# Working group on North Atlantic salmon (WGNAS)

Ida Ahlbeck-Bergendahl, Julien April, Hlynur Bardarson, Geir H. Bolstad, Ian Bradbury, Mathieu Buoro, Gerald Chaput, Guillaume Dauphin, Dennis Ensing, Jaakko Erkinaro, et al.

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Ida Ahlbeck-Bergendahl, Julien April, Hlynur Bardarson, Geir H. Bolstad, Ian Bradbury, et al. Working group on North Atlantic salmon (WGNAS). [Research Report] Inconnu. 2019, 368 p. hal-02184250

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WORKING GROUP ON NORTH ATLANTIC
SALMON (WGNAS)

VOLUME 1 | ISSUE 16

ICES SCIENTIFIC REPORTS

RAPPORTS
SCIENTIFIQUES DU CIEM

<figure><img src="image_2.png" /></figure>

ICES INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR THE EXPLORATION OF THE SEA

CIEM CONSEIL INTERNATIONAL POUR L'EXPLORATION DE LA MER
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The material in this report may be reused for non-commercial purposes using the recommended citation. ICES may only grant usage rights of information, data, images, graphs, etc. of which it has ownership. For other third-party material cited in this report, you must contact the original copyright holder for permission. For citation of datasets or use of data to be included in other databases, please refer to the latest ICES data policy on ICES website. All extracts must be acknowledged. For other reproduction requests please contact the General Secretary.

This document is the product of an expert group under the auspices of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea and does not necessarily represent the view of the Council.

ISSN number: 2618-1371 I © 2019 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea
ICES Scientific Reports

Volume 1 | Issue 16

WORKING GROUP ON NORTH ATLANTIC SALMON (WGNAS)

Recommended format for purpose of citation:

ICES. 2019. Working Group on North Atlantic Salmon (WGNAS).

ICES Scientific Reports. 1:16. 368 pp. http://doi.org/10.17895/ices.pub.4978

Editors

Martha Robertson

Authors

Ida Ahlbeck-Bergendahl • Julien April • Hlynur Bardarson • Geir H. Bolstad • Ian Bradbury • Mathieu

Buoro • Gérald Chaput • Guillaume Dauphin • Dennis Ensing • Jaakko Erkinaro • Peder Fiske • Marko

Freese • Jonathan Gillson • Stephen Gregory • Nora Hanson • Nick Kelly • Hugo Maxwell • David Meer-

burg • Michael Millane • Rasmus Nygaard • Maxime Olmos • James Ounsley • Sergey Prusov • Etienne

Rivot • Martha Robertson • Ian Russell • Tim Sheehan • Kjell Rong Utne • Alan Walker • Vidar Wenne-

vik
# Contents

<table><tr><td>i</td><td>Executive summary</td><td>v</td></tr><tr><td>ii</td><td>Expert group information</td><td>vii</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>Introduction</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>1.1</td><td>Main tasks</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>1.2</td><td>Participants</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>1.3</td><td>Management framework for salmon in the North Atlantic</td><td>11</td></tr><tr><td>1.4</td><td>Management objectives</td><td>12</td></tr><tr><td>1.5</td><td>Reference points and application of precaution</td><td>12</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>Atlantic salmon in the North Atlantic area</td><td>14</td></tr><tr><td>2.1</td><td>Catches of North Atlantic salmon</td><td>14</td></tr><tr><td>2.1.1</td><td>Nominal catches of salmon</td><td>14</td></tr><tr><td>2.1.2</td><td>Catch and release</td><td>15</td></tr><tr><td>2.1.3</td><td>Unreported catches</td><td>16</td></tr><tr><td>2.2</td><td>Farming and sea ranching of Atlantic salmon</td><td>16</td></tr><tr><td>2.2.1</td><td>Production of farmed Atlantic salmon</td><td>16</td></tr><tr><td>2.2.2</td><td>Harvest of ranched Atlantic salmon</td><td>17</td></tr><tr><td>2.3</td><td>NASCO has asked ICES to report on significant, new or emerging threats to, or opportunities for, salmon conservation and management</td><td>17</td></tr><tr><td>2.3.1</td><td>Diseases and parasites</td><td>17</td></tr><tr><td>2.3.1.1</td><td>Update on Red Vent Syndrome (Anisakiasis)</td><td>17</td></tr><tr><td>2.3.1.2</td><td>Update on sea lice investigations in Norway</td><td>18</td></tr><tr><td>2.3.1.3</td><td>Update on Gyrodactylus salaris</td><td>19</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Norway</td><td>19</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Russian Federation</td><td>19</td></tr><tr><td>2.3.1.4</td><td>Other updates on disease issues</td><td>19</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Sweden</td><td>19</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Russian Federation</td><td>19</td></tr><tr><td>2.3.1.5</td><td>Presence and Abundance of Infectious Agents on Atlantic salmon in the Labrador Sea</td><td>20</td></tr><tr><td>2.3.1.6</td><td>Atlantic salmon viral pathogen testing (VHSV, PRV-1, PRV-3, PMCV) at Greenland in 2017</td><td>20</td></tr><tr><td>2.3.2</td><td>Unusually dry conditions in 2018</td><td>21</td></tr><tr><td>2.3.3</td><td>Update on the Atlantic salmon stock situation in Germany</td><td>22</td></tr><tr><td>2.3.4</td><td>Atlantic salmon return rate increases with smolt length</td><td>24</td></tr><tr><td>2.3.5</td><td>Tracking Studies in the Northwest Atlantic</td><td>26</td></tr><tr><td>2.3.5.1</td><td>Update of select acoustic tagging studies in Canada</td><td>26</td></tr><tr><td>2.3.5.2</td><td>Update on Pop-off Satellite Tagging Atlantic Salmon at Greenland</td><td>27</td></tr><tr><td>2.3.6</td><td>New opportunities for sampling salmon at sea</td><td>28</td></tr><tr><td>2.3.6.1</td><td>The International Ecosystem Summer Survey of the Nordic Seas (IESSNS) and other surveys</td><td>28</td></tr><tr><td>2.3.6.2</td><td>Project "SeaSalar"</td><td>29</td></tr><tr><td>2.3.6.3</td><td>New approaches to estimating bycatch in pelagic fisheries</td><td>29</td></tr><tr><td>2.3.7</td><td>Embedding Atlantic salmon stock assessment within an integrated Bayesian life cycle modelling framework</td><td>30</td></tr><tr><td>2.3.7.1</td><td>Progress in stock assessment models</td><td>30</td></tr><tr><td>2.3.7.2</td><td>Investigating the drivers of Atlantic salmon population declines across the Atlantic basin</td><td>30</td></tr><tr><td>2.4</td><td>Reports from ICES expert group and other investigations relevant to North Atlantic salmon</td><td>31</td></tr><tr><td>2.4.1</td><td>WGDIAD</td><td>31</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>2.4.2</td><td>Salmonids Management Around the Channel (SAMARCH)</td><td>32</td></tr><tr><td>2.5</td><td>NASCO has asked ICES to provide a compilation of tag releases by country in 2018</td><td>33</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>Northeast Atlantic Commission area</td><td>65</td></tr><tr><td>3.1</td><td>NASCO has requested ICES to describe the key events of the 2018 fisheries</td><td>65</td></tr><tr><td>3.1.1</td><td>Fishing at Faroes</td><td>65</td></tr><tr><td>3.1.2</td><td>Key events in NEAC homewater fisheries</td><td>65</td></tr><tr><td>3.1.3</td><td>Gear and effort</td><td>65</td></tr><tr><td>3.1.4</td><td>Catches</td><td>66</td></tr><tr><td>3.1.5</td><td>Catch per unit of effort (CPUE)</td><td>67</td></tr><tr><td>3.1.6</td><td>Age composition of catches</td><td>67</td></tr><tr><td>3.1.7</td><td>Farmed and ranched salmon in catches</td><td>68</td></tr><tr><td>3.1.8</td><td>National origin of catches</td><td>68</td></tr><tr><td>3.1.8.1</td><td>Catches of Russian salmon in northern Norway</td><td>68</td></tr><tr><td>3.1.9</td><td>Exploitation indices of NEAC stocks</td><td>69</td></tr><tr><td>3.2</td><td>Management objectives and reference points</td><td>70</td></tr><tr><td>3.2.1</td><td>NEAC conservation limits</td><td>70</td></tr><tr><td>3.2.2</td><td>Progress with setting river-specific conservation limits</td><td>70</td></tr><tr><td>3.2.2.1</td><td>UK (Scotland)</td><td>70</td></tr><tr><td>3.3</td><td>Status of stocks</td><td>71</td></tr><tr><td>3.3.1</td><td>The NEAC PFA run-reconstruction model</td><td>71</td></tr><tr><td>3.3.2</td><td>Changes to the national input data for the NEAC PFA run-reconstruction model</td><td>71</td></tr><tr><td>3.3.3</td><td>Changes to the NEAC PFA run-reconstruction model</td><td>72</td></tr><tr><td>3.3.4</td><td>Description of national stocks and NEAC stock complexes as derived from the NEAC run-reconstruction model</td><td>72</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Individual country stocks</td><td>73</td></tr><tr><td>3.3.5</td><td>Compliance with river-specific conservation limits</td><td>74</td></tr><tr><td>3.3.6</td><td>Marine survival (return rates) for NEAC stocks</td><td>75</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>North American Commission</td><td>146</td></tr><tr><td>4.1</td><td>NASCO has requested ICES to describe the key events of the 2018 fisheries</td><td>146</td></tr><tr><td>4.1.1</td><td>Key events of the 2018 fisheries</td><td>146</td></tr><tr><td>4.1.2</td><td>Gear and effort</td><td>146</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Canada</td><td>146</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Indigenous food, social, and ceremonial (FSC) fisheries</td><td>147</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Labrador resident subsistence fisheries</td><td>147</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Recreational fisheries</td><td>147</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>USA</td><td>148</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>France (Islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon)</td><td>148</td></tr><tr><td>4.1.3</td><td>Catches in 2018</td><td>148</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Canada</td><td>148</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Indigenous FSC fisheries</td><td>149</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Labrador resident subsistence fisheries</td><td>149</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Recreational fisheries</td><td>149</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Commercial fisheries</td><td>149</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Unreported catches</td><td>149</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>USA</td><td>150</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>France (Islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon)</td><td>150</td></tr><tr><td>4.1.4</td><td>Harvest of North American salmon, expressed as 2SW salmon equivalents</td><td>150</td></tr><tr><td>4.1.5</td><td>Origin and composition of catches</td><td>151</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Labrador subsistence fisheries sampling program</td><td>151</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Saint Pierre and Miquelon fisheries sampling programme</td><td>152</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Recommendations for future activities</td><td>153</td></tr><tr><td>4.1.6</td><td>Exploitation rates</td><td>153</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>Canada</td><td>153</td></tr><tr><td>USA</td><td>153</td></tr><tr><td>Exploitation trends for North American salmon fisheries</td><td>153</td></tr><tr><td>4.2 Management objectives and reference points</td><td>153</td></tr><tr><td>4.3 Status of stocks</td><td>155</td></tr><tr><td>4.3.1 Smolt abundance</td><td>155</td></tr><tr><td>Canada</td><td>155</td></tr><tr><td>USA</td><td>155</td></tr><tr><td>4.3.2 Estimates of total adult abundance</td><td>155</td></tr><tr><td>Small salmon returns</td><td>156</td></tr><tr><td>Large salmon returns</td><td>156</td></tr><tr><td>2SW salmon returns</td><td>157</td></tr><tr><td>4.3.3 Estimates of spawning escapements</td><td>157</td></tr><tr><td>Small salmon spawners</td><td>157</td></tr><tr><td>Large salmon spawners</td><td>158</td></tr><tr><td>2SW salmon spawners</td><td>158</td></tr><tr><td>4.3.4 Egg depositions in 2018</td><td>158</td></tr><tr><td>4.3.5 Marine survival (return rates)</td><td>159</td></tr><tr><td>4.3.6 Pre-fisheries abundance (PFA)</td><td>160</td></tr><tr><td>4.3.6.1 North American run-reconstruction model</td><td>160</td></tr><tr><td>4.3.6.2 Non-maturing 1SW salmon</td><td>160</td></tr><tr><td>4.3.6.3 Maturing 1SW salmon</td><td>160</td></tr><tr><td>4.3.6.4 Total 1SW recruits (maturing and non-maturing)</td><td>161</td></tr><tr><td>4.3.7 Summary on status of stocks</td><td>161</td></tr><tr><td>Atlantic salmon in the West Greenland Commission</td><td>253</td></tr><tr><td>5.1 NASCO has requested ICES to describe the key events of the 2018 fishery</td><td>253</td></tr><tr><td>5.1.1 Catch and effort in 2018</td><td>254</td></tr><tr><td>5.1.2 Phone surveys</td><td>256</td></tr><tr><td>5.1.3 Exploitation</td><td>256</td></tr><tr><td>5.2 International sampling programme</td><td>256</td></tr><tr><td>5.2.1 Biological characteristics of the catches</td><td>258</td></tr><tr><td>5.2.2 Continent of origin of catches at West Greenland</td><td>258</td></tr><tr><td>5.2.3 Region of origin of catches at West Greenland</td><td>259</td></tr><tr><td>5.3 NASCO has requested ICES to describe the status of the stocks</td><td>259</td></tr><tr><td>5.3.1 North American stock complex</td><td>260</td></tr><tr><td>5.3.2 MSW Southern European stock complex</td><td>260</td></tr><tr><td>Annex 1: List of Working Papers submitted to WGNAS 2019</td><td>308</td></tr><tr><td>Annex 2: References cited</td><td>310</td></tr><tr><td>Annex 3: List of participants</td><td>315</td></tr><tr><td>Annex 4: Reported catch of salmon in numbers and weight (tonnes round fresh weight) by sea age class. Catches reported for 2017 may be provisional. Methods used for estimating age composition given in footnote</td><td>317</td></tr><tr><td>Annex 5: WGNAS responses to the generic ToRs for Regional and Species Working Groups</td><td>346</td></tr><tr><td>Annex 6: WGNAS Stock Annex for Atlantic salmon</td><td>349</td></tr><tr><td>Annex 7: Glossary of acronyms used in this report</td><td>350</td></tr><tr><td>Annex 8: NASCO has requested ICES to identify relevant data deficiencies, monitoring needs and research requirements</td><td>356</td></tr><tr><td>List of recommendations</td><td>356</td></tr><tr><td>Annex 9: WGNAS 2019 Response to Review Group 2018</td><td>357</td></tr><tr><td>WGNAS General comments</td><td>357</td></tr><tr><td>WGNAS Specific comments</td><td>358</td></tr><tr><td>Annex 10: Addressing questions on the EU Data Collection Framework and the ICES Data call</td><td>364</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>10.1</td><td>364</td></tr><tr><td>10.2 Data Call for NASCO requested information used by the Working Group</td><td>370</td></tr><tr><td>Process for collating catch data</td><td>370</td></tr><tr><td>10.3 DRAFT Data call: Data submission for ICES selected stocks under WGNAS 2020</td><td>371</td></tr><tr><td>1. Scope of the Data call</td><td>371</td></tr><tr><td>2. Rationale</td><td>371</td></tr><tr><td>3. Legal framework</td><td>371</td></tr><tr><td>4. Deadlines</td><td>372</td></tr><tr><td>5. Data to report</td><td>372</td></tr><tr><td>6. Data submission</td><td>372</td></tr><tr><td>7. Contact information</td><td>372</td></tr></table>
# i Executive summary

WGNAS met to consider questions posed to ICES by the North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organisation (NASCO) and also generic questions for regional and species Working Groups posed by ICES.

The terms of reference were addressed by reviewing working documents prepared prior to the meeting as well as development of analyses, documents and text during the meeting.

The report is presented in five sections, structured to the terms of reference. Sections include:

1. Introduction;

2. Catches, farming and significant developments, threats and opportunities;

3. The status of stocks in the Northeast Atlantic Commission area;

4. The status of stocks in the North American Commission area;

5. The status of stocks in the West Greenland Commission area.

In summary of the findings of the Working group on North Atlantic Salmon:

* In the North Atlantic, exploitation rates on Atlantic salmon continue to be among the lowest in the time-series.

* Nominal catch in 2018 was 1090 t. This was 73 t below the updated catch for 2017 (1163 t) and 119 t and 283 t less than the previous five and ten year means, respectively.

* The provisional estimate of farmed Atlantic salmon production in the North Atlantic area for 2018 was 1575 kt; production of farmed Atlantic salmon in this area has been over one million tonnes since 2009 and in 2018 provisional worldwide production of 2335 kt is 2000 times the catch of wild Atlantic salmon.

* The Working Group reported on a range of new findings regarding salmon assessment and management: including an update of salmon populations in Germany, smolt marine survival studies in the UK, tracking programmes in the Northwest Atlantic, satellite tagging at Greenland, salmon sampling program in the Nordic Sea, long-term collaborative project focusing on salmon at sea in Norway, methods for estimating bycatch in pelagic fisheries, a single Bayesian life cycle model for the North Atlantic, and modelling the drivers of Atlantic salmon population declines across the Atlantic basin.

* A number of threats were discussed including disease and parasite events in wild salmon in England and Wales (RVS), Norway (salmon fluke and UDN), and Sweden (UDN and RVS); sea lice monitoring in Norway, infectious agents on salmon in the Labrador Sea, and pathogen testing at Greenland.

* The Working Group noted unusually dry river conditions throughout the North Atlantic area in 2018.

* Specific for the NEAC area, exploitation rates on NEAC stocks continue to decline and catches in 2018 were 960 t. This was 60 t below the updated catch for 2017 (1020 t) and 7% and 20% below the previous five-year and ten-year means respectively. Northern NEAC stock complexes, prior to the commencement of distant-water fisheries, were considered to be at full reproductive capacity. The southern NEAC stock complexes however, were considered to be suffering reduced reproductive capacity.

* Specific for the NAC area, the 2018 provisional harvest in Canada was 90 t, which was the lowest in the time-series since 1960. The majority of harvest fisheries on NAC stocks were directed toward small salmon. In recreational fisheries, large salmon could only be retained on 14 rivers in Québec.
* In 2018, 2SW returns to rivers were suffering reduced reproductive capacity in five of the six assessment regions of NAC, ranging from 3% in the USA to 127% in the Gulf.

* The continued low abundance of salmon stocks across North America, despite significant fishery reductions, strengthens the conclusions that factors acting on survival in the first and second years at sea, at both local and broad ocean scales are constraining abundance of Atlantic salmon.

* In Greenland, a total catch of 39.9 t was reported for 2018 compared to 28.0 t in 2017. North American origin salmon comprised 83.1% of the sampled catch.

Members representing EU Member States replied to the questions by RCG-DSG on data needs for assessment by WGNAS by providing a list of data currently used in the assessment, data of potential use, and data of potential use in future. Regarding data quality the Group takes uncertainty into account in the assessment, but recognises potential challenges associated with the timeliness and completeness of data reporting. The Group reported that no formal process for the selection of monitored rivers currently exists, and recommends that selection of such rivers remains within the competence of individual MS. The data types and sampling frequency of data collection on such rivers were also reported on.
## ii Expert group information

<table><tr><td>Expert group name</td><td>Working Group on North Atlantic Salmon (WGNAS)</td></tr><tr><td>Expert group cycle</td><td>Annual</td></tr><tr><td>Year cycle started</td><td>2019</td></tr><tr><td>Reporting year in cycle</td><td>1/1</td></tr><tr><td>Chair</td><td>Martha Robertson, Canada</td></tr><tr><td>Meeting venue and dates</td><td>25 March–4 April 2019, Bergen, Norway, 28 participants</td></tr></table>
# 1 Introduction

## 1.1 Main tasks

At its 2018 Statutory Meeting, ICES resolved (C. Res. 2018/2/ACOM21) that the Working Group on North Atlantic Salmon [WGNAS] (chaired by Martha Robertson, Canada) will meet in Bergen, Norway, 26 March–4 April 2019 to address: (a) relevant points in the Generic ToRs for Regional and Species Working Groups for each salmon stock complex; (b) questions regarding data requirements under the EU Data Collection Framework (EU-DCF) and Data Collection-Multi-Annual Programme (EU-DCMAP); and (c) questions posed to ICES by the North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organisation (NASCO).

The terms of reference were met. The questions posed in the Generic ToRs for Regional and Species Working Groups for each salmon stock complex overlap substantially with the questions posed by NASCO. As such, responses to the former were restricted to a limited subset of the questions; brief responses are provided in Annex 5. Questions regarding data requirements under the EU-DCF and EU-DCMAP are addressed in Annex 10.

The sections of the report which provide the answers to the questions posed by NASCO, are identified below:

<table><thead><tr><th>Question</th><th>Section</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="2">Posed by NASCO</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>With respect to Atlantic salmon in the North Atlantic area: Section 2</td></tr><tr><td>1.1</td><td>provide an overview of salmon catches and landings by country, including unreported catches and catch and release, and production of farmed and ranched Atlantic salmon in 2018<sup>1</sup>. 2.1, 2.2 and Annex 4</td></tr><tr><td>1.2</td><td>report on significant new or emerging threats to, or opportunities for, salmon conservation and management<sup>2</sup>; 2.3</td></tr><tr><td>1.3</td><td>provide a compilation of tag releases by country in 2018; and 2.5</td></tr><tr><td>1.4</td><td>identify relevant data deficiencies, monitoring needs and research requirements. Annex 8</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>With respect to Atlantic salmon in the Northeast Atlantic Commission area: Section 3</td></tr><tr><td>2.1</td><td>describe the key events of the 2018 fisheries<sup>3</sup>; 3.1</td></tr><tr><td>2.2</td><td>review and report on the development of age-specific stock conservation limits, including updating the time-series of the number of river stocks with established CLs by jurisdiction; 3.2</td></tr><tr><td>2.3</td><td>describe the status of the stocks, including updating the time-series of trends in the number of river stocks meeting CLs by jurisdiction; 3.3</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>With respect to Atlantic salmon in the North American Commission area: Section 4</td></tr><tr><td>3.1</td><td>describe the key events of the 2018 fisheries (including the fishery at St Pierre and Mique-lon)<sup>3</sup> 4.1</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tr><td>3.2</td><td>update age-specific stock conservation limits based on new information as available, including updating the time-series of the number of river stocks with established CLs by jurisdiction;</td><td>4.2</td></tr><tr><td>3.3</td><td>describe the status of the stocks, including updating the time-series of trends in the number of river stocks meeting CLs by jurisdiction;</td><td>4.3</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td><strong>With respect to Atlantic salmon in the West Greenland Commission area:</strong></td><td>Section 5</td></tr><tr><td>4.1</td><td>describe the key events of the 2018 fisheries<fnref n="3" />;</td><td>5.1</td></tr><tr><td>4.2</td><td>describe the status of the stocks<fnref n="4" />;</td><td>5.3</td></tr></table>

Notes:

In response to the Terms of Reference, the Working Group considered 35 Working Documents submitted by participants (Annex 1). Information provided by correspondence by Working Group members unable to attend the meeting is included in the list of working documents. References cited in the Report are provided in Annex 2, a full address list for the meeting participants is provided in Annex 3 and a complete list of acronyms used within this document is provided in Annex 7.

