**The piglet weigh test – a novel method to assess sows’ maternal reactivity**

Anna Valros¹, Margit Bak Jensen² and Lene Juul Pedersen²

¹University of Helsinki, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production Animal Medicine, P.O. Box 57, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, ²Aarhus University, Department of Animal Science, Blichers Alle 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark; anna.valros@helsinki.fi

A so called piglet scream test has been developed to test the maternal reactivity of sows to, among others, assess effects of housing systems under experimental conditions. However, this test is laborious and difficult to perform in a large scale. We propose a simple test of sows' maternal reactivity, 'the piglet weigh test'. We related the sows' behavioural reaction during this test to heart rate (HR), and compared the maternal reactivity of sows in two farrowing environments. The study included twelve 2-3 parity sows (Landrace × Yorkshire). Ten sows were housed in farrowing crates (4.8 m²) and 2 in farrowing pens (6.6 m²). Before weighing of piglets when these were 4-6 d old, sows were fitted with a HR belt and HR (beats/min) was measured during weighing of the 5 first piglets (Piglet 1 to 5). Piglets were handled gently, but for long enough to make them vocalize for at least 5 s. Sow behaviour was observed via video and maternal reactivity scored as either 0: no reaction visible; 1: small reaction (turns head once to look at the piglet handler); 2: clear reaction (walking, headshaking, manipulating cage, getting up, or turning head several times). Statistical tests were performed with IBM SPSS 21. Changes in HR during the weighing were tested with paired t-test by comparing HR level during weighing of each of the Piglets 1 to 5 to the HR level during a resting period (Rest). Test of differences in average HR during weighing Piglet 1 to 5 between sows with different scores of maternal reactivity was performed with ANOVA, followed by pairwise comparisons, using the Bonferroni correction. Effect of housing on average HR during the piglet weighing was tested with a t-test. The maternal reactivity was scored 0 in 5 crated sows, 1 in 3 crated sows and 2 in 2 crated sows. The two penned sows scored 1 and 2, respectively. HR increased significantly during piglet weighing: sow HR was higher than at Rest (mean 85 (SD 11)), when weighing Piglet 2-4: 2: 98 (15), 3: 98 (16), and 4: 98 (15), P<0.05 for all. HR when weighing Piglet 1 (92 (12)) and 5 (94 (13)) tended to differ from Rest HR (P<0.1 for both). Average HR increased with increasing maternal reactivity (overall P=0.02, 89 (4.6), 92 (12), and 115 (13) for score 0, 1 and 2, respectively). A significant difference in HR was found between sows scoring 0 and 2 (P=0.02), and sows scoring 0 and 1 tended to differ (P=0.05). Average HR tended (P=0.06) to be higher in penned sows (114 (21)) than in the crated sows (93 (11)). Scoring the maternal reactivity to piglet handling in this simple way correlated with a physiological reaction of the sows, indicating that even subtle behaviour changes indicate an emotional reaction in the sow. Despite the small sample size, the effect of housing was in the expected direction. The piglet weigh test has potential value to evaluate sow maternal reactivity in applied situations, but needs further validation.
**Background noise impacts older sow behavior in farrowing barns, a preliminary study**

*Nichole M. Chapel¹ and Donald C. Lay, Jr.²*

¹Purdue University, 125 S. Russell Street, West Lafayette IN 47906, USA, ²USDA-ARS Livestock Behavior Research Unit, 125 S. Russell Street, West Lafayette IN 47906, USA; chapeln@purdue.edu

Piglet crushing may be attributed to a lack of sow awareness to piglet presence. Additionally, farrowing barns have constant noise present as ventilation systems are maintained 24 h and multiple sow-piglet combinations are attempting communication. Between these two interferences, the possibility exists that sow-piglet communication is being impaired. The aim of this study was to investigate if sows farrowed in quieter auditory environments are more responsive and can communicate more effectively with their piglets. Sows farrowed in 1 of 3 environments: a crate in a farrowing room with 8 other sows and constant ventilation noise (CON; n=6), a farrowing room void of any other sows with constant ventilation noise (ISO; n=6), or farrowed in a room void of sows, ventilation noise and overall background noise (QUIET; n=6). Sows were tested 24 and 48 h post-partum with a piglet removal event (Steal) and the return of the piglets to the sow (Return). Five-min Steal behavior observations started when a novel human removed a sow's entire litter. Behaviors observed during Steal included: total time looking toward the intruder (looking) and time searching for piglets defined as nosing or rooting. Ten-min Return observations included these behaviors and the total time until a nursing event following the return of the piglets. Parity of sows were recorded and grouped as either young (2nd and 3rd parity) or old (4+ parity). Data were analyzed using mixed model ANOVA with repeated measures. During Steals, ISO sows spent more time looking than CON sows (20.53±4.69%; 5.50±3.57%; respectively, P=0.02). QUIET sows did not differ from ISO or CON (QUIET=15.00±3.15%, P>0.05). Older ISO sows spent the highest proportion of time looking compared to young ISO sows (31.54±8.25%; 9.51±4.46%, respectively, P=0.05). Returns produced similar results with percent of time looking (P<0.001) and number of looks (P=0.004) being higher in older ISO sows than younger ISO sows (4.35±0.90%; 0.32±0.50%; 4.00±0.86%; 0.29±0.47, respectively). Overall percent of time looking was lowest for CON sows during returns (Con=0.68±0.39%; ISO=2.34±0.52%; QUIET=2.42±0.35%; P=0.01). There was a tendency for older sows to nose their piglets more upon return (Old: 12.33±1.95, Young: 7.74±1.36, P=0.07). Finally, there was a tendency for older QUIET sows to begin nursing their piglets upon return earliest compared to CON or ISO sows (67.91±68.89 s; 332.00±94.54 s; 360.56±133.97 s; respectively, P=0.06). Overall, older sows showed the greatest response to the removal and return of piglets when farrowed in an environment without other sows. These results suggest that older sows may benefit from farrowing in an environment away from other sows. Therefore, it is suggested that more attention be given to sow-piglet communication during the farrowing period, particularly with concern given to background noises.
**The relationship between maternal behavioural traits and piglet survival, can we
breed for improved maternal ability in sows?**

Inger Lise Andersen and Marko Ocepek

University of life sciences, Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway;
inger-lise.andersen@nmbu.no

The primary aim of our work was to find maternal behaviours important for piglet survival, to develop qualitative scores from continuous measures of those traits, and to study the relationship between maternal behavioural scores, piglet mortality and the number of weaned piglets in sows of three different sow breeds (Norsvin Landrace (n=12), Norsvin Duroc (n=12) and crossbred Norsvin Landrace × Yorkshire (n=14). The following qualitative maternal behaviours were scored as follows: nest building activities (scale from 1 to 3, increased frequency of nest building behaviour), sow communication score (COS: scale 1 to 4, denoting an increased amount of sniffing, grunting and nudging), and sow carefulness (CRS: scale from 1 to 4, increased degree of carefulness while moving around). There was a moderate positive correlation between the continuous measured NBA and the qualitative score for nest building NBS (r=0.469; polyserial correlation coefficient) as well as between the qualitative score for communication, COS, and the continuous, video-based measure of the amount of communication while standing, CS, (r=0.439; polyserial correlation coefficient), and the qualitative and quantitative scores similarly affected piglet survival. Since COS and CRS were highly correlated (r=0.883; polychoric correlation coefficient), we tested the effect of those behavioural scores separately on production parameters (proportion of dead piglets and number of weaned piglets) using two models (model 1: NBS, COS; model 2: NBS, CRS), and compared their relative predictive accuracies using Akaike information criteria (AIC) and AIC weights. Model 1 had better predictive accuracy. In models 1, piglet mortality decreased with higher NBS (Genmod procedure; P=0.004) due to less crushing (Genmod procedure; P<0.001) and more weaned piglets (GLM procedure; P=0.043). Increases in both COS and CRS were associated with lower overall piglet mortality (Genmod procedure; P<0.001), fewer crushing incidences (Genmod procedure; P<0.001) and more weaned piglets (GLM procedure; P=0.004). Additionally, a higher COS was associated with a lower proportion of starved piglets (Genmod procedure; P=0.002). Our results demonstrated that our three defined maternal behaviour scores had a significant impact on piglet survival, and therefore we tested the same scores in 900 LY-sows from 45 Norwegian loose-housed sow herds. There was a relatively low correlation between NBA, COS and CRS in the field data. The higher the CRS, the lower was the mortality of liveborn piglets (ProcMixed procedure; P<0.01) and the more piglets were weaned (ProcMixed procedure; P<0.009). COM also had similar effects on piglet mortality (ProcMixed procedure; P<0.001) and the number of weaned (ProcMixed procedure; P<0.001) piglets. There was no significant effects of NBS on piglet mortality, but an increaed NBA resulted in more piglets weaned (ProcMixed procedure; P=0.009). Due to these results, CRS ad COM as measures of maternal care ability in sows have the greatest potential to be tested in nucleus herds for calculation of genetic variation and heritability, and should be taken into account in a breeding program for more robust sows.
**Pre-farrow dietary inclusion of magnesium to increase ease parturition and increase piglet survival**

Kate Plush¹,²,³ and William Van Wettere²

¹SunPork Solutions, PO Box 92, 5400 Wasleys, Australia, ²The University of Adelaide, Animal and Veterinary Science, Roseworthy Campus, 5371 Roseworthy, Australia, ³South Australian Research and Development Institute, Livestock and Farming Systems, Roseworthy Campus, 5371 Roseworthy, Australia; kate.plush@sunporkfarms.com.au

