnote n="6">⁶ *Ibidem*.</footnote>
considered to be the second great migration of the Romas, also called “the period of the Roma emancipation” for the Romas on Romanian land<fnref n="1" />.

The inter-war period is considered to be a phase within the Roma integration and inclusion, but the proportion of this process is difficult to establish. According to the census in 1930, in Romania, the largest number of Romas was registered in Transylvania. Mures County (then consisting of Târnava Mică and Mureş counties) has been on the first place concerning the number of Romas ever since<fnref n="2" />.

World War II was extremely difficult for the Romas in Romania. The Antonescu regime took harsh measures against the Romas with numerous consequences, including deportation of thousands of people to Transnistria<fnref n="3" />.

The communist regime marked a new phase within the Roma social integration. The democratic policy of the communist regime led to a significant increase of the birth rate among the Romas. The Roma community increased considerably. The policy of encouraging the increase of the birth rate also had negative consequences: the abandonment of children and their placement in orphanages, the perpetuation of the social and economical inequities, new problems of marginalisation and ethnic discrimination, the lack of professional training etc<fnref n="4" />

After 1989, Romania began a period of transition, with serious economical and social difficulties, the Roma minority being equally affected. The increase of the economical and social marginalisation and of unemployment, the Roma delinquency and school abandonment are only part of the negative aspects characteristic of this period<fnref n="5" />.

Looking back on the Roma history, both old and recent, we can notice that the relatively high percentage of the Roma ethnic minority as part of the Romanian population has its origin in the adopted demographic policies concerning the Romas throughout the time. A good example is the situation created in this area in the 19th century when it became a necessity to constitute free and numerous labour, “beginning by taking measures to settle the Romas, they were that necessary for the economy”. Thus, between the 18th-19th centuries while other European states were sending Romas away, in the Romanian Countries, they took measures to settle them. The need for labour in this period made the authorities take “measures to settle the Romas, they were that necessary for the economy”. The number of Romas increased in Romania due to the policy of the communist regime which encouraged the increase of the birth rate<fnref n="6" />.

### 3. STATISTICAL DIMENSION

There are at least two different sources referring to the number of Romas in Romania. Therefore, it is compulsory to approach this topic from two different points of view: the formal sources (the Direction of Statistics, the research of different institutions/organisations) and the informal sources (Roma leaders' estimations or the ones made by the representatives of the institutions/organisations with attributions in the areas where Romas live).

<footnote n="1">¹ *Ibidem*.</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² Viorel Achim, *The Gipsies in the History of Romania*, Bucharest, Enciclopedica Publishing House, 1998, passim; George Potra, *Contributions to the History of the Gipsies in Romania*, Bucharest, 2002, passim.</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ *Ibidem*.</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴ *Ibidem*.</footnote>

<footnote n="5">⁵ Viorel Achim, *The Gipsies in the History of Romania*, Bucharest, Enciclopedica Publishing House, 1998, passim; George Potra, *Contributions to the History of the Gipsies in Romania*, Bucharest, 2002, passim.</footnote>

<footnote n="6">⁶ *Ibidem*.</footnote>
1. The census in January 2002 recorded 535,312 Romas. Thus, we notice that the people who declared they are Romas are one third more than in the previous census and represent 2.5% of the total population (21,680,974). In 1992, they represented 1.8%<fnref n="1" />

However the Roma organisations estimated a total of 2,500,000-3,000,000 Romas in Romania (11.5%-13.8%), but neither of these numbers has been proved through a scientific calculus method<fnref n="2" />.

Within the research made in 2007 by the Research Institute for Quality of Life - as part of the Romanian Academy- with a high level of credibility from the statistical point of view, they estimated that there are 1,515,000 Romas in Romania, which is 6.9% of the total population<fnref n="3" />.

2. Most of the people who declared they are Romas live in Mureş County: 7%, that is 40,425 people of the total population in the county (58,851). But the Roma leaders announced a much bigger proportion: at least 20%, many organisations and even institutions agreeing with this percentage<fnref n="4" />.

Taking into account both of the estimations concerning the number of Romas, we can approximate their number at 80,000 in Mureş County that is 14.2% of the total population.

In the following lines you can see the most conclusive findings concerning the demographic aspects of the Roma population in Mureş County in 2010:

- The Romas are the second important minority in Mureş County, after the Hungarian minority (39.3%);

- Most of the Roma communities have been identified especially in rural areas, representing three quarters of the total number of Romas in the county;

- The demographic structure is very young comparing to the rest of the population; the average age of the Roma population is approximately 24 years old<fnref n="5" />;

- One third of the Roma population in Mureş County consists of children between 0-14 years old, whilst the elders represent 5%. However, due to the tendency towards fertility decrease, concerning the Romas, too (this also concerns the Romanians and the Hungarians), the number of Roma children is decreasing;

- There are two dominant family and household patterns: 56% of the households consist of the basic family (parents and children) and 44% also have other people with them, other than the basic family;

- 91.3% of the 60 and over 60 year-old Romas live with somebody else in the household and 8.7% live alone (as a comparison, taking into consideration the whole Roma population, 26.3% of the Romas over 60 years old live alone)<fnref n="6" />

- From the point of view of the spoken language, in Mureş County there are 3 categories of Romas: speakers of Hungarian and Romani (50%), speakers of Romanian and Romani (30%) and the rest of 20% are “Romas/Gabors with hats” who speak the closest language to the traditional Romani.

- From another point of view, in Mureş County (as well as in the whole of Transylvania), there are 2 categories of Romas: “the Romas/Gabors with hats” (who keep the tradition, the costume and the unwritten laws in an average proportion) and the home Romas (they are the ones who have been integrated and adopted the majority’s lifestyle and rules). The main means through which the home Romas adopted a different lifestyle (a normal one, I might add, having in view the characteristics of the century we live in) are: marriage to people who are not Romas, attending a school and thus not

<footnote n="1">¹ RomaniCRISS Organisation – Bucharest (www.romanicriss.org), The Roma National Agency (www.anr.gov.ro), Mures County Direction of Statistics (www.mures.insse.ro)</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² *Ibidem*.</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ *Ibidem*.</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴ *Ibidem*.</footnote>

<footnote n="5">⁵ RomaniCRISS Organisation – Bucharest (www.romanicriss.org), The Roma National Agency (www.anr.gov.ro), Mureş County Direction of Statistics (www.mures.insse.ro)</footnote>

<footnote n="6">⁶ *Ibidem*.</footnote>
keeping in touch with the people in the area they grew up in, working, adapting to the worldwide globalisation and modernisation etc<fnref n="1" />.

4. ROMA COMMUNITY SOCIAL PROBLEMS IN 2010

In rural areas, there are often Roma communities at the edge of the villages; there are seldom Roma communities which are isolated from certain points of view: their households are rudimentary, without any building plan and the land they live on is often polluted. There are also the Roma communities in the centre of the village: they occur as a result of occupation (illegally or by buying them) of the houses in villages whose population was on the wane or where there were massive immigrations (firstly, the villages which were left by the Germans in Transylvania)<fnref n="2" />.

In urban areas, there are Roma communities which live on the outskirts of the towns: they are usually part of the town. There are sometimes Roma communities inside the towns, in the areas which were left in a state of neglect after the industrial reorganisation after 1989. There are also Roma communities settled in the historical centres of the towns: they are families placed in former nationalised houses, sometimes occupied illegally. These illegalities are due to the fact that part of the Romas does not own identity cards<fnref n="3" />.

At present, taking into consideration the Romas in Mureş County, 15% do not own the places they live in, in comparison to 3% of the population, at national level<fnref n="4" />.

There are different types of exclusion from settling. The most frequent forms of exclusion can be identified in the areas where poverty prevails.

Poverty is affecting most of the Roma population in Romania. The lack of stable financial resources is one of the causes which trigger social exclusion. It maintains the Romas in a continuous "stand-by", in a state of financial insecurity. More than 50% of the Guaranteed Minimum Income beneficiaries are Romas, which has a special relevance as regarding these Roma families' social situation and standard of living<fnref n="5" />.

According to a communiqué of the leaders of the Mureş County Agency for Employment, in 2010, the unemployed Romas represented less than 10%, which is a very low percentage and that is, the Agency thinks, because the problem is they do not have the necessary qualification/s<fnref n="6" />.

Specialists notice that many Romas change their job very often. A total of 2,605 Romas are registered at the Mureş County Agency for Employment, 83 of them get the unemployment dole and 2,522 do not. Thus, the serious problem they are facing is the lack of qualification/s- and of studies<fnref n="7" />.

According to the data gathered on the field, most of the income obtained by the Roma communities in Mureş County in 2010 can be divided into 2 big categories:

- Formal income: most of the Roma families get income from the state: social doles, children's education doles, pensions for the Romas who had been working before 1989 (in heavy industry or agriculture), unemployment doles; very few have income as a result of employment with an employment contract<fnref n="8" />;

<footnote n="1">¹ *Ibidem*.</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² RomaniCRISS Organisation – Bucharest www.romanicriss.org, The Roma National Agency (www.anr.gov.ro), The Direction of Interethnical Relations (www.dri.gov.ro), The Ministry of Education (www.edu.ro), www.studentie.ro</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ *Ibidem*.</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴ RomaniCRISS Organisation – Bucharest www.romanicriss.org, The Roma National Agency (www.anr.gov.ro), The Direction of Interethnical Relations (www.dri.gov.ro), The Ministry of Education (www.edu.ro), www.studentie.ro</footnote>

<footnote n="5">⁵ *Ibidem*.</footnote>

<footnote n="6">⁶ Mures County Agency for Employment (www.mures.anofm.ro)</footnote>

<footnote n="7">⁷ *Ibidem*.</footnote>

<footnote n="8">⁸ *Ibidem*.</footnote>
Informal income: they are the most numerous because of the impossibility of having access to some formal income. Most of the Roma families had to resort to all kinds of marginal activities in order to obtain income. In urban areas, they collect and sell recyclable materials, small trade activities (selling seeds, vegetables, flowers, used products etc), they un/load goods for different companies, and other activities which are barely legal. In rural areas, fewer activities can be performed. Most of the times, Romas have to work "by day", to perform activities for other members of the community; they also leave for other areas of the country in order to work on the fields in summer or they collect ferrous or non-ferrous materials etc<fnref n="1" />.

