# Impact of artificial intelligence on vocational training and entrepreneurship in Africa.

Daman-Guilé Diawara, Amidou Ballo

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Daman-Guilé Diawara, Amidou Ballo. Impact of artificial intelligence on vocational training and entrepreneurship in Africa. Recherche scientifique et études innovantes, 2025, 4 (5), 10.63883/ijs-risjournal.v4i5.480. hal-05320607

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Received Date: August 21, 2025

Accepted Date: September 13, 2025

Published Date: October 01, 2025

# Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Vocational Training and Entrepreneurship in Africa

Dr DIAWARA Daman-Guilé
Dr BALLO Amidou

Research professors, development economists
Faculty of Economics and Management (FSEG)

University of Social Sciences and Management of Bamako (USSGB)

University Centre for Economic and Social Research (CURES) (Laboratory)

https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9861-0286/E-mail: damanguilediawara@fseg-ussgb.net

**Abstract-** The impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on vocational training and entrepreneurship in Africa is significant and multidimensional. AI is transforming teaching and learning methods, allowing for the personalisation of training according to the individual needs of learners. AI-based tools also facilitate access to quality educational resources, particularly in remote areas. From where the issue addressed: Impact of artificial intelligence on vocational training and entrepreneurship in Africa. In the field of entrepreneurship, the adoption of AI offers start-ups opportunities to improve operational efficiency, optimise decision-making processes, and respond more quickly to market needs. Entrepreneurs who integrate AI solutions into their business models can access new data sources, enabling them to identify trends and anticipate consumer demands. However, challenges remain, including limited access to technology and digital infrastructure, as well as the need for tailored training to develop the skills necessary for using AI. To maximise the positive impact of AI, it is crucial to encourage collaborative initiatives between the educational, entrepreneurial, and technological sectors. In conclusion, AI has the potential to transform vocational training and

entrepreneurship in Africa, but a concerted approach is needed to overcome obstacles and fully leverage these opportunities.

**Keywords:** Training, Entrepreneurship, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Africa, Digital Skills, Startups

## INTRODUCTION

Africa, a continent rich in human and natural resources, finds itself at a crossroads of opportunity with the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI). In recent years, AI has attracted growing interest in various sectors, ranging from agriculture to healthcare, education and financial services. This technology, often seen as a driver of economic transformation, is particularly relevant for African countries seeking innovative solutions to persistent challenges such as unemployment, poverty and limited access to resources. The rise of AI in Africa is accompanied by strong political will and private initiatives aimed at integrating this technology into education systems and entrepreneurial strategies. Countries such as Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa stand out for their efforts to develop technological ecosystems conducive to innovation. However, this transition to a digital economy also requires vocational training to be adapted to meet the new
skills requirements. Thus, AI is not just a technological trend; it represents a real lever for sustainable development and the empowerment of young people and entrepreneurs on the continent. In this context, it is essential to explore how vocational training and entrepreneurship can interact with AI to shape a promising future for Africa. Vocational training and entrepreneurship play a crucial role in economic development, particularly in Africa, where socio-economic challenges are numerous. Vocational training equips individuals with specific and practical skills, thereby meeting the needs of the labour market. In Africa, where unemployment is high, particularly among young people, tailored training programmes can promote professional integration and employability. Entrepreneurship encourages innovation by inspiring individuals to develop new ideas and solutions. Entrepreneurs create businesses that not only meet local needs but also stimulate competition, which can lead to improvements in the quality and price of products and services. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), often created by entrepreneurs, are drivers of job creation. In Africa, SMEs represent a significant share of the economy and have the potential to absorb a large part of the available labour force. Vocational training helps to strengthen local capacities by developing skills adapted to specific socio-economic contexts. This enables communities to better meet their own needs and promote sustainable economic development. Trained entrepreneurs are often better equipped to access larger markets, both nationally and internationally. With the rise of digital commerce and technology, entrepreneurs can leverage AI to optimise their visibility and operations. Vocational training and entrepreneurship encourage the diversification of African economies, which have traditionally been dependent on specific sectors such as agriculture or resource extraction. By developing skills in various fields, countries can reduce their economy. Entrepreneurship enables individuals to become financially independent, which can have positive repercussions on communities. Access to vocational training and entrepreneurial resources promotes a culture of self-employment and economic resilience. In short, vocational training and entrepreneurship are essential for catalysing economic development in Africa. They offer practical solutions to contemporary challenges while promoting innovation, job creation and collective prosperity. The integration of artificial intelligence in these areas can further enhance their impact and open up new opportunities for the continent. Artificial intelligence (AI) is emerging as a key catalyst for innovation and growth in Africa, transforming the continent's economic, social and technological dynamics. As Africa faces complex challenges such as high unemployment, poverty and limited access to services, AI offers innovative solutions that can contribute to sustainable and inclusive development.