Sow discomfort around parturition can heighten stress, increasing risky behaviours for piglets like extended farrowing durations, frequent posture changes and in severe cases savaging. Magnesium supplementation in growing pigs reduces stress and aggression. The aim of this experiment was to determine if two sources of dietary magnesium improved farrowing ease, thereby increasing piglet growth and survival. Young sows (parity 0-3) were randomly allocated at farrowing crate entry (d110 gestation) to one of the following treatments; CON (n=13) fed 2.4 kg lactation sow mash daily, MgSO₄ (n=10) given an additional 21 g magnesium sulphate, and SUPP (n=14) given an additional 12 g magnesium rich marine extract. After parturition, all sows received lactation sow mash *ad libitum*. Sows were monitored from birth of first piglet until placental expulsion for; number of posture changes, farrowing duration, number piglets born dead and alive. When each piglet was born the birth interval, degree of meconium staining, vitality score and birth weight was collected. At 24 h of age, piglet weight was collected again to estimate colostrum ingestion, and blood from an ear prick analysed for glucose concentration. Piglets were weighed at d21, and all litter mortality prior to fostering (12-24 h within treatment), and to weaning was noted. Most sow measures were analysed using a general linear model but litter mortalities were analysed using a generalised linear model with Poisson distribution in SPSS. Piglet measures were analysed by linear mixed model with piglet as the repeated term. There were no treatment effects on sow posture changes during parturition, farrowing duration, piglets born alive or born dead. Piglets from the SUPP treatment experienced the longest birth interval (17.0±1.6 min) compared to the other treatments (CON 11.8±1.9 min, MGSO4 13.4±1.8 min; P<0.05). No treatment effect on the degree of meconium staining was detected, but piglets from MGSO4 sows recorded a higher vitality score after birth (2.2±0.1) than CON (1.9±0.1) and SUPP (1.9±0.1; P<0.001). Weight gain to 24 h was greater for SUPP (121±11 g) than CON piglets (89±13 g) with MGSO4 (108±13 g) intermediate (P<0.05). Blood glucose concentration at 24 h was highest in MGSO4 (8.0±0.2 nmol/l) and SUPP (7.5±0.2 nmol/l) piglets and lowest in CON (6.9±0.2 nmol/l; P<0.001). More piglets died prior to fostering on CON sows (0.8±0.3, MGSO4 0.2±0.1, SUPP 0.2±0.1; P<0.05), but there we no treatment effect on mortality after this time. Number of piglets weaned was unaffected by treatment but piglets from MGSO4 sows tended to weigh less at d21 (6.3±0.2 kg) than CON (6.6±0.1 kg) and SUPP (6.7±0.1 kg; P=0.09). These data provide evidence that maternal magnesium supplementation reduces piglet death in the peri-natal period, and this appears to be attributed to improved energy acquisition by the piglets.
**Pre-weaning environmental enrichment increases play behaviour in piglets (Sus scrofa) at a large scale commercial pig farm**

Chung-Hsuan Yang¹, Heng-Lun Ko², Laura Salazar¹, Irene Camerlink³ and Pol Llonch²

¹University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, ²Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, School of Veterinary Science, Bellaterra, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain, ³Animal and Veterinary Sciences Research Group, Scotland's Rural College, West Mains Rd., EH9 3JG, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; forseika@gmail.com

Environmental enrichment is a legal requirement for both sows and fattening pigs in Europe although not for neonatal piglets. The effect of different enrichment material in the neonatal environment has been explored extensively, but the suitability of different enrichment materials deserves more research attention. Here we investigate the effect of hanging objects vs substrate as enrichment material in the neonatal environment at a large scale commercial pig farm in Spain. Conventional farrowing pens either had no enrichment (CON, n=16 litters), or were attributed with a white plastic box (60×40×10 cm) with crushed wood substrate (SUB, n=16), or with six hanging objects (two rubber balls with a string of ropes, two wired thick ropes and two rubber cones; TOY, n=16) from 1 d after birth until weaning (d 26). Litter size was homogenized to 13-14 piglets within 24 h after birth. Play behaviour, aggression and growth were studied in up to 596 piglets from birth until 36 days of age. Locomotor, social and object play were recorded weekly by scan sampling. Aggression was assessed by the number of skin lesions on focal piglets, and individual weights were recorded weekly. Data were analysed using mixed models accounting for litter effects. The SUB and TOY groups showed 1.8 times more object play than CON piglets (P<0.001) during lactation. However, the SUB and TOY group did not differ in their amount of object play (P=0.51). Object play linearly increased with piglet age throughout lactation (P<0.001). TOY showed more social play than SUB (4.8 vs 4.3% of observations; P=0.04) but did not differ from CON (4.6% of observations; P=0.64). Social play tended to increase with age (P=0.06), with 4.8% of observations spent on social play at 12 days of age. Locomotor play did not differ between treatment groups (P=0.86) and was unaffected by age (P=0.21). Piglets had on average 0.2±0.1 lesions pre-weaning; 2.5±0.3 lesions at D1 post-weaning; and 0.7±0.1 lesions at D2 post-weaning (no differences between treatments, P>0.10). Body weight and growth rate (average 0.15 kg/d) did not differ between treatment groups throughout the trial (P>0.10). Environmental enrichment (TOY and SUB) increased object play in neonatal piglets compared to a barren environment and among the two enrichment materials, objects better promoted social play compared to substrate. However, improvements on play behaviour were not translated into greater growth performance in this study. The current study showed that providing objects as enrichment can be an effective way to enhance piglet welfare.
**Strategic supply of straw for nest-building to loose housed farrowing sows reduced number of stillborn piglets**

Kari Baekgaard Eriksson¹, Vivi Aarestrup Moustsen² and Christian Fink Hansen¹,²

¹University of Copenhagen, Department of Large Animal Sciences, Groennegaardsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark, ²SEGES Danish Pig Research Centre, Axeltorv 3, 1609 Copenhagen V, Denmark; vam@seges.dk

The effects of providing large amounts of straw (strategic use of straw) on the floor 1-3 days before expected farrowing in loose farrowing pens on early piglet mortality and the sows' movement behaviour around farrowing were investigated. A total of 559 Danish Landrace × Yorkshire sows and their litters were used in the study. All sows had *ad libitum* access to straw provided in a straw rack. Sows were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: (1) Control (n=187) (CON); (2) an additional 5 kg short cut straw provided on the floor (n=186) (5KG); or (3) an additional 10 kg of straw provided on the floor (n=186) (10KG). From 67 sows, postures (lying ventrally, lying laterally, sitting and standing/walking) from 2 h before birth of first piglet (BFP) until 8 h after BFP were recorded and analysed. As planned, the average total amount of allocated straw differed significantly between treatment groups (CON=2.2 kg, 5KG=8.2 kg, 10KG=13.1 kg, P<0.001). In addition, the average amount of allocated straw in the *ad libitum* straw rack was higher in the CON-group compared to the two other treatment groups (2.2 vs 1.9 vs 2.0 kg, P<0.001). Litter size was not influenced by treatment and averaged 18.5 total born. Straw significantly reduced number of stillborn per litter. Compared to CON-sows the number of stillborn per litter decreased by 0.3 (P=0.045) and 0.5 (P<0.001) piglets in 5KG- and 10KG-sows respectively. The number of liveborn deaths increased in 5KG-sows by 0.2 (P=0.009) compared to CON-sows, but no difference was observed between 5KG- and 10KG-sows (P=0.275) or CON- and 10KG-sows (P=0.124). Strategic use of straw had little effect on sows' movement behaviour. During the last 2 h prior to BFP the CON- and the 10KG-sows stood up/walked for 16 and 11 minutes respectively. For the first 8 hours after BFP the sows lay laterally in approximately 90% of the time regardless of treatment. Since an effect of straw was seen in the stillbirth rate, a straw effect on sow behaviour might be found in the nest-building phase, which needs further investigation. Finally, the large amount of straw caused problems with the manure system as it accumulated in the vacuum-liquid based slurry channels. In conclusion, strategic use of straw significantly reduced the number of stillborn per litter, however, development of housing systems and especially flooring and manure systems able to handle large amounts of straw is crucial for the method of strategic use of straw to be feasible for commercial productions.
**Agression, vocalization and underweight in piglets born from gilts with lameness**

Marisol Parada¹,², Thiago Bernardino¹, Patricia Tatemoto¹ and Adroaldo Zanella¹

¹University of São Paulo, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225 CEP 13635-900, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil, ²National University of Colombia, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Street 45 N° 26-85, 481 Building, Bogotá D.C, 11001, Colombia; adroaldo.zanella@usp.br

Problems in the locomotor system are common in pregnant gilts and its occurrence can cause pain and stress which compromise their welfare. Lameness is a multifactorial condition, caused by nutritional factors, floor abrasiveness, social instability, among other factors. Glucocorticoids secreted in pregnant gilts under stressful conditions, can cross the placental barrier, affecting brain structures that modulate affective states and social behaviour of the offspring. Gait scores of 22 pregnant, group-housed gilts were assessed six times with intervals of two weeks between evaluations. Scores from 0 to 5 were assigned to each gilt according to a previously validated scoring system. A score of 0 represented gilts without lameness and a score of 5 represented gilts with the highest lameness score. At 107 days of pregnancy gilts were transferred to individual farrowing pens. Lame gilts were treated according to a standard protocol (Flunixin Meglumine for 4 days and antibiotic). At 28 days of age, piglets were weaned, weighed and distributed in four uniform body size groups. Lesions resulting from fights were counted in each group on days 28, 29 and 30. Two days after weaning, vocalization and activity levels were evaluated in each group using an open field and novel object tests. For the statistical analysis, piglets were grouped according to the degree of lameness of their mother. Group A corresponded to piglets (P) of mothers (G) with lameness 0 and 1 (n=8G; n=58P), group B to piglets of mothers with lameness 2 and 3 (n=9G; n=60P) and group C to piglets of mothers with lameness 4 and 5 (n=5G; n=38P). Data analysis was performed depending on the normality of the variables through ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis tests at a significance level of 5%. Pairwise comparisons were performed using Tukey and Kramer (Nemenyi) test with Tukey-Dist approximation for independent samples. All analyzes were performed in the programming language R. Group A piglets had fewer lesions at days 28 (P<0.05) and 29 (P<0.05) than group B piglets. Although the litter size was not significantly different between groups (P=0.223), group B piglets were the heaviest (P<0.05) and group C piglets were the lightest (P<0.05). Additionally, group A piglets vocalized more than group B piglets (P<0.05) when they were subjected to the novel object test. We conclude that lameness in pregnant gilts have negative effects on the offspring, affecting weight gain, increasing aggressiveness and altering vocalization.
**Performance of non-maternal as well as maternal nest-building behaviour improves
reproduction in female mink**