In this context, it is useful to mention the fact that the number of Romas who have left abroad (to work or to perform other activities in order to get formal or informal income) is at least equal to the number of Romas registered by the authorities as being unemployed<fnref n="2" />.

## 5. PUBLIC POLICIES AND EUROPEAN PROJECTS FOR THE ROMAS IN ROMANIA- MURES COUNTY, IN 2010

In the present context of the “Romas problem” in Europe, in 2010, Romania continued and accelerated the projects and public policies implementation in order to improve the Romas’ situation and to integrate them in the society. The efforts made by the Romanian authorities are remarkable.

Mureş County, known as the county with the largest number of officially registered Romas in Romania, was included in vast projects for the Romas’ social integration, most of them managed by the Roma National Agency and others developed and financed by the authorities from the local budget.

The Roma National Agency obtained financial support for strategic projects co-financed from the European Social Fund through the agency of the Sectoral Operational Programme for Human Resources Development 2007-2013, “Investing in people”<fnref n="3" />, projects which will have been implemented by the end of 2011.

As I have mentioned above, most of the Romas live in rural areas, but the ones who benefit from these programmes live in towns: a quarter of the total.

From an objective point of view, it is necessary to mention the local authorities' efforts and especially the benefits generated by the implementation of these projects in Mureş County, good results being achieved concerning Roma integration.

### Education: problems and solutions

The lack of education is one of the most serious problems the Roma community faces generally; in Mureş County, there has been significant progress in this respect.

The Mureş County School Inspecting Authority has had a very active policy concerning the Roma community. For instance, they obtained 310 places for Roma children in high-schools and 27 places in universities. 25 of them are in “Petru Maior” University, 1 in the Medicine and Pharmacy University and 1 in the Theatre Art University. There are also 30 Roma teachers teaching Roma pupils, 3 or 4 times a week, in educational institutions throughout the county, institutions where Roma children are registered<fnref n="4" />.

<footnote n="1">¹ Mureş County Agency for Employment (www.mures.anofm.ro)</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² *Ibidem*.</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ Sectoral Operational Programme for Human Resources Development 2007-2013, http://www.fseromania.ro/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=6&Itemid=11&lang=en</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴ The Direction of Interethnic Relations (www.dri.gov.ro), The Ministry of Education (www.edu.ro), www.studentie.ro</footnote>
There is also a job at the Mureş County School Inspecting Authority: an inspector for the Romas.

In 2010, the school mediators assigned to the Roma communities worked with the local authorities. The change was made in such a way that these school mediators' activity could continue at a proper level, their necessity and efficiency in the social integration policy being obvious<fnref n="1" />.

Within the project called “Education for the Roma children- the way to a stable job”, 50 pupils who are part of families with social problems, benefit from social grants and/or studies in this school year (2010-2011), starting with the 29th November 2010. Also, approximately 200 pre-school children in educational institutions in 9 localities in Mures County (Band, Târnăveni, Luduş, Sărmaşu, Petelea, Reghin - Apalina, Hărănglab, Glodeni, Târgu Mureş) will benefit from educational programmes, such as the “Summer kindergarten”. Through the agency of its branch, the “School after school” programme, first graders will benefit from financial subventions, clothes and school supplies<fnref n="2" />.

The Romas in many localities in Mureş County (Bahnea, Nadeş, Vânători, Băgaciu, Band, Ogra, Sânpaul, Glodeni, Petelea, Ideciu, Suseni, Gurghiu, Hodac, Târgu-Mureş, Târnăveni), both youths and elders who have abandoned school benefit from educational programmes called “A second chance” developed as part of the project “School-a chance for everybody”<fnref n="3" />.

In Sighişoara, the project “The involvement of the vulnerable groups in the social economy” was started. The aim of this project is to develop the abilities, the competences, the knowledge, the self-esteem and the social support for the people who belong to vulnerable groups (especially Romas) so that these people’s chances to participate in the social economy and to enter and stay on the labour market should increase<fnref n="4" />.

In the village Sarateni (near Sovata), they set the basis for organising an activity which is to generate income- a trade firm, based on production. The profit is to be used exclusively for the local Roma community. The activities are developing as part of the “Together for a better society” project.

In 2010, the authorities continued the campaign in education concerning the special places for the Romas in high-schools and universities. Notable positive aspects in this direction were: the Roma teachers and school mediators continued their activity at an optimal level and there were no more cases of school segregation or discrimination of the Roma pupils/students<fnref n="5" />.

There is special interest in initialising a project which will train Roma law experts so that they can mediate and counsel Romas concerning judicial problems regarding discrimination.

Through the agency of the project called “Forming a national network of Roma local experts, supporting measures regarding the implementation of the Romas’ social inclusion, a vulnerable group subdued to social exclusion”, in Mures County there was created a network of 5 local Roma experts, young graduates who work with the authorities in 5 localities (Găneşti, Băgaciu, Bahnea, Glodeni, Solovăstru). Their role is to mediate the relations between the Roma communities and public institutions, to counsel and support the Romas in the problems they face<fnref n="6" />.

### • Health protection: problems and measures

In the context of the economical recession in 2010, the access to health public services is difficult. In fact, the majority of the population is in the same situation. In very many communities, many Roma families' impossibility to pay for the medical services is noticeable and many families are

<footnote n="1">¹ *Ibidem*.</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² The Direction of Interethnical Relations (www.dri.gov.ro), The Ministry of Education (www.edu.ro), www.studentie.ro</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ *Ibidem*.</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴ *Ibidem*.</footnote>

<footnote n="5">⁵ The Direction of Interethnical Relations (www.dri.gov.ro), The Ministry of Education (www.edu.ro), www.studentie.ro</footnote>

<footnote n="6">⁶ The Direction of Interethnical Relations (www.dri.gov.ro),</footnote>
not registered in the social insurance system, which does not allow them to benefit from a doctor's care or from any other medical services<fnref n="1" />.

The lack of medical informing sources for Roma families is also an impediment, especially in rural areas, but not only. The existence of certain prejudices or their low education level makes Romas feel somewhat restrained concerning medical services.

Authorities have taken measures to improve this situation: there are 25 sanitary mediators, which have been trained, in part of the Roma communities in Mures County, viewed as problematic from this point of view.

Having this in regard, in 2010, the programme for the Roma students was underway. They study medicine or pharmacy in institutions accredited by the Ministry of Education, Research and Youth in Romania. There are scholarships for a year. The Medicine and Pharmacy University in Targu Mures awarded a place for Romas in the admission session in 2010.

## • Other results

Notable results have been recorded in the projects financed from the local budgets. Among these, the ones developed by towns with Roma communities are:

- In Târnăveni, the authorities have succeeded in solving the problems concerning the identity cards, the civil condition, the property ownership and the connection to water-supply and sewage of the households on Rândunelelor Street, area dwelt almost exclusively by Romas<fnref n="2" />.

- In Reghin, there have been allocated funds for asphalting the Soimilor Street and the Caprioarei Street in Apalina district- area dwelt almost totally by Romas. The connection to water-supply and sewage in these streets is also worth mentioning<fnref n="3" />.

- In Târgu Mureş, in December 2010, in Valea Rece district, the authorities inaugurated two dwelling complexes for the Romas there. In 2011, funds for two more such complexes are to be allocated<fnref n="4" />.

In conclusion, 2010 can be regarded as the most efficient year in the period starting from 1990 to the present day, considering the results and the authorities' interest in supporting Romas' social integration.

It is obvious that the state authorities' involvement in the Roma community problem has increased; obtaining European funds for the Roma social integration programmes has beneficial effects for the Roma community and for the society as a whole.

It is true that through the implementation of these projects, the all problems of a community cannot be solved in so little time. The positive elements, which the measures taken through the agency of these projects introduce, will have a medium or long-term impact.

Beneficiaries must assume the objectives of these policies and projects so that the stipulated effects should occur. There is a need for the Roma community involvement, a need to assume demands and maybe even to change certain mentalities. Otherwise, no matter how much effort the authorities make, the results will be far from the stipulated ones. The active participation of the Roma community is a key principle in the European strategy<fnref n="5" />.

<figure><img src="image_52.png" /></figure>

<footnote n="1">¹ *Ibidem*.</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² www.punctul.ro</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ www.punctul.ro</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴ www.punctul.ro</footnote>

<footnote n="5">⁵ European Commission, *The 10 Common Basic Principles on Roma Inclusion*, in http://ec.europa.eu/employment social/fdad/cms/stopdiscrimination/downloads/Vademecum_Roma/FDAD_Roma-vademecum-EN.pdf</footnote>
# Interrelationships Between Globalization and Environmental Protection

PROFESSOR DR. LUCRETIA DOGARU

“Petru Maior” University of Târgu-Mureş

PH.D. CANDIDATE, TEACHING ASSISTANT ANDREA KAJCSA

“Petru Maior” University of Târgu-Mureş

**Abstract.** Globalization is clearly a catalyst for rapid growth and an uncontrolled and uncontrollable development may take destructive forms. From the perspective of those who fight for environmental protection, globalization is associated with a number of negative phenomena and the currently available data seem to validate and support these fears. A complete impact assessment of globalization on the environmental quality is difficult to realise, and in this context sustainable development should be the foundation and purpose, at least in terms of environmental protection, of the entire complex process of globalization.

