# DETECTION OF CHICKEN ANEMIA VIRUS (CAV) TITERS IN FIGHTING COOKS FROM PICHINCHA PROVINCE IN ECUADOR.

M. Cisneros\*(1), B.Jara(2)

(1) UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL, Quito, Ecuador

(2) Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador

\* Corresponding author: marco.cisneros70@gmail.com

The Chicken Anemia Virus is transmitted primarily through vertical transmission, which is of importance to intensive poultry populations. The age of the bird has a marked effect on the development of clinical signs, but its importance lies in the immune suppression that occurs in chickens that survive the disease. Although this has not been studied in populations of backyard chickens or fighting cooks, these are important transmitter in the spread of diseases having no vaccine immunity and the type of operation it has. the reason for this study is to determine if the virus is present in fighting cooks farms at Pichincha province detecting antibodies with ELISA test.

The study sample was randomly selected in ten farms from Pichincha province. For each farm twenty-seven birds were selected for serum sampling among ten farms kept confidentially.

From 270 serum analyzed: 226 were positives, 155 (57%) showed protectives antibodies (S/N 0.6). The positives result for hens are higher (nighty-eight serums, 86%), than males (One-hundred-Twentynine serums, 83%). The seropositivity is common in Rural and Urban areas.

The presence of CAV titers in serum samples which don't perform any CAV vaccination is explained because this circovirus has a high contagious capacity, dissemination and transmission. In this study some challenges can be understood because most of farms are located close to roads with transit of commercial and rural birds for commercial purposes (which spread fomites and feathers). Other way of contamination can be the presence of wild birds interacting with fighting cooks when look for water sources and feed in the nature. The main risk for CAV challenge of this type of gallinaceans is when participate in championships with cooks without sanitary control, which travel from different places of the country and the continent. CAV titers detection in studied samples from fighting cooks determines a CAV exposition at some moment of their live.

Mejía, W., Oviedo, A., Urdaneta, S., Narvaez, C., Arzalluz, A., & Garcia, E. (2007). Deteccion de titulos de anticuerpos contra anemia aviar y su relacion con otros virus inmunodepresores en pollos de engorde (Vol. XVII). Venezuela: Zulia.

Toro, H., Van Santen, V., Hoerr, F., & Breedlo, T. (2009). Effects of chicken anemia virus and infectious bursal disease virus in commercial chickens. Avian Dis Mar;53(1):94-102.

Todd D., (2000) Circoviruses: immunosuppressive threats to avian species: a review, Avian Pathol. (5):373-94
DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION OF A BUFFERED FORMIC ACID AND A MIXTURE OF MONO- AND DI-
GLYCERIDES OF BUTYRIC-, CAPRIC- AND CAPRYLIC ACID ARE BENEFICIAL IN GUT INTEGRITY AND
MICROBIOTA OF BROILERS CHALLENGED WITH SUBCLINICAL NECROTIC ENTERITIS

A. Daneshmand\*(1), N.Sharma(1), L.Li(2), R.Swick(1), S.Wu(1)

* Corresponding author: adaneshm@myune.edu.au

A study was conducted using 816 as-hatched 1-d-old chicks (Cobb 500) to investigate the effects of a buffered formic acid (Amasil™ NA, BASF SE, Germany) and a mixture of mono- and di-glycerides of butyric-, capric- and caprylic acids (Balangut™ LS P, BASF SE, Germany) on gut permeability and microbiota of broilers challenged with necrotic enteritis (NE). These additives were added to the wheat-soy basal diet to produce six treatments with eight replicates of 17 birds per pen: unchallenged negative control (NC) with no additive (T1); and five challenged groups orally inoculated with 1 mL Eimeria spp. (Bioproperties Pty Ltd., AU) on d 9 and Clostridium perfringens (type A strain EHE-NE18, CSIRO, AU) on d 14 with: no additives as positive control (PC, T2); buffered formic acid (0.3% throughout all the phases, T3); a mixture of mono- and di-glycerides of butyric-, capric- and caprylic acid (0.5%, 0.3%, and 0.2% in starter, grower and finisher phases respectively, T4); a combination of buffered formic acid and a mixture of mono- and di-glycerides of butyric-, capric- and caprylic acid (0.3% + 0.3%, 0.2% + 0.2%, and 0.2% + 0.15% in starter, grower and finisher phases respectively, T5); and Zn bacitracin (0.05 % throughout all the phases, T6). On d 16, four birds (two males and two females) wereorally gavaged with FITC-d. Marked birds were euthanised 2h thereafter, and serum samples were collected to analyse FITC-d concentration. The ileal and caecal contents were analysed for selected microbiota counts through 16S rDNA using qPCR. The results confirmed the presence of sub-clinical NE in the challenged PC. While the birds in On d 16, NC had no lesions in the gut, those in PC had significantlesions (P<0.01). During 9-21 d, challenge increased FCR by 8 points (P < 0.01) but T5 had similar FCR as the NC (P > 0.05) and 5 points less FCR than PC. The birds in T5 had decreased (P<0.05) FITC-d concentration in the serum and higher counts of Lactobacillus spp. and Bacillus spp. inthe ileal contentscompared to PC (P < 0.05), while other bacterial communities were not affected. Similarly, T5 increased(P<0.05) the counts of Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. and decreased (P<0.05) Cp counts in the caecal contents compared to PC. In conclusion, it is suggested thatthe dietary supplementationof buffered formic acid and a mixture of mono- and di-glycerides of butyric-, capric- and caprylic acid may benefit poultry industry by improving gut health and thus feed efficiency for broiler chickens.

<footnote>(1)University of New England, Armidale, Australia</footnote>

<footnote>(2)2BASF SEA Pte Ltd, Singapore, Singapore</footnote>
EFFECT OF THE COMBINATION OF A MULTI-STRAIN YEASTS FRACTIONS PRODUCT AND A COCCIDIOSTAT ON THE IMPACT OF INFECTION OF BROILER CHICKENS WITH EIMERIA SPP

I. Giannenas(1), V.Tsiouris(2), E.Bonos*(3), E.Sidiropoulou(1), G.Filioussis(4), I.Georgopoulou(2), P.Florou-paneri(1), E.Christaki(1)(5)

(1) Laboratory of Nutrition, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

(2) Unit of Avian Medicine, Clinic of Farm Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

(3) School of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Greece, Kostakioi artas, Greece

(4) Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

(5) Lallemand SAS, Blagnac, France

* Corresponding author: eleftherios.bonos@gmail.com

The objective of this trial was to examine the combined effects of dietary supplementation of a multi-
strains yeast fractions product (MSYF) and a coccidiostat on performance and health parameters of
broiler chickens orally challenged with coccidian oocysts. A total of 192 male one-day-old Ross-308
chicks were randomly allocated to 4 groups with 6 replicates of 8 chicks each, housed in separate pens.
All bird were offered ad libitum water and the same basal diets of meal feed. The first group (negative
control, NC) was unchallenged, whereas the second group (positive control, PC) was orally challenged
with Eimeria oocysts. The other two challenged groups had their diets further supplemented: Group
SAL with a coccidiostat (salinomycin 60 mg/kg feed); Group COMB with a combination of the same
dose of the coccidiostat plus the examined MSYF (0.4 g/kg feed). At 14 days of age, the three challenged
groups were orally inoculated with sporulated oocysts (3.5×10^4 Eimeria acervulina, 7.0×10^3 Eimeria
maxima, and 5.0×10^3 Eimeria tenella). A week after the inoculation (21 days of age), coccidiosis
symptoms were evaluated and two birds per pen were autopsied to score coccidiosis lesions in the
intestine and to collect intestinal digesta (duodenum, ileum, ceca) for coccidian enumeration by
quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Performance parameters were recorded, along with fecal oocyst
numbers and mortality. All data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Kruskal-
Wallis test, depending on their format. Based on the trial results, group COMB when compared to PC
had improved (PEimeria species and sampling site compared to the PC, but additionally in some cases
lower (PE. maxima & E. tenella; ileum E. acervulina, E. maxima & E. tenella; ceca E. maxima & E. tenella).
In conclusion, MSYF can be used in combination with salinomycin to reduce the negative effects of an
Eimeria challenge and by consequence improve growth performance in the challenged birds.
ID: 666

A DIETARY COMBINATION OF NICARBAZIN AND NARASIN COMPARED TO OTHER ANTICOCCIDIALS SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVES GUT HEALTH IN BROILERS: A META- ANALYSIS.

S. Kilroy(1), T. Hepburn*(2), F. Vangroenweghe(3)

(1) Elanco, Gent, Belgium

(2) Elanco, Basingstoke, United Kingdom

(3) Elanco and Ghent University, Antwerp and Ghent, Belgium

* Corresponding author: kilroysofie@gmail.com

Currently potentiated as well as single ionophores are being used in the poultry industry to control coccidiosis and improve intestinal integrity. It is hypothesized that potentiated ionophores have a bigger impact on intestinal integrity due to their unique mode of action. Gut health remains the major focus of today's poultry production. Intestinal health and feed conversion ratio (FCR) are closely linked and its association has widely been studied. Enhancing intestinal health and improving FCR not only reduces the environmental impact of poultry production but can also contribute to increased animal welfare and reduced use of antimicrobials. The importance of these topics has grown over the past two decades.

The impact of an extended use of a potentiated ionophore; nicarbazin and narasin, from 21 days up until at least 28 days was evaluated on broiler health and FCR. Similarly, a comparison between the single ionophore narasin, with salinomycin and monensin from as early as 14 days up until 40 days was analysed. Using a Health Tracking System (HTSi), a global surveillance tool for poultry intestinal health developed by Elanco, flock-level information on general and intestinal health parameters, together with the anticoccidial program was collected. Data were extracted from the global HTSi database from 2015 until 2019 including 1 million broilers. A second dataset containing information about 304 million broilers from 2011 until 2019 was used to evaluate the impact of different anticoccidial programs on FCR. A standard least squares regression model was built for each set of data to control for geography, seasonality and bird age. Results coming from the first dataset indicate that the prevalence of coccidial lesions as well as footpad lesions were significantly reduced (P

This meta-analysis clearly demonstrates that the extended use of a dietary combination of nicarbazin and narasin significantly improved intestinal health as well as FCR. Moreover, the use of narasin from day 14 was shown to ensure superior intestinal health and FCR compared to other commonly used single ionophores. This indicates that application of the appropriate anticoccidial program can reduce the impact of poultry production on global footprint.
ID: 811

EFFECTS OF DIETARY EUBIOTICS BASED ON ESSENTIAL OILS ON SALMONELLA GALLINARUM CONTROL IN LAYER HENS.

D. Alvarez-mira*(1), L.Betancourt(2), A.Gomez(3), A.Uribe(4), P.Serrano(4), B.Martinez(4)

(1)Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá d.c, Colombia

(2)Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia

(3)Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia

(4)Promotora de Innovación de Santander. Promitec SAS., Bucaramanga, Colombia

* Corresponding author: dmalvarezm@unal.edu.co

The infection caused by Salmonella Gallinarum (SG) is of great importance in animal and public health due to the possibility of generating residues and antimicrobial resistance issues. It is necessary to establish alternative control methods to reduce the effects of the disease and ensure food safety. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy in vivo of three eubiotic products based on essential oils EOs of Lippia origanoides and Eugenia caryophyllata (EUB1), EOs + Formic and Lactic organic acids OAs (EUB2) and EOs+OAs+ b-glucans (EUB3) on productive performance, control of infection, and SG excretion of layers experimentally challenged with a field strain of SG. A total of 40 hens at 25 weeks of age were placed in 20 cages (2 birds each) and randomly allocated to 5 treatments (4 reps each) with the same basal diet. Treatments were: Birds no challenged (Negative control; NC); birds challenged (Positive control; PC); and three groups of birds challenged and supplemented with EUB1; EUB2; and EUB3. Groups PC and EUB1, 2, and 3 received 1mL of 3,5x105 CFU of SG via oral gavage on week 5 of the experiment. Microbiological cultures for SG were made daily during the first week post-inoculation (wpi) and weekly subsequently from individual cloacal swabs, eggshell membranes, and yolk. At the end of 10 wk, the animals were euthanized, and samples of spleen, liver, ovarian follicles, oviduct, and bone marrow were cultured. Histological evaluation was performed, assigning a score of injury to the main organs. Samples of the jejunum and ileum intestinal mucosa were taken to evaluate the expression of genes for ZO-1 and claudin-3 tight junction proteins (TJ). Feed intake (FI), egg production (EP), and feed conversion (FCR) were analyzed. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test. There were significant statistical differences (P
SURVEILLANCE OF AVIAN SALMONELLA: CURRENT SITUATION OF RESISTANCE TO ANTIBIOTICS

A. Gritli\*(1), S. Sakhria(2), S. Ben yahia(2), L. Mansouri(2), H. Zermani(2)

(1) National School of Veterinary Medicine of Tunis, Le bardo, Tunisia

(2) Tunisian Veterinary Research Institute, Tunis, Tunisia

* Corresponding author: raufgritli@yahoo.fr

Introduction

The number of human non-typhoid salmonella isolates multi-resistant to antibiotics has grown steadily in the past five years. Thus, we are witnessing the emergence of new serotypes, the selection of such strains is often consecutive to the use of antibiotics in animals.

Materials and methods

In Tunisia, the control of salmonella in poultry production is covered by the regulations. The control program in the poultry sector is mainly based on systematic screening for zoonotic serovars in flocks of broodstock brooders and eggs for consumption and hatcheries.

The antibiogram was performed on 776 salmonella strains, it was performed according to: CA SFM / Eucast: Standard technical recommendations for diffusion in agar medium.

Results

The results show around twenty different serovars of which S. Enteritidis, S. Kentucky and S. Zanzibar are the most frequently identified.

In the context of monitoring phenotypes of public health interest, three phenotypes are particularly identified: resistance to fluoroquinolones, resistance to 3rd generation cephalosporins (C3G), pentaresistance ACSSuT (resistances associated with ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamides and tetracycline).

The highlights in our study are:

* 81% of the isolates are resistant to nalidixic acid. However, high-level resistance to fluoroquinolones (Enrofloxacin) was detected in 41% of the strains studied. The strains resistant to fluoroquinolones are mainly represented by the serovars Kentucky 53%, Enteritidis 20% and Zanzibar 12%.

* Detection of C3G resistant strains remains infrequent, varying between 1% and 9% depending on the antibiotic tested. 31% of Kentucky salmonella strains were resistant to both C3G and fluoroquinolones.

* 25% of the strains were multidrug-resistant to more than three families of antibiotics; and 1% of the strains tested had the ACSSuT phenotype, of which 60% belonged to the Kentucky serovar.

Conclusion

Faced with the growth of salmonella resistant to certain critical antibiotics, there is an urgent need to rationalize their use and to continue studying the relationship between this use and the development of resistance.
COMPARISON OF THE EFFICACY OF THREE DIFFERENT MULTIVALENT INACTIVATED RT+IB+ND+EDS VACCINES AS BOOSTER OF IB VACCINATED LAYERS AGAINST CHALLENGE WITH 5 IBV CHALLENGE STRAINS.

M. Andreopoulou\*(1), L.Newman(2), R.Koopman(3)

(1)MSD Animal Health, Madison, new jersey, United States

(2) Merck Animal Health, Madison, new jersey, United States

(3) MSD Animal Health, Boxmeer, Netherlands

\* Corresponding author: marianna.andreopoulou@merck.com

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) affects chickens of all ages, having worldwide distribution. It is significantly important for laying hens, causing up to 70% egg production drop combined with abnormal eggs. Vaccination is a standard required control method to increase resistance of layers to IBV infections, commonly following the principle of priming with live IB vaccines and boosting with an inactivated IB vaccine. In this study the efficacy of boosting, after priming with a live attenuated Massachusetts type IB vaccine, applied at day 0, combined with a live attenuated IB serotype-4-91 vaccine applied at day 14, with the IB component of three multivalent inactivated vaccines was investigated against a M41, 4-91, D388 (QX), Q1 and Var2 challenge, on SPF pullets. The three inactivated vaccines compared were multivalent combinations protecting against Avian Rhinotracheitis, Infectious Bronchitis, Newcastle Disease and Egg Drop Syndrome, including RT+IBmulti+ND+EDS (MSD), applied at day 105. M41, 4-91 and D388(QX) challenges were performed at day 166, while Q1 and Var2 challenges at day 187. Egg production, post mortem abnormalities in the reproductive organs and abdomen, respiratory signs and serological response using the virus neutralization test (VNT) were monitored. The average egg production drop post challenge with one of the 5 serotypes, was 17.4% and 12.4% for the two competitor vaccines and 11.0% for RT+IBmulti+ND+EDS boosted birds. The latter induced an average increase of VN antibodies against D388(QX), Q1 and Var2 of 3.9, 3.6, and 3.9 log2 respectively, versus 1.1, 1.1, and 1.3 log2 and 2.9, 2.0, and 2.4 log2 for competitor vaccines. The lowest number and percentage of birds with free yolk and a degenerated ovary was found in the RT+IBmulti+ND+EDS boosted birds. The average score of the clinical respiratory signs was 0.25 for the challenge groups that had been boosted with RT+IBmulti+ND+EDS, versus 0.58, 0.45 for the two competitor groups. This is well correlated with the level of VN antibodies post vaccination. There is a correlation between the level of VN antibodies induced by the vaccination program and the level of protection using different parameters. In this comparison birds primed with Massachusetts type +4/91 type IB and boosted with RT+IBmulti+ND+EDS showed the best results, making it a reasonable candidate for efficacious long-term protection against IBV.
MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION AND PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE CHICKEN ANEMIA VIRUS IN
SRI LANKA

D. Satharasinghe*(1), T. Udayakumara(1), I. Ahamad(2), S. Parakatawella(3), U. Premarathne(4), I. Pathirana(2), C. Karunarathne(5), K. Premarathne(4)

(1) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka

(2) Faculty of Agriculture, Kamburupitiya, Sri Lanka

(3) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka

(4) Faculty of Livestock, Fisheries and Nutrition, Gonawila (nwp), Sri Lanka

(5) District Veterinary Investigation Center, Wariyapola, Sri Lanka

In Sri Lanka, both layer and broiler parents are vaccinated against Chicken Anaemia Virus (CAV) using live vaccines. Maintaining maternal antibodies at a protectable level in commercial flocks at day 0 has been practiced to control Chicken Infectious Anaemia (CIA). However, recently CIA outbreaks were reported in commercial poultry, causing a constant threat to the poultry industry in Sri Lanka. Therefore, this study was performed to optimize the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay to detect CAV in poultry and to conduct genetic characterization based on the partial sequence of viral protein (VP1) of CAV strains. For this study, bone marrow and spleen samples of eleven CIA suspected layer flocks and eight CIA suspected samples from broilers flocks in Sri Lanka were used and history revealed that all those flocks were not vaccinated against CAV. DNA was extracted from collected samples and proceed with PCR using gene-specific primers. Amplified PCR products were viewed following gel electrophoresis. Sequences of positive PCR products were obtained and aligned to generate a consensus sequence using MEGA X. The consensus sequences were deposited to the GenBank at NCBI. Percentage Identity (PI) of consensus sequences obtained for positive samples was calculated using BLASTn, NCBI with published sequences. Phylogenetic tree construction and Pairwise Sequence Comparison (PASC) were performed with 45 previously published VP1 gene sequences representing different continents of the world including CAV P4 vaccine strain. Five out of nineteen samples (26.32%) showed 419 bp target PCR products namely 001/19, 002/19, 003/19 originated from broiler flocks and, 004/19,005/19 from layer flocks. Respectively, the GenBank accession numbers of the VP1 sequences were obtained as MT178266, MT178267, MT178268, MT178269 and MT178270. BLASTn results of Sri Lankan isolates have shown more than 98% PI to previously published VP1 sequences of CAVs. Among positive samples, 001/19 and 003/19 sequences were 100% identical while 005/19 originated from layer flock and 002/19 originated from broilers showed the lowest PI of 96.77 %. Further, the highest PI of 98.94% to the CAV P4 vaccine strain was observed in 001/19 and 003/19 and 005/19 strains whereas 002/19 showed the lowest PI (96.78%). The first time in Sri Lanka, optimized PCR detected the target gene sequence of VP1 in CAV, and therefore, it can be used to diagnose CAV in non-vaccinated flocks. Further, phylogenetic and PASC analysis of the VP1 gene in CAV with the vaccine strains can be used to determine the CIA caused by field strains in vaccinated flocks and non-vaccinated flocks.

<footnote>* Corresponding author: satha4@yahoo.com</footnote>
COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF THREE DIFFERENT PROBIOTIC STRAINS AND THEIR COMBINATION IN THE PERFORMANCE OF CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS-INFECTED BROILER CHICKENS

D. Sandvang*(1), C.Bostvironnois(1), J.Schleifer(1), G.Mathis(2), B.Lumpkins(2), A.Blanch(3)

(1)Christian Hansen A/S, Hoersholm, Denmark

(2)Southern Poultry Feed and Research, Inc., Athens, United States

(3)Addimus, Providing Trust, SL, Barcelona, Spain

* Corresponding author: dkdhsa@chr-hansen.com

There are many poultry probiotics to reduce the antibiotic use. However, their effectiveness is not always reliable. Highly efficient probiotics are the result of in-depth research on the modes of action of single strains and their complementarity in the gut. A study was conducted to compare the effect of GalliPro®Fit (1.6E+09 Bacillus subtilis strain DSM32324 + 1.0E+09 Bacillus subtilis strain DSM32325 + 0.6E+09 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain DSM25840 CFU/g; Christian Hansen A/S, Denmark) with the effect of its constituent strains on performance of broilers challenged with Clostridium perfringens. 2,250 Cobb 500 male one day old chicks were randomly distributed among five experimental treatments (9 floor pens per treatment, 50 birds per pen): T1, control group without probiotics in the diet; T2, B. subtilis strain DSM32324 (0.8E+06 CFU/g feed); T3, B. subtilis strain DSM32325 (0.5E+06 CFU/g feed); T4, B. amyloliquefaciens strain DSM25840 (0.3E+06 CFU/g feed) and T5, GalliPro® Fit (0.8E+06 strain DSM32324 + 0.5E+06 strain DSM32325 + 0.3E+06 strain DSM25840 CFU/g feed). A starter diet from 1 to 21 days of age, grower diet from 22 to 35 days of age and finisher diet from 36 to 42 days of age were fed ad libitum. On days 19, 20, and 21 all birds were challenged with C. perfringens (1.0E+09 CFU/bird) by mixing an inoculum into the feed in the base of the tube feeders and necrotic enteritis lesion scores (LE) were measured at day 21. At 21, 35 and 42 days of age, body weight gain (BWG), feed intake, feed conversion (FCR) and mortality were assessed. The raw data were analyzed statistically (ANOVA) using a Random Complete Block Design. Tukey's HSD test was used to separate means when ANOVA F values were significant (p≤0.05). The supplementation of GalliPro®Fit (T5), strains DSM32324 (T2) and DSM32325 (T3) improved (p) At 35 days of life, GalliPro®Fit (T5) and each single strain (T2, T3 and T4) supplementation improved FCR compared to the control group (pC. perfringens.
ANTIBIOTICS MAY MODIFY THE COLONIZATION AND INVASION PATTERN OF CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI IN CHICKENS

S. Rautenschlein\*(1), H.Zifeng(2), L.Li(1), T.Willer(1), W.Baumgärtner(3)

(1)Clinic for Poultry, Hannover, Germany

(2)Emergency Centre for the Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Beijing, China

(3) Institute for Pathology, Hannover, Germany

* Corresponding author: silke.rautenschlein@tiho-hannover.de

Campylobacter (C.) jejuni colonization of chickens is usually asymptomatic, but occasionally it may lead to clinical symptoms and is associated with changes in the intestinal nutrient absorption. Although the use of antibiotics has been reduced during the last years in the EU broiler production, still there is the need for treatment of various bacterial diseases. Previous studies indicated that the colonization rate of C. jejuni and number of colony forming units (CFU) may be increased, if chickens were raised under germ-free conditions or the gut microflora was modified for example by changes in the diet composition. In this study we compared the C. jejuni colonization pattern in chickens, which were treated with a cocktail of antibiotics (AB), with untreated (C) birds. We speculated that AB-treatment with associated changes in the gut microflora may lead to an increase of CFU of C. jejuni in the gut and possibly enhances adhesion and invasion contributing to lesion development and clinical signs. Significantly higher numbers of CFU of C. jejuni were observed in the cecum of AB-birds, with increased evasion and higher colonization rates of the extra-intestinal tissues such as liver and spleen compared to C-birds (p < 0.05). AB-birds showed histopathological lesions of the cecal wall as well as distended ceca, which as not observed in the C-birds. C. jejuni adhered to and invaded the cecum mucosa in AB-chickens, as confirmed by a modified Gentamicin Protection Assay and electron microscopy. Our results clearly indicate that an antibiotic-induced modification of the gut microbiota may allow the direct adherence of C. jejuni to intestinal cells, which subsequently facilitates the invasion and disease development.
PHYTOGENIC FEED ADDITIVE AS A NEW CONTROL APPROACH AGAINST THE PRESENCE OF POULTRY
RED MITES (DERMANYSSUS GALLINAE, DE GEER, 1778)

J. Bošnjak-neumüller(1), D.Todorović(2), L.Ilijin(2), V.Perić-mataruga(3), N.Delić(4), A.Stanojković(4), K.Bunčić(1), M.Vasiljević(1)(5)

(1) PATENT CO. DOO., Mišićevo, Serbia

(2) Department of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

(3)2Department of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

(4)Institute for Animal Husbandry, Belgrade-zemun, Serbia

(5)Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong kong sar, Hong Kong

* Corresponding author: jasna.bosnjak@patent-co.com

There is a global need to find an easy, safe and effective solution to prevent the deleterious effects of
poultry red mites within the egg production industry. The aim of this research was to evaluate the
effectiveness of a new phytogenic feed additive (PFA) in controlling a natural infestation of laying hens
with D. gallinae in a cage system.