Toke Munk Schou and Jens Malmkvist

Aarhus University, Department of Animal Science, Behaviour and stressbiology, Blichers alle 20,
8830, Denmark; tokeschou@anis.au.com

Hindrance from performing motivated behaviour can induce stress. Studies have documented that mink dams are motivated for nest-building early during the gestation period. Access to suitable nesting material in the cages reduced the cortisol concentration in pregnant dams. Stress during gestation is known to negatively affect reproduction; however, the timing for onset of the nest-building motivation is currently unstudied in mink (*Neovison vison*). Thus, we aimed to investigate (1) the time for onset of nest-building in dams used for breeding, (2) whether nest-building material (straw) reduced the occurrence of abnormal behaviour, and (3) whether prolonged access to straw (up to 3.5 months prior to delivery) influenced the reproductive success. We included 126 first-year brown mink dams from January 15 into two equally sized treatment groups under identical housing and mating conditions; however, group Straw15Jan was provided with free access to straw in the cage from January 15 while this happened March 23 (just after mating) for group Straw23Mar. All dams had a top-layer of straw on the nest box which they could pull through a wired mesh. Dams, who were not successfully double mated or found barren, were excluded from the experiment from March 24. Day of birth (Day 0 – in average April 28) was registered and kits were counted and weighed Day 1 and 7 after birth. Both groups of dams had a very low nest score (visually scored on a 0 to 5.5 scale, 0 = no nest; 5.5 = complete nest with thick top layer) January 14; however, already the day after allocation of nesting material in the cages for group Straw15Jan, the nest score increased drastically with increasing nest score the following weeks. Thus free access to straw in the cage greatly increases the mink dams' nest-building (measured by nest-score). Due to nest-building from January 15 we were not able to determine the onset of maternal-related nest-building. Instead, the results show that mink dams are motivated for nest-building in the winter time (even before mating) and through to parturition, which is a new finding. Dams in Straw23Mar built a nest of similar nest score as the dams in Straw15Jan within one day when given access to straw – and the nest score remained similar. Early access to straw did not affect the number of individuals that performed stereotypy (58-68%; P>0.65), observed directly nine times of one minute, in 2 hours prior to feeding, and fur chewing (44-60%; P>0.37), scored visually as fur damage, on two test days (χ2-test). From the groups Straw15Jan and Straw23Mar, 42 and 41 dams gave birth, respectively. Generally, Straw15Jan performed better in all reproduction measures (though P>0.05 in ANOVA): litter size at birth (8.6±0.32 vs 8.2±0.34; P=0.45); stillborn kits (8.8±1.98 vs 13.5±2.94%, P=0.15); kits alive Day 1 (7.4±0.35 vs 6.5±0.38; P=0.082) and liveborn mortality until Day 7 (17.4±3.38 vs 24.4±4.24%; P=0.20). These effects summarized in a significant larger litter size Day 7 (6.6±0.38 vs 5.4±0.37; P=0.024). In conclusion, prolonged access to straw in the cage improves the early reproductive success in female farm mink.
**Being reared by ewes that grazed in different pasture allowances does not affect the lamb response to a short-term separation**

Aline Freitas-De-Melo<fnref n="1" />, María Belén López-Pérez<fnref n="1" />, Florencia Corrales<fnref n="1" />, Camila Crosa<fnref n="1" />, Dermidio Hernández<fnref n="1" />, Rodolfo Ungerfeld<fnref n="1" /> and Raquel Pérez-Clariget<fnref n="2" />

Lambs reared by ewes that grazed on low pasture allowance during gestation establish a weaker attachment with their mother and present an earlier nutritional independence. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that they also present a different emotional response to short-term separation from the dam. We compared the emotional response to the short-term separation of the lambs from their mother that grazed on high or low native pasture allowance (NPA) from 30 to 143 days of gestation. Forty-one multiparous single-lambing Corriedale ewes [body weight (BW): 48.0±1.1 kg; body condition score (BCS): 3.52±0.05] were randomly assigned to two NPA: (1) high (group HPA: n=22): ewes grazed on 14 to 20 kg of dry matter/100 kg of BW per day; and (2) low (group LPA; n=19): ewes grazed on 6 to 10 kg of dry matter/100 kg of BW per day. Each treatment had three replications separated by electrical fences. From 100 days of gestation until lambing ewes were daily supplemented with 300 g/animal of rice bran provided collectively to avoid risk of toxaemia. From 143 days of gestation until the test all ewes grazed in the same native pastures with unlimited availability. Ewes' BCS and BW were recorded at lambing. Lambs were weighed at birth and the day after the test. Three months after lambing, lambs were subjected to a short-term separation test in a pen (5×3 m) divided in two similar areas by a plastic fence. A reference line was drawn 80 cm parallel to the fence. All lambs were separated from their mother and housed together 30-60 min before the test. Each lamb was isolated in its area for 5 min, and then its' mother was introduced in the other side of the fence. During 5 min the number of times that the lamb crossed the line, and thus, was <80 cm from the fence, the time each lamb was nearer 80 cm from the fence, the number of times it vocalized and the number of attempts to join with their mother by hitting against the fence was recorded. At lambing, HPA ewes had greater BCS and BW than LPA ewes (BCS: 3.27±0.06 vs 2.81±0.17; BW: 52.0±0.53 kg vs 47.4±0.6 kg; P<0.0002 and 0.0001, respectively). Lambs reared by HPA ewes were also heavier than those born from LPA ewes (4.7±0.1 kg vs 4.1±0.1 kg; respectively, P=0.004). One day after the test, lambs reared by HPA ewes tended to be heavier than those reared by LPA ewes (19.0±0.7 kg vs 17.2±0.7 kg, respectively, P=0.07). Pasture allowance did not affect any recorded behaviour (mean ± sem for HPA and LPA respectively: number of times that the lamb entered the area: 6.2±0.6 vs 5.6±0.9; time spent within the area: 214.2±12.9 s vs 203.5±17.3 s; vocalizations: 25.0±2.4 vs 28.7±3.8; attempts to reunite with their mother: 15.5±1.6 vs 10.0 vs 2.5). Low natural pasture allowance from the beginning of gestation until lambing did not affect the response of the lambs to the short-term separation from their mothers when they were 3 months old.

<footnote n="1">¹Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Lasplases, 1620, 11600, Uruguay,</footnote>

<footnote n="2">²Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Garzón, 780, 12400, Uruguay;
alinefreitasdemelo@hotmail.com</footnote>
**Shearing pregnant ewes in winter in a Mediterranean environment increases vigour of the offspring**

David Miller, Mara Farrelly and Caroline Jacobson

Murdoch University, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, 90 South St, Murdoch WA 6150, Australia; d.miller@murdoch.edu.au

Shearing ewes in mid-late pregnancy in temperate environments has been shown to increase lamb survival rates under both pastoral conditions and winter-housed environments. However, it is unknown if this effect can occur under the relatively mild winter conditions of a Mediterranean climate. The hypothesis tested was that shearing ewes in mid-late pregnancy increases the vigour of lambs born in the Mediterranean environment of south Western Australia. Twenty pregnant Poll Dorset ewes were randomly stratified into two equal groups with similar live weights and body condition score. Ten ewes were shorn and ten were sham-shorn (unshorn) on day 100 of pregnancy in July (mid-winter). The sham-shorn sheep underwent the same handling process of shearing as the shorn sheep, but without removing the fleece. The mean minimum temperature for the 10 days immediately following shearing was 3.9±1.3 °C (± SEM) and the mean maximum temperature was 17.7±0.5 °C. Analysis of blood samples collected from the ewes 24 hours after shearing showed that shearing resulted in raised plasma cortisol concentrations (72±12 ng/ml vs 41±8 ng/ml) in the shorn ewes compared to the unshorn ewes (P<0.05). All the pregnant sheep were handled frequently prior to lambing so the ewes were accustomed to human presence for observation. Three days prior to expected lambing the sheep were moved to a smaller observation area. Immediately after birth a blood sample was quickly collected from the lamb so as not to disturb maternal-newborn bonding, and then behavioural measurements related to lamb vigour were collected. Length of parturition and birth weight were not different between the two treatment groups. Lambs from shorn ewes took 25% less time to suckle after birth (P<0.05) and they also took 35% less time to stand after birth (P<0.05), compared to the lambs from unshorn ewes. From the blood sample taken from the lambs immediately after birth, analysis revealed no difference in circulating cortisol, glycerol, triglyceride or non-esterified fatty acid concentrations between the two treatment groups. The lambs from the unshorn ewes had 91% higher circulating glucose concentrations than the lambs from the shorn ewes (P<0.05), which may indicate greater reliance on mobilisation of glycogen stores rather than brown adipose tissue for thermogenesis in the lambs from the unshorn ewes. In conclusion, lambs displayed better vigour when the maternal ewe was shorn in mid-late pregnancy in the winter of a Mediterranean climate. It is possible that the changes in the vigour of the lambs from the shorn ewes, and the difference in circulating glucose concentration, may have arisen by fetal programming effects on thermogenic systems resulting from the cold stress (fleece removal) that affected the maternal glucocorticoid system.
**Can we increase calves' milk intake during the first days of their lives by facilitating their normal sucking behaviour?**

Anne Marie De Passille and Jeffrey Rushen

University of British Columbia, Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada; amdepassille@gmail.com

