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# A Model Based on GIS and Climate-Criteria to Locate Optimal Solar Power Plant Sites

Nasser Farhat, B Damirji, Batoul Fadel

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Nasser Farhat, B Damirji, Batoul Fadel. A Model Based on GIS and Climate-Criteria to Locate Optimal Solar Power Plant Sites. Journal of Agriculture and Forest Meteorology, 2013, 5 (180), pp.1. hal-04607764

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# A Model Based on GIS and Climate-Criteria to Locate Optimal Solar Power Plant Sites

Nasser Farhat, B Damirji, Batoul Fadel

► To cite this version:

Nasser Farhat, B Damirji, Batoul Fadel. A Model Based on GIS and Climate-Criteria to Locate Optimal Solar Power Plant Sites. Journal of Agriculture and Forest Meteorology, 2013, 5 (180), pp.1. hal-04607764

HAL Id: hal-04607764

https://hal.science/hal-04607764v1

Submitted on 12 Jun 2024

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access
archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-
entific research documents, whether they are pub-
lished or not. The documents may come from
teaching and research institutions in France or
abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est
destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents
scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,
émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de
recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires
publics ou privés.

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<figure><img src="image_3.png" /></figure>

# A Model Based on GIS and Climate-Criteria to Locate Optimal Solar Power Plant Sites

Farhat N<fnref n="1" />*, Fadel B<fnref n="1" /> and Damirji B<fnref n="2" />

**Corresponding author:** Farhat N, The Lebanese Center for Water and Environment, Lebanese University of Lebanon, Beirut, Lebanon, Tel: +9613563522; E-mail: nf19.geo@gmail.com

## Abstract

The global energy demand is steadily on the rise, and the increased utilization of fossil fuels has significantly contributed to escalating pollution levels. primarily fueled by the rapid expansion of the world's population. Simultaneously, there is a global shift towards harnessing renewable energy sources, driven by a heightened awareness of environmental preservation. We worked to identify the most suitable zones in southern Lebanon for construction renewable energy power plants according to an innovative and modern methodology that requires integrating Geographic Information Systems with geomorphological and environmental data, in addition to crucial new climate criteria. The selection of these zones is guided by specific criteria and sub-criteria, meticulously defined through remote sensing and a comprehensive review of relevant legal regulations. Then we weigh these criteria based on the percentage of impact on the desired goals, and using spatial analysis tools in geographic information systems, we obtain the optimal places to build these stations. Our findings reveal that climatic and geomorphological factors were the main determinants of the optimal locations for building renewable energy plants. By highlighting the statistical values of the approved standards, it became clear that there are two key factors of additional special importance, namely, cloudiness and elevation, which played a pivotal role in determining the ultimate results. This methodology resulted in a clear change in how to choose the optimal zones to construction renewable energy plants in mountainous areas. It can be used with results in various high-altitude regions around the world that have suitable geomorphological and climatic characteristics that may be somewhat distant from the specific characteristics of the studied area.

**Keywords:** Electricity deficit, Slope, Economic crisis, Satellite images, Lebanon

## INTRODUCTION

Solar cells stand as one of the most pivotal inventions in modern times, aiding humans in fulfilling a significant portion of their daily energy needs by converting solar energy into electric power. The concept of solar cells is ancient, dating back to the early nineteenth century until Russell Ole invented a silicon solar cell in 1941 [1].

Renewable energy is defined as energy derived from sources that are not depleted when used, including solar, wind, geothermal, hydro, and some forms of biomass [2]. In order to control the increase in environmental problems, alleviate climate change [3] that increase global issues such as environmental degradation and global warming [4]. On the other hand, there has been a significant reduction that cannot be ignored in fossil resources reserves, and in 30-40 years, these reserves will be unable to meet the needs of the World [5], while Renewable energy sources come from nature and can be renewed, and its aim is to protect our Earth, but it also leads to an increase in local and regional development as well as an increase in the employment of the population [6].

Today, solar photovoltaic energy is experiencing global growth. In Lebanon, the inaugural solar energy project in Lebanon was located on the Beirut River, boasting a

capacity of 1 MW. The adoption of solar energy is seen as a crucial step for Lebanon to overcome its chronic energy shortage. It is considered the most pragmatic move, paving the way for a transition to renewable energy sources [7]. Notably, Lebanon experiences 300 days of sunshine per year; however, less than 1% of the power provided by the state is derived from solar energy [8].

The efficiency of utilizing renewable energy hinges on various natural characteristics and numerous parameters. These factors can be discerned through the application of remote sensing techniques, serving as a tool to extract the necessary geospatial data for analysis using GIS applications. The primary goal of this study is to identify the geographic distribution of the most suitable sites for installing photovoltaic (PV) systems in the Nabatieh District. The CGES (Climate Geomorphological Environmental

Received: November 13, 2023; Revised: December 03, 2023; Accepted: December 06, 2023

Citation: Farhat N, Fadel B & Damirji B. (2023) A Model Based on GIS and Climate-Criteria to Locate Optimal Solar Power Plant Sites. J Agric For Meterol Stud, 2(3): 1-13.