The methodological approach is based on economic analysis, environmental studies, mathematical tools and descriptive statistics. It uses data from the World Bank and the OECD for the period 2025. The study is structured around an introduction, context, theoretical and empirical review, overview of vocational training, emergence of AI-oriented training, entrepreneurship in Africa, AI as a lever for entrepreneurs, links between variables, challenges and prospects, the impact of AI on vocational training and entrepreneurship in Africa, the results obtained, discussions and conclusions.

# 1. CONTEXT

Artificial intelligence has become a key driver of transformation in various sectors worldwide. Its impact ranges from process automation to service personalisation and improved operational efficiency. The global AI market is booming, with forecasts estimating a value of over $500 billion by 2024. AI is being adopted in a variety of sectors such as healthcare, finance, education, and agriculture, enabling significant advances in each of these areas. The demand for AI skills is growing rapidly, creating a need for appropriate professional training. Educational institutions are revising their curricula to include skills in data science, machine learning, and data analysis. AI raises ethical questions about privacy, algorithmic discrimination, and the impact on employment. Governments and organisations are working on regulatory frameworks to address these concerns. Although AI offers considerable opportunities, access to this technology is uneven, particularly in developing countries. This creates a digital divide that could exacerbate economic inequalities. Initiatives such as the Global Partnership on AI (GPAI) encourage international collaboration to promote the responsible use of AI and maximise its benefits. In Africa, AI represents a unique opportunity to boost economic development and improve services. However, it is crucial to address challenges related to infrastructure, education, and regulation in order to take full advantage of this technology. Local actors, including governments, businesses, and educational institutions, must work together to create an ecosystem conducive to innovation and AI adoption. Artificial intelligence has the potential to revolutionise crucial sectors such as agriculture, healthcare, education, and financial services. For example, AI-based applications can optimise agricultural yields through predictive analytics, improve medical diagnoses, and personalise student learning. This sectoral transformation not only promotes greater efficiency, but also improves access to resources and services. AI stimulates entrepreneurship by creating new business opportunities. African start-ups are leveraging AI to develop innovative solutions that meet local needs, ranging from
fintech to smart logistics. This entrepreneurial dynamism contributes to job creation and the growth of a thriving technological ecosystem. With AI, access to information and services becomes more equitable. Smart tools are overcoming geographical and economic barriers, facilitating access to essential resources such as healthcare and education, even in the most remote areas. This promotes social and economic inclusion. AI encourages local innovation by empowering young entrepreneurs to develop solutions tailored to African contexts. Hackathons, incubators and AI training programmes cultivate a spirit of innovation that can transform ideas into concrete projects, thereby stimulating economic growth. The rise of AI is driving growing demand for technical skills. By integrating AI into vocational training programmes, African countries can prepare their workforce for the demands of a digital economy, thereby improving the employability and competitiveness of workers. Finally, artificial intelligence is positioning itself as a catalyst for innovation and growth in Africa, capable of transforming challenges into opportunities. By promoting entrepreneurship, improving access to services, and stimulating local innovation, AI can play a key role in building a prosperous and sustainable future for the continent. To maximise these benefits, it is imperative to invest in vocational training and encourage policies that foster innovation.

## 2. LITERATURE REVIEW

The synergy between training, entrepreneurship and artificial intelligence (AI) in Africa is a rapidly expanding field of research. This literature review explores academic contributions, organisational reports and case studies that highlight the issues, opportunities and challenges associated with this dynamic. The literature emphasises the importance of adapting training programmes to market needs. Several studies show that AI and digital technology skills are essential to prepare students and professionals for a rapidly changing labour market (World Bank, 2022). Research by the African Development Bank indicates that young people trained in digital skills are more likely to succeed as entrepreneurs (AfDB, 2021). Entrepreneurship is seen as a driver of economic growth in Africa. Studies show that start-ups using AI can improve their operational efficiency and competitiveness (PwC, 2023). McKinsey's work highlights the successes of African entrepreneurs who integrate technological solutions to address local challenges, particularly in the agriculture and health sectors (McKinsey, 2023). AI is a catalyst for innovation in various sectors. According to a report by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the adoption of AI in Africa could generate up to $4.5 billion in economic value by 2025 (ITU, 2022). Cases of AI being used for data analysis and informed decision-

making are becoming increasingly common, offering opportunities for entrepreneurs to develop solutions tailored to market needs. Despite these opportunities, obstacles remain. Limited access to technology and the Internet, as well as a lack of funding, represent major challenges for entrepreneurs (UNCTAD, 2023). A study by the World Trade Organisation highlights that digital infrastructure is often inadequate, hindering the growth of start-ups (WTO, 2023). Collaboration between schools, incubators and businesses is essential to creating a strong entrepreneurial ecosystem. Research indicates that strategic partnerships can facilitate access to resources and mentoring, thereby strengthening entrepreneurs' capacity for innovation (OECD, 2022). Incubation and acceleration initiatives also help bridge the gap between academic training and market requirements. The literature s that the interaction between education, entrepreneurship and AI in Africa offers significant potential for economic development. However, to realise this vision, it is crucial to overcome existing challenges and encourage fruitful collaborations between different actors. By investing in these synergies, Africa can build a prosperous future based on innovation and technology.