<footnote n="1">¹ With regard to question 1.1, for the estimates of unreported catch the information provided should, where possible, indicate the location of the unreported catch in the following categories: in-river; estuarine; and coastal. Numbers of salmon caught and released in recreational fisheries should be provided.</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² With regard to question 1.2, ICES is requested to include reports on any significant advances in understanding of the biology of Atlantic salmon that is pertinent to NASCO, including information on any new research into the migration and distribution of salmon at sea and the potential implications of climate change for salmon management.</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ In the responses to questions 2.1, 3.1 and 4.1, ICES is asked to provide details of catch, gear, effort, composition and origin of the catch and rates of exploitation. For homewater fisheries, the information provided should indicate the location of the catch in the following categories: in-river; estuarine; and coastal. Information on any other sources of fishing mortality for salmon is also requested (For 4.1, if any new phone surveys are conducted, ICES should review the results and advise on the appropriateness for incorporating resulting estimates of unreported catch into the assessment process).</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴ In response to question 4.2, ICES is requested to provide a brief summary of the status of North American and Northeast Atlantic salmon stocks. The detailed information on the status of these stocks should be provided in response to questions 2.3 and 3.3.</footnote>
## 1.2 Participants

<table><thead><tr><td>Member</td><td>Country</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Ahlbeck-Beregndahl, I.</td><td>Sweden</td></tr><tr><td>April, J.</td><td>Canada</td></tr><tr><td>Bardarson, H.</td><td>Iceland</td></tr><tr><td>Bolstad, G.</td><td>Norway</td></tr><tr><td>Bradbury, I.</td><td>Canada (Video link)</td></tr><tr><td>Buoro, M.</td><td>France</td></tr><tr><td>Chaput, G.</td><td>Canada</td></tr><tr><td>Dauphin, G.</td><td>Canada</td></tr><tr><td>Ensing, D.</td><td>UK (Northern Ireland)</td></tr><tr><td>Erkinaro, J.</td><td>Finland</td></tr><tr><td>Fiske, P.</td><td>Norway</td></tr><tr><td>Freese, M.</td><td>Germany</td></tr><tr><td>Gillson, J.</td><td>UK (England & Wales)</td></tr><tr><td>Gregory, S.</td><td>UK (England & Wales)</td></tr><tr><td>Hanson, N.</td><td>UK (Scotland)</td></tr><tr><td>Kelly, N.</td><td>Canada</td></tr><tr><td>Maxwell, H.</td><td>Ireland</td></tr><tr><td>Meerburg, D.</td><td>Canada</td></tr><tr><td>Millane, M.</td><td>Ireland</td></tr><tr><td>Nygaard, R.</td><td>Greenland (Video link)</td></tr><tr><td>Olmos, M.</td><td>France</td></tr><tr><td>Ounsley, J.</td><td>UK (Scotland)</td></tr><tr><td>Prusov, S.</td><td>Russian Federation</td></tr><tr><td>Rivot, E.</td><td>France</td></tr><tr><td>Robertson, M.</td><td>Canada</td></tr><tr><td>Russell, I.</td><td>UK (England & Wales)</td></tr><tr><td>Sheehan, T.</td><td>United States</td></tr><tr><td>Utne, K.</td><td>Norway</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><td>Member</td><td>Country</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Walker, A.</td><td>UK (England & Wales)</td></tr><tr><td>Wennevik, V.</td><td>Norway</td></tr></tbody></table>

## 1.3 Management framework for salmon in the North Atlantic

The advice generated by ICES in response to the Terms of Reference posed by the North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organisation (NASCO), is pursuant to NASCO's role in international management of salmon. NASCO was set up in 1984 by international convention (the Convention for the Conservation of Salmon in the North Atlantic Ocean), with a responsibility for the conservation, restoration, enhancement, and rational management of wild salmon in the North Atlantic. While sovereign states retain their role in the regulation of salmon fisheries for salmon originating in their own rivers, distant water salmon fisheries, such as those at Greenland and Faroes, which take salmon originating in rivers of another Party are regulated by NASCO under the terms of the Convention. NASCO now has six Parties that are signatories to the Convention, including the EU which represents its Member States.

NASCO discharges these responsibilities *via* three Commission areas shown below:

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /></figure>
## 1.4 Management objectives

NASCO has identified the primary management objective of that organisation as:

> "To contribute through consultation and cooperation to the conservation, restoration, enhancement and rational management of salmon stocks taking into account the best scientific advice available".

NASCO further stated that "the Agreement on the Adoption of a Precautionary Approach states that an objective for the management of salmon fisheries is to provide the diversity and abundance of salmon stocks" and NASCO's Standing Committee on the Precautionary Approach interpreted this as being "to maintain both the productive capacity and diversity of salmon stocks" (NASCO, 1998).

NASCO's Action Plan for Application of the Precautionary Approach (NASCO, 1999) provides interpretation of how this is to be achieved, as follows:

* "Management measures should be aimed at maintaining all stocks above their conservation limits by the use of management targets".

* "Socio-economic factors could be taken into account in applying the Precautionary Approach to fisheries management issues".

* "The precautionary approach is an integrated approach that requires, inter alia, that stock rebuilding programmes (including, as appropriate, habitat improvements, stock enhancement, and fishery management actions) be developed for stocks that are below conservation limits".

## 1.5 Reference points and application of precaution

Conservation limits (CLs) for North Atlantic salmon stock complexes have been defined as the level of stock (number of spawners) that will achieve long-term average maximum sustainable yield (MSY). In many regions of North America, the CLs are calculated as the number of spawners required to fully seed the wetted area of the river. The definition of conservation in Canada varies by region and in some areas, historically, the values used were equivalent to maximizing / optimizing freshwater production. These are used in Canada as limit reference points and they do not correspond to MSY values. Reference points for Atlantic salmon are currently being reviewed for conformity with the Precautionary Approach policy in Canada. Revised reference points are expected to be developed. In some regions of Europe, pseudo stock-recruitment observations are used to calculate a hockey-stick relationship, with the inflection point defining the CLs. In the remaining regions, the CLs are calculated as the number of spawners that will achieve long-term average MSY, as derived from the adult-to-adult stock and recruitment relationship (Ricker, 1975; ICES, 1993). NASCO has adopted the region specific CLs (NASCO, 1998). These CLs are limit reference points (S<sub>lim</sub>); having populations fall below these limits should be avoided with high probability.

Atlantic salmon has characteristics of short-lived fish stocks; mature abundance is sensitive to annual recruitment because there are only a few age groups in the adult spawning stock. Incoming recruitment is often the main component of the fishable stock. For such fish stocks, the ICES MSY approach is aimed at achieving a target escapement (MSY B<sub>escapement</sub>, the amount of biomass left to spawn). No catch should be allowed unless this escapement can be achieved. The escapement level should be set so there is a low risk of future recruitment being impaired, similar to the basis for estimating B<sub>pa</sub> in the precautionary approach. In short-lived stocks, where most of the annual surplus production is from recruitment (not growth), MSY B<sub>escapement</sub> and B<sub>pa</sub> might be expected to be similar.
It should be noted that this is equivalent to the ICES precautionary target reference points (S<sub>pa</sub>). Therefore, stocks are regarded by ICES as being at full reproductive capacity only if they are above the precautionary target reference point. This approach parallels the use of precautionary reference points used for the provision of catch advice for other fish stocks in the ICES area.

Management targets have not yet been defined for all North Atlantic salmon stocks. When these have been defined, they will play an important role in ICES advice.

For the assessment of the status of stocks and advice on management of national components and geographical groupings of the stock complexes in the NEAC area, where there are no specific management objectives:

* ICES requires that the lower bound of the confidence interval of the current estimate of spawners is above the CL for the stock to be considered at full reproductive capacity.

* When the lower bound of the confidence limit is below the CL, but the midpoint is above, then ICES considers the stock to be at risk of suffering reduced reproductive capacity.

* Finally, when the midpoint is below the CL, ICES considers the stock to be suffering reduced reproductive capacity.

For catch advice on fish exploited at West Greenland (non-maturing 1SW fish from North America and non-maturing 1SW fish from Southern NEAC), ICES has adopted, a risk level of 75% of simultaneous attainment of management objectives (ICES, 2003) as part of an management plan agreed by NASCO. ICES applies the same level of risk aversion for catch advice for homewater fisheries on the North American stock complex.

NASCO has not formally agreed a management plan for the fishery at Faroes. However, the Working Group has developed a risk-based framework for providing catch advice for fish exploited in this fishery (mainly MSW fish from NEAC countries). Catch advice is currently provided at both the stock complex and country level (for NEAC stocks only) and catch options tables provide both individual probabilities and the probability of simultaneous attainment of meeting proposed management objectives for both. ICES has recommended (ICES, 2013) that management decisions should be based principally on a 95% probability of attainment of CLs in each stock complex/ country individually. The simultaneous attainment probability may also be used as a guide, but managers should be aware that this will generally be quite low when large numbers of management units are used.

Full details of the assessment approaches used by the Working Group are provided in the Stock Annex, and this includes a general introduction in Section 1. Readers new to this report would be advised to read the Stock Annex in the first instance (See Annex 6).
## 2 Atlantic salmon in the North Atlantic area

### 2.1 Catches of North Atlantic salmon

#### 2.1.1 Nominal catches of salmon

The nominal catch of a fishery is defined as the round, fresh weight of fish that are caught and retained. Total nominal catches of salmon reported by country in all fisheries for 1960–2018 are given in Table 2.1.1.1. Catch statistics in the North Atlantic also include fish-farm escapees and, in some Northeast Atlantic countries, ranched fish (see Section 2.2.2). Catch and release has become increasingly commonplace in some countries, but these fish do not appear in the nominal catches (see Section 2.1.2).

Icelandic catches have traditionally been split into two categories, wild and ranched, reflecting the fact that Iceland has been the main North Atlantic country where large-scale ranching has been undertaken with the specific intention of harvesting all returns at the release site and with no prospect of wild spawning success. The release of smolts for commercial ranching purposes ceased in Iceland in 1998, but ranching for rod fisheries in two Icelandic rivers continued into 2018 (Table 2.1.1.1). Catches in Sweden have also now been split between wild and ranched categories over the entire time-series. The latter fish represent adult salmon which have originated from hatchery-reared smolts and which have been released under programmes to mitigate for hydropower development schemes. These fish are also exploited very heavily in homewaters and have no possibility of spawning naturally in the wild. While ranching does occur in some other countries, this is on a much smaller scale. Some of these operations are experimental and at others harvesting does not occur solely at the release site. The ranched component in these countries has therefore been included in the nominal catch.

Figure 2.1.1.1 shows the total reported nominal catch of salmon grouped by the following areas: 'Northern Europe' (Norway, Russia, Finland, Iceland, Sweden and Denmark); 'Southern Europe' (Ireland, UK (Scotland), UK (England & Wales), UK (Northern Ireland), France and Spain); 'North America' (Canada, USA and St Pierre et Miquelon (France)); and 'Greenland and Faroes'.

The provisional total nominal catch for 2018 was 1090 t, 73 t below the updated catch for 2017 (1163 t) and 119 and 283 t below the mean for the last five and ten years, respectively. Catches were below the previous five and ten-year means in the majority of countries and were the lowest in the entire time-series (1960 to 2018). The catch in UK (Scotland) was at a historical low level (19 t), representing a drop by three and fivefold compared with the previous five and ten years means (65 and 107 t), respectively. The reduction in catch in the last three years reflects both the impact of conservation regulations and the increased uptake of catch and release in recent years.

Nominal catches (weight only) in homewater fisheries were split, where available, by sea age or size category (Table 2.1.1.2). The data for 2018 are provisional and, as in Table 2.1.1.1, include both wild and reared salmon and fish-farm escapees in some countries. A more detailed breakdown, providing both numbers and weight for different sea age groups for most countries, is provided in Annex 4. Countries use different methods to partition their catches by sea age class (outlined in the footnotes to Annex 4). The composition of catches in different areas is discussed in more detail in Sections 3, 4, and 5.

ICES recognises that mixed-stock fisheries present particular threats to stock status. These fisheries predominantly operate in coastal areas and NASCO specifically requests that the nominal catches in homewater fisheries be partitioned according to whether the catch is taken in coastal,
estuarine or riverine areas. Figure 2.1.1.2 presents these data on a country-by-country basis. It should be noted, however, that the way in which the nominal catch is partitioned among categories varies between countries, particularly for estuarine and coastal fisheries. For example, in some countries these catches are split according to particular gear types and in other countries the split is based on whether fisheries operate inside or outside headlands. While it is generally easier to allocate the freshwater (riverine) component of the catch, it should also be noted that catch and release (C&R) is now in widespread use in many countries (Section 2.1.2) and these fish are excluded from the nominal catch. Noting these caveats, these data are considered to provide the best available indication of catch in these different fishery areas. Figure 2.1.1.2 shows that there is considerable variability of the distribution of the catch among individual countries. There are no coastal fisheries in Iceland, Spain, Denmark, or Finland. Coastal fisheries ceased in Ireland in 2007 and no fishing has occurred in coastal waters of UK (Northern Ireland) since 2012 or in UK (Scotland) since 2015. In most countries in recent years the majority of the catch has been taken in rivers and estuaries. However, in Norway and Russia roughly half of the total catch has been taken in coastal waters in recent years and in UK (England & Wales) around 70-80% of the total catch has been taken in coastal waters in the last three years.

Coastal, estuarine and riverine catch data for the period 2007 to 2018 aggregated by region are presented in Figure 2.1.1.3. In northern Europe, catches in coastal fisheries have been in decline over the period and have reduced from 458 t in 2007 to 359 t in 2018. Freshwater catches have been fluctuating between 763 t (2008) and 461 t (2018) over the same period. At the beginning of the time-series about half the catch was taken in coastal waters and half in rivers, whereas since 2008 the coastal catch represents around 30%-40% of the total. In southern Europe, catches in coastal and estuarine fisheries have declined over the period. While coastal and estuarine fisheries have historically made up the largest component of the catch, coastal fisheries dropped sharply in 2007 (from 306 t in 2006 to 71 t in 2007) and have remained at lower levels. Estuarine fisheries have also generally declined from 72 t in 2007 to 36 t in 2018. The reduction in later years in coastal and estuarine fisheries reflects widespread measures to reduce exploitation in a number of countries. At the beginning of the time-series about half the catch was taken in coastal waters and one third in rivers. From 2007 to 2009 the coastal catch comprised about 20% of the total catch; this increased to around one third of the catch from 2010 to 2016, while the coastal catch in 2017 and 2018 was around one fourth of the total catch.

In North America, the total catch has been fluctuating between 94 and 182 t over the period 2007 to 2018. Two thirds of the total catch in this area has been taken in riverine fisheries; the catch in coastal fisheries has been relatively small in any year with the biggest catch taken in 2013 and 2017 (13 t in both years).

In Greenland, the total catch, which is all coastal, increased steadily from 25 t in 2007 to 56 t in 2015 but decreased to 40 t in 2018.

## 2.1.2 Catch and release

The practice of catch and release in rod fisheries has become increasingly common. This has occurred in part as a consequence of salmon management measures aimed at conserving stocks while maintaining opportunities for recreational fisheries, but also reflects increasing voluntary release of fish by anglers. In some areas of Canada and USA, mandatory catch and release of large (MSW) salmon has been in place since 1984, and since the beginning of the 1990s it has also been widely used in many European countries.

The nominal catches presented in Section 2.1.1 do not include salmon that have been caught and released. Table 2.1.2.1 presents catch-and-release information from 1991 to 2018 for countries that have records. Catch and release may also be practised in other countries while not being formally
recorded or where figures are only recently available. There are large differences in the percentage of the total rod catch that is released: in 2018 this ranged from 19% in Sweden, to 93% in UK (Scotland) reflecting varying management practices and angler attitudes among these countries. There are no restrictions on the numbers of fish that may be caught on a catch-and-release basis in most countries. For all countries, the percentage of fish released has tended to increase over time. There is also evidence from some countries that larger MSW fish are released in larger proportions than smaller fish. Overall, over 166 000 salmon were reported to have been released around the North Atlantic in 2018, 6% below the average for the last five years (177 000).

Summary information on how catch and release levels are incorporated into national assessments was provided to ICES in 2010 (ICES, 2010).

## 2.1.3 Unreported catches

Unreported catches by year (1987 to 2018) and Commission Area are presented in Table 2.1.3.1 and are presented relative to the total nominal catch in Figure 2.1.3.1. A description of the methods used to derive the unreported catches was provided in ICES (2000) and updated for the NEAC Region in ICES (2002). Detailed reports from different countries were also submitted to NASCO in 2007 in support of a special session on this issue. There have been no estimates of unreported catch for Russia since 2008, for Canada in 2007 and 2008, and for France since 2016. There are also no estimates of unreported catch for Spain and St Pierre & Miquelon (France), where total catches are typically small.

In general, the methods used by each country to derive estimates of unreported catch have remained relatively unchanged and thus comparisons over time may be appropriate (see Stock Annex). However, the estimation procedures vary markedly between countries. For example, some countries include only illegally caught fish in the unreported catch, while other countries include estimates of unreported catch by legal gear as well as illegal catches in their estimates. Over recent years, efforts have been made to reduce the level of unreported catch in a number of countries (e.g. through improved reporting procedures and the introduction of carcass tagging and logbook schemes).

The total unreported catch in NASCO areas in 2018 was estimated to be 314 t. The unreported catch in NEAC in 2018 was estimated at 279 t, and that for West Greenland and NAC at 10 t and 24 t, respectively. The 2018 unreported catch by country is provided in Table 2.1.3.2. It is not possible to partition the unreported catches into coastal, estuarine and riverine areas.

Summary information on how unreported catches are incorporated into national and international assessments was provided to ICES in 2010 (ICES, 2010).

## 2.2 Farming and sea ranching of Atlantic salmon

### 2.2.1 Production of farmed Atlantic salmon

The provisional estimate of farmed Atlantic salmon production in the North Atlantic area for 2018 is 1575 kt, which is similar to production for 2017 (1577 kt) and the previous five-year mean (1558 kt). The production of farmed Atlantic salmon in this area has been over one million tonnes since 2009 (Table 2.2.1.1 and Figure 2.2.1.1). Norway and UK (Scotland) continue to produce the majority of the farmed salmon in the North Atlantic (81% and 10% respectively). Farmed salmon production in 2018 was above the previous five-year mean in all countries with the exception of Canada (production in 2018 estimated from 2017 data), Faroes and UK (Scotland) (production in 2018 represents a projected estimate). Data for UK (N. Ireland) since 2001 and data for east coast
USA since 2012 are not reported to ICES, as the data are not publicly available. This is also the case for some regions within countries in some years.

Worldwide production of farmed Atlantic salmon has been over one million tonnes since 2001 and has been over two million tonnes since 2012. It is difficult to source reliable production figures for all countries outside the North Atlantic area and it has been necessary to use 2017 data from the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department database for some countries in deriving a worldwide estimate for 2018. The total worldwide production in 2018 is provisionally estimated at around 2335 kt (Table 2.2.1.1 and Figure 2.2.1.1), which is similar to 2017 (2335 kt) and higher than the previous five-year mean (2272 kt). Production of farmed Atlantic salmon outside the North Atlantic is estimated to have accounted for one third of the worldwide total in 2018 and is still dominated by Chile (82%). Atlantic salmon are being produced in land-based and closed containment facilities around the world and the figures provided in Table 2.2.1.1 may not include all countries where such production is occurring.

The worldwide production of farmed Atlantic salmon in 2018 was over 2000 times the reported nominal catch of Atlantic salmon in the North Atlantic.

## 2.2.2 Harvest of ranched Atlantic salmon

Ranching has been defined as the production of salmon through smolt releases with the intent of harvesting the total population that returns to freshwater (harvesting can include fish collected for broodstock) (ICES, 1994). The release of smolts for commercial ranching purposes ceased in Iceland in 1998, but ranching with the specific intention of harvesting by rod fisheries has been practised in two Icelandic rivers since 1990 and these data are now included in the ranched catch (Table 2.1.1.1). A similar approach has been adopted, over the available time-series, for one river in Sweden (River Lagan). These hatchery origin smolts are released under programmes to mitigate for hydropower development schemes with no possibility of spawning naturally in the wild. These have therefore also been designated as ranched fish and are included in Figure 2.2.2.1. In Ireland ranching is currently only carried out in two salmon rivers under limited experimental conditions. A catch of 1011 fish was reported on the Gudenå River in Denmark, where the majority of fish are believed to be of ranched origin.

The total harvest of ranched Atlantic salmon in countries bordering the North Atlantic in 2018 was 40 t (Iceland, Ireland and Sweden; Table 2.2.2.1; Figure 2.2.2.1) with the majority of catch taken in Iceland (33 t). The total harvest was 8% above the mean of the last five years (37 t). No estimate of ranched salmon production was made in UK (N. Ireland) where the proportion of ranched fish was not assessed between 2008 and 2018 due to a lack of microtag returns.

## 2.3 NASCO has asked ICES to report on significant, new or emerging threats to, or opportunities for, salmon conservation and management

### 2.3.1 Diseases and parasites

#### 2.3.1.1 Update on Red Vent Syndrome (Anisakiasis)

Over recent years, there have been reports from a number of jurisdictions in NEAC and NAC of salmon returning to rivers with swollen and/or bleeding vents (ICES, 2018). The condition, known as red vent syndrome (RVS or *Anisakiasis*), has been noted since 2004, and has been linked to the presence of a nematode worm, *Anisakis simplex* (Beck et al. 2008), which occurs commonly
in other marine fish and marine mammals. A number of regions within NEAC observed a notable increase in the incidence of salmon with RVS in 2007 (ICES, 2008). Levels in NEAC were typically lower from 2008 (ICES, 2009; ICES, 2010; ICES, 2011).

Trapping records for rivers in the UK (England & Wales) and France suggested that levels of RVS increased again in 2013, with the observed levels being the highest in the time-series for some of the monitored stocks (ICES, 2014). Monitoring for the presence of RVS has continued on three rivers in UK (England & Wales) (Tyne, Dee and Lune). For all sites, the incidence of RVS was higher in 2018 than the previous year, with levels on the Dee and Lune the highest in their time-series.

There is no clear indication that RVS affects either the survival of the fish in freshwater or their spawning success. Recent results have also demonstrated that affected vents show signs of progressive healing in freshwater (ICES, 2014).

### 2.3.1.2 Update on sea lice investigations in Norway

The surveillance programme for sea lice infections on wild salmon post-smolts and sea trout at specific localities along the Norwegian coast continued in 2018 (Nilsen et al., 2018a). Activities in the field included trawling for salmon post-smolts in fjords and coastal areas, the capture of sea trout/arctic char in nearshore traps and nets, and the use of sentinel cages with smolts placed at various locations. The field examinations were conducted in two periods; an early period covering the migration period of salmon post-smolts, and a period one week later, focused on sea trout infection. As in previous years, the field activities in the surveillance programme were based on predictions from a hydrodynamic model describing the spread and geographic distribution of salmon louse larvae. Field sampling was directed at areas where the model predicted high densities of infective sea louse copepodites in the smolt migration period.

In general, the surveillance programme demonstrated varying infection pressure along the coast during the post-smolt migration period in 2018. There were low levels of sea lice and low infection pressure in southeastern Norway, higher levels in some areas in western Norway with expected negative impacts on wild salmon post-smolts. In mid-Norway, levels of sea lice infection were generally found to be low to moderate. In the three northernmost counties, the results indicated a limited negative effect of sea lice on migrating salmon, although in some areas the effect was moderate.