Copyright: ©2023 Farhat N, Fadel B & Damirji B. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

<footnote n="1">¹Lebanese University of Lebanon, Beirut, Lebanon</footnote>

<footnote n="2">²Islamic University of Lebanon, Sour, Lebanon.</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_2.png" /></figure>

# A Model Based on GIS and Climate-Criteria to Locate Optimal Solar Power Plant Sites

Farhat N<fnref n="1" />*, Fadel B<fnref n="1" /> and Damirji B<fnref n="2" />

**Corresponding author:** Farhat N, The Lebanese Center for Water and Environment, Lebanese University of Lebanon, Beirut, Lebanon, Tel: +9613563522; E-mail: nf19.geo@gmail.com

## Abstract

The global energy demand is steadily on the rise, and the increased utilization of fossil fuels has significantly contributed to escalating pollution levels. primarily fueled by the rapid expansion of the world's population. Simultaneously, there is a global shift towards harnessing renewable energy sources, driven by a heightened awareness of environmental preservation. We worked to identify the most suitable zones in southern Lebanon for construction renewable energy power plants according to an innovative and modern methodology that requires integrating Geographic Information Systems with geomorphological and environmental data, in addition to crucial new climate criteria. The selection of these zones is guided by specific criteria and sub-criteria, meticulously defined through remote sensing and a comprehensive review of relevant legal regulations. Then we weigh these criteria based on the percentage of impact on the desired goals, and using spatial analysis tools in geographic information systems, we obtain the optimal places to build these stations. Our findings reveal that climatic and geomorphological factors were the main determinants of the optimal locations for building renewable energy plants. By highlighting the statistical values of the approved standards, it became clear that there are two key factors of additional special importance, namely, cloudiness and elevation, which played a pivotal role in determining the ultimate results. This methodology resulted in a clear change in how to choose the optimal zones to construction renewable energy plants in mountainous areas. It can be used with results in various high-altitude regions around the world that have suitable geomorphological and climatic characteristics that may be somewhat distant from the specific characteristics of the studied area.

**Keywords:** Electricity deficit, Slope, Economic crisis, Satellite images, Lebanon

## INTRODUCTION

Solar cells stand as one of the most pivotal inventions in modern times, aiding humans in fulfilling a significant portion of their daily energy needs by converting solar energy into electric power. The concept of solar cells is ancient, dating back to the early nineteenth century until Russell Ole invented a silicon solar cell in 1941 [1].

Renewable energy is defined as energy derived from sources that are not depleted when used, including solar, wind, geothermal, hydro, and some forms of biomass [2]. In order to control the increase in environmental problems, alleviate climate change [3] that increase global issues such as environmental degradation and global warming [4]. On the other hand, there has been a significant reduction that cannot be ignored in fossil resources reserves, and in 30-40 years, these reserves will be unable to meet the needs of the World [5], while Renewable energy sources come from nature and can be renewed, and its aim is to protect our Earth, but it also leads to an increase in local and regional development as well as an increase in the employment of the population [6].

Today, solar photovoltaic energy is experiencing global growth. In Lebanon, the inaugural solar energy project in Lebanon was located on the Beirut River, boasting a

capacity of 1 MW. The adoption of solar energy is seen as a crucial step for Lebanon to overcome its chronic energy shortage. It is considered the most pragmatic move, paving the way for a transition to renewable energy sources [7]. Notably, Lebanon experiences 300 days of sunshine per year; however, less than 1% of the power provided by the state is derived from solar energy [8].

The efficiency of utilizing renewable energy hinges on various natural characteristics and numerous parameters. These factors can be discerned through the application of remote sensing techniques, serving as a tool to extract the necessary geospatial data for analysis using GIS applications. The primary goal of this study is to identify the geographic distribution of the most suitable sites for installing photovoltaic (PV) systems in the Nabatieh District. The CGES (Climate Geomorphological Environmental

Received: November 13, 2023; Revised: December 03, 2023; Accepted: December 06, 2023

Citation: Farhat N, Fadel B & Damirji B. (2023) A Model Based on GIS and Climate-Criteria to Locate Optimal Solar Power Plant Sites. J Agric For Meterol Stud, 2(3): 1-13.

Copyright: ©2023 Farhat N, Fadel B & Damirji B. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

<footnote n="1">¹Lebanese University of Lebanon, Beirut, Lebanon</footnote>

<footnote n="2">²Islamic University of Lebanon, Sour, Lebanon.</footnote>
Spatial) method was employed to assess which sub-factors signify the suitable location for the installation of solar power (SP). The CGES method is essentially a combination of tools executed within ArcGIS Pro 2.5, utilized to apply this method and achieve the study's objectives.

# MATERIALS AND METHODS

## Study Area

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 1.** Location of the Nabatieh District with respect to Lebanon.</figcaption></figure>

The study area lies between the geographic coordinates: longitude of 35° 28' 50" E and a latitude of 33° 22' 44" N with a total area of about 308 km². Nabatieh city is the center of the district and the center of the government, it includes 52 municipalities.

## Materials Used

### Geo-processing technology

### Geographic Information System (GIS)

GIS (Geographic Information System) is an integrated real-world information system that has been condensed and organized into a digital database comprising both spatial and non-spatial features. This system is augmented by specialized software and hardware, and it involves the expertise and judgment of users, experts, or analysts. The study employs ArcGIS Pro 2.5 software, developed by ESRI (Environmental System Research Institute, Redlands, USA). ArcGIS facilitates the handling and analysis of geographic information by visualizing geographical statistics through the creation of layer-based maps and conducting overlay analyses. It operates on the principle of collecting thematic

The study area is one of the four districts of the Nabatieh governorate (Hasbaya, Marjaayoun, Bent Jbel, Nabatieh), specifically Nabatieh District, situated in the middle of the south and eastern sectors of Lebanon. It is bordered by the Marjayoun district to the east, the Jezzine district to the north, Tyre and Bint Jbeil to the south and east, and Sidon-Zahrani to the west (Figure 1).

layers of data linked by geography or spatial data, each layer containing various vector features that can be analyzed using GIS tools and visualized as maps.