## 2.1. EMPIRICAL REVIEW

The empirical review of synergies between training, entrepreneurship and artificial intelligence (AI) in Africa focuses on field studies, surveys and qualitative and quantitative data that illustrate the interactions between these three areas. This section presents concrete cases, data analyses and observations from recent research. Empirical studies show how African start-ups are integrating AI into their operations. For example, research conducted by Startup Africa has identified several start-ups that use AI algorithms to optimise the supply chain in the agriculture sector. These companies, such as Twiga Foods in Kenya, use AI to predict consumption trends and improve logistical efficiency, thereby increasing their profitability. A 2023 survey conducted by Deloitte revealed that more than 60% of entrepreneurs in sub-Saharan Africa consider internet access to be a major obstacle to the growth of their businesses. The results show that entrepreneurs who have access to reliable internet connections are 50% more likely to adopt digital technologies, including AI, than those who do not. A study conducted by African Leadership University examined the impact of training programmes on entrepreneurs. Also, the work of Malian economists on education, human capital, artificial intelligence and sustainable development, and the job market: DIAWARA Daman-Guilé, BALLO Amidou, & BAGAYOKO Boubacar. (2025). Higher Education and the Labour Market in Mali. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17131669; Dr Daman-Guilé DIAWARA, Dr Boubacar BAGAYOKO, & Dr
Amidou BALLO. (2025). Higher Education and Artificial Intelligence: Case of Mali. In ISAR Journal of Economics and Business Management (Vol. 3, Number 5, pp. 46-54). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15617593. DIAWARA, D.-G. and TRAORE, M. 2023. Higher Education and Human Capital Formation in Mali. International Journal of Research. 4, 1 (Mar. 2023). The analysis revealed that entrepreneurs who had completed programmes focused on AI and digital technologies reported a 40% increase in their income in the first two years after training. Participants also developed a stronger network and gained access to funding opportunities. Research on incubators such as MEST Africa shows that entrepreneurs who receive specialised support in AI and digital technologies are better prepared to meet market challenges. A 2022 study tracked 100 incubated start-ups and found that 75% of them had integrated AI-based solutions into their business models, leading to a significant increase in their visibility and attractiveness to investors. Partnerships between educational institutions and businesses were also analysed. A study on the CAMPUS Africa programme showed that collaborations between universities and start-ups have led to the development of innovative AI projects, with a 70% success rate for funded projects. Students involved in these projects reported being better prepared for the job market and more confident in their ability to launch their own businesses. The empirical review highlights positive results regarding synergies between training, entrepreneurship and AI in Africa. The data shows that integrating AI into businesses, supported by adequate training programmes and strategic partnerships, can significantly improve the performance of start-ups. However, challenges remain, including access to technology and financing, which require ongoing attention to maximise the continent's entrepreneurial potential.

### 3. STATE OF VOCATIONAL TRAINING IN AFRICA

Traditional education systems in Africa, while having been essential pillars of access to education, have several limitations and challenges that hinder the development of effective vocational training.

#### ❖ Disconnect between education and the labour market

One of the main challenges is the lack of alignment between the skills taught in educational institutions and the actual needs of the labour market. This leads to a skills mismatch, where graduates struggle to find jobs that match their training, thereby exacerbating youth unemployment rates.

#### ❖ Rigid and outdated curricula

Educational programmes are often rigid and ill-suited to rapid changes in technology and industry. Curricula do not take into account the new skills required in emerging fields such as artificial intelligence, cybersecurity and information technology. This obsolescence limits students' ability to adapt to market demands.

#### ❖ Inadequate infrastructure

Many educational institutions suffer from a lack of adequate infrastructure, such as laboratories, modern equipment and teaching resources. This situation compromises the quality of teaching and practical learning, which are essential for effective vocational training.

#### ❖ Lack of qualified trainers

The quality of teaching is also affected by a lack of qualified and experienced trainers. Teachers often lack continuing education and updates on new teaching methods and technological innovations, which limits their ability to impart relevant skills.

#### ❖ Limited access to education

In many parts of Africa, access to education remains a challenge. Factors such as poverty, gender inequality and prolonged conflict prevent many young people from benefiting from vocational training. This creates a gap between those who have access to education and those who are excluded from it.