The tested PFA, RIDofMITE® (PATENT CO. DOO), consisted of essential oils' blend that predominately originated from Thymus vulgaris and Origanum vulgare, was dosed at 500g/ton of feed. The trial was designed to last 44 days on a farm with 1,560 laying hens (ISA Brown line) housed from 52 to 58 weeks of age. Egg production and general health of the hens were monitored daily. Standardized AVIVET traps were used to collect the mites. The traps were left for 2 days and collected at day -12., -5. and 0. before (control period), and on days 2., 5., 8., 11., 16., 23. and 30., after (trial period) hens started to consume PFA. The weight of the D. gallinae mites, in traps, was determined after storing at low-temperature (-80oC) for 48 hours. Normal distribution of data was tested with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, while the Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance and Mann-Whitney U test (post hoc) were used to evaluate the impact of PFA on the population of poultry red mites.

In the control period of the trial, the sample weight from traps collected on day -12. (150.90 ± 36.84 mg) was significantly less than the weight measured in traps collected on day 0. (316.10 ± 51.08 mg), P < 0.05. In the trial period, the trend of decrease in the weight of mites, in comparison to day 0., was observed after days 2, 5, 8, and 11 of the treatment, but these changes were not statistically significant. Statistically significant (P < 0.001) decrease in mites' weight in the traps, comparison to the day 0., was observed after days 16 (114.75 ± 40.43 mg), 23 (81.05 ± 26.71 mg) and 30 (49.40 ± 16.54 mg) of PFA administration. Egg production (%, hen-day) in the control period was 88.9, while in the trial period was 89.5. The obtained results showed that RIDofMITE® addition in hens' feed correlates with a gradual time-dependent decrease in the weight of mites with no observed negative effects of PFA on egg production and general health of the hens.

References

1. Sparagano et al., (2009). Exp. Appl. Acarol., 48, 3-10.

2. Lammers et al., (2017). Poult. Sci. 96(6): 1563-1572.
ANALYSIS OF ITS-1, 18S, AND CO1 GENES FOR IDENTIFICATION OF EIMERIA PARASITES IN POULTRY.

B. Jordan\*(1), B.Jackwood(1), G.Albanese(1), D.Lee(3)

(1)The University of Georgia, Athens, United States

(3)The University of Connecticut, Storrs, United States

* Corresponding author: brian89@uga.edu

Coccidiosis is a costly enteric disease of commercial poultry worldwide caused by single-celled, parasitic protozoa of the Eimeria genus. The parasite reproduces rapidly both sexually and asexually causing substantial damage to intestinal linings, and often mortality. Furthermore, infection with certain species of Eimeria predisposes the chicken gut to development of necrotic enteritis caused by Clostridium. Control of coccidia and necrotic enteritis infections cost the poultry industry billions annually. The most common method for the identification and differentiation of Eimeria of species is classic microscopy, using morphometric characteristics (size, shape) and region of the gut parasitized. While a simple technique, microscopy can be subjective and sensitivity is not ideal. As molecular tools have advanced, using PCR to differentiate species has become more common place and may afford the opportunity to further characterize Eimeria samples past simple species differentiation. Three different genome regions have been used to molecularly differentiate species of coccidia; Internal Transcribed Spacer-1 (ITS1), Ribosomal 18s DNA (18S), and Cytochrome Oxidase C-1 (CO1). Our hypothesis is that, when all three genes are evaluated together for a single sample, inter- and intra- species variation in these regions will allow for a molecular fingerprint of current multispecies samples. Therefore, the overall goal of our research is to produce profiles from sequence data to promptly differentiate Eimeria species, but also identify Eimeria strains within a species. To test this, DNA was extracted directly commercially available vaccines in the US. Pan-Eimeria PCR to amplify either the ITS1, 18S or CO1 genes was performed on the mixed species DNA samples. PCR amplicons from each gene were then sequenced using the Illumina next generation sequencing (NGS) platform and sequences were separated and compiled using Geneiuos software. To date, our results show that using this technique can differentiate species in a multi-species sample, eliminating the need for monoclonal samples or species-specific PCR. We can also see that individual vaccines carry an identifiable sequence combination of these three genome regions, enabling differentiation from each other. With this data, we hope to build a profile database of vaccine coccidia, which will be an extremely useful diagnostic tool in the future.
EFFECTS OF USING DRY HYDROGEN PEROXIDE IN A COMMERCIAL HATCHERY ON HATCHERY PERFORMANCE

R. Stephens\*(1), M.Barrios(1), J.Wilson(2), B.Jordan(2)

(1)Synexis Biodefense, Kansas city, United States

(2)The University of Georgia, Athens, United States

* Corresponding author: brian89@uga.edu

Bacteria in a commercial broiler hatchery can be detrimental to chick health and hatchery performance. Even though sanitation and disinfection occur routinely, a method of continual sanitation could be a valuable tool for commercial hatcheries. A commercially available product, gaseous dry hydrogen peroxide (DHP) from Synexis Biodefense, has been proposed for this purpose. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of DHP on bacteria levels and hatchery performance in a commercial hatchery setting. For this trial, a hatchery with two identical sides was used. Half of the hatchery was treated with DHP, while the other half remained non-treated. Treated areas included an egg cooler, setter hall, hatcher hall, chick processing areas, and vaccine laboratories. The non-treated locations included an egg cooler, setter hall, and hatcher hall. Bacterial loads were measured by total ATP bioluminescence swab samples and static air plates using tryptic soy agar (TSA). Air samples and ATP swabs were collected for two weeks prior to treatment to establish baseline microbial load, then samples were taken bi-weekly from similar locations on each side of the hatchery for 27 weeks for comparison. Hatchery performance data, chick quality evaluations, and residue breakout data were also collected. Data were analyzed using Prism statistical software with student's T-tests or two-way ANOVA and Sidak's multiple comparisons test. Microbial load testing was affected by a "super clean" performed in the hatchery in week 5 of the study for an internal audit, but reductions in microbial load as compared to baseline were seen. Chick quality data showed a significant decrease (p<.05) in the percent of chicks with Aspergillus in the lungs. Early dead, bacterially contaminated, and Aspergillus contaminated embryos were all numerically reduced on the treated side when compared to the non-treated side in residue breakouts. The percent hatch and hatch of fertile were numerically increased (90.2% non-treated vs. 90.9% treated HOF; p=.08) on the treated side of the hatchery as well. Three-day mortality of chicks hatched from the treated side was also numerically reduced compared to chicks hatched from the non-treated side. Taken together, this study suggests that the DHP product was beneficial as a method of continual sanitation to reduce microbial load, which in turn improved hatchery performance and production in a commercial setting.
FIELD EXPERIENCE OF THE USE OF A DUAL RECOMBINANT HVT- ND- IBD VACCINE IN BROILER
BREEDERS IN COLOMBIA

A. Montoya*(1), R.Javier(2), Q.Fabian(3)

(1)MSD, Roswell, United States

(2)Pollos Savicol, Bogota, Colombia

(3)Vetiplus, Bogota, Colombia

* Corresponding author: andres.montoya@merck.com

Newcastle disease (ND) infects wild birds and poultry species worldwide, severely impacting the economics of the poultry industry. ND is especially problematic in Latin America (Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, and Peru) where it is either endemic or re-emerging disease and is a present threat in the poultry industry that affects the habitability and performance of birds. The presence of ND can also limit international trade, and cause production losses in egg-producing birds, causing greater economic damage. Vaccination against ND is effective, but traditional live vaccines induce reactions to vaccination and inactivated vaccines in broilers or broilers breeders can affect performance of the birds. Outbreaks of infectious bursal disease (IBD), a significant contagious immunosuppressive disease of poultry, are still reported throughout the world despite efforts to control the disease through vaccination. IBD control has only been possible through the use of efficacious vaccines, but vaccination efforts are complicated by the fact that frequent viral genetic mutations, reassorting of genome segments, and recombination can potentially increase virulence and alter antigenicity, rendering vaccines and vaccine protocols less effective. Historically, breeder pullets were primed with strong conventional live Infectious Bursa Disease (IBD) vaccines between 5 and 6 weeks of age. That stimulated immunity to IBD virus, and the birds responded better to the killed vaccine they received between 10 and 20 weeks of age. Several recombinant turkey herpesviruses (rHVT) have been developed within the past decades, and they are now used commercially worldwide. In broilers chickens, rHVT are usually administered alone but in long living birds they are used in combination with Marek's disease (MD) vaccines of other serotypes.

The objective of this work was to replace a single rHVT-IBD vaccine and an inactivated ND-IDB vaccine in the vaccination program of a breeder pullet for a dual rHVT-ND-IBD and no inactivated vaccine without affecting the protection for ND and IBD. A new dual rHVT-ND-IBD vaccine (Innovax®-ND-IBD) has been launched worldwide. rHVT-ND-IBD is a unique dual-construct herpesvirus of turkey (HVT) based vaccine that provides comprehensive protection against infectious bursal disease (IBD), Newcastle disease (ND) and Marek's disease (MD) in a single non-reactive vaccine that significantly expand flock protection and improve efficiency. rHVT-ND-IBD is administered in ovo or subcutaneously into day-old chicks at the hatchery to ensure the viability of this cell associated vaccine.

18,379 Ross AP and Cobb 500 one-day-old birds were used to evaluate the new vaccination program dual rHVT-ND-IBD vaccine by subcutaneous route and no inactivated vaccine (Montearroyo 2 Farm) and compared to 18,379 Ross AP and Cobb 500 one day-old with the current program single rHVT-IBD vaccine by a subcutaneous route and an inactivated ND-IDB vaccine (Montearroyo 1 Farm). On days 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days of age 6 birds from each farm were selected to collect body weight and bursa of fabricious to determine the Bursa/Body Weight (Bu/BW) ration and for histopathology to determine mean bursal lesion scores to determine atrophy. Additional, 20 blood samples from each farm were collected at 13, 31, 40 and 60 weeks of age to run Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) test to assess the efficacy of ND vaccine in field. An HI titer less that 1/64 was considered negative.

Protection against IBD was determined by Bu/BW ratio statistical differences and the histopathology bursal lesion scoring system based on scores of 0-4 where 0 is an absence of lesions and 4 is marked lymphoid atrophy. Protection against ND was determined by the different of the titers from the HI
comparing the previous vaccination program with a single rHVT-IBD vaccine and an inactivated ND-IDB vaccine and the new program with a dual rHVT-ND-IBD vaccine and no inactivated vaccine. Statistics were performed on the Bu/BW ratios using the unpaired t-test (GraphPad Prism, v. 6). Statistics were performed on the bursal lesion scores using the unpaired t-test (Graph Pad Prism, v.6). Different letters above the bars in the graphs denote groups with significant differences in bursal lesion scores.

Results of the Bu/BW ratio showed not statistical differences at day 7, 21, 28 and 35 days of age comparing the two vaccination programs, but at day 14 statistical difference of the Bu/BW ratio was observed. There was not statistical difference in the bursal lesions scores at day 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days of age. The mean lesion score for both vaccination program was 2 (25-50% follicular atrophy) which is considered normal for field. HI test means titers result for ND showed that at 13 and 31 weeks of age in both farms antibodies were numerical similar and prevalence of ND antibodies in this population were low. However, a different picture was observed at 40 and 60 weeks of age were different antibodies levels were present. Montearroyo 1 Farm prevalence of 90% and 95% at 40 and 60 weeks respectively were observed. Montearroyo 2 Farm prevalence of 55% and 10% at 40 and 60 weeks respectively were observed.

Based on the results of Bu/BW ratio and bursal lesion score there were no significant different between the two vaccination programs at day 7, 21, 28 and 35 day of age. At 14 day there was a significant different in Bu/BW ratio, but the bursa means lesion score showed that there was mild follicular atrophy which showed an adequate protection at that specific age for IBD. HI mean titers showed that the breeders at Montearroyo 1 and Montearroyo 2 were protected at 13 and 31 weeks of age, however at 40 and 60 weeks of age adequate protection for field ND were observed in Montearroyo 2 that received the dual rHVT-ND-IBD vaccine and no inactivated vaccine. The dual rHVT-ND-IBD vaccine showed adequate protection against IBD and ND disease in the broiler breeders vaccinated at day of age by subcutaneous route.
# IDENTIFICATION OF EFFICIENT NATURAL COMPOUNDS THAT RESTRICT EIMERIA TENELLA INVASION, DEVELOPMENT AND SPORULATION, TO LIMIT THE INCIDENCE OF CHICKEN COCCIDIOSIS.

A. Gnahoui-david(1), A.Niepceron(1), A.Mahieu(2), A.Canin(2), P.Desbordes(2), R.Domitile(2), G.Fort(1), M.Aoun(2), A. Greuter(2), F.Laurent*(1)

(1)INRAE, Nouzilly, France

(2)IDENA, Sautron, France

* Corresponding author: fabrice.laurent@inra.fr

## Introduction and aim of the study:

Coccidiosis is one of the most common and economically important parasitic diseases of chickens worldwide. Anticoccidial chemicals, coccidiocides, coccidiostats, and ionophores, have long been used as a mainstream strategy to control avian coccidiosis in modern poultry production. The increase in resistance to all anticoccidial drugs and the expectation of consumers for residue-free meat has encouraged development of alternative control strategies. Together with IDENA society we evaluated 150 active ingredients mainly of natural origin (plant extracts or essential oils) but also synthetic aromatic compounds naturally present in the environment, for their direct cytolytic effect on the dissemination stage of the parasite (oocyst) or for their ability, alone or in combination, to limit invasion and/or development in epithelial cells.

## Experimental design:

Activity against oocyst was determined by the ability of the active ingredients to limit E. tenella oocyst sporulation after an incubation period of 72h at 26°C. We generated transgenic Eimeria strains to easily monitor anticoccidial effect of the active ingredients in vitro on the invasion or development stages in epithelial cells.

## Results :

Three recombinant E. tenella parasite strains were generated to screen the efficacy of the 150 IDENA library compounds against all stages of the parasite life cycle. Six compounds were able to restrict E. tenella oocyst sporulation by more than 90%. Three compounds limited invasion by at least 50% with a selectivity index (SI) up to 12. Finally, 15 compounds were capable of inhibiting parasite development in epithelial cells with an efficacy ranging from 50% to 100% and a SI that can be as high as 100. Most promising compounds have been evaluated in association on broilers and none of them presented loss of performance (DWG, DFI, FCR). For some of them, a significant increase (Anova) in animal weight was noticed. A field study with IDENA compounds revealed an improvement in weigh performance (similar to Maxiban/Monteban treated group) compared to Paracox vaccine.

## Conclusion :

This study allowed to develop new tools to screen in a simple and precise way the efficacy of natural compounds and the identification of promising ingredients limiting parasite growth at several stages of development in vitro. These compounds, will be evaluated in a challenge experiment (postponed/ Covid-19) in order to have results available for WPC2021 meeting.
THE USE OF MONOVALENT OR BIVALENT IBV VACCINES SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCES CLINICAL SIGNS BUT NOT VIRAL LOAD AFTER HETEROLOGOUS CHALLENGE

A. Mendoza-reilley\*(1), I.Alvarado(2), B.Jordan(3)

(1)Merck Animal Health, Athens, United States

(2)Merck Animal Health, Watkinsville, United States

(3)The University of Georgia, Athens, United States

* Corresponding author: alexandra.reilley@merck.com

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is an economically significant upper respiratory tract pathogen of poultry. Infection with IBV results in a mild respiratory infection but predisposes chickens to secondary bacterial infections leading to airsacculitis and condemnation at processing. Because of the economic significance of condemnation, nearly all commercial poultry are vaccinated against IBV. Vaccines are effective in a serotype specific manner, meaning they do not induce fully neutralizing antibodies against heterologous serotypes. The major challenge to control is that current vaccines are not effective against novel IBV variants, which seem to arise every few years. Recently, producers have begun to use multiple IBV serotype vaccines given together in an effort to induce cross-protection. This strategy has been used with some success, but variant IB viruses have still been detected in flocks indicating that the vaccine combinations have not prevented infection. In this study, we seek to determine how a single versus a combination of 2 different IBV vaccine types protect against DMV/1639, a currently circulating and economically important IBV variant. For this project, we vaccinated chickens by eye-drop on day of hatch with either a commercial Massachusetts (Mass), Georgia 08 (GA08), or Arkansas (Ark) type IBV vaccine, or with a combination of 2 Mass types, a Mass and GA08, or a Mass and Ark vaccines, and challenged on day 28 with the variant DMV/1639 virus isolated from a clinical case in Georgia in 2019. Necropsy was performed 5 days post challenge. Clinical signs were significantly reduced in all vaccinated chickens at 5 days post-challenge however, the DMV/1639 variant virus was detected by RT-PCR and by isolation in embryonated eggs in a majority of vaccinated chickens. Taken together, it seems the cross-protection strategy with these vaccines will aid in reducing or eliminating clinical presentations, but does not prevent infection or replication of the virus. Additionally, it was interesting to note that all vaccines, whether alone or in combination, performed equally in this experiment. In the future, it will be necessary to follow variant IBV viruses in flocks using this cross-protection strategy to evaluate the influence of these vaccines on viral evolution and development of new variants.
ID: 1125

PATHOGENIC CHARACTERIZATION OF AVIAN REOVIRUS VARIANTS ISOLATED FROM DIFFERENT
ORGANS

S. Egana-labrin\*(1), R.Gallardo(1), B.Crossley(2), C.Corsiglia(3)

(1) Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States

(2) California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California, Davis, California, United States

(3) Foster Farms, Livingston, California, United States

* Corresponding author: seganal@ucdavis.edu

Avian reoviruses (ARV) cause negative economic impacts in the poultry industry. Its double-stranded RNA genome divided into ten segments makes this virus prone to mutation and recombination events generating molecular variants (ARVv). In previous studies, we reported isolates of ARVv with homologies under than 77% based on sigma C compared to S1133 vaccine virus. Despite the increased detection of ARVv, there is a lack of understanding about the pathobiology of these different variants. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to compare the pathobiology of selected ARV variants obtained from chicken hearts (H-strain) and tendons (T-strain). Four groups of one-day-old SPF chickens were placed in BSL2 rooms. Half of the chickens in each group (n=28) were challenged with 10^5 EID50 of the H-, T-, S-strain (vaccine S1133) or PBS as a negative control group via footpad. The other half of the chickens remained as contact birds. Body weights (BW), body-weight/hock joint ratios (BW-HJ) and viral loads in heart and tendons were obtained weekly for 4 weeks. Viral loads in tendons and hearts were calculated by using real-time RT-PCR. Statistical analysis was done by ANOVA and multiple comparisons using Tukey test. At seven days post-inoculation (DPI) a high mortality was detected in the S1133 inoculated birds (28.6%) compared with H- (7.1%) and T-strain (7.1%) inoculated birds. Body weight and BW-HJ ratios in hearts and tendons were different between inoculated and exposed birds in all groups (P<0.05), except in the negative controls. In terms of viral load, we detected differences between groups at different times post challenge. While higher ARV viral loads were detected in hearts of H-strain inoculated birds compared with birds inoculated with the other strains at 8 and 15 DPC (p<0.05), the S strain seemed to persist better in heart of the inoculated birds at 21 and 28 DPC. Something similar happened with T-strain exposed birds that showed higher viral load than the other inoculated birds 21 and 28 DPC. We can conclude from our results that differences in clinical presentation are mainly related with mortality. In addition, ARV's from different sources have different tissue tropism. Finally, some strains persist better in hearts or tendons of challenged SPF birds.
ISOLATION, PREVALENCE AND ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING OF BRACHYSPIRA
SPECIES IN POULTRY AT YUN-CHIA-NAN AREAS OF TAIWAN

Y. Sher\*(1), D.Lo(1), M.Chang(1), H.Kuo(1), C.Chen(1)

(1)National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan

* Corresponding author: catherine12053480@gmail.com

Avian intestinal spirochaetosis (AIS) is an intestinal infection caused by anaerobic spirochaetes of the genus Brachyspira, colonizing in avian caecae/rectum. It is known as a cause of chronic diarrhea, delayed onset and low egg production in commercial layers and breeders. According to epidemiological surveys, Brachyspira spp. are more occurred in adult poultry. Since AIS has not previously been studied in Taiwan, this study was aimed at investigating the prevalence of Brachyspiraspecies and determining their antimicrobial susceptibility.

The cloacal swab and caecal content were collected from 24 flocks in Yun-Chia-Nan areas of Taiwan. Furthermore, the cases of sick poultry have been collected as well in Animal Disease Diagnostic Center (ADDC) of National Chiayi University. Samples were cultured anaerobically on selective agar and using PCR to identify the Brachyspira isolates. The isolates were tested by agar dilution method for determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) with 9 antimicrobial agents.

In 17 layer flocks, the following species were determined by PCR: B. intermedia (76.7%, 222/290), B. pilosicoli (29.0%, 84/290), B. innocens (25.5%, 74/290), B. "pulli" (4.5%, 13/290), B. murdochii (0.7%, 2/290) and B. alvinipulli (0.7%, 2/290). In 6 native breeder and 1 layer breeder flocks only isolated B. intermedia (50.0%, 32/64) and B. "pulli" (56.3%, 36/64). In ADDC cases of poultry, founding Brachyspira species are most occurred in waterfowls (44.4%, 8/18), followed by layers (38.7%, 12/31) and native breeders (10.0%, 1/10). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 19 Brachyspira isolates revealed MIC90 of tylosin, amoxicillin, lincospectin, cephalexin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, tiamulin, doxycycline, gentamycin and florfenicol were >256, >256, 256, 32, 32, 8, 8, 4 and 4 mg/ml, respectively. The isolates showed lower susceptibility to tylosin, amoxicillin and lincospectin, although it indicated higher susceptibility to tiamulin, doxycycline, gentamycin and florfenicol.

The demonstration indicated different Brachyspira species particularly B. intermedia and B. pilosicoli in layers, native breeders and waterfowls are vital. It needs further research to assess their potential role and pattern of causing AIS in poultry flocks in Taiwan.

Hampson DJ. Avian intestinal spirochaetosis. Diseases of Poultry, 13th ed. 2013.

Medhanie GA, McEwen SA, Slavic D, Guerin MT. Brachyspira spp. and avian intestinal spirochaetosis: an epidemiological review. 2013.
THE POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTION OF BOTANICAL HERBS (ETHNOVETERINARY MEDICINE) AGAINST POULTRY DISEASES AND AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO THE USE OF INORGANIC MINERAL SUPPLEMENTS IN BROILERS (DOMESTICUS GALLUS) IN GURUVE DISTRICT OF ZIMBABWE.