## Data sources

To generate solar power plant suitability maps, it is beneficial to employ more innovative and multi-criteria analysis techniques. In this study, the primary data sources included satellite images from Sentinel Level-2A with a spatial resolution of 10m. The spatial database comprised shape files (such as Road, RSoil, Land cover / Used (LCLU), slope, aspect, elevation, Faults lines, Distance to Urban Area.) relevant to the study. Additionally, mission data from STRM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) obtained from USGS (United States Geological Survey) with a spatial resolution of 30m was used. Some shape files were sourced from NCRS (National Center for Remote Sensing) and pertained to essential data for Lebanon, including soil type and land cover/land use data for the year 2017. The mapping utilized a fixed scale of 1/500,000 and employed the WGS 1984 UTM Zone 36N projection. Method of data analysis.
Spatial) method was employed to assess which sub-factors signify the suitable location for the installation of solar power (SP). The CGES method is essentially a combination of tools executed within ArcGIS Pro 2.5, utilized to apply this method and achieve the study's objectives.

# MATERIALS AND METHODS

## Study Area

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 1.** Location of the Nabatieh District with respect to Lebanon.</figcaption></figure>

The study area lies between the geographic coordinates: longitude of 35° 28' 50" E and a latitude of 33° 22' 44" N with a total area of about 308 km². Nabatieh city is the center of the district and the center of the government, it includes 52 municipalities.

## Materials Used

### Geo-processing technology

### Geographic Information System (GIS)

GIS (Geographic Information System) is an integrated real-world information system that has been condensed and organized into a digital database comprising both spatial and non-spatial features. This system is augmented by specialized software and hardware, and it involves the expertise and judgment of users, experts, or analysts. The study employs ArcGIS Pro 2.5 software, developed by ESRI (Environmental System Research Institute, Redlands, USA). ArcGIS facilitates the handling and analysis of geographic information by visualizing geographical statistics through the creation of layer-based maps and conducting overlay analyses. It operates on the principle of collecting thematic

The study area is one of the four districts of the Nabatieh governorate (Hasbaya, Marjaayoun, Bent Jbel, Nabatieh), specifically Nabatieh District, situated in the middle of the south and eastern sectors of Lebanon. It is bordered by the Marjayoun district to the east, the Jezzine district to the north, Tyre and Bint Jbeil to the south and east, and Sidon-Zahrani to the west (Figure 1).

layers of data linked by geography or spatial data, each layer containing various vector features that can be analyzed using GIS tools and visualized as maps.

## Data sources

To generate solar power plant suitability maps, it is beneficial to employ more innovative and multi-criteria analysis techniques. In this study, the primary data sources included satellite images from Sentinel Level-2A with a spatial resolution of 10m. The spatial database comprised shape files (such as Road, RSoil, Land cover / Used (LCLU), slope, aspect, elevation, Faults lines, Distance to Urban Area.) relevant to the study. Additionally, mission data from STRM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) obtained from USGS (United States Geological Survey) with a spatial resolution of 30m was used. Some shape files were sourced from NCRS (National Center for Remote Sensing) and pertained to essential data for Lebanon, including soil type and land cover/land use data for the year 2017. The mapping utilized a fixed scale of 1/500,000 and employed the WGS 1984 UTM Zone 36N projection. Method of data analysis.
## Identification of factors and sub-factors

The methodology employed in this study drew inspiration from previous research and leveraged existing datasets, along with the expertise of the authors. Consequently, the initial step involved identifying the principal factors influencing the suitability of sites for photovoltaic (PV) plants.

The selection of these factors can vary across different regions. In the Nabatieh District, four key factors were delineated: climatic, geomorphological, spatial parameters, and land use. Each of these factors was further subdivided into specific sub-factors for a more detailed analysis (Figure 2).

<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>Figure 2. Factors controlling sites' suitability for solar PV plants installation.</figcaption></figure>

For suitability analysis, it is important to assign relative value weighted to each requirements of the sub-criteria as per their relative importance in achieving the best sites. The value is defined as below (Table 1).

<table><caption>Table 1. Intensity of Importance Definition.</caption><thead><tr><td>Intensity of Importance</td><td>Definition</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1</td><td>Equal importance</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>Moderate importance</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>Strong importance</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>Extremely importance</td></tr><tr><td>0</td><td>Impossible</td></tr><tr><td>2,4,6,8</td><td>Intermediate values</td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td>Extremely strong importance</td></tr></tbody></table>

## CGES Method

The CGES method is essentially a combination of tools executed within ArcGIS Pro 2.5, utilized to apply this method and achieve the study's objectives. Initially, each sub-factor is precisely defined, as mentioned earlier (Figure 2).

In the second step, each sub-factor was categorized into several values, each representing the level of impact on solar power (SP). These classifications are presented in vector format, where higher values indicate better suitability for SP

(Table 1). In this methodology, the criteria utilized are widely employed in all similar studies to determine the localization of solar power. However, each country possesses distinct features compared to others. Consequently, certain criteria may be added or removed, affecting the classification of values based on the study area's location and categorization.

For the aspect sub-factor, maximizing solar irradiation leads to higher electricity generation by solar cell modules. Hence, it is crucial to install photovoltaic (PV) systems in locations that receive optimal sunlight throughout the year, with special consideration for winter when the days are shorter than nights. Nine directions were selected for analysis: Flat, SE (Southeast), S (South), E (East), SW (Southwest), NW (Northwest), N (North), and NE (Northeast). Each direction plays a distinct role in sunlight irradiation retrieval.

## Aspect

* **Flat:** In a flat orientation, sunlight reaches the solar panel directly without hindrance, as all directions of the sun can access the panels. This configuration provides a significant advantage in controlling the tilt of the photovoltaic (PV) system. The solar panel tilt is set at 11° in summer and 55° in winter to be semi-perpendicular. This adjustment is made considering that the sun ray radiation is at 79° in summer and 35° in winter (Figure 3) [9].
## Identification of factors and sub-factors

The methodology employed in this study drew inspiration from previous research and leveraged existing datasets, along with the expertise of the authors. Consequently, the initial step involved identifying the principal factors influencing the suitability of sites for photovoltaic (PV) plants.

The selection of these factors can vary across different regions. In the Nabatieh District, four key factors were delineated: climatic, geomorphological, spatial parameters, and land use. Each of these factors was further subdivided into specific sub-factors for a more detailed analysis (Figure 2).