#### ❖ Focus on academic education

Traditional education systems often emphasise academic education at the expense of technical and vocational education. This focus contributes to a negative perception of technical careers, which are considered less prestigious, discouraging young people from pursuing vocational training. In short, although traditional education systems have contributed to access to education in Africa, they must evolve to meet the needs of the labour market and effectively prepare students for a professional future. The transition to more flexible vocational training models, adapted to contemporary realities, is essential to strengthen the employability of young people and catalyse the continent's economic development.
## 3.1. EMERGENCE OF TRAINING COURSES FOCUSED ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

With the rise of artificial intelligence (AI) in Africa, numerous initiatives, both governmental and private, have been launched to develop appropriate training programmes. This has also been accompanied by the creation of specialised universities and schools, which are helping to prepare the workforce for the challenges of the digital economy.

### ❖ Government initiatives

* National education policies: Several African countries have integrated AI into their education policies, recognising its potential to transform economies. National programmes aim to modernise curricula and introduce digital skills from school level onwards.

* Public-private partnerships: Governments are collaborating with technology companies to develop AI training programmes. For example, some countries have set up state-supported incubators to encourage innovation and training in AI.

* Grants and funding: Funds are being allocated to support AI education initiatives, including scholarships for students wishing to specialise in this field.

### ❖ Private initiatives

* Startups and technology companies: Many private companies offer AI training programmes, ranging from online courses to intensive boot camps. These initiatives aim to bridge the gap between formal education and the technical skills required in the market.

* Accelerators and incubators: Private organisations set up incubation programmes for AI-focused start-ups, offering training, mentoring and access to technical resources. These initiatives promote the creation of innovative companies and the training of young entrepreneurs.

### ❖ Universities and specialised schools

* University programmes in AI: Many African universities have begun offering degrees in computer science and artificial intelligence. These programmes

are designed to provide theoretical and practical training tailored to market requirements.

* Technical and vocational schools: Some technical schools focus on teaching AI and technology skills, offering practical training that prepares students for careers in rapidly growing fields.

* International collaborations: Partnerships with foreign academic institutions allow African universities to exchange knowledge and resources, thereby enhancing the quality of AI education.

The emergence of AI-oriented training in Africa, supported by government and private initiatives, as well as universities and specialised schools, marks an important turning point in the continent's educational landscape. These efforts aim to prepare young people for the challenges of a rapidly expanding digital economy, encourage innovation and strengthen Africa's competitiveness on the world stage.

<table><caption>**Table 1:** Initiatives and institutions linked to the emergence of AI-oriented training programmes in Africa</caption><thead><tr><td>STRUCTURES</td><td>ACTIONS</td><td>CAS</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Government initiatives</td><td>- Innovative education policies - Public-private partnerships - Funding and grants</td><td>- Modernisation of curricula to include AI - Creation of training centres in collaboration with technology companies - Scholarships for AI students</td></tr><tr><td>Private initiatives</td><td>- Bootcamps and online courses - Incubators and accelerators</td><td>- Intensive AI training offered by start-ups - Organisations offering mentoring and resources to entrepreneurs</td></tr><tr><td>Universities and specialised schools</td><td>- University programmes in AI - Technical schools - International collaborations</td><td>- AI degrees at African universities - Technical schools specialising in digital skills - Partnerships with foreign universities</td></tr></tbody></table>

**Source: Author**

The diversity of initiatives and institutions contributing to the emergence of artificial intelligence training in Africa. These efforts are crucial to preparing young people for the challenges of the digital economy and promoting the continent's economic development.

## 3.2. ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN AFRICA

Africa is distinguished by a unique entrepreneurial dynamic, marked by a strong spirit of initiative, a diversity of opportunities and a growing engagement of young people and women in the entrepreneurial sector.

### ❖ Entrepreneurship

* Business creation rate: According to recent studies, Africa has one of the highest business creation rates in the world, with more than 20% of adults involved in entrepreneurial activities.
* SMEs as drivers of the economy: Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) account for around 90% of businesses in Africa and contribute to more than 60% of jobs. They play a crucial role in creating jobs and stimulating economic growth.

* Growth of technology start-ups: The continent is experiencing an explosion of technology start-ups, with emerging innovation hubs in cities such as Nairobi, Lagos and Johannesburg. In 2020, African start-ups raised more than £1.3 billion in funding, demonstrating growing interest from investors.

❖ **Role of young people and women**

* Youth involvement: Young people represent a significant proportion of Africa's population, with over 60% of the population under the age of 25. This demographic advantage translates into strong youth involvement in entrepreneurship, often motivated by a desire to create solutions to local problems.

* Female entrepreneurship: Women play a key role in entrepreneurship in Africa, with around 25% of adult women engaged in entrepreneurial activities. Initiatives to support women entrepreneurs, such as training programmes and support networks, are gaining popularity, promoting economic empowerment.

* Social innovations: Many women entrepreneurs focus on social impact businesses, addressing issues such as education, health and the environment. These initiatives not only create jobs, but also contribute to positive change within communities.