A. Chamboko\*(1)

(1)Marondera University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Harare, Zimbabwe

\* Corresponding author: addychamk@gmail.com

An exploratory study in the area of ethnoveterinary practises as an alternative to the use of synthetic drugs (inorganic) and as a complete substitution of inorganic mineral supplements was carried out at Chifamba High School in Guruve District. A total of 90 day-old broiler chicks, Cobb 500 supplied by reputable supplier, Irvines Zimbabwe were used because its the commonly used and preferred strain in Guruve. An invivo experiment was carried out through a controlled experiment with three (3) treatments replicated three (3) times each using botanical herbs that is sausage tree barks and moringa tree barks soaked in water for extraction. Alcohol extraction was avoided since alcohol is believed to have some pharmacological effects by some researchers. 30 birds were randomly allocated to three treatments using Complete Random Design, Treatment 1 had moringa, Treatment 2 had moringa plus sausage tree and Treatment 3 had conventional medicines and inorganic mineral supplements. This study was important so as to increase livestock production, improve the living standards of rural communities and fight poverty and hunger in the poor societies of Guruve. Most of the farmers in Guruve district do not have money for or access to chemical medicines or to other cost effective control measures. Hence there was a serious need to find alternatives to the commercially supplied drugs. The results from this research provided evidence that botanicals herbs are essentially important in comparing the effects of poultry diseases and also acting as an organic minerals supplement. The growth and health performance of broilers on botanical herbs was statistically insignificant from those on conventional medicines. The health status and performance was measured through repeated measurements and observation of growth in kilograms, feed intake, water intake and diseases in each treatment. There were no diseases recorded in treatments 1 and 2 with botanicals inclusion whereas in treatment 3 cases of coccidiosis and respiratory diseases were noted. Mortality rate was insignificant in all the treatments. Broilers on botanical herbs also reached final slaughter weight of 2kgs at day 38 faster than those on conventional treatments which reached 2kgs at day 42. The main conclusions drawn from this study were suggestions since chemical composition of water was not perfomed. The researcher suggested that ethnoveterinary medicine can be safely used by the poor rural societies with no access to expensive synthetic drugs. This study suggested that farmers should control and prevent poultry ailments using botanical herbs so as to increase productivity as they work comparable to other drugs. Another recommendation was that all botanicals being used by farmers must be documented well before this knowledge is lost since the indigenous knowledge system is transmitted from the elders to the younger generation. More research must be done accompanied by experiment that is invivo and invitro so as to ascertain the efficacy on the ethnopharmacological effect of such herbs on different poultry ailments.

Keywords: poultry, growth promotors, ethnoveterinary medicine, moringa tree and sausage tree.
ISOLATION RATE OF GALLIBACTERIUM ANATIS IN SICK CHICKENS IN THE CENTRAL AND SOUTH TAIWAN AND THE MECHANISMS OF QUINOLONE RESISTANCE

J. Lin\*(1), D.Lo(1), M.Chang(1), H.Kuo(1), C.Chen(1)

(1)National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan

* Corresponding author: lolo840309@gmail.com

In order to know the influence of Gallibacterium anatis (G. anatis) on poultry health, we investigated the flock isolation rate of G. anatis in sick chickens of different breeds in the central and south Taiwan from September 2014 to August 2019. The previous research in Taiwan demonstrated the high resistance rate of the field strains for quinolones. To investigate the possible mechanisms responsible for quinolone resistance, 98 G. anatis isolates were tested in the present study.

A total of 174 layer flocks, 161 native chicken flocks, 107 breeder flocks and 70 broiler flocks were submitted for examination. Bacteriological investigations were carried out from lung, air sac, heart and liver when necropsy, and each sample was plated out directly on a blood agar for isolation of G. anatis. The results showed that the flock isolation rate of layers, native chickens, breeders and broilers were respectively 33.33% (58/174), 19.25% (31/161), 12.15% (13/107) and 7.14% (5/70). According to the result of chi-square statistic, we concluded that there is a relationship between isolation rate and chicken breeds (p < 0.05).

We assess the antimicrobial susceptibility for 5 quinolones by broth microdilution method, and found the high resistance rate. Polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequencing of gyrA and parC genes were performed to analysis the quinolone-resistance determining region (QRDR); besides, the detection of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes including qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, oqxA, oqxB and aac(6')-Ib-cr were conducted. The QRDR mutations in GyrA has been observed in all of the isolates, and the most common mutations were serine-83 to phenylalanine (which were also found the asparatic acid-87 to alanine), valine or isoleucine. In parC genes, 97 isolates showed threonine-58to isoleucine and 37 of the above showed glutamic acid-62 to glycine. The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used for data analysis, and the results indicated that double mutations in GyrA exhibited the significantly lower quinolone susceptibility than the isolates with single mutation (p < 0.05), whereas in ParC, there was no significant difference. oqxA and oqxB genes were detected in 13.3% and 3.1% of all isolates, and the other PMQR genes were absent. However, those carrying PMQR genes didn't show a relatively low susceptibility (p > 0.05).

In conclusion, we found the isolation rate of G. anatis is associated with chicken breeds, and the data showed the highest rate in layers. On the other hand, this study indirectly elucidated the contribution of amino acid substitutions in GyrA to quinolone resistance.

Reference:

Singh SV, Singh BR, Sinha DK, Kumar V, Vadhana P, Bhardwaj M, Dubey S. J Veterinar Sci Techno doi: 10.4172/2157-7579.1000324, 2016.

Chen YC. Master's thesis of department of veterinary medicine. National Chiayi University, Chiayi, 2016.
ID: 1170

SALMONELLA INFANTIS STRAINS VARY CONSIDERABLY IN COLONIZATION ABILITY OF BROILERS

C. Hess*(1), C.Kornschober(2), C.Ibesich(1), V.Drauch(1), M.Hess*(1)

(1) Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna (Vetmeduni Vienna), Vienna, Austria

(2) National Reference Centre for Salmonella, AGES, Graz, Austria

* Corresponding author: claudia.hess@vetmeduni.ac.at

Food-borne infections with Salmonella are among the most common causes of human diseases worldwide. EFSA (2018)1 reports a slight increase in human salmonella infections, whereby in addition to S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium, infections with the Serovar S. Infantis are becoming increasingly important. Poultry meat is considered as an important reservoir for S. Infantis salmonellosis in humans, being actually the most common serovar in broiler flocks in the EU. So far, different genetic clones of S. Infantis are reported. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the colonization ability of 2 genetically different S. Infantis strains in broilers. For this, 75 conventional broilers (ROSS 308) were randomly divided into 3 groups comprising 25 birds each. 15 birds each of groups 1 and 2 were infected orally on day 2 of life with 108 CFU/ml S. Infantis MSR-16/1939 (multiresistant) and S. Infantis MRS-17/00712 (fully sensitive), respectively. In both groups, 10 birds were kept as sentinels. Group 3 served as negative control. Sequential killing of the birds was done weekly after challenge until the age of 35 days. Tissue samples from liver, spleen and caeca were taken for determination of S. Infantis by CFU counting and enrichment procedure. Furthermore, weekly cloacal swabs were investigated to determine shedding. A clear difference was found in the colonization and shedding of the 2 strains. Strain MRS-16/1939 was re-isolated from most organs of infected and sentinel birds from 5 dpi onwards until the end of the study. The bacterial load determined by CFU counting ranged for liver and spleen from 100 to 102 CFU/g and for caeca from 108 to 1010 CFU/g. Additionally, all cloacal swabs from infected as well as sentinel birds of this group were positive. In contrast, only caeca were found positive for strain MRS-17/00712 applying enrichment of samples. Interestingly, the majority of cloacal swabs was negative.

The present investigation demonstrates substantial differences in the potential of S. Infantis strains to colonize broilers. This finding harmonizes with observations in the field and contributes to a better knowledge in regard to the infection dynamic of different S. Infantis strains belonging to different genetic clusters.

1. European Food Safety Authority, 2018. The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks in 2017.
ESCHERICHIA COLI ISOLATED FROM ORGANIC LAYERS REVEALS HIGH LEVEL OF ANTIMICROBIAL
RESISTANCE EVEN IN THE ABSENCE OF ANTIMICROBIAL TREATMENTS

C. Hess\*(1), S.Troxler(1), D.Jandreski-cvetkovic(1), M.Hess\*(1)

(1)Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna (Vetmeduni Vienna), Vienna, Austria

* Corresponding author: claudia.hess@vetmeduni.ac.at

In the actual study Escherichia coli was isolated from organic layers at 3 different points: before onset of lay (S1), at the peak of lay (S2) and at the end of lay (S3). For this, ovary, oviduct, heart, liver and lung were sampled and single colonies were confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time of flight-mass spectrometry analysis (Microflex LT instrument, Bruker Daltonic, Leipzig, Germany). A total of 209 isolates from 18 organic layer flocks were obtained and tested against 21 antimicrobial substances (ampicillin, amoxicillin, oxacillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cefazolin, cefoxitin, cefotaxim, ceftazidim, imipenem, streptomycin, neomycin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, tylosine, colistin, nalidixic acid, enrofloxacin, trimethoprime, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) by broth microdilution method.

All isolates were resistant against oxacillin and tylosin and a high level of resistance was also noticed against sulfamethoxazole (95.22%), nalidixic acid (91.87%), ceftazidim (82.30%) and colistin (73.68%). Nearly all isolates were susceptible against amoxicillin (97.61%), gentamicin (93.78%), imipenem (90.91) and cefotaxim (90.43%). A slight increase of resistant strains was noticed in older birds most obvious for enrofloxacin and tetracycline. No difference was noticed with regard to the level of resistance between isolates obtained from systemic vs reproductive organs, different to isolates of Gallibacterium anatis which were processed in the course of the same longitudinal study1.

Overall, the actual results indicate a high level of resistant E. coli isolates in organic layers even in flocks without antimicrobial intervention. Great heterogeneity between isolates from birds of the same farm and even within a single birds underlines the difficulties to implement targeted treatment, although much less relevant in organic flocks.

1 Hess, C et al. (2019). Antimicrobial resistance profiling of Gallibacterium anatis from layers reveals high number of multiresistant strains and substantial variability even between isolates from the same organ. Microb. Drug. Resist. doi: 10.1089/mdr.2019.0056
ID: 1175

ASSESSING COMPLIANCE WITH BIOSECURITY MEASURES IN FRENCH POULTRY FARMS USING INSPECTIONS REPORTS FROM VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH AUTHORITIES

M. Delpont\*(1), C. Guinat(2), A. Payot(2), J. Guérin(2), M. Paul(2)

\* Corresponding author: mattias.delpont@envt.fr

Biosecurity is a key parameter for the prevention of poultry farm contamination by pathogens. In 2016-2017, in the context of two epidemics of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) in France with respectively 81 (serotypes H5N1, H5N3, H5N9) and 485 (serotype H5N8, clade 2.3.4.4.) reported domestic outbreaks, regulations on biosecurity practices in the poultry industry were reinforced. In order to control compliance with those regulations, a program of on-farm inspections was carried out by the veterinary public health services on the whole French territory. A thorough assessment of on-farm biosecurity measures may require time-consuming farm visits. In that context it may prove difficult to conduct a study on a large number of farms.

This study provides an assessment of biosecurity in a large number of French poultry farms, using reports from on-farm inspections carried out by veterinary public health services.

A total of 1616 commercial poultry farm inspections was analysed and encompassed various poultry species (gallinaceous poultry, waterfowl), production types (breeders, layers, meat-type) and poultry-producing areas over the French territory. Due to the nature of the data and the heterogeneity of species and production types, farm size could not be studied. The most respected biosecurity measures included having single-age flocks, a satisfying management of farm equipment, the absence of pets in production units, and appropriate food and manure storage. The least respected biosecurity practices included the redaction of a farm-adapted biosecurity plan, the definition of different zones within the farm, the presence of well-equipped anterooms, pest management and proper decontamination protocols. A higher level of compliance with biosecurity measures was found in Southwest France area and in waterfowl farms, where previous HPAI outbreaks had occurred.

Those results provide insights on how to focus efforts for maintaining and improving biosecurity in French poultry farms.

<footnote>(1) Ecole Nationale Veterinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France</footnote>

<footnote>(2) Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France</footnote>
ID: 1177

IN VITRO ANTIPROTOZOAL ACTION OF 7 SPICE, MEDICINAL PLANTS AND ESSENTIAL OILS AGAINST 3 STAGES OF EIMERIA TENELLA

C. Girard\*(1), A.Silvestre(2), T.Chabrillat\*(1), S.Kerros(1)

(1)Phytosynthese, Mozac, France

(2) INRAE, Nouzilly, France

* Corresponding author: claire.girard@phytosynthese.com

Growing societal concerns to replace coccidiostats in poultry farms lead to the use of alternatives as plant bio-actives. To investigate natural molecules modes of action we designed this in vitro study to screen anti-protozoal activity of 4 spices or medicinal plants described by non-volatile active molecules (MedP) (Fabacea powder, Urticaceae extract, Punicaceae extract, Acanthaceae extract) and 3 essentials oils (EO) (Lilaceae EO, Lamiaceae EO, Lauraceae EO) against 3 different stages of E. tenella. First, cytotoxicity of samples was evaluated using MTS test against MDBK cells. The lowest dilution of each MedP or EO samples showing no cytotoxicity (lethal dose 10%) was used to perform 3 antiprotozoal tests. Sporozoite viability test was conducted in triplicate with Evans blue dye (incubation 41°C for 1h). Invasion inhibition test was performed in 96 microplate: 1.5×10⁴ MDBK cells, infected with sporozoites (MOI = 1), were incubated with each sample (4 replicates) at 41°C. E. tenella strain expressed an enzymatic activity which can be quantified. After 2h, substrate was added and enzymatic reaction measured after 2h incubation at 37°C. Invasion rate was calculated as percentage of samples respective absorbance compared to absorbance of control. Finally, 5 ×10⁵ non sporulated oocysts were incubated in triplicate with each MedP or each EO samples in solution of potassium dichromate (2%) at 26°C for 72h. Sporulation rate was defined as percentage of sporulated oocysts intested samples compared to sporulated oocysts in control. Mann-Whitney test was used to compare each sample rate to control. The 4 MedP samples were less cytotoxic than 3 EO samples (MedP diluted at 10-2, EO diluted at 10-4-10-6). MedP samples showed antiprotozoal activity against different E. tenella stages: sporozoites viability rate were between 76.2% and 27% (p = 0.05). Urticaeae extract showed also a sporulation rate of 68.8% (p=0.05). Punicaceae extract exhibited invasion rate of 74% (p<0.001) and sporulation rate of 81.6% (p=0.05). EOs showed only direct anti sporozoites activity (sporozoites viability rates between 76.7% and 81.6% (p=0.05)). MedP group showed antiprotozoal activity against different E. tenella stages, on the contrary of EOs, which only targeted sporozoites. This study helps to understand how bio-actives plants could act in association to reduce E. tenella pathogenicity.
# PATHO-MORPHOLOGICAL AND GENE LEVEL CHANGES IN INDUCED AFLATOXICOSIS IN WHITE PEKIN DUCKS (ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS DOMESTICUS)

S. Panda\*(1), I.Ali(1), S.Pati(2), S.Mishra(3), A.Acharya(1), G.Jena(1), G.Mohanty(1), D.Kumar(3)

(1)Odisha University of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneswar, India

(2)Odisha University of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneswar, India

(3)Regional Centre Avian Research Institute, Bhubaneswar, India

\* Corresponding author: drsusen_panda@yahoo.com

The present study attempts to analyze gross and microscopic changes in tissues and characterization of gene level changes in ducks induced with aflatoxin B1. The study was carried out in 120 nos. of white Pekin ducklings. Ducklings were reared under standard management system with ad libitum feed and water etc. for a period of 8 weeks. Aflatoxin B1 was added to the feed with different proportion at the dose rate of 6ppb, 12ppb, 24 ppb, & 48ppb through premix which were fed to the ducklings of Group 2, 3, 4, 5 respectively, after 3 days with Group 1 as control group. Grossly liver was enlarged, pale, soft and friable with marked congestion in 48 ppb AFB1. Microscopically, at 48 ppb, liver revealed vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes, mild sinusoidal congestion and focal necrotic area. Toxicopathological effect was pronounced at 48 ppb of aflatoxin B1. This experiment registered the first confirmation study of toxicopathological changes in the host upon induced aflatoxicosis at molecular level through gene expression of two candidate genes, IGF1 and Cytochrome P450 with in-house designed primer by qRT-PCR analysis. Expression of IGF1 in kidney, liver and spleen was down regulated to a very significant level (p<0.005) in case of ducks treated with 48 ppb of AFB1. CYP450 level was up regulated up to 2.14 fold in case of kidney, 1.57 fold in case of liver, and spleen 1.75 fold at 48 ppb. Expression of IGF1 & CYP450 gene in tissue can be used as a marker for evaluating toxic effect of aflatoxicosis. Toxic level at 48 ppb of Aflatoxin B1 in white pekin duck was validated by this study.

## References:

Espada, Y., M. Domingo, J. Gamez and M.A. Calvo. 1992. Pathological lesions following an experimental intoxication with aflatoxin B1 in broiler chickens. Res. Vet. Sci., 49: 275-279.

Giambrone, J.J., U.L. Diener, N.D. Davis, V.S. Panangala and F.J. Hoerr. 1985. Effects of aflatoxin on young turkeys and broiler chickens. Poult. Sci., 64:1678-1684

Sadana, J.R., R.K. Asrani and R.K.P. Gupta. 1992. Pathology of experimental aflatoxicosis in young Japanese quail. Indian J. Vet. Pathol., 27: 198-202.

Yarru, L. P., R. S. Settivari, N. K. S. Gowda, E. Antoniou, D. R. Ledoux, and G. E. Rottinghaus. 2009. Effects of turmeric (Curcuma longa) on the expression of hepatic genes associated with biotransformation, antioxidant, and immune systems in broiler chicks fed aflatoxin. Poult. Sci. 88: 2620-2627.
ID: 1289

FIRST REPORTED COINFECTION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI AND KURTHIA GIBSONII IN LAYING HENS

L. Lozica*(1), Ž.Mišković(2), B.Galinec(3), B.Stanarević(4), Ž.Gottstein(1)

(1) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia

(2) Ministry of Agriculture, Water Management and Forestry of Posavina Canton, Orašje, Bosnia and Herzegovina

(3) Luneta d.o.o., Sveti Đurđ, Croatia

(4) Agreks d.o.o. Donji Žabar, Donji žabar, Bosnia and Herzegovina

* Corresponding author: llozica@vef.hr

E. coli is a very common and well-known pathogen in the poultry industry. Although coinfections with other microorganisms have been often reported, to our knowledge, this is the first report of a coinfection with Kurthia gibsonii. Five different laying hen farms have recently reported increased morbidity and mortality rates, and suspected of colibacillosis. Their daily mortalities were examined and the most common lesions were perihepatitis, fibrinous peritonitis and salpingitis. During necropsies, swabs were taken from macroscopically changed organs and bone marrow, and examined bacteriologically. Identification of E. coli was done based on morphological characteristics and confirmed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry method, while identification of Kurthia was done based on 16S rRNA sequencing. Both E. coli and Kurthia gibsonii were isolated from liver, peritoneum, ovaries, oviduct and bone marrow samples in high quantity. In total, nine Kurthia isolates were phylogenetically analysed. Phylogenetic tree was constructed by Maximum Likelihood method and Jukes-Cantor model using Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA X). The results showed high level of homogeneity between seven isolates, while two isolates from different farms were separated from the main cluster. Although Kurthia spp. are not very well-known species, they are widely distributed in the environment. There is no evidence of pathogenicity in poultry, but they have been isolated from healthy animals and humans, as well as causative agents of infections. Considering the origin of our isolates, we assume the infection could occur ascendingly through the oviduct. Since there has been no reports on Kurthia infections in poultry, it is probably an opportunistic pathogen. Further research is needed to understand the pathogenesis of infection and to determine the importance of Kurthia gibsonii in poultry farming.
SYNERGISM OF MS-H STRAIN AND AUTOGENOUS E. COLI + G. ANATIS VACCINE IN THE PROTECTION
OF BROILER BREEDER FLOCK

Z. Gottstein*(1), L.Lozica(1), D.Horvatek tomic(1), M.Lukac(1), E.Prukner-radovcic(1), N.Dolencic(2), M.Vlahek(2)

(1)Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia

(2)Galivet doo, Prelog, Croatia

* Corresponding author: zgottstein@gmail.com

Monitoring showed that more than 70% of the layer and breeder flocks in Europe are positive for
Mycoplasma synoviae. It can cause respiratory distress, synovitis and changes on egg shells. However,
it is usually manifested as mild infection causing oxidative destruction of the epithelia, thus opening
entrance for other, generally opportunistic pathogens, like E. coli and G. anatis. Vaccination of MS using
MS-H strain showed excellent results in the protection of layers and breeders, as well as autogenous
vaccines against E. coli and G. anatis. In this study we present results of simultaneous application of
MS-H and autogenous E. coli + G. anatis vaccine in broiler breeder flocks. In total 8 flocksof 31000 Ross
308 breeder hens were longitudinally monitored. Three flocks were vaccinated twice using commercial
live and inactivated vaccines for E.coli, while two flocks were vaccinated using only autogenous E.coli
vaccine twice. One flock was vaccinated once using MS1 strain of MS in combinationwith autogenous E.
coli twice. On the other hand, two flocks were vaccinated once using MS-H vaccineat 9 weeks, and twice
using autogenous vaccine, in one flock only with E. coli and in the second E.coli+
G. anatis vaccine at 9 and 16 weeks of age. Production parameters (egg production, total and weekly
mortality) were collected in each flock during production till the 60 weeks of age and analysed
statistically. Results showed statistically significant drop in mortality and increase in egg production in
the flocks simultaneously vaccinated with MS-H and autogenous vaccines compared to the flocks
vaccinated only with commercial vaccines, with average decrease from 19,37 to 10,3%. Also, same
flocks have had lower mortality compared to flocks vaccinated only with autogenous vaccines, but not
significantly, which is 14,93%. In conclusion, combination of MS-H and autogenous vaccine significantly
lowers the mortality in broiler breeder flocks and improves the production.
ID: 1321

INFECTIOUS ENDOCARDITIS IN THE MULE DUCK: CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ETIOLOGICAL
ASSOCIATION OF STREPTOCOCCUS PLURANIMALIUM

M. Souvestre*(1), L.Robertet(2), P.Bolon(3), S.Castaing(4), E.Huchin(5), L.Deffreix(6), L.Corrand(7), D.Dubois(8),G. Croville(2),MH. Lucas(2), M.Delverdier(2), E.Oswald(9), J.Guerin(2)

(1)Veterinary School Toulouse, Toulouse, France

(2)ENVT, Toulouse, France

(3) ENVT, 31300, France

(4) Biovol 47, Monflanquin, France

(5)Abiopole, Ussac, France

(6)SOCSA Elevage 40, Amou, France

(7)Anibio, Arzacq-arraziguet, France

(8)CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France

(9)INSERM, Toulouse, France

* Corresponding author: marie.souvestre@envt.fr

In winter 2018, fourteen farms breeding mule duck in South West of France showed sudden mortality between 15 and 58 days of age. Major lesions were severe splenomegaly associated with vegetative endocarditis and spleen infarcts. In gallinaceous birds, bacterial septicemia leading to endocarditis was usually associated to Streptococcus and Enterococcus infections (Hedegaard et al., 2009; Bisgaard et al., 2010). However, it was never reported in ducks. Eleven farms were investigated to better assess the etiology of observed mortality. For seven clinical cases, bacterial strains were isolated from the heart by field veterinarians for further identification. For additional cases, samples were directly taken on farms in order to perform histology, bacteriology and biomolecular analysis. Fragments of abnormal tissue located on the mitral valve were removed in sterile conditions in order to perform 16S sequencing analysis and culture on specific media for MALDI-TOF identification. Additional PCR assays were also performed for the presence of other viral agents of interest (parvovirus of Derzsy's disease, circovirus, polyomavirus). Affected flocks presented a strong heterogeneity associated with brutal mortality ranging between 1.1 and 30%. Two farms presented birds having short beaks and "geese profiles" which leaded to suspect Derzsy's disease. Necropsy always showed splenomegaly with necrotic foci and vegetative endocarditis as main lesions. Bacteriological examinations from the mitral vegetations revealed pure cultures of bacterial colonies of small white smooth appearance having partial hemolysis. The colonies from each of the farms were identified by mass spectrometry as being Streptococcus pluranimalium. Additional 16S sequencing confirmed DNA sequences belonging to Streptococcus pluranimalium. Sequencing and assembly of 2 complete genomes were performed using Illumina NGS and confirmed the identification and some genetic diversity between these 2 strains. In human medicine, the mechanisms of infectious endocarditis have been well described and looked similar to our observations (McDonald et al., 2009). However, the origin of this severe sepsis remains to be clarified. Looking further ahead, including new field cases and possible experimental reproduction of the infection will give the opportunity to assess the pathogenesis and etiological role of Streptococcus pluranimalium.
EFFECTS OF A BLEND OF GLYCEROL ESTERS OF FATTY ACIDS ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF EXPERIMENTAL NECROTIC ENTERITIS IN BROILER CHICKS

V. Tsiouris*(1), I.Georgopoulou(2), T.Mantzios(2), K.Kiskinis(2), J.Vanheule(3), G.Filiousis(4), G.Papadopoulos(5), P.Fortomaris(5)

(1) Unit of Avian Medicine, Clinic of Farm Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

(2) Unit of Avian Medicine Clinic of Farm Animals Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

(3) Proviron Industries NV, Hemiksem,, Belgium

(4) Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,, Thessaloniki, Greece

(5) Laboratory of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

* Corresponding author: BILTSIOU@VET.AUTH.GR

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of a blend of glycerol esters of fatty acids on the pathogenesis of experimental necrotic enteritis in broiler chicks. One hundred and twenty 1-day old broiler chicks were randomly allocated to 4 treatment groups according to the following experimental design: group A, which served as negative control, group B, to which dietary supplementation of a blend of monoglycerides of fatty acids was applied, group C, to which a challenge of the birds with C. perfringens and Eimeria spp. was applied and group D, to which dietary supplementation and challenge was applied. The intestine, gizzard and liver were collected and scored for gross lesions from each bird, while one caecum was taken for microbiological analysis. The intestinal digesta were collected for pH and viscosity determination. The statistical analysis and evaluation of the experimental data revealed that the challenge of birds caused significantly (P≤0.05) more severe necrotic enteritis lesions, while the dietary supplementation reduced them significantly (P≤0.05). In addition, the challenge of birds, as well as its combination with a blend of glycerol esters of fatty acids, caused significantly (P≤0.05) more severe coccidiosis lesions, reduced significantly (P≤0.05) the pH and increased significantly (P≤0.05) the viscosity of ileum digesta. Finally, the dietary supplementation, the challenge as well as their combination increased significantly (P≤0.05) the Bifidobacterium spp. counts in the caecum. In addition, their combination increased significantly (P≤0.05) the E. coli counts in the caecum. The study provides evidence that the dietary supplementation of a blend of glycerol esters of fatty acids can significantly promote the performance and can reduce the severity of necrotic enteritis lesions and improve the gut health in broiler chicks.

