furthermore reasonable to assume that they are systemati-
cally located in the FT during the last hours of their journey.
ECMWF ERA5 reanalyses, on the other hand, are useful for
tracing the synoptic origin of air masses and can be used to
assess the positioning of air masses in the FT or in the BL
along their path over the ocean.

The chemical composition of molecular clusters and po-
tential precursor molecules present in the MFT was investi-
gated in a second step using measurements performed with a
nitrate-based CI-APi-TOF deployed at Maïdo in April 2018
during the OCTAVE campaign. During the investigated 7 d
period, FT conditions were (as expected) detected mainly at
night at the site; the sampled air masses traveled mainly over
the ocean and in the FT and were therefore reasonably con-
sidered to be representative of the MFT. A number of clusters
and molecules were identified and classified into nine groups
according to their chemical composition: fluorinated species
(likely originating from the sampling lines), iodic acid, sul-
furic acid, SO₅⁻, MSA, MSA-derived elements (including
CH₄O₃S·HSO₄⁻ and CH₄O₃S·IO₃⁻), dicarboxylic acids (in-
cluding oxalic acid, malonic acid, and maleic acid), C2
amines, and C4 amines (with a suspected contamination).
Most of these compounds have signals that tend to be higher
in the daytime BL conditions or are similar in the BL and
in the FT; interestingly, MSA and C2 amines show signals
that are, in contrast, on average significantly higher in the
FT. In order to get further insight into the factors contribut-
ing to explain the variability in the signals measured in the
FT, the correlations with a series of variables concurrently
measured at the site or related to air mass history were inves-
tigated. Although the results of this analysis must be consid-
ered with caution (as most of the correlations remain mod-
erate and some are not easy to interpret), they seem to in-
dicate a terrestrial origin for oxalic acid, malonic acid, and
C2 amines, which are likely combined with a marine source
for oxalic acid and amines. The findings for iodic acid, sulfur
species, and maleic acid point to a dominant marine origin.

Because FT conditions are mainly identified at night, and
the available data set was relatively short (7 d), the possi-
ble involvement of the observed species in (daytime) NPF
was not addressed in this study. The presence of the identi-
fied compounds suggests, however, that there is a real NPF
potential in the MFT, as the involvement of many of these
species in the different stages of daytime NPF has been re-
ported in other environments. Notwithstanding that further
work is needed to fully characterize MFT NPF, including the
acquisition of longer-term data sets in order to have a higher
probability of obtaining daytime FT data, the reported data
set and associated results are a highly valuable contribution
to documenting the overall composition of the MFT and indi-
rectly to the understanding of the processes occurring in this
specific region of the atmosphere.

**Data availability.** The data shown in the figures can be found at
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10302533 (Salignat et al., 2023).

**Supplement.** The supplement related to this article is available online at: https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3785-2024-supplement.

**Author contributions.** JB and MR contributed to the coordina-
tion of the OCTAVE 2018 campaign. CR, MR, SI, and JMM per-
formed the measurements during the OCTAVE campaign. PT ran
the atmospheric mesoscale model Meso-NH. JLB ran the trajectory
model Meso-CAT and made the trajectory CAT model available to
be used by RS. RS, CR, MR, SI, and KS analyzed the data. RS and
CR wrote the paper. All co-authors contributed to reviewing the pa-
per.

**Competing interests.** At least one of the (co-)authors is a mem-
ber of the editorial board of *Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics*.
The peer-review process was guided by an independent editor, and
the authors also have no other competing interests to declare.

**Disclaimer.** Publisher's note: Copernicus Publications remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims made in the text, published maps, institutional affiliations, or any other geographical representation in this paper. While Copernicus Publications makes every effort to include appropriate place names, the final responsibility lies with the authors.

**Special issue statement.** This article is part of the special issue "Sea2Cloud (ACP/OS inter-journal SI)". It is not associated with a conference.