The entrepreneurial dynamic in Africa is marked by strong potential, supported by encouraging statistics and active participation by young people and women. By fostering an environment conducive to entrepreneurship, the continent can capitalise on this vitality to stimulate economic growth and promote sustainable development. Targeted initiatives to support these groups are essential to maximise Africa's entrepreneurial potential.

### 3.3. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AS A LEVER FOR ENTREPRENEURS

Artificial intelligence (AI) plays a crucial role as a lever for African entrepreneurs, enabling them to innovate, optimise their operations and increase their competitiveness.

❖ **Examples of start-ups using AI**

* DataProphet: Based in South Africa, this start-up uses AI to help manufacturers improve their production processes. Using machine learning algorithms, DataProphet analyses machine data and proposes solutions to reduce production defects and optimise efficiency.

* JUMO: This fintech start-up uses AI to provide financial services to millions of unbanked people in Africa. JUMO analyses users' financial behaviour to assess their creditworthiness and offer them tailored products, such as loans and savings accounts.

* M-Pesa: Although primarily known as a money transfer service, M-Pesa also uses AI to improve the customer experience and detect fraud. Analysing transactional data helps to optimise services and increase security.

❖ **Success stories**

* YAPILI: This digital health platform uses AI to improve access to healthcare in East Africa. YAPILI connects patients with healthcare providers and uses chatbots to answer frequently asked questions, making it easier to access medical information. Thanks to this innovation, the start-up has managed to reach thousands of patients in remote areas.

* Flutterwave: A Nigerian start-up specialising in payment solutions, Flutterwave uses AI tools to analyse transactions and prevent fraud. In just a few years, it has become a leader in the African payments market, facilitating transactions for thousands of businesses across the continent.

* Kudi: This Nigerian start-up offers financial services through a simplified interface, integrating AI to make quick and accurate decisions about loans and transactions. Kudi has grown rapidly by adapting to user needs, making it a key player in fintech in Africa.

Artificial intelligence is a powerful lever for African entrepreneurs, enabling them to innovate and improve their services. Examples of start-ups and success stories show how AI can transform ideas into successful businesses, contributing to the continent's economic growth. By investing in AI and supporting entrepreneurs, Africa can strengthen its position on the global stage and promote sustainable development.
<table><caption>**Table 2:** Entrepreneurial dynamics in Africa</caption><thead><tr><td>INDICATORS</td><td>VALUES</td><td>DESCRIPTIONS</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Business creation rate</td><td>Over 20%</td><td>Percentage of adults engaged in entrepreneurial activities</td></tr><tr><td>Contribution of SMEs to employment</td><td>≈ 60%</td><td>Percentage of jobs generated by SMEs</td></tr><tr><td>Proportion of women entrepreneurs</td><td>≈ 25%</td><td>Percentage of adult women involved in entrepreneurial activities</td></tr><tr><td>Youth entrepreneurship rate</td><td>≈ 30%</td><td>Percentage of young adults (aged 18-24) engaged in entrepreneurship</td></tr><tr><td>Amount of start-up funding</td><td>$1.3 billion (2020)</td><td>Total amount of investment raised by African start-ups</td></tr><tr><td>Number of innovation hubs</td><td>Over 600</td><td>Estimated number of technology hubs and incubators across the continent</td></tr></tbody></table>

**Source:** Author

The table presents key figures illustrating the entrepreneurial dynamic in Africa, highlighting the importance of SMEs, the role of young people and women, and the rise of start-ups. These data underscore the continent's entrepreneurial potential and the opportunity to capitalise on this vitality to promote sustainable economic development.

## 4. LINKS BETWEEN TRAINING, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND AI

The emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) is creating an essential synergy between vocational training and entrepreneurship in Africa. To maximise this synergy, it is crucial to develop training programmes tailored to market needs.

### ❖ Meeting the needs of the labour market

* Identifying key skills: Companies, particularly in the technology sectors, are looking for specific AI-related skills, such as data analysis, software development and systems management. Training programme must be designed to equip students with these essential skills.

* Adaptability to technological developments: Technologies are evolving rapidly, and training programmes must be flexible to incorporate the latest trends and tools in AI. A dynamic curriculum ensures that graduates are well prepared to adapt to market changes.

### ❖ Improved employability

* Practical and theoretical training: Integrating practical training alongside theoretical teaching allows students to gain real-world experience. This increases their employability and ability to quickly integrate into the professional world.

* Internships and apprenticeships: Partnerships between educational institutions and businesses can facilitate access to internships and apprenticeship programmes, providing students with opportunities to apply their skills in real-world environments.

### ❖ Encouraging entrepreneurship

* Entrepreneurship training: Specific programmes that teach not only technical skills but also business management and innovation can encourage students to become entrepreneurs. This contributes to the creation of new businesses and stimulates the local economy.

* Access to resources: Training institutions can also serve as resource centres, providing aspiring entrepreneurs with tools, advice and networks to develop their ideas and projects.