**Keywords:** Globalisation, Environment, EU, UN.

<figure><img src="image_53.png" /></figure>

The speed and size of contemporary globalization<fnref n="1" /> is yet unprecedented. Several of the characteristic features consist of the emergence of powerful global players<fnref n="2" />, increase of the importance and role of non-statal participants and actors, such as national corporations and financial institutions, in shaping the global economic agenda. An additional aspect of globalization, particularly important in view of the topic considered, is the fact that economies become increasingly interwoven and that certain local developments have an impact without taking account of any borders or jurisdictions.

The environment is not limited by national borders: there is only one atmosphere, ecosystem, drinking water – shared by the entire world, and pollution spans entire continents and oceans. States have recognized that an answer to global environmental challenges requires also global solutions and international cooperation. All the new environmental problems arising from economic globalization and increasing competition for renewable energy and natural resources, against the background of complex interactions between states, bring a number of interesting challenges for environmental governance both at national and international level<fnref n="3" />.

**U.N. Environmental Programme.** Environment ministers have discussed the issue of globalization and environmental inter-relationship in February 2007 under the UN Environmental Programme. They have recognized that globalization has created and boosted many opportunities to better promote sustainable development. They also agreed that appropriate environmental policies

<footnote n="1">¹ Globalization has been defined in many ways in the legal literature both Romanian and foreign. See for a comprehensive list of these definitions **Monica Bran, Ildiko Ioan**, “Globalizarea și mediul”, “Universitară” Publishing House, Bucharest, 2009. We mention as an example several papers in which various definitions of globalization are tried: “Dictionar de economie”, “Economică” Publishing House, Bucharest, 1999; **Ellen Frost**, “From Rockets to Religion: Understanding Globalization”, Institute for International Economics, no.36 Papers, October 2000; **Falk R.**, “States of siege: will globalization win out?”, in “International Affairs”, no. 73, 1997; **Pronk J.**, “Sustainability, poverty, and climatê” paper presented at the 9th Conference of “Greening of Industry Network”, Bangkok, Thailand, 2001; **Buttel F.H.**, “Some observations on states, world orders, and the politics of sustainability”, in “Organization and Environment”, no. 11, 1998, p. 261; **Ohmae, K.**, “The Borderless World”, Harper-Collins, London, 1990.</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² States such as Brazil, Russia, India and China, **O.E.C.D.**, “Environment and Regional Trade Agreements”, Paris, 2007.</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ **Najam A., D. Runnals, M. Halle**, “Environment and Globalization. Five Propositions”, International Institute for Sustainable Development, Winnipeg, Canada, 2007.</footnote>
and effective institutions are required if these opportunities provided by globalization are intended to be completed and thus risks to be minimized. There was a general agreement on the issue that, although the international community has created a variety of organisms with the ultimate goal of dealing with environmental issues, the damage brought to the natural resources was not successfully stopped, let alone reversed. Lack of coordination characterized not only the UN system, but also state governments, the private sector and the civil society.

The ongoing process of UN reform offers the opportunity to discuss the ways through which environmental governance arrangements could be strengthened. However, a general consensus on the effective means of achieving this goal is proving very difficult to meet. Some member states promote the establishment of a "UN Environment Organization" to provide better guidance, legitimacy and effective coordination in the field of environmental policies. Other member states are not convinced of the necessity or desirability of such an organization, rather seeking to improve the efficiency and coordination of those institutions, actions and programs already existing<fnref n="1" />.

**Globalization, development and environment.** Globalization leads to accelerated economic growth, particularly through increased trade in terms of scale and investment activities. There is no doubt about the positive nature of this development, but on the other hand, it is clear that it must be accompanied by appropriate environmental policies in order to address the negative impact that development and growth of such intensity can have on the environment. Another way in which globalization stimulates economic growth lies in the integration of developing economies into the global one<fnref n="2" />.

Developed countries have, in this context, a special global responsibility in the management of environment and sustainable development issues, both historically and in terms of overwhelming importance that they continue to have in the global economy and environmental protection<fnref n="3" />. However, as the economic importance of the newly developed states continuous an upward trend, their contribution to the exercise of pressure on environmental issues will increase in the same upward pace, along with the expectations regarding the actual contribution that these states they will play in addressing contemporary environmental challenges.

Globalization can promote economic development patterns that are more efficient and less polluting: for example, by concentrating production operations in those states that have an advantage in terms of energy and natural resource endowments. Similarly, it can help promote the development and diffusion of "cleaner" technologies. Economic growth and poverty reduction generally leads to a public demand for better environmental quality, and the additional wealth accumulated can be redirected towards ecological investments and the increase of environmental protection capacity.

On the other hand, an increased economic activity raises the overall consumption of energy resources and generates more waste, higher levels of pollution, etc. These negative effects on the environment can find their causes, for example, in the expansion of agricultural areas in order to produce more exportable agricultural products, or in the increase trade of energy, materials, or highly

<footnote n="1">¹ See for a detailed presentation “O.C.D.E. Environmental Outlook to 2030”, paper of O.E.C.D., Paris, 2008.</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² See on the specific features and possible scenarios on environmental protection in implementing the rules of a market economy to developing states **Petr Pavlinek, John Pickles, "Environmental Transitions. Transformation and Ecological Defence in Central and Eastern Europe"**, Routledge, London, 2005; **"Environmental Trends in Transition Economies"**, Policy Brief, O.E.C.D., Paris, October 1999; **Andonova Liliana, "Transnational Politics of the Environment. The EU and Environmental Policy in Central and Eastern Europe"**, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2003; **Andonova Liliana, "Openness and the Environment in Central and Eastern Europe: Can Trade and Foreign Investment Stimulate Better Environmental Management in Enterprises?"**, "Journal of Environment and Development", no. 12, 2003, p. 177-204; **David Turnock, "The East European Economy in Context – Communism and Transition"**, Routledge, London, 2005.</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ O.E.C.D., cited above.</footnote>
polluting goods. The subsidies granted in order to support such economic activities can lead to an increase in these types of negative environmental impacts.

Globalization may also contribute to a series of structural changes in the patterns of economic activity, as well as changes in the distribution sector. These changes can have either positive environmental effects, such as for example a shift from manufacturing processes in the service sector, or may have negative effects on the environment, an illustrative example being the strong expansion of industries based on high consumption energy or raw materials.

An inherent feature of globalization lies in the increased competition which it causes. Questions of whether and how strict environmental standards affect the competitiveness of an economy are not a novelty. Still, globalization and the growing competition between the new entrants in the global marketplace have brought the matter again under the discussion of specialists. At the heart of this debate is the problem of how the nations of the world solve and deal with climate changes and how these arrangements have a bearing on their competitiveness in global trade markets.

In principle, tracking performance of both objectives would be entirely possible and compatible. Trade allows states to maximize production from a given quantity of raw materials available – this mode of reasoning is a step forward in terms of sustainable development and environmental protection.

However, given the current system of economic activity, trade may also harm the environment. As long as environmental externalities are not included in the prices of goods and services and are not taken into account in the decision making process, trade can be a catalyst for exaggerating the unsustainable patterns of economic activity, exacerbating problems related to pollution or the depletion of natural resources.

Additionally, a state that has strict environmental regulations may fear that its economy will be undermined by competition coming from countries more relaxed in terms of environmental regulations (which might for this reason have lower production costs).

States may<fnref n="1" /> prohibit or restrict imports of certain products that can harm their environment, so long as the standards applied are non-discriminatory between countries and between domestic and foreign products<fnref n="2" />.

<figure><img src="image_54.png" /></figure>

<footnote n="1">¹ The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT – Multilateral intergovernmental treaty signed in 1947 in Geneva, with 88 countries as contracting parties. It is applied *de facto* by 29 other countries. It was created under UN auspices and it represents the organizational-legal framework in which most countries negotiate a gradual reduction of customs duties, removal of quantity restrictions and of other non-tariff barriers, with the final goal of trade liberalization.) has as main purpose the liberalization of trade between the Contracting Parties. It however allows some unilateral trade restrictions in particular circumstances related to environmental protection (See provisions of art. XX of the Agreement).</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² Reasons related to environmental protection and sustainable development have become increasingly invoked as a goal but also as a basis for the development and implementation of restrictive regulations in terms of trade, including here, primarily,</footnote>
In the current economic environment, states compete in the detention of production centers in their states and in attracting foreign capital. Not few were the cases where certain activities have been relocated, with total or partial closure of production in the State of origin or host accompanied by the establishment of new foreign subsidiaries<fnref n="1" />.

The effect of this economic motivated behavior by reasons of cost, consists of a relaxation of the environmental regulations and standards with the aim of attracting or retaining investment or creating competitive advantages for exporters<fnref n="2" />.

There are also examples where the hypothesis of "pollution havens" has not turned out to be true and when investments have actually helped raise environmental standards<fnref n="3" />. A possible explanation could be that host-governments are becoming more selective on investments that allow the relocation of polluting industries by refusing or restricting them. Another explanation could be found in the implementation by multinational corporations of environmental standards and severe management practices at all activity points around the globe, accompanied by the request that their subcontractors apply similar standards<fnref n="4" />.

International trade is the main engine of global growth, as the number of commercial transactions continues to be in a constant growth. Emerging economies become important actors in the global economy and their market shares grow in this context<fnref n="5" />.

U.S. economy is still seen as the most powerful and most important factor of economic growth and international trade, but growth in exports of goods and services from China, India and some other developing countries such as Brazil becomes equally important<fnref n="6" />.

Sustained economic development and rising living standards in China and India were accompanied by a dramatic increase in the rate of Asia in world exports of raw materials and supplies. Russia will continue to benefit from higher prices for exports of oil, gas and metal, with increasing domestic demand due to higher incomes and expansionist policies. One of the largest and most influential countries in Latin America, Brazil has become head of the discussions and negotiations in the multilateral regional trade agendas.