Dairy calves can drink prodigious quantities of milk during their first few days of life, but there are large differences between calves, and a low milk intake is associated with increased risk of illness and poor growth later in life. We examined whether we could increase the milk intake of peri-parturient calves by a better positioning and design of the milk feeder to facilitate the calves' normal sucking behaviour. Holstein calves (1-5 d old) were housed individually and given 8 l of milk twice a day through a teat attached to a milk reservoir. In experiment 1, we placed the milk reservoir for 12 calves at two heights above the teat (50 and 135 cm) and measured milk intake, latency to drink milk, duration of assistance needed and weight gain. Milk intake over the 4 d was higher for calves fed from the elevated reservoir (Wilcoxon tests: P=0.02) but the effect varied from meal to meal: the largest effects were noted on the 3rd meal (medians = 2.9 vs 1.9 l; P=0.04) and the 5th meal (4.9 vs 2.4 l; P=0.02). There were no effects on weight gain or the amount of assistance given. In experiment 2, the teat was held either in a plain wooden board or in a board covered with a soft material to facilitate the calves' (n=28) butting behaviour. On each day, the calves with the covered board drank more milk but the effect was not significant (P>0.10). However, the variation between calves in milk consumption was reduced with no calves with the covered board drinking less than 4 l per meal. There were no significant effects on overall weight gain (P>0.10) but there were inconsistent effects at each day: calves with the covered board gained more weight on days 2 and 4, but less weight on d3 (P<0.05). There was a trend (P=0.07) for a reduced latency to first drink after milk delivery for calves with the covered board (median = 40 min vs 81 min). Increasing the height of the milk reservoir above the teat reduces the amount of effort needed for the calf to suck the milk, and increases milk intake. Covering the teat holder with a soft material to facilitate butting does not appear to increase overall milk intake or weight gains but may be helpful for smaller or weaker calves. More attention should be paid to the design and positioning of milk feeding equipment to improve early milk intakes by dairy calves.
**Short and long term effects of free and half-day contact between dairy cows and their calves**

Katharina A. Zipp, Yannick Rzehak and Ute Knierim

University of Kassel, Farm Animal Behaviour and Husbandry Section, Nordbahnhofstr. 1a, 37213

Witzenhausen, Germany; zipp@uni-kassel.de

In dam rearing systems dairy cows nurse their calves and are additionally milked. The consequent loss of sellable milk is likely affected by the daily duration of cow-calf-contact. The influence of three different calf rearing systems on machine milk yield and content, calf and heifer development were investigated in German Black Pied dairy cows: 'free' (24 h, n=13), 'half-day' (6:45-18:00 h, n=11) and no contact ('control', n=14) with the dam during the first nine weeks of life. 'Control' calves were separated from the dam after birth and fed max. 2x3 l/d whole milk with nipple buckets. All cows were milked twice daily. During the 10th week of life, dam reared calves were separated from the cows, trained to drink from nipple buckets and fed as 'control' calves. All calves were gradually weaned until the 13th week of life. Due to missing weighings and as male calves were sold after the 10th week sample size varied. Machine gained milk yield of dams during the suckling period was significantly lower than in 'controls' ('free': 8.5±2.9, 'half-day': 12.2±4.6 vs 22.1±4.4 kg/d, mixed effects model, P<0.05). 'Half-day' cows had in tendency (P=0.0758) higher daily milk yields than 'free' cows. This was also true for the whole lactation (ANOVA, 'free': 14.1±2.6 kg/d n=11, 'half-day': 16.7±3.7 kg/d, P=0.0889, n=10), and 'half day' did not significantly differ from 'control' any longer (18.5±2.1 kg/d, P=0.2193 n=12). Lower fat contents in dams during the suckling period were a sign of disturbed milk ejection ('free': 3.34±0.21%, 'half-day': 3.10±0.38 vs 3.96±0.24%, mixed effect model, P<0.005). No differences in Somatic Cell Score could be detected (P>0.1). Daily weight gain did not differ among dam reared calves, but was significantly higher than in 'control' calves during the suckling period (ANOVA, 'free': 0.97±0.14 kg/d, n=10, 'half-day':0.97±0.14 kg/d, n=7, 'control': 0.64±0.08 kg/d, n=12, P<0.001). The week after separation from the dam there was a growth check in both dam reared groups ('free': 0.43±0.20 kg/d, n=12, 'half-day':0.36±0.45 kg/d, n=9, 'control': 0.83±0.27 kg/d, n=11, P<0.05), but two weeks after weaning body weight was still higher than in 'controls' (Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon rank sum test, median±median absolute deviation, 'free': 120.5±11.8 kg, n=8, 'half-day':128.0±9.5 kg, n=5, 'control': 109.3±6.8 kg, n=8, P<0.05). Later, when integrated into the milking herd as heifers after calving (nfree=5, nhalf-day=5, ncontrol=9), body weight, height at withers, trunk girth, age at calving and milk production did not differ between groups. During the first 24 h, all heifers showed considerably reduced lying durations (recorded with Onset Pendant G data loggers; Onset Computer Corporation, Bourne, MA). During the second 24 h 'free' lay significantly and 'half-day' in tendency longer than 'controls' (Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon rank sum test, median±median absolute deviation, 'free': 6.8±0.3 h, 'half-day': 6.2±0.7 h, 'control': 4.6±0.9 h) due to more lying bouts. Results suggest that half-day contact may be a way to reduce the loss of sellable milk without losing advantages of a dam rearing system. Ways to prevent a growth check after separation from the dam are needed.
Fence-line separation of dairy calves at four days and its effect on behaviour

Lena Lidfors¹, Anya Törnkvist¹, Emma Fuxin¹ and Julie Johnsen Foske²

¹Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Environment and Health, P.O. Box 234, 532 23, Sweden, ²National Veterinary Institute, Postboks 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway; lena.lidfors@slu.se

The purpose of this study was to investigate if cows and calves would show less behavioural stress responses when separation after the colostrum period was done so that they could see and touch each other (Fence-Line FL) instead of just hearing each other (Hearing Contact HC). The study was done on an organic farm with about 85 dairy cows of the Swedish Red and Swedish Holstein breed. The cows were kept in a cubicle system with a Voluntary Milking system. Cows were moved into individual calving pens adjacent to the cubicle housing just before calving and all calves were given 2 l of colostrum in a bottle within 6 h after birth. Cow-calf pairs (n=8/ treatment) were separated at 3-4 days after birth when cows were released into the cubicle system and their calves were placed in one of the treatment pens. FL separation had a pen placed in the middle of the cubicle system with two walls and two gates where the cows and calves could touch and see each other but the calf could not suckle the cow. HC separation had the calves moved to an adjacent pen which had a plastic curtain so that the mother could not see or touch her calf, but she could hear it. Calves were fed 3 l of milk in teat buckets just prior to observations. Cow and calf were recorded during 0-2 and 24-28 h after separation with instantaneous recordings at 5 min intervals of lying and continuously of other behaviours. Behaviours are shown as mean ± SE frequency/h or % of observations. Data were analyzed with a Generalized Linear Model for the effect of treatment, time of observation and the interaction. Calves with FL separation performed a higher frequency of play behaviours (5.5±1.71) than calves with HC (0.2±0.11, P<0.001), and play tended to be performed more often 24-28 h than 0-2 h after separation (P=0.08). Calves with FL separation kept their head through the fence a higher frequency (3.8±0.94) than calves with HC separation (1.3±0.58, P<0.05), but there were no differences between days (P=0.90). For high pitch vocalization in calves there was a tendency of a difference between observation times (P=0.08), but no effect of treatment (P=0.14; FL 0-2 h: 1.7±1.44, FL 24-28 h: 5.8±3.22, HC 0-2 h: 6.0±4.24, HC 24-28 h: 15.0±11.83). High pitch vocalization in cows tended to differ between observation times (P=0.097), but not between treatments (P=0.16; FL 0-2 h: 9.1±3.09, FL 24-28 h: 3.9±2.36, HC 0-2 h: 15.3±6.93, HC 24-28 h: 11.3±6.28). Low pitch vocalization did not differ between treatments in either cows (P=0.76, 4.2±0.98) or calves (P=0.22, 1.6±0.73), nor between observation times in cows (P=0.17) or calves (P=0.17). Cows were lying down a higher percentage of the observations at 24-28 h (19.5±5.84) than at 0-2 h after separation (6.0±3.43, P<0.0001), but there were no differences between FL and HC (P=0.75). Calves were lying down 60.3±5.10% of the observations and it did not differ between treatments (P=0.72) or observation times (P=0.38). In conclusion calves appeared to be more activated by being placed in physical contact with the cow at separation, but there were no clear effects on the cows stress level.
# Effect of calf suckling, weaning and use of calf dummy as milk ejection stimuli on behaviour and performance of Sahiwal cows

M.L. Kamboj, A. Kumar, P.K. Singh, N. Kumar, M. Saini and S. Chandra

National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Livestock Production Management Section, Karnal (Haryana), 132 001 Karnal (Haryana), India; kamboj66@rediffmail.com

Traditional smallholder farmers in India predominantly use suckling by the calf before milking as a milk ejection stimulus in indigenous breeds of cows and buffaloes. However, at many large farms, calves are weaned at birth and milk let-down stimulus is provided by offering concentrate mixture and teat massage before milking. This is presumed to affect milking temperament and result in poor milk ejection and shorter lactations. In suckled animals, death or separation of the calf causes a serious milk ejection problem and to avoid it some farmers resort to indiscriminate use of exogenous oxytocin. Using a synthetic dummy calf after bonding with dams soon after parturition was hypothesized to ward off adverse effects of both suckling and weaning. The aim of our study was to assess effects of 3 different milk ejection stimuli on milking behaviour and performance of cows and buffaloes. For this, 24 late-pregnant Murrah buffaloes and 18 Sahiwal cows (1-4 parity) were blocked by milk yield in previous lactation and randomly allocated to one of 3 treatments for 6 months from calving (in each treatment n=8 for buffaloes and n=6 for cows). Treatment 1: animals suckled by their calves before milking (S), Treatment 2: calves weaned at birth and animals offered concentrate mixture before milking (W), Treatment 3: animals presented with a dummy calf before milking (D). The animals were hand milked and milk yield was recorded daily using electronic weighing balance. Milking behaviour parameters were recorded manually at weekly intervals. Data were analysed using one way ANOVA in SPSS for testing significance of differences among treatment means. Mean milk let-down time in S, D and W cows respectively was 0.86±0.02, 1.27±0.05 and 1.74±0.02 min and in buffaloes 1.87±0.13, 2.40±0.18 and 3.62±0.26 min; being statistically similar for S and D and significantly (P<0.01) higher in W. Mean milking temperament score (1-5 scale, Tulloh, 1961) in buffaloes was similar for treatments W (2.69±0.17) and D (2.14±0.23) but significantly (P<0.05) lower (1.38±0.13) in S. In cows these values were similar in S (1.29±0.43) and D (1.57±0.22) but significantly (P<0.05) higher in W (2.12±0.19). Mean total lactation yields in cows (2,568±232, 2,108±329 and 1,770±241 kg) and in buffaloes (2,785±279, 2,211±240 and 1,739±264 kg in S, D and W respectively) were significantly (P<0.01) different among 3 treatments. Mean lactation lengths in S, D and W respectively in cows were 336±18, 285±19 and 270±29 d and in buffaloes 349±31, 297±20 and 256±19 d; being highly significantly different (P<0.01) in both species. We concluded that milking behaviour was almost comparable in suckled and dummy-calf-used Sahiwal cows and Murrah buffaloes and productive performance was the highest in suckled animals followed by dummy-calf-used animals. Weaning had the most adverse consequences on milking behaviour and performance of these animals.
# The natural weaning window of suckler beef cattle