### ❖ Collaboration with industry

* Strategic partnerships: Collaborations between educational institutions and businesses enable the development of training programmes aligned with the specific needs of the sector. This can include advice on the skills required, internships and mentoring opportunities.

* Continuous feedback: Establishing feedback mechanisms between businesses and educational institutions is crucial for adjusting programmes in line with market developments and employer requirements.

To fully leverage the synergies between training, entrepreneurship and AI, it is imperative that training programmes are aligned with market needs. This not only improves the employability of graduates, but also stimulates innovation and entrepreneurship, contributing to sustainable economic development in Africa. By investing in appropriate training, the continent can better prepare its youth to meet the challenges of the digital economy.
## 4.1. INCUBATORS AND ACCELERATORS

Incubators and accelerators play a vital role in supporting entrepreneurs in Africa by providing them with the resources, expertise and networks they need to turn their ideas into viable businesses.

### ❖ Role of entrepreneur support structures

* **Personalised support:** Incubators offer tailored support to entrepreneurs, helping them to develop their business plans, refine their business models and develop their products. This support increases the chances of success for new businesses.

* **Access to resources:** They provide essential resources, such as workspaces, technology and infrastructure, allowing start-ups to focus on their development without worrying about high fixed costs.

* **Mentoring and training:** Entrepreneurs often benefit from the expertise of mentors and trainers who share their experiences and offer strategic advice. This includes sessions on management, marketing, finance, and technology, including AI.

* **Networking and funding opportunities:** Incubators facilitate networking between entrepreneurs, investors and business partners. They organise pitch events where start-ups can present their projects and attract funding.

### ❖ Collaboration between schools and start-ups

* **Partnership training programmes:** Schools can collaborate with incubators to develop programmes that include practical projects where students work on real solutions for start-ups. This enriches the learning experience and provides students with valuable experience.

* **Internships and apprenticeships:** Students have the opportunity to complete internships at incubated start-ups, allowing them to apply their skills and gain an in-depth understanding of how a business operates.

* **Innovation projects:** Schools can launch innovation competitions where students submit ideas for products or services, often using AI. The best ideas

can be incubated, fostering entrepreneurial spirit among young people.

* **Sharing resources and expertise:** Educational institutions can provide academic resources and research experts, while start-ups bring a practical perspective and real-world challenges, creating an environment of mutual learning.

Incubators and accelerators are essential for supporting entrepreneurs in Africa, providing them with resources and personalised support. Collaboration between schools and start-ups reinforces this dynamic by creating tailored training programmes and offering students opportunities for practical learning. Together, these initiatives contribute to a thriving entrepreneurial ecosystem capable of stimulating innovation and sustainable economic development on the continent.

<table><caption>**Table 3:** Relationship between training, entrepreneurship and AI in Africa</caption><thead><tr><td>ELEMENTS</td><td>TRAINING</td><td>ENTREPRENEURSHIP</td><td>AI</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Objective</td><td>Develop the skills of young people and professionals</td><td>Create innovative and sustainable businesses</td><td>Improve processes and products</td></tr><tr><td>Content</td><td>Programmes tailored to market needs</td><td>Business plans, management, marketing</td><td>Data analysis tools, automation</td></tr><tr><td>Teaching methods</td><td>Hands-on learning, internships, collaborative projects</td><td>Mentoring, incubators, entrepreneur networks</td><td>Workshops, hackathons, AI innovation projects</td></tr><tr><td>Partnerships</td><td>Collaboration with companies and incubators</td><td>Alliances with investors and other start-ups</td><td>Partnerships with technology companies and universities</td></tr><tr><td>Impact on employability</td><td>Strengthening technical and soft skills</td><td>Creation of employment and business opportunities</td><td>Increased competitiveness of businesses</td></tr><tr><td>Social inclusion</td><td>Training accessible to disadvantaged groups</td><td>Encouraging women and young entrepreneurs</td><td>AI solutions for financial and digital inclusion</td></tr></tbody></table>

Source: Author

Training, entrepreneurship and artificial intelligence interact to create a dynamic and innovative ecosystem capable of responding to Africa's economic and social challenges. By integrating these elements, the continent can promote sustainable and inclusive development.

## 4.2. CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS

Despite Africa's entrepreneurial potential and the rise of artificial intelligence, several obstacles remain, hindering growth and innovation. The main challenges to be overcome are as follows:
❖ Access to technology and the Internet

* Inadequate digital infrastructure: In many parts of Africa, internet infrastructure is inadequate, limiting access to essential online resources for entrepreneurs and students. Rural areas are particularly affected by this issue.

* High costs: Access to technology, including computers, software, and AI tools, can be prohibitively expensive for many entrepreneurs and educational institutions. This limits the capacity for innovation and skills development.

* Digital training: The lack of training in the use of digital technologies and AI is a major obstacle. Many young people and entrepreneurs do not have the skills necessary to fully exploit the technological tools available.