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>Figure 2. Factors controlling sites' suitability for solar PV plants installation.</figcaption></figure>

For suitability analysis, it is important to assign relative value weighted to each requirements of the sub-criteria as per their relative importance in achieving the best sites. The value is defined as below (Table 1).

<table><caption>Table 1. Intensity of Importance Definition.</caption><thead><tr><td>Intensity of Importance</td><td>Definition</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1</td><td>Equal importance</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>Moderate importance</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>Strong importance</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>Extremely importance</td></tr><tr><td>0</td><td>Impossible</td></tr><tr><td>2,4,6,8</td><td>Intermediate values</td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td>Extremely strong importance</td></tr></tbody></table>

## CGES Method

The CGES method is essentially a combination of tools executed within ArcGIS Pro 2.5, utilized to apply this method and achieve the study's objectives. Initially, each sub-factor is precisely defined, as mentioned earlier (Figure 2).

In the second step, each sub-factor was categorized into several values, each representing the level of impact on solar power (SP). These classifications are presented in vector format, where higher values indicate better suitability for SP

(Table 1). In this methodology, the criteria utilized are widely employed in all similar studies to determine the localization of solar power. However, each country possesses distinct features compared to others. Consequently, certain criteria may be added or removed, affecting the classification of values based on the study area's location and categorization.

For the aspect sub-factor, maximizing solar irradiation leads to higher electricity generation by solar cell modules. Hence, it is crucial to install photovoltaic (PV) systems in locations that receive optimal sunlight throughout the year, with special consideration for winter when the days are shorter than nights. Nine directions were selected for analysis: Flat, SE (Southeast), S (South), E (East), SW (Southwest), NW (Northwest), N (North), and NE (Northeast). Each direction plays a distinct role in sunlight irradiation retrieval.

## Aspect

* **Flat:** In a flat orientation, sunlight reaches the solar panel directly without hindrance, as all directions of the sun can access the panels. This configuration provides a significant advantage in controlling the tilt of the photovoltaic (PV) system. The solar panel tilt is set at 11° in summer and 55° in winter to be semi-perpendicular. This adjustment is made considering that the sun ray radiation is at 79° in summer and 35° in winter (Figure 3) [9].
<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 3.** Duration of sun ray in winter and summer with respect to PV panels (Flat Aspect).</figcaption></figure>

* **Southeast:** The sun ray radiation reaches the panel at 79° in summer and 32° in winter, with the maximum sun position in the southeast (SE). Therefore, in the (E, SE) direction, the photovoltaic (PV) system will be highly suitable. In this orientation, the panel completely faces the sunlight when the sun is in the Tropic of Capricorn during winter (Error! Reference source not found.).

<figure><img src="image_7.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 4.** Tropic of Capricorn in winter.</figcaption></figure>

Note: The Tropic of Capricorn is an imaginary line of latitude going around the Earth at approximately 23.5° south of the equator. It is the southernmost point on Earth where the sun's rays can be directly overhead at local noon. It is also one of the five major circles of latitude dividing the Earth (the others are the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere, the equator, the Arctic Circle and the Antarctic Circle) [10].

* **East:** The east has a benefit at sunrise because the sunlight is directly facing the panel at noon.

* **Southwest:** Since the sun goes down than that lead difficult for sunlight to reach the panels in SW, we will not get sunshine during the whole day.

* **Northwest, North, North East, West:** The possibility is not good because there is no dealing with sunlight (Figure 5).
<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 3.** Duration of sun ray in winter and summer with respect to PV panels (Flat Aspect).</figcaption></figure>

* **Southeast:** The sun ray radiation reaches the panel at 79° in summer and 32° in winter, with the maximum sun position in the southeast (SE). Therefore, in the (E, SE) direction, the photovoltaic (PV) system will be

highly suitable. In this orientation, the panel completely faces the sunlight when the sun is in the Tropic of Capricorn during winter (Error! Reference source not found.).

<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 4.** Tropic of Capricorn in winter.</figcaption></figure>

Note: The Tropic of Capricorn is an imaginary line of latitude going around the Earth at approximately 23.5° south of the equator. It is the southernmost point on Earth where the sun's rays can be directly overhead at local noon. It is also one of the five major circles of latitude dividing the Earth (the others are the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere, the equator, the Arctic Circle and the Antarctic Circle) [10].

* **East:** The east has a benefit at sunrise because the sunlight is directly facing the panel at noon.

* **Southwest:** Since the sun goes down than that lead difficult for sunlight to reach the panels in SW, we will not get sunshine during the whole day.

* **Northwest, North, North East, West:** The possibility is not good because there is no dealing with sunlight (Figure 5).
<figure><img src="image_8.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 5.** Classification of Aspect for the Nabatieh District.</figcaption></figure>

## Elevation

Elevation holds significance in the selection of photovoltaic (PV) sites, especially considering its relationship with cloudiness, particularly in mountainous areas. In elevated regions, the condensation of water vapor is higher, leading to the formation of cloud layers that can obstruct the sun's rays

[11]. Consequently, this results in reduced solar energy availability. Lower areas are generally better suited for solar energy production due to the reduced impact of cloud. The value has been classified in meters regarding the study area categories. We have different levels of elevation, and this criterion plays a big role in determining the final results (Error! Reference source not found.).

<figure><img src="image_9.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 6.** Elevation map of the Nabatieh District.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_7.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 5.** Classification of Aspect for the Nabatieh District.</figcaption></figure>

## Elevation

Elevation holds significance in the selection of photovoltaic (PV) sites, especially considering its relationship with cloudiness, particularly in mountainous areas. In elevated regions, the condensation of water vapor is higher, leading to the formation of cloud layers that can obstruct the sun's rays

[11]. Consequently, this results in reduced solar energy availability. Lower areas are generally better suited for solar energy production due to the reduced impact of cloud. The value has been classified in meters regarding the study area categories. We have different levels of elevation, and this criterion plays a big role in determining the final results (Error! Reference source not found.).