The sea lice situation on the fish farms did not change significantly compared to 2017, though the level of mature female lice in spring was at the lowest level observed since 2013. Production of lice larvae decreased in some production areas (seven out of 13) and increased in others (six out of 13). The use of chemicals to treat sea louse infections on farmed salmon continues to decrease (a 38% reduction in prescriptions issued compared to 2017), given that fish farmers are switching to alternative methods for the removal of sea lice, such as various thermal and mechanical methods. Resistance to the commonly used chemicals continues to be a serious problem throughout Norway (Hjeltnes et al., 2019).

In last year's report, a new management regime for salmonid aquaculture was described and was implemented in 2017 (ICES, 2018). Under this management regime, the level of aquaculture production in 13 defined production areas along the coast will be regulated and adjusted according to the estimated added mortality inferred on wild salmon populations in the production areas arising from sea louse infections. The results from the monitoring program for sea lice in 2018 were evaluated by an expert group and the different production areas were placed in three categories (Nilsen et al. 2018b). The expert group concluded that, based on results from monitoring in 2018, in 8 of the production areas added mortality from sea lice was below 10%, in four areas the added mortality was considered to be between 10% and 30%, while in one area the mortality
was considered to be above 30%. The classification of the production zones in 2018 will not result in a reduction in production in zones classified as "red" (>30% added mortality) in 2019. A decision on any reductions in production in "red" zones will be made in late 2019, based on the combined results from monitoring in 2018 and 2019.

### 2.3.1.3 Update on *Gyrodactylus salaris*

#### Norway

No new rivers were declared free of the parasite in 2018. In total, *G. salaris* has been recorded in 50 Norwegian salmon rivers since 1975. Of these rivers, 32 have been declared free of the parasite, 11 have been treated against the parasite and are currently awaiting parasite-free declaration if the parasite is not found in the coming years, and seven rivers are still infected (Hytterød et al., 2019). The rivers that are still infected are located in two regions (four rivers in the Driva region, Møre og Romsdal county and three rivers in the Drammen region, Buskerud and Vestfold counties).

#### Russian Federation

In 2017, the introduction of the parasite *Gyrodactylus salaris* was confirmed in the salmon rivers Pak and Shovna in the basin of the Lower Tuloma Reservoir. The introduction of the parasite was believed to have originated from transfers of rainbow trout to the cage-aquaculture farms in the reservoir. No new information is available for 2018.

### 2.3.1.4 Other updates on disease issues

#### Sweden

Disease outbreaks continued to impact the health of returning salmon in Swedish rivers in 2018. The Swedish National Veterinary Institute (SVA) received increased numbers of reports of fish with severe fungal infections. In November, reports of large numbers of weak and dead fish came in from several rivers, all with fungal infections. The causative agent is believed to have been *Saprolegnia* sp. and is likely a secondary infection following injury or exposure to other stressors, although primary infection has not been ruled out. The extremely warm and dry summer in 2018 probably put extra stress on returning salmon. Some cases of red vent syndrome were also identified in 2018, and about 20% of broodstock fish had ulcerative dermal necrosis (UDN) like symptoms and occasional fungal infections. It is unknown if the types or causes of infections on the west coast are the same as those seen on the Baltic Sea coast and the SVA is continuing sampling to find out more.

#### Russian Federation

ICES (2016) noted that during summer 2015 there was a mass mortality of adult salmon observed in the Kola River, Murmansk region, which was diagnosed as being due to UDN. Salmon parr in the river did not show any sign of disease. In 2016–2017, mortality of spawning fish caused by the same disease was observed again in the Kola River and in the Tuloma River (ICES, 2018), the outlet of which is located 10 km from the Kola River mouth. Both rivers drain into the inner part of the Kola Bay.

In 2018, adult salmon in the Kola and the Tuloma rivers continued to show signs of disease, however there was no large-scale mortality of fish as in previous years. In 2018, parr densities (1+ and older) in both rivers were higher than in 2016 and 2017 but lower than 10-year means. The Murmansk Regional Commissions on Regulation for Harvesting Anadromous Fish did not restrict or close salmon recreational fisheries in the Kola River or in the tributaries of the Tuloma river system for the 2018 season.
### 2.3.1.5 Presence and Abundance of Infectious Agents on Atlantic salmon in the Labrador Sea

Infectious agents are key components of animal ecology and drivers of host population dynamics. The limited knowledge of the diversity and transmission of bacteria, viruses, and other microparasites hosted by wild animals restricts management capacity and the ability to meet conservation goals. In 2016 and 2017, tissue samples from individual fish were collected by a sampler participating in the International Sampling Program at West Greenland in support of a disease survey program. In 2016, 43 kidney samples were collected and in 2017, 30 gill, spleen, liver, heart, kidney, and pyloric caeca samples were collected. The objectives of this research is to assess the presence and abundance of viral genome sequences and to determine whether there are similarities between North American and European origin fish captured in the Labrador Sea. Tissue processing and data analysis is being conducted by Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, BC in collaboration with the Atlantic Salmon Federation.

European and North American stocks were represented in the 2016 (European = 33, North American = ten) and 2017 (European = four, North American = 26) samples based on genetic analysis. Tissue samples were genotyped using genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms. The samples were processed using the Fluidigm Biomark HT-qPCR platform and assay panel to quantify the presence and relative loads of 47 agents. Agent profiles did not differ significantly between years within continental stock groupings (*p*>0.05 for both stock groups).

Nine agents were detected overall, including one species of bacteria, three viruses, and five microparasites, commonly occurring within hosts. There was greater richness among the North American origin stock group (nine agents; mean 1.6 agents per individual) than European origin fish (five agents; mean 0.9 agents per individual).

The primary differences between the agent profiles of North American and European origin groups in the marine environment was alternate contributions and greater richness of agents in North American fish. Individual agent loads were relatively similar between continent origin groups in the marine environment. These data will be compiled with results collected from adult returns from a number of Eastern Canadian rivers, analysed further and submitted for publication in the near future.

### 2.3.1.6 Atlantic salmon viral pathogen testing (VHSV, PRV-1, PRV-3, PMCV) at Greenland in 2017

Understanding the ecology and epidemiology of viral pathogens has practical and crucial consequences in assessing health of fish stocks and may shed light on the interactions between wild and farmed fish. In 2017, heart and spleen tissue from 30 individual fish were collected by a sampler participating in the International Sampling Program at West Greenland. The samples were in support of a disease survey program conducted by researchers at Technical University of Denmark (Copenhagen, Denmark). The objective of the program was to investigate the presence of four viral pathogens in Atlantic salmon across the Northeast Atlantic. The four pathogens were as follows:

* Viral Haemorragic Septicaemia virus (VHSV; OIE, 2017);

* Piscine orthoreovirus genotype 1 (PRV-1; Wessel *et al.*, 2017);

* Piscine orthoreovirus subtype 3 (PRV-3; Olsen *et al.*, 2015);

* Piscine myocarditis virus (PMCV; Garseth *et al.*, 2018).
The four pathogens are considered ubiquitous and are known to cause disease outbreaks in farmed fish. There are no aquaculture facilities in Greenland and therefore these samples were collected to provide an estimate of pathogen prevalence from areas where the possibility of virus exchange between farmed and wild fish by contact through farms or escapees is considered to be minimal.

Post RNA extraction, samples were tested for the presence of VHSV, PRV-1, PRV-3, and PMCV. All samples tested negative, providing preliminary information on the status of these viruses of salmon at Greenland. Samples from rivers and coastal areas were also collected from Atlantic salmon and sea trout from Denmark, Sweden, Ireland, Faroe Islands, France and Belgium and were combined with sample results from Greenland. Results from the survey describing the PRV-1 results have recently been accepted for publication in the Journal of Fish Diseases (Vendramin et al., accepted).

## 2.3.2 Unusually dry conditions in 2018

Changes in climate are global, and the increased natural mortality of salmon at sea in recent years is likely linked to climate change (Chaput, 2012; ICES, 2017b). The higher temperatures predicted as a result of climate change are also predicted to affect all components of the global freshwater system and the most likely scenarios are for higher temperatures, wetter winters, drier summers and more extreme events of flooding and drought (IPCC, 2007; 2014; ICES, 2017b). The Working Group has previously reported on the very poor recruitment of juvenile salmon in many rivers in UK (England and Wales) in 2016, with a combination of unusually warm winter temperatures and extreme flows adversely affecting spawning success and potential implications for numbers of returning adults in future years (ICES, 2017a).

In 2018, a number of jurisdictions around the North Atlantic reported exceptionally dry and warm conditions over the summer period, resulting in particularly low flows and above average temperatures. River flow is a key factor affecting river entry and upstream migration of returning salmon, with consequent effects on angler effort and catches, and will likely have contributed to the relatively low catches reported in many jurisdictions. In addition, high temperatures can affect the survival of salmon subject to catch and release and may result in management interventions that reduce effort.

Unusually hot and dry conditions were experienced on both sides of the North Atlantic, and the following summary provides some examples from the different jurisdictions:

* The Newfoundland region of Canada experienced an increase in the frequency of river closures due to high temperatures and/or low water levels in the past two years. During the 2018 angling season, 83% of scheduled salmon rivers in Newfoundland were closed for part of the season due to extreme environmental conditions with 30.9% of potential angling days lost, the highest since 1987 (36.9%).

* In the Gulf region of Canada, there were a number of warm-water temperature and low flow events in 2018 that affected fisheries access to Atlantic salmon in several rivers. In the Miramichi and Margaree Rivers, different sections of the river were closed for 47 and 18 days, respectively.

* In UK (England and Wales), many rivers experienced flows that were less than 50% of the long-term average in the period May to August, representing a significant part of the rod fishing season. Above average water temperatures were also recorded in many river catchments leading to some restrictions on fishing. For example, on one river, a temperature threshold applied (19°C measured at a lower river fish counter site at 09:00), whereby anglers voluntarily ceased fishing. This threshold was exceeded on 44 days during the fishing season, and anglers were only able to fish on four days during the period
26 June to 10 August. Similar voluntary fishing restrictions applied on some other catchments.

* In UK (Scotland), rivers experienced a prolonged period of extremely low flows throughout 2018. Such low flows are known to present difficult conditions for anglers catching fish, and salmon have been shown to delay their entry into rivers until flows increase, which can be towards the end of the fishing season. Both the size of the catch in 2018 (historical low) and the allocation of catch among fishing methods may have been influenced by these environmental conditions.

* In 2018, UK (Northern Ireland) experienced a prolonged warm and dry period during the summer months. This resulted in very low flows, especially in the smaller coastal streams, into the autumn months, restricting the accessibility of these rivers to returning adults. For example, water levels on the River Bush were so low that fish were unable to enter the river at the river outflow on Runkerry Strand and were forced to remain in Runkerry Bay until conditions improved. Predation on these fish by marine cetaceans was observed on several occasions, and it is thought that this contributed to the small number of ascending adults reported from the River Bush adult trap.

* Ireland experienced an extended period of above average temperatures and exceptionally low rainfall in summer 2018. During this period, Inland Fisheries Ireland (IFI) requested that anglers suspend catch and release fishing to prevent undue stress in the recovery of released fish. In addition, long periods of very low water levels are likely to have hindered the migration of returning adult salmon into certain river systems. In the Erriff, a temporary modification to the fish pass had to be constructed to facilitate the successful transit of salmon from the estuary into the river. Furthermore, uncharacteristically large late runs of fish were observed in two drought-impacted rivers (the River Boyne in the east of Ireland and to a lesser extent the River Owenmore in the northwest of Ireland).

* In Norway, the second half of June and the whole of July were unusually hot and dry in large areas of the country. This led to low catches and late migration into rivers, especially in smaller rivers. In-river exploitation was therefore reduced in many of the smaller rivers in the country. The delayed migration into rivers probably led to higher nominal catches in the marine environment than in rivers for the first time since 2004.

* Water temperature was recorded daily in the River Säveån on the Swedish west coast from July 5th to November 14th, 2018. The water temperature was on average 3°C higher during this period compared to the average of 1999–2018, with water temperatures above 20°C for 36 days in a row. The high water temperature was accompanied by extremely low flows in all salmon rivers on the west coast. For example, the index River Högvadsån had flows of 0.28–0.76 m³/s during June–August 2018, compared to average flows of 4.6–6.0 m³/s during 1999–2018.

* France experienced a very wet winter with above average precipitation rates in 2018. Flood events occurred in many rivers, which could have affected the reproductive success of adults and juvenile mortality rates. In contrast to winter, the spring and summer periods were very dry, with August being the 4th hottest on record. Low flows affected the upstream migration of returning adults and the efficiency of the fish counters. Water temperature was particularly high during the upstream migration period on the Rhine river (above 20°C in May).

### 2.3.3 Update on the Atlantic salmon stock situation in Germany

While German salmon populations were once plentiful and significant contributors to European salmon stocks (especially in the large rivers Rhine and Elbe), the species disappeared throughout the entire country. Extirpation of the species began after the onset of the industrial revolution
over a century ago, affecting stocks nationwide that continued to decline until around the 1950s, when all remaining populations were lost (Monnerjahn, 2011; Wolter, 2015).

Factors impacting the stocks are thought to be river degradation, habitat destruction, pollution and overexploitation (Monnerjahn, 2011; Wolter, 2015; Andreska and Hanel, 2015). Today, Atlantic salmon is a priority species in Annex II and V of the Habitat Directive, is listed as "vulnerable" in the IUCN Red List for Europe and as "extremely rare" in the German Red List. It took until the late 1970s when initiatives started the first reintroduction programs (at that time mostly uncoordinated) in specific parts of main German rivers and their tributaries. Monnerjahn (2011) published an overview of the status and efforts taken in those four river systems (River Ems, Rhine, Weser and Elbe) that are listed in WGERAAS (ICES, 2015a; Figure 2.3.3.1).

The overarching management objective for Atlantic salmon in Germany is the re-establishment of self-sustaining stocks in the above-mentioned catchment areas. In order to achieve this goal, key management objectives are the improvement of river connectivity, the quantitative and qualitative improvement of spawning and nursery habitats and a coordinated, scientifically based salmon broodstock management. Since the beginning of the reintroduction efforts in German rivers, stocking material from several countries (Denmark, France, Ireland, Spain, Sweden, UK (Scotland)) have been used to restore local salmon populations (Monnerjahn, 2011; Schneider, 2011). At present, stocked fish are almost exclusively introduced from Denmark, southwest Sweden and France and are supplemented with offspring from artificial reproduction of returnees (where possible) as well as selected strains with habitat-specific traits or similarities in order to ideally match the specific demands of the recipient stocking habitat.

Reintroduction programs in German river systems are currently driven by stakeholders in both the public and private sector, and include international commissions, river management cooperatives, pan-regional and local angling associations. In Germany, inland fisheries are regulated and legislated regionally, putting salmon management including protection and catch control into the responsibility of each of its respective 16 federal states. As a result, legislation such as that regulating harvest, closed seasons or minimum landing sizes may differ among states, even within the same river system. Recreational harvest of salmon in two federal states (Lower Saxony and Saxony) is legal under restricted conditions, whereas targeted commercial fisheries for salmon do not exist in Germany. However, illegal fisheries and/or accidental bycatch of salmon by stow or fykenet fisheries as well as by recreational fishers may exist and potentially hinder the success of recovery programmes.

Although many recovery projects have been running for over 20 years, German salmon populations are still heavily dependent on artificial sustaining measures. There are a number of reasons for this, but the main drivers are probably-aside from the high level of degradation of German watercourses-high predation rates (cormorant, piscivorous fish), poaching and especially barriers on the lower River Rhine. Identifying potential habitats and risks to their reproductive capacity is a main emphasis of Atlantic salmon restoration efforts in Germany. The implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive remains the most important tool for restoring degraded and lost habitat as well as for improving river connectivity and habitat accessibility. Today, more salmon habitats are being restored than destroyed. However, only a fraction of the vast salmon habitats that once existed in German rivers are still available.

Today, Atlantic salmon is an integral part of the fauna in the Rivers Rhine and Elbe and their tributaries, again. Nevertheless, many challenges need to be overcome to achieve the goal of self-sustaining salmon stocks in these two river systems. Unfortunately, in the Weser and Ems rivers, the conditions for the salmon reintroduction are still unfavourable. In the main stem of the middle course of the river Weser the free passage for migratory fish is strongly affected and the lower reaches of the river Ems River are heavily modified due to an economically important shipyard. An improvement of this situation cannot be expected in the short or medium term.
### 2.3.4 Atlantic salmon return rate increases with smolt length

Recent declines in Atlantic salmon stocks have tended to be attributed to extrinsic factors thought to affect survival at sea (e.g. Beaugrand and Reid, 2012). However, there is increasing evidence that effects carried over from their freshwater phase are also important determinants of Atlantic salmon marine return rates (Russell et al., 2012). A potentially rewarding strategy to improve management of Atlantic salmon populations might be to promote the quality of emigrating smolts to maximize their marine survival. However, the relationships between smolt characteristics and their marine survival are not clear. Gregory et al. (2019) developed a multi-state Capture Mark Recapture (CMR) state-space model to test the effect of smolt length on their subsequent marine return rate, while considering (1) the time individuals spend at sea (here one or more winters), which is thought to be related to marine mortality rates; (2) variation in marine return rate due to other (explanatory) variables, such as years; (3) imperfect detection of returning adults due to inefficiency in monitoring devices; and (4) data loss due to failure of monitoring devices.

This model was applied to data collected on the River Frome (Dorset, UK) because the quantity and quality of the data were suitable to test the hypothesis. Individual Atlantic salmon smolts emigrating from and returning to the River Frome have been monitored using passive integrated transponder (PIT) telemetry since 2006. Each autumn (late-August to mid-September), approximately 10 000 individual parr (juvenile, freshwater life-stage of salmon) were captured, marked with a PIT tag under anaesthesia, and returned to the river at their site of capture. In the following spring (late-March to mid-May), >95% of River Frome parr smoltify and migrate to sea (Ibbotson et al., 2013). A proportion of these smolts are sampled on their sea-ward migration using a rotary screw trap (RST), and then measured (fork length, nearest mm) and weighed (g). All captured smolts were returned to the river 50 m downstream of the RST within one hour of their capture. Returning adult salmon are detected on two PIT antenna arrays installed 8 km and 11.5 km upstream of the tidal limit, the second of which was not operational for the first five years of monitoring. Only PIT-tagged age 1 smolts were considered. The final sample size analysed was 3688. Only 86 of the 3688 (2.33%) smolts were detected returning as 1 sea-winter (1SW) or multi sea-winter (MSW) adults. The number of PIT-tagged smolts trapped leaving the Frome varied annually between 224 and 628, as did the percent of those observed returning that varied between 0 and 5%.

The CMR model was built in a Bayesian state-space modelling (SSM) framework that distinguishes the unknown latent process (return rates affected by smolt length and annual variations) from the observation process (imperfect detection of returning adults). The model assumed: (1) that smolt length affects the survival during the first year at sea, but the survival during the second year at sea is constant, i.e. 1SW return rate is estimated as a function of smolt length and annual variations, and MSW return rate is equal to the 1SW return rate penalized by a term that is constant between years and individuals, and (2) the effect of smolt length on their 1SW return rate was constant between years and individuals; (3) the efficiencies of the adult detection devices were considered constant in time.

Three models were fitted and compared: (1) a "Null" model with no annual deviations or length effect, (2) a "Year" model with annual deviations but no length effect, and (3) a "Length" model with both annual deviations and a length effect. In the "Length" model, the survival of a smolt after its first year at sea was modelled on the logit scale as a linear function of its length. The return rate of a smolt as a MSW fish was calculated directly by adding an additional mortality term to account for one (or more) additional years spent at sea. The probability of an individual smolt moving between states (smolt to 1SW, MSW or dead) was given by a state transition matrix. Similarly, the probability of detecting an individual that returned to the river (detected as a 1SW, MSW or not detected) was given by an observation transition matrix. The likelihood was
then the integration of the capture history of the individual smolt over all the possible states and observations. Parameter values were estimated by Monte Carlo Markov Chain (MCMC) using the JAGS sampler (http://mcmc-jags.sourceforge.net/). MCMC chains run for 150 000 iterations on three chains, with 50 000 discarded after burn in, and parameter values saved from every 100th iteration.

The "Length" model was preferred over the "Year" model that omitted the length effect, and both were preferred over the "Null" model that omitted both the length effect and the annual deviations. All chains mixed well, all Gelman-Rubin *R* statistics were <1.05, and the posterior densities were unimodal and different from the priors. The difference in Leave-One-Out (LOO) Information Criteria between the top-ranked and next best model was δlooic = 7.42, which is considered a large difference by other (more conventional) Information Criterion, e.g. Akaike Information Criteria. The estimated length effect was positive, and its 95% credible intervals did not intercept zero. Over all the years analysed, the effect of smolt length was to increase their subsequent 1SW return rate from approximately 0.95% (25–75% quantiles: 0.95–0.96) for a 120 mm smolt to ≈ 3.42% (25–75% quantiles: 2.56–4.54) for a 160 mm smolt (Figure 2.3.4.1), 120–160 mm being the normal range of observed smolt lengths on the River Frome.

Using individual smolt data collected on the River Frome for an 11-year period and Bayesian model selection, the study provides evidence of an effect of Atlantic salmon smolt length on their marine return rate as 1SW. This effect was substantial within the normal range of River Frome smolt sizes (length quantiles: 2.5% = 118 mm, 97.5% = 161 mm), increasing the probability of 1SW return rate by a factor of three from <1% to 3.5% for a 12 cm to a 16 cm smolt, respectively. The fact that few studies have had access to such individual data on smolt emigration and adult returns in conjunction with well-adapted statistical methods, might explain why previous findings have been mixed; results ranging from a positive effect of smolt size on marine return rate through to negative or no effects (Gregory *et al.*, 2018).

The model estimated other parameters of interest. MSW return rate was estimated to be approximately half the estimate of mean 1SW marine return rate, and the 95% Bayesian credible intervals of the additional MSW mortality parameter estimate did not include zero. This suggests that there is a real and non-negligible mortality associated with spending multiple winters at sea, and notably higher than 1SW mortality. Our parameterisation of MSW return rate was, however, a strong simplification, and it would be an exciting perspective to explore these strong assumptions if more data became available. It is important to also remain cognisant that return rates might not measure actual survival (or mortality) rates because of the confusion between the mortality and the maturation schedule (probability to mature as a 1SW fish or later). With sufficient data, an exciting research avenue might be to reparameterise the model to separate out the between-individual and temporal variations on their survival and maturation schedule.

Many other factors might explain a non-negligible amount of the overall or unexplained variation in marine return rates besides smolt length, including migration timing and marine conditions. It would be elementary to extend this model to explore the role of these factors in post-smolt survival. Although this study was limited to smolt length as an explanatory variable of 1SW marine return rate, the model was developed to be extensible and general and it would be straightforward to incorporate additional explanatory variables, different parameter definitions, and data from other locations.