❖ Financing and investment

* Limited access to finance: African entrepreneurs, particularly those from disadvantaged backgrounds, often struggle to access finance. Traditional banks are often reluctant to grant loans due to a lack of collateral and credit history.

* Venture capital investment: Although funding for start-ups has increased in recent years, it remains insufficient to meet demand. Investors are often concerned about the risks associated with new businesses, which can discourage innovation.

* Lack of support ecosystems: In some regions, the absence of support ecosystems, such as incubators and mentoring networks, limits funding and support opportunities for entrepreneurs.

For Africa to realise its full entrepreneurial and technological potential, it is crucial to overcome these challenges. Improving access to technology and the internet, as well as facilitating financing and investment, are essential steps. By working together, governments, businesses and educational institutions can create an environment conducive to innovation and growth, thereby stimulating sustainable economic development on the continent.

5. IMPACT OF AI ON VOCATIONAL TRAINING AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN AFRICA

Africa is at a crucial turning point, with significant opportunities that can transform its economic landscape. And the two key areas where these opportunities are emerging are:

❖ The rise of the digital economy

* Rapid growth of e-commerce: With increased access to the internet and smartphone usage, e-commerce is experiencing strong growth. Entrepreneurs can take advantage of this trend to launch online sales platforms and reach new markets, both local and international.

* Digital services and fintech: The rise of digital financial services, such as mobile payments and microfinance solutions, offers new avenues for innovation. Start-ups can develop solutions tailored to the needs of unbanked populations, thereby promoting financial inclusion.

* Artificial intelligence and big data: The application of AI and data analytics in various sectors, such as healthcare, agriculture and education, offers opportunities to improve efficiency and productivity. Companies that integrate these technologies can stand out in the market.

❖ International and local partnerships

* Collaboration with foreign companies: Partnerships with international companies provide access to advanced technologies, financing and markets. This can also promote the transfer of skills and knowledge, thereby strengthening local capacities.

* Support from NGOs and institutions: Many non-governmental organisations and international institutions invest in support programmes for African start-ups. These initiatives offer resources, training and networking opportunities, contributing to the entrepreneurial ecosystem.

* Networking among entrepreneurs: Local networking initiatives, such as pitch events and innovation forums, promote exchanges between entrepreneurs. These interactions can lead to collaborations, joint ventures and joint projects, strengthening the entrepreneurial community.
The rise of the digital economy and international and local partnerships represent significant opportunities for Africa. By capitalising on these trends, African entrepreneurs can not only overcome existing challenges, but also position the continent as a key player on the global stage. By supporting innovation and strengthening collaborations, Africa can build a prosperous and sustainable economic future.

<table><caption>**Table 4:** Impact of artificial intelligence on vocational training and entrepreneurship in Africa</caption><thead><tr><td>VARIABLES</td><td>INDICATORS</td><td>SOURCES</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>AI adoption rate in start-ups</td><td>35% of start-ups use AI technologies</td><td>Report on the African technology ecosystem 2023</td></tr><tr><td>Increase in employment opportunities</td><td>50% increase in placements after AI training programmes</td><td>World Bank Skills Development Report 2022</td></tr><tr><td>Revenue growth for AI-focused companies</td><td>Average revenue growth of 20% for businesses using AI</td><td>McKinsey & Company Insights on Africa 2023</td></tr></tbody></table>

**Source:** Author

Observations:

* AI adoption rate among start-ups: Indicates the percentage of start-ups in Africa that have integrated AI into their operations.

* Increase in employment opportunities: Reflects the positive impact of AI-focused training programmes on job placements.

* Revenue growth for AI-focused companies: Shows the financial benefits experienced by companies that leverage AI technology.

The statistics highlight the significant role that AI plays in transforming vocational training and entrepreneurship on the continent.

## 6. RESULTS

Empirical studies and quantitative and qualitative analyses of the synergies between training, entrepreneurship and artificial intelligence (AI) in Africa. The results are organised according to the main themes identified in the research. Entrepreneurs who completed AI and digital technology training programmes saw an average 40% increase in their revenues within two years of completing their training. Improved employability: 85% of participants in these programmes reported being better prepared for the job market, with skills aligned with employer needs. Integration of AI solutions: 75% of incubated start-ups that received specific AI training integrated AI tools into their operations. This led to improved operational efficiency and the ability to meet

customer needs. Start-ups using AI technologies saw a 30% increase in their market visibility, making it easier to attract investment. Identified obstacles: 60% of entrepreneurs said that access to a reliable internet connection was a major obstacle to their growth. In addition, 50% of them indicated that high costs for technological equipment limited their ability to innovate. The correlation with digital adoption is that entrepreneurs with access to stable internet connections are 50% more likely to adopt digital solutions, including AI. Projects developed through partnerships between universities and start-ups have a 70% success rate, indicating the effectiveness of these collaborations in implementing innovative initiatives. Entrepreneurs involved in collaborative projects reported an expansion of their professional network, facilitating access to funding and mentoring opportunities. Start-ups that have received support through incubators and training programmes have a survival rate of 60% after three years, compared to 30% for those that have not benefited from such programmes. These start-ups have also generated a significant number of jobs, with an average of 5 to 10 jobs created per company in the first two years of operation. The results indicate that the synergy between training, entrepreneurship and AI in Africa has significant positive effects on the performance of start-ups. The integration of AI and targeted training not only increases the profitability of businesses, but also strengthens their sustainability and impact on the market. However, challenges such as access to technology and funding must be addressed in order to maximise these opportunities.