*Dorit Albertsen and Suzanne Held*

University of Bristol, School of Veterinary Sciences, Langford House, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, United Kingdom; dorit.albertsen@bristol.ac.uk

Leaving yearling calves with their mothers to be weaned naturally is the husbandry method on an extensive UK beef farm, aimed at avoiding the negative impacts of cow-calf separation on calf health. The focus of this study was to determine the natural weaning window for domestic beef cattle. It was suspected that cows would wean their calves after around 80% of the time available between parturitions. The udders of 55 Aberdeen Angus cows were inspected visually and scored for signs of suckling on a weekly basis between September and May over five rearing seasons. On the date a cow was first found un-suckled, the cow's calf was declared weaned if every subsequent visit confirmed that no further suckling had occurred. An average, and the range, of days from birth to weaning were taken to determine the weaning window in days, and because of the variation in calving interval also in percent of time available. The data set was investigated first analysing it per cow (n=55), averaging her values, and again per calf (n=133), including incomplete repeated measures for repeatedly monitored cows (n=38). Linear regressions were used to investigate the relationship between the calving interval and the weaning window. The effect of cow age on calf weaning age was tested with ANOVA. The influence of calf gender on weaning age was tested with Independent Samples T-tests. 128 (96.2%) calves were weaned by their mother. Weaning averaged at 9.7 months (294 days, $SD_{±}34.35$ days) post-partum within a mean calving interval of 363 days, for the 53 cows who weaned. These cows spent 82.5% ($SD_{±}6.85%$) of the time between parturitions nursing their calf at foot. Linear regression revealed a significance for cows with a longer calving interval to wean older calves ($R^2=0.171, df=1, P<0.001$), spend a smaller percentage of the calving interval nursing their calf ($R^2=0.048, df=1, P=0.01$) and spend less time suckling while pregnant, thereby reducing the amount of time they were investing simultaneously into the foetus and the calf at foot ($R^2=0.114, df=1, P<0.001$). For the year 2012/13 One-Way ANOVA showed significant differences in the time to weaning between older and younger cows ($F=4.02, df=2, P=0.032$), in 2013/14 it did not ($F=1.708, df=2, P=0.2$). In four out of the five observation seasons the average weaning age for female calves was lower than that for male calves, although the difference was only significant in 2009/10 ($t_{(13)}=-3.1, P=0.009$). The majority of suckler beef cows observed in this study weaned their calves off milk before their next parturition. The natural weaning window shown by these cows has a flexible time range that appears to depend on the time available between parturitions, and might be influenced by cow age and calf gender. Behavioural studies are under way.
<figure><img src="image_34.png" /></figure>
<figure><img src="image_35.png" /></figure>
## Authors index

### A

<table><tr><td>Aae, Frida</td><td>136, 189</td></tr><tr><td>Aasmundstad, Torunn</td><td>189</td></tr><tr><td>Adcock, Sarah J.J.</td><td>195</td></tr><tr><td>Agnvall, Beatrix</td><td>73</td></tr><tr><td>Ahloy-Dallaire, Jamie</td><td>105</td></tr><tr><td>Airaksinen, Sari</td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td>Alberghina, Daniela</td><td>90</td></tr><tr><td>Albers, Marie</td><td>152</td></tr><tr><td>Albertsen, Dorit</td><td>234</td></tr><tr><td>Albuquerque, Natalia</td><td>163</td></tr><tr><td>Alejandro, Josue S.</td><td>206</td></tr><tr><td>Alenius, Stefan</td><td>147</td></tr><tr><td>Alesi, Gemma</td><td>90</td></tr><tr><td>Almeida, Mariana</td><td>89</td></tr><tr><td>Altimiras, Jordi</td><td>73</td></tr><tr><td>Alves, Luana</td><td>203</td></tr><tr><td>Ambiel, Rahel</td><td>190</td></tr><tr><td>Ampe, Bart</td><td>75</td></tr><tr><td>Andersen, Inger Lise</td><td>91, 219, 222</td></tr><tr><td>Anderson, Fiona</td><td>209</td></tr><tr><td>Appleby, Michael C.</td><td>46</td></tr><tr><td>Ardö, Håkan</td><td>174</td></tr><tr><td>Arney, David</td><td>65</td></tr><tr><td>Arnott, Gareth</td><td>179, 180</td></tr><tr><td>Asher, Lucy</td><td>52</td></tr><tr><td>Atkinson, Leigh</td><td>208</td></tr><tr><td>Austermann, Felix</td><td>188</td></tr></table>

### B

<table><tr><td>Bailoo, Jeremy D.</td><td>74</td></tr><tr><td>Bak, Anne Sandgrav</td><td>86</td></tr><tr><td>Barkema, Herman</td><td>131</td></tr><tr><td>Barnard, Shanis</td><td>148, 168</td></tr><tr><td>Barnes, Anne</td><td>209</td></tr><tr><td>Bartoš, Luděk</td><td>182</td></tr><tr><td>Bashawat, Mohammad</td><td>99</td></tr><tr><td>Bates, Ronald O.</td><td>100</td></tr><tr><td>Baxter, Emma M.</td><td>61, 196</td></tr><tr><td>Beaver, Annabelle</td><td>215</td></tr><tr><td>Bech Gleerup, Karina</td><td>155</td></tr><tr><td>Bellegarde, Lucille</td><td>166</td></tr><tr><td>Bello, A.O.</td><td>157</td></tr><tr><td>Belson, Sue</td><td>159, 199</td></tr><tr><td>Bennett, Pauleen C.</td><td>50</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>Benzing, Birgit</td><td>79</td></tr><tr><td>Beracochea, Florencia</td><td>182</td></tr><tr><td>Berckmans, Daniel</td><td>207</td></tr><tr><td>Bercovitch, Fred</td><td>206</td></tr><tr><td>Berg, Charlotte</td><td>147</td></tr><tr><td>Berget, Bente</td><td>85</td></tr><tr><td>Bergsten, Christer</td><td>174</td></tr><tr><td>Bernardino, Thiago</td><td>203, 226</td></tr><tr><td>Berthelot, Marianne</td><td>126</td></tr><tr><td>Bewley, Jeffrey M.</td><td>134</td></tr><tr><td>Bienboire-Frosini, Cécile</td><td>202</td></tr><tr><td>Bilde, Trine</td><td>216</td></tr><tr><td>Birkl, Patrick</td><td>138</td></tr><tr><td>Black, Randi</td><td>97</td></tr><tr><td>Bleach, Emma C.L.</td><td>124, 129</td></tr><tr><td>Bobrowicz, Katarzyna</td><td>161</td></tr><tr><td>Boecker, Ilka</td><td>77</td></tr><tr><td>Bøe, Knut Egil</td><td>119</td></tr><tr><td>Boissy, Alain</td><td>166</td></tr><tr><td>Bolhuis, J. Elizabeth</td><td>101, 110</td></tr><tr><td>Bombail, Vincent</td><td>48</td></tr><tr><td>Booth, Francesca</td><td>104, 111</td></tr><tr><td>Boyle, Laura</td><td>114, 186, 196</td></tr><tr><td>Boysen, Preben</td><td>136</td></tr><tr><td>Bran, José A.</td><td>127, 128</td></tr><tr><td>Brantsæter, Margrethe</td><td>76, 198</td></tr><tr><td>Broom, Donald</td><td>84</td></tr><tr><td>Brown, Amy</td><td>209</td></tr><tr><td>Brown, Sarah Mills</td><td>61</td></tr><tr><td>Buchanan-Smith, Hannah</td><td>192</td></tr><tr><td>Buijs, Stephanie</td><td>104, 111</td></tr><tr><td>Burnett, Tracy A.</td><td>67</td></tr><tr><td>Burton, Sylvia</td><td>91</td></tr><tr><td>Busch, Marie Erika</td><td>103</td></tr><tr><td>Byosiere, Sarah-Elizabeth</td><td>50</td></tr><tr><td>Byrd, Christopher J.</td><td>132</td></tr></table>

### C

<table><tr><td>Camerlink, Irene</td><td>114, 178, 179, 180, 224</td></tr><tr><td>Campbell, Dana L.M.</td><td>197</td></tr><tr><td>Campbell, Mac A.</td><td>150</td></tr><tr><td>Ceballos, Maria Camila</td><td>82</td></tr><tr><td>Chabaud, Camille</td><td>202</td></tr><tr><td>Chandra, S.</td><td>233</td></tr><tr><td>Chapel, Nichole M.</td><td>221</td></tr></table>
<table><tbody><tr><td>Charlton, Gemma L.</td><td>129</td></tr><tr><td>Choudhury, Raka</td><td>101</td></tr><tr><td>Chouinard, Philippe A.</td><td>50</td></tr><tr><td>Chou, Jen-Yun</td><td>141</td></tr><tr><td>Christensen, Janne Winther</td><td>68, 86, 158</td></tr><tr><td>Church, John S.</td><td>57, 64</td></tr><tr><td>Cloutier, Sylvie</td><td>81</td></tr><tr><td>Collins, Teresa</td><td>155</td></tr><tr><td>Col, Ramazan</td><td>108</td></tr><tr><td>Conte, Sabine</td><td>186</td></tr><tr><td>Coon, Rachael</td><td>102</td></tr><tr><td>Corrales, Florencia</td><td>228</td></tr><tr><td>Correia-Caeiro, Cátia</td><td>193</td></tr><tr><td>Costa, Franciely</td><td>213</td></tr><tr><td>Costa, Joao H.C.</td><td>67, 164</td></tr><tr><td>Coutinho, Luiz Lehmann</td><td>76</td></tr><tr><td>Cozzi, Alessandro</td><td>202</td></tr><tr><td>Criel, Johan</td><td>117</td></tr><tr><td>Cronin, Greg</td><td>199</td></tr><tr><td>Crosa, Camila</td><td>228</td></tr></tbody></table>