Keywords: necrotic enteritis, glycerides, fatty acids, broiler chicks, microbiota

"This research has been co-financed by Greece and the European Union (European Regional Development Fund) within the Operational Program "EPIRUS 2014-2020". Project Code: 5033112. MIS: ΗΠ1ΑΒ-0028212. Acronym: EpirORNIS."
IN VITRO EFFICACY OF COMMERCIAL POULTRY ACIDIFIERS AGAINST POULTRY PATHOGENS

V. Tsiouris(1), I.Georgopoulou(2), T.Mantzios*(2), K.Kiskinis(2), E.Oikonomou(3), A.Tsitsos(3), G.Filiousis(4), A.Patsias(5), G.Papadopoulos(6), P.Fortomaris(6)

(1) Unit of Avian Medicine, Clinic of Farm Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

(2) Unit of Avian Medicine, Clinic of Farm Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

(3) Laboratory of Food Hygiene of Animal Origin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

(4) Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

(5) Agricultural Poultry Cooperation of Ioannina "PINDOS", Rodotopi, Ioannina, Greece, Ioannina, Greece

(6) Laboratory of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

* Corresponding author: BILTSIOU@VET.AUTH.GR

Commercial poultry acidifiers have been widely used in poultry production. The aim of this study was the in vitro investigation of the antimicrobial activities of five commercial poultry acidifiers (A-E) against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Campylobacter spp. and Listeria spp. The antibacterial activity of the products was tested by the micro-MIC method and expressed as the lower concentration of the products which inhibits bacterial growth. All the tested products exhibited antibacterial activity against the pathogens used in the study. Product A and Product B, mixtures of formic, lactic, acetic, propionic and sorbic acid, exhibited almost equal antibacterial activity. Both products were effective against the majority of the tested bacteria on MIC values of 0.14% v/v. In addition, the products exhibited high anti-Campylobacter activity; such were effective against C. jejuni and C. coli, in a concentration of 0.07% v/v. Product C, a mixture of propionic, benzoic and sorbic acids blended with cooper-chelates, ethanol and prebiotics was effective inhibiting bacterial growth in concentrations varying from 0.02-1.14% v/v. Particularly, the product was effective against C. jejuni under low concentrations (0.02-0.28% v/v), in contrast to L. innocua, for which higher concentration was required (1.14 % v/v). Product D, a blend of organic acids, short-chain fatty acids in the form of butyric acid and prebiotics was effective against tested microorganisms in a concentration ranging from 0.04-0.57 % v/v. Remarkable was its efficacy against C. jejuni and L. monocytogens with MIC ranging from 0.04-0.14% v/v and 0.08-0.16 % v/v, respectively. Product E, an acidifier based on hydrogen peroxide, blended with complexed silver was effective under extremely low concentrations against the tested bacteria, with MIC values lower than 0.01% v/v. The MIC tests indicated that the tested products exhibited promising antimicrobial effects in vitro against all the pathogens used in the study. Since the majority of these products are registered as feed additives and the dosage scheme has been designed for growth enhancement, further studies are needed to define the appropriate dosage protocol for pathogen control. Thus, more precisely targeted strategies for applying acidifiers as feed additives may be developed.

Keywords: poultry, acidifiers, disinfectants, organic and inorganic acids, antimicrobial activity, MIC.
"This research has been co-financed by Greece and the European Union (European Regional Development Fund) within the Operational Program "EPIRUS 2014-2020". Project Code: 5033112. MIS: ΗΠ1ΑΒ-0028212. Acronym: EpirORNIS."
IN VITRO EFFICACY OF COMMERCIAL POULTRY ACIDIFIERS AND PHYTOGENICS AGAINST POULTRY PATHOGENS

V. Tsiouris(1), I.Georgopoulou(2), T.Mantzios(2), K.Kiskinis*(2), E.Oikonomou(3), A.Tsitsos(4), G.Filiousis(5), A.Patsias(6),G. Georgopoulou (7),P.Fortomaris(7)

(1) Unit of Avian Medicine, Clinic of Farm Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

(2) Unit of Avian Medicine, Clinic of Farm Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,, Thessaloniki, Greece

(3) Laboratory of Food Hygiene of Animal Origin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,, Thessaloniki, Greece

(4) Laboratory of Food Hygiene of Animal Origin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

(5) Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

(6) Agricultural Poultry Cooperation of Ioannina "PINDOS", Rodotopi, Ioannina, Greece, Ioannina, Greece

(7) Laboratory of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

* Corresponding author: BILTSIOU@VET.AUTH.GR

Phytogenics and acidifiers have been used as feed additives in order to improve nutrient absorption, stimulate the secretion of digestive enzymes and promote birds' performance. The aim of the current study was to investigate the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of commercial phytogenics and acidifiers against common poultry pathogens. This study includes in vitro research of the antimicrobial activity of five commercial poultry products (A-E), from both categories, against Staphylococcus spp., Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Campylobacter spp. and Listeria spp. The antibacterial activity of the products was tested by the micro-MIC method and expressed as the lower concentration of the products which inhibits bacterial growth. All the tested products exhibited antibacterial activity against the pathogens used in the study. Product A, a blend of EOs with a high concentration of cinnamon, was effective against C. jejuni and C. coli in low MICs values 0.017-0.071% v/v. Higher concentration (1.14-4.54% v/v) was needed against S. aureus, Salmonella spp., E. coli and Listeria spp. Product B, a blend of EOs with cinnamon, was also effective against all the bacteria strains with MIC values ranging from 0.14-9,10% v/v. Product C, a blend of formic and propionic acid, was effective against Escherichia coli, L. monocytogenes Scott A, C. jejuni and C. coli in a concentration of 0.57% v/v. Product D, a blend of propionic, acetic and formic acid, was remarkably effective against E. coli, S. aureus and L. innocua in low MICs values varying from 0.14- 0.57% v/v. Product E, a blend of lactic, citric and orthophophoric acid, was effective against all the bacteria tested in concentration from 0.28-1.14% v/v. The results of this study indicate the antimicrobial properties of phytogenics and acidifiers against common pathogens. However, the majority of these products are registered as feed additives and the dosage scheme has been designed for growth enhancement, further studies are needed to define the appropriate dosage protocol for pathogen control.

KEYWORDS: commercial poultry products, MIC, essential oils, acidifiers, antimicrobial activity, bacteria.
"This research has been co-financed by Greece and the European Union (European Regional Development Fund) within the Operational Program "EPIRUS 2014-2020". Project Code: 5033112. MIS: ΗΠ1ΑΒ-0028212. Acronym: EpirORNIS."
ID: 1392

BROILER HOUSE PARTICULATE MATTER, AEROBIOME, AND ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT E. COLI UNDER
"RAISED WITHOUT ANTIBIOTICS" PRODUCTION.

G. Zock*(1), L.Chai(1), A.Oladeinde(1), J.Johnson(1), A.Fuller(1), M.Milfort(1), A.Bosch(1), J.Plumblee
lawrence(1),D. Cudnik(1),S.Aggrey(1)

(1) University of Georgia; United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, United States

* Corresponding author: gregzock@uga.edu

Broiler houses introduce high levels of particulate matter (PM) and airborne bacteria which may lead to health concerns and pathogenic transfer in birds and handlers. The general shift towards antibiotic (AB)-free live broiler production indicates the need for active research on AB resistant commensal bacteria that may persist in broiler houses under "Raised Without AB (RWA)" production. While studies have shown compositional profiles of PM and bacteria in broiler houses, there is no data on temporal or spatial changes in broiler house aerobiome or AB resistant bacteria. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between PM, litter factors (moisture and E. coli abundance), aerobiome, and AB resistant E. coli. 125 Cobb-500 broiler chicks were raised in floor pens on "built-up" litter for 49 days following RWA production conditions. A DustTrak DRX (TSI Inc) was used to measure airborne PM sizes of 2.5 and 10 micrometers. Open petri dishes with ECC CHROMagar(TM) or Brain Heart Infusion agar were placed in the broiler house to quantify levels of airborne coliforms, E. coli, and total bacteria. Bacterial and PM sampling took place at heights representing bird level (height 1), human level (height 2) and upper room circulation (height 3) for 12 minutes. PM sizes consisted of 18-25% PM2.5 and 33-50% PM10 regardless of height or day of sampling. PM changed consistently throughout the study, and there was no significant difference between heights (P>0.05). No airborne E. coli was detected at day 0, however, E. coli was measured on day 7 at 2.98 and 3.76 log CFU/m3 for height 1 and 3. Although airborne E. coli increased and ranged from 4.49-4.95 log CFU/m3 from day 14-28, there was no significant difference between heights (P>0.05). In contrast, coliform bacteria concentration decreased at all heights from day 14-28. AB susceptibility testing was done on a selected number of E. coli isolates (n=71) with 66% of isolates susceptible to 14 antibiotics tested and 23% displaying multidrug resistance to two or more classes of antibiotics. A multiple regression test revealed that airborne E. coli was positively correlated to litter E. coli and PM2.5 (P<0.001) and negatively correlated to PM10 (P<0.001) with litter moisture having no significant effect. There was no significant correlation found between these factors and concentrations of airborne coliforms. This study shows that decreasing levels of PM2.5 may decrease airborne bacteria concentrations.
ID: 1402

PROTECTIVE EFFICACY OF RECOMBINANT HVT ND-IBD VACCINE AGAINST VIRULENT NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS CHALLENGE IN BROILER CHICKENS

G. Udomtham\*(1), N.Charoenvisal(2), P.Areeraksakul(2), S.Moonjuntee(2), S.Aiemsri(1), R.Koopman(3), J.Sasipreeyajan(2)

(1) MSD Animal Health (Thailand), Bangkok, Thailand

(2) Avian Health Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

(3) MSD Animal Health, Boxmeer, Netherlands

* Corresponding author: gatalee.udomtham@merck.com

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is one of the most important infectious agents encountered in poultry industry worldwide due to the high mortality and production loss associated with the disease. Preventive measures are including biosecurity and vaccination. The objectives of this study were to determine the efficacy and performance of different vaccination programs of recombinant HVT (rHVT) ND-IBD (Innofusion ND-IBD, MSD) vaccine compared to rHVT ND (Vectormune HVT-ND, Ceva)+immune complex IBD (Transmune, Ceva) vaccines against challenge with virulent Newcastle disease virus (vNDV) in broiler chickens. Chickens were randomly allocated into 4 groups. Groups 1-3 received different combinations of vaccine at 1-day-old, these were: Group 1 received live combine ND+IB vaccine (Ma5/Clone 30, MSD) simultaneously vaccinated with rHVT ND-IBD vaccine. Group 2 received the same live vaccines simultaneously vaccinated with inactivated ND (iND) (ND Broiler, MSD) and rHVT ND-IBD vaccines. Group 3 received live combine ND(B1)+IB(Mass) vaccine simultaneously vaccinated with rHVT-ND vaccine. At 7-day-old, Groups 1 and 2 received live ND (Clone30, MSD) vaccine and Group 3 received live ND (LaSota) vaccine. Group 4 was the non-vaccinated control group. At 14 and 28-day-old, each chicken in Groups 1-4 received approximately 105 EID50 of virulent Genotype VII NDV challenged, 20 chickens of each vaccinated group and 10 chickens of the non-vaccinated group at each time point. The presence of HVT in spleen at 14 and 28-day-old, protection and performance after they received the challenge virus and antibodies against NDV were determined and compared statistically. The results revealed that the presence of HVT in spleen of the vaccinated groups 1, 2 and 3 at 14 and 28-day-old was 100, 100 and 70 percent and 70, 70 and 90 percent, respectively. Protection of chickens in Groups 1, 2, 3 and 4, that received the challenge virus at 14-day-old, was 35, 75, 35 and 0 percent, respectively. While protection of chickens which received the challenge virus at 28-day-old was 70, 70, 70 and 10 percent, respectively. Body weight gain and serological response of chickens in Group 2 were among the highest. It is concluded that chickens which received live vaccine simultaneously vaccinated with iND and rHVT ND-IBD vaccines at 1-day-old and received live vaccine at 7-day-old had the highest protection and performance against challenge with vNDV at 14 and 28-day-old.
ID: 1423

EVALUATION OF POULTRY RED MITES SUSCEPTIBILITY TO COMMERCIAL ACARIDES

I. Rádsetoulalová*(1), L.Kupčíková(1), M.Lichovníková(1)

(1)Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic

* Corresponding author: iva.radsetoulalova@mendelu.cz

The poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) is one of an economic problem in egg-laying hens today. This hematophagous ectoparasite is found up to 95 % flocks in Europe, USA, Japan and China. The cost expands on fight with it and production losses are calculated on 360 million EUR per year. Infestation by poultry red mites can lead to decrease in egg production and quality, aggressive feather-pecking among hens, cannibalistic behavior or death syndrome. Poultry red mite may be a vector of a variety of poultry pathogens including zoonoses.

The most often used chemical substances to eliminate poultry red mites are pyrethroids, derivatives of fenols (DEET), carbamates, spinosin, organofosfates, amidine. Using products based on these substances is legislative constrained or absolutely prohibited in some countries. Their advantages are simple application and lower costs, very effective on the beginning. Their disadvantages are nonavailability of new molecules, residues, toxicity, short-term effectiveness, necessary to repeat application until a week, resistance of poultry red mites to chemical substance, some products may be used only in empty poultry house. These products are still used for poultry red mites elimination.
This study evaluated susceptibility of poultry red mites to four commercially used acaricides (Milba STOP ultra, Elector, Poultry Shield, Byemite). Poultry red mites came from a farm with cages system for table eggs production in the Czech Republic in 2019. For the tests in vitro direct contact method was used; Method No. 11 from IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee) Susceptibility Test Methods Series. According to the method concentrations of acaricides were used as follow: 0% (acetone only control); 20%; 100% of the recommended field application rates. All commercial acaricides caused mortality of poultry red mites in all their stages of development. The evaluation of susceptibility and resistance of poultry red mites to commercially used acaricides by Susceptibility rating scheme showed, that poultry red mites were highly susceptible to Poultry Shield and they wereresistant to acaricides Milba STOP ultra, Elector, Byemite on the farm. Poultry Shield caused 100% mortality of all poultry red mites at tested concentrations (20% and 100%). Acaricide Milba STOP ultracause 95% mortality of poultry red mites at 20% concentration and 70% mortality at 100% concentration. Acaricide Elector caused 77% mortality of poultry red mites at 20% concentration and 87% mortality at 100% concentration. Acaricide Byemite caused 78% mortality of poultry red mites at20% concentration and 87% mortality at 100% concentration.
ID: 1431

# IMMUNE FUNCTION AND MACROPHAGE-SURVIVAL IN A STAPHYLOCOCCUS AGNETIS MODEL FOR BACTERIAL LAMENESS IN BROILERS

D. Rhoads*(1), A.Shwani(1), N.Ekesi(1), S.Zaki(1), S.Lenaduwe(1), A.Alrubaye(1)

(1)University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, United States

* Corresponding author: drhoads@uark.edu

## Objective

Staphylococcus agnetis has been previously associated with subclinical cases of mastitis in dairy cattle. We first reported the isolation of this species from the bones and blood of lame broilers at the University of Arkansas. Since then, others have identified this same species in chickens. We have demonstrated transmission of bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (BCO) through aerosols or in drinking water. BCO primarily affects the growth plate in the proximal femur and tibia, the fast-growing leg bones. We have identified a particular BCO isolate, S. agnetis 908, that can induce very high incidences of lameness and bacteremias in broilers under standard growing conditions. We have determined that certain feed supplements an enhance peripheral blood monocyte activity against strain 908. We have published the complete annotated genome of strain 908 and have compared it to existing genomes for isolates from mastitis in cattle and chicken isolates in commercial operations. Phylogenomic analyses of chicken and cattle isolates show the hypervirulent chicken isolate, 908, is closely related to two cattle isolates, including strain 1379. We have found that strain 1379 is efficiently killed by immortalized chicken macrophage, while strain 908 not only survives phagocytosis, it kills the macrophage within 2 days. We have therefore employed directed genome evolution (DGE) to identify the determinants of macrophage survival and killing as a model for survival in the blood stream.

## Methods

Genome analyses have identified 40 genes and 3 plasmids from strain 908 absent or poorly conserved in any of the cattle S. agnetis isolates. DNA from strain 908 was electroporated into strain 1379 which was then passaged through chicken macrophage to select for resistant bacteria that kill chicken macrophage. Survivor genomes for multiple independent transformants were sequenced and assembled.

## Results

Survival and killing is associated with particular amino acid substitutions in either of two copies of the deoxyribose-phosphate aldolase gene.

## Conclusions

The deoxyribose-phosphate aldolase gene has been previously associated with stress response in other systems. The exact mechanism for facilitating survival in S. agnetis is not known but it likely is critical for survival in the blood system in order to reach and colonize the proximal growth plates resulting in BCO.
ENHANCED BIOSECURITY THROUGH IN-HOUSE COMPOSTING OF ROUTINE MORTALITIES

D. Reynolds* (1)

(1)University of Nebraska - Lincoln, United States

* Corresponding author: dreynolds2@unl.edu

Routine mortality losses occur in poultry production systems and the carcass disposal method is an important component of the farm biosecurity program to prevent disease transmission. Several methods exist for carcass disposal – incineration, burial, composting, rendering, landfill, etc. – all are typically performed outside the production area but within or near the farm creating a biosecurity risk for spreading disease. Composting is commonly used for carcass disposal because it is economical and yields a valued soil amendment. However, management of open outdoor compost systems can be challenging especially in instances of excessive temperatures and precipitation. Additionally, the open area lends itself to invasion by insects, rodents and animals all of which increase biosecurity risks. Although large, industrial-type composters that completely contain the compost process are available, these typically require substantial infrastructure and space making them cost prohibitive for many producers. In biosecurity terms, a line of separation (LOS) is a defined line or physical barrier that separates poultry within a building from exposure to potential risk factors (i.e. pathogens) from outside the facility. A major advantage of in-house composting is confining mortalities within the facility (i.e. within the LOS) which enhances biosecurity because it decreases the potential of spreading diseases from barn-to-barn and farm-to-farm. Additionally, in-house composting provides ideal conditions for composting that facilitates rapid carcass decomposition and pathogen inactivation. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness and feasibility of using an inexpensive, commercially available, tumbler composter for in-house composting of poultry mortalities and evaluate its potential to transmit disease under laboratory and field conditions.

We assessed the biocontainment of the tumbler composters under experimental conditions using two viruses and a bacterium all of which are commonly found in poultry operations. We chose the B1type Lasota vaccine strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). NDV is an enveloped virus that is relatively labile in the environment. We also selected the Massachusetts vaccine strain of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). IBDV is a nonenveloped virus that is environmentally stable. As our bacterium, we selected and used Salmonella Kentucky that was isolated from a healthy broiler flock. Specific pathogen free chickens were used as sentinel birds that were placed in biosafety level 2 facilities alongwith the composter. The composter contained used poultry litter, poultry mortalities and was frequently inoculated with the viral vaccines or Salmonella Kentucky preparations. The sentinel birds were assessed for serologic antibodies to the viruses over a period of 6 weeks. Four separate virus trials (2 trials for each virus) were performed. The sentinel birds in the Salmonella Kentucky trial weretested weekly for a period of 12 weeks by swabbing their cloacas and culturing for Salmonella Kentucky. The results indicated that tumbler composters did not increase the spread of the viral or bacterial agents used in the trials. Additionally, we have tested the tumbler composters under field conditions with different commercial poultry operations. We conclude that in-house composting using tumbler composters is an efficient, effective and biosecure method of disposing of routine mortalities.
VALIDATION OF A MACROSCOPIC SCORING SYSTEM FOR FOOT PAD DERMATITIS BY USING HISTOPATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS IN BROILER CHICKEN

A. Piller*(1), S.Bergmann(1), A.Schwarzer(1), M.Erhard(1), B.Spindler(2), J.Stracke(2), P.Schmidt(3), J.Bachmeier(4), B. Boehm(5), H. Louton(1)

(1) Chair of Animal Welfare, Ethology, Animal Hygiene and Animal Husbandry, LMU Munich, Germany, Munich, Germany

(2) Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany

(3) Statistical Consulting for Science and Research, Munich, Germany

(4) Veterinary Practice, Straubing, Germany

(5) Bavarian Animal Health Service, Department of Pathology, Poing, Germany

* Corresponding author: a.piller@tierhyg.vetmed.uni-muenchen.de

Foot pad dermatitis (FPD) is an inflammatory lesion on the plantar skin on broiler chicken feet and a good animal welfare indicator. The aim of the study was to validate an appropriate macroscopic scoring system for FPD by measuring the histological depth of a lesion and evaluating the histopathological severity of the lesion (no lesion, mild lesion, ulcers).

Prior to data collection, the interobserver reliability was calculated as well as the sampling size by simulating different data sets and assuming proper conditional probabilities. The macroscopic scoring system was a modified 5-point score in accordance to Welfare Quality® (2009). In total 200 feet (40 of each score) from 39-42 days old Ross 308 broilers were visually scored, the size of the foot and a lesion, if present, manually measured and histological slides prepared. These hematoxylin-eosin stained slides were scored according to the scheme by Michel et al. (2012) and the depth of inflammation was measured. A score was assigned to each single foot, but took place without knowing the previous visual score. The statistical relations of macroscopic score, microscopic score and depth of inflammation were estimated via regression models for ordinal responses.

A one to one assignment is not possible if macroscopically findings are compared to microscopically findings, but a lower or higher macroscopic scores corresponded to lower or higher microscopic scores. Feet with no histological lesion were in majority assigned to feet without visual lesions. The presence of ulcer is first observed in feet with macroscopic score 1 and predominant at macroscopic score 2 (58%, e.g. superficial lesions with a lesion over 0.5 cm diameter) and macroscopic score 3 (92.5%). Feet with macroscopic score 4 only contained histopathological scored ulcers (100%). Feet with histological no lesions were assigned with a sensitivity of 0.96 and specificity of 0.92 correctly. Feet with mild lesions could be predicted with a sensitivity of 0.71 and specificity of 0.73 and feet with ulcer with a sensitivity of 0.67 and specificity of 0.96. There was an increase in the measured inflammation depth in rising macroscopic scores, this was however not significant.