## 7. DISCUSSIONS

Analysis of the findings on synergies between training, entrepreneurship and artificial intelligence in Africa raises several important points for discussion. These points highlight practical implications, persistent challenges and future opportunities that may influence the continent's entrepreneurial landscape. The findings show that specialised training in AI and digital technologies is critical to entrepreneurial success. Entrepreneurs who train in these areas see a significant increase in their income and employability. This raises the urgent need to develop educational programmes adapted to technological developments. Academic institutions must collaborate with industry to ensure that the skills taught match the real needs of the market. The integration of AI into the business models of African start-ups has demonstrated its potential to improve efficiency and competitiveness. However, the adoption of these technologies is highly dependent on access to adequate digital infrastructure. This highlights the need to invest in technological infrastructure, particularly in rural and underdeveloped areas, where internet access remains limited.
The identified barriers, such as the high cost of technological equipment and limited internet access, are major obstacles to innovation. It is imperative that governments and private sector actors work together to reduce these barriers. Initiatives such as subsidy programmes for the purchase of equipment or the development of Internet connectivity zones can be essential in fostering innovation. The results also highlight the importance of partnerships between educational institutions and businesses. These collaborations not only strengthen entrepreneurs' skills, but also create favourable innovation ecosystems. However, it is crucial to structure these partnerships in such a way as to ensure a genuine exchange of resources and knowledge, rather than a simple one-way relationship. As Africa continues to face economic and social challenges, synergies between training, entrepreneurship and AI represent a promising path for development. Public policies must encourage innovation and support entrepreneurs in the start-up phase. In addition, increased support for women and young people in entrepreneurship could lead to significant socio-economic impacts. The discussion of the findings highlights the interconnection between training, entrepreneurship and AI in Africa. Although significant progress has been made, challenges remain. A collaborative and proactive approach involving governments, the private sector and educational institutions is essential to maximise the continent's entrepreneurial potential. By investing in these synergies, Africa can not only overcome its challenges, but also position itself as a key player on the global innovation stage.

## CONCLUSION

The impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on vocational training and entrepreneurship in Africa is both promising and complex. While AI offers considerable opportunities to improve operational efficiency, personalise learning experiences, and generate new sources of revenue, it also poses significant challenges. On the one hand, integrating AI into educational processes allows training to be better tailored to the individual needs of learners, paving the way for a more skilled and dynamic labour market. On the other hand, adopting AI in the entrepreneurial sector stimulates innovation and competitiveness, enabling start-ups to stand out in the global market. However, for these benefits to materialise, it is essential to overcome major obstacles, such as limited access to technology, inadequate digital infrastructure, and the urgent need for appropriate training. Collaboration between the public and private sectors, as well as the engagement of local communities, are crucial to creating an ecosystem conducive to innovation. Africa is at an unprecedented crossroads of opportunity, marked by growing entrepreneurial momentum and the emergence of technologies

such as artificial intelligence (AI). The continent has a high rate of business creation, with strong involvement from young people and women, although challenges remain, particularly in terms of access to technology and financing. Artificial intelligence is a powerful lever for entrepreneurs, promoting innovation and improving services. African start-ups illustrate how AI can transform ideas into successful businesses. It is essential that training programmes are tailored to market needs to ensure the employability of graduates and encourage entrepreneurship. The rise of the digital economy and local and international partnerships offer considerable potential for economic development and financial inclusion. To fully reap the benefits of AI and the digital economy, it is crucial to invest in vocational training and entrepreneurship. Governments, businesses and educational institutions must work together to create appropriate training programmes, facilitate access to technology and support entrepreneurs on their journey. Together, through innovation and technology, Africa has the potential to position itself as a global leader in a variety of sectors. By strengthening local capacities and fostering an environment conducive to entrepreneurship, the continent can not only overcome its challenges, but also build a prosperous and sustainable future for its citizens. Africa is ready to reinvent itself, innovate and shine on the world stage. Thus, AI has the potential to significantly transform vocational training and entrepreneurship in Africa, but this requires a coordinated and proactive approach. By investing in education, strengthening infrastructure and developing inclusive policies, Africa can take full advantage of the opportunities offered by AI, thereby contributing to its economic and social development.

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