Since the 1980, intraregional trade has grown in almost all regions of the world<fnref n="7" />. The expanding and deepening of economic integration of regional trade groups is considered to remain a key feature of globalization for many years to come<fnref n="8" />. The substantial increase in the number of regional trade agreements concluded over the past 30 years has contributed to the increase of trade and has allowed

measures aimed at controlling air pollution and toxic substances. However, any agreement that allows a restriction of trade is likely to fall prey to protectionist interests that use the environmental protection justification as a mask to hide intentions of a completely different nature. To avoid such situations, there are intense concerns to ensure transparency of the standards set by these sort of measures. See for more details in this subject **Duncan Brack**, "*Trade And Environment: An Update on the Issues*", The Royal Institution of International Affairs, 1997.

<footnote n="1">¹ "International Investment Agreements: Survey of Environment, Labour and Anti-corruption Issues", O.E.C.D., Paris, 2007; Berger S., "How We Compete. What Companies Around the World Are Doing to Make it in Today's Global Economy", MIT Industrial Performance Center, Boston, 2005.</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² "Environmental Issues in Policy-Based Competition for Investment: A Literature Review", O.E.C.D., Paris, 2002.</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ Porter M., "*The Competitive Advantage of Nations*", Free Press, New York, 1990.</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴ "Environment and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises", O.E.C.D., Paris 2004; "Trends and Recent Developments in Foreign Direct Investment", O.E.C.D., Paris, 2007.</footnote>

<footnote n="5">⁵ "South-South Trade in Goods", O.E.C.D., Paris, 2006; "Trends and Recent Developments in Foreign Direct Investment", O.E.C.D., Paris, 2006.</footnote>

<footnote n="6">⁶ "*OECD Environmental Outlook to 2030*", O.E.C.D., Paris, 2008, p. 97. For example, China has absorbed approx. 6% of the total quantity of imports worldwide in 2005 and approx. 3% in 2000.</footnote>

<footnote n="7">⁷ UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development), "*Globalization for Development: Opportunities and Challenges*", Geneva, 2007.</footnote>

<footnote n="8">⁸ "O.E.C.D. Environmental Outlook to 2030", *above cited*.</footnote>
states to take advantage of a consireable export in size. A large number of these regional trade agreements contain provisions addressing environmental protection.

The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development has created a future projection of the elements studied in this paper – globalization, trade and environment – basically a reference scenario, by which certain recent developments are designed in the future, excluding from the calculation the adoption of any new policies. Consequently, in this scenario are reflected those policies and agreements that have already been implemented effectively and that will lead to increased trade and investment liberalization. All these factors taken into account led O.E.C.D. experts to the conclusion that until the year 2015 the development and growth of trade will occur at a faster rate than economic growth.

Despite the fact that possible new elements were not taken into account it is very likely, if we take into consideration the current situation, for the current existing ascending trend to continue into the future, and for the number of interstate agreements to increase, along with the liberalization of policies.

**Environmental Protection in Other Subject Areas of International Law.**
The role of
European Union.

The European Union, originally consisting of six Western European countries and expanded to 27 states, began as a set of three regional communities, which merged into a single entity (the European Community) that was transformed into the Union. The founding documents, the 1951 Paris Treaty creating the European Coal and Steel Community, the 1957 Treaty of Rome establishing the European Economic Community (EEC), and the 1957 Euratom Treaty, were focused exclusively on building a customs union and other forms of economic integration. There was no mention of environmental matters.

The Stockholm Conference raised the profile of environmental issues in the Communities, as it did elsewhere. Shortly after the Conference, in 1974, the EEC Commission adopted the first Program of Action on the Environment.

By this point, economic distortions caused by the different environmental laws in the member states had become evident, as had recognition that the goal of economic integration, to improve the wellbeing of Europeans, could not take place without environmental protection.

Without question, environmental policy of the European Union (EU) has, over the last thirty years or so, evolved into an important integral component within the wide range of the regional international organisation's economic and political objectives.

Over 200 legislative measures have been passed by the EU concerning environmental protection issues, and its constitutional commitment to environmental policy has been entrenched further and more profoundly by a later

treaty amendment stipulating that environmental protection requirements must be incorporated within the definition and implementation of the entire range of its economically related policies and

<figure><img src="image_55.png" /></figure>
activities. It is true that EU rules on environmental protection account for only part of the legal
framework that constitutes environmental law from the perspective of EU Member States. For
them, the subject of environmental law also comprises rules binding on them passed at national and
other international levels. However, the material range and effects of EU environmental legislation
are both wide and deep. Although Member States share competence with the EU in relation to the
area of environmental policy, 3 national rules that conflict with the requirements of environmental
measures adopted at Union level are required to be set aside, in order to respect the principle of the
supremacy of EU law over national law.4 Accordingly, EU environmental law constitutes a very
significant element in the overall package of measures adopted by Member States to protect the
environment.

Over time, the EC adopted directives of general scope relating to the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment (Directives 85/337, 1985 O.J. (L 175), and 97/11, 1997 O.J. (L 5), integrated pollution prevention and control, freedom of access to information on the environment (Directive 90/313, 1990 O.J. (L 158)), and ecolabeling (Regulation 880/92, 1997 O.J. (L 58)). Following the general trend in domestic, as well as in international environmental legislation, its policy shifted from indirect approaches to distinct measures aimed at the protection of water, air, or wildlife. During the 1990s the EC demonstrated a general trend towards integrated protection and most human activities that can have an impact on the environment enter the scope of EC environmental legislation. At the same time, economic aspects of the proposed measures, as well as the generally proclaimed need for sustainable development, are increasingly taken into account. The EU legislation has undoubtedly been an important international and regional instrument of environmetal protection, in the general context of globalization.

**Conclusions. Challenges of globalization.** Globalization entails a series of challenges on the contemporary society<fnref n="1" />. Opponents argue that globalization will force national governments to a policy of race tot the botoom from all points of view of social life.

In the different countries authorities competition to attract and maintain foreign investment,
they will drop minimum wage in the economy, will deter the creation and joining of trade unions,
will offer discounts and installments of taxes, subsidies, and, most importantly in terms of our
subject, will relax the rules and requirements of environmental protection, labor safety and
protection.

Globalization entails a loss of sovereignty and this fact threatens democratic governance and
the social achievements obtained over decades if not centuries. Moreover, globalization exacerbates
income inequalities, especially in the case of developing states.

The economic changes brought by globalization can lead to social unrest, can threaten
cultural identities and may disrupt entire communities. All these can lead to high levels of conflict
and political violence, making possible masses of refugees, destabilization at state level, and a strong
resentment against the governments of nations that promote and encourage globalization, terrorism
as a remedy being then just one step away.

On the other side of the coin, supporters of globalization address these grim scenarios and
support the argument that the surest route to growth is the opening and liberalization of the market.

Economic growth leads to a raise in the income of the poor. It is also the surest way of
achieving social objectives and goals, such as occupational safety, education, environmental
protection.

<footnote n="1">¹ See for more details on the opinions for and against globalization, **Khi V. Thai, Dianne Rahm, Jerrell D. Coggburn,**
*"Handbook of Globalization and the Environment"*, CRC Press, New York, 2007.</footnote>
Bibliography

1. Andonova Liliana, "Transnational Politics of the Environment. The EU and Environmental Policy in Central and Eastern Europe", Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2003.

2. Andonova Liliana, "Openness and the Environment in Central and Eastern Europe: Can Trade and Foreign Investment Stimulate Better Environmental Management in Enterprises?", "Journal of Environment and Development", no. 12, 2003.

3. Berger S., "How We Compete. What Companies Around the World Are Doing to Make it in Today's Global Economy", MIT Industrial Performance Center, Boston, 2005.

4. Buttel F.H., "Some observations on states, world orders, and the politics of sustainability", in "Organization and Environment", no. 11, 1998.

5. Duncan Brack, "Trade And Environment: An Update on the Issues", The Royal Institution of International Affairs, 1997.

6. Monica Bran, Ildiko Ioan, "Globalizarea și mediul", "Universitară" Publishing House, Bucharest, 2009.

7. Falk R., "States of siege: will globalization win out?", in "International Affairs", no. 73, 1997.

8. Ellen Frost, "From Rockets to Religion: Understanding Globalization", Institute for International Economics, no.36 Papers, October 2000.

9. Khi V. Thai, Dianne Rahm, Jerrell D. Coggburn, "Handbook of Globalization and the Environment", CRC Press, New York, 2007.

10. Kiss Alexandre, Dinah Shelton, "International Environemntal Law", Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2007.

11. Ohmae, K., "The Borderless World", Harper-Collins, London, 1990.

12. Petr Pavlinek, John Pickles, "Environmental Transitions. Transformation and Ecological Defence in Central and Eastern Europe", Routledge, London, 2005.

13. Porter M., "The Competitive Advantage of Nations", Free Press, New York, 1990.

14. Pronk J., "Sustainability, poverty, and climate" paper presented at the 9th Conference of "Greening of Industry Network", Bangkok, Thailand, 2001.

15. Najam A., D. Runnals, M. Halle, "Environment and Globalization. Five Propositions", International Institute for Sustainable Development, Winnipeg, Canada, 2007.

16. Audun Ruud, "Transnational Corporations: Conflict with Policies of Less Developed Countries?", International Studies Association, Centre for Development and Environment, University of Oslo, March 1998.

17. David Turnock, "The East European Economy in Context – Communism and Transition", Routledge, London, 2005.

18. "Environmental Trends in Transition Economies", O.E.C.D., Paris, 1999.

19. "Environmental Issues in Policy-Based Competition for Investment: A Literature Review", O.E.C.D., Paris, 2002.

20. "Environment and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises", O.E.C.D., Paris, 2004.