In conclusion, the study presents credible evidence of an effect of Atlantic salmon smolt length on their subsequent 1SW marine return rate. These findings therefore add support to the growing, yet still equivocal evidence that 'bigger is better' among salmon smolts (Gregory *et al.*, 2018). The precise mechanism of this effect deserves further study but could include differences in predator avoidance due to size or swimming ability or different migration routes. Moreover, this model provides an extensible and flexible approach to exploring the generality of this pattern,
across rivers and datasets. These findings suggest that factors affecting salmon in their freshwa-
ter phase has a significant influence on their later life stages, including those at sea, and thus
affects their fitness (Russell *et al.*, 2012). Since it is easier to affect management actions in the
freshwater relative to the marine environment, in-river conditions, such as habitat cover and
food availability, could be managed to nurture larger and better condition salmon smolts.

2.3.5 Tracking Studies in the Northwest Atlantic

2.3.5.1 Update of select acoustic tagging studies in Canada

There is continued interest in the development of techniques to help investigate salmon survival at sea and to better partition survival between different periods of the marine phase of the life cycle. To this end, NASCO's International Atlantic Salmon Research Board (IASRB) adopted a resolution in 2014 to further support the development of telemetry programmes in the ocean.

Results of ongoing projects led by the Atlantic Salmon Federation (ASF) in collaboration with the Ocean Tracking Network (OTN), Miramichi Salmon Association (MSA), Restigouche River Watershed Management Committee, Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) and others, to assess estuarine and marine survival of tagged Atlantic salmon released in rivers of the Gulf of St Lawrence (GoSL), Canada were presented to the Working Group. More than 3900 smolts from four rivers (Cascapedia, Restigouche, southwest and northwest branches of the Miramichi) were tagged with acoustic transmitters and released over a period of sixteen years, 2003 to 2018. In addition, other research projects were releasing acoustically tagged smolts in 2017 (Vieux Fort and Jacques Cartier rivers) and 2018 into the Gulf of St Lawrence from North Lake River in PEI and Western Arm Brook in NW Newfoundland and Vieux Fort and Jacques Cartier, Québec. Acoustic arrays to detect tagged fish were positioned at the head of tide of each river, at the exit from the bays to the GoSL and at the Strait of Belle Isle (SoBI) leading to the Labrador Sea, more than 800 km from the point of the furthest release.

Over time, there were declines in apparent survival for salmon smolts from Miramichi Bay in contrast to no declines in salmon smolts from Chaleur Bay (Figure 2.3.5.1.1). For the NW Miramichi, the probability of surviving from the HoT array to the Outer Bay array has decreased to about 10-20% in the last two years (Figure 2.3.5.1.1, lower panel). The differences in apparent survival rates in two neighbouring coastal areas over two time periods and the modelled spatial and temporal differences spatially have been hypothesized to be in part related to differences in predation pressures on migrating smolts from striped bass present in the Miramichi Bay during the smolt migration period but not in the Chaleur Bay (Daniels et al., 2018). Once the smolts leave the coastal bays, inferred apparent survival rates through the Gulf of St Lawrence were generally in the range of 0.4 to 0.7 with survival rates exceeding 0.999 per km and 0.96 to 0.99 per day for all rivers and years (Chaput et al., 2018).

The SoBI (between Labrador and Newfoundland) appears to be the primary route for smolts and kelts exiting the GoSL. The only other possible exit is through the Cabot Strait, and this array has been in place since 2012. Only two smolt tags were detected on the Cabot array (originating in Miramichi in 2012 and Cascapedia in 2013) although adult salmon, tagged as kelts in the preceding year, have crossed this array. In 2018, kelts from Miramichi, Restigouche and Cascapedia rivers as well as Western Arm Brook crossed the SoBI array during a four-week period at end of June through late July, whereas smolts from many different stocks crossed this line together between July 12-25, with earlier crossing by smolts from the nearby Western Arm Brook (Figure 2.3.5.1.2).

In 2017, an array of 20 receivers (approximately 16 km) was placed in the ocean perpendicular
to the shore near the community of Port Hope Simpson (PHS) in southern Labrador. Data were
downloaded from these receivers in August 2018, at the same time as an additional 20 receivers were deployed, extending the PHS line to 32 km. Up until August 2018, there were a total of 44 acoustic tags detected, so far determined to be 30 Atlantic salmon, six striped bass and three cod (Figure 2.3.5.1.3). The striped bass were detected closer to shore than the Atlantic salmon. Origins of the Atlantic salmon have been determined as three kelt from Lake Melville Labrador, originating from north of the PHS line. There were detections of tagged fish originating south of the PHS line including from Newfoundland (one kelt from Campbellton River and two from Western Arm Brook), from Québec (one smolt from Vieux Fort River, two kelt from Sainte Marguerite River, two smolt from Jacques Cartier River, and four smolt and two kelt from Cascapecdia River), from New Brunswick (five kelt from Restigouche River, and two smolt and two kelt from Miramichi River), and from the USA (one smolt from Narraguagus River, and three smolt from Penobscot River).

### 2.3.5.2 Update on Pop-off Satellite Tagging Atlantic Salmon at Greenland

A new five-year collaborative study was initiated in 2018 by the Atlantic Salmon Federation (Canada), NOAA Fisheries Service (USA), Fisheries and Oceans Canada, and Association of Fishers and Hunters (Greenland) to track salmon fitted with pop off satellite tags (PSATs) from Greenland to coastal regions of origin. Funding for the project is provided by project partners, Equinor (an international private company invested in oil and gas exploration) and Canada's Atlantic Salmon Research Joint Venture.

The objectives of this study are to:

* Map the marine distribution and migration patterns for maiden Atlantic salmon tagged in coastal waters off the west coast of Greenland.

* Examine the oceanographic (physical and biological) features occurring in the salmon's distribution and migratory routes and assess how they could be linked to survival and growth.

Atlantic salmon were captured, primarily via trolling, and tagged with PSATs (Microwave Telemetry Inc. (Colombia, Maryland) X-tags) at West Greenland near Qaqortoq in October 2018. The study area covers a large portion of the marine range of Atlantic salmon in the North Atlantic as salmon originating in both North America and Europe are expected to be tagged. Genetic assignments were conducted for all fish tagged to determine region of origin (Jeffery et al., 2018, Figure 4.1.5.2). PSAT tags were programed to detach and begin transiting collected data approximately five months post-release or on May 1, 2019. PSAT tags can also be detached and transmit earlier due to a number of different pre-programmed release mechanisms such as remaining at a constant depth for a set period of time or reaching a pre-program maximum depth limit.

A total of 17 Atlantic salmon were captured in early October; 12 were tagged and released with PSATs, two with acoustic tags and three were not tagged but only sampled (due to damage incurred during capture). Trolling was the primary method for salmon capture (n=14), but fish were also captured via drift gillnets (n=3). Of the three sampled fish, one was captured via trolling and two via gillnets. The gillnet fish were captured by a fisher and sampled opportunistically. Trolling was conducted over 12.5 days (~94 hours) and resulted in ~0.15 salmon per hour. An additional 12 salmon were hooked but not landed.

The 12 PSAT tagged salmon averaged 65.8 cm fork length and 3.7 kg whole weight (Table 2.3.5.2.1). Six individuals were identified as North American origin and six were identified as European origin (Figure 4.1.5.2). For the North American origin salmon, one was identified as originating in the USA reporting group, four from the Gaspe Peninsula reporting group, and one from the Ungava Bay reporting group. All six European origin salmon were identified as originating in the United Kingdom/Ireland reporting group.
As of mid-March 2019, 8 tags have popped off and transmitted (Table 2.3.5.2.1; Figure 2.3.5.2.1). A total of three tags popped-off in October 2018, three in December 2018, one in February 2019, and one in March 2019. All tags released due to the constant depth release mechanisms, except for the March 2019 release, which was due to pre-programmed release mechanism. The March 2019 release was identified as a USA origin individual. A total of four tags have not popped off yet. One (Ungava Bay reporting group) is assumed 'lost' as its timed released date was early March 2019, but three (two Gaspé Peninsula and one United Kingdom/Ireland reporting group) are assumed active as their timed released date is May 2019.

Two fish were tagged with acoustic tags. No information is expected from the acoustic tagged fish until the acoustic receivers deployed around the east coast of North America are retrieved and downloaded. Both acoustic tagged fish have been identified as North American in origin (one each from the Labrador South and Gaspe Peninsula reporting groups).

The three fish that were captured and only sampled were both North American and European in origin. There was a single fish from three different reporting groups (Labrador South, Gaspe Peninsula and United Kingdom/Ireland).

Much time was spent ground-truthing methodologies in 2018 and solidifying contacts in the region. The message received from numerous local fishers was that salmon fishing in the Qaqortoq region was poor in 2018. This anecdotal claim was supported by seemingly relatively small number of salmon observed for sale at the market, the low amount of fishing effort observed during our sampling, and the relatively low catch rates compared to 2017. During reconnaissance in 2017, the catch rate was ~1.43 salmon per hour compared to ~0.15 salmon per hour in 2018. Poor catch rates in Qaqortoq may have been a local phenomenon, as harvest in other regions of Greenland did not appear to suffer in 2018 as anecdotally observed from the international West Greenland sampling programme.

In 2019, modifications will be implemented with the objective of tagging 50 salmon with PSATs. The primary effort will remain trolling as this method is cost-effective and results in the least harm/injury to salmon compared to other capture methods. The sampling period will be extended from early September to late October and taggers will be scheduled to minimize overlap and maximize days fished. We will also develop backup plans (obtain local contact and fishing vessels, provide trolling gear, etc.) in other regions of Greenland if catch rates in Qaqortoq remain low.

The Working Group encourages the continuation and expansion of tracking programmes as information from such programmes is expected to be useful in the assessment of marine survival and distribution of North Atlantic salmon stocks. The Working Group also notes that these techniques have been proposed, and are being implemented in other areas, both in the Northwest and the Northeast Atlantic (e.g. SALSEA Track), in line with the NASCO IASRB resolution.

## 2.3.6 New opportunities for sampling salmon at sea

### 2.3.6.1 The International Ecosystem Summer Survey of the Nordic Seas (IESSNS) and other surveys

The IESSNS is a collaborative program involving research vessels from Iceland, the Faroes, Greenland and Norway. Surveys are carried out annually in July-August and present an opportunity for improving knowledge of many marine fish species including salmon at sea. The area surveyed (2.8 million km² in 2018) overlaps in time and space with the known distribution of post-smolts in the North Atlantic, and as these cruises target pelagic species such as herring and mackerel with surface trawling at predetermined locations, bycatch of salmon post-smolts and
adult salmon is not uncommon. In 2018 a total of 80 post-smolt and adult salmon were caught by the participating vessels in different regions of the North Atlantic (Figure 2.3.6.1.1). This post-smolt distribution is similar to previous marine surveys for salmon at-sea (Anon, 2012) and simulated distributions based on larger sample size from directed surveys (Mork et al., 2012), but with a tendency of a more western geographic distribution.

The Working Group has been liaising with the coordinator of the IESSNS surveys to clarify sampling protocols and a number of samples have been collected and frozen for subsequent analysis. The Institute of Marine Research (Bergen, Norway) is developing a plan to collate all the information from the analysis of the samples of individual salmon caught in earlier years, as well as those from last year's cruises. In addition to the IESSNS, there is also occasional bycatch of salmon during other pelagic research surveys. As these other surveys do not perform surface trawling, the number of salmon caught is low. However, some salmon are occasionally caught in the North Sea, the Barents Sea and during spring in the Norwegian Sea.

The samples are expected to provide valuable information on the distribution of salmon at sea, the size, sex and diet of individual fish, and will also enable stock origin to be investigated using genetic techniques. The IESSNS survey data will also provide information on salmon distribution in relation to other pelagic species, hydrography and plankton abundance.

### 2.3.6.2 Project "SeaSalar"

A new research project focusing on salmon at sea was initiated in Norway in 2018 (https://www.seasalar.no). The main aim of the project is to examine factors impacting variation in marine survival and growth of Atlantic salmon in the North Atlantic over time and in different geographical areas. The project also aims to establish a long-term inter-institutional collaboration for present and future projects. An important part of the project is to utilize existing datasets and activities, including salmon collected at sea, genetic material, archival scale samples, survival data, population size data and dataseries on other marine species and oceanic ecosystems. The project will also apply new genetic, stable isotope and fatty acid analyses and electronic tagging technologies as well as modelling to provide novel results. The project, which is funded by the Research Council of Norway, started 1 August 2018 and will last four years.

### 2.3.6.3 New approaches to estimating bycatch in pelagic fisheries

A new approach for studying bycatch of salmon in fisheries is to utilize automatic detections of salmon PIT (Passive Integrated Tags) tags when screening landings of pelagic fish. In 2015, the Working Group received information from the Institute of Marine Research (IMR; Bergen, Norway), related to a new tagging initiative and wide-scale tag screening programme for mackerel and Norwegian Spring-spawning herring in the Northeast Atlantic, with approximately 50 000 mackerel and 30 000 herring being tagged annually (ICES, WGWIDE 2015b). Screening of commercial landings currently takes place at 23 European (UK, Iceland, Norway, Denmark, Faroes) factories processing pelagic fish for human consumption. Any tagged salmon in the catches are expected to be detected during automatic screening of pelagic fish landings. The use of PIT tags for salmon is increasing rapidly, and in 2018 more than 120 000 salmon were released with such tags. Lists of unknown tags detected at factories have in previous years been distributed to countries with PIT-tagging programs, and salmon post-smolts in catches have been identified. This list includes 339 unknown tags as of September 2018. An updated list will be distributed to the National Tagging coordinators and to the members of the Working Group.
## 2.3.7 Embedding Atlantic salmon stock assessment within an integrated Bayesian life cycle modelling framework

The Working Group previously reviewed developments in modelling and forecasting the abundance of Atlantic salmon using the Bayesian life cycle model (ICES, 2015b; 2016; 2017a; 2018). The life cycle model improves on the stock assessment approach currently used by ICES to estimate abundance of post-smolts at sea before any fisheries (Pre Fishery Abundance; PFA), and to forecast the influence of catch options at sea on the returns in the different jurisdictions in Europe and North America (ICES, 2018). It also provides a framework to improve understanding of the drivers and mechanisms of changes in Atlantic salmon population dynamics and productivity in the North Atlantic.

### 2.3.7.1 Progress in stock assessment models

The previous version of the life cycle model reviewed in 2017 was applied to six stock units in NAC and seven stock units in Southern NEAC, where the populations of all stock units follow the same life-history processes but with stock-specific parameters and data inputs. Stock units of Northern NEAC were not included because of differences in the available time-series, which only cover the period after 1983.

In 2018, the Working Group reviewed an extension of the life cycle model to eleven stock units in Northern NEAC. The model has been applied to time-series of data that extend from 1971 to 2014. The oldest part of the time-series (1971–1982) had been previously excluded for the Norwegian stock units because of high uncertainty of the data. These historical data were now considered by increasing uncertainty around return estimates to account for the higher uncertainty for the historical part of the time-series.

In 2019, the Working Group reviewed a model that incorporated the dynamics of all stock units in NAC, Southern NEAC and Northern NEAC in a single hierarchical model (Figure 2.3.7.1.1). The model provides the opportunity for modelling covariation in the dynamics of the different populations that share migration routes and feeding areas at sea, and which are harvested in mixed-stock fisheries, particularly at West Greenland for NAC and NEAC and at Faroes for NEAC. The model provides estimates of trends in marine productivity (expressed as post-smolt survival rate to 1 January of the first winter at sea) and the proportion maturing as one-sea-winter salmon for all stock units in Northern and Southern NEAC, and NAC (Figure 2.3.7.1.2).

Additionally, a single model is now used to forecast the population dynamics of all stock units simultaneously, which is of particular interest when assessing catch options for mixed-stock fisheries operating on a mixture of stocks from both NAC, Northern and Southern NEAC (West Greenland) or both Northern and Southern NEAC (Faroes). The model also provides a major improvement to the assessment and forecast models of Atlantic salmon currently used by ICES, by providing catch options for the combined West Greenland and Faroes salmon fisheries (Figure 2.3.7.1.3).

### 2.3.7.2 Investigating the drivers of Atlantic salmon population declines across the Atlantic basin

Based on the life cycle previously described, the environmental drivers and the demographic mechanisms of the widespread decline of marine survival rates of Atlantic salmon in the North Atlantic Ocean were investigated by considering the 13 stock units from the NAC and Southern NEAC complexes.
First, relying on the flexibility of the hierarchical modelling approach, the temporal variations in post-smolt survival of the 13 stock units were explicitly modelled as the sum of trends in a hierarchy of spatial scales to partition the synchronous and asynchronous parts of the signal. This allows the investigation of the degree of synchrony in Atlantic salmon post-smolt survival and the explicit quantification of the amount of variance that is captured by trends at various spatial scales.

Second, the model is used to investigate whether the temporal variations in the post-smolt survival were best explained by environmental variations encountered by salmon during the early part of the post-smolt marine phase when salmon use transitional habitats, or during the subsequent part of the first year at sea when salmon of different origins concentrate in common foraging areas. To test this hypothesis, an extensive review of the literature on post-smolt migration routes was conducted to define different space-time domains associated with the early phase or with the late phase of the first year at sea. Such a framework allows for assessing the relationships between the temporal variations of marine survival and environmental covariates (Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and Primary Production (PP)) defined in different space-time domains, and as well with proxies of large-scale environmental conditions, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO).

Results show a strong coherence in the temporal variation in post-smolt survival among the 13 stock units of NAC and Southern NEAC. The common trend of the temporal variation of the post-smolt survival for the 13 stock units explains 37% of the temporal variability and declines by a factor of 1.8 over the 1971–2014 time-series. Synchrony in survival is stronger between stocks within each complex. The common trends at the scale of the NAC and the Southern NEAC complexes capture 60% and 42% of the total temporal variance, respectively. The remaining part of the variability was explained by local-scale factors. Temporal patterns of the post-smolt marine survival are best explained by sea surface temperature (SST, negative correlation) and Primary Production (PP, positive correlation) variations encountered by salmon in space-time domains corresponding to late summer/early autumn feeding areas, specifically, in the Labrador Sea/Grand Banks for the NAC complex and the Norwegian Sea for the Southern NEAC complex. SST and PP account for 27% and 26% of the variance of the common trends for the NAC complex, respectively and 21% and 14% of the variance of the common trends in the Southern NEAC complex, respectively. Temporal variations of SST and PP measured in specific space-time domains were much weaker predictors of the post-smolt marine survival.

These findings support the hypothesis of a simultaneous response of salmon populations to large-scale bottom-up environmentally driven changes in the North Atlantic that can impact on populations originating in distant continental habitats. In addition, the ecological drivers and/or mechanisms differ between NAC and Southern NEAC populations because of partially different migration routes at sea.

## 2.4 Reports from ICES expert group and other investigations relevant to North Atlantic salmon

### 2.4.1 WGDIAD

The Working Group on the Science Requirements to Support Conservation, Restoration and Management of Diadromous Species (WGDIAD) provides a forum for the coordination of ICES activities relating to species which use both freshwater and marine environments to complete their life cycles; such as eel, Atlantic salmon, sea trout, lampreys, shads, smelts, etc. The Working Group considers progress and future requirements in the field of diadromous science and man-
agement and organizes Expert Groups (EGs), Theme Sessions and Symposia. There is also a sig-
nificant role in coordinating with other science and advice Working Groups in ICES. The 2018
chairs were Dennis Ensing (UK) and Johan Dannewitz (Sweden).

The required self-evaluation by the group in 2018 indicated a continuing need of a coordination
group for diadromous species to assist EGs in achieving their goals within the framework of the
Science plan, keep ICES abreast of important issues relating to diadromous fish species and en-
sure these issues are communicated to relevant EGs and Study Groups within both SCICOM and
ACOM. The annual meeting of WGDIAD was held on 25 September 2018 during the ICES An-
nual Science Conference (ASC) in Hamburg, Germany. Hugo Maxwell (Ireland) was elected to
replace outgoing co-chair Johan Dannewitz (Sweden). At the 2018 meeting, the group discussed
the following topics relevant to Atlantic salmon:

* The ongoing work within ICES to evaluate the stock assessment methods used by individual countries in their national eel management plans, and the importance of coordination at the international level;

* International Year of the Salmon (IYS)–progress and engagement by ICES;

* The development and function of the pan-regional diadromous subgroup (DSG) within the Regional Coordination Groups (RCGs) to coordinate and identify data collection needs for diadromous species in relation to the EU data collection regulation Data Collection Framework/Data Collection-Multi-Annual Programme (DCF/DC-MAP).

In addition, a Theme Session proposal submission for the 2019 ICES ASC was discussed. This proposal, titled ‘Advances in data-limited assessment methodologies for marine and diadromous stocks’ has subsequently been accepted. Although not directly aimed at Atlantic salmon, it will potentially be of interest to salmon researchers working on data-limited salmon stocks or other data-limited diadromous fish species. The 2019 ICES ASC will be held in Gothenburg, Sweden, from 9–12 September.

Furthermore, a potential Theme Session proposal for the 2020 ICES ASC was also discussed.
Possible focus areas of this proposal include advantages and disadvantages of stocking fish, and
developments of methods and technical equipment for monitoring of migratory fish. The next
meeting of WGDIAD will be held at a date to be confirmed during the 2019 ICES ASC.

## 2.4.2 Salmonids Management ARound the CHannel (SAMARCH)

SAMARCH is a five-year project that started in April 2017 (due to end April 2022) and part
funded by the France-England Interreg Channel programme. The project will provide new trans-
ferable scientific knowledge to inform the management of salmon and sea trout in the estuaries
and coastal waters of both the French and English sides of the Channel. Although the project
involves working on a number of rivers in the Channel area, the majority of the data collection
and research will focus on five salmon and sea trout monitored rivers in the Channel area. These
are the rivers Frome and Tamar in southern England and the rivers Scorff, Oir and Bresle in
northern France.

There are four technical work-packages in the SAMARCH project.

WP T1 Fish Tracking-Uses acoustic tracking technology to follow salmon and sea trout smolts through the estuaries of the rivers Frome, Tamar, Scorff and Bresle in the springs of 2018-2020 to apportion smolt mortality rate between the estuary and the nearshore coast. Sea trout kelts from the Frome, Tamar and Bresle will also be marked with both acoustic and data storage tags to track their movements through the estuary and around the coast.

WP T2 Genetic Tool Development-Collect samples of juvenile brown trout from rivers in north-
ern France and southern England and adult sea trout across the Channel to build a common trout
and sea trout genetic dataset to identify the river-of-origin of sea trout caught at sea. Genetic analysis to identify the sex of large numbers of juvenile and adult salmon and sea trout will generate new information for stock assessment models used to manage salmonid stocks in UK (England & Wales) and France.

WP T3 Salmonid Stock Assessment Models-Involves collecting new data on the marine survival of salmonids and using this and historic data from five monitored rivers to develop new and improve existing models used for salmonid stock assessment in England and France. Historical salmonid scale collections will be analysed to generate data on changes in growth rates and sex ratio over time. The project will also assess the fecundity of salmonids. These new data will feed into the models used to manage salmonid stocks in England and France. See also Section 2.3.7.

WP T4 Stakeholders and Training-Will be used to ensure the results produced by the project inform, improve and develop new policies for the management of salmonids in estuaries and coastal waters. It will engage with stakeholders in both England and France and further afield to maximise the impact of the results generated by the project.