Based on our results, we can recommend visual scoring as a practicable tool to assess FPD. The study elaborates significant links between the examined macroscopic and microscopic scoring systems and shows high comparability with limitations of the diagnosis of mild lesions.
SELECTION OF BEST COMBINATIONS OF NON-CHEMICAL CONTROL OF THE POULTRY RED MITE FOR
UPSCALING IN IPM PROGRAMMES

N. Sleeckx*(1), E.Decru(2), R.Batrix(3), A.Chanteloube(4), A.Burel(5), A.Vargas navarro(6), J.Walton(7), G.Chiron(8),M.Berthou(4), L.Roy(9)

(1)Experimental Poultry Centre, Geel, Belgium

(2)Experimental Poultry Centre, Geel, Belgium

(3)CEFE/CNRS, Montpellier, France

(4)Sordaer, Morlaix, France

(5) Nor-Feed, Beaucouzé, France

(6) Koppert BV, Berkel en rodenrijs, Netherlands

(7)RSK ADAS, Bristol, United Kingdom

(8)Technical Poultry Institute (ITAVI), Paris, France

(9)Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France

* Corresponding author: nathalie.sleeckx@provincieantwerpen.be

The Poultry Red Mite (PRM) Dermanyssus gallinae causes serious health and welfare problems and production losses in the egg industry worldwide. Controlling this ectoparasite is very challenging because it spends life at a distance of hens, thus accumulating in the whole poultry house, and because of resistance emergence against chemical treatments. A sustainable approach is needed to decrease use of chemicals, ban illegal treatments, increase animal health and welfare, economic profitability and food safety. Non-chemical treatments emerge, though none of them seem to be sufficient as a stand-alone treatment. A promising course of action is Integrated Pest Management (IPM), where chemicals are only used as a last resort.

This study, part of MiteControl*, aims to evaluate the relevance of different combinations of 4 non-chemical treatments (predatory mites, plant-based feed additives, vaccines and electrified perches). Their compatibility and synergistic effect were investigated by 2 types of complementary experiments. The first were based on 60 experimental units that mimic small parts of a poultry house and allow a strict control of mite infestations and adequate replica's. Subsequent trials were conducted on an experimental farm under field conditions. In both trials, PRM populations were intensively monitored, and in the first, predatory mite populations were assessed as well. Non-parametric univariate and multivariate tests were conducted in the first trials and temporal changes were assessed in the field trials.

Preliminary results show no adverse effect from plant-based products and vaccines on predators. It was confirmed that in compartments with high start PRM infestation, control was quite difficult regardless of the treatments used, and the temporal dynamics of PRM populations show much faster PRM population growths than initially predicted by a mathematical model.

Our work provides not only useful information for the implementation of non-chemical strategies, but also progress in the general understanding of PRM control. This will feed the development of IPM strategies, to sustainably and efficiently control PRM in poultry farms.

* The project MiteControl (NWE 756, Ensuring food safety, animal health and welfare standards through development of innovative IPM programmes to control poultry red mite infestations) was funded by the European Regional Development Fund provided by the Interreg North-West Europe Programme.
ID: 316

# PROTECTION AGAINST IBV CHALLENGE DURING THE PRODUCTION PERIOD

H. Bakri\*(1), E.Al-hallaq(1)

(1) Vaxxinova International BV, Amman, Jordan

* Corresponding author: husam.bakri@vaxxinova.com

## INTRODUCTION

IBV is considered as one of the highly contagious respiratory diseases of chickens, leads to economic losses in poultry worldwide. Despite of vaccination, it still a major cause of poor egg production in breeders and layers. In the last few years it was noticed that breeders and layers were facing a production drop problem during laying after the peak, in the Middle East area, as part of the world, the production drop reached up to 15%, in addition to egg quality, higher percentage when it is combined with other respiratory diseases. Thus, it was deemed worthwhile to investigate the causative agents behind this problem.

## MATERIALS AND METHODS

Samples were tested by PCR, ELISA and HI. Molecular results showed different IBV variant strains were playing a role during the problem at different farms such as IBV: 274/ Var O2/Q1/ QX and 793, the same was confirmed by HI tests. So, a farm of 60, 000 birds was chosen. The flock monitored was given @ day 1 IBV Mass, @ day 14 CHB and @ 13 weeks IBV 793, Then it was given@ 16 weeks boosting inactivated killed vaccine of IB3 (Mass, 274 and 1466), then monitored monthly from 17 weeks until 42 weeks of age, the antibodies titer of IBV: 274/Mass and 1466 were measured monthly using the HI test of specific antigen for each sub serotype. Additionally, the production curve monitored. As according to Box et al, 1988, that higher level of protection against egg drop after IBV challenge is correlated with higher HI-titer (more is better).

## RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

The HI results showed high titer of different IBV strains, which indicates IBV challenge, while ELISA showed a challenge in MS starting at week 22 weeks of age, keep in mind that no vaccine is available in the market against MS. However, when production drop monitored it was noticed that drop in production is less (2%) compared to one before administration of IB3 vaccine (15%), In addition to improvement in egg quality as well, while MS still positive.

In conclusion, it was noticed that induction of the IB3 vaccine:

* Increased the protection against several IBV strains even in the presence of MS challenge, which helps in reduction of MS damage compared to previous flock, before starting the treatment. Also, it provides high level of protection against egg drop.

* Boosting with inactivated IBV vaccines helps getting higher antibody titers, which is related with higher protection.

* Presence of more strains in inactivated vaccine is helpful to induce more antibodies against more strains.

Key words: IB3, layers, production period
TREATMENT INCIDENCE FOR COCCIDIOSIS IN BROILERS ON DIFFERENT ANTICOCCIDIAL CONTROL PROGRAMS IN FIELD CONDITIONS

M. Marien(1), M. Vereecken(1), B. Dehaeck(2), S. Bekaert(1), W. Schelstraete(1), K. De Gussem(1)

(1) Huvepharma NV, Antwerp, Belgium

(2) Huvepharma NV, Alntwerp, Belgium

* Corresponding author: maja.marien@huvepharma.com

From January till July 2019, 737 Belgian broiler flocks were monitored for their coccidiosis prevention program and the coccidiosis treatment incidence.

For two different coccidiosis control programs, the number of flocks that were diagnosed with coccidiosis problems and were prescribed a coccidiosis intervention (either a veterinary product or an alternative substance) by the veterinarian, were compared. Programs compared were: 139 flocks on nicarbazin/narasin from one day old until thinning (nic/nar full) and 598 flocks on nicarbazin/narasin until 20 days of age followed by salinomycin (Sacox®) until thinning (nic/nar-salinomcyin shuttle). Anticoccidial products were used at registered dosages. After thinning (±32 days) all flocks received blank feed until slaughter (±38 days). Diagnosis for coccidiosis was based upon clinical signs, necropsy and lesion scoring (Johnson and Reid, 1970).

In the nic/nar full group, 70 flocks out of 139 (50%) were diagnosed and treated for coccidiosis which is in steep contrast to the 22% treatment incidence for the shuttle program (132 out of 598). Furthermore, 65 (93%) of the treatments in the nic/nar full group were started with the indication of Eimeria acervulina coccidiosis problems. On the other hand, in the nic/nar-salinomycin shuttle program only 83 treatments (63%) were started for E. acervulina problems. Treatments in both programs were initiated at similar ages with most treatments started between 20 and 30 days of age. The difference in treatment results was highly significant when compared using the chi-square test (p < 0.001).

These results show that despite of the inclusion of anticoccidials in the feed, treatments for coccidiosis are often initiated. The main species for treatment on the both anticoccidial programs compared was E. acervulina. A significant difference was seen between the two evaluated coccidiosis control programs in the incidence of coccidiosis problems requiring treatment. Reduced sensitivity of Eimeria field strains for the products used is a possible explanation for the observed differences. These results therefore confirm the need for regular monitoring and evaluation of coccidiosis control programs in order to obtain and maintain optimal anticoccidial efficacy.

Johnson, J and Reid, WM (1970). Anticoccidial drugs: lesion scoring techniques in battery and floor-pen experiments with chickens. Experimental Parasitology, 28, 30-36.
ID: 406

PROTECTION AGAINST A RECENT NDV VELOGENIC AVIAN ORTHO-AVULAVIRUS TYPE-1 (VAOAV-1) GENOTYPE VII.2 BELGIUM 2018 STRAIN FROM BELGIUM USING A DOUBLE CONSTRUCT RHVT-ND-IBD VACCINE ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH LIVE ND CL30 VACCINE.

R. Koopman\*(1)

(1) MSD Animal Health, Boxmeer, Netherlands

* Corresponding author: rik.koopman@merck.com

Newcastle disease (ND) is a worldwide challenge for the poultry industry, since the 1950s birds are vaccinated to prevent ND outbreaks. New molecular techniques have given more diagnostic tools to follow the genetic evolution of ND field viruses but also gave the opportunity to develop modern vaccines that can be given from hatchery and are beneficial in increasing accuracy of vaccination and reduce vaccine reaction. We are still looking for a good balance between protection and performance. Worldwide, most ND vaccines are based on a ND genotype II strain, but new diagnostics have new diagnostics have led to further differentiation in genotypes within the ND population and the logical question is raised; do we need a homologous genotype vaccine to control the different existing genotypes. In 2018 there was an ND isolation of a velogenic Avian Ortho-avulavirus type-1 (NDV) genotype VII.2. in Belgium. This isolate was used as a challenge strain to evaluate two vaccination programs based on the ND genotype II strain.

The objective of the study is the evaluation of day-old ND vaccinations in specific pathogenic free (SPF) birds. The study consisted of four groups: Group 1 rHVT-ND-IBD (with the ND insert based upon Clone 30 ND), Group 2 rHVT-ND-IBD + live ND CI30, Group 3 positive control and Group 4 negative control. The protection was evaluated after challenge at 3 and 4 weeks post vaccination with velogenic Avian Ortho-avulavirus type-1 (vAOAV-1) genotype VII.2 Belgium 2018 strain. Protection was determined by monitoring clinical signs including mortality and reduction of shedding of the challenge virus. The study was performed in the facilities of the Belgium Sciensano laboratory.

The results show that both vaccinated groups using ND genotype II vaccines induce 100% clinical protection (P-value < 0.05) at 3 and 4 weeks challenge and a significant level of reduction of shedding (P-value < 0.05) for the group rHVT-ND-IBD + live ND CI30 compared to the non-vaccinated - challenged (positive control) group.

ND genotype II vaccines are effective in controlling the clinical signs of a ND genotype VII challenge at 3 and 4 weeks post vaccination at day-old and for a severe ND challenge the vaccination advice should be combined administration rHVT-ND-IBD + live CI30 to obtain also significant reduction of shedding.
ID: 459

# EFFICACY OF A NICARBAZIN/MONENSIN, A NOVEL COCCIDIOSTAT COMBINATION PRODUCT, IN THE CONTROL OF COCCIDIOSIS IN BROILERS

B. Dehaeck*(1), M. Marien(1), M. Vereecken(1), M. Geerinckx(1), K. De gussem(1)

(1)Huvepharma, Antwerp, Belgium

* Corresponding author: ben.dehaeck@huvepharma.com

The efficacy of Monimax® (nicarbazin/monensin; Huvepharma®) at a concentration of 40mg/kg (40ppm) nicarbazin and 40mg/kg (40ppm) monensin, administered in feed was assessed in broilers after an experimental coccidiosis challenge under battery conditions.

Birds were reared without coccidiostats till the age of 14 days when they were allocated to the different groups. Monimax® treated birds were compared to an infected untreated control (IUC) and an uninfected untreated control (UUC) group. Each group consisted of 7 replicate cages (5 Ross 308 males/cage).

At the age of 17 days all birds in the IUC and Monimax® groups were inoculated with a mixture of E. acervulina, E. maxima and E. tenella (European origin). Birds from the UUC were sham-inoculated.

Daily weight gain (DWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), intestinal lesion scoring (ILS) and oocyst shedding were compared. Statistical analysis methodology was in accordance with those outlined in the WAAVP guidelines for evaluating anticoccidial drugs in chickens and turkeys (Holdsworth et al., 2004). All tests were 2-sided and the level of significance was set at 5%.

The challenge was successful as proven by the significantly lower DWG, increased FCR, average lesion scores and higher oocyst production in the IUC compared to the UUC.

Administration of Monimax® was able to significantly improve performance (DWG, FCR) in the acute infection phase (D17-D23). Although not statistically significant, total ILS at D23 were lower in the Monimax® supplemented group in comparison to the IUC. At D27 OPG counts for all the examined species were (often significantly) lower in the Monimax® group compared with the IUC group.

The results from this trial demonstrate the efficacy of Monimax® (nicarbazin/monensin) for prevention of coccidiosis in broilers. Under present study conditions, we can conclude, based on significant lower oocyst shedding, lower coccidiosis lesions and significant better performance, that the administration of Monimax® proved efficacious against coccidiosis infection in broilers.

Holdsworth PA, Conway DP, McKenzie ME, Dayton AD, Chapman HD, Mathis GF, Skinner JT, Mundt HC, Williams RB; World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology. WAAVP guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of anticoccidial drugs in chickens and turkeys. (2004), Vet. Parasit. 121: 189-212.
MULTI-STUDY ANALYSIS ON THE EFFICACY OF NICARBAZIN/MONENSIN, A NOVEL COCCIDIOSTAT FOR USE IN BROILERS

B. Dehaeck*(1), M. Marien(1), M. Vereecken(1), M. Geerinckx(1), K. De gussem(1), A. Berge(2)

(1) Huvepharma, Antwerp, Belgium

(2) Berge veterinary consulting bvba, Vollezele, Belgium

* Corresponding author: ben.dehaeck@huvepharma.com

Multi-study analysis on the efficacy of nicarbazin/monensin, a novel coccidiostat for use in broilers

Maja Marien1, Ben Dehaeck1, Monita Vereecken1, Mieke Geerinckx1, Anna Catharina Berge2, Koen De Gussem1.

1 Huvepharma NV, Antwerp, Belgium

2 Berge Veterinary Consulting bvba

The objective of this multi-study analysis was to compare the efficacy of Monimax® (nicarbazin/monensin) and nicarbazin/narasin against a variety of different Eimeria strains. Data of 27 different anticoccidial sensitivity tests (ASTs) conducted over a 7-year period (2013-2019) were included in this study. The Eimeria isolates originated from commercial broiler farms from 13 different countries worldwide applying different anticoccidial control programs.

Two research institutes, using a comparable standardized AST protocol, conducted these trials. Birds were supplemented with Monimax® or nicarbazin/narasin at the same inclusion rate (80-100 ppm) starting 2 days before oral inoculation. Between 5-7 days after inoculation lesions scores and performance (daily weight gain (DWG), daily feed intake (DFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR)) was measured and compared to an uninfected, untreated control group (UUC) and an infected, untreated control group (IUC). A multivariate mixed general linear models, including research institute as covariate and including the trial as a random effect was used. Results were further evaluated with multivariable mixed logistic regression models.

The Monimax® group showed a significant reduction for all species (E. acervulina, E. maxima and E. tenella respectively 1.69, 0.93 and 1.38) compared to the IUC (respectively 2.02, 1.20 and 1.81). Nicarbazin/narasin did not result in a significant reduction of E. acervulina (Lesion scores: 1.98 for E. acervulina, 1.04 for E. maxima and 1.44 for E. tenella) compared to IUC. Monimax® showed significant lower E. acervulina and E. maxima scores compared to nicarbazin/narasin.

Monimax® resulted in significant improved DWG, DFI and FCR (respectively 55.0g, 90.2g and 1.72) compared to the IUC (respectively 46.0g, 87.1g and 2.07). Monimax® resulted in better numerical performance compared to the nicarbazin/narasin combination product (respectively 53.8g, 89.2g and 1.75).

From this analysis of 27 studies, it can be concluded that Monimax® resulted in significant reduction of all Eimeria species lesions and all measured performance parameters compared to the IUC. When comparing Monimax® with nicarbazin/narasin all performance results are numerically higher. Nicarbazin/ narasin did not significantly reduce lesion of E. acervulina compared to the IUC and lesions for E. acervulina and E. maxima were significantly higher compared to birds supplemented with Monimax®. The finding that nicarbazin/narasin did not result in a significant reduction of E. acervulina lesions after infection is in contrast to earlier findings of Long and colleagues (1988) were the nicarbazin/narasin combination showed efficacious control of coccidiosis. A potential explanation is that reduced sensitivity of the Eimeria field strains due to long-term use of both compounds over the years has attributed to the less positive results in comparison to the older work.
EFFECT OF MOISTURE CONTENT AND HOLDING TEMPERATURE OF POULTRY LITTER ON THE VIABILITY
OF EIMERIA OOCYSTS

S. Vaddu*(1), S. Yadav(1), B. Jordan(1), C. Ritz(1), H. Thippareddi(1)

(1)University of Georgia, Athens, United States

* Corresponding author: harsha.thippareddi@uga.edu

Coccidiosis, caused by the genus Eimeria, is an economically important parasitic disease in chickens and is prevalent in poultry houses from flock to flock. Poultry litter may be composted between flocks to reduce the risk of litter serving as the vector for bacterial, viral, and protozoal pathogens, however, temperatures required to assure proper destruction of Eimeria oocysts during composting have not been established. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of litter moisture and holding temperature on the viability of Eimeria oocysts in model poultry litter.

Pine sawdust was sieved (2.5 mm) and moisture content was adjusted to 20, 30 and 40% using deionized water (DIW). Sawdust (5.0 g) was transferred into a sterile centrifuge tube. Commercial anti-coccidial vaccine (COCCIVAC®-B52; 250 µL) containing a mixture of Eimeria species (acervulina, mivati, tenella, maxima) was added to the sawdust and mixed manually. The inoculated sawdust was transferred after 24, 48 and 72 h to a sterile container, and DIW (100 mL) was added and held at 4°C for 24 h. The sawdust was filtered through cheesecloth and the intact oocysts were enumerated using a microscope. A 3 (temperatures, 43.3, 54.4 and 65.6°C) x 3 (holding times, 24, 48 and 72 h) experimental design was used and three independent replications were performed.

Inoculation of the sawdust achieved 8.0x10⁴ oocysts/g. Lower moisture content and higher holding temperatures resulted in greater destruction of the Eimeria oocysts. Holding inoculated sawdust (20% moisture) at 43.3°C resulted in Eimeria oocyst population of 8.0x10⁴, 4.6x10³, 2.9x10³ and 4.4x10² oocysts/g subsequent to 0, 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. Increasing the holding temperature to 65.6°C resulted in elimination of the oocysts in the sawdust after 48 h of holding. Increasing the moisture content of the sawdust to 40% resulted in recovery of Eimeria oocysts at 65.6°C, with 8.0x10⁴, 7.9x10³, 6.4x10³ and 8.1x10³ oocysts/g subsequent to holding of the sawdust for 0, 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. Maintaining sawdust temperature at 65.6°C for 48 h (20% moisture) and 72 h (30% moisture) achieved >8.0x10⁴ oocysts/g destruction in Eimeria oocysts.

Composting temperatures of ≥65.5°C are required to achieve destruction of Eimeria oocysts in the poultry litter (≤30% moisture). Higher composting temperatures may be required for poultry litter with >30% moisture content to eliminate Eimeria oocyst survival.
## AUTHORS INDEX

A. SWICK R. ID137
ABALAKA S. ID706
ABDELATTY A. ID1324
ABDELHAMID M. ID1430
ABDELLI N. ID1182
ABDEL-WARETH A. ID549
ABDO Z. ID490
ABDOLLAHI M. ID343
ABDU P. ID706
ABEYRATHNE S. ID23, ID24
ABIONA J. ID40
ABOMA S. ID253
ABOUSAAD S. ID1342
ACHARYA A. ID1279
ACHONWA C. ID250
ACLOQUE H. ID1316
ADAMSKI M. ID1293
ADEDOKUN S. ID517
ADEGBENRO M. ID175, ID484
ADEJUMO I. ID517
ADELEYE O. ID136
ADEOLA O. ID274
ADER P. ID446, ID527, ID839, ID875
ADHIKARI R. ID1390
ADIO S. ID479
ADLER C. ID1306, ID919
ADRIAENSEN H. ID356
AGBONON A. ID681
AGGREY S. ID1392, ID332, ID719, ID836, ID848
AGIDI C. ID695
AHAMAD I. ID869
AHMAD G. ID696
AHMAD N. ID1108
AHMAD T. ID1241, ID1296, ID696
AIEMSRI S. ID1402
AJAYI V. ID250
AKAKPO A. ID872
AKANDE J. ID58
AKASAKA Y. ID890
AKBAROGHLI F. ID858, ID870
AKINYEMI F. ID584, ID740
ALADI N. ID250, ID630, ID722
ALAMPRESE C. ID747
ALBANESE G. ID933
ALBINO L. ID368
ALDERS R. ID767
ALEIXO P. ID368
ALFARO-WISAQUILLO M. ID824
ALFONSO C. ID1230
ALFONSO-CARRILLO C. ID235
AL-HALLAQ E. ID316
ALI I. ID1279
ALI W. ID1241
ALLEMAN F. ID292
ALLENO C. ID1174, ID407, ID575, ID927
ALLETRU B. ID413, ID535

ALMADANI M. ID1032
ALMÁSI A. ID796
AL-MOKADDEM A. ID1324
ALRUBAYE A. ID1431
ALVARADO I. ID1027
ALVAREZ-MIRA D. ID811
ALVES S. ID1316
AMAND G. ID411
AMEYAPOH Y. ID626
AMIRDAHRI s. ID812
AMUGUNI H. ID1281
AMUGUNI J. ID1331
AMUZU-AWEH E. ID1106, ID1263, ID1335, ID1385
AN S. ID585
ANCHIKOV E. ID433, ID728
ANCSIN Z. ID1280, ID906
ANDERLE V. ID1205
ANDERSON G. ID418
ANDERSON K. ID1003, ID716
ANDERSSON B. ID733, ID832
ANDERSSON R. ID1151, ID1152, ID729, ID914
ANDREOPOULOU M. ID837
ANENE D. ID767
ANGEL R. ID1237, ID1244, ID1246, ID437
ANGÉLIQUE T. ID292
ANING G. ID1385
ANWAR A. ID897
ANWAR H. ID1108
AOKI T. ID890
AOUDOU B. ID1424
AOUN M. ID996
ARANGO M. ID1395
ARAZI H. ID599
AREERAKSAKUL P. ID1402
ARSENAULT R. ID98
ARTHUR C. ID1176, ID1178
ARUNACHALLAM A. ID608
ARUPPALA H. ID23, ID24
ASADI SOUMEH E. ID812
ASANO A. ID62
ASHRAF S. ID1251
ASHWELL C. ID976
ASOLOKO M. ID479
ATHANASIADOU S. ID1458
ATKINSON A. ID575
ATTIVI K. ID251
AUCLAIR E. ID254
AUDOUIN-CAILLEAU E. ID548
AUNG Y. ID1079, ID1169
AWAD W. ID469, ID473
AYARI E. ID835
AYENI A. ID175
AYUDHYA S. ID1169
AZCONA J. ID928
BABATUNDE O. ID274
BABIN C. ID960
BACHA F. ID672, ID673
BACHMEIER J. ID184, ID472
BADR O. ID1324
BADUEL L. ID364
BAEZA-CAMPONE E. ID141, ID260
BAGCI Ö. ID355
BAGNOL B. ID1331, ID953
BAILEY C. ID1023
BAIN M. ID1344, ID692
BAKER L. ID186
BAKRI H. ID316
BALDI G. ID183, ID300, ID324
BALLARIN C. ID944
BALLOT A. ID960
BALOGH K. ID1280, ID906
BALOGH-ZÁNDOKI E. ID1280
BANACH J. ID1203
BANASZAK M. ID1282, ID1293, ID1309
BANJAC V. ID617
BANKOLE F. ID823
BANNAI M. ID491
BARAHONA M. ID672, ID673
BARAT P. ID548
BARBE F. ID284
BARBUT S. ID873
BARDOU P. ID6
BAREKATAIN R. ID93
BARNA J. ID1228, ID225
BARRIOS H. ID703
BARRIOS M. ID935
BARROETA A. ID1016, ID984
BARTENFELD-JOSSELSON N. ID418
BARTKIENE E. ID471, ID474
BARTZ B. ID701
BARTZANAS T. ID345
BARUA M. ID343
BATALLÉ M. ID703
BATONO-ALAVO D. ID390, ID1222
BATTAGLIA A. ID240
BAUCHERON S. ID380
BAUMARD Y. ID380, ID568
BAUMGÁRTNER W. ID907
BAUTIL A. ID981, ID992
BAXTER J. ID1021
BAZYVOLIAK S. ID1006
BEAUCLERCQ S. ID270
BEAULAC K. ID195, ID498
BÉBIN K. ID1147
BECKER C. ID297
BÉDÉCARRATS G. ID27
BEDEKOVIĆ D. ID431
BEDFORD M.
ID261, ID262, ID273, ID377, ID379, ID981, ID992
BED'HOM B. ID1236
BEDNARCZYK M. ID145, ID162
BEKAERT S. ID320
BELLENOT D. ID292
BELLEZZA ODDON S. ID289, ID339, ID348, ID494
BELLO A. ID218, ID274, ID463
BELLOIR P. ID1202, ID1328, ID378