<figure><img src="image_8.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 6.** Elevation map of the Nabatieh District.</figcaption></figure>
## Slope

The classified values regarding the study area categories, influenced by different levels of elevation, play a significant role in determining the final results. The slope value classifications were determined due to the importance of this criterion and the study area location. In the context of photovoltaic (PV) installations, the slope, measured as the decline from a horizontal surface, plays a crucial role. A steep slope can impact construction costs, particularly when

adjusting the panel's direction toward the sun, leading to higher expenses for construction and maintenance on steeper slopes. Moreover, the optimal orientation and inclination of PV systems are influenced by the slope. The classification of slope values in degree was particularly crucial due to the significance of this criterion and the specific characteristics of the study area location. In cases where the slope is low, the orientation becomes less critical, making such areas more suitable for PV (Figure 7) [12].

<figure><img src="image_10.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 7.** Slope map of the Nabatieh District.</figcaption></figure>

## Soil

Soil types must be taken into consideration while installing PVs. This is in order to avoid erosion and its effects. When

there is permeability, it prevents flooding, while when there is non-permeability, it becomes heavy, which leads to the drifting of the soil. According to Colunga [13] this data has been processed accordingly (Figure 8).

<figure><img src="image_11.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 8.** Classification of Soil map of the Nabatieh District.</figcaption></figure>
## Slope

The classified values regarding the study area categories, influenced by different levels of elevation, play a significant role in determining the final results. The slope value classifications were determined due to the importance of this criterion and the study area location. In the context of photovoltaic (PV) installations, the slope, measured as the decline from a horizontal surface, plays a crucial role. A steep slope can impact construction costs, particularly when

adjusting the panel's direction toward the sun, leading to higher expenses for construction and maintenance on steeper slopes. Moreover, the optimal orientation and inclination of PV systems are influenced by the slope. The classification of slope values in degree was particularly crucial due to the significance of this criterion and the specific characteristics of the study area location. In cases where the slope is low, the orientation becomes less critical, making such areas more suitable for PV (Figure 7) [12].

<figure><img src="image_9.png" /><figcaption>Figure 7. Slope map of the Nabatieh District.</figcaption></figure>

## Soil

Soil types must be taken into consideration while installing PVs. This is in order to avoid erosion and its effects. When

there is permeability, it prevents flooding, while when there is non-permeability, it becomes heavy, which leads to the drifting of the soil. According to Colunga [13] this data has been processed accordingly (Figure 8).

<figure><img src="image_10.png" /><figcaption>Figure 8. Classification of Soil map of the Nabatieh District.</figcaption></figure>
Soil type is also affecting the solar cells in that soil dust can make a seal and prevent solar radiation from completely reaching the cell. Therefore, in friable and unconsolidated soil material areas, PV will be under such a problem.

## Roads network

The proximity of roads to photovoltaic (PV) sites is a significant factor to consider. The closer the site is to

existing roads, the less expensive and environmentally damaging it is to construct new roads for access. However, it is advisable to maintain a distance of not less than 50 meters from the road to prevent issues related on the arrival of solar irradiation to the panels, which can be caused by dust generated by passing vehicles (Figure 9).

<figure><img src="image_12.png" /><figcaption>Figure 9. Road Network of the Nabatieh District.</figcaption></figure>

## Land cover

In the context of land cover, a suitable area for photovoltaic installations should be free of natural obstructions such as forests, high buildings, water bodies, or any constructions

that could potentially block sunlight from reaching the panels. It is preferable to avoid proximity to human settlements to minimize the risk of shading. The maps are typically classified into three categories, which are **Figures 10-12**.

<figure><img src="image_13.png" /><figcaption>Figure 10. Classified Forest Map of the Nabatieh District.</figcaption></figure>
Soil type is also affecting the solar cells in that soil dust can make a seal and prevent solar radiation from completely reaching the cell. Therefore, in friable and unconsolidated soil material areas, PV will be under such a problem.

## Roads network

The proximity of roads to photovoltaic (PV) sites is a significant factor to consider. The closer the site is to

existing roads, the less expensive and environmentally damaging it is to construct new roads for access. However, it is advisable to maintain a distance of not less than 50 meters from the road to prevent issues related on the arrival of solar irradiation to the panels, which can be caused by dust generated by passing vehicles (Figure 9).

<figure><img src="image_11.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 9.** Road Network of the Nabatieh District.</figcaption></figure>

## Land cover

In the context of land cover, a suitable area for photovoltaic installations should be free of natural obstructions such as forests, high buildings, water bodies, or any constructions

that could potentially block sunlight from reaching the panels. It is preferable to avoid proximity to human settlements to minimize the risk of shading. The maps are typically classified into three categories, which are **Figures 10-12**.

<figure><img src="image_12.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 10.** Classified Forest Map of the Nabatieh District.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_14.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 11.** Classified Bare Soil Map of the Nabatieh District.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_15.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 12.** Classified Urban Area Map of the Nabatieh District.</figcaption></figure>

Finally, faults were considered to let the PV away from it at a distance to avoid the impact of the earthquake (Figure 13).
<figure><img src="image_13.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 11.** Classified Bare Soil Map of the Nabatieh District.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_14.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 12.** Classified Urban Area Map of the Nabatieh District.</figcaption></figure>

Finally, faults were considered to let the PV away from it at a distance to avoid the impact of the earthquake (Figure 13).
<figure><img src="image_16.png" /><figcaption>Figure 13. Faults Line Map of Nabatieh District.</figcaption></figure>

In the final step, the tools under the CGES method were applied based on the sub-factor values to achieve the optimal location for solar power (OLSP) stations. The influencing factors mapped under CGES exhibit a diverse range of

classes, which are either represented by numerical values (e.g., slope and elevation) or in descriptive forms (e.g., soil type, aspect, etc.) (Table 2).