21. "Multilateral Environmental Agreements and Private Investment: Business Contribution to Addressing Global Environmental Problems", O.E.C.D., Paris, 2005

22. "Development, Investment and Environment: In Search of Synergies", O.E.C.D., Paris, 2005.

23. "South-South Trade in Goods", O.E.C.D., Paris, 2006;

24. "Trends and Recent Developments in Foreign Direct Investment", O.E.C.D., Paris, 2007.

25. "Possible Contribution of the Private Sector to MEAs: Suggestions for Further Action", O.E.C.D., Paris, 2007

26. "Environment and Regional Trade Agreements", O.E.C.D., Paris, 2007.

27. "International Investment Agreements: Survey of Environment, Labour and Anti-corruption Issues", O.E.C.D., Paris, 2007.

28. "O.C.D.E. Environmental Outlook to 2030", O.E.C.D., Paris, 2008.

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LES AUTEURS/THE AUTHORS (Les 5 numéros/the 5 volumes of the journal)

Miruna Andreea BALOSIN

is the editor of the Babeş-Bolyai University Press Office. She graduated a master at the Marne-la-Vallee University in Paris, which allowed her to work inside a well-known think tank in the world of EU's lobbying: "Thomas More" Institute in Brussels. Presently, she's finalizing her PhD thesis: "The Importance of lobbying and think tanks in the evolution of the European Communities". She is teaching seminaries of European Construction, History of International Relations and EU's Policies at the Faculty of European Studies, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.

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Georgeta BOARESCU

(1962) diplômée de la spécialisation Psychologie – Pédagogie, au présent doctorande, psychologue spécialisée en psychologie éducationnelle et coordinatrice du Centre Conseil de l'Université « Petru Maior » de Târgu-Mureş – Roumanie; professeure associée de l'Université d'Art Théâtrales, chargée des cours en pédagogie, psychologie et didactique; a publié plusieurs études de spécialité dans les domaines: psychologie, management de la carrière et des ressources humaines. Informations supplémentaires sur http://www.upm.ro/career_center/index.htm ou directement à l'adresse geta@upm.ro.

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Dr. Emilia Lucia CATANA

Est chargé de cours (lecturer) et docteur en Sciences Administratives.

Elle est licencié en droit, dispose d'études avancées en administration publique et est docteur en Sciences Administratives à l'Ecole Nationale d'Etudes Politiques et Administratives Bucarest; chargé de cours à la Faculté de Droit dans l'Université „Dimitrie Cantemir" de Târgu Mureş, titulaire des disciplines "Droit Administratif" et "Droit communautaire européen"; membre de l'Institut National des Sciences Administratives de Roumanie "Paul Negulescu"; membre de American Society for Public Administration – section Public Law&Administration membre de la Société

académique des sciences administratives de Bucarest; membre du comité éditorial de la publication nationale « Revista de drept procedural ».

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Dr. Georgiana CICEO

Lecturer at the Faculty of European Studies, Babeş-Bolyai University in Cluj-Napoca. She teaches on the history of international relations, international organisations and European integration at the Faculty of European Studies, Babeş-Bolyai University. She co-authored the books „Europa unită, Europa noastră" (together with N. Păun and A.C. Păun), PUC, Cluj-Napoca, 2003 and „Finalitatea Europei" (together with N. Păun, A.C. Păun and R. Albu-Comănescu), EFES, Cluj-Napoca, 2005 and 2007.

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Dragoş CIOBANU

Est juriste, licencié en histoire et anglais à l'Université "Petru Maior" de Târgu-Mureş, vice-président du Mouvement Européen Mureş – Roumanie et conseiller au Parlement Européen.

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Adrian-Gabriel CORPADEAN

PhD Candidate at the Faculty of European Studies, „Babeş-Bolyai” University Cluj-
Napoca and l'Université de Cergy-Pontoise. He is teaching seminars of European
Construction and Governance at the same Faculty and has published various articles on
the Reform of the European Union. He also specializes in Project Cycle Management and
European Structural Funds at the Faculty of European Studies.
Dr. Simion COSTEA (simion costea@gmail.com)

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Est maître de conférence (Senior Lecturer/ Associate Professor) à l'Université "Petru Maior" de Târgu-Mures, Roumanie, "Professeur Jean Monnet" d'intégration européenne. Professeur invité à l'Université de Versailles (France) et à l'Université de Miskolc (Hongrie). 14 ans de carrière académique et universitaire.

Vice -doyen de la Faculté de Sciences et Lettres. Il est coordonnateur du Projet Jean Monnet (girée par l'UE) et membre du Centre Européen d'Excellence Jean Monnet (coordonné par l'Université de Cluj-Napoca). Il est rédacteur en chef de "L'Europe unie" (Paris) – revue française d'études européennes. Il est Docteur (Ph.D.) en Histoire Magna cum Laude (2003) et lauréate du Prix de l'Académie Roumaine (2006) pour son oeuvre d'historien de l'intégration européenne. Il a publié 40 études scientifiques, 6 livres et 6 courses universitaires (syllabi), concernant l'histoire de l'intégration européenne et les Relations Internationales. Conseiller au Parlement Européen (2007-2010).

Des livres publiés / Books published (selection):

1. Costea, Simion, *România și Proiectul Briand de Uniune Europeană / Romania and the Briand Project of European Union (La Roumanie et le Projet Briand d'UE)*, Tîrgu-Mureş, Petru Maior University Publishing House, 2004, 400 pages. ISBN 973-80-84-94-6. For this book the author received the „Nicolae Bălcescu” Award of the Romanian Academy on December 19, 2006.

2. Costea, Simion, *Idea europeană și interesele statelor/ European Issue and State Interests (L'idée européenne et les intérêts des états)*, Cluj-Napoca, Napoca Star Publishing House, 2005, 280 pages. ISBN 973-647-254-X. Book published in the Jean Monnet Project-European Module.

3. Costea, Simion (coordinator), *“For a Stronger and Wider European Union”, Cluj-Napoca, Napoca Star Publishing House, 2005, 220 pages. ISBN 973-647-288. Book published in the Jean Monnet Project – European Module.*

4. Costea, Simion (coordinator with Maria Costea), *Integrarea României in UE: provocări și perspective/ Romania's Accession to the EU: Challenges and Perspectives (L'intégration de la Roumanie dans l'UE: défis et perspectives)*, Iași, European Institute, 2007, 300 pages. ISBN 978-973-611-446-5. Book published in the Jean Monnet Project-European Module.

5. Costea, Simion (co-author with Michel Labori), *Le Management des Politiques de l'Union Européenne/The Management of EU Policies*, Paris, Prodifmultimedia (France), 2011, 300 pages, ISBN 978-2-7497-0096-0

Dr. Nina DIDENKO

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Doctor of Science on Public Administration, Professor,

Dean of the Faculty of Management, Head of Philosophy and Psychology Department, Donetsk State University of Management, UKRAINE

Academic Coordinator of International Project for Elaboration and Teaching the Module "European social policy and models of social partnership" of Jean Monnet program, approved by European Commission № 15312-LLP-1-2009-UA-AJM-MO in 2009-2012 in Ukraine

Participated in TEMPUS project "Workshops for introducing practical approaches in transforming higher education" in 2006-2007 in Ukraine

Deputy of Eurasian Academy of Social Sciences and Philosophy and Economic Society in Ukraine

Has more than 100 publications. Circle of scientific interests: philosophy of management, philosophy of law, public administration, European social policy, social partnership

Dr. Emil DINGA

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Est professeur universitaire d'économie théorique et d'économie européenne, director général adjoint de l'Institut Bancaire Roumain, chercheur au Centre de Recherche Financière et Monétaire de l'Académie Roumain, ancien ministre de l'intégration européenne de la Roumanie.
M. Dinga a publié sept livres scientifiques, trois livres économique traduit de la langue anglaise et française, 80 articles scientifiques, et a participé à l'élaboration de 50 projets scientifique dans le domaine de recherche économique fondamental. M. Dinga est spécialisé dans les domaines : philosophie économique (épistémologie, logique et sémiotique économique), politiques publiques d'ajustement macroéconomique (politique fiscale, politique monétaire) et la modélisation hétérodoxe du processus/système économique.

Publications principales:

* **Livres:** Théorie économique générale (1994), Le règles du jeu (traduit du français, 1994), La théorie de la marche libre (traduit de l'anglais, 1997), Le phénomène inertielle dans le processus économique (2001), Les bases de l'analyse macroéconomique (2003), Les bases de l'analyse microéconomique (2003), L'économie de l'intégration européenne (traduit de l'anglais, 2004), Etudes d'économie. Contributions à l'analyse épistémologique, logique et méthodologique (2010).

* **Articles:** La source financière soutenable (2007), Entropie et soutenabilité (2007), De l'authenticité de la science économique (2007), Soutenabilité et le systèmes dissipatives (2008), L'inflation et ses spécimens (2008), Véridicité et simplicité dans le modélisation de le processus économique (2008), De la possibilité de l'utilisation d'un model d'optimisation pour obtenir la soutenabilité (2009), Evaluations de l'impact de l'évasion fiscale (2009), Impérialisme et teoricité dans la science économique (2009).

* **Projets scientifiques coordonnés:** La désinflation et ses problèmes en Roumanie (2007), La convergence structurelle de la Roumanie avec l'Union Européenne. Indicateurs réels de la convergence (2008), Invariants dynamiques et structurelles dans le processus économique (2009), Aspects formelles du phénomène de conservation dans le processus économique (2010).

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**Dr. Dorin-Mircea DOBRA**

Having a University degree in both Philosophy and European Studies, he is an Associate Professor at the Faculty of European Studies, Bistrița Extension, at the Babeș-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca.