Further information about SAMARCH is available online at www.samarch.org

## 2.5 NASCO has asked ICES to provide a compilation of tag releases by country in 2018

Data on releases of tagged, finclipped and other marked salmon in 2018 were provided to the Working Group and are compiled as a separate report (ICES, WGNAS Addendum 2019). In summary (Table 2.5.1), approximately 2.7 million salmon were marked in 2018, a decrease from the 2.8 million fish marked in 2017. The adipose clip was the most commonly used primary mark (2.14 million), with coded wire microtags (CWT) (0.241 million) the next most common primary mark, and 189 022 fish were marked with external tags. Most marks were applied to hatchery-origin juveniles (2.64 million), while 62 296 wild juveniles, 7903 wild adults and 1315 hatchery adults were also marked. The use of PIT tags, Data Storage Tags (DSTs), radio and/or sonic transmitting tags (pingers) has increased in recent years and in 2018, 135 157 salmon were tagged with these tag types (Table 2.5.1). The Working Group noted that not all electronic tags were reported in the tag compilation. Tag users should be encouraged to include these tags or tagging programmes as this greatly facilitates identification of the origin of tags recovered in fisheries or tag scanning programmes in other jurisdictions.

A recommendation has been developed by the Working Group for more efficient identification of the origin of PIT tagged salmon. A creation of a database listing individual PIT tag numbers or codes identifying the origin, source or programme of the tags should be recorded on a North Atlantic basin-wide scale. This is needed to facilitate identification of individual tagged fish taken in marine fisheries or surveys back to the source. Data on individual PIT tags used in Norway have now been compiled, but an ICES coordinated database, where the data could be stored, is needed.

Since 2003, the Working Group has reported information on marks being applied to farmed salmon to facilitate tracing the origin of farmed salmon captured in the wild in the case of escape events. In the USA, genetic "marking" procedures have been adopted where broodstock are genetically screened and the resulting database is used to match genotyped escaped farmed salmon to a specific parental mating pair and subsequent hatchery of origin, stocking group, and marine site the individual escaped from. This has also been applied in Iceland, and in the 2018 fisheries nine out of 11 farmed escapees could be traced to the pens they escaped from by matching their genotypes to known parental genotypes.
Issues pertinent to particular Commission areas are included in subsequent sections and, where appropriate, carried forward to the recommendations (Annex 8).
<table><caption>Table 2.1.1.1. Total reported nominal catch of salmon by country (in tonnes round fresh weight), 1960–2018. (2018 figures include provisional data).</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Year</th><th colspan="3">NAC Area</th><th colspan="5">NEAC (N. Area)</th><th colspan="5">NEAC (S. Area)</th><th colspan="4">Faroes & Greenland</th><th rowspan="2">Total Reported Nominal Catch</th><th colspan="2">Unreported catches</th></tr><tr><th>Canada (1)</th><th>USA</th><th>St. P&M</th><th>Norway (2)</th><th>Russia (3)</th><th>Iceland</th><th>Sweden</th><th>Denmark</th><th>Finland</th><th>UK Ireland (E & W) (5,6)</th><th>UK (N.Irl.) (6,7)</th><th>UK (Scot.)</th><th>France (8)</th><th>Spain (9)</th><th>Faroes (10)</th><th>East Grld.</th><th>West Grld.</th><th>Other (12)</th><th>NASCO Areas (13)</th><th>International waters (14)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1960</td><td>1,636</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>1,659</td><td>1,100</td><td>100</td><td>-</td><td>40</td><td>0</td><td>-</td><td>743</td><td>283</td><td>139</td><td>1,443</td><td>-</td><td>33</td><td>-</td><td>60</td><td>-</td><td>7,237</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>1961</td><td>1,583</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>1,533</td><td>790</td><td>127</td><td>-</td><td>27</td><td>0</td><td>-</td><td>707</td><td>232</td><td>132</td><td>1,185</td><td>-</td><td>20</td><td>-</td><td>127</td><td>-</td><td>6,464</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>1962</td><td>1,719</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>1,935</td><td>710</td><td>125</td><td>-</td><td>45</td><td>0</td><td>-</td><td>1,459</td><td>318</td><td>356</td><td>1,738</td><td>-</td><td>23</td><td>-</td><td>244</td><td>-</td><td>8,673</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>1963</td><td>1,861</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>1,786</td><td>480</td><td>145</td><td>-</td><td>23</td><td>0</td><td>-</td><td>1,458</td><td>325</td><td>306</td><td>1,725</td><td>-</td><td>28</td><td>-</td><td>466</td><td>-</td><td>8,604</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>1964</td><td>2,069</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>2,147</td><td>590</td><td>135</td><td>-</td><td>36</td><td>0</td><td>-</td><td>1,617</td><td>307</td><td>377</td><td>1,907</td><td>-</td><td>34</td><td>-</td><td>1,539</td><td>-</td><td>10,759</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>1965</td><td>2,116</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>2,000</td><td>590</td><td>133</td><td>-</td><td>40</td><td>0</td><td>-</td><td>1,457</td><td>320</td><td>281</td><td>1,593</td><td>-</td><td>42</td><td>-</td><td>861</td><td>-</td><td>9,434</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>1966</td><td>2,369</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>1,791</td><td>570</td><td>104</td><td>2</td><td>36</td><td>0</td><td>-</td><td>1,238</td><td>387</td><td>287</td><td>1,595</td><td>-</td><td>42</td><td>-</td><td>1,370</td><td>-</td><td>9,792</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>1967</td><td>2,863</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>1,980</td><td>883</td><td>144</td><td>2</td><td>25</td><td>0</td><td>-</td><td>1,463</td><td>420</td><td>449</td><td>2,117</td><td>-</td><td>43</td><td>-</td><td>1,601</td><td>-</td><td>11,991</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>1968</td><td>2,111</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>1,514</td><td>827</td><td>161</td><td>1</td><td>20</td><td>0</td><td>-</td><td>1,413</td><td>282</td><td>312</td><td>1,578</td><td>-</td><td>38</td><td>5</td><td>1,127</td><td>403</td><td>9,793</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>1969</td><td>2,202</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>1,383</td><td>360</td><td>131</td><td>2</td><td>22</td><td>0</td><td>-</td><td>1,730</td><td>377</td><td>267</td><td>1,955</td><td>-</td><td>54</td><td>7</td><td>2,210</td><td>893</td><td>11,594</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>1970</td><td>2,323</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>1,171</td><td>448</td><td>182</td><td>13</td><td>20</td><td>0</td><td>-</td><td>1,787</td><td>527</td><td>297</td><td>1,392</td><td>-</td><td>45</td><td>12</td><td>2,146</td><td>922</td><td>11,286</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>1971</td><td>1,992</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>1,207</td><td>417</td><td>196</td><td>8</td><td>17</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>1,639</td><td>426</td><td>234</td><td>1,421</td><td>-</td><td>16</td><td>-</td><td>2,689</td><td>471</td><td>10,735</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>1972</td><td>1,759</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>1,578</td><td>462</td><td>245</td><td>5</td><td>17</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>1,804</td><td>442</td><td>210</td><td>1,727</td><td>34</td><td>40</td><td>9</td><td>2,113</td><td>486</td><td>10,965</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>1973</td><td>2,434</td><td>3</td><td>-</td><td>1,726</td><td>772</td><td>148</td><td>8</td><td>22</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>1,930</td><td>450</td><td>182</td><td>2,006</td><td>12</td><td>24</td><td>28</td><td>2,341</td><td>533</td><td>12,670</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>1974</td><td>2,539</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>1,633</td><td>709</td><td>215</td><td>10</td><td>31</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>2,128</td><td>383</td><td>184</td><td>1,628</td><td>13</td><td>16</td><td>20</td><td>1,917</td><td>373</td><td>11,877</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>1975</td><td>2,485</td><td>2</td><td>-</td><td>1,537</td><td>811</td><td>145</td><td>21</td><td>26</td><td>0</td><td>-</td><td>2,216</td><td>447</td><td>164</td><td>1,621</td><td>25</td><td>27</td><td>28</td><td>2,030</td><td>475</td><td>12,136</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>1976</td><td>2,506</td><td>1</td><td>3</td><td>1,530</td><td>542</td><td>216</td><td>9</td><td>20</td><td>0</td><td>-</td><td>1,561</td><td>208</td><td>113</td><td>1,019</td><td>9</td><td>21</td><td>40</td><td>&lt;1</td><td>1,175</td><td>289</td><td>9,327</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>1977</td><td>2,545</td><td>2</td><td>-</td><td>1,488</td><td>497</td><td>123</td><td>7</td><td>9</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>1,372</td><td>345</td><td>110</td><td>1,160</td><td>19</td><td>19</td><td>40</td><td>6</td><td>1,420</td><td>192</td><td>9,414</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>1978</td><td>1,545</td><td>4</td><td>-</td><td>1,050</td><td>476</td><td>285</td><td>6</td><td>10</td><td>0</td><td>-</td><td>1,230</td><td>349</td><td>148</td><td>1,323</td><td>20</td><td>32</td><td>37</td><td>8</td><td>984</td><td>138</td><td>7,682</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>1979</td><td>1,287</td><td>3</td><td>-</td><td>1,831</td><td>455</td><td>219</td><td>6</td><td>11</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>1,097</td><td>261</td><td>99</td><td>1,076</td><td>10</td><td>29</td><td>119</td><td>&lt;0,5</td><td>1,395</td><td>193</td><td>8,118</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>1980</td><td>2,680</td><td>6</td><td>-</td><td>1,830</td><td>664</td><td>241</td><td>8</td><td>16</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>947</td><td>360</td><td>122</td><td>1,134</td><td>30</td><td>47</td><td>536</td><td>&lt;0,5</td><td>1,194</td><td>277</td><td>10,127</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>1981</td><td>2,437</td><td>6</td><td>-</td><td>1,656</td><td>463</td><td>147</td><td>16</td><td>25</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>685</td><td>493</td><td>101</td><td>1,233</td><td>20</td><td>25</td><td>1,025</td><td>&lt;0,5</td><td>1,264</td><td>313</td><td>9,954</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>1982</td><td>1,798</td><td>6</td><td>-</td><td>1,348</td><td>364</td><td>130</td><td>17</td><td>24</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>993</td><td>286</td><td>132</td><td>1,092</td><td>20</td><td>10</td><td>606</td><td>&lt;0,5</td><td>1,077</td><td>437</td><td>8,395</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>1983</td><td>1,424</td><td>1</td><td>3</td><td>1,550</td><td>507</td><td>166</td><td>32</td><td>27</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>1,656</td><td>429</td><td>187</td><td>1,221</td><td>16</td><td>23</td><td>678</td><td>&lt;0,5</td><td>310</td><td>466</td><td>8,755</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>1984</td><td>1,112</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>1,623</td><td>593</td><td>139</td><td>20</td><td>39</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>829</td><td>345</td><td>78</td><td>1,013</td><td>25</td><td>18</td><td>628</td><td>&lt;0,5</td><td>297</td><td>101</td><td>6,912</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>1985</td><td>1,133</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>1,561</td><td>659</td><td>162</td><td>55</td><td>44</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>1,595</td><td>361</td><td>98</td><td>913</td><td>22</td><td>13</td><td>566</td><td>7</td><td>864</td><td>-</td><td>8,108</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>1986</td><td>1,559</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>1,598</td><td>608</td><td>232</td><td>59</td><td>52</td><td>2</td><td>-</td><td>1,730</td><td>430</td><td>109</td><td>1,271</td><td>28</td><td>27</td><td>530</td><td>19</td><td>960</td><td>-</td><td>9,255</td><td>315</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>1987</td><td>1,784</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>1,385</td><td>564</td><td>181</td><td>40</td><td>43</td><td>4</td><td>-</td><td>1,239</td><td>302</td><td>56</td><td>922</td><td>27</td><td>18</td><td>576</td><td>&lt;0,5</td><td>966</td><td>-</td><td>8,159</td><td>2,788</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>1988</td><td>1,310</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>1,076</td><td>420</td><td>217</td><td>180</td><td>36</td><td>4</td><td>-</td><td>1,874</td><td>395</td><td>114</td><td>882</td><td>32</td><td>18</td><td>243</td><td>4</td><td>893</td><td>-</td><td>7,737</td><td>3,248</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>1989</td><td>1,139</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>905</td><td>364</td><td>141</td><td>136</td><td>25</td><td>4</td><td>-</td><td>1,079</td><td>296</td><td>142</td><td>895</td><td>14</td><td>7</td><td>364</td><td>-</td><td>337</td><td>-</td><td>5,904</td><td>2,277</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>1990</td><td>911</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>930</td><td>313</td><td>141</td><td>285</td><td>27</td><td>6</td><td>13</td><td>567</td><td>338</td><td>94</td><td>624</td><td>15</td><td>7</td><td>315</td><td>-</td><td>274</td><td>-</td><td>4,925</td><td>1,890</td><td>180-350</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 2.1.1.1. (Continued). Total reported nominal catch of salmon by country (in tonnes round fresh weight), 1960–2018. (2018 figures include provisional data).</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Year</th><th colspan="3">NAC Area</th><th colspan="6">NEAC (N. Area)</th><th colspan="6">NEAC (S. Area)</th><th colspan="4">Faroes & Greenland</th><th rowspan="2">Total Reported Nominal Catch</th><th colspan="2">Unreported catches</th></tr><tr><th>Canada (1)</th><th>USA</th><th>St. P&amp;M</th><th>Norway (2)</th><th>Russia (3)</th><th>Iceland</th><th>Sweden</th><th>Denmark</th><th>Finland</th><th>UK Ireland (E &amp; W) (5,6)</th><th>UK (N.Irl.) (6,7)</th><th>UK (Scot.)</th><th>France</th><th>Spain</th><th>Faroes (10)</th><th>East Grld.</th><th>West Grld.</th><th>Other (12)</th><th>NASCO Areas (13)</th><th>International waters (14)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1991</td><td>711</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>876</td><td>215</td><td>129</td><td>346</td><td>34</td><td>4</td><td>3</td><td>70</td><td>404</td><td>200</td><td>55</td><td>462</td><td>13</td><td>11</td><td>95</td><td>4</td><td>472</td><td>-</td><td>4,106</td><td>1,682</td><td>25-100</td></tr><tr><td>1992</td><td>522</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>867</td><td>167</td><td>174</td><td>462</td><td>46</td><td>3</td><td>10</td><td>77</td><td>630</td><td>171</td><td>91</td><td>600</td><td>20</td><td>11</td><td>23</td><td>5</td><td>237</td><td>-</td><td>4,119</td><td>1,962</td><td>25-100</td></tr><tr><td>1993</td><td>373</td><td>1</td><td>3</td><td>923</td><td>139</td><td>157</td><td>499</td><td>44</td><td>12</td><td>9</td><td>70</td><td>541</td><td>248</td><td>83</td><td>547</td><td>16</td><td>8</td><td>23</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>3,696</td><td>1,644</td><td>25-100</td></tr><tr><td>1994</td><td>355</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>996</td><td>141</td><td>136</td><td>313</td><td>37</td><td>7</td><td>6</td><td>49</td><td>804</td><td>324</td><td>91</td><td>649</td><td>18</td><td>10</td><td>6</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>3,945</td><td>1,276</td><td>25-100</td></tr><tr><td>1995</td><td>260</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>839</td><td>128</td><td>146</td><td>303</td><td>28</td><td>9</td><td>3</td><td>48</td><td>790</td><td>295</td><td>83</td><td>588</td><td>10</td><td>9</td><td>5</td><td>2</td><td>83</td><td>-</td><td>3,629</td><td>1,060</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>1996</td><td>292</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>787</td><td>131</td><td>118</td><td>243</td><td>26</td><td>7</td><td>2</td><td>44</td><td>685</td><td>183</td><td>77</td><td>427</td><td>13</td><td>7</td><td>-</td><td>0</td><td>92</td><td>-</td><td>3,136</td><td>1,123</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>1997</td><td>229</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>630</td><td>111</td><td>97</td><td>59</td><td>15</td><td>4</td><td>1</td><td>45</td><td>570</td><td>142</td><td>93</td><td>296</td><td>8</td><td>4</td><td>-</td><td>1</td><td>58</td><td>-</td><td>2,364</td><td>827</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>1998</td><td>157</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>740</td><td>131</td><td>119</td><td>46</td><td>10</td><td>5</td><td>1</td><td>48</td><td>624</td><td>123</td><td>78</td><td>283</td><td>8</td><td>4</td><td>6</td><td>0</td><td>11</td><td>-</td><td>2,395</td><td>1,210</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>1999</td><td>152</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>811</td><td>103</td><td>111</td><td>35</td><td>11</td><td>5</td><td>1</td><td>62</td><td>515</td><td>150</td><td>53</td><td>199</td><td>11</td><td>6</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>19</td><td>-</td><td>2,247</td><td>1,032</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>2000</td><td>153</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>1,176</td><td>124</td><td>73</td><td>11</td><td>24</td><td>9</td><td>5</td><td>95</td><td>621</td><td>219</td><td>78</td><td>274</td><td>11</td><td>7</td><td>8</td><td>0</td><td>21</td><td>-</td><td>2,912</td><td>1,269</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>2001</td><td>148</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>1,267</td><td>114</td><td>74</td><td>14</td><td>25</td><td>7</td><td>6</td><td>126</td><td>730</td><td>184</td><td>53</td><td>251</td><td>11</td><td>13</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>43</td><td>-</td><td>3,069</td><td>1,180</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>2002</td><td>148</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>1,019</td><td>118</td><td>90</td><td>7</td><td>20</td><td>8</td><td>5</td><td>93</td><td>682</td><td>161</td><td>81</td><td>191</td><td>11</td><td>9</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>9</td><td>-</td><td>2,654</td><td>1,039</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>2003</td><td>141</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>1,071</td><td>107</td><td>99</td><td>11</td><td>15</td><td>10</td><td>4</td><td>78</td><td>551</td><td>89</td><td>56</td><td>192</td><td>13</td><td>9</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>9</td><td>-</td><td>2,457</td><td>847</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>2004</td><td>161</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>784</td><td>82</td><td>111</td><td>18</td><td>13</td><td>7</td><td>4</td><td>39</td><td>489</td><td>111</td><td>48</td><td>245</td><td>19</td><td>7</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>15</td><td>-</td><td>2,157</td><td>686</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>2005</td><td>139</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>888</td><td>82</td><td>129</td><td>21</td><td>9</td><td>6</td><td>8</td><td>47</td><td>422</td><td>97</td><td>52</td><td>215</td><td>11</td><td>13</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>15</td><td>-</td><td>2,155</td><td>700</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>2006</td><td>137</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>932</td><td>91</td><td>93</td><td>17</td><td>8</td><td>6</td><td>2</td><td>67</td><td>326</td><td>80</td><td>29</td><td>192</td><td>13</td><td>11</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>22</td><td>-</td><td>2,028</td><td>670</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>2007</td><td>112</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>767</td><td>63</td><td>93</td><td>36</td><td>6</td><td>10</td><td>3</td><td>58</td><td>85</td><td>67</td><td>30</td><td>171</td><td>11</td><td>9</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>25</td><td>-</td><td>1,548</td><td>475</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>2008</td><td>158</td><td>0</td><td>4</td><td>807</td><td>73</td><td>132</td><td>69</td><td>8</td><td>10</td><td>9</td><td>71</td><td>89</td><td>64</td><td>21</td><td>161</td><td>12</td><td>9</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>26</td><td>-</td><td>1,721</td><td>443</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>2009</td><td>126</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>595</td><td>71</td><td>126</td><td>44</td><td>7</td><td>10</td><td>8</td><td>36</td><td>68</td><td>54</td><td>16</td><td>121</td><td>4</td><td>2</td><td>0</td><td>0.8</td><td>26</td><td>-</td><td>1,318</td><td>343</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>2010</td><td>153</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>642</td><td>88</td><td>147</td><td>42</td><td>9</td><td>13</td><td>13</td><td>49</td><td>99</td><td>109</td><td>12</td><td>180</td><td>10</td><td>2</td><td>0</td><td>1.7</td><td>38</td><td>-</td><td>1,610</td><td>393</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>2011</td><td>179</td><td>0</td><td>4</td><td>696</td><td>89</td><td>98</td><td>30</td><td>20</td><td>19</td><td>13</td><td>44</td><td>87</td><td>136</td><td>10</td><td>159</td><td>11</td><td>7</td><td>0</td><td>0.1</td><td>27</td><td>-</td><td>1,629</td><td>421</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>2012</td><td>126</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>696</td><td>82</td><td>50</td><td>20</td><td>21</td><td>9</td><td>12</td><td>64</td><td>88</td><td>58</td><td>9</td><td>124</td><td>10</td><td>7</td><td>0</td><td>0.5</td><td>33</td><td>-</td><td>1,412</td><td>403</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>2013</td><td>137</td><td>0</td><td>5</td><td>475</td><td>78</td><td>116</td><td>31</td><td>11</td><td>4</td><td>11</td><td>46</td><td>87</td><td>84</td><td>4</td><td>119</td><td>11</td><td>5</td><td>0</td><td>0.0</td><td>47</td><td>-</td><td>1,270</td><td>306</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>2014</td><td>118</td><td>0</td><td>4</td><td>490</td><td>81</td><td>51</td><td>18</td><td>24</td><td>6</td><td>9</td><td>58</td><td>57</td><td>54</td><td>5</td><td>84</td><td>12</td><td>6</td><td>0</td><td>0.1</td><td>58</td><td>-</td><td>1,134</td><td>287</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>2015</td><td>140</td><td>0</td><td>4</td><td>583</td><td>80</td><td>94</td><td>31</td><td>11</td><td>7</td><td>9</td><td>45</td><td>63</td><td>68</td><td>3</td><td>68</td><td>16</td><td>5</td><td>0</td><td>1.0</td><td>56</td><td>-</td><td>1,284</td><td>325</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>2016</td><td>135</td><td>0</td><td>5</td><td>612</td><td>56</td><td>71</td><td>34</td><td>6</td><td>3</td><td>9</td><td>51</td><td>58</td><td>86</td><td>4</td><td>27</td><td>6</td><td>5</td><td>0</td><td>1.5</td><td>26</td><td>-</td><td>1,195</td><td>335</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>2017</td><td>110</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>666</td><td>47</td><td>62</td><td>24</td><td>17</td><td>10</td><td>12</td><td>32</td><td>59</td><td>49</td><td>5</td><td>27</td><td>10</td><td>2</td><td>0</td><td>0.3</td><td>28</td><td>-</td><td>1,163</td><td>353</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>2018</td><td>90</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>594</td><td>80</td><td>66</td><td>33</td><td>12</td><td>4</td><td>11</td><td>24</td><td>58</td><td>42</td><td>4</td><td>19</td><td>10</td><td>3</td><td>0</td><td>0.8</td><td>39</td><td>-</td><td>1,090</td><td>314</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Average</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2013-2017</td><td>128</td><td>0</td><td>4</td><td>565</td><td>68</td><td>79</td><td>28</td><td>14</td><td>6</td><td>10</td><td>46</td><td>65</td><td>68</td><td>4</td><td>65</td><td>11</td><td>5</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>43</td><td>-</td><td>1,209</td><td>321</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>2008-2017</td><td>138</td><td>0</td><td>4</td><td>626</td><td>75</td><td>95</td><td>34</td><td>13</td><td>9</td><td>10</td><td>50</td><td>75</td><td>76</td><td>9</td><td>107</td><td>10</td><td>5</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>36</td><td>-</td><td>1,374</td><td>361</td><td>-</td></tr></tbody></table>
Table 2.1.1.1. (Continued). Total reported nominal catch of salmon by country (in tonnes round fresh weight), 1960–2018. (2018 figures include provisional data).