<table><caption>Table 2. Sub Factors Description for Solar PV siting.</caption><thead><tr><th>Sub Factors</th><th>Description</th><th>Impact Level</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="4">Elevation</td><td>&lt; 300 m</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>300m-500m</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>500m-750m</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>750m-900m</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Slope</td><td>900m &lt;</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>0°-10°</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>10°-20°</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>20°&lt;</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="8">Aspect</td><td>Flat</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>SE, E</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>S</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>SW</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>W</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>NW</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>N</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>NE</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Soil Type</td><td>Permeability</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Semi-permeability</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Non-permeability</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Land Cover Land Use</td><td>Urban</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>forest</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Bare</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>Faults</td><td>&gt;100 m</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Distance of Human Settlement</td><td>50m&lt;Distance &lt;100m</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Distance of Transportation</td><td>50m&lt;Distance &lt;100m</td><td>0</td></tr></tbody></table>

Using ArcGIS Pro 2.5, the classifications of each point are determined, establishing the main value for each sub-factor. Data management tools and overlay tools are employed to

overlay all the map layers. Subsequently, these layers are weighted and ranked based on their importance and their
<figure><img src="image_15.png" /><figcaption>Figure 13. Faults Line Map of Nabatieh District.</figcaption></figure>

In the final step, the tools under the CGES method were applied based on the sub-factor values to achieve the optimal location for solar power (OLSP) stations. The influencing factors mapped under CGES exhibit a diverse range of

classes, which are either represented by numerical values (e.g., slope and elevation) or in descriptive forms (e.g., soil type, aspect, etc.) (Table 2).

<table><caption>Table 2. Sub Factors Description for Solar PV siting.</caption><thead><tr><th>Sub Factors</th><th>Description</th><th>Impact Level</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="4">Elevation</td><td>&lt; 300 m</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>300m-500m</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>500m-750m</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>750m-900m</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Slope</td><td>900m &lt;</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>0°-10°</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>10°-20°</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>20°&lt;</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="8">Aspect</td><td>Flat</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>SE, E</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>S</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>SW</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>W</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>NW</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>N</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>NE</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Soil Type</td><td>Permeability</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Semi-permeability</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Non-permeability</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Land Cover Land Use</td><td>Urban</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>forest</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Bare</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>Faults</td><td>&gt;100 m</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Distance of Human Settlement</td><td>50m&lt;Distance &lt;100m</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Distance of Transportation</td><td>50m&lt;Distance &lt;100m</td><td>0</td></tr></tbody></table>

Using ArcGIS Pro 2.5, the classifications of each point are determined, establishing the main value for each sub-factor. Data management tools and overlay tools are employed to

overlay all the map layers. Subsequently, these layers are weighted and ranked based on their importance and their
respective effects on solar power (SP) to generate the final result map.

## RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The results were obtained in two major phases in accordance with the method of the study and the eleven sub-factors mentioned (Error! Reference source not found.). The result

map, which was deduced from the CGES method, was prepared and classified into three classes based on manual interval classification, which works by defining the different classes that we have, manually adding class breaks, and setting class ranges that are appropriate for the data, which ranged from low, moderate, and high classes (Error! Reference source not found.).

<table><caption>Table 3. Manual Interval Classification for method result.</caption><thead><tr><td>Range</td><td>Value</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Low</td><td>4-12</td></tr><tr><td>Moderate</td><td>12-22</td></tr><tr><td>High</td><td>22-34</td></tr></tbody></table>

The result has been determined according to a two-phase process. First, the overall main result, which determines all the optimal locations for installing SP stations that consider low, moderate, and high classes; then, by making a visual analysis to determine the second step, which determines the final map of the study, which considers just the acceptable zones for the installation of SP stations. Considering the classes of moderate and high and the area of more than 50 hectares, to be able to generate electricity for a district or a city, we estimate that we need about 25 megawatts, which is an estimated area of 50 hectares according to tip [14] each 1 MW needs 2 hectares of area.

Through this analysis, it was determined that there are four clusters of ideal locations within this area suitable for establishing a solar power plant. are considered to install SP stations in the Nabatieh District.

**The suitable zones for SP:** In Figure 14, the shown result was categorized into four zones, each represented by a distinctive hatching in the colors Olive, Green, Orange, and Bronze they are determined due to the areas and the location of it.

* **Zone one (Green Hatches):** Which is located in the north of Nabatieh District, with an approximate area of 402 hectares. It is located between six municipalities: Masqat-el-Khreibe, Houmine El-Tahta, Sarba, Hmaila, Izze, Houmine-el-Faouka, Habbouche, and Bfarwee. In addition, these areas can be considered the primary beneficiaries of this zone. It turns out that the moderate class is more prevalent in this zone.

* **Zone two (Orange Hatches):** Which is located in the north of Nabatieh District, with an approximate area of 861 hectares. And it is located between eight Municipalities Houmine-el-Faouka, Mazraet El-Bayad, Deir El-Zehrani, Nmeriye, El-Charkiye, and El-Kfour. In addition, these areas can be considered as primary beneficiaries of this zone. It turns out that high class is more prevalent in this zone.

* **Zone three (Olive Hatches):** Which is located in the south East of Nabatieh District, with an approximate area of 312 hectares and it is the smallest zone in our result. And it is located between two Municipalities Kafr Tebnite and Arnoune. In addition, these areas can be considered the primary beneficiaries of this zone. It turns out that high class is more prevalent in this zone.