At present, he is a postdoctoral researcher in the project "Postdoctoral programmes for durable development in a knowledge-based society" - Sectoral Operational Programme *Development of Human Resources - The Current Challenges of Europe*.

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**Dr. Lucretia DOGARU**

Est Maître de conférences et docteur en Droit ; est titulaire dans les disciplines du Droit de l'environnement et dans la Théorie Générale du Droit à l'Université « Petru Maior », Faculté de Sciences Economiques, Juridiques et Administratives, Târgu-Mureș, Roumanie ; vice doyenne dans la période 2004-2008, elle a publiée plusieurs études dans le domaine de spécialité dans des publications internes et internationales. Comme auteur et co-auteur, elle a publiée 5 livres de spécialité et plusieurs cursus universitaires.

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**Dr. Cristina-Maria DOGOT**

Est Chargé de cours (lecturer) à Université de Oradea, Faculté d'Histoire, Géographie et Relations Internationales, titulaire des cours dans le domaine de l'histoire de la construction européenne et les institutions européennes. Docteur en Histoire à Cluj-Napoca et en Sciences Politiques à Marne la Valée (cotutelle). Collaboratrice de la revue *Cultura*.
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### Dr. FABIAN Istvan

Chargé de cours (lecturer) - Université „Petru Maior” de Târgu-Mureş

### Dr. Olimpiu Aurelian SABĂU-POP

PhD in Criminal law.

"Petru Maior" University of Tg.Mureş

Teaching: Criminal Law, Criminal Procedural Law, Criminal Affairs, European Criminal Law, Legal Protection of Human rights.

Involved in a lot of European and national projects, one of them in

collaboration with Transparency International Agency.

Published three books regarding Criminal Law.

Published articles regarding the role of universities in the society, the most relevant are the implication of summer law schools in implementing curricular reform Conference and the notion of public servant In the Romanian law edited in ISI Journal and proceedings.

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### Dr. Sorin FRUNZAVERDE

- député au Parlement Européen, Vice-président Sous-commission „Sécurité et défense”, Membre dans le Commission des Affaires étrangères, president de la Delegation roumaine dans le Groupe du Parti populaire européen (Démocrates-chrétiens) et des Démocrates européens. Ancien Ministre de la défense nationale (mars – décembre 2000 et 2006-2007), ancien président de l'Autorité nationale pour le tourisme (1998-2000), ancien ministre du tourisme (avril – décembre 1998), ancien ministre de l'environnement, des eaux et des forêts (décembre 1997 – février 1998). Président du Conseil départemental de Caraș-Severin (1996-1997, 2004-2006, juin2008-). Président de la section départementale de Caraș-Severin du Parti démocrate (depuis 1992) et vice-président du Parti démocrate, Roumanie, département des relations internationales (depuis 2000). Doctor en sciences militaires (avec la mention "magna cum laude") – Université nationale de défense (2004). Doctorat de gestion – Universitatea de Vest, Timișoara (2000). Ingénieur diplômé de l'Institut polytechnique de Bucarest (1985).

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### Dr. Boris GRESILLON

Maître de conférences en géographie à l'Université de Provence Chercheur au laboratoire CNRS-Telemme (Temps, Espaces, Langages, Europe Méridionale, Méditerranée)

Sujet de thèse: "Berlin métropole culturelle – essai géographique". Livre publiée *Berlin métropole culturelle*, Paris, Ed. Belin, coll. "Mappemonde", (2002)

Responsable du DEUG de Géographie; Responsable du programme Erasmus Aix-Tübingen (Allemagne)

Responsable pédagogique des étudiants en M1 du Master Etudes européennes

Participation aux programmes collectifs et groupes de recherche :

- "Dynamique des territoires métropolitains en Méditerranée"

- "Villes en mouvement ou la production de nouvelles centralités urbaines et compétences citadines" et "Territoires, pouvoirs, institutions".

### Dr. Bruno GUERMONPREZ

Enseignant-chercheur-ISA LILLE

D.E.A. d'Economie et sociologie rurales (PARIS X/Sciences Po)

Domaine d'expertise : en filières de productions animales,politiques agricoles et organisations professionnelles agricoles, afin de mener à bien des activités d'enseignement, de consultation et de recherche. Coordination d'un Module Européen sur les politiques agricoles et rurales avec 7 autres universités européennes. Missions à l'étranger : USA, Chine, Roumanie (3 à 4 missions par an), Liban (2 missions), Congo (4 missions).
Ugo van HULSEN

Co-directeur de l'association Initiatives Europe Conseil basée à Marseille, praticien des politiques et programmes européens investi dans la société civile, il est depuis 2010 enseignant vacataire au sein du Master Etudes Européennes de l'Université de Provence Aix-Marseille I en charge des travaux dirigés « Pratiques des Fonds structurels ».

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Prof. Tanel KERIKMÄE

Head of the Jean Monnet Chair of European Law, Tallinn University of Technology (Estonia).

Dr. Michel LABORI (michel.labori@wanadoo.fr)

Est ancien Professeur Jean Monnet, Agrégé d'histoire, Docteur d'Etat en science économique, Docteur 3e cycle en aménagement du territoire et en Economie régionale, Professeur honoraire de l'Université de Franche Comté.

CARRIERE

<table><tr><td>1967 – 1971</td><td>Professeur des Ecoles Européennes à Bergen (Pays-Bas)</td></tr><tr><td>1971 – 1996</td><td>Professeur de classes préparatoires à l'Ecole Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr Coëtquidan (France)</td></tr><tr><td>1978 – 1990</td><td>Professeur enseignant à la Faculté de Droit de Dijon</td></tr><tr><td>1983 – 1992</td><td>Professeur de classes préparatoires commerciales ESC – HEC, Vesoul (France)</td></tr><tr><td>1990 – 1997</td><td>Professeur enseignant à la Faculté de Droit et de Sciences Economiques de Besançon (l'Université de Franche Comté)</td></tr><tr><td>1993 – 1995</td><td>Professeur chargé d'un cours Jean Monnet à l'Université Technologique de Sevenans (France)</td></tr><tr><td>1993 – 1997</td><td>Professeur chargé d'un cours Jean Monnet à la Faculté de Lettres de Besançon (l'Université de Franche Comté)</td></tr><tr><td>1997-present</td><td>Professeur honoraire de l'Université de Franche Comté</td></tr></table>

Il est auteur/coauteur de plusieurs livres:

Michel LABORI, co-auteur avec Didier BOURDELIN

*L'Europe des Douze* – Paris – Editions ELLIPSES MARKETING – 1986 – 493 pages, ISBN 2-7298-8619-2

Michel LABORI, co-auteur avec Didier BOURDELIN

*Le Portugal au seuil du XXIe siècle* – Paris – Editions ELLIPSES MARKETING – 1990 – 143 pages, ISBN 2-7298-9045-9

Michel LABORI, *L'espace rural bourguignon* – Dijon – Cahiers de l'Institut Régional de Bourgogne Franche Comté – Université de Bourgogne, janvier 1990 – 324 pages – ISBN 2-85637-001-2

Michel LABORI, co-auteur avec Jean-Marc TETIER

*Le fédéralisme industriel* – Paris – Editions SIDES – 1995, 144 pages, ISBN 2-86861-091-9

Michel LABORI, co-auteur avec Didier BOURDELIN

*De l'Europe des Quinze à l'Europe Continent* – Paris – Editions ELLIPSES MARKETING-1996 – 192 pages, ISBN 2-7298-4668-9

Michel LABORI,

*Le Maghreb et L'Union européenne* – Singelfinden – Editions LIBERTAS-2000

Michel LABORI, co-auteur avec Simion Costea, *Le Management des Politiques de l'Union Europeenne/The Management of EU Policies*, Paris, Prodifmultimedia (France), 2011, 300 pages, ISBN 978-2-7497-0096-0

DECORATIONS

Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur (2000); Officier du Mérite; Commandeur des Palmes académiques
## ACTIVITES EUROPEENNES

Président du Mouvement Européen Nord (France)

Membre du « Team Europe » (UE-Bruxelles) de 1983 à 2007.

Conférences: Leipzig (Allemagne), Tournai (Belgique), Strasbourg, Marseille, Toulouse, Besançon, Lille (France), Timisoara, Alba-Iulia, Sibiu, Oradea, Târgu-Mures, Iasi (Roumanie)

Membre du jury du Baccalauréat Européen: Luxembourg, Bruxelles, Varèse, Munich, Mol, Karlsruhe (Allemagne), Culham (Royaume Uni), Bergen (Pays-Bas)

Directeur de la Revue d'Etudes européennes -L'Europe Unie (Paris), publiée par l'Université Catholique de Lille, Institut Catholique de Toulouse, Mouvement Européen Nord, l'Université de Târgu-Mures etc.

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### Dr. Mukwabuhika Placide MABAKA

Professeur de Droit Public à l'Institut Catholique de Lille – Faculté Libre de Droit
Directeur du Centre de Recherche sur les Relations entre le Risque et le Droit (C3RD).

Principales publications:

- *Problèmes et perspectives constitutionnels du processus de l'intégration européenne – Aspects nationaux et européens*, version remaniée de la thèse de doctorat, Editions Ant. N. Sakkoulas, Athènes et Bruylant, Bruxelles, coll. « Bibliothèque Européenne. Droit Constitutionnel – Science Politique », Athènes, Bruxelles, 2006, 623 p.

- « L'Incorporation de la Convention européenne des droits de l'Homme dans l'ordre juridique britannique », *Revue Trimestrielle des Droits de l'Homme*, n° 41, 1er trimestre 2000, pp. 11-42 et *Revue Européenne de Droit Public*, vol. 12, n° 1, printemps 2000, pp. 77-110.

- « Suprématie de la Constitution et Primauté du droit européen : mariage impossible ? », *Revue de la Recherche Juridique - Droit Prospectif*, 2001-2, pp. 691-721.