D

<table><tbody><tr><td>Dahl-Pedersen, Kirstin</td><td>96</td></tr><tr><td>Dann, Heather M.</td><td>150, 212</td></tr><tr><td>Daros, Rolnei R.</td><td>127</td></tr><tr><td>D'Eath, Rick B.</td><td>103, 141</td></tr><tr><td>Decker, Samuel</td><td>106</td></tr><tr><td>De Haas, Elske N.</td><td>165, 176</td></tr><tr><td>De Kort, Manon</td><td>88</td></tr><tr><td>Del Campo, Marcia</td><td>213</td></tr><tr><td>Dennis, Rachel</td><td>137</td></tr><tr><td>De Passille, Anne Marie</td><td>162, 215, 230</td></tr><tr><td>Descovich, Kris</td><td>192</td></tr><tr><td>Devries, Trevor</td><td>59, 102, 131, 172</td></tr><tr><td>Dewey, Cate</td><td>144</td></tr><tr><td>Dickhoefer, Uta</td><td>125</td></tr><tr><td>Díez-León, María</td><td>106, 107</td></tr><tr><td>Dinh, Ton Vu</td><td>113</td></tr><tr><td>Dippel, Sabine</td><td>152, 153</td></tr><tr><td>Donbavand, Jo</td><td>70</td></tr><tr><td>Donohue, Kevin D.</td><td>134</td></tr><tr><td>Dowling, Suzanne</td><td>122</td></tr><tr><td>Doyle, Rebecca E.</td><td>199, 208</td></tr><tr><td>Dudde, Anissa</td><td>99</td></tr><tr><td>Duffield, Todd</td><td>102</td></tr><tr><td>Düpjan, Sandra</td><td>201</td></tr><tr><td>Dwyer, Cathy M.</td><td>70, 211</td></tr></tbody></table>

E

<table><tbody><tr><td>Eberhart, Nicole</td><td>97</td></tr><tr><td>Ede, Thomas</td><td>154</td></tr><tr><td>Edwards, Erika M.</td><td>97, 212</td></tr><tr><td>Edwards, Sandra A.</td><td>218</td></tr><tr><td>Endres, Marcia</td><td>69</td></tr><tr><td>Eom, Tae-Kyung</td><td>187</td></tr><tr><td>Erhard, Hans W.</td><td>166</td></tr><tr><td>Eriksson, Kari Baekgaard</td><td>225</td></tr><tr><td>Ernst, Catherine W.</td><td>100</td></tr><tr><td>Escribano, Nora</td><td>106</td></tr><tr><td>Exadaktylos, Vasileios</td><td>207</td></tr></tbody></table>

F

<table><tbody><tr><td>Farish, Marianne</td><td>179, 180</td></tr><tr><td>Farningham, David</td><td>192</td></tr><tr><td>Farrelly, Mara</td><td>229</td></tr><tr><td>Feng, Lynna C.</td><td>50</td></tr><tr><td>Ferreira, Thomas L.</td><td>128</td></tr><tr><td>Fisher, Andrew</td><td>208</td></tr><tr><td>Flecknell, Paul</td><td>192</td></tr><tr><td>Fleming, Patricia</td><td>209</td></tr><tr><td>Flood, Nancy</td><td>64</td></tr><tr><td>Forkman, Björn</td><td>103, 140</td></tr><tr><td>Forsythe, Paul</td><td>138</td></tr><tr><td>Foske, Julie Johnsen</td><td>232</td></tr><tr><td>Franchi, Guilherme Amorim</td><td>125</td></tr><tr><td>Franks, Becca</td><td>167, 173</td></tr><tr><td>Fraser, David</td><td>194</td></tr><tr><td>Frei, Daniela</td><td>62</td></tr><tr><td>Freitas-De-Melo, Aline</td><td>214, 228</td></tr><tr><td>Friedrich, Juliane</td><td>93</td></tr><tr><td>Fujiwara, Mayumi</td><td>181</td></tr><tr><td>Futschik, Andreas</td><td>92</td></tr><tr><td>Fuxin, Emma</td><td>232</td></tr></tbody></table>

G

<table><tbody><tr><td>Galbraith, Jayson K.</td><td>57</td></tr><tr><td>Galicia, David</td><td>106</td></tr><tr><td>Garner, Joseph P.</td><td>105</td></tr><tr><td>Gaskill, Brianna N.</td><td>81</td></tr><tr><td>Gauffin, Oskar</td><td>95</td></tr><tr><td>Gauld, Carrie</td><td>129</td></tr><tr><td>Gaworski, Marek A.</td><td>130</td></tr><tr><td>Gebhardt-Henrich, Sabine G.</td><td>74</td></tr><tr><td>Gerken, Martina</td><td>152, 204</td></tr><tr><td>Geronimo, Jerome</td><td>105</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>Gerrits, Walter J.J.</td>
      <td>101</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Giriboni, Julia</td>
      <td>183</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Goold, Conor</td>
      <td>87</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Gordon, Miriam</td>
      <td>56</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Graham, Courtney</td>
      <td>167</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Graham, Kayla</td>
      <td>56</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Grant, Emily</td>
      <td>209</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Grant, Rick J.</td>
      <td>150</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Grocutt, Emma</td>
      <td>83</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Grümpel, Angelika</td>
      <td>153</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Guerrero-Bosagna, Carlos</td>
      <td>76</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Guinnefollau, Lauréline</td>
      <td>71</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Guo, Kun</td>
      <td>193</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Guzhva, Oleksiy</td>
      <td>174</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Gygax, Lorenz</td>
      <td>62</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

H

<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>Hakansson, Franziska</td>
      <td>58</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Hales, Janni</td>
      <td>72</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Haley, Derek</td>
      <td>172</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Hansen, Christian Fink</td>
      <td>103, 225</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Hansen, Tone Beate</td>
      <td>198</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Harfeld, Jes</td>
      <td>60</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Harlander-Matauschek, Alexandra</td>
      <td>53, 77, 138</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Haskell, Marie J.</td>
      <td>93, 166, 181</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Hatakeyama, Hitoshi</td>
      <td>169</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Hautala, Jaana</td>
      <td>55</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Hayashi, Hideaki</td>
      <td>146</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Heimbürge, Susen</td>
      <td>145</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Heinonen, Mari</td>
      <td>136, 189</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Held, Suzanne</td>
      <td>234</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Hemsworth, Paul. H.</td>
      <td>177</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Henriksen, Britt I.F.</td>
      <td>205</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Henriksen, Julie Cherono Schmidt</td>
      <td>86, 120, 121</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Hepper, Peter G.</td>
      <td>148, 168</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Herlin, Anders</td>
      <td>174</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Hernandez, Carlos E.</td>
      <td>147</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Hernández, Dermidio</td>
      <td>228</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Herskin, Mette S.</td>
      <td>96, 115, 116</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Hill, David James</td>
      <td>64</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Hinrichsen, Lena K.</td>
      <td>140</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Holm, Cathrine</td>
      <td>116</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Hong, Joon-Ki</td>
      <td>187</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Horback, Kristina M.</td>
      <td>118</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Hötzel, Maria José</td>
      <td>67, 127</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>Houe, Hans</td>
      <td>96</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Houghton, Emily</td>
      <td>208</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Hovland, Anne Lene</td>
      <td>63</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Howell, Tiffani J.</td>
      <td>50</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Huang, Chen-Yu</td>
      <td>151</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Huffman, Michael A.</td>
      <td>206</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Hung, Hsi-Wen</td>
      <td>191</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Hwang, Hyun-Su</td>
      <td>187</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Hyndman, Timothy H.</td>
      <td>155</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

I

<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>Idrus, Z.</td>
      <td>157</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Iffland, Hanna</td>
      <td>190</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Ison, Sarah H.</td>
      <td>100</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Ito, Shuichi</td>
      <td>149</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Iwahara, Mari</td>
      <td>149</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

J

<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>Jacobson, Caroline</td>
      <td>229</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>James, Charlotte</td>
      <td>52</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Janczak, Andrew Michael</td>
      <td>76, 136, 189, 198</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Janzen, Eugene</td>
      <td>143</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Jensen, Margit Bak</td>
      <td>49, 220</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Jensen, Per</td>
      <td>73, 76, 80</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Jeyachanthiran, Luxan</td>
      <td>77</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Johnsen, Julie Føske</td>
      <td>215</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Johnson, Craig B.</td>
      <td>155</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Johnson, Jay S.</td>
      <td>132</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Jorgensen, Matthew</td>
      <td>69</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Junnila, Jouni</td>
      <td>55</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Juppo, Anne</td>
      <td>55</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