Key:

1. Includes estimates of some local sales, and, prior to 1984, by-catch.

2. Before 1966, sea trout and sea charr included (5% of total).

3. Figures from 1991 to 2000 do not include catches taken in the recreational (rod) fishery.

4. From 1990, catch includes fish ranched for both commercial and angling purposes.

5. Improved reporting of rod catches in 1994 and data derived from carcase tagging and log books from 2002.

6. Catch on River Foyle allocated 50% Ireland and 50% N. Ireland.

7. Angling catch (derived from carcase tagging and log books) first included in 2002.

8. Data for France include some unreported catches.

9. Weights estimated from mean weight of fish caught in Asturias (80-90% of Spanish catch).

10. Between 1991 & 1999, there was only a research fishery at Faroes. In 1997 & 1999 no fishery took place; the commercial fishery resumed in 2000, but has not operated since 2001.

11. Includes catches made in the West Greenland area by Norway, Faroes, Sweden and Denmark in 1965-1975.

12. Includes catches in Norwegian Sea by vessels from Denmark, Sweden, Germany, Norway and Finland.

13. No unreported catch estimate available for Canada in 2007 and 2008.
Data for Canada in 2009 and 2010 are incomplete.
No unreported catch estimate available for Russia since 2008.

14. Estimates refer to season ending in given year.

15. Catches from hatchery-reared smolts released under programmes to mitigate for hydropower development schemes; returning fish unable to spawn in the wild and exploited heavily.
<table><caption>Table 2.1.1.2. Total reported nominal catch of salmon in homewaters by country (in tonnes round fresh weight), 1960–2018. (2018 figures include provisional data). S = Salmon (2SW or MSW fish). G = Grilse (1SW fish). Sm = small. Lg = large; T = S + G or Lg + Sm.</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="3">Year</th><th colspan="3">NAC Area</th><th colspan="10">NEAC (N. Area)</th><th colspan="10">NEAC (S. Area)</th><th rowspan="3">Total T</th></tr><tr><th colspan="3">Canada (1)</th><th rowspan="2">USA T</th><th colspan="3">Norway (2)</th><th rowspan="2">Russia (3) T</th><th colspan="2">Iceland</th><th colspan="2">Sweden</th><th colspan="2">Denmark</th><th colspan="2">Finland</th><th colspan="3">Ireland (4.5)</th><th rowspan="2">UK (E&W) T</th><th colspan="2">UK(N.L) T</th><th colspan="2">UK(Scotland) T</th><th rowspan="2">France T</th><th rowspan="2">Spain T</th></tr><tr><th>Lg</th><th>Sm</th><th>T</th><th>S</th><th>G</th><th>T</th><th>Wild T</th><th>Ranch T</th><th>Wild T</th><th>Ranch T</th><th>T</th><th>S</th><th>G</th><th>T</th><th>S</th><th>G</th><th>T</th><th>S</th><th>G</th><th>T</th><th>S</th><th>G</th><th>T</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1960</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>1,636</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>1,659</td><td>1,100</td><td>100</td><td>-</td><td>40</td><td>0</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>743</td><td>283</td><td>139</td><td>971</td><td>472</td><td>1,443</td><td>-</td><td>33</td><td>7,177</td></tr><tr><td>1961</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>1,583</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>1,533</td><td>790</td><td>127</td><td>-</td><td>27</td><td>0</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>707</td><td>232</td><td>132</td><td>811</td><td>374</td><td>1,185</td><td>-</td><td>20</td><td>6,337</td></tr><tr><td>1962</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>1,719</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>1,935</td><td>710</td><td>125</td><td>-</td><td>45</td><td>0</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>1,459</td><td>318</td><td>356</td><td>1,014</td><td>724</td><td>1,738</td><td>-</td><td>23</td><td>8,429</td></tr><tr><td>1963</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>1,861</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>1,786</td><td>480</td><td>145</td><td>-</td><td>23</td><td>0</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>1,458</td><td>325</td><td>306</td><td>1,308</td><td>417</td><td>1,725</td><td>-</td><td>28</td><td>8,138</td></tr><tr><td>1964</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>2,069</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>2,147</td><td>590</td><td>135</td><td>-</td><td>36</td><td>0</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>1,617</td><td>307</td><td>377</td><td>1,210</td><td>697</td><td>1,907</td><td>-</td><td>34</td><td>9,220</td></tr><tr><td>1965</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>2,116</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>2,000</td><td>590</td><td>133</td><td>-</td><td>40</td><td>0</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>1,457</td><td>320</td><td>281</td><td>1,043</td><td>550</td><td>1,593</td><td>-</td><td>42</td><td>8,573</td></tr><tr><td>1966</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>2,369</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>1,791</td><td>570</td><td>104</td><td>2</td><td>36</td><td>0</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>1,238</td><td>387</td><td>287</td><td>1,049</td><td>546</td><td>1,595</td><td>-</td><td>42</td><td>8,422</td></tr><tr><td>1967</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>2,863</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>1,980</td><td>883</td><td>144</td><td>2</td><td>25</td><td>0</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>1,463</td><td>420</td><td>449</td><td>1,233</td><td>884</td><td>2,117</td><td>-</td><td>43</td><td>10,390</td></tr><tr><td>1968</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>2,111</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>1,514</td><td>827</td><td>161</td><td>1</td><td>20</td><td>0</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>1,413</td><td>282</td><td>312</td><td>1,021</td><td>557</td><td>1,578</td><td>-</td><td>38</td><td>8,258</td></tr><tr><td>1969</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>2,202</td><td>1</td><td>801</td><td>582</td><td>1,383</td><td>360</td><td>131</td><td>2</td><td>22</td><td>0</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>1,730</td><td>377</td><td>267</td><td>997</td><td>958</td><td>1,955</td><td>-</td><td>54</td><td>8,484</td></tr><tr><td>1970</td><td>1,562</td><td>761</td><td>2,323</td><td>1</td><td>815</td><td>356</td><td>1,171</td><td>448</td><td>182</td><td>13</td><td>20</td><td>0</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>1,787</td><td>527</td><td>297</td><td>775</td><td>617</td><td>1,392</td><td>-</td><td>45</td><td>8,206</td></tr><tr><td>1971</td><td>1,482</td><td>510</td><td>1,992</td><td>1</td><td>771</td><td>436</td><td>1,207</td><td>417</td><td>196</td><td>8</td><td>17</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>1,639</td><td>426</td><td>234</td><td>719</td><td>702</td><td>1,421</td><td>-</td><td>16</td><td>7,574</td></tr><tr><td>1972</td><td>1,201</td><td>558</td><td>1,759</td><td>1</td><td>1,064</td><td>514</td><td>1,578</td><td>462</td><td>245</td><td>5</td><td>17</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>200</td><td>1,604</td><td>1,804</td><td>442</td><td>210</td><td>1,013</td><td>714</td><td>1,727</td><td>34</td><td>40</td><td>8,356</td></tr><tr><td>1973</td><td>1,651</td><td>783</td><td>2,434</td><td>3</td><td>1,220</td><td>506</td><td>1,726</td><td>772</td><td>148</td><td>8</td><td>22</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>244</td><td>1,686</td><td>1,930</td><td>450</td><td>182</td><td>1,158</td><td>848</td><td>2,006</td><td>12</td><td>24</td><td>9,767</td></tr><tr><td>1974</td><td>1,589</td><td>950</td><td>2,539</td><td>1</td><td>1,149</td><td>484</td><td>1,633</td><td>709</td><td>215</td><td>10</td><td>31</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>170</td><td>1,958</td><td>2,128</td><td>383</td><td>184</td><td>912</td><td>716</td><td>1,628</td><td>13</td><td>16</td><td>9,566</td></tr><tr><td>1975</td><td>1,573</td><td>912</td><td>2,485</td><td>2</td><td>1,038</td><td>499</td><td>1,537</td><td>811</td><td>145</td><td>21</td><td>26</td><td>0</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>274</td><td>1,942</td><td>2,216</td><td>447</td><td>164</td><td>1,007</td><td>614</td><td>1,621</td><td>25</td><td>27</td><td>9,603</td></tr><tr><td>1976</td><td>1,721</td><td>785</td><td>2,506</td><td>1</td><td>1,063</td><td>467</td><td>1,530</td><td>542</td><td>216</td><td>9</td><td>20</td><td>0</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>109</td><td>1,452</td><td>1,561</td><td>208</td><td>113</td><td>522</td><td>497</td><td>1,019</td><td>9</td><td>21</td><td>7,821</td></tr><tr><td>1977</td><td>1,883</td><td>662</td><td>2,545</td><td>2</td><td>1,018</td><td>470</td><td>1,488</td><td>497</td><td>123</td><td>7</td><td>9</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>145</td><td>1,227</td><td>1,372</td><td>345</td><td>110</td><td>639</td><td>521</td><td>1,160</td><td>19</td><td>19</td><td>7,755</td></tr><tr><td>1978</td><td>1,225</td><td>320</td><td>1,545</td><td>4</td><td>668</td><td>382</td><td>1,050</td><td>476</td><td>285</td><td>6</td><td>10</td><td>0</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>147</td><td>1,082</td><td>1,229</td><td>349</td><td>148</td><td>781</td><td>542</td><td>1,323</td><td>20</td><td>32</td><td>6,514</td></tr><tr><td>1979</td><td>705</td><td>582</td><td>1,287</td><td>3</td><td>1,150</td><td>681</td><td>1,831</td><td>455</td><td>219</td><td>6</td><td>11</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>105</td><td>922</td><td>1,027</td><td>261</td><td>99</td><td>598</td><td>478</td><td>1,076</td><td>10</td><td>29</td><td>6,340</td></tr><tr><td>1980</td><td>1,763</td><td>917</td><td>2,680</td><td>6</td><td>1,352</td><td>478</td><td>1,830</td><td>664</td><td>241</td><td>8</td><td>16</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>202</td><td>745</td><td>947</td><td>360</td><td>122</td><td>851</td><td>283</td><td>1,134</td><td>30</td><td>47</td><td>8,119</td></tr><tr><td>1981</td><td>1,619</td><td>818</td><td>2,437</td><td>6</td><td>1,189</td><td>467</td><td>1,656</td><td>463</td><td>147</td><td>16</td><td>25</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>164</td><td>521</td><td>685</td><td>493</td><td>101</td><td>844</td><td>389</td><td>1,233</td><td>20</td><td>25</td><td>7,351</td></tr><tr><td>1982</td><td>1,082</td><td>716</td><td>1,798</td><td>6</td><td>985</td><td>363</td><td>1,348</td><td>364</td><td>130</td><td>17</td><td>24</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>49</td><td>5</td><td>54</td><td>63</td><td>930</td><td>993</td><td>286</td><td>132</td><td>596</td><td>496</td><td>1,092</td><td>20</td><td>10</td><td>6,275</td></tr><tr><td>1983</td><td>911</td><td>513</td><td>1,424</td><td>1</td><td>957</td><td>593</td><td>1,550</td><td>507</td><td>166</td><td>32</td><td>27</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>51</td><td>7</td><td>58</td><td>150</td><td>1,506</td><td>1,656</td><td>429</td><td>187</td><td>672</td><td>549</td><td>1,221</td><td>16</td><td>23</td><td>7,298</td></tr><tr><td>1984</td><td>645</td><td>467</td><td>1,112</td><td>2</td><td>995</td><td>628</td><td>1,623</td><td>593</td><td>139</td><td>20</td><td>39</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>37</td><td>9</td><td>46</td><td>101</td><td>728</td><td>829</td><td>345</td><td>78</td><td>504</td><td>509</td><td>1,013</td><td>25</td><td>18</td><td>5,882</td></tr><tr><td>1985</td><td>540</td><td>593</td><td>1,133</td><td>2</td><td>923</td><td>638</td><td>1,561</td><td>659</td><td>162</td><td>55</td><td>44</td><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>38</td><td>11</td><td>49</td><td>100</td><td>1,495</td><td>1,595</td><td>361</td><td>98</td><td>514</td><td>399</td><td>913</td><td>22</td><td>13</td><td>6,667</td></tr><tr><td>1986</td><td>779</td><td>780</td><td>1,559</td><td>2</td><td>1,042</td><td>556</td><td>1,598</td><td>608</td><td>232</td><td>59</td><td>52</td><td>2</td><td>-</td><td>25</td><td>12</td><td>37</td><td>136</td><td>1,594</td><td>1,730</td><td>430</td><td>109</td><td>745</td><td>526</td><td>1,271</td><td>28</td><td>27</td><td>7,742</td></tr><tr><td>1987</td><td>951</td><td>833</td><td>1,784</td><td>1</td><td>894</td><td>491</td><td>1,385</td><td>564</td><td>181</td><td>40</td><td>43</td><td>4</td><td>-</td><td>34</td><td>15</td><td>49</td><td>127</td><td>1,112</td><td>1,239</td><td>302</td><td>56</td><td>503</td><td>419</td><td>922</td><td>27</td><td>18</td><td>6,611</td></tr><tr><td>1988</td><td>633</td><td>677</td><td>1,310</td><td>1</td><td>656</td><td>420</td><td>1,076</td><td>420</td><td>217</td><td>180</td><td>36</td><td>4</td><td>-</td><td>27</td><td>9</td><td>36</td><td>141</td><td>1,733</td><td>1,874</td><td>395</td><td>114</td><td>501</td><td>381</td><td>882</td><td>32</td><td>18</td><td>6,591</td></tr><tr><td>1989</td><td>590</td><td>549</td><td>1,139</td><td>2</td><td>469</td><td>436</td><td>905</td><td>364</td><td>141</td><td>136</td><td>25</td><td>4</td><td>-</td><td>33</td><td>19</td><td>52</td><td>132</td><td>947</td><td>1,079</td><td>296</td><td>142</td><td>464</td><td>431</td><td>895</td><td>14</td><td>7</td><td>5,197</td></tr><tr><td>1990</td><td>486</td><td>425</td><td>911</td><td>2</td><td>545</td><td>385</td><td>930</td><td>313</td><td>146</td><td>280</td><td>27</td><td>6</td><td>13</td><td>41</td><td>19</td><td>60</td><td>-</td><td>567</td><td>338</td><td>94</td><td>423</td><td>201</td><td>624</td><td>15</td><td>7</td><td>4,327</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 2.1.2.1. Numbers of fish caught and released in rod fisheries along with the % of the total rod catch (released + retained) for countries in the North Atlantic where records are available, 1991–2018. Figures for 2018 are provisional.</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Year</th><th colspan="2">Canada<sup>4</sup></th><th colspan="2">USA</th><th colspan="2">Iceland</th><th colspan="2">Russia<sup>1</sup></th><th colspan="2">UK (E&W)</th><th colspan="2">UK (Scotland)</th><th colspan="2">Ireland</th><th colspan="2">UK (N Ireland)<sup>2</sup></th><th colspan="2">Denmark</th><th colspan="2">Sweden</th><th colspan="2">Norway<sup>3</sup></th></tr><tr><th>Total</th><th>% of total rod catch</th><th>Total</th><th>% of total rod catch</th><th>Total</th><th>% of total rod catch</th><th>Total</th><th>% of total rod catch</th><th>Total</th><th>% of total rod catch</th><th>Total</th><th>% of total rod catch</th><th>Total</th><th>% of total rod catch</th><th>Total</th><th>% of total rod catch</th><th>Total</th><th>% of total rod catch</th><th>Total</th><th>% of total rod catch</th><th>Total</th><th>% of total rod catch</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1991</td><td>22,167</td><td>28</td><td>239</td><td>50</td><td></td><td></td><td>3,211</td><td>51</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1992</td><td>37,803</td><td>29</td><td>407</td><td>67</td><td></td><td></td><td>10,120</td><td>73</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1993</td><td>44,803</td><td>36</td><td>507</td><td>77</td><td></td><td></td><td>11,246</td><td>82</td><td>1,448</td><td>10</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1994</td><td>52,887</td><td>43</td><td>249</td><td>95</td><td></td><td></td><td>12,056</td><td>83</td><td>3,227</td><td>13</td><td>6,595</td><td>8</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1995</td><td>46,029</td><td>46</td><td>370</td><td>100</td><td></td><td></td><td>11,904</td><td>84</td><td>3,189</td><td>20</td><td>12,151</td><td>14</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1996</td><td>52,166</td><td>41</td><td>542</td><td>100</td><td>669</td><td>2</td><td>10,745</td><td>73</td><td>3,428</td><td>20</td><td>10,413</td><td>15</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1997</td><td>50,009</td><td>50</td><td>333</td><td>100</td><td>1,558</td><td>5</td><td>14,823</td><td>87</td><td>3,132</td><td>24</td><td>10,965</td><td>18</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1998</td><td>56,289</td><td>53</td><td>273</td><td>100</td><td>2,826</td><td>7</td><td>12,776</td><td>81</td><td>4,378</td><td>30</td><td>13,464</td><td>18</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1999</td><td>48,720</td><td>50</td><td>211</td><td>100</td><td>3,055</td><td>10</td><td>11,450</td><td>77</td><td>4,382</td><td>42</td><td>14,846</td><td>28</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2000</td><td>64,482</td><td>56</td><td>0</td><td>-</td><td>2,918</td><td>11</td><td>12,914</td><td>74</td><td>7,470</td><td>42</td><td>21,072</td><td>32</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2001</td><td>59,387</td><td>55</td><td>0</td><td>-</td><td>3,611</td><td>12</td><td>16,945</td><td>76</td><td>6,143</td><td>43</td><td>27,724</td><td>38</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2002</td><td>50,924</td><td>52</td><td>0</td><td>-</td><td>5,985</td><td>18</td><td>25,248</td><td>80</td><td>7,658</td><td>50</td><td>24,058</td><td>42</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2003</td><td>53,645</td><td>55</td><td>0</td><td>-</td><td>5,361</td><td>16</td><td>33,862</td><td>81</td><td>6,425</td><td>56</td><td>29,170</td><td>55</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2004</td><td>62,316</td><td>57</td><td>0</td><td>-</td><td>7,362</td><td>18</td><td>24,679</td><td>76</td><td>13,211</td><td>48</td><td>46,279</td><td>50</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2005</td><td>63,005</td><td>62</td><td>0</td><td>-</td><td>9,224</td><td>17</td><td>23,592</td><td>87</td><td>11,983</td><td>56</td><td>46,165</td><td>55</td><td>2,553</td><td>12</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2006</td><td>60,486</td><td>62</td><td>1</td><td>100</td><td>8,735</td><td>19</td><td>33,380</td><td>82</td><td>10,959</td><td>56</td><td>47,669</td><td>55</td><td>5,409</td><td>22</td><td>302</td><td>18</td><td>794</td><td>65</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2007</td><td>41,192</td><td>58</td><td>3</td><td>100</td><td>9,691</td><td>18</td><td>44,341</td><td>90</td><td>10,917</td><td>55</td><td>55,660</td><td>61</td><td>15,113</td><td>44</td><td>470</td><td>16</td><td>959</td><td>57</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2008</td><td>54,887</td><td>53</td><td>61</td><td>100</td><td>17,178</td><td>20</td><td>41,881</td><td>86</td><td>13,035</td><td>55</td><td>53,347</td><td>62</td><td>13,563</td><td>38</td><td>648</td><td>20</td><td>2,033</td><td>71</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>5,512</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>2009</td><td>52,151</td><td>59</td><td>0</td><td>-</td><td>17,514</td><td>24</td><td></td><td></td><td>9,096</td><td>58</td><td>48,436</td><td>67</td><td>11,422</td><td>39</td><td>847</td><td>21</td><td>1,709</td><td>53</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>6,696</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>2010</td><td>55,895</td><td>53</td><td>0</td><td>-</td><td>21,476</td><td>29</td><td>14,585</td><td>56</td><td>15,012</td><td>60</td><td>78,041</td><td>70</td><td>15,142</td><td>40</td><td>823</td><td>25</td><td>2,512</td><td>60</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>15,041</td><td>12</td></tr><tr><td>2011</td><td>71,358</td><td>57</td><td>0</td><td>-</td><td>18,593</td><td>32</td><td></td><td></td><td>14,406</td><td>62</td><td>64,870</td><td>73</td><td>12,688</td><td>38</td><td>1,197</td><td>36</td><td>2,153</td><td>55</td><td>424</td><td>5</td><td>14,303</td><td>12</td></tr><tr><td>2012</td><td>43,287</td><td>57</td><td>0</td><td>-</td><td>9,752</td><td>28</td><td>4,743</td><td>43</td><td>11,952</td><td>65</td><td>63,628</td><td>74</td><td>11,891</td><td>35</td><td>5,014</td><td>59</td><td>2,153</td><td>55</td><td>404</td><td>6</td><td>18,611</td><td>14</td></tr><tr><td>2013</td><td>50,630</td><td>59</td><td>0</td><td>-</td><td>23,133</td><td>34</td><td>3,732</td><td>39</td><td>10,458</td><td>70</td><td>54,002</td><td>80</td><td>10,682</td><td>37</td><td>1,507</td><td>64</td><td>1,932</td><td>57</td><td>274</td><td>9</td><td>15,953</td><td>15</td></tr><tr><td>2014</td><td>41,613</td><td>54</td><td>0</td><td>-</td><td>13,616</td><td>41</td><td>8,479</td><td>52</td><td>7,992</td><td>78</td><td>37,355</td><td>82</td><td>6,537</td><td>37</td><td>1,065</td><td>50</td><td>1,918</td><td>61</td><td>982</td><td>15</td><td>20,281</td><td>19</td></tr><tr><td>2015</td><td>65,440</td><td>64</td><td>0</td><td>-</td><td>21,914</td><td>31</td><td>7,028</td><td>50</td><td>8,113</td><td>79</td><td>46,836</td><td>84</td><td>9,383</td><td>37</td><td>111</td><td>100</td><td>2,989</td><td>70</td><td>647</td><td>18</td><td>25,433</td><td>19</td></tr><tr><td>2016</td><td>68,925</td><td>65</td><td>0</td><td>-</td><td>22,751</td><td>43</td><td>10,793</td><td>76</td><td>9,700</td><td>80</td><td>49,469</td><td>90</td><td>10,280</td><td>41</td><td>280</td><td>100</td><td>3,801</td><td>72</td><td>362</td><td>17</td><td>25,198</td><td>21</td></tr><tr><td>2017</td><td>57,357</td><td>66</td><td>0</td><td>-</td><td>19,667</td><td>42</td><td>10,110</td><td>77</td><td>11,255</td><td>83</td><td>44,257</td><td>90</td><td>11,259</td><td>36</td><td>126</td><td>100</td><td>4,435</td><td>69</td><td>625</td><td>17</td><td>25,924</td><td>21</td></tr><tr><td>2018</td><td>50,184</td><td>73</td><td>0</td><td>-</td><td>20,957</td><td>42</td><td>10,779</td><td>73</td><td>6,486</td><td>88</td><td>34,721</td><td>93</td><td>12,562</td><td>32</td><td>3,249</td><td>65</td><td>4,613</td><td>79</td><td>710</td><td>19</td><td>22,024</td><td>22</td></tr><tr><td>5-yr mean</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2013-2017</td><td>56,793</td><td>62</td><td>0</td><td>-</td><td>20,216</td><td>38</td><td>8,028</td><td>59</td><td>9,504</td><td>78</td><td>46,384</td><td>85</td><td>9,628</td><td>38</td><td>618</td><td>83</td><td>3,015</td><td>66</td><td>578</td><td>15</td><td>22,558</td><td>19</td></tr><tr><td>% change on 5-year mean</td><td>-12</td><td>19</td><td></td><td></td><td>4</td><td>10</td><td>34</td><td>24</td><td>-32</td><td>13</td><td>-25</td><td>9</td><td>30</td><td>-15</td><td>426</td><td>-21</td><td>53</td><td>20</td><td>23</td><td>25</td><td>-2</td><td>18</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 2.1.3.1. Estimates of unreported catches by various methods in tonnes within national EEZs in the Northeast Atlantic, North American and West Greenland Commissions of NASCO, 1987–2018.</caption><thead><tr><th>Year</th><th>Northeast Atlantic</th><th>North-America</th><th>West Greenland</th><th>Total</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1987</td><td>2,554</td><td>234</td><td>-</td><td>2,788</td></tr><tr><td>1988</td><td>3,087</td><td>161</td><td>-</td><td>3,248</td></tr><tr><td>1989</td><td>2,103</td><td>174</td><td>-</td><td>2,277</td></tr><tr><td>1990</td><td>1,779</td><td>111</td><td>-</td><td>1,890</td></tr><tr><td>1991</td><td>1,555</td><td>127</td><td>-</td><td>1,682</td></tr><tr><td>1992</td><td>1,825</td><td>137</td><td>-</td><td>1,962</td></tr><tr><td>1993</td><td>1,471</td><td>161</td><td>&lt; 12</td><td>1,644</td></tr><tr><td>1994</td><td>1,157</td><td>107</td><td>&lt; 12</td><td>1,276</td></tr><tr><td>1995</td><td>942</td><td>98</td><td>20</td><td>1,060</td></tr><tr><td>1996</td><td>947</td><td>156</td><td>20</td><td>1,123</td></tr><tr><td>1997</td><td>732</td><td>90</td><td>5</td><td>827</td></tr><tr><td>1998</td><td>1,108</td><td>91</td><td>11</td><td>1,210</td></tr><tr><td>1999</td><td>887</td><td>133</td><td>12.5</td><td>1,032</td></tr><tr><td>2000</td><td>1,135</td><td>124</td><td>10</td><td>1,269</td></tr><tr><td>2001</td><td>1,089</td><td>81</td><td>10</td><td>1,180</td></tr><tr><td>2002</td><td>946</td><td>83</td><td>10</td><td>1,039</td></tr><tr><td>2003</td><td>719</td><td>118</td><td>10</td><td>847</td></tr><tr><td>2004</td><td>575</td><td>101</td><td>10</td><td>686</td></tr><tr><td>2005</td><td>605</td><td>85</td><td>10</td><td>700</td></tr><tr><td>2006</td><td>604</td><td>56</td><td>10</td><td>670</td></tr><tr><td>2007</td><td>465</td><td>-</td><td>10</td><td>475</td></tr><tr><td>2008</td><td>433</td><td>-</td><td>10</td><td>443</td></tr><tr><td>2009</td><td>317</td><td>16</td><td>10</td><td>343</td></tr><tr><td>2010</td><td>357</td><td>26</td><td>10</td><td>393</td></tr><tr><td>2011</td><td>382</td><td>29</td><td>10</td><td>421</td></tr><tr><td>2012</td><td>363</td><td>31</td><td>10</td><td>403</td></tr><tr><td>2013</td><td>272</td><td>24</td><td>10</td><td>306</td></tr><tr><td>2014</td><td>256</td><td>21</td><td>10</td><td>287</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th>Year</th><th>Northeast Atlantic</th><th>North-America</th><th>West Greenland</th><th>Total</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>2015</td><td>298</td><td>17</td><td>10</td><td>325</td></tr><tr><td>2016</td><td>298</td><td>27</td><td>10</td><td>335</td></tr><tr><td>2017</td><td>318</td><td>25</td><td>10</td><td>353</td></tr><tr><td>2018</td><td>279</td><td>24</td><td>10</td><td>314</td></tr><tr><td>Mean</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2013–2017</td><td>288</td><td>23</td><td>10</td><td>321</td></tr></tbody></table>

