# Advanced Techniques for Computer Sharing and Management of Strategic Data

Marek R. Ogiela, Lidia Ogiela, Urszula Ogiela

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Marek R. Ogiela, Lidia Ogiela, Urszula Ogiela. Advanced Techniques for Computer Sharing and Management of Strategic Data. 2nd Information and Communication Technology - EurAsia Conference (ICT-EurAsia), Apr 2014, Bali, Indonesia. pp.521-525, 10.1007/978-3-642-55032-4_53. hal-01397266

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# Advanced Techniques for Computer Sharing and Management of Strategic Data

Marek R. Ogiela, Lidia Ogiela, Urszula Ogiela

AGH University of Science and Technology
Al. Mickiewicza 30, PL-30-059 Krakow, Poland
{mogiela, logiela, ogiela}@agh.edu.pl

**Abstract.** In the paper will be presented some advances in the area of computer methods used for encryption and division of confidential data, as well as modern approaches for management of splitted information. Computer techniques for secret information sharing aim to secure information against disclosure to unauthorized persons. The paper will present algorithms allowing for information division and sharing on the basis of biometric or personal features. The development of computer techniques for classified information sharing should also be useful in the process of shared information distribution and management. For this purpose there will be presented a new approach for information management based on cognitive information systems.

**Keywords:** cryptographic protocols, bio-inspired cryptography, secret sharing algorithms

## 1 Introduction

In the recent years there were developed many advanced cryptographic procedures for secure information splitting or sharing. Some of them are very intuitive and simple, but some others are more advanced and often dedicated for sharing of particular typed of data e.g. visual information. Among such procedures we can also find some interesting examples of splitting procedures, which are based on using some special input data to the splitting algorithm. Such universal approach for information sharing may be very interesting, when as input values we can also put biometric or personal information for generation of particular shares or information shadows. In the next section we'll try to describe some important features of such crypto-biometric techniques, which may be used for secret sharing tasks. Additionally we'll also try to present some others procedures, especially oriented for performing management task, and allowing for intelligent information shares distribution using a new classes of cognitive information systems. Such systems may play a great role in future, developing the new areas of cognitive cryptography [12].
## 2 Crypto-biometrics Approach

A lot number of cryptographic methods for secret splitting or sharing are developed. Some of them may also use individual human information or biometrics during generation particular number of secret shares. For such purposes may be used different personal information, starting from the physical personal features, as well as standard biometrics or non-standard biometric features [13]. The most popular physical and biometric features are: iris features, fingerprints patterns, facial features, blood vessels layout or even DNA code. Among non-standard biometric we can find some personal information connected with any pathological changes observed on medical diagnostic visualization [1], obtained during medical examination of particular human body parts or internal organs. Examples of such non-standard personal biometrics can be found in [13], and it may be connected with coronary arteries structures, brain perfusion parameters or other similar values [3, 4].

The process of information splitting with using biometrics or personal information can be executed by two different ways i.e. by a layer split and by a hierarchical split. The former means splitting the information between *n* secret holders and its reconstruction by *n-m* trustees of the secret. The latter case means that the secret is split between *n* holders of the secret, but the information can be reproduced by superior groups of secret holders within which the specific secret has been split into *k* parts (*k* < *n*). Thus the splitting methods depend on the purpose for which the information is split and concealed.

Using biometrics during sharing procedure is possible thanks to application of linguistic coding processes [14, 15, 16]. Those procedures are based on the mathematical linguistic formalisms, particularly sequence, tree and grammatical formalisms to record and interpret the meaning of the analysed biometric data. Linguistic coding processes are used because of the ability to execute generalized information coding as in DNA cryptography. In the traditional DNA coding model, one- or two-bit coding is used (utilizing one of the four nitrogen bases or nitrogen bonds). In DNA cryptography any personal information can be combined with biometric features. In linguistic coding, it is possible to code longer bit sequences containing more than two bits of information [17, 18, 19]. This coding is done using terminal symbols introduced in this grammar, and lengthening the coded blocks directly proportionally contributes to accelerating information splitting and reproduction, as well as to increasing the secret component containing information on the grammar used.