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### Dr. Liviu MARIAN

Est Recteur et professeur universitaire à l'Université "Petru Maior" de Târgu-Mures, titulaire des disciplines de Management Stratégique, Management des Projets, Entreprenariat, auteur unique de 3 livres, collaborateur pour 7 livres, ayant plus de 30 ouvrages scientifiques publiées dans des revues de spécialité. Manager de projet dans 2 projets ERASMUS, 5 projets PHARE, 5 projets CEEX et CNCIS.

Informations supplémentaires sur www.upm.ro/conducere ou directement à l'adresse liviu.marian@yahoo.com.

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### Anila NEPRAVISHTA

#### Commissaire du Médiateur de l'Albanie, Doctorante

- Diplôme en Droit (1990-1994), Faculté de Droit, Université de Tirana, Albanie. *Travail de diplôme "Étude comparative des sanctions pénales selon la législation de la France, d'Italie et de l'Albanie"*.

- Master d'Etudes Européennes, (Ecole Postuniversitaire des Études Européennes Tirana Albanie), pendant 2003-2005. *Travail de diplôme "Protection des droits des enfants: la législation actuelle albanais"*.

- Actuellement en train de la préparation de la thèse finale pour obtenir le titre "Docteur en Droit", Université de Tirana. *Travail en cours: "Les garanties procedurales de la législation penale albanais pour la protection spéciale des enfants et les défis de l'harmonisation de la législation dans le process de l'intégration en UE"*. Professor tuteur Prof.Skender Kaçupi-Dean de la Faculté du Droit, Tirana, Albanie.

#### Expérience du travail

- 1994-1997 Lectrice du Droit Administratif, Faculté de Droit, Université du Shkodër, Albanie; -1997-2000 Juriste-contrôleur, Institution du Contrôle suprême de l'État, Tirana, Albanie; -2000-2010 Commissaire Adjoint du Médiateur Albanais.(Avocat du Peuple); -Novembre 2010 Elu par le Parlement d'Albanie Commissaire de l'Avocat du Peuple (www.avokatipopullit.gov.al); - Juin 2002-Certifié par l'Institut Raoul Wallenberg, Faculté du Droit, Lund- Suède "Course Avancé sur les Droits de l'Homme". Organisé et financé par la Faculté du Droit, Lund et SIDA (Agence suédoise de développement international); -Novembre 2002-Spécialisation d'un mois "Cycle International spécialisée sur l'administration publique-La Médiation Institutionnelle- Organisé et financé
par l'ENA (Ecole Nationale de l'Administration Publique)-Paris, France; -Avril 2006-Training sur "Justice des Mineurs", organisée par l'Institut International des Droits des Enfants (IDE) et l'UNICEF, Sion-Suisse; - Octobre 2007-Participation à la Conférence Annuelle de l'ENOC (Réseau européen des Médiateurs nationaux pour les enfants), à la qualité de l'observatrice. Barcelona-Espagne; -Article "La Convention du CEDAW-un instrument clé pour la promotion et la protection des droits des femmes"- éditée par L'Initiative Légale pour les Droits des Femmes-Refleksione, Tirana, 2006; -Article "Les fondements des Droits des enfants a la législation internationale", Revue "Tribune Juridique", Nr.72 (3)-2008, Tirana; -Papier "L'activité du Médiateur de l'Albanie pour la protection des droits des enfants"- tenue à la Conférence "Le rôle des parlementaires pour la prévention et l'action contre l'exploitation sexuelle des enfants et des adolescents", organisée par le Parlement d'Albanie et L'Union Interparlementaire (IPU), Tirana 2008; -Papier "La situation des droits des enfants, selon le Bureau du Médiateur de l'Albanie", a la Conférence pour la promotion du livre "Élimination des châtiments corporels-un obligation des droits des hommes pour les enfants de l'Europe"-organisée par le Conseil de l'Europe, Tirana, 2009; -Article "La protection des enfants-une autre norme de l'État démocratique", Revue "Tribune Juridique", nr.78 (3), Anne XIV de l'édition, 2009, Tirana.

<figure><img src="image_75.png" /><figcaption>### Prof. Katrin NYMAN-METCALF</figcaption></figure>

Head of the Chair of Law and Technology, Tallinn Law School, Tallinn University of Technology (Estonia).

<figure><img src="image_76.png" /><figcaption>### Dr. Eric OLSZAK,</figcaption></figure>

Faculté Libre de Droit, C3RDet IDDR, Université Catholique de Lille, Chercheur associé au CLERSE

Enseignant chercheur au sein de la Faculté Libre de Droit, membre de l'Institut du Développement Durable et Responsable au sein de l'Université Catholique de Lille

Docteur es sciences économiques nouveau régime, mention très honorable. Université de LILLE 1

Membre du Séminaire interdisciplinaire sur le Développement Durable de la Faculté des sciences économiques et sociales de LILLE 1

Participation à la rédaction de l'ouvrage collectif : «Développement durable et territoire», co-rédacteur avec Guy CHAUTARD du chapitre 6 : «Développement durable et territoire en reconversion: l'exemple des zones minières du Nord-Pas de Calais», Presses Universitaires du Septentrion, 2000.

Secrétaire de l'association CDEE (Centre de développement des éco-entreprises) à Loos en Gohelle et membre du Comité Grand Lille depuis Janvier 2001, coILTimateur de la commission « Réflexion et motivation dans le passage à l'acte d'entreprendre » de CREATIVALLEE, membre des commissions : Développement économique, Grands équipements sportifs, Vie quotidienne, Gouvernance et territoire et S'ENERGIE (articulation entre Lille Métropole et l'Ex-Bassin Minier).

<figure><img src="image_77.png" /><figcaption>### Dr. Ioannis K. PANOUSSIS</figcaption></figure>

est titulaire d'un Doctorat d'Etat en droit public (spécialité droit international et européen – droits de l'Homme). Il est actuellement maître de conférences à la Faculté Libre de Droit de Lille (ICL) et professeur invité à l'EDHEC Business School et à l'Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Lille. Il assure de surcroît la fonction d'assesseur au Doyen, chargé des relations internationales depuis septembre 2007 et est responsable du parcours « Licence européenne ». Ses recherches portent en priorité sur les relations entre le Risque et le Droit, en particulier dans le domaine du droit international public et des droits de l'Homme (obligation des Etats de prévenir les violations des droits de l'Homme, terrorisme, succession d'Etats...).
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### Dr. Ciprian Adrian PĂUN

is a graduate of the LLM programme of the Law School of the Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany and is a Dr juris at the University of Cluj-Napoca. He is a senior lawyer and holds a teaching position at the Faculty of Economics and Business Administration in Cluj-Napoca. Between 2007 and 2008, he was an OMV Research fellow in the field of European and International Tax at the Institute for Austrian and International Tax Law of the Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration. Ciprian Paun is author of 2 personal books, co-author of five books published in Romania and Austria and author of more than 30 studies published in Romania, Spain, Germany, The Netherlands and Austria.

**Dr. Dragoş PĂUN** is a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Business, Babeş-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca, graduate of Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom and Faculty of Economics Cluj-Napoca and a PhD Candidate in Finance at the Babeş-Bolyai University. He has published articles in fields such as Banking, Corporate Finance, Public Finance, European Integration and has also published a book, *Economic and Financial Systems in the Global World*.

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### Dr. Flore POP

Maître de conférences à l'Université « Babes-Bolyai » de Cluj-Napoca, Roumanie, Faculté de Sciences politiques et administratives, Département de Sciences Politiques, ancien chef du Département d'Administration Publique, docteur en droit à l'Université de Paris (Paris V), DESS de Diplomatie et Administration des Organisations Internationales à l'Université de Paris XI (Paris-Sud), Faculté de Droit « Jean Monnet ». Docteur en philosophie et anthropologie à ICP et Paris IV-Sorbonne. Actuellement chargé des cours de: Droit communautaire, Droit international public et organisations internationales, Mécanismes et techniques de négociation internationale. Directeur intérimaire de l'Institut de Droit et des Politiques Communautaires de l'Université « Babes-Bolyai ». Auteur de: *L'expérience roumaine de la transition*, Presses Universitaires de Cluj, 1999, *La Roumanie : les mécanismes juridiques de la transition*, Editions de la Fondation Alpha, 2000, *Introduction au droit des organisations économiques intergouvernementales*, Presses Universitaires de Cluj, 2000. Participation au Groupe de Recherche de Droit International et de Relations Internationales de l'Académie de Droit International de La Haye (Pays-Bas), en 1993. Organisateur à Cluj, en juillet 2004, du 1er Séminaire International sur le *Droit nucléaire et la protection de l'environnement*, en collaboration avec l'Agence pour l'Energie Nucléaire de l'OCDE – de Paris (France). Membre du Barreau de Cluj.

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**Vira RATSIBORYNSKA** specializes in the European Neighbourhood Policy and in the external relations of the European Union with its Eastern neighbours. Currently she is working on her PhD in international relations at the Institute of Political Studies (Strasbourg, France). Ms. Ratsiborynska holds a Master of Arts in European Interdisciplinary studies from the College of Europe (Warsaw, Poland) and a Master's degree in political and social sciences from the Institute of Political Studies (Strasbourg, France). She did several internships in the European Commission and in the European Parliament. She contributed to the Commission staff working document "Progress towards the Lisbon objectives in education and training: indicators and benchmarks 2009". She has written the following articles: "*The Management of Russian-Ukrainian Relations in the context of the European Neighbourhood Policy in 2010*" (published in "Studia Universitatis «Petru Maior». Historia", no 10, 2010, p.199-205, scientific journal, Romania), "Peculiarities of diplomatic correspondence" and "*Monitoring du Conseil de l'Europe: la procédure de suivi et son application*. 107 f. Mém. Master rech. 2 : Science politique de l'Europe: Strasbourg 3, IEP, 2008, dir.: N. Kauppi" (see http://tuisp.online.fr/2008/extrac.php?rubriq=i).