Notes:

There were no estimates available for Canada in 2007–2008 and estimates for 2009–2010 are incomplete.

No estimates have been available for Russia since 2008.

Unreported catch estimates are not provided for Spain and St Pierre & Miquelon.

No estimates were available for France for 2018.

<table><caption>Table 2.1.3.2. Estimates of unreported catches by various methods in tonnes by country within national EEZs in the Northeast Atlantic, North American and West Greenland Commissions of NASCO, 2018.</caption><thead><tr><th>Commission Area</th><th>Country</th><th>Unreported Catch t</th><th>Unreported as % of Total North Atlantic Catch (Unreported + Reported)</th><th>Unreported as % of Total National Catch (Unreported + Reported)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>NEAC</td><td>Denmark</td><td>5</td><td>0.3</td><td>31</td></tr><tr><td>NEAC</td><td>Finland</td><td>3</td><td>0.2</td><td>11</td></tr><tr><td>NEAC</td><td>Iceland</td><td>2</td><td>0.1</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>NEAC</td><td>Ireland</td><td>6</td><td>0.4</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>NEAC</td><td>Norway</td><td>255</td><td>16.6</td><td>30</td></tr><tr><td>NEAC</td><td>Sweden</td><td>2</td><td>0.1</td><td>12</td></tr><tr><td>NEAC</td><td>UK (E &amp; W)</td><td>5</td><td>0.3</td><td>11</td></tr><tr><td>NEAC</td><td>UK (N. Ireland)</td><td>0</td><td>0.0</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>NEAC</td><td>UK (Scotland)</td><td>2</td><td>0.1</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>NAC</td><td>USA</td><td>0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>NAC</td><td>Canada</td><td>24</td><td>1.6</td><td>21</td></tr><tr><td>WGC</td><td>Greenland</td><td>10</td><td>0.7</td><td>20</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Total Unreported Catch *</td><td>314</td><td>22.4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Total Reported Catch of North Atlantic salmon</td><td>1,087</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

<footnote>* No unreported catch estimate available for France and Russia in 2018.</footnote>

<footnote>Unreported catch estimates not provided for Spain or St Pierre & Miquelon</footnote>
<table><caption>Table 2.2.1.1. Production of farmed salmon in the North Atlantic area and in areas other than the North Atlantic (in tonnes round fresh weight), 1980–2018.</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Year</th><th colspan="10">North Atlantic Area</th><th colspan="6">Outside the North Atlantic Area</th><th rowspan="2">World-wide<br>Total</th></tr><tr><th>Norway</th><th>UK<br>(Scot.)</th><th>Faroes</th><th>Canada</th><th>Ireland</th><th>USA</th><th>Iceland</th><th>UK<br>(N.Ire.)</th><th>Russia</th><th>Total</th><th>Chile</th><th>West<br>Coast<br>USA</th><th>West<br>Coast<br>Canada</th><th>Australia</th><th>Turkey</th><th>Total</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1980</td><td>4,153</td><td>598</td><td>0</td><td>11</td><td>21</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>4,783</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>4,783</td></tr><tr><td>1981</td><td>8,422</td><td>1,133</td><td>0</td><td>21</td><td>35</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>9,611</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>9,611</td></tr><tr><td>1982</td><td>10,266</td><td>2,152</td><td>70</td><td>38</td><td>100</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>12,626</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>12,626</td></tr><tr><td>1983</td><td>17,000</td><td>2,536</td><td>110</td><td>69</td><td>257</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>19,972</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>19,972</td></tr><tr><td>1984</td><td>22,300</td><td>3,912</td><td>120</td><td>227</td><td>385</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>26,944</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>26,944</td></tr><tr><td>1985</td><td>28,655</td><td>6,921</td><td>470</td><td>359</td><td>700</td><td>0</td><td>91</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>37,196</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>37,196</td></tr><tr><td>1986</td><td>45,675</td><td>10,337</td><td>1,370</td><td>672</td><td>1,215</td><td>0</td><td>123</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>59,392</td><td>0</td><td>11</td><td>0</td><td>10</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>59,392</td></tr><tr><td>1987</td><td>47,417</td><td>12,721</td><td>3,530</td><td>1,334</td><td>2,232</td><td>365</td><td>490</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>68,089</td><td>41</td><td>196</td><td>0</td><td>62</td><td>0</td><td>299</td><td>68,388</td></tr><tr><td>1988</td><td>80,371</td><td>17,951</td><td>3,300</td><td>3,542</td><td>4,700</td><td>455</td><td>1,053</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>111,372</td><td>165</td><td>925</td><td>0</td><td>240</td><td>0</td><td>1,330</td><td>112,702</td></tr><tr><td>1989</td><td>124,000</td><td>28,553</td><td>8,000</td><td>5,865</td><td>5,063</td><td>905</td><td>1,480</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>173,866</td><td>1,860</td><td>1,122</td><td>1,000</td><td>1,750</td><td>0</td><td>5,732</td><td>179,598</td></tr><tr><td>1990</td><td>165,000</td><td>32,351</td><td>13,000</td><td>7,810</td><td>5,983</td><td>2,086</td><td>2,800</td><td>&lt;100</td><td>5</td><td>229,035</td><td>9,478</td><td>696</td><td>1,700</td><td>1,750</td><td>300</td><td>13,924</td><td>242,959</td></tr><tr><td>1991</td><td>155,000</td><td>40,593</td><td>15,000</td><td>9,395</td><td>9,483</td><td>4,560</td><td>2,680</td><td>100</td><td>0</td><td>236,811</td><td>14,957</td><td>1,879</td><td>3,500</td><td>2,653</td><td>1,500</td><td>24,489</td><td>261,300</td></tr><tr><td>1992</td><td>140,000</td><td>36,101</td><td>17,000</td><td>10,380</td><td>9,231</td><td>5,850</td><td>2,100</td><td>200</td><td>0</td><td>220,862</td><td>23,715</td><td>4,238</td><td>6,600</td><td>3,300</td><td>680</td><td>38,533</td><td>259,395</td></tr><tr><td>1993</td><td>170,000</td><td>48,691</td><td>16,000</td><td>11,115</td><td>12,366</td><td>6,755</td><td>2,348</td><td>&lt;100</td><td>0</td><td>267,275</td><td>29,180</td><td>4,254</td><td>12,000</td><td>3,500</td><td>791</td><td>49,725</td><td>317,000</td></tr><tr><td>1994</td><td>204,686</td><td>64,066</td><td>14,789</td><td>12,441</td><td>11,616</td><td>6,130</td><td>2,588</td><td>&lt;100</td><td>0</td><td>316,316</td><td>34,175</td><td>4,834</td><td>16,100</td><td>4,000</td><td>434</td><td>59,543</td><td>375,859</td></tr><tr><td>1995</td><td>261,522</td><td>70,060</td><td>9,000</td><td>12,550</td><td>11,811</td><td>10,020</td><td>2,880</td><td>259</td><td>0</td><td>378,102</td><td>54,250</td><td>4,868</td><td>16,000</td><td>6,192</td><td>654</td><td>81,964</td><td>460,066</td></tr><tr><td>1996</td><td>297,557</td><td>83,121</td><td>18,600</td><td>17,715</td><td>14,025</td><td>10,010</td><td>2,772</td><td>338</td><td>0</td><td>444,138</td><td>77,327</td><td>5,488</td><td>17,000</td><td>7,647</td><td>193</td><td>107,655</td><td>551,793</td></tr><tr><td>1997</td><td>332,581</td><td>99,197</td><td>22,205</td><td>19,354</td><td>14,025</td><td>13,222</td><td>2,554</td><td>225</td><td>0</td><td>503,363</td><td>96,675</td><td>5,784</td><td>28,751</td><td>7,648</td><td>50</td><td>138,908</td><td>642,271</td></tr><tr><td>1998</td><td>361,879</td><td>110,784</td><td>20,362</td><td>16,418</td><td>14,860</td><td>13,222</td><td>2,686</td><td>114</td><td>0</td><td>540,325</td><td>107,066</td><td>2,595</td><td>33,100</td><td>7,069</td><td>40</td><td>149,870</td><td>690,195</td></tr><tr><td>1999</td><td>425,154</td><td>126,686</td><td>37,000</td><td>23,370</td><td>18,000</td><td>12,246</td><td>2,900</td><td>234</td><td>0</td><td>645,590</td><td>103,242</td><td>5,512</td><td>38,800</td><td>9,195</td><td>0</td><td>156,749</td><td>802,339</td></tr><tr><td>2000</td><td>440,861</td><td>128,959</td><td>32,000</td><td>33,195</td><td>17,648</td><td>16,461</td><td>2,600</td><td>250</td><td>0</td><td>671,974</td><td>166,897</td><td>6,049</td><td>49,000</td><td>10,907</td><td>0</td><td>232,853</td><td>904,827</td></tr><tr><td>2001</td><td>436,103</td><td>138,519</td><td>46,014</td><td>36,514</td><td>23,312</td><td>13,202</td><td>2,645</td><td>-</td><td>0</td><td>696,309</td><td>253,850</td><td>7,574</td><td>68,000</td><td>12,724</td><td>0</td><td>342,148</td><td>1,038,457</td></tr><tr><td>2002</td><td>462,495</td><td>145,609</td><td>45,150</td><td>40,851</td><td>22,294</td><td>6,798</td><td>1,471</td><td>-</td><td>0</td><td>724,668</td><td>265,726</td><td>5,935</td><td>84,200</td><td>14,356</td><td>0</td><td>370,217</td><td>1,094,885</td></tr><tr><td>2003</td><td>509,544</td><td>176,596</td><td>52,526</td><td>38,680</td><td>16,347</td><td>6,007</td><td>3,710</td><td>-</td><td>300</td><td>803,710</td><td>280,301</td><td>10,307</td><td>65,411</td><td>15,208</td><td>0</td><td>371,227</td><td>1,174,937</td></tr><tr><td>2004</td><td>563,914</td><td>158,099</td><td>40,492</td><td>37,280</td><td>14,067</td><td>8,515</td><td>6,620</td><td>-</td><td>203</td><td>829,190</td><td>348,983</td><td>6,645</td><td>55,646</td><td>16,476</td><td>0</td><td>427,750</td><td>1,256,940</td></tr><tr><td>2005</td><td>586,512</td><td>129,588</td><td>18,962</td><td>45,891</td><td>13,764</td><td>5,263</td><td>6,300</td><td>-</td><td>204</td><td>806,484</td><td>385,779</td><td>6,110</td><td>63,369</td><td>16,780</td><td>0</td><td>472,038</td><td>1,278,522</td></tr><tr><td>2006</td><td>629,888</td><td>131,847</td><td>11,905</td><td>47,880</td><td>11,174</td><td>4,674</td><td>5,745</td><td>-</td><td>229</td><td>843,342</td><td>376,476</td><td>5,811</td><td>70,181</td><td>20,710</td><td>0</td><td>473,178</td><td>1,316,520</td></tr><tr><td>2007</td><td>744,222</td><td>129,930</td><td>22,305</td><td>36,368</td><td>9,923</td><td>2,715</td><td>1,158</td><td>-</td><td>111</td><td>946,732</td><td>331,042</td><td>7,117</td><td>70,998</td><td>25,336</td><td>0</td><td>434,493</td><td>1,381,225</td></tr><tr><td>2008</td><td>737,694</td><td>128,606</td><td>36,000</td><td>39,687</td><td>9,217</td><td>9,014</td><td>330</td><td>-</td><td>51</td><td>960,599</td><td>388,847</td><td>7,699</td><td>73,265</td><td>25,737</td><td>0</td><td>495,548</td><td>1,456,147</td></tr><tr><td>2009</td><td>862,908</td><td>144,247</td><td>51,500</td><td>43,101</td><td>12,210</td><td>6,028</td><td>742</td><td>-</td><td>2,126</td><td>1,122,862</td><td>233,308</td><td>7,923</td><td>68,662</td><td>29,893</td><td>0</td><td>339,786</td><td>1,462,648</td></tr><tr><td>2010</td><td>939,575</td><td>154,164</td><td>45,391</td><td>43,612</td><td>15,691</td><td>11,127</td><td>1,068</td><td>-</td><td>4,500</td><td>1,215,128</td><td>123,233</td><td>8,408</td><td>70,831</td><td>31,807</td><td>0</td><td>234,279</td><td>1,449,407</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 2.2.1.1. (Continued) Production of farmed salmon in the North Atlantic area and in areas other than the North Atlantic (in tonnes round fresh weight), 1980–2018.</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Year</th><th colspan="8">North Atlantic Area</th><th colspan="5">Outside the North Atlantic Area</th><th rowspan="2">World-wide<br>Total</th></tr><tr><th>Norway</th><th>UK<br>(Scot.)</th><th>Faroes</th><th>Canada</th><th>Ireland</th><th>USA</th><th>Iceland</th><th>UK<br>(N.Ire.)</th><th>Russia</th><th>Total</th><th>Chile</th><th>West<br>Coast<br>USA</th><th>West<br>Coast<br>Canada</th><th>Australia</th><th>Turkey</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>2011</td><td>1,065,974</td><td>158,018</td><td>60,473</td><td>41,448</td><td>12,196</td><td>6,031</td><td>1,083</td><td>-</td><td>8,500</td><td>1,353,723</td><td>264,349</td><td>7,467</td><td>83,144</td><td>36,662</td><td>0</td><td>391,622</td><td>1,745,345</td></tr><tr><td>2012</td><td>1,232,095</td><td>162,223</td><td>76,564</td><td>52,951</td><td>12,440</td><td>-</td><td>2,923</td><td>-</td><td>8,754</td><td>1,547,950</td><td>399,678</td><td>8,696</td><td>79,981</td><td>43,982</td><td>0</td><td>532,337</td><td>2,080,287</td></tr><tr><td>2013</td><td>1,168,324</td><td>163,234</td><td>75,821</td><td>47,649</td><td>9,125</td><td>-</td><td>3,018</td><td>-</td><td>16,097</td><td>1,483,268</td><td>492,329</td><td>6,834</td><td>74,673</td><td>42,776</td><td>0</td><td>616,612</td><td>2,099,880</td></tr><tr><td>2014</td><td>1,258,356</td><td>179,022</td><td>86,454</td><td>29,988</td><td>9,368</td><td>-</td><td>3,965</td><td>-</td><td>18,675</td><td>1,585,828</td><td>644,459</td><td>6,368</td><td>54,971</td><td>41,591</td><td>0</td><td>747,389</td><td>2,333,217</td></tr><tr><td>2015</td><td>1,303,346</td><td>171,722</td><td>66,090</td><td>48,684</td><td>13,116</td><td>-</td><td>3,260</td><td>-</td><td>3,232</td><td>1,609,450</td><td>608,546</td><td>10,431</td><td>92,926</td><td>48,331</td><td>0</td><td>760,234</td><td>2,369,684</td></tr><tr><td>2016</td><td>1,233,619</td><td>162,817</td><td>68,271</td><td>33,011</td><td>16,300</td><td>-</td><td>8,420</td><td>-</td><td>12,857</td><td>1,535,295</td><td>531,897</td><td>8,017</td><td>90,511</td><td>56,115</td><td>0</td><td>686,540</td><td>2,221,835</td></tr><tr><td>2017</td><td>1,237,762</td><td>189,707</td><td>71,172</td><td>34,945</td><td>19,305</td><td>-</td><td>11,265</td><td>-</td><td>13,016</td><td>1,577,172</td><td>613,611</td><td>6,520</td><td>85,608</td><td>52,580</td><td>0</td><td>758,319</td><td>2,335,491</td></tr><tr><td>2018</td><td>1,278,386</td><td>150,774</td><td>64,732</td><td>34,945</td><td>12,200</td><td>-</td><td>13,448</td><td>-</td><td>20,216</td><td>1,574,701</td><td>613,611</td><td>8,326</td><td>85,608</td><td>52,580</td><td>0</td><td>760,125</td><td>2,334,826</td></tr><tr><td><strong>5-yr mean</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2013-2017</td><td>1,240,281</td><td>173,300</td><td>73,562</td><td>38,855</td><td>13,443</td><td>-</td><td>5,986</td><td>-</td><td>12,775</td><td>1,558,203</td><td>578,168</td><td>7,634</td><td>79,738</td><td>48,279</td><td>0</td><td>713,819</td><td>2,272,021</td></tr><tr><td>% change on<br>5-year mean</td><td></td><td>3</td><td>-13</td><td>-12</td><td>-10</td><td>-9</td><td>-</td><td>125</td><td>-</td><td>58</td><td>1</td><td>6</td><td>-</td><td>7</td><td>9</td><td>-</td><td>6</td><td>3</td></tr></tbody></table>

Notes:

Data for 2018 are provisional for many countries.

Where production figures were not available for 2018, values as in 2017 were assumed.

West Coast USA = Washington State.

West Coast Canada = British Columbia.

Australia = Tasmania.