BEN YAHIA S. ID816
BENARBIA M. ID670, ID705
BENNEWITZ J. ID299
BENZONI G. ID1461
BERG C. ID17
BERGE A. ID460
BERGHAUS R. ID1021
BERGMANN S. ID184
BERNARD J. ID318, ID548
BERNARD M. ID1236, ID1316
BERNARDET N. ID356
BERNAY B. ID391
BERRI C. ID270, ID317, ID568
BERROCAL R. ID672, ID673
BERTHOU M. ID294
BERTI-SORBARA J. ID1007
BESBES B. ID1409
BESSEI W. ID299
BETANCOURT L. ID811
BETTAIEB A. ID1387
BEYER S. ID1002
BEYIOKU O. ID1449
BHAISARE D. ID542
BHANJA S. ID542, ID542
BHATTACHARYA A. ID802
BHATTI S. ID1251
BHAYA, M. ID828
BHIDE M. ID1344
BIAN S. ID1083
BIASATO I. ID289, ID348, ID494
BIESEK J. ID1282, ID1293, ID1309
BIGNON L. ID255
BIGOROWSKI B. ID1282, ID1293, ID1309
BIKAAKO W. ID1281, ID1331
BILALISSI A. ID1192, ID1267
BIONAZ M. ID1324
BIONDI M. ID703
BIROLO M. ID944
BISWAS A. ID573, ID573, ID972, ID573, ID573, ID972, ID972
BLANCH A. ID880
BLANCH M. ID680
BLANCHARD A. ID137
BLANCHET M. ID413
BLATRIX R. ID294
BLAVI L. ID989
BLESBOIS E. ID1316, ID1330, ID222
BLOKHUIS H. ID375
BLOKKER B. ID382, ID383, ID385
BOBECK E. ID414, ID417
BOBINIENÉ R. ID834
BODIN J. ID107, ID108, ID227
BODIN L. ID394
BOEHM B. ID184
BOEKHORST J. ID1169
BOERLIN P. ID506, ID510
BOGUCKA J. ID1282
BOITARD S. ID270
BOIZUMEAU N. ID327
BOLDINI S. ID1275
BOLON P. ID1321
BONATO M. ID736
BONNEFOUS C. ID398
BONOS E. ID284,ID345,ID346,ID662
BOOTHBY G. ID1395
BORDA-MOLINA D. ID213
BORDIGNON F. ID944
BORISENKO K. ID168
BOROMNA E. ID727
BORTOLETTI M. ID944
BORTOLUZZI c. ID712
BOSCH A. ID1392,ID719
BOŠNJAK-NEUMÜLLER J. ID918
BOSTVIRONNOIS C. ID105,ID227,ID35,ID51,ID880
BOTCHWAY P. ID1385
BOUASSI T. ID626,ID631
BOUDET S. ID242
BOUMEZRAG A. ID705
BOURASSA D. ID418
BOURASSEAU D. ID413
BOURNAZEL M. ID905
BOUTIN M. ID1227
BOUTOUIL B. ID327
BOUVAREL I. ID301,ID331,ID359,ID389,ID462,ID951
BOUVET R. ID407,ID927
BOWKER B. ID420,ID687,ID961
BOYAL R. ID418
BOZKURT M. ID828
BRADBURY E. ID782
BRARD-FUDULEA S. ID413
BRASH M. ID506,ID510
BRÉGEON M. ID391
BRETON S. ID403
BREVAULT N. ID916
BRIENS M. ID1126,ID815
BRINCH RIBER A. ID375
BRINK M. ID355
BRIONNE A. ID1316,ID270,ID287,ID568
BROHAN G. ID327
BROOKS L. ID501
BROUARD B. ID403,ID409
BRUCHEC A. ID128
BRUGGEMAN G. ID692
BRUGGER D. ID1113,ID1261
BRUNEEL B. ID251,ID253
BRUS M. ID833
BRUTSAERT B. ID395
BU X. ID1378
BUCCIONI A. ID243
BUDA K. ID225
BUHR J. ID418
BUI H. ID705
BUNČIĆ K. ID918
BUNGO T. ID743,ID768,ID856,ID921
BUNN D. ID1385
BUREL A. ID294
BURLOT T. ID1236,ID1388,ID547

BURTON E. ID273
BUSATO S. ID1324
BÜSCHER W. ID1305,ID1306,ID919
BUYSE J. ID981,ID992
BUYSE K. ID537
BYRD J. ID1023
CABALLERO M. ID431
ÇABUK M. ID830
CADENA M. ID1350
CADET L. ID242
CADOGAN D. ID93
CAILLEAU-AUDOUIN E. ID568
CAILLIS P. ID670
CAIMI C. ID494
CALDAS J. ID824
CALDAS-CUEVAS J. ID1403
CALERO M. ID936
CAŁYNIUK Z. ID1252,ID978
CAMARINHA-SILVA A. ID213
CAMPBELL A. ID418
CAMPO M. ID672,ID673
CAMPOY SÁNCHEZ S. ID1182
CANAL B. ID1347
CANALES A. ID809
CANIN A. ID996
CAO X. ID514,ID851
CAO Z. ID449
CAPOTE J. ID809
CAPUCCHIO M. ID348
CARIOU N. ID354,ID393
CARLBORG Ö. ID514
CARMANS H. ID386
CARTONI MANCINELLI A. ID700
CARVALHO A. ID1330,ID222
CARVALHO L. ID1003,ID999
CASSANDRO M. ID633
CASTAGNOS S. ID960
CASTAING S. ID1321
CASTELLINI C. ID482,ID700
CASTELLO BRANCO BEIRAO B. ID252
CASTILLEJOS L. ID984
CAUBLE R. ID938,ID940
CAUGHEY S. ID228,ID470
CAVERO D. ID832
CAZABAN C. ID268
CENDRON F. ID633
CEYLAN N. ID828
CHABRILLAT T. ID1168,ID1177
CHACKO B. ID967
CHAI L. ID1392
CHAISEHA Y. ID583,ID586
CHALVON-DEMERSAY T. ID491,ID688
CHAMANI M. ID1341
CHAMBOKO A. ID1161
CHANG H. ID596
CHANG I. ID372
CHANG M. ID1159,ID1162
CHANTELOUBE A. ID294
CHAPLE A. ID573
CHAPUIS H. ID394
CHAROENVISAL N. ID1402
CHARRIERE M. ID697,ID928
CHARTRIN P. ID548
CHASTEEN K. ID501
CHAVATTE D. ID927
CHEMELLO G. ID494
CHEN C. ID1118,ID1159,ID1162,ID593,ID937
CHEN H. ID1179,ID895
CHEN J. ID1083,ID1223
CHEN L. ID222
CHEN W. ID1058,ID155
CHEN Y. ID580,ID581,ID738
CHEN Z. ID360
CHENG B. ID895
CHENG Y. ID155
CHEPIHA A. ID1378
CHEREPANOV S. ID566,ID657
CHESNEAU G. ID141,ID416,ID483
CHESSÉ M. ID391
CHETAN RAJ R. ID16
CHEVANCE A. ID364
CHEVAUX E. ID378
CHEVE B. ID325,ID326
CHEVEREAU A. ID331
CHEW J.A. ID432
CHIANG Y. ID593
CHICOTEAU P. ID670
CHINNADURAI P. ID634
CHIRON G. ID294,ID331,ID389
CHIWANGA G. ID1106,ID1263,ID1335
CHOCT M. ID118,ID446
CHODOVA D. ID302,ID310,ID313
CHODOVÁ D. ID336
CHOE H. ID594,ID596
CHOI P. ID669
CHOWDHURY T. ID223
CHOWDHURY V. ID1433,ID743,ID856
CHRISTAKI E. ID284,ID346,ID662
CHRISTENSEN J. ID1441
CHRISTENSENE T. ID1237,ID1246
CHRYSOSTOME C. ID631
CHUNGU K. ID1038
CHUWATTHANAKHAJORN S. ID1118
CIACCIARIELLO M. ID1135
CINNAMON Y. ID1449
CISNEROS M. ID632
CISSE S. ID705
CITTI C. ID1328
CLARK C. ID897
CLINTON M. ID470
CLOETE S. ID1278,ID736
COLLIN A. ID398,ID409,ID548,ID568
COLOMBINO E. ID348
COMBES-SOIA L. ID287
CONDE-AGUILERA J. ID1222
COOK K. ID490

CORDOVA-NOBOA H. ID824
CORION M. ID237
CORNET R. ID705
CORRAND L. ID1321,ID268
CORRENT E. ID1202,ID491,ID688
CORSIGLIA C. ID1125
COTTEN A. ID301
COUROUSSÉ N. ID317
COURTIN C. ID981,ID992
COUSTHAM V. ID1316
COWIESON A. ID1007
COZANNET P. ID117,ID815
CREACH P. ID301,ID403
CRENN E. ID255
CROCHET S. ID548
CROSSLEY B. ID1125
CROVILLE G. ID1321
CROWLEY T. ID1024
CSERHÁTI M. ID1280
CUDNIK D. ID1392,ID490,ID719
CUI H. ID1123,ID1154
CURRÒ S. ID633
D S. ID1190
DA COSTA R. ID1085
DABBOU S. ID289,ID339,ID494
DAHL J. ID1441
DAI R. ID645
DAISUKE W. ID720
DAL BOSCO A. ID482,ID700
DALMADI I. ID835
DALUZEAU L. ID354
DAMME K. ID1113,ID1261,ID305
DANESHMAND A. ID641
DANKOWIAKOWSKA A. ID1282
DAO H. ID782
DARDI M. ID609
DARTOIS P. ID951
DARWICH L. ID989
DAS S. ID1387
DAUKSIENE A. ID471,ID474
DAYAN J. ID536,ID622
DAYO G. ID867
DE BAERE K. ID1145,ID295
DE BLAS C. ID680
DE CESARE A. ID1290
DE FASSI NEGRELLI RIZZI C. ID633
DE FRANCESCHI M. ID703
DE GRANDE A. ID485
DE GUSSEM K. ID320,ID459,ID460,ID489
DE HERDT P. ID194
DE JONG I. ID525
DE JONGE L. ID134
DE KETELAERE B. ID237
DE KONING D. ID357
DE LOS MOZOS GARCÍA J. ID898
DE LOS MOZOS J. ID1230,ID235
DE PAULA DORIGAM J. ID118
DE VRIES S. ID489
DEAN L. ID999
DEBIAO Z. ID470
DEBICKI GARNIER A. ID219
DEBICKI-GARNIER A. ID437,ID463,ID534
DECENA K. ID1372
DECRU E. ID1145,ID294,ID295
DECUYPERE E. ID1192,ID1215,ID745
DEDEURWAERDER A. ID151,ID154
DEDOUSI A. ID1300
DEFFREIX L. ID1321
DEFONTAINE F. ID407
DEGALEZ F. ID1236
DEHAECK B. ID320,ID459,ID460,ID489
DEJONG I. ID17
DEKKERS J. ID1106,ID1263,ID1335,ID1385,ID341
DEKLEVA D. ID494
DELANGHE C. ID960
DELANOUE E. ID398
DELAQUEZE C. ID327
DELAVEAU J. ID568
DELEZIE E. ID353,ID355,ID386,ID485,ID537,
ID781
DELFELDER C. ID1002
DELGADO J. ID809
DELIĆ N. ID918
DELLA MATTA R. ID694
DELPONT M. ID1175
DELVERDIER M. ID1321
DEMEY V. ID284,ID529,ID530,ID662
DEMEYER P. ID355
DENG J. ID1265
DERSJANT-LI Y. ID216,ID274,ID463,ID534,ID971
DESBORDES P. ID996
DESBRUSLAIS A. ID273
DESERT C. ID1227
DESHMUKH A. ID802
DÉSOLÉ M. ID359
DESPOTOVIĆ J. ID1442
DESROUSSEAU G. ID1259
DESSIE T. ID1171
DEVILLARD E. ID669
DEVLIKAMOV M. ID305
DEWEZ M. ID386
DEY B. ID430
DEY S. ID223
DHAMAD A. ID940
DHARA A. ID223
DIANTOM A. ID872
DIAZ BERROCOSO J. ID898
DICK O. ID175
DIERKS C. ID832
DIEZ D. ID223
DIJKSLAG A. ID349
DIMITROVA K. ID261,ID262
DING J. ID1123,ID584,ID591,ID645,ID740,ID766,
ID769
DING R. ID738
DIOT C. ID547

DJITIE KOUATCHO F. ID1424
DÖHRING S. ID914
DOLENCIC N. ID1301
DOLEY J. ID1190
DOLGORUKOVA A. ID238,ID239
DOMENECH C. ID223
DOMINGUEZ-GASCA N. ID357
DOMITILE R. ID996
DONG Y. ID1102
DORANALLI K. ID118
DOROSHENKO M. ID1378
DOS SANTOS P. ID160
DOSKOVIĆ V. ID221
DOSSOU J. ID872
DOUBLET B. ID380
DOUPOVEC B. ID469,ID473
DOWNS K. ID147
DRAUCH V. ID1170,ID303
DRAŽBO A. ID884
DRIDI S. ID1126,ID938,ID940
DROBNYAK A. ID225
DROBNYÁK Á. ID1153,ID1228,ID306,ID796
DU P. ID1058
DU Z. ID449,ID738
DUAN Q. ID386
DUAN Z. ID674
DUBOIS D. ID1321
DUBROVIN A. ID564,ID566
DUCATELLE R. ID485,ID669
DUCATEZ M. ID403
DUCLOS J. ID1174
DUCLOS M. ID1461,ID951
DUENGKAE P. ID908
DUFAY-LEFORT A. ID364,ID365
ĐUKIĆ STOJČIĆ M. ID1300,ID1442,ID182,ID185
DUNISLAWSKA A. ID145, ID162
DUNKLEY C. ID504
DUNN I. ID228,ID357,ID470,ID733
DUNN-STARKEY J. ID1403
DUPUY L. ID389
ĐURAGIĆ O. ID617
DURAND J. ID960
DUSART L. ID359,ID78
DZIECIOL M. ID1430
DZUNGWE J. ID699
EBERLE K. ID716
ECKERSALL D. ID692
ECKHARDT E. ID815
EDIKOU K. ID872
EECKHOUT M. ID206
EGANA-LABRIN S. ID1125
EICHIE F. ID332
EISING I. ID1225
EKESI N. ID1431
EKPO K. ID872
ELFADIL E. ID831
ELFEIL W. ID426,ID427
EL-GAZZAR M. ID414,ID417
ELGER M. ID761
ELHAMOULY M. ID59
ELHUSSINY M. ID1433,ID856
ELKADY M. ID426,ID427
ELLESTAD L. ID1395
ELLING-STAATS M. ID370
ELOLIMY A. ID1324
ELSAYED M. ID426,ID427
EMENALOM O. ID695
EMMANUEL C. ID695,ID695
ENDALE D. ID490
ENGELBRECHT A. ID1278
ENGLER P. ID705
ENTING H. ID1237,ID1246
EORY L. ID602,ID647
ERAGAMA S. ID23
ERATAK S. ID830
ERDÉLYI M. ID1280,ID906
ERHARD M. ID184,ID472,ID761
ESMAEILKHANIAN s. ID1341
ETUK E. ID695
EUTAMENE H. ID378
EVANS C. ID218,ID971,ID975,ID977
EVERAERT N. ID781
EYTAN D. ID536
FABIAN Q. ID946
FABLET J. ID535
FAFIOLU A. ID1239
FAHRENHOLZ A. ID1035,ID804
FAIVRE L. ID921
FALCON V. ID331
FAN J. ID1083,ID1223
FAROONGSARNG D. ID748
FAROOQ F. ID1241,ID1296,ID696
FÁVARO JUNIOR C. ID252
FAVERO A. ID160
FAVOUR A. ID699
FAWZY M. ID561,ID590
FEDOROVA Z. ID656
FELIPE CARON L. ID252
FERKET P. ID1003,ID1342,ID999
FERROCINO I. ID348
FEUERSTEIN D. ID213
FICKLER A. ID527,ID875
FILIOUSIS G. ID1362,ID1370,ID1373
FILIOUSSIS G. ID284,ID662
FILIPPOVA V. ID564
FIORENZANO C. ID161
FIREMAN A. ID160,ID161
FISININ V. ID104,ID169,ID245
FLAGA J. ID1130
FLEMING R. ID357,ID733
FLORENCE B. ID378
FLORES K. ID1035
FLOROU-PANERI P. ID662
FOLTYN M. ID1326
FOROUZANDEH A. ID1182,ID989
FORSLIND S. ID375

FORT G. ID996
FORTOMARIS P. ID1362,ID1370,ID1373
FORTUN-LAMOTHE L. ID331,ID389
FOTOU K. ID346
FOUBERT I. ID380
FOUCHÉCOURT S. ID374
FOUTZ J. ID1043,ID836,ID848
FRANCESCH M. ID527
FRANCO-ROSSELLÓ R. ID1250
FRANZONI A. ID243,ID568
FRAYSSINET B. ID530
FRESNO M. ID809,ID810
FRIEDRICH L. ID835
FRIES-CRAFT K. ID417
FRISCH J. ID472
FRISCH M. ID308
FRUTOS GRILO E. ID1182
FULLER A. ID1043,ID1392,ID719,ID836,ID848
FURUSE M. ID1433,ID856
GABARROU J. ID1259,ID1287
GABRIEL I. ID951
GAGNAIRE P. ID413
GAI F. ID289,ID339
GAJEWSKA A. ID1216
GALINEC B. ID1289
GALLARDO R.
ID1106,ID1125,ID1263,ID1335,ID1385,ID341
GALLIOT P. ID301,ID411
GALLISSOT M. ID368
GAO Y. ID942
GARCÉS NARRO C. ID339, D1016,ID936
GARCÍA-RUIZ A. ID1230,ID1250,ID235, ID898
GARIGLIO M. ID289,ID339,ID494
GARLICH J. ID977
GASCO L. ID289,ID339,ID348,ID494
GAUTRON J. ID1461,ID287,ID547
GAYDOS T. ID1021,ID254
GAZENGEL B. ID409
GBEASSOR M. ID681
GE P. ID1083,ID1223
GEBHARDT-HENRICH S. ID282
GEERINCKX M. ID459,ID460,ID489
GEFENIENÉ A. ID834
GELIR B. ID830
GEORGOPOULOU I. ID1362,ID1370,ID1373,ID662
GEREMIA J. ID382,ID383,ID385
GESTIN O. ID255
GEURTS K. ID1305
GHANE A. ID975
GHARIB-NASERI K. ID118
GHOLIZADEH M. ID455
GHOTEKAR C. ID1068
GIANNENAS I. ID284,ID345,ID346,ID662
GIBAUD M. ID809
GIBBS K. ID975
GIERUS M. ID304
GIL ARENAS H. ID1395
GILANI S. ID216,ID218,ID219,ID463
GILBERT M. ID370
GIRARD C. ID1168, ID1177
GIRAUD S. ID393
GIRISH C. ID343
GLAWATZ H. ID291
GLENDINNING L. ID127
GLOUX A. ID1461
GNAHOUI-DAVID A. ID996
GOCZA E. ID226
GÓCZA E. ID1153, ID306
GODET E. ID317
GOETHALS L. ID537
GOLZAR ADABI S. ID828
GOMES G. ID1132
GOMEZ A. ID811
GOMIS S. ID195
GONZALES FORETIC J. ID575
GONZALES-ORTIZ G. ID1132, ID261
GONZALEZ J. ID758
GONZÁLEZ-ORTIZ G. ID377, ID379, ID262
GOOSSENS E. ID669
GORKA P. ID1130
GOTTSTEIN Ž. ID1289, ID1301
GOURICHON D. ID1227
GOUVA E. ID345
GOVOROUN M. ID1316
GOY I. ID1151
GRAHAM D. ID334
GRAHAM L. ID334, ID334
GRANQUIST E. ID17
GRASSEAU I. ID1330, ID222
GRASSI S. ID747
GREENE E. ID1126, ID938, ID940
GRENIER B. ID473
GREUTER A. ID996
GRILLI E. ID98
GRIMES J. ID1035, ID701, ID977
GRITLI A. ID816
GROZINA A. ID104, ID169
GRUZAUSKAS R. ID471, ID474
GRYGO H. ID1151
GU C. ID584
GU H. ID580
GU I. ID938
GU S. ID1427
GU Z. ID176, ID344
GUABIRABA R. ID548
GUARINO AMATO M. ID700
GUDAVIČIŪTĖ D. ID834
GUÉMENÉ D. ID413
GUERIN J. ID1321, ID1328
GUÉRIN J. ID1175, ID403
GUERIN M. ID506, ID510
GUERRERO A. ID672, ID673
GUESDON V. ID398
GUETTIER E. ID462, ID321
GUÈYE E. ID1291
GUICHARD P. ID364

GUILET D. ID705
GUILLET P. ID389
GUILLEVIC M. ID141, ID416, ID483
GUILLORY V. ID548
GUILLOTEAU L. ID548, ID548
GUINAT C. ID1175
GULIZIA J. ID147
GUO Y. ID864
GUPALO I. ID238
GUTIERREZ O. ID412
GUYOT N. ID356, ID391
GUYOT Y. ID318, ID78
GWAK M. ID556
HA N. ID832
HAANING L. ID218
HABASHY W. ID1043, ID848
HABERECHT S. ID30
HACHEMI A. ID815
HAFEZIAN H. ID455
HÄFFELIN K. ID729, ID914
HALDAR S. ID223
HALGRAIN M. ID356
HAMAI N. ID595
HAMIDU J. ID22
HAN C. ID584, ID740
HAN J. ID1038, ID891
HAN S. ID1038, ID891, ID891
HAN Y. ID212, ID395, ID541
HANUSZEWSKA M. ID108
HAO E. ID1179
HARDY R. ID216, ID463, ID971
HARGIS B. ID334
HARRIS C. ID418
HASEGAWA Y. ID521
HATA A. ID861, ID908
HATTA H. ID1094
HAYAKAWA T. ID890
HE C. ID584, ID591, ID645, ID740, ID766, ID769
HEIM G. ID395
HEINCINGER M. ID796
HEJDYSZ M. ID1007, ID1130
HEMMI-OBARA C. ID61
HEMONIC A. ID364
HENNEQUET-ANTIER C. ID1316, ID270
HENRIET C. ID219
HENUK Y. ID737
HEO J. ID578
HEPBURN T. ID666
HÉRAULT F. ID1388, ID547
HERMANS D. ID386, ID692
HERWIG E. ID195, ID432
HESS C. ID1170, ID1172, ID1430, ID303, ID469, ID473
HESS M. ID1170, ID1172, ID1430, ID303, ID469, ID473
HESS V. ID300
HEYMANN D. ID767
HIDAS A. ID863
HIL HERNANDEZ A. ID626
HILLEMACHER S. ID1305, ID919
HINCKE M. ID287
HINRICHS M. ID297
HINTON A. ID942
HIRAMATSU K. ID112, ID579
HIROHASHI N. ID276
HIROTA T. ID921
HODGSON D. ID716
HOE J. ID218
HOFACRE C. ID1021
HOFFMANN D. ID1113
HOLDEN D. ID897
HOMER N. ID470
HONAKER C. ID645
HONG J. ID578
HOOGE D. ID1259, ID254
HOOGENDOORN A. ID349
HORN R. ID160
HORVATEK TOMIĆ D. ID422, ID1301
HOSHINO M. ID521
HOSOTANI M. ID521, ID521
HOU L. ID606
HOU S. ID602, ID647
HOU TOMPKINS Y. ID492
HOU Z. ID602, ID647
HOUDIJK J. ID1225, ID1458
HOUGEN H. ID1441
HOUNDONOUGBO F. ID727
HOUSE S. ID490
HOWARTH G. ID93
HOYOS-TORRES J. ID824
HRUŠKA M. ID1205
HU X. ID514, ID851
HU Y. ID344
HUA K. ID155
HUA N. ID176
HUANG Q. ID584, ID769
HUANG R. ID1179
HUANG Y. ID1058
HUCHIN E. ID1321, ID268
HUGO A. ID783
HUSSEIN K. ID835
HUSSEIN M. ID1458
HYEONG S. ID585
HYGONENQ M. ID1328
HYUNMIN C. ID578
IAS A. ID1083, ID1223
IBÁÑEZ M. ID680
IBESICH C. ID1170, ID303
IBIWOYE d. ID397
IDAN F. ID283
IDE T. ID921
IDOH K. ID681
IFLAND H. ID299
IGLESIAS B. ID697, ID928
IHEANACHO R. ID695
IJAIYA A. ID479
ILIJIN L. ID918
ILINA L. ID564, ID566, ID656