K

<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>Kabiri, Elmira</td>
      <td>112</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Kajiwara, Iori</td>
      <td>98</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Kakinuma, Miki</td>
      <td>169</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Kamboj, M.L.</td>
      <td>233</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Kanitz, Ellen</td>
      <td>145</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Katajamaa, Rebecca</td>
      <td>73</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Keefe, Gregory</td>
      <td>131</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Keeling, Linda J.</td>
      <td>95</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Keil, Nina Maria</td>
      <td>184</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Kelly, Sophia</td>
      <td>83</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Kelton, David</td>
      <td>131</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Kemp, Bas</td>
      <td>101, 110</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Kesterson, Clay</td>
      <td>97</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Kiddie, Jenna</td>
      <td>83</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>Kim, Ki-Hyun</td>
      <td>187</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Kirchner, Marlene</td>
      <td>58</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Kjaer, Joergen</td>
      <td>138</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Kleerebezem, Michiel</td>
      <td>101</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Knierim, Ute</td>
      <td>79, 185, 231</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Kohari, Daisuke</td>
      <td>210</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Ko, Heng-Lun</td>
      <td>178, 224</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Koistinen, Tarja</td>
      <td>78, 200</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Kommeren, Aimee</td>
      <td>88</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Kop Fogsgaard, Katrine</td>
      <td>68, 115</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Korhonen, Hannu T.</td>
      <td>78, 200</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Krause, E. Tobias</td>
      <td>99</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Krawczel, Peter D.</td>
      <td>97, 134, 150, 212</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Krieter, Joachim</td>
      <td>153</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Kučinskienė, Jūratė</td>
      <td>65</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Kull, Jessie A.</td>
      <td>134</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Kumar, A.</td>
      <td>233</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Kumar, N.</td>
      <td>233</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Kyriazakis, Ilias</td>
      <td>218</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

L

<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>Lacuesta, Lorena</td>
      <td>183</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Ladewig, Jan</td>
      <td>158</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Lafollette, Megan R.</td>
      <td>81</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Lafont-Lecuelle, Céline</td>
      <td>202</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Lahrmann, Helle Pelant</td>
      <td>103</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Lammers, Aart</td>
      <td>139</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Langbein, Jan</td>
      <td>160</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Lange, Jeannette C.</td>
      <td>185</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Larsen, Torben</td>
      <td>135</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Laurence, Michael</td>
      <td>155</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Lawrence, Alistair Burnett</td>
      <td>61</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Lay, Jr., Donald C.</td>
      <td>132, 217, 221</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Leach, Matthew</td>
      <td>192</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Leblanc, Chantal</td>
      <td>53</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Leblanc, Stephen</td>
      <td>127, 172</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Leclercq, Julien</td>
      <td>202</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Lee, Caroline</td>
      <td>159, 199, 208</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Lee, Jae-Kang</td>
      <td>187</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Lehmann, Heidi S.</td>
      <td>155</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Lervik, Andreas</td>
      <td>136</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Lévy, Frédéric</td>
      <td>214</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Lidfors, Lena</td>
      <td>85, 147, 174, 232</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Li, Xuijie</td>
      <td>56</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Llonch, Pol</td>
      <td>178, 224</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>López-Pérez, María Belén</td>
      <td>228</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Løvendahl, Peter</td>
      <td>121</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>Lund, Vibe Pedersen</td>
      <td>58</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Lürzel, Stephanie</td>
      <td>92</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

M

<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>Machado-Filho, Luiz C.P.</td>
      <td>128</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Macrae, Alastair</td>
      <td>181</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Macrae, Amelia Mari</td>
      <td>194</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Madsen, Peter Teglberg</td>
      <td>45</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Makowska, Joanna</td>
      <td>194</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Malmkvist, Jens</td>
      <td>54, 135, 205, 227</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Marchant-Forde, Jeremy N.</td>
      <td>217</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Marini, Danila</td>
      <td>159</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Marsbøll, Anna Feldberg</td>
      <td>135</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Marti, Sonia</td>
      <td>143</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Maselyne, Jarissa</td>
      <td>117</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Mason, Georgia J.</td>
      <td>106, 107, 144, 197</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Matheson, Stephanie M.</td>
      <td>218</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Matoba, Miyoko</td>
      <td>169</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Matsumoto, Mami</td>
      <td>146</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>McBride, Peter</td>
      <td>138</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>McConnachie, Emilie A.</td>
      <td>130</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>McCorkell, Robert B.</td>
      <td>57</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>McElligott, Alan G.</td>
      <td>163</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>McKenna, Lisa Christine</td>
      <td>204</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>McLean, Andrew</td>
      <td>158</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>McLoughlin, Eimear</td>
      <td>156</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Meagher, Rebecca K.</td>
      <td>197</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Mejdell, Cecilie</td>
      <td>215</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Melendez, Daniela</td>
      <td>143</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Melis, Steffi</td>
      <td>170</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Melotti, Luca</td>
      <td>74</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Mengers, Jasmine</td>
      <td>137</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Metges, Cornelia C.</td>
      <td>201</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Meunier, Bruno</td>
      <td>175</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Michelsen, Anne Marie</td>
      <td>58</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Michikawa, Tsuyoshi</td>
      <td>210</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Middelkoop, Anouschka</td>
      <td>101</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Miller, David</td>
      <td>209, 229</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Milligan, Adam</td>
      <td>168</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Mills, Daniel</td>
      <td>193</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Mintline, Erin</td>
      <td>59</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Møller, Steen Henrik</td>
      <td>135, 205</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Monk, Jessica</td>
      <td>199</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Monneret, Philippe</td>
      <td>202</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Mononen, Jaakko</td>
      <td>200</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Moody, Carly</td>
      <td>144</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Morita, Shigeru</td>
      <td>146</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
<table><tr><td>Moustsen, Vivi Aarestrup</td><td>72, 225</td></tr><tr><td>Moya, Diego</td><td>143</td></tr><tr><td>Mufford, Justin</td><td>64</td></tr><tr><td>Muleman, Dennis</td><td>159</td></tr><tr><td>Munksgaard, Lene</td><td>120, 121</td></tr><tr><td>Munsterhjelm, Camilla</td><td>136, 189</td></tr><tr><td>Murphy, Eimear</td><td>74</td></tr><tr><td>Musk, Gabrielle C.</td><td>155</td></tr></table>

N

<table><tr><td>Navarro, Grisel</td><td>108, 133</td></tr><tr><td>Nawroth, Christian</td><td>163</td></tr><tr><td>Neave, Heather W.</td><td>164</td></tr><tr><td>Newberry, Ruth C.</td><td>87, 219</td></tr><tr><td>Nicol, Christine</td><td>104, 111</td></tr><tr><td>Niel, Lee</td><td>144</td></tr><tr><td>Nielsen, Birte Lindstrøm</td><td>49, 51</td></tr><tr><td>Nielsen, Per Peetz</td><td>175</td></tr><tr><td>Nilsson, Mikael</td><td>174</td></tr><tr><td>Nordgreen, Janicke</td><td>76, 136, 189, 198</td></tr><tr><td>Nordmann, Eva</td><td>184</td></tr><tr><td>Nordquist, Rebecca</td><td>170</td></tr><tr><td>Norling, Yezica</td><td>95</td></tr><tr><td>Northrop, Alison</td><td>83</td></tr><tr><td>Norton, Tomas</td><td>207</td></tr><tr><td>Nose, Izuru</td><td>169</td></tr><tr><td>Nowak, Raymond</td><td>214</td></tr><tr><td>Nozaki, Yumi</td><td>149</td></tr></table>

O

<table><tr><td>Ocepek, Marko</td><td>219, 222</td></tr><tr><td>O'Connell, Niamh</td><td>186</td></tr><tr><td>O'Connor, Cheryl</td><td>122</td></tr><tr><td>O'Driscoll, Keelin</td><td>141, 196</td></tr><tr><td>Ogawa, Sayaka</td><td>169</td></tr><tr><td>Ogura, Shin-ichiro</td><td>98</td></tr><tr><td>O'Haire, Marguerite E.</td><td>81</td></tr><tr><td>O'Hara, Bruce F.</td><td>134</td></tr><tr><td>Ojala, Eeva</td><td>200</td></tr><tr><td>Okamoto, Chinobu</td><td>149</td></tr><tr><td>Olafsen, Linn Therese</td><td>91</td></tr><tr><td>Olstad, Kristin</td><td>189</td></tr><tr><td>Oppermann Moe, Randi</td><td>198</td></tr><tr><td>Orihuela, Agustín</td><td>183</td></tr><tr><td>Osvath, Mathias</td><td>161</td></tr><tr><td>Otten, Nina Dam</td><td>58</td></tr><tr><td>Otten, Winfried</td><td>145, 201</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>Øyrehagen, Olav</td><td>119</td></tr></table>

P

<table><tr><td>Paetkau, Mark</td><td>64</td></tr><tr><td>Pageat, Patrick</td><td>202</td></tr><tr><td>Pajor, Ed</td><td>143</td></tr><tr><td>Palme, Rupert</td><td>106, 135</td></tr><tr><td>Panzera, Michele</td><td>90</td></tr><tr><td>Parada, Marisol</td><td>226</td></tr><tr><td>Paranhos Da Costa, Mateus J.R.</td><td>82, 213</td></tr><tr><td>Parsons, Thomas D.</td><td>118</td></tr><tr><td>Payan-Carreira, Rita</td><td>89</td></tr><tr><td>Peden, Rachel S.E.</td><td>114</td></tr><tr><td>Pedersen, Ida J.</td><td>142</td></tr><tr><td>Pedersen, Lene Juul</td><td>216, 220</td></tr><tr><td>Peiter, Mateus</td><td>69</td></tr><tr><td>Pérez-Clariget, Raquel</td><td>228</td></tr><tr><td>Persson, Mia</td><td>80</td></tr><tr><td>Pértille, Fábio</td><td>76</td></tr><tr><td>Peters, Rebecca</td><td>61</td></tr><tr><td>Pfaffinger, Birgit</td><td>190</td></tr><tr><td>Phillips, Clive J.C.</td><td>71, 108</td></tr><tr><td>Piepponen, Petteri</td><td>136</td></tr><tr><td>Pighetti, Gina M.</td><td>134</td></tr><tr><td>Ploetz, Thomas</td><td>218</td></tr><tr><td>Plush, Kate</td><td>223</td></tr><tr><td>Pokharel, Bishwo</td><td>77</td></tr><tr><td>Polanco, Andrea</td><td>107</td></tr><tr><td>Polgár, Zita</td><td>93</td></tr><tr><td>Popova, Anastasija</td><td>136</td></tr><tr><td>Potocka, Agnieszka</td><td>94</td></tr><tr><td>Proudfoot, Kathryn</td><td>134, 173, 212</td></tr><tr><td>Puppe, Birger</td><td>201</td></tr></table>