* **Zone four (Bronze Hatches):** Which is located in the South of Nabatieh District, with an approximate area of 1073 hectares which is the highest zone in our study. And it is located between eleven municipalities Jobchite, Choukine, Maifadoune, Kakiat-El Jisr, Zaoutar El-Gharbiye, Zaoutar El-Charkiye, El-Hamra, Yohmor, Zebdine, Harouf and Kafr Dajjal. In addition, these areas can be considered the primary beneficiaries of this zone. It turns out that high class is more prevalent in this zone.

If we present the area of each zone and the number of municipalities that they pass, the electricity that may be generated is enough to cover all these Municipalities, and may the surrounding Municipalities benefit from it (Error! Reference source not found.).
respective effects on solar power (SP) to generate the final result map.

## RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The results were obtained in two major phases in accordance with the method of the study and the eleven sub-factors mentioned (Error! Reference source not found.). The result

map, which was deduced from the CGES method, was prepared and classified into three classes based on manual interval classification, which works by defining the different classes that we have, manually adding class breaks, and setting class ranges that are appropriate for the data, which ranged from low, moderate, and high classes (Error! Reference source not found.).

<table><caption>Table 3. Manual Interval Classification for method result.</caption><thead><tr><td>Range</td><td>Value</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Low</td><td>4-12</td></tr><tr><td>Moderate</td><td>12-22</td></tr><tr><td>High</td><td>22-34</td></tr></tbody></table>

The result has been determined according to a two-phase process. First, the overall main result, which determines all the optimal locations for installing SP stations that consider low, moderate, and high classes; then, by making a visual analysis to determine the second step, which determines the final map of the study, which considers just the acceptable zones for the installation of SP stations. Considering the classes of moderate and high and the area of more than 50 hectares, to be able to generate electricity for a district or a city, we estimate that we need about 25 megawatts, which is an estimated area of 50 hectares according to tip [14] each 1 MW needs 2 hectares of area.

Through this analysis, it was determined that there are four clusters of ideal locations within this area suitable for establishing a solar power plant. are considered to install SP stations in the Nabatieh District.

**The suitable zones for SP:** In Figure 14, the shown result was categorized into four zones, each represented by a distinctive hatching in the colors Olive, Green, Orange, and Bronze they are determined due to the areas and the location of it.

* **Zone one (Green Hatches):** Which is located in the north of Nabatieh District, with an approximate area of 402 hectares. It is located between six municipalities: Masqat-el-Khreibe, Houmine El-Tahta, Sarba, Hmaila, Izze, Houmine-el-Faouka, Habbouche, and Bfarwee. In addition, these areas can be considered the primary beneficiaries of this zone. It turns out that the moderate class is more prevalent in this zone.

* **Zone two (Orange Hatches):** Which is located in the north of Nabatieh District, with an approximate area of 861 hectares. And it is located between eight Municipalities Houmine-el-Faouka, Mazraet El-Bayad, Deir El-Zehrani, Nmeriye, El-Charkiye, and El-Kfour. In addition, these areas can be considered as primary beneficiaries of this zone. It turns out that high class is more prevalent in this zone.

* **Zone three (Olive Hatches):** Which is located in the south East of Nabatieh District, with an approximate area of 312 hectares and it is the smallest zone in our result. And it is located between two Municipalities Kafr Tebnite and Arnoune. In addition, these areas can be considered the primary beneficiaries of this zone. It turns out that high class is more prevalent in this zone.

* **Zone four (Bronze Hatches):** Which is located in the South of Nabatieh District, with an approximate area of 1073 hectares which is the highest zone in our study. And it is located between eleven municipalities Jobchite, Choukine, Maifadoune, Kakiat-El Jisr, Zaoutar El-Gharbiye, Zaoutar El-Charkiye, El-Hamra, Yohmor, Zebdine, Harouf and Kafr Dajjal. In addition, these areas can be considered the primary beneficiaries of this zone. It turns out that high class is more prevalent in this zone.

If we present the area of each zone and the number of municipalities that they pass, the electricity that may be generated is enough to cover all these Municipalities, and may the surrounding Municipalities benefit from it (Error! Reference source not found.).
<figure><img src="image_17.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 14.** Final Result Map Suitable sites for PVs in the Nabatieh District.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_16.png" /><figcaption>Figure 14. Final Result Map Suitable sites for PVs in the Nabatieh District.</figcaption></figure>
<table><caption>Table 4. Estimation of electricity generated from each zone.</caption><thead><tr><td>Zones</td><td>Number of Municipality Zone Included</td><td>Estimate Number of Municipality can Zone Generate</td><td>Estimated Value of generated electricity (MW)</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1</td><td>6 Municipality</td><td>8 Municipality</td><td>150-200</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>8 Municipality</td><td>17 Municipality</td><td>350-400</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>2 Municipality</td><td>6 Municipality</td><td>100-150</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>11 Municipality</td><td>21 Municipality</td><td>450-500</td></tr></tbody></table>

The second phase of the result was determined as distributed zones where SPs can be built with small-scale solar power stations. These stations can be used in many

small projects that need electricity, like car recharging stations.

<figure><img src="image_18.png" /><figcaption>Figure 15. Small distributed Stations in Nabatieh District.</figcaption></figure>

In Figure 15, the small zones depicted on the right side of the map, marked with green hatching, represent the suitable areas for the small stations in the study area. On the left side, the primary results of the study regarding the four main zones have also been arranged to visualize the location of all suitable areas.

## CONCLUSION

The application of the CGES Method in determining the locations of solar power plants has proven to be a precise and effective method. Based on the analysis conducted, the study area demonstrated significant potential for the development of these technologies, considering various
<table><caption>Table 4. Estimation of electricity generated from each zone.</caption><thead><tr><td>Zones</td><td>Number of Municipality Zone Included</td><td>Estimate Number of Municipality can Zone Generate</td><td>Estimated Value of generated electricity (MW)</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1</td><td>6 Municipality</td><td>8 Municipality</td><td>150-200</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>8 Municipality</td><td>17 Municipality</td><td>350-400</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>2 Municipality</td><td>6 Municipality</td><td>100-150</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>11 Municipality</td><td>21 Municipality</td><td>450-500</td></tr></tbody></table>

The second phase of the result was determined as distributed zones where SPs can be built with small-scale solar power stations. These stations can be used in many

small projects that need electricity, like car recharging stations.