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**Dr. Licínia SIMÃO** is currently a Post-Doctoral Fellow at the Centre for Social Studies of the University of Coimbra and an Assistant Professor at the University of Beira Interior, teaching in International Relations. Her main research interests include EU foreign policy, European security and the former-Soviet space, with a particular focus on the South Caucasus and Central Asia. Licínia holds a PhD in International Relations,
from the University of Coimbra, with a thesis entitled *Forging a Wider European Security Community: Prospects for the European Neighborhood Policy in the South Caucasus*. She has held researching and teaching positions at the OSCE Academy in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan and at the Centre for European Policy Studies in Brussels, among others and has been involved in several research projects. Publications include, among others "Are Civil Society Organizations the Missing Link? Assessing EU Engagement in the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict", in N. Tocci (ed.) *The European Union, Civil Society and Conflict* (Routledge, 2011); "Competing for Eurasia: Russian and European Union Perspectives" (with S. Fernandes), in M.R. Freire and R. Kanet (eds) *Russia in Eurasia: External Player and Regional Dynamics* (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010); "Portuguese and Spanish Relations with Moscow: Contributions from the EU's Periphery to the CFSP", *Journal of Contemporary European Studies*, 19(2), June, 2010; "The EU's Neighbourhood Policy and the South Caucasus: Unfolding new patterns of cooperation" (with M.R. Freire) *Caucasian Review of International Affairs*, 2(4), Fall, 2008.

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**Dr. Theodor STOLOJAN**

Est député au Parlement Européen (Groupe du PPE-DE), ancien premier ministre de la Roumanie, Professeur.

Diplôme d'économie (1966) et Doctorat d'économie. Professeur – Université de Transylvanie, Braşov, Roumanie (depuis 2002). Conseiller présidentiel – Présidence de la Roumanie (2004 – 2006). Ancien Économiste et économiste principal – Banque mondiale, Washington D.C., États-Unis (décembre 1992 – 1998). Ancien Premier ministre – gouvernement roumain (1991 – 1992), ancien Ministre des finances, Bucarest (1990 – 1991). Premier vice-président du Parti démocrate libéral (depuis 2008); ancien président du Parti libéral démocrate (2006 – 2007); ancien président du Parti national libéral (2002 – 2004). Depuis décembre 2007 il est député au Parlement Européen, Groupe du Parti populaire européen (Démocrates-chrétiens) et des Démocrates européens, membre dans le Commission des budgets.

**Florent VANREMORTERE**

– ancien maître de conférences à l'I.E.P. de Lille

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**Dr. Nicoleta VASILCOVSKI**

*Stagiaire à L'Universite Catholique de Lille*

PhD candidate at "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, Romania, Doctoral School of Economics. She is elaborating a thesis in Economic and Diplomatic International Relations. She has published two books on business communication (Comunicarea in Afacerile Internationale, Noul concept de bizcommunication, 3DARTE, Iasi, 2007 and Comunicarea Profesionala in Companiile Globale, Demiurg, Iasi 2009) and five poetry books. She has participated at several conferences and has published different articles on economics and international relations. Previously, Nicole has had several internships and scholarships in Norway, Spain, USA, France, Luxembourg. In November 2006, she received the first prize at the National Olympiad for students in international business from Romanian universities. She is a member of Cygnus, Scientific and Cultural NGO, Suceava, Astra, Cultural Association, from Iasi, Romania and Mouvement Européen Nord, Lille, France. Some of Nicole's professors call her a worldwide young Romanian ambassador in International Relations, Business Communication, Culture. Nicoleta is giving during March- June 2011, at "Vasile Pogor" Museum in Iasi, the first class of Global Diplomacy.

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**Dr. Andreea Paul VASS**

Est conseiller du premier ministre de la Roumanie (2009-present), ancien conseiller dans l'Administration Présidentielle de la Roumanie (Janvier 2005-Juillet 2007) et conseiller au Parlement Européen (2007-2009). Elle est enseignante de l'Académie des Etudes Economiques (2009-present), chercheur à l'Institut d'Economie Nationale de l'Académie Roumaine, auteure de plusieurs livres et articles.

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**Directeur de la publication/Publication director:** Dr. Michel LABORI – Docteur d'Etat en sciences économiques et Agrégé d'histoire, ancien Professeur Jean Monnet, professeur honoraire – Université de Besançon (France)

**Editeur/Editor : Prodifmultimedia Paris**

**Rédacteur en chef/Chief Editor:** Dr. Simion COSTEA – professeur Jean Monnet à l'Université « Petru Maior » de Târgu-Mureş et ancien conseiller au Parlement européen

**Comité de rédaction/Editorial Board:**

**Adrian-Gabriel CORPĂDEAN** – doctorant, enseignant, Université « Babeş-Bolyai » Cluj-Napoca, secrétaire de rédaction

**Dr. Dragoş PĂUN** – assistant universitaire, Université « Babeş-Bolyai » Cluj-Napoca

**Dr. Eric OLSZAK** – enseignant-chercheur, Faculté Libre de Droit (FLD), Université Catholique de Lille, Membre de l'IDDR (Institut du développement durable et responsable)

**Dr. Bruno GUERMONPREZ** – enseignant-chercheur ISA Lille

**Dr. Boris GRÉSILLON** – maître de conférences à l'Université de Provence

**Dr. Emil DINGA** – professeur, ancien ministre de l'intégration européenne de Roumanie

**Dragoş CIOBANU** – ancien conseiller au Parlement européen

**Dr. Dumitru BUDA** – enseignant, Université « Petru Maior » de Târgu-Mureş

**Dr. Flore POP** – professeur, Université « Babeş-Bolyai » Cluj-Napoca

**Dr. Lucia CATAÑA** – maître de conférences, Université « Dimitrie Cantemir » de Târgu-Mureş

**Florent VANREMORTERE** – ancien maître de conférences à l'I.E.P. de Lille

**Conseil scientifique/Scientific Board**

**Dr. Placide MABAKA** – professeur à l'Institut Catholique de Lille

**Dr. Nicolae PĂUN** – Professeur Jean Monnet, vice-doyen, Faculté d'études européennes, Université « Babeş-Bolyai » de Cluj-Napoca

**Dr. Didier BLANC** – vice-doyen, Faculté de Droit, Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin

**Dr. Beatrice BOISSARD** – maître de conférence à l'Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin

**Dr. Liviu MARIAN** – recteur de l'Université « Petru Maior » de Târgu-Mureş

**Dr. Simion COSTEA** – professeur Jean Monnet à l'Université « Petru Maior » de Târgu-Mureş

**Dr. Erol KULAHCI** – Agence universitaire de la Francophonie (Bruxelles)

**Dr. Ioannis PANOUSSIS** – maître de conférences à la Faculté Libre de Droit de Lille (ICL),

**Dr. Tanel KERIKMÄE** – professeur Jean Monnet, directeur de l'École de droit de Tallinn, Université de technologie de Tallinn

**Dr. Licínia SIMÃO** – professeur assistant, Université de Beira Interior, expert - Université de Coimbra, Portugal

« L'Europe Unie » / „United Europe" est une revue academique française et internationale d'études européennes, éditée à Paris par :

* Université Catholique de Lille (France)

* Faculté Libre de Droit de Toulouse (Institut Catholique, France)

* Mouvement Européen Nord (Lille, France)

* Association «Confrontations» (Paris, France)

* Université « Petru Maior » de Târgu-Mureş (Roumanie)

* Université « Babeş-Bolyai » de Cluj-Napoca (Roumanie)

* École de Droit de Tallinn, Université de Technologie de Tallinn (Estonie)

* Université de Beira Interior (Portugal)

* Jean Monnet Project (EU).

The sole responsibility lies with the authors (not with the EU institutions).
Faculte Libre de Droit Institut Catholique
de Toulouse

31 Rue de la Fonderie BP31068 Toulouse Cedex 7

Tél: 05 61 36 81 22 Fax: 05 61 36 81 37

E-mail: secr.univ2@ict-toulouse.asso.fr

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FACULTÉ
LIBRE DE
DROIT

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Mouvement Européen
France
Nord

Mouvement Européen Nord

219 bis, bd de la Liberté, BP 1134, 59 012 Lille Cedex, France

Tél. : 03 20 52 72 89, Fax : 03 20 97 73 60, E-mail: mouveuropeen@wanadoo.fr

http://www.mouvement-europeen.org/section/

Association «Confrontations» (Paris, France)

4 Place de Valois 75001 Paris, Tel. 0033142605241,

E-mail: courriel@confrontations.fr

www.confrontations.fr

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Confrontations

Association d'Intellectuels Chrétiens

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UNIVERSITATEA

Petru Maior

TÂRGU-MUREŞ

Université « Petru Maior » de Târgu-Mureş

Târgu-Mureş, str. Nicolae Iorga, nr. 1, cod 540088, jud. Mureş, România,

Tel./fax: +40 265 262275, E-mail: rectorat@upm.ro, www.upm.ro

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Babeş-Bolyai University

Faculty of European Studies

1, Mihail Kogalniceanu Street

RO-400084 Cluj-Napoca 0264 40.53.00 0264 59.19.06

www.ubbcluj.ro

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Tallinn Law School at Tallinn University of Technology

Akadeemia tee 3, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia

Tel.: 003726202430 Fax: 003726202429

E-mail: tls@ttu.ee, www.ttu.ee/tallinn-law-school

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TALLINN LAW SCHOOL

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Université de Beira Interior (Portugal)

Convento de Sto. António, 6201-001 Covilha

Tel:+351(275)319700 Fax:+351(275)319057, www.ubi.pt

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