Q

<table><tr><td>Quadros, Sérgio A.F.</td><td>128</td></tr><tr><td>Quang, Hanh Han</td><td>113</td></tr></table>

R

<table><tr><td>Raekallio, Marja</td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td>Rangstrup-Christensen, Lena</td><td>216</td></tr><tr><td>Ranheim, Birgit</td><td>136</td></tr><tr><td>Raszplewicz, Joanna</td><td>136</td></tr><tr><td>Rathgeber, Bruce</td><td>56</td></tr><tr><td>Rault, Jean-Loup</td><td>47</td></tr><tr><td>Reiten, Mari</td><td>58</td></tr><tr><td>Reubens, Bert</td><td>75</td></tr></table>
<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>Rey, Juan Carlos</td>
      <td>91</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Rhim, Shin-Jae</td>
      <td>187</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Riber, Anja B.</td>
      <td>140, 142</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Ribikauskas, Vytautas</td>
      <td>65</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Ribikauskienė, Daiva</td>
      <td>65</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Richards, Gemma</td>
      <td>104, 111</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Richert, Brian T.</td>
      <td>217</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Richert, Jacob A.</td>
      <td>217</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Rioja-Lang, Fiona C.</td>
      <td>57</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Rius, Míriam Marcet</td>
      <td>202</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Rizzo, Maria</td>
      <td>90</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Robertson, Melissa</td>
      <td>83</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Robles, Ivelisse</td>
      <td>131</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Rocha, Luis E.C.</td>
      <td>175</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Röcklinsberg, Helena</td>
      <td>147</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Rodenburg, T. Bas</td>
      <td>75, 110, 139, 159, 165, 176, 198</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Roelofs, Sanne</td>
      <td>170</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Roepstorff, Lars</td>
      <td>91</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Rørvang, Maria Vilain</td>
      <td>49</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Rosenberger, Katrina</td>
      <td>164</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Roslindo, Angélica</td>
      <td>67</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Rousing, Tine</td>
      <td>58, 135</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Roy, Jean-Philippe</td>
      <td>131</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Rushen, Jeffrey</td>
      <td>123, 162, 215, 230</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Rustas, Bengt-Ove</td>
      <td>147</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Rutherford, Kenny M.D.</td>
      <td>70, 181</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Rutter, Nicholas J.</td>
      <td>50</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Rutter, S. Mark</td>
      <td>124, 129</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Rzehak, Yannick</td>
      <td>231</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

S

<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>Saini, M.</td>
      <td>233</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Salazar, Laura</td>
      <td>178, 224</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Sandberg, Ellen</td>
      <td>198</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Sandercock, Dale</td>
      <td>141</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Sant'anna, Aline C.</td>
      <td>82</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Santos, Celso</td>
      <td>89</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Sarmiento, Marisol Parada</td>
      <td>203</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Sato, Akane</td>
      <td>151</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Sato, Shusuke</td>
      <td>98</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Savalli, Carine</td>
      <td>163</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Savolainen, Saila</td>
      <td>55</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Schalk, Christiane</td>
      <td>190</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Schild, Sarah-Lina Aagaard</td>
      <td>216</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Schmitt, Oceane</td>
      <td>196</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Scholten, Nathalie J.T.</td>
      <td>165</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>Scholz, Tobias</td>
      <td>188</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Schou, Toke Munk</td>
      <td>227</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Schrader, Lars</td>
      <td>99</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Schütz, Karin E.</td>
      <td>109</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Schwartzkopf-Genswein, Karen</td>
      <td>64, 143</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Schwean-Lardner, Karen</td>
      <td>56</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Selje-Aßmann, Natascha</td>
      <td>125</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Sepponen, Juhani</td>
      <td>78</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Shepley, Elise</td>
      <td>126</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Shibata, Mao</td>
      <td>66</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Shimizu, Kenji</td>
      <td>210</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Siegford, Janice M.</td>
      <td>100</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Silva De Oliveira, Victor Henrique</td>
      <td>58</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Silva, Severiano R.</td>
      <td>89</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Sinclair, Kevin D.</td>
      <td>70</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Singh, P.K.</td>
      <td>233</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Single, Marie-Sophie</td>
      <td>163</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Skånberg, Lena M.</td>
      <td>95</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Smid, Anne-Marieke C.</td>
      <td>130</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Soares, Désirée</td>
      <td>64, 143</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Soleimani, A.F.</td>
      <td>157</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Song, Na-Rae</td>
      <td>187</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Sørensen, Dorte Bratbo</td>
      <td>171</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Souza, Anna Cristina De Oliveira</td>
      <td>203</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Spooner, Jeffrey M.</td>
      <td>57</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Staay, Franz Josef Van Der</td>
      <td>170</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Stadig, Lisanne</td>
      <td>75</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Stefanski, Volker</td>
      <td>190</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Steibel, Juan P.</td>
      <td>100</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Stevenson, Carl W.</td>
      <td>70</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>St John, Jessica</td>
      <td>123</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Stracke, Jenny</td>
      <td>201</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Stratmann, Ariane</td>
      <td>74</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Suenaga, Yuko</td>
      <td>149</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Sundman, Ann-Sofie</td>
      <td>80</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Svennersten-Sjaunja, Kerstin</td>
      <td>147</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Szczodry, Olga</td>
      <td>117</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Szkotnicki, Bill</td>
      <td>53</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

T

<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>Tahamtani, Fernanda Machado</td>
      <td>140, 142, 198</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Takeda, Ken-ichi</td>
      <td>66, 151</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Tarlton, John</td>
      <td>104, 111</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Tatar, Ahmad</td>
      <td>112</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Tatemoto, Patricia</td>
      <td>203, 226</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Telkanranta, Helena</td>
      <td>55</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>Terenius, Olle</td>
      <td>175</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Teruel, Eva</td>
      <td>202</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Thi, Xuan Nguyen</td>
      <td>113</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Thodberg, Karen</td>
      <td>68, 85, 86, 115, 116</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Tholen, Ernst</td>
      <td>188</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Thompson, Alexander J.</td>
      <td>130, 173</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Thompson, Rob</td>
      <td>218</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Thomsen, Peter Thorup</td>
      <td>96</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Thorsen, Cecilie Kobek</td>
      <td>216</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Tobalske, Bret</td>
      <td>53</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Törnkvist, Anya</td>
      <td>232</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Toscano, Michael J.</td>
      <td>74</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Tresoldi, Grazyne</td>
      <td>109</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Tropia, Emanuela</td>
      <td>90</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Tsuchida, Shuichi</td>
      <td>169</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Tuchscherer, Armin</td>
      <td>145, 201</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Tuchscherer, Margret</td>
      <td>145</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Tucker, Cassandra B.</td>
      <td>59, 109, 195</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Turner, Simon P.</td>
      <td>114, 179, 180</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Tuyttens, Frank A.M.</td>
      <td>75, 117</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

U

<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>Ungerfeld, Rodolfo</td>
      <td>182, 183, 214, 228</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Uno, Yumiko</td>
      <td>169</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

V

<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>Vainio, Outi</td>
      <td>55</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Valente, Leonor</td>
      <td>70</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Valente, Tiago</td>
      <td>213</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Valros, Anna</td>
      <td>136, 189, 220</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Van Aggelen, Anne Marleen</td>
      <td>207</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Van Bommel, Ilse</td>
      <td>170</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Van Den Oever, Anne</td>
      <td>110</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Van Der Eijk, Jerine A.J.</td>
      <td>139, 176</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Van De Ven, Lotte</td>
      <td>110</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Van Erp, Carlijn</td>
      <td>88</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Van Mil, Bram</td>
      <td>176</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Van Nuffel, Annelies</td>
      <td>117</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Van Os, Jennifer</td>
      <td>59</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Van Wettere, William</td>
      <td>223</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Vasseur, Elsa</td>
      <td>123, 126</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Vaughan, Alison</td>
      <td>162</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Veiga, Luã</td>
      <td>128</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Veissier, Isabelle</td>
      <td>175</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Veit, Christina</td>
      <td>152, 153</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Verdon, Megan</td>
      <td>177</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Vick, Sarah-Jane</td>
      <td>192</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>Vik, Stine Grønmo</td>
      <td>119</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Villagrán, Matías</td>
      <td>182</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Vögeli, Sabine</td>
      <td>74</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Völkl, Bernhard</td>
      <td>74</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Von Keyserlingk, Marina A.G.</td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>67, 127, 130, 131, 154, 164, 167, 173</td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

W

<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>Waiblinger, Susanne</td>
      <td>92, 184</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Walling, Grant A.</td>
      <td>218</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Warns, Friederike Katharina</td>
      <td>188</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Wathan, Jennifer</td>
      <td>192</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Weary, Daniel M.</td>
      <td>67, 130, 154, 164, 215</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Weber, Elin M.</td>
      <td>105</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Weber, Roland</td>
      <td>62</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Webster, Jim</td>
      <td>122</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Wechsler, Beat</td>
      <td>62</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Weiner, Pamela</td>
      <td>93</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Weisbjerg, Martin Riis</td>
      <td>120, 121</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Weiss, Alexander</td>
      <td>166</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Weller, Jennifer</td>
      <td>179</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Wells, Deborah L.</td>
      <td>148, 168</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Wickham, Sarah</td>
      <td>209</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Wiesner, Linda</td>
      <td>190</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Wilson, Tanya</td>
      <td>172</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Wiseman, Julian</td>
      <td>52</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Witthahn, Maren</td>
      <td>201</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Woodhead, Jessica K.</td>
      <td>50</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Würbel, Hanno</td>
      <td>62</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

Y

<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>Yang, Chung-Hsuan</td>
      <td>178, 224</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Yayou, Ken-ichi</td>
      <td>149</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Yusof, Nadiah Md</td>
      <td>70</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

Z

<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>Zanella, Adroaldo José</td>
      <td>203, 226</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Zebari, Hawar M.</td>
      <td>124</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Zegarra, Natalia</td>
      <td>177</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Zhang, Yu</td>
      <td>71</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Zhuang, Shaojie</td>
      <td>117</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Zipp, Katharina A.</td>
      <td>231</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
<figure><img src="image_36.png" /></figure>