<figure><img src="image_17.png" /><figcaption>Figure 15. Small distributed Stations in Nabatieh District.</figcaption></figure>

In Figure 15, the small zones depicted on the right side of the map, marked with green hatching, represent the suitable areas for the small stations in the study area. On the left side, the primary results of the study regarding the four main zones have also been arranged to visualize the location of all suitable areas.

## CONCLUSION

The application of the CGES Method in determining the locations of solar power plants has proven to be a precise and effective method. Based on the analysis conducted, the study area demonstrated significant potential for the development of these technologies, considering various
criteria and sub-criteria factors. This study focused on selecting the most suitable zones for solar power plants using spatial analysis, geographic, and climate data in different layers. The examination revealed that the most influential factors affecting the results were cloudiness and elevation. In mountainous regions, clouds tend to accumulate at the peaks, resulting in an additional two hours of sunlight blockage compared to lower elevations during the summer. Additionally, in winter, it is possible for clouds to obscure the entire day. Therefore, it became evident that the higher the elevation, the weaker the production of solar panels, especially when situated at the feet of high mountains.

This approach will enable the mountain areas to contribute significantly to identifying the challenges faced by the solar power station projects and contributing to creating a healthier environment.

## REFERENCES

1. Argaam (2017) Who invented solar panels? What is the mechanism of its work in generating electricity?

2. ICAO. A Focus on the production of renewable energy at the Airport site. In I. C. Organization.

3. UOCS (2017) Benefits of Renewable Energy Use. In U. O. Scientists.

4. Aaron R (2021) Climate Change: What are fossil fuels, and how do they harm the planet? 12: 34.

5. Kyne D, Pimentel D, Whitecraft M, Scott Z, Zhao L, et al. (2012) Ethics of a sustainable world population in 100 years. pp: 173-177.

6. Gašparović I, Gašparović M (2019) Determining Optimal Solar Power Plant Locations Based on Remote Sensing and GIS Methods: A Case Study from Croatia. Remote Sens 11(12): 1481.

7. Laughlin S (2021) Why Lebanon needs renewable energy now.

8. Azhari T (2021) Can solar power solve Lebanon's energy crisis?

9. Farhat N (2017) A Focus on the production of renewable energy at the Airport Site.

10. Briney A (2018) Geography of the Tropic of Capricorn. Available online at: https://www.thoughtco.com/geography-of-the-tropic-of-capricorn-1435191

11. techadvisor S (2021) Does altitude affect solar panels' performance? Available online at: https://solartechadvisor.com/altitude-affect-solar-panels/#google_vignette

12. N'Tsoukpoe KE (2022) Effect of orientation and tilt angles of solar collectors on their performance:

Analysis of the relevance of general recommendations in the West and Central African context. Sci Afr 15: e01069.

13. Colunga A, Rocha L, Avilés J, Macías C (2015) Seismic isolation of buildings for power stations considering soil-structure interaction effects. J Build Eng 4: 21-40.

14. tip (2021) How Much Money Does A 1 MW Solar Farm Make? Which can change your Dream financial life.
criteria and sub-criteria factors. This study focused on selecting the most suitable zones for solar power plants using spatial analysis, geographic, and climate data in different layers. The examination revealed that the most influential factors affecting the results were cloudiness and elevation. In mountainous regions, clouds tend to accumulate at the peaks, resulting in an additional two hours of sunlight blockage compared to lower elevations during the summer. Additionally, in winter, it is possible for clouds to obscure the entire day. Therefore, it became evident that the higher the elevation, the weaker the production of solar panels, especially when situated at the feet of high mountains.

This approach will enable the mountain areas to contribute significantly to identifying the challenges faced by the solar power station projects and contributing to creating a healthier environment.

## REFERENCES

1. Argaam (2017) Who invented solar panels? What is the mechanism of its work in generating electricity?

2. ICAO. A Focus on the production of renewable energy at the Airport site. In I. C. Organization.

3. UOCS (2017) Benefits of Renewable Energy Use. In U. O. Scientists.

4. Aaron R (2021) Climate Change: What are fossil fuels, and how do they harm the planet? 12: 34.

5. Kyne D, Pimentel D, Whitecraft M, Scott Z, Zhao L, et al. (2012) Ethics of a sustainable world population in 100 years. pp: 173-177.

6. Gašparović I, Gašparović M (2019) Determining Optimal Solar Power Plant Locations Based on Remote Sensing and GIS Methods: A Case Study from Croatia. Remote Sens 11(12): 1481.

7. Laughlin S (2021) Why Lebanon needs renewable energy now.

8. Azhari T (2021) Can solar power solve Lebanon's energy crisis?

9. Farhat N (2017) A Focus on the production of renewable energy at the Airport Site.

10. Briney A (2018) Geography of the Tropic of Capricorn. Available online at: https://www.thoughtco.com/geography-of-the-tropic-of-capricorn-1435191

11. techadvisor S (2021) Does altitude affect solar panels' performance? Available online at: https://solartechadvisor.com/altitude-affect-solar-panels/#google_vignette

12. N'Tsoukpoe KE (2022) Effect of orientation and tilt angles of solar collectors on their performance:

Analysis of the relevance of general recommendations in the West and Central African context. Sci Afr 15: e01069.

13. Colunga A, Rocha L, Avilés J, Macías C (2015) Seismic isolation of buildings for power stations considering soil-structure interaction effects. J Build Eng 4: 21-40.

14. tip (2021) How Much Money Does A 1 MW Solar Farm Make? Which can change your Dream financial life.