**Acknowledgements.** The OCTAVE 2018 campaign was per-
formed in the framework of the OCTAVE project of the "Belgian
Research Action through Interdisciplinary Networks" 5 (BRAIN-
be) research program (2017–2021) through the Belgian Science
Policy Office (BELSPO; contract no. BR/175/A2/OCTAVE). We
would like to thank UAR 3365 of OSU-Réunion for its support
with respect to the deployment of the instruments. The Maïdo site
is operated with the support of Université de la Réunion, Météo-
France, CNRS-INSU – under the long-term observation program
– and the French Ministry for Research – under the ACTRIS-
FR national research infrastructure. The French SNO-CLAP pro-
gram is also acknowledged for supporting continuous aerosol mea-
surements at the Maïdo Observatory. Meso-NH simulations have
been made on Météo-France supercomputer. The ERA5 reanaly-
sis data used in this study were provided by the ECMWF (https:
//doi.org/10.24381/cds.adbb2d47 and https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.
bd0915c6) and generated using Copernicus Climate Change Ser-
vice information (C3S). We thank the colleagues of the Royal Bel-
gian Institute for Space Aeronomy for providing us the meteorolog-
ical data associated with the FTIR experiment at the Maïdo Obser-
vatory.
**Financial support.** This research has received support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (ACTRIS TNA; grant agreement no. 654109) to organize part of the measurements conducted during the OCTAVE 2018 campaign. The BIO-MAÏDO project was funded by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (grant no. ANR-18-CE0-0013-01). Matti Rissanen has received funding from the Academy of Finland (project nos. 299574, 326948, 331207, and 346369). Karine Sellegri and Matti Rissanen have received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant nos. 771369 and 101002728, respectively). The Sea2Cloud project has been endorsed by SOLAS.

**Review statement.** This paper was edited by Ari Laaksonen and reviewed by two anonymous referees.

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**Financial support.** This research has received support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (ACTRIS TNA; grant agreement no. 654109) to organize part of the measurements conducted during the OCTAVE 2018 campaign. The BIO-MAÏDO project was funded by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (grant no. ANR-18-CE0-0013-01). Matti Rissanen has received funding from the Academy of Finland (project nos. 299574, 326948, 331207, and 346369). Karine Sellegri and Matti Rissanen have received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant nos. 771369 and 101002728, respectively). The Sea2Cloud project has been endorsed by SOLAS.

**Review statement.** This paper was edited by Ari Laaksonen and reviewed by two anonymous referees.

## References

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Almeida, J., Schobesberger, S., Kürten, A., Ortega, I. K., Kupiainen-Määttä, O., Praplan, A. P., Adamov, A., Amorim, A., Bianchi, F., Breitenlechner, M., David, A., Dommen, J., Donahue, N. M., Downard, A., Dunne, E. M., Duplissy, J., Ehrhart, S., Flagan, R. C., Franchin, A., Guida, R., Hakala, J., Hansel, A., Heinritzi, M., Henschel, H., Jokinen, T., Junninen, H., Kajos, M., Kangasluoma, J., Keskinen, H., Kupc, A., Kurtén, T., Kvashin, A. N., Laaksonen, A., Lehtipalo, K., Leiminger, M., Leppä, J., Loukonen, V., Makhmutov, V., Mathot, S., McGrath, M. J., Nieminen, T., Olenius, T., Onnela, A., Petäjä, T., Riccobono, F., Riipinen, I., Rissanen, M., Rondo, L., Ruuskanen, T., Santos, F. D., Sarnela, N., Schallhart, S., Schnitzhofer, R., Seinfeld, J. H., Simon, M., Sipilä, M., Stozhkov, Y., Stratmann, F., Tomé, A., Tröstl, J., Tsagkogeorgas, G., Vaattovaara, P., Visanen, Y., Virtanen, A., Vrtala, A., Wagner, P. E., Weingartner, E., Wex, H., Williamson, C., Wimmer, D., Ye, P., Yli-Juuti, T., Carslaw, K. S., Kulmala, M., Curtius, J., Baltensperger, U., Worsnop, D. R., Vehkamäki, H., and Kirkby, J.: Molecular understanding of sulphuric acid-amine particle nucleation in the atmosphere, Nature, 502, 359–363, 2013.

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