Source of production figures for non-Atlantic areas: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/global-aquaculture-production/en

Data for UK (N. Ireland) since 2001 and data for East coast USA since 2012 are not publicly available.
<table><caption>Table 2.2.2.1. Production of ranched salmon in the North Atlantic (tonnes round fresh weight), 1980–2018.</caption><thead><tr><th>Year</th><th>Iceland (1)</th><th>Ireland (2)</th><th>UK(N.Ireland)<br>River Bush (2,3)</th><th>Sweden (2)</th><th>Norway<br>various facilities (2)</th><th>Total<br>production</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1980</td><td>8.0</td><td></td><td></td><td>0.8</td><td></td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>1981</td><td>16.0</td><td></td><td></td><td>0.9</td><td></td><td>17</td></tr><tr><td>1982</td><td>17.0</td><td></td><td></td><td>0.6</td><td></td><td>18</td></tr><tr><td>1983</td><td>32.0</td><td></td><td></td><td>0.7</td><td></td><td>33</td></tr><tr><td>1984</td><td>20.0</td><td></td><td></td><td>1.0</td><td></td><td>21</td></tr><tr><td>1985</td><td>55.0</td><td>16.0</td><td>17.0</td><td>0.9</td><td></td><td>89</td></tr><tr><td>1986</td><td>59.0</td><td>14.3</td><td>22.0</td><td>2.4</td><td></td><td>98</td></tr><tr><td>1987</td><td>40.0</td><td>4.6</td><td>7.0</td><td>4.4</td><td></td><td>56</td></tr><tr><td>1988</td><td>180.0</td><td>7.1</td><td>12.0</td><td>3.5</td><td>4.0</td><td>207</td></tr><tr><td>1989</td><td>136.0</td><td>12.4</td><td>17.0</td><td>4.1</td><td>3.0</td><td>172</td></tr><tr><td>1990</td><td>285.1</td><td>7.8</td><td>5.0</td><td>6.4</td><td>6.2</td><td>310</td></tr><tr><td>1991</td><td>346.1</td><td>2.3</td><td>4.0</td><td>4.2</td><td>5.5</td><td>362</td></tr><tr><td>1992</td><td>462.1</td><td>13.1</td><td>11.0</td><td>3.2</td><td>10.3</td><td>500</td></tr><tr><td>1993</td><td>499.3</td><td>9.9</td><td>8.0</td><td>11.5</td><td>7.0</td><td>536</td></tr><tr><td>1994</td><td>312.8</td><td>13.2</td><td>0.4</td><td>7.4</td><td>10.0</td><td>344</td></tr><tr><td>1995</td><td>302.7</td><td>19.0</td><td>1.2</td><td>8.9</td><td>2.0</td><td>334</td></tr><tr><td>1996</td><td>243.0</td><td>9.2</td><td>3.0</td><td>7.4</td><td>8.0</td><td>271</td></tr><tr><td>1997</td><td>59.4</td><td>6.1</td><td>2.8</td><td>3.6</td><td>2.0</td><td>74</td></tr><tr><td>1998</td><td>45.5</td><td>11.0</td><td>1.0</td><td>5.0</td><td>1.0</td><td>64</td></tr><tr><td>1999</td><td>35.3</td><td>4.3</td><td>1.4</td><td>5.4</td><td>1.0</td><td>47</td></tr><tr><td>2000</td><td>11.3</td><td>9.3</td><td>3.5</td><td>9.0</td><td>1.0</td><td>34</td></tr><tr><td>2001</td><td>13.9</td><td>10.7</td><td>2.8</td><td>7.3</td><td>1.0</td><td>36</td></tr><tr><td>2002</td><td>6.7</td><td>6.9</td><td>2.4</td><td>7.8</td><td>1.0</td><td>25</td></tr><tr><td>2003</td><td>11.1</td><td>5.4</td><td>0.6</td><td>9.6</td><td>1.0</td><td>28</td></tr><tr><td>2004</td><td>18.1</td><td>10.4</td><td>0.4</td><td>7.3</td><td>1.0</td><td>37</td></tr><tr><td>2005</td><td>20.5</td><td>5.3</td><td>1.7</td><td>6.0</td><td>1.0</td><td>35</td></tr><tr><td>2006</td><td>17.2</td><td>5.8</td><td>1.3</td><td>5.7</td><td>1.0</td><td>31</td></tr><tr><td>2007</td><td>35.5</td><td>3.1</td><td>0.3</td><td>9.7</td><td>0.5</td><td>49</td></tr><tr><td>2008</td><td>68.6</td><td>4.4</td><td>-</td><td>10.4</td><td>0.5</td><td>84</td></tr><tr><td>2009</td><td>44.3</td><td>1.1</td><td>-</td><td>9.9</td><td>-</td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td>2010</td><td>42.3</td><td>2.5</td><td>-</td><td>13.0</td><td>-</td><td>58</td></tr><tr><td>2011</td><td>30.2</td><td>2.5</td><td>-</td><td>19.1</td><td>-</td><td>52</td></tr><tr><td>2012</td><td>20.0</td><td>5.3</td><td>-</td><td>8.9</td><td>-</td><td>34</td></tr><tr><td>2013</td><td>30.7</td><td>2.8</td><td>-</td><td>4.2</td><td>-</td><td>38</td></tr><tr><td>2014</td><td>17.9</td><td>2.8</td><td>-</td><td>6.2</td><td>-</td><td>27</td></tr><tr><td>2015</td><td>31.4</td><td>4.7</td><td>-</td><td>6.6</td><td>-</td><td>43</td></tr><tr><td>2016</td><td>33.6</td><td>3.0</td><td>-</td><td>3.1</td><td>-</td><td>40</td></tr><tr><td>2017</td><td>24.4</td><td>2.8</td><td>-</td><td>10.0</td><td>-</td><td>37</td></tr><tr><td>2018</td><td>32.8</td><td>3.0</td><td>-</td><td>4.1</td><td>-</td><td>40</td></tr><tr><td>5-yr mean</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2013-2017</td><td>27.6</td><td>3.2</td><td></td><td>6.0</td><td></td><td>37</td></tr><tr><td>% change on<br>5-year mean</td><td>19</td><td>-7</td><td></td><td>-32</td><td></td><td>8</td></tr></tbody></table>

<footnote n="1">1 From 1990 to 2000, catch includes fish ranched for both commercial and angling purposes. No commercial ranching since 2000.</footnote>

<footnote n="2">2 Total yield in homewater fisheries and rivers.</footnote>

<footnote n="3">3 The proportion of ranched fish was not assessed between 2008 and 2018 due to a lack of microtag returns.</footnote>
<table><caption>Table 2.3.5.2.1. Details of the 12 captured, PSAT tagged and released Atlantic salmon in October 2018. Capture and release date, capture method, origin and biological characteristics data are presented. Pop-off date and pop-off mechanisms are presented for eight tags. 'Timed' mechanisms indicates the tag released on the pre-programmed release date and 'cd' indicates the tag released due to the constant depth release mechanism. A total of four tags have not popped off yet: two are assumed 'lost' as their timed released date was early March 2019, but two are assumed active as their timed released date is May 2019. Continent of origin groups are North American (NA) and European (EUR). Region of origin groups are detailed in Figure 2.3.5.1.</caption><thead><tr><th>Fish #</th><th>Date</th><th>Gear</th><th>COO</th><th>ROO code</th><th>ROO group</th><th>Tag Type</th><th>FL (mm)</th><th>WW (kg)</th><th>River Age</th><th>Virgin Sea Age</th><th>Pop-off Date</th><th>Pop-off Mechanism</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1</td><td>3-Oct-18</td><td>Trolling</td><td>NA</td><td>USA</td><td>Maine, United States</td><td>PSAT</td><td>68.5</td><td>5.1</td><td>Na</td><td>1.0</td><td>4-Mar-19</td><td>timed</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>6-Oct-18</td><td>Trolling</td><td>EUR</td><td>BRI</td><td>United Kingdom/Ireland</td><td>PSAT</td><td>65.0</td><td>3.6</td><td>3.0</td><td>1.0</td><td>12-Dec-18</td><td>cd</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>6-Oct-18</td><td>Trolling</td><td>EUR</td><td>BRI</td><td>United Kingdom/Ireland</td><td>PSAT</td><td>58.0</td><td>2.6</td><td>2.0</td><td>1.0</td><td>20-Oct-19</td><td>cd</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>7-Oct-18</td><td>Trolling</td><td>NA</td><td>GAS</td><td>Gaspe Peninnsula</td><td>PSAT</td><td>70.0</td><td>4.2</td><td>2.0</td><td>1.0</td><td>4-Feb-19</td><td>cd</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>7-Oct-18</td><td>Trolling</td><td>EUR</td><td>BRI</td><td>United Kingdom/Ireland</td><td>PSAT</td><td>66.0</td><td>3.8</td><td>2.0</td><td>1.0</td><td>17-Dec-18</td><td>cd</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>8-Oct-18</td><td>Trolling</td><td>NA</td><td>UNG</td><td>Ungava Bay</td><td>PSAT</td><td>66.0</td><td>3.7</td><td>5.0</td><td>1.0</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>9-Oct-18</td><td>Trolling</td><td>NA</td><td>GAS</td><td>Gaspe Peninnsula</td><td>PSAT</td><td>64.0</td><td>3.5</td><td>2.0</td><td>1.0</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>9-Oct-18</td><td>Drift gillnet</td><td>EUR</td><td>BRI</td><td>United Kingdom/Ireland</td><td>PSAT</td><td>63.5</td><td>2.5</td><td>2.0</td><td>1.0</td><td>24-Oct-18</td><td>cd</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td>9-Oct-18</td><td>Trolling</td><td>EUR</td><td>BRI</td><td>United Kingdom/Ireland</td><td>PSAT</td><td>64.0</td><td>3.1</td><td>2.0</td><td>1.0</td><td>6-Dec-18</td><td>cd</td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td>9-Oct-18</td><td>Trolling</td><td>NA</td><td>GAS</td><td>Gaspe Peninnsula</td><td>PSAT</td><td>70.0</td><td>4.3</td><td>na</td><td>na</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>11</td><td>10-Oct-18</td><td>Trolling</td><td>EUR</td><td>BRI</td><td>United Kingdom/Ireland</td><td>PSAT</td><td>64.0</td><td>3.5</td><td>2.0</td><td>1.0</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>12</td><td>12-Oct-18</td><td>Trolling</td><td>NA</td><td>GAS</td><td>Gaspé Peninnsula</td><td>PSAT</td><td>71.0</td><td>4.6</td><td>2.0</td><td>1.0</td><td>25-Oct-18</td><td>cd</td></tr><tr><td>13</td><td>4-Oct-18</td><td>Trolling</td><td>NA</td><td>LAS</td><td>Labrador South</td><td>Acoustic</td><td>61.5</td><td>3.0</td><td>2.0</td><td>1.0</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>14</td><td>9-Oct-18</td><td>Trolling</td><td>NA</td><td>GAS</td><td>Gaspe Peninnsula</td><td>Acoustic</td><td>62.0</td><td>3.0</td><td>2.0</td><td>1.0</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>15</td><td>6-Oct-18</td><td>Trolling</td><td>EUR</td><td>BRI</td><td>United Kingdom/Ireland</td><td>-</td><td>63.0</td><td>3.5</td><td>2.0</td><td>1.0</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>16</td><td>9-Oct-18</td><td>Drift gillnet</td><td>NA</td><td>LAS</td><td>Labrador South</td><td>-</td><td>66.2</td><td>2.5</td><td>3.0</td><td>1.0</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>17</td><td>9-Oct-18</td><td>Drift gillnet</td><td>NA</td><td>GAS</td><td>Gaspe Peninnsula</td><td>-</td><td>71.0</td><td>3.0</td><td>2.0</td><td>1.0</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 2.5.1. Summary of Atlantic salmon tagged and marked in 2018 - 'Hatchery' and 'Wild' juvenile refer to smolts and parr.</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">COUNTRY</th><th rowspan="2">ORIGIN</th><th colspan="5">PRIMARY TAG OR MARK</th></tr><tr><th>MICROTAG</th><th>EXTERNAL MARK<sup>2</sup></th><th>ADIPOSE CLIP</th><th>OTHER INTERNAL<sup>1</sup></th><th>TOTAL</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="5">Canada</td><td>Hatchery Adult</td><td>0</td><td>75</td><td>0</td><td>1,240</td><td>1,315</td></tr><tr><td>Hatchery Juvenile</td><td>0</td><td>191</td><td>180,501</td><td>38</td><td>180,730</td></tr><tr><td>Wild Adult</td><td>0</td><td>1,907</td><td>300</td><td>214</td><td>2,421</td></tr><tr><td>Wild Juvenile</td><td>0</td><td>5,654</td><td>10,853</td><td>2,065</td><td>18,572</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td><strong>0</strong></td><td><strong>7,827</strong></td><td><strong>191,654</strong></td><td><strong>3,557</strong></td><td><strong>203,038</strong></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5">Denmark</td><td>Hatchery Adult</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Hatchery Juvenile</td><td>0</td><td>20,000</td><td>317,000</td><td>0</td><td>337,000</td></tr><tr><td>Wild Adult</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Wild Juvenile</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td><strong>0</strong></td><td><strong>20,000</strong></td><td><strong>317,000</strong></td><td><strong>0</strong></td><td><strong>337,000</strong></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5">France</td><td>Hatchery Adult</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Hatchery Juvenile</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>98,774</td><td>0</td><td>98,774</td></tr><tr><td>Wild Adult</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>313</td><td>313</td></tr><tr><td>Wild Juvenile</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>3,700</td><td>3,700</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td><strong>0</strong></td><td><strong>0</strong></td><td><strong>98,774</strong></td><td><strong>4,013</strong></td><td><strong>102,787</strong></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5">Iceland</td><td>Hatchery Adult</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Hatchery Juvenile</td><td>62,931</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>62,931</td></tr><tr><td>Wild Adult</td><td>0</td><td>98</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>98</td></tr><tr><td>Wild Juvenile</td><td>4,736</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>4,736</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td><strong>67,667</strong></td><td><strong>98</strong></td><td><strong>0</strong></td><td><strong>0</strong></td><td><strong>67,765</strong></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5">Ireland</td><td>Hatchery Adult</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Hatchery Juvenile</td><td>157,832</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>157,832</td></tr><tr><td>Wild Adult</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Wild Juvenile</td><td>3,701</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>3,701</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td><strong>161,533</strong></td><td><strong>0</strong></td><td><strong>0</strong></td><td><strong>0</strong></td><td><strong>161,533</strong></td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">COUNTRY</th><th rowspan="2">ORIGIN</th><th colspan="5">PRIMARY TAG OR MARK</th></tr><tr><th>MICROTAG</th><th>EXTERNAL MARK<sup>2</sup></th><th>ADIPOSE CLIP</th><th>OTHER INTERNAL<sup>1</sup></th><th>TOTAL</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="5">Norway</td><td>Hatchery Adult</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Hatchery Juvenile</td><td>0</td><td>4,000</td><td>106,544</td><td>0</td><td>110,544</td></tr><tr><td>Wild Adult</td><td>0</td><td>175</td><td>588</td><td>0</td><td>763</td></tr><tr><td>Wild Juvenile</td><td>0</td><td>257</td><td>12,393</td><td>0</td><td>12,650</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td><strong>0</strong></td><td><strong>4,432</strong></td><td><strong>119,525</strong></td><td><strong>0</strong></td><td><strong>123,957</strong></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5">Russia</td><td>Hatchery Adult</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Hatchery Juvenile</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>1,059,924</td><td>0</td><td>1,059,924</td></tr><tr><td>Wild Adult</td><td>0</td><td>1,254</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>1,254</td></tr><tr><td>Wild Juvenile</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td><strong>0</strong></td><td><strong>1,254</strong></td><td><strong>1,059,924</strong></td><td><strong>0</strong></td><td><strong>1,061,178</strong></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5">Spain</td><td>Hatchery Adult</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td><strong>0</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Hatchery Juvenile</td><td>0</td><td>154,464</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td><strong>154,464</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Wild Adult</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td><strong>0</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Wild Juvenile</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td><strong>0</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td><strong>0</strong></td><td><strong>154,464</strong></td><td><strong>0</strong></td><td><strong>0</strong></td><td><strong>154,464</strong></td></tr></tbody></table>

<footnote n="1">¹ Includes other internal tags (PIT, ultrasonic, radio, DST, etc.)</footnote>

<footnote n="2">²Includes Carlin, spaghetti, streamers, VIE etc.</footnote>
<table><caption>Table 2.5.1. (Continued) Summary of Atlantic salmon tagged and marked in 2018 - 'Hatchery' and 'Wild' juvenile refer to smolts and parr.</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">COUNTRY</th><th rowspan="2">ORIGIN</th><th colspan="5">PRIMARY TAG OR MARK</th></tr><tr><th>MICROTAG</th><th>EXTERNAL MARK<sup>2</sup></th><th>ADIPOSE CLIP</th><th>OTHER INTERNAL<sup>1</sup></th><th>TOTAL</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="5">Sweden</td><td>Hatchery Adult</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Hatchery Juvenile</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>166,648</td><td>0</td><td>166,648</td></tr><tr><td>Wild Adult</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Wild Juvenile</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>218</td><td>218</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td><strong>0</strong></td><td><strong>0</strong></td><td><strong>166,648</strong></td><td><strong>218</strong></td><td><strong>166,866</strong></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5">UK (England & Wales)</td><td>Hatchery Adult</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Hatchery Juvenile</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>3,463</td><td>239</td><td>3,702</td></tr><tr><td>Wild Adult</td><td>0</td><td>628</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>628</td></tr><tr><td>Wild Juvenile</td><td>4,521</td><td>0</td><td>10,150</td><td>96</td><td>14,767</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td><strong>4,521</strong></td><td><strong>628</strong></td><td><strong>13,613</strong></td><td><strong>335</strong></td><td><strong>19,097</strong></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5">UK (N. Ireland)</td><td>Hatchery Adult</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Hatchery Juvenile</td><td>8,199</td><td>0</td><td>53,713</td><td>0</td><td>61,912</td></tr><tr><td>Wild Adult</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Wild Juvenile</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td><strong>8,199</strong></td><td><strong>0</strong></td><td><strong>53,713</strong></td><td><strong>0</strong></td><td><strong>61,912</strong></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5">UK (Scotland)</td><td>Hatchery Adult</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Hatchery Juvenile</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Wild Adult</td><td>0</td><td>319</td><td>0</td><td>18</td><td>337</td></tr><tr><td>Wild Juvenile</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>3,952</td><td>3,952</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td><strong>0</strong></td><td><strong>319</strong></td><td><strong>0</strong></td><td><strong>3,971</strong></td><td><strong>4,290</strong></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5">USA</td><td>Hatchery Adult</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Hatchery Juvenile</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>240,304</td><td>1,449</td><td>241,753</td></tr><tr><td>Wild Adult</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>2,089</td><td>2,089</td></tr><tr><td>Wild Juvenile</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td><strong>0</strong></td><td><strong>0</strong></td><td><strong>240,304</strong></td><td><strong>3,538</strong></td><td><strong>243,842</strong></td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">COUNTRY</th><th rowspan="2">ORIGIN</th><th colspan="5">PRIMARY TAG OR MARK</th></tr><tr><th>MICROTAG</th><th>EXTERNAL MARK<sup>2</sup></th><th>ADIPOSE CLIP</th><th>OTHER INTERNAL<sup>1</sup></th><th>TOTAL</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>All Countries</td><td>Hatchery Adult</td><td>0</td><td>75</td><td>0</td><td>1,240</td><td>1,315</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Hatchery Juvenile</td><td>228,962</td><td>178,655</td><td>2,226,871</td><td>1,727</td><td>2,636,215</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Wild Adult</td><td>0</td><td>4,381</td><td>888</td><td>2,634</td><td>7,903</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Wild Juvenile</td><td>12,958</td><td>5,911</td><td>33,396</td><td>10,031</td><td>62,296</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Total</td><td><strong>241,920</strong></td><td><strong>189,022</strong></td><td><strong>2,261,155</strong></td><td><strong>15,632</strong></td><td><strong>2,707,729</strong></td></tr></tbody></table>

<footnote n="1">¹ Includes other internal tags (PIT, ultrasonic, radio, DST, etc.)</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² Includes Carlin, spaghetti, streamers, VIE etc.</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>Figure 2.1.1.1. (a) Total reported nominal catch of salmon (tonnes round fresh weight) in four North Atlantic regions, 1960–2018.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>Figure 2.1.1.1. (b) Total reported nominal catch of salmon (tonnes round fresh weight) in four North Atlantic regions, 1997–2018.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>Figure 2.1.1.2. Nominal catch (tonnes) taken in coastal, estuarine and riverine fisheries by country, 2006–2018. The way in which the nominal catch is partitioned among categories varies between countries, particularly for estuarine and coastal fisheries, see text for details. Note also that the y-axes scales vary.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_7.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 2.1.1.3.** Top panel - percentages of nominal catch taken in coastal, estuarine and riverine fisheries for the NAC area (2007–2018) and for NEAC northern and southern areas (2007–2018). Bottom panel - Nominal catches (tonnes) taken in coastal, estuarine and riverine fisheries for the NAC area (2007–2018) and for NEAC northern and southern areas (2007–2018). Note that y-axes vary.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_8.png" /><figcaption>Figure 2.1.3.1. Nominal North Atlantic salmon catch and unreported catch in NASCO Areas, 1987–2018.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_9.png" /><figcaption>Figure 2.2.1.1. Worldwide farmed Atlantic salmon production, 1980–2018.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_10.png" /><figcaption>Figure 2.2.2.1. Production of ranched salmon (tonnes round fresh weight) in the North Atlantic, 1980–2018.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_11.png" /><figcaption>Figure 2.3.3.1. (Modified after Monnerjahn, 2011)</figcaption></figure>

The figure shows the borders of the Federal States (dashed lines) and former salmon rivers in Germany with existing, ongoing reintroduction programs of Atlantic salmon, namely Rhine, Ems, Weser and Elbe. The main sites where natural reproduction of reintroduced salmon has been proven so far, are indicated by a cross. Further details and maps on the habitats and introduction sites are given in the EU German Focus Area Report on Habitats to NASCO (2009).
<figure><img src="image_12.png" /><figcaption>Figure 2.3.4.1. Estimated marine return rate after one winter at sea (1SW) as a function of fork length of individual Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolt emigrating from the River Frome (Dorset, UK). Black solid line is the estimated effect and grey bands delimit the estimated 25 to 75% Bayesian credibility interval band around that effect (approximate standard errors).</figcaption></figure>
Probability of survival (cumulative)

<figure><img src="image_13.png" /><figcaption>Standardized fork length</figcaption></figure>

Probability of survival (between-array)

<figure><img src="image_14.png" /><figcaption>Standardized fork length</figcaption></figure>

Figure 2.3.5.1.1. Plots of posterior distributions of the cumulative probability of survival (upper panel) and probability of survival between arrays (lower panel) for a smolt of centered length 14.6 cm from the point of release to the head of tide arrays (labelled HoT- Head of Tide), to the Outer Bay arrays on exit to the Gulf of St Lawrence and through the Strait of Belle Isle (labelled SoBI) on exit to the Labrador Sea for four rivers, 2003 to 2018.
<figure><img src="image_15.png" /><figcaption>Figure 2.3.5.1.2. Counts and dates of acoustically tagged Atlantic salmon smolts and kelt from various Gulf of St Lawrence rivers crossing the Strait of Belle Isle receiver array in 2018.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_16.png" /><figcaption>Figure 2.3.5.1.3. Counts and timing of acoustically tagged species from various research programs crossing the Port Hope Simpson (Labrador) receiver array in 2017 and 2018, up to the beginning of August 2018.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_17.png" /><figcaption>Figure 2.3.5.2.1. Pop-off location of Atlantic salmon tagged at Greenland in October 2018 identifying fish origin and pop-off mechanism as of March 17, 2019.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_18.png" /><figcaption>Figure 2.3.6.1.1. Catches in number of Atlantic salmon taken by the IESSNS survey in the Northeast Atlantic in July 2018. The catches are dominated by postsmolts. This is the main survey where salmon would be expected to be taken by the survey nets.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_19.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_20.png" /><figcaption>Figure 2.3.7.1.1. Schematic of the life cycle model applied to the 24 stock units of Northern and Southern NEAC and North America. Variables in light blue are the main stages considered in the stage-structured model. The smolt-to PFA survival (post-smolt survival) and the proportion of maturing PFA are estimated for the time-series (1971–2014) and modelled as a random walk with covariation among stock units. Stock units of the Northern and Southern NEAC complex are potentially harvested by the mixed-stock fishery operating around the Faroes islands as 1SW maturing and non-maturing fish, and as 2SW fish. Stock units of the NAC complex are potentially harvested by the mixed-stock fishery operating around the Labrador and Newfoundland and Saint Pierre and Miquelon as 1SW maturing and non-maturing fish, and as 2SW fish. Stock units of the Northern and Southern NEAC complex are potentially harvested by the mixed-stock fishery operating at West Greenland as 1SW non maturing fish.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_21.png" /></figure>

Figure 2.3.7.1.2. Time-series of (top panel) smolt-PFA survival (plotted in the natural scale) and (bottom panel) proportion of fish maturing as 1SW for the 24 Stock Units (thin grey lines) and averaged over the three continental stock groups (thick colour lines). NAC=green, NNEAC=blue, SNEAC=red.
<figure><img src="image_22.png" /><figcaption>Figure 2.3.7.1.3. Probability to reach Conservation Limits under different catches options at West Greenland and Faroes: 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 t (five year projections) for Stock Units of the Southern European complex potentially impacted by both mixed-stock fisheries.</figcaption></figure>