The coded biometric information recorded in the form of an *n*-bit representation is split using a selected information splitting algorithm. The (*m*, *n*)-threshold algorithm allows this information to be reproduced by combining at least *m* of all *n* shares of the secret. Combining *m* shares of the secret causes the information to be reproduced in a coded version which can be fully understood only after executing its semantic analysis consisting in a grammatical reasoning carried out for the coded data set.
# 3 Cognitive Systems for Strategic Information Management

Application of cryptographic procedures for secret sharing allow us to obtain particu-
lar number of secret shares. Having splitted information the main problem remains in
distribution and intelligent management of generated information shares. In our re-
search we've tried to introduce a new approach based on using cognitive information
systems. Cognitive systems allow understanding the contents and the semantics of the
data examined [2, 5, 6, 7, 8]. Such examination may be very important for secure
information management. Cognitive systems during application performs cognitive
resonance functions, which may be used to guarantee the security and safety features
during management of strategic data, both in various management structures.

During application of cognitive systems an information may be divided within par-
ticular group of persons or institutions regardless of its type or the purpose. The sig-
nificance of information splitting may depend on the method of its splitting, the pur-
pose of splitting it, and the type of information. Regarding the accessing privileges for
particular persons division of information can be hierarchical (for different accessing
grants) or layered (similar privileges). The principal difference between these types of
divisions concerns the method of introducing the division itself. When a division is
made within homogenous, uniform groups of participants with similar privileges, then
it is a layer division, whereas if the division is made regardless of the homogeneity of
the group but by reference to several different groups it is a hierarchical division [12].
Hierarchical division presents some dependencies between several different struc-
tures.

Finally the division of information between the members of a given group in which
everyone has the same privileges is a layer division. A hierarchical division is charac-
terized by the ability to make any division of secret information in the way deter-
mined by the access rights at individual levels of a hierarchical structure.

There are various methods of information protecting in layered or hierarchical
structures, from being accessed by persons not authorized to learn it. Based on such
different approaches we can define two types of UBMSS (Understanding Based Man-
agement Support Systems) systems [9, 10, 11]. The first class may contain the proce-
dures in which the secret information will be secured using some individual standard
or non-standard biometrics, and the second one based on mathematical linguistic for-
malisms [6]. The first class of such systems are connected with biometric threshold
schemes [13], which may use some important physical and biometric features like the
iris, fingerprints, hand veins, face etc. [12].

The second class uses linguistic coding processes, which are based on mathemati-
cal linguistic formalisms, particularly grammatical formalisms to encode the meaning
of the secured data. Linguistic coding processes are very efficient because they have
ability to execute generalised information coding similar to DNA cryptography men-
tioned in previous section [17].

An illustrative example of application of cognitive information systems UBMSS
for information sharing and management may be found in [12], but from security
point of view we can note that such systems could guarantee the security and integrity
of shared information, and also guarantee safety features during distribution of secret
parts. Among many important features we can point out following the most important. Cognitive systems are enough suitable for dividing strategic data and assigning its shares to members of the authorized group. Such systems can handle any digital data (both in visual or text form) which needs to be intelligently distributed among authorized persons and then secretly reconstruct. Such systems may be used in different management structures i.e. hierarchical or divisional.

## 4 Conclusions

In this paper we have presented some advances in using biometric information and personal characteristics to develop new procedures for secret information sharing and spiltting. Processes of splitting or hiding data are currently used in many fields of life, science and research. Employing linguistic coding methods in the concealment and analysis processes offers the full capability of using personal information for such purposes. Concealing biometric or personal data constitutes a very important problem because it is highly probable that personal data will be taken over by unauthorised persons. The individual DNA code, fingerprints, iris features and many other biometrics may be used during sharing procedure.

Additionally we presented the cognitive systems designed for the secure information management in various management structures. Such systems have the ability to perform a semantic analysis of information which allow to classify it for different semantic categories. Such systems allow also to perform an intelligent information management for strategic data. There were defined two different classes of secure information sharing, especially based on linguistic approach as well as based on some personal biometric features. It seems that in near future such systems will play an increasing role in developing new solutions in areas of very special and strategic information management [20].

**Acknowledgements.** This work has been supported by the National Science Centre, Republic of Poland, under project number DEC-2013/09/B/HS4/00501.

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