IMARISIO A. ID289, ID348, ID494
IMRAN M. ID1108
IMTIAZ K. ID696
INGABIRE C. ID1409
INGBERMAN M. ID252, ID41, ID42
IONESCU C. ID137
IQBAL H. ID1251
IQBAL J. ID1296
ISLAM M. ID68
ISMAILOVA D. ID245
ISOBE N. ID59, ID768, ID853
ISRAEL K. ID1372
IWASAKI T. ID521
IYIOLA V. ID722
J. MARTIN F. ID647
J. OLUWASOLA A. ID175
JACKSON M. ID412
JACKWOOD B. ID933
JACOBS L. ID418
JACQUES A. ID1316
JACQUIER V. ID382, ID383, ID385
JAFFRELO L. ID413
JAIN S. ID16
JANDRESKI-CVETKOVIC D. ID1172
JANJEČIĆ M. ID431
JANJEČIĆ Z. ID422, ID431
JANKOWSKI J. ID1252, ID1310, ID229, ID978
JANMOHAMMADI H. ID812
JANSSENS G. ID355, ID537
JANSSEUNE S. ID815
JANVIER C. ID921
JARA B. ID632
JAVIER R. ID946
JAVRNIK M. ID833
JAYWANT J. ID1112
JBENYENI A. ID403
JEHL F. ID1227, ID1236
JENA G. ID1279
JENDZA J. ID804
JI G. ID1466
JIA Y. ID580, ID581
JIANG L. ID1083, ID1223
JIMENEZ J. ID317
JIMENEZ MOYA B. ID1016
JIN Y. ID1123
JLALI M. ID1258
JOHNSON J. ID1392, ID719
JONATHAN M. ID808
JONES S. ID1342
JORDAN B. ID1027, ID1274, ID933, ID935
JOSEPH S. ID967
JOSKE M. ID151, ID154
JÓZEFIAK D. ID229, ID229
JU X. ID1466
JUANCHICH A. ID270
JUIN H. ID141, ID416, ID483, ID951
JUNG U. ID1387
JUŠKIEWICZ J. ID229
K KHERAVII S. ID137
K. SHARMA N. ID137, ID137
KACZMAREK S. ID1007, ID1130, ID819
KADAM M. ID542
KADARI S. ID395
KADHIM H. ID938
KAHRAMAN N. ID828
KAISER M. ID1031
KAMKRATHOK B. ID583, ID586
KAMPHULS J. ID378
KAMRAN KHAN M. ID1108
KANG L. ID606
KARAMOUTSIOS A. ID346
KAREEM M. ID479
KÁROLY K. ID796
KAROU D. ID872
KARTHIKEYAN N. ID715
KARUNARATHNE C. ID869
KATRACHOURAS A. ID345
KAUFMANN F. ID1151, ID1152, ID914
KAVTARASHVILI A. ID256, ID259
KAWAKAMI S. ID652
KAWASAKI T. ID521
KAYANG B. ID1385, ID341
KEERQIN C. ID137
KEIMER B. ID308
KEITA A. ID411
KELLY T. ID1106, ID1263, ID1335, ID1385, ID341
KEMPEN I. ID1145, ID295, ID781
KEMPER N. ID914
KENIS M. ID1062
KENNY M. ID291, ID665
KERESZTES J. ID237
KERROS S. ID1168, ID1177
KETTA M. ID310, ID313, ID336
KETTUNEN H. ID384, ID750
KHALED A. ID600
KHAMPHONG E. ID839
KHAN D. ID151, ID154
KHANFAS Y. ID445
KHATTAK F. ID1225, ID1458
KHERAVII S. ID118
KHONGTHONG S. ID748
KIARIE E. ID1384, ID1386, ID144
KIES A. ID370
KILANY W. ID426, ID427
KILROY S. ID666
KIM B. ID556
KIM E. ID446
KIM G. ID556
KIM I. ID107
KIM J. ID556
KIM M. ID1387
KIM W. ID492, ID937
KIM Y. ID556, ID578
KINDLEIN L. ID160, ID161
KINSNER M. ID1203, ID1310
KIROS T. ID254

KIŠ G. ID431
KISHI M. ID62
KISKINIS K. ID1362, ID1370, ID1373
KISKO G. ID835
KISLOVA I. ID169
KISSNE VARADI E. ID225
KITA K. ID112, ID579
KIYAK O. ID828
KJELDSEN K. ID312
KLAMBECK L. ID1151, ID729
KLEIN S. ID472, ID905
KLEMENTAVICIUTE J. ID474
KLING-EVEILLARD F. ID242
KLOPP C. ID1227, ID1236, ID1316, ID6
KLUPSAITE D. ID471, ID474
KOCA S. ID828
KOCHISH I. ID239, ID433, ID889
KOIDE C. ID595
KOKIĆ B. ID617
KOLLURI G. ID1107, ID998
KONG C. ID585
KONIECZKA P.
ID1130, ID1203, ID1216, ID1252, ID1310, ID978
KONOVAL L. ID1006
KONOVAL O. ID1378
KOONAWOOTRITTRIRON S. ID908
KOOPMAN R. ID1402, ID406, ID837
KOPACZ M. ID884
KOPPENOL A. ID41, ID42
KORNSCHOBER C. ID1170
KOROL P. ID1378
KOROSINE MOLNAR A. ID226
KORVER D. ID1258
KOS I. ID431
KOSTENKO S. ID1378
KOSTYUK E. ID1378, ID1378
KOUAME Y. ID754
KOULETE E. ID242
KOUZOUNIS D. ID808
KOVÁCS-WEBER M. ID796, ID906
KOVÁCS-WÉBER M. ID1280
KOZŁOWSKI K. ID108, ID884, ID133
KPOMASSE C. ID631, ID727
KRAFT K. ID1113
KRAUS A. ID1205
KREHLING J. ID501
KRIEG J. ID213
KRUNT O. ID1205
KUANG Z. ID360
KUBIS M. ID1130
KUBIŚ M. ID1007, ID819
KUBO N. ID1094
KUBOTA S. ID158
KUDO K. ID116
KUEHN I. ID1176, ID1178
KUENZ S. ID1113, ID1261
KUMAR A. ID137, ID1406, ID896
KUMAR D. ID1279
KUMAR S. ID16
KUMAR V. ID802
KUMARI M. ID1372
KUO H. ID1159, ID1162, ID190, ID372
KUO R. ID602, ID647
KUPČÍKOVÁ L. ID1423
KUROIWA A. ID639
KUSIIMAKWE D. ID1276
KUWAYAMA T. ID720
KUŽNIACKA J. ID1309
KWAKKEL R. ID370, ID815
KYEWALABYE E. ID1276, ID1281
KYRIAZAKIS I. ID319
LABAS V. ID287, ID391
LACKNER J. ID300
LAGARRIGUE S. ID1227, ID1236
LAGHI L. ID183
LALOË D. ID1227
LALOUCKOVA K. ID302
LAMBERT W. ID1142, ID1147, ID1202, ID688, ID707, ID812
LAMONT S.
ID1031, ID1106, ID1263, ID1335, ID1385, ID341
LAN F. ID1427
LANAHAN M. ID1390
LANGLADE T. ID268
LAPTEV G. ID564, ID566, ID656
LARAVOIRE A. ID327
LARCHER T. ID951
LARDIC L. ID951, ID951
LARE L. ID1304
LÁSZLÓ B. ID796
LAUNAY C. ID750
LAURENT F. ID996
LAUTROU Y. ID815
LAVOYER S. ID331, ID389
LAW A. ID357
LAWAL T. ID40
LAWRENCE J. ID490
LAZAR B. ID1153, ID225, ID226, ID306
LE BIHAN-DUVAL E. ID270, ID317, ID321
LE BOUQUIN S. ID242
LE BOURHIS C. ID951
LE BOURHIS M. ID380
LE BRAS G. ID393
LE DAIN C. ID916
LE NORMAND B. ID364
LE ROUX J. ID575
LE ROY N. ID1461, ID287
LE ROY P. ID1388, ID547
LEBIHAN-DUVAL E. ID568
LEBOT M. ID670
LECERF F. ID6
LECLERCQ S. ID380
LECOMPTE F. ID356
LECOMTE M. ID411
LECONTE M. ID951, ID411
LECUELLE S. ID1147
LEE C. ID578

LEE D. ID933
LEE H. ID891
LEE K. ID891, ID891, ID891, ID891
LEE S. ID1038, ID938
LEFEBURE S. ID349
LELE V. ID471
LELEU S. ID353, ID386, ID485
LELOC'H G. ID1328
LEMAIRE B. ID292
LEMME A. ID291
LEMMENS T. ID349
LENADUWE S. ID1431
LENG L. ID449
LEROY G. ID1409
LESKOVEC J. ID182
LESSIRE M. ID1202, ID1222, ID141, ID416, ID483
LETERRIER C. ID398
LÉTOURNEAU-MONTMINY M. ID1142, ID1287, ID707
LEVART A. ID182
LI G. ID1427, ID653
LI H.
ID1063, ID1102, ID1123, ID1427, ID449, ID653, ID738, ID866, ID895
LI J. ID451
LI L. ID1378, ID446, ID641, ID839, ID907
LI Q. ID1103, ID1154, ID1164, ID653, ID674
LI W. ID1237, ID1244, ID1246
LI X. ID1102, ID180, ID581, ID647
LI Y. ID1083, ID1223, ID449, ID451, ID866
LI Z. ID1083, ID1223, ID449, ID451, ID866, ID866
LIANG J. ID733
LIAO N. ID766
LIBANIO D. ID626, ID631, ID754
LIBER M. ID364
LICHOVNÍKOVÁ M. ID1326, ID1423
LIEBHART D. ID1430
LIEBL M. ID304
LIM C. ID594, ID596
LIMA DE SOUZA CASTRO F. ID492
LIN H. ID1155, ID1330, ID222
LIN J. ID1162
LIN Y. ID167, ID569
LINARES L. ID407, ID452
LINDENWALD R. ID914
LINE J. ID942
LINGBEEK M. ID756
LIPTÓI K. ID1153, ID306, ID225, ID226
LITT J. ID327
LIU C. ID895
LIU L. ID1102, ID1123, ID1154
LIU R. ID1123, ID1154, ID1164
LIU W. ID451
LIU X. ID1123, ID1154
LIU Y. ID1466
LIVINGSTON K. ID1003, ID716, ID999
LIVINGSTON M. ID1003, ID999
LLAMAS-MOYA S. ID1390
LO B. ID677
LO D. ID1159, ID1162
LOBO G. ID810
LOFFREDI E. ID747
LOMBO Y. ID1304
LOOFT T. ID719
LÓPEZ N. ID810
LOPEZ-ULIBARRI R. ID1225
LORIEAU L. ID325, ID326
LOURENÇO M. ID537
LOUTON H. ID184, ID472, ID761
LOZICA L. ID1289, ID1301
LU L. ID1378, ID602, ID647
LU M. ID795
LU X. ID591
LUAN P. ID449
LUCAS M. ID1321
LUCCHI A. ID1290
LUKAC M. ID1301
LUKASHENKO V. ID245
LUKIĆ M. ID221
LUMPKINS B. ID1390, ID880
LUO C. ID514
LUO H. ID584, ID740
LUO L. ID769
LV X. ID580, ID581
M G. ID1068, ID573
MA H. ID1083, ID1223
MA R. ID451
MACKLIN K. ID1021, ID501
MACRI M. ID809
MADESWARAN M. ID972
MADHESWARAN M. ID1112
MAEBASHI K. ID720
MAGNIN M. ID158
MAHANTA J. ID1190
MAHIEU A. ID996
MAHMOUD M. ID831
MAIDIN M. ID228, ID733
MAIORANO G. ID1309
MAKINO R. ID467
MAKSIMOVA E. ID256
MALECKI I. ID736
MALHEIROS R. ID1003, ID1342, ID716, ID999
MALLMANN B. ID938
MALLO J. ID1115, ID1347
MALTAR A. ID422
MANCINELLI A. ID482
MANDAL A. ID573
MANDOUH M. ID1324
MANFREDA G. ID1290
MANIÈRE A. ID705
MANIS L. ID1328
MANNELLI F. ID243
MÄNNER K. ID312
MANN-SELBERHERR E. ID1430
MANOHARAN A. ID1100
MANSBRIDGE S.
ID1176, ID1178, ID261, ID262, ID377, ID379

MANSILLA W. ID541
MANSOURI L. ID816
MANTZIOS T. ID1362, ID1370, ID1373
MARAPPAN G. ID1100, ID1107, ID1114, ID972
MARCHAL L. ID437, ID463, ID971
MARCHEWKA J. ID1116
MARCUS A. ID23
MARGETYAL C. ID255
MARIAPPAN A. ID998
MARIEN M. ID320, ID459, ID460, ID489
MARÍN C. ID1115
MARIYAPPAN G. ID1112
MARTIN F. ID602
MARTIN M. ID716
MARTÍNEZ A. ID809
MARTINEZ B. ID811
MARTINEZ J. ID824
MARTINS G. ID161
MARTY-GASSET N. ID677
MARTYNOV V. ID889
MARUME U. ID783
MARZONI M. ID243
MASEY O'NEIL H. ID273
MASROOR A. ID1108
MATHIAUD A. ID905, ID916
MATHIS G. ID880
MATSUDA Y. ID861, ID908
MATSUZAKI M. ID276, ID638
MATTA Y. ID824
MATTHIESEN C. ID387
MATTIOLI S. ID482, ID700
MAX R. ID1106, ID1263
MAYETTE F. ID393
MAZIJA H. ID422
MCCORMACK H. ID228, ID357, ID733
MCCREA B. ID418
MCGREW M. ID306
MCGUINNESS D. ID692
MCKEEGAN D. ID1344, ID692
MCLAUGHLIN M. ID1344, ID692, ID692
MÉDA B. ID318, ID359, ID78, ID331, ID389
MEDIĆ H. ID422
MEDINA B. ID1287
MELKMAN-ZEHAVI T. ID622
MELLAL M. ID960
MELNYK V. ID1006
MELO J. ID697, ID703
MÊME N. ID951, ID1461
MENCHETTI L. ID700
MENDOZA-REILLEY A. ID1027
MENEGUZ M. ID289, ID348
MENG H. ID591, ID645, ID740, ID766, ID769, ID584
MENOYO D. ID680
MENS A. ID205, ID525
MENSAH G. ID1062
MÉRAT L. ID403
MERCIER Y. ID1222, ID390
MEREU A. ID971
MESA D. ID252
MESA M. ID626
MESSANT-MONIER C. ID158
MÉTAYER-COUSTARD S. ID356, ID409, ID568
METEYAKE H. ID1192, ID1267
MEUSER V. ID732
MEYER H. ID291
MEYER M. ID414, ID417
MÉZES M. ID1280, ID906
MIAO X. ID1102
MICHALCZUK M. ID1203, ID1216
MICHAUD F. ID409
MICHEL V. ID17
MICHIELS J. ID132
MIGNON-GRASTEAU S. ID321, ID462
MIKA A. ID321, ID462, ID462
MIKULSKI D. ID1252, ID229, ID978
MILFORT M. ID1043, ID1392, ID719, ID836, ID848
MILLECAM J. ID308
MILLER B. ID1331
MILLS E. ID536
MIN Z. ID1169
MINUSSI I. ID1142
MIREAUX M. ID128
MIRZAYI H. ID865
MISHRA S. ID1279
MIŠKOVIĆ Ž. ID1289
MISSOHOU A. ID253
MITSUI I. ID61
MIYAKE H. ID652
MIYASAKO S. ID652, ID652
MIZUSHIMA S. ID276, ID638, ID639
MOATS J. ID1384, ID1386
MODRACKOVA N. ID302
MOE R. ID1116, ID17
MOHAMED S. ID1324
MOHAMMADIGHEISAR M. ID144
MOHAN S. ID1100
MOHANTY G. ID1279
MOKAGANE J. ID783
MOLEE A. ID158
MOLEE W. ID158, ID158
MOLLEL E. ID1106, ID1263, ID1335
MOLNAR M. ID225
MOLNÁR M. ID1153, ID306
MOLNÁR T. ID863
MOMPELAT S. ID364
MONGET P. ID374
MONSON M. ID1031
MONTEIRO A. ID989
MONTOYA A. ID532, ID946
MOONJUNTEE S. ID1402
MOORE D. ID452
MOQUET P. ID905
MORADIPOUR M. ID870
MORALES H. ID758
MOREAC T. ID364
MOREAU T. ID547

MORELAND S. ID767
MORGAN N. ID117, ID118, ID446
MORRICE D. ID357
MOSES M. ID479
MOSS A. ID446
MOUCHEL S. ID268
MOUSA M. ID1324
MOUSAVI S. ID1341
MOUSSA D. ID1424
MOUSTAFA M. ID1324
MOZURIENE E. ID471
MSOFFE P. ID1106, ID1263, ID1335, ID341
MTHEMBU S. ID1135
MU F. ID864
MUELLER S. ID282
MUGABI K. ID1276
MUGISHA A. ID1276, ID1281, ID1331
MUHAIRWA A. ID1106, ID1263, ID1335, ID341
MUKHTAR N. ID1241, ID1296, ID696
MULYANTINI S. S. N. ID101, ID102
MÜNNICH M. ID307
MUNUSWAMY P. ID998
MUR L. ID672, ID673
MURUGAN S. ID967
MUSHI J. ID1106, ID1263, ID1335
MUSIGWA S. ID117
MÜSSELER O. ID1306
MUVHALI P. ID736
MYASNIKOVA O. ID889
MYINT H. ID1079, ID1169
N'NANLE O. ID1215, ID727
NAAZIE A. ID1385, ID341
NAITO M. ID61
NAKAJIMA N. ID62
NAKAMURA Y. ID595
NAMPALLE M. ID972
NANDI S. ID306
NARAYAN R. ID1112
NARCY A. ID1461, ID78
NAVARRO-VILLA A. ID1230, ID1250, ID898
NAWARATHNE MUDIYANSELAGE S. ID578
NAYAK R. ID1169
NEHRENHAUS U. ID1152
NEMETH C. ID835
NEVES D. ID452
NEWKIRK R. ID445
NEWMAN L. ID837
NGAMO TINKEU L. ID1424
NGEUDA DJEUTA O. ID1215
NGOULA F. ID1424
N'GUETTA E. ID386
NI A. ID1083, ID1223
NICOLAS C. ID411
NIDEOU D. ID1192, ID1304, ID745
NIE C. ID581
NIEMI J. ID398
NIEPCERON A. ID996
NII T. ID59, ID768, ID853, ID921
NIKONOV I. ID433,ID728
NING B. ID864
NING Z. ID580,ID581
NISHIMURA K. ID112
NIYITANGA F. ID1331
NJEMANZE O. ID695
NJOKU C. ID706
NKUKWANA T. ID1254
N'NANLE O. ID1192,ID681,ID745
NOETZOLD T. ID160,ID161
NOLAN S. ID716
NOLIN S. ID976
NOLLET L. ID132,ID133,ID134,ID206,ID353
NOMURA S. ID595
NORTEY T. ID283
NOUVEL X. ID1328
NOVOTOROV E. ID259
NOZERAN A. ID318
NSIBIRANO R. ID1281
NUNOME M. ID861,ID908
NWADI C. ID695
NWOGU C. ID275
NWOGU R. ID275,ID275
NYS Y. ID1461,ID287
OBARA K. ID61
ODUMA J. ID1331
OGAWA H. ID116,ID720,ID726
OGEH D. ID602,ID647
OGNIK K. ID1252,ID978
OGUNDARE W. ID175
OHKUBO T. ID1204,ID610
OHTA Y. ID890
OIKONOMOU E. ID1370,ID1373
OKAI M. ID22
OKE E. ID1304,ID823
OKE O. ID40,ID58
OKEDERE D. ID484
OKEHIE U. ID695
OKEUDO N. ID630,ID722
OKOLI C. ID250,ID275
OKOLI G. ID250
OKOLI I. ID630
OKUOHA C. ID275
OLADAYO T. ID175
OLADEINDE A. ID1392,ID490,ID719
OLADELE S. ID706
OLASEINDE I. ID175
OLLETA J. ID672,ID673
OLOJEDE O. ID517
OLUKOSI O. ID1225,ID167,ID569
OMPRAKASH A.V. ID634,ID1033,ID698,ID715
ONAGBESAN O. ID58
ONIBI G. ID484
ONIMISI P. ID130,ID143
ONO T. ID639
ONUMA M. ID62
ONWUDUFOR E. ID722
OO T. ID1079

OPAVSKÁ T. ID1326
ORLOWSKI S. ID938
OROZCO A. ID936
ORTIZ A. ID824
OSADA-OKA M. ID1094
OSO O. ID823
OSSEYI E. ID872
OSWALD E. ID1321
OTSYINA H. ID1385,ID341
OUCHI Y. ID743,ID921
OUESLATI K. ID927
OVI F. ID509
OVIEDO-RONDON E. ID824
OVSEYCHIK E. ID245
OYEDOKUN E. ID175
PACHECO W. ID1403,ID412,ID509
PADGETT J. ID1021,ID1023
PAGE G. ID541
PAGÉ Q. ID916
PAJUSCO N. ID403
PALANIAPPAN D. ID608
PÁLINKÁS-BODZSÁR N. ID863
PALLEN M. ID127
PALOMAR M. ID936
PAMPOUILLE E. ID270,ID317,ID318,ID78
PAN B. ID290
PANDA A. ID1406,ID896
PANDA S. ID1279
PANDIAN ID1033, ID398, ID715
PANG B. ID420,ID687
PANHELEUX M. ID1147,ID128
PANTOJA MILLAS L. ID609
PAPADOPOULOS G. ID1362,ID1370,ID1373
PAPANASTASIOU D. ID345
PARAKATAWELLA S. ID869
PARASOTE V. ID356
PARK H. ID556,ID556,ID556
PARK J. ID891
PARK Y. ID1038
PARROTT P. ID398
PASCUAL A. ID873,ID944
PASTOR A. ID305,ID307
PATAKINÉ VÁRKONYI E. ID1153,ID306,ID225,ID226
PATHIRANA H. ID24
PATHIRANA I. ID869
PATI S. ID1279
PATKI H. ID967
PATNAIK D. ID1169
PATSAVOURAS A. ID345
PATSIAS A. ID1370,ID1373
PATTERSON R. ID229
PATU A. ID22
PAUDEL S. ID1430
PAUL M. ID1175
PAULK C. ID283
PAVLICEVIC A. ID290
PAVLOVIĆ I. ID290,ID290
PAWAR S. ID542
PAYNE J. ID1395
PAYOT A. ID1175
PEARLIN VINCENT B. ID1100
PEINADO-IZAGUERRI J. ID1344,ID692
PERDONCINI G. ID694
PEREIRA R. ID368
PÉREZ HERNÁNDEZ J. ID1182
PÉREZ J. ID672,ID673,ID810,ID989
PEREZ-CALVO E. ID1225,ID385
PERIĆ L. ID1442,ID182,ID185
PERIĆ-MATARUGA V. ID918
PERIYASAMY K. ID608
PERTUSA M. ID327,ID331,ID389
PETRACCI M. ID183,ID324,ID482
PETRELLI A. ID390
PETRIČEVIĆ V. ID221
PETTERSSON D. ID387
PEULIĆ T. ID617
PHILIPOVA P. ID1378
PIACQUADIO K. ID1387
PICARD-DRUET D. ID1388
PICART C. ID255,ID750
PICHEREAUX C. ID677
PIE J. ID223
PIGACHE E. ID411
PIKETTY M. ID1461
PILEVAR M. ID167
PILLAN G. ID944
PILLER A. ID184
PINEDA L. ID395
PINLOCHE E. ID669
PINTO S. ID703
PIPAN M. ID348,ID494
PIQUER O. ID936
PIRGOZLIEV V. ID1176,ID1178,ID261,ID262,ID377,ID379
PITALA W. ID1239,ID1304
PITAWALA J. ID23,ID24
PITEL F. ID1227,ID1236,ID1316
PITESKY M. ID1350
PIVA A. ID98
PIZARRO G. ID809
PLATEAU J. ID530
PLAUZOLLES JJ. ID378
PLEAU A. ID403
PLUMBLEE LAWRENCE J. ID1392,ID719
PLUMSTEAD P. ID1244,ID1254,ID437,ID534
PO S. ID1079
POEIKHAMPHA T. ID839
POKHREL N. ID1449
POLO J. ID1250
PONZIO R. ID398
POOK T. ID832
POPE J. ID804
POTTHAST C. ID304
POUSGA S. ID1062
PRAJAPATI C. ID1068
PRAKASH A. ID802
PRASONGSOOK S. ID839

PRAUD C. ID317
PREISINGER R. ID357,ID832,ID914
PREMARATHNE K. ID869
PREMARATHNE U. ID869,ID869
PRESTON T. ID1344
PREUSS S. ID299
PREYNAT A. ID1126,ID1258
PRICE K. ID1384,ID1386
PRICE P. ID1021,ID1023
PRIÉ D. ID1461
PRIGENT J. ID411
PRISYAZHNAYA L. ID259
PROKISCH J. ID1228
PROKOPENKO N. ID1006
PROSDÓCIMO F. ID703
PROTINO J. ID389
PRUKNER-RADOVCIC E. ID1301, ID422
PUVAČA N. ID617
PUYALTO M. ID1115,ID1347,ID984
QI G. ID795
QIN C. ID766
QU L. ID580,ID581
QUENTIN B. ID321,ID462
QUÉRÉ F. ID393
QUIJADA N. ID1430
QUINTANA-OSPINA G. ID824
QUINTEROS J. ID897
RADAELLI G. ID944
RÁDSETOULALOVÁ I. ID1423
RADY M. ID426,ID427
RAFIQUI S. ID998
RAGHUTHOMAN V. ID608
RAGUŽ ĐURIĆ R. ID422
RAHMAN S. ID40
RAI A. ID573
RAJANI C. V. ID967
RAJAMANICKAM P. ID1137,ID1292
RAJMANOHAR G. ID1114
RAKITA S. ID617
RALPH J. ID291,ID665
RAMA RAO S. ID395
RAMAYO-CALDAS Y. ID1227
RANA M. ID594,ID596
RAPP C. ID485
RASPOET R. ID252,ID254
RAT C. ID568
RAUCH E. ID472
RAUTENSCHLEIN S. ID907,ID914
RAVINDRAN R. ID343
RAY B. ID430
RAYNAUD E. ID568
RE M. ID398
REBOLLO M. ID452,ID628
REED H. ID767
RÉHAULT-GODBERT S. ID356,ID391,ID568
REICHER N. ID622
REIMER C. ID832
REKAYA R. ID1043,ID836,ID848
REMIGNON H. ID677
RENGARAJ D. ID1038
RENNA M. ID289, ID494
RENOUARD M. ID951
RENOUF B. ID325, ID326
REPERANT J. ID365
RESCONI V. ID672, ID673
RESTOUX G. ID712
REYES CAMACHO D. ID1182
REYNOLDS D. ID100
REZAR V. ID182
RHAYAT L. ID669
RHOADS D. ID1431
RIBEIRO B. ID927
RICHARDSON B. ID767
RIGGI A. ID252, ID254
RILEY A. ID218
RIOU M. ID403
RITZ C. ID1274
RIVA F. ID1344, ID692
RIVERA L. ID758
ROBERTET L. ID1321, ID1328
ROBERTS J. ID30
ROBIN P. ID411
ROCHELL S. ID1126
RODEHUTSCORD M. ID213
RODENBURG T. ID398
RODIĆ V. ID1442
RODRÍGUEZ C. ID810
RODRÍGUEZ M. ID989, ID368
RODRÍGUEZ P. ID936
RODRIGUEZ-NAVARRO A. ID287, ID357
ROEKNGAM N. ID748
ROGIEWICZ A. ID229
ROINSARD A. ID292, ID398
ROKADE J. ID1068, ID1100, ID1107, ID542, ID573, ID972
ROKAVEC N. ID833
RONDEL E. ID1290
ROOVERS G. ID194
ROSE P. ID261, ID262, ID377, ID379
ROSE S. ID1176, ID1178
ROSENBAUM M. ID1331
ROSSIGNOL C. ID403
ROSTAGNO H. ID368
ROTHSCHILD N. ID536
ROTIMI O. ID397
ROULLEAU S. ID219
ROUSSEAU X. ID1132
ROUSSET N. ID240, ID242, ID327, ID411
ROY A. ID430
ROY L. ID294
ROY P. ID542
ROZIER C. ID158
RUBIO A. ID804
RUEDA LASTRES M. ID1403
RUEDA M. ID412
RUER T. ID413
RUHNAU D. ID469, ID473

RUSSO E. ID1275
RUZAUSKAS M. ID471
RYU K. ID594, ID596
SACY A. ID530
SADEGHI A. ID1341
SADURNÍ M. ID984
SAEYS W. ID237
SAHAR N. ID1251
SAHARIA J. ID972
SAHOO B. ID1406, ID896
SAHU A. ID16
SAJID ARSHAD M. ID1108
SAKAI T. ID720
SAKHRIA S. ID816
SAKKAS P. ID128, ID319
SALA R. ID1016, ID984
SALAHUDDIN M. ID579
SALAJPAL K. ID431
SALAKO A. ID332
SALEEVA I. ID245, ID256, ID259
SALIHU E. ID130
SALOBIR J. ID182
SALVUCCI S. ID243
SAN MARTIN V. ID824
SÁNCHEZ FERNANDEZ F. ID235, ID212
SÁNCHEZ-RODRIGUEZ E. ID357
SANDERS E. ID1003, ID999
SANDILANDS V. ID186
SANDVANG D. ID105, ID108, ID1310, ID35, ID880, ID107
SANI N. ID706
SANKARA F. ID1062
SANSON G. ID384
SANTOS R. ID307
SARAN S. ID1068
SAREMI B. ID151, ID154
SARKAR A. ID223
SARKER S. ID430
SARTORE S. ID339
SARTSOONGNOEN N. ID586
SASANAMI T. ID276, ID638, ID639
SASIPREEYAJAN J. ID1402
SATHARASINGHE D. ID869
SATHEESH K. ID724
SATO H. ID491
SATO W. ID491, ID491
SATO Y. ID414, ID417
SAUERWEIN H. ID300
SAXENA V. ID1068, ID1112
SAXY A. ID529
SBEHAT Y. ID536
SCHATZMAYR D. ID469, ID473
SCHEDULE K. ID304
SCHELSTRAETE W. ID320
SCHIAVONE A. ID243, ID289, ID339, ID348, ID494
SCHLAGHECK A. ID297, ID308
SCHLEIFER J. ID105, ID35, ID51, ID880
SCHMIDT P. ID184, ID472
SCHMITHAUSEN A. ID919
SCHMUTZ M. ID357,ID733,ID832
SCHNEEBERGER E. ID304
SCHNEEGANS M. ID1174
SCHNEIDERS G. ID1043,ID848
SCHOLEY D. ID273
SCHOLS H. ID808
SCHURER J. ID1331
SCHWARTZ M. ID307
SCHWARZER A. ID184,ID761
SCHWEAN-LARDNER K. ID195,ID498,ID499,
ID432
SCHYNS G. ID382,ID385
SCOIZEC A. ID242
SCOTT P. ID897
SCOTT T. ID897,ID897
SEDAGHAT JAFARI j. ID858
SEDEIK A. ID427
SEGERS L. ID251,ID253
SELBY C. ID334
SELLERS H. ID532
SELVAN S. T. ID1033,ID698,ID715,ID634
SEMAŠKA V. ID834
SENTHILKUMAR S. ID1114
SERRANO P. ID811
SERVANT P. ID462
SHAH S. ID716
SHAHID F. ID1251
SHAIKAT A. ID1204
SHAMSUDEEN P. ID1114
SHAN Y. ID1466
SHARMA D. ID573
SHARMA N. ID641,ID782
SHER Y. ID1159
SHI L. ID1083,ID1223
SHIMODA M. ID726
SHIRAISHI J. ID890
SHOAIB M. ID1251
SHOKRANEH M. ID1341
SHOLE C. ID783
SHOULDICE V. ID144
SHTERZER N. ID536
SHU J. ID1466
SHUKLA P. ID802
SHWANI A. ID1431
SHYAMKUMAR TS. ID1107
SHYNKARUK T. ID195,ID498,ID499, ID432
SIDELMANN BRINCH K. ID669
SIDIQ F. ID975
SIDIROPOULOU E. ID284,ID662
SIEGEL P. ID645
SIEGERT W. ID213
SILVA C. ID161
SILVESTRE A. ID1177
SIMIANER H. ID832
SIMIC A. ID377,ID379
SIMON L. ID403,ID409
SIMONGIOVANNI A. ID707
SIMS M. ID1021,ID1259,ID254

SINCLAIR-BLACK M. ID1244,ID437,ID534
SIRRI F. ID1290,ID324,ID482
SIVAM E. ID1100
SIWEK M. ID145,ID162
SKAFTOUROS S. ID345
SKJERVE E. ID17
SKJOET-RASMUSSEN L. ID51
SKOUFOS I. ID284,ID345,ID346
SKOUFOS S. ID284,ID345,ID346,ID346
SKOUPÁ M. ID1326
ŠKRBIĆ Z. ID221
SKRIVANOVA E. ID302
SKRIVANOVA V. ID310
SLAUSGALVIS V. ID834
SLAVIC D. ID506,ID510
SLEECKX N. ID1145,ID294,ID295
SLOMINSKI B. ID229
ŠMÍDOVÁ V. ID357
SMITH A. ID387
SMITH J. ID602,ID647
SMITH O. ID58
SMOLENSKY V. ID889
SOARA A. ID867
SOARES A. ID42
SOARES N. ID694,ID808
SODIPO I. ID58
SODJEDO C. ID1304
SOGLIA D. ID339
SOGLIA F. ID183,ID324,ID482
SOISUWAN K. ID748
SOL C. ID1115,ID1347,ID984
SOLA ORIOL D. ID1182
SOLÀ-ORIOL D. ID1016,ID1250,ID989
SOLER M. ID936
SOMMERS M. ID719
SOORYAN S. ID967
SOSA N. ID703
SOSSIDOU E. ID1300
SOUCHET C. ID301,ID318,ID380,ID403
SOULA J. ID529
SOUVESTRE M. ID1321,ID1328
SPARAGANO O. ID918
SPASEVSKI N. ID617
SPINDLER B. ID184,ID729,ID914
SPIRIDONOVIĆ S. ID185
SRIKULNATH K. ID908
STAMENIĆ T. ID221
STANAREVIĆ B. ID1289
STANIŠIĆ N. ID221
STANLEY M. ID1331
STANOJKOVIĆ A. ID918
STAR L. ID307,ID349
STARK C. ID283,ID977
STARKEY C. ID1403,ID509
STARKUTE V. ID471
STEF L. ID300
STEPHENS R. ID935
STEWART R. ID127
STORM A. ID387
STORMINK T. ID975
STRACKE J. ID184
STRATMANN A. ID125
STRICKLAND T. ID490
STRUTHERS S. ID195
STYLIANAKI I. ID284
SUBBIAH E. ID1033, ID634, ID698, ID715
SUBRTOVA SALMONOVA H. ID302
SULABO A. ID1372
SULABO R. ID1372, ID1372
SULTAN H. ID598, ID600
SUN C. ID1427, ID454, ID653, ID674
SUN T. ID1265
SUN Y. ID1083, ID1223, ID360
SUNDARESAN A. ID634, ID1033, ID698
SUSTA L. ID506, ID510, ID873
SUWANASOPEE T. ID908
SUWANVICHANEE C. ID158
SVEJSTIL R. ID302
SVIHUS B. ID1007
SWAGGERTY C. ID98
SWICK R. ID117, ID118, ID30, ID641, ID782
SZABÓ R. ID796, ID906
SZABÓ Z. ID1228
SZCZERBA A. ID145, ID162
SZKOPEK D. ID1203, ID1310
SZTÁN N. ID1153, ID306, ID863
TACHIBANA T. ID467
TACHIKI J. ID652
TADELE K. ID252
TAJIMA A. ID61, ID62
TAKAHASHI N. ID521
TAKEDA M. ID1204, ID610
TAKEHARA M. ID62
TAKENOUCHI A. ID595, ID652
TALAAT S. ID598, ID600
TALAKI E. ID1304, ID867
TALINEAU M. ID78
TAMEEMELDAR A. ID831
TAMIL SHANMUGAM S. ID608
TAMILSELVAN T. ID1100
TAN X. ID1164
TANG C. ID766
TANG P. ID1118
TANTAWI L. ID598, ID600
TARLAVIN N. ID657
TASONIERO G. ID961
TAVARES M. ID411
TAVARES O. ID292, ID389
TAYLOR J. ID319
TEAGUE K. ID334
TEDESCHI DOS SANTOS T. ID1132
TEERLYNCK S. ID781
TEISSIER M. ID413
TELLEZ-ISAIAS G. ID334
TEN BRINKE W. ID349
TERADA T. ID853

TESFAY H. ID1083
TESSERAUD S. ID1202, ID1222
TETE-BENISSAN A. ID745
TETENS J. ID299
TEYSSIER J. ID1126
THANABALAN A. ID1384, ID1386
THEAPPARAT Y. ID748
THIERY P. ID669
THIPPAREDDI H. ID1274
THOBE P. ID1032
THOEFNER I. ID1441
THURNER S. ID1113
TIEMANN I. ID1305, ID1306, ID732, ID919
TISHENKOVA M. ID238
TITOV V. ID238, ID239
TIURINA D. ID564, ID566, ID656, ID657
TIXIER-BOICHARD M. ID1236, ID6, ID712
TODOROVIĆ D. ID918
TOGBENOU K. ID681
TOGHYANI M. ID137
TOKODYNE SZABADI N. ID226
TOKODYNÉ SZABADI N. ID1153
TOKOFAI M. ID681
TOLIMIR N. ID221
TOMAR S. ID1068
TOMAS D. ID391
TOMPKINS Y. ID937
TONA K.
ID1192, ID1192, ID1215, ID1239, ID1239, ID1267, ID1304, ID251, ID626, ID631, ID727, ID745, ID754, ID867
TOOMER O. ID1003, ID999
TÖRÖK É. ID1228
TORRES A. ID809, ID810
TORRES C. ID324, ID407, ID485
TORREY S. ID144
TOSCANO M. ID125, ID282
TOTH R. ID226, ID1153
TOYE A. ID397
TOYODA S. ID491
TRACY B. ID1342
TRAN P. ID1433, ID856
TRAVEL A. ID364, ID365, ID380, ID403, ID409, ID548, ID568
TREBUŠAK T. ID182
TRES A. ID1016
TRIBULAS L. ID834
TRICOIRE S. ID413
TROCINO A. ID873, ID944
TROTT R. ID1205
TROXLER S. ID1172
TSAI M. ID190
TSAXRA J. ID1335
TSINAS A. ID346
TSIOURIS V. ID1362, ID1370, ID1373, ID662
TSITSOS A. ID1370, ID1373
TSUDZUKI M. ID595, ID652
TSUNEYOSHI Y. ID491
TU S. ID719
TU Y. ID1466
TUKAHIRWA L. ID1276,ID1281
TUMOVA E. ID302,ID310,ID313,. ID336
TURNER F. ID357
TYAGI J. ID1100,ID1107
TYLER N. ID1135
TYLLEROVÁ LANDOVÁ H. ID1205
TZORA A. ID284,ID345,ID346
TZSCHENTKE B. ID1022
ÚBEDA P. ID936
UDA M. ID467
UDAYAKUMARA T. ID869
UDOMTHAM G. ID1402
UEDA H. ID521
UMBREEN H. ID1108
UN NISA M. ID1108,ID1108
UNE Y. ID61
UNI Z. ID536,ID622
UPADHAYA S. ID107
URGE M. ID1171
URIBE A. ID811
URVOIX S. ID321,ID462
UZBEKOV R. ID1330
VADDU S. ID1274
VAKILI R. ID858,ID865,ID870
VALIÈRE A. ID359
VALKONEN E. ID384,ID750
VAN BAAL J. ID815
VAN DE VEN A. ID349
VAN DER HORST Y. ID541,ID756
VAN DER KLEIN S. ID27
VAN EERDEN E. ID609,ID875
VAN EMOUS R. ID205,ID525
VAN IMMERSEEL F. ID485,ID669
VAN KUIJK S. ID212
VAN LIMBERGEN T. ID781
VAN MILGEN J. ID1202,ID1222
VAN VILSTEREN D. ID349
VANDERBEKE E. ID134,ID206
VANGROENWEGHE F. ID666
VANHEULE J. ID1362
VANHOYE A. ID327
VÄRE M. ID398
VARGA C. ID506,ID510
VARGAS NAVARRO A. ID294
VASDAL G. ID1116,ID17
VASILJEVIĆ M. ID918
VEGA S. ID1115
VEGI B. ID1228,ID225,ID1153,ID306
VELAYUDHAN D. ID216
VELURI S. ID167
VELUSAMY M. ID1107,ID1114
VENCIUS D. ID834
VENTER K. ID1254
VEREEKEN M. ID320,ID459,ID460,ID489
VERTIPRAKHOV V. ID104,ID168,ID169
VERVELDE L. ID1458
VERVLOESEM J. ID386
VERZA S. ID694

VICENTE G. ID928
VIDAL A. ID989
VIEIRA S. ID160,ID161
VIGNONI E. ID703
VILLA C. ID1441
VILLATORO-HERNANDEZ J. ID219
VINCO L. ID301
VISPUTE M. ID573,ID972
VLAHEK M. ID1301
VOEMESSE K. ID1192,ID745,ID1215
VOGL C. ID303
VOIDAROU C. ID346
VOLIK V. ID245
VOROBYOV N. ID433
VOY B. ID1387
VU T. ID1003,ID999
VUONG C. ID334
VUORENMAA J. ID384,ID750
WAKASA Y. ID521
WAKU D. ID726
WALL B. ID1003,ID999
WALLER K. ID219
WALLEY K. ID398
WALLOIS G. ID378
WALSH M. ID382,ID383,ID385
WALTON J. IID294
WALUGEMBE M. ID1106,ID1263,ID1385
WAN Y. ID451
WANG D. ID929
WANG J. ID795
WANG L. ID580,ID581
WANG M. ID1155
WANG N. ID449,ID864,ID866
WANG P. ID1083,ID1223
WANG S. ID449,ID866
WANG W. ID864
WANG X. ID1155,ID454
WANG Y.
ID1083,ID1102,ID1123,ID1154,ID1335,ID449,ID514,ID851
WANG Z. ID176
WARIN L. ID301,ID398,ID403
WATANABE T. ID521
WATSON K. ID127
WATSON M. ID127,ID127
WEGGE B. ID537
WEI L. ID766
WEIGEND A. ID832
WEIGEND S. ID832,ID832
WELLMANN R. ID299
WEN J. ID1123,ID1154,ID1164
WERLICH J. ID694
WESTER T. ID343
WHELAN R. ID1043,ID848
WHENHAM N. ID228
WHITE D. ID937
WIDOWSKI T. ID144, ID432
WILD C. ID305
WILKINSON S. ID30,ID93
WILLER T. ID907
WILLIAM L. ID491
WILLSON N. ID93
WILSON J. ID1387,ID935
WILSON P. ID228,ID357,ID470,ID733
WILSON T. ID897
WILTAFSKY M. ID1113
WINDISCH W. ID1113,ID1261
WINT K. ID1169
WINTER J. ID125
WIŚNIEWSKA Z. ID1130,ID819
WOLC A. ID1031
WONG J. ID767
WONGANUSORN W. ID158
WOO S. ID1038
WOYDA R. ID490
WU G. ID1427,ID653
WU S. ID117,ID118,ID137,ID30,ID641,ID795
WU X. ID344
WU Y. ID344,ID344
XIAO C. ID1265,ID1269
XIAO L. ID591,ID769
XICCATO G. ID944
XING S. ID1154,ID1164
XU G. ID180,ID454,ID653,ID674
XU K. ID584,ID591,ID645,ID740,ID766,ID769
XU L. ID176,ID344
XU Z. ID740
YADAV A. ID998
YADAV B. ID802
YADAV S. ID1274
YAHAYA J. ID479
YAKOUT O. ID598
YAMASHITA M. ID1094
YAN Y. ID1427,ID653
YANG B. ID255
YANG K. ID584,ID769
YANG L. ID645,ID766,ID769
YANG N. ID1427,ID454,ID602,ID647,ID653,ID674
YANG W. ID580,ID581
YANG X. ID1265
YANG Y. ID687
YANG Z. ID1265
YANQUEN J. ID824
YAO W. ID176
YAWE A. ID1331
YEH H. ID942
YILDIRIM E. ID564,ID566
YIN Z. ID647
YIRGU T. ID1171
YONGSAWATDIGUL J. ID158
YOON J. ID290
YOSHIMURA Y. ID59,ID768,ID853
YOUSAF A. ID1241,ID1296,ID696
YU J. ID176,ID344
YU Y. ID155
YUAN H. ID449,ID591

ZAEFARIAN F. ID343
ZAKI S. ID1431
ZAMBOTTO V. ID339
ZAMPIGA M. ID1290,ID482
ZÁNDOKI E. ID906
ZANINI L. ID282
ZAREMSKAYA A. ID256
ZASORIN A. ID728
ZATYLNY-GAUDIN C. ID391
ZAVISTANAVICIUTE P. ID471
ZAW K. ID1169
ZDRAVKOVIC N. ID290
ZDUŃCZYK Z. ID229
ZERJAL T. ID1227,ID1236
ZERMANI H. ID816
ZHAN K. ID451
ZHANG C. ID866
ZHANG F. ID647
ZHANG H. ID449,ID795
ZHANG J. ID420,ID581,ID687
ZHANG M. ID1466
ZHANG Q. ID895
ZHANG R. ID139
ZHANG Y. ID1164,ID645
ZHANG Z. ID602,ID647
ZHAO G. ID1123,ID1154,ID1164
ZHAO L. ID591
ZHAO S. ID738
ZHAO Y. ID1102
ZHENG J. ID180,ID653
ZHENG M. ID1154,ID1164
ZHENG Y. ID584,ID740,ID766
ZHOU H.
ID1106,ID1335,ID1385,ID341,ID584,ID591,ID645,ID740>ID676
ZHOU Q. ID1427
ZHOU R. ID357
ZHOU Z. ID602,ID647
ZHU F. ID602,ID647
ZHUANG H. ID420,ID687,ID942,ID961
ZHURAVCHUK E. ID245,ID256
ZIFENG H. ID907
ŽIKIĆ D. ID182
ZIMBORÁN Á. ID796,ID906
ZITA L. ID1205
ZMUDZIŃSKA A. ID1282,ID1293,ID1309
ZOCK G. ID1392,ID719
ZOKAITYTE E. ID471
ZOLLAI V. ID1280
ZONG Y. ID1083
ZOTOV A. ID238
ZOU J. ID1466
ZOUAOUI M. ID707
ZUIDHOF M. ID27
ZULIANI A. ID398
ZUPAN ŠEMROV M. ID833
ZWIRZITZ B. ID719
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