# Cities and Urban areas with Mobility based on Innovation and carbon Neutrality

Alain Bouscayrol, Elodie Castex, Philippe Dufrenoy, Amel Fraisse, Nicolas Ferlay, Nicolas Postel, Charles Brocart, Walter Lhomme

## ► To cite this version:

Alain Bouscayrol, Elodie Castex, Philippe Dufrenoy, Amel Fraisse, Nicolas Ferlay, et al. Cities and Urban areas with Mobility based on Innovation and carbon Neutrality. The 26th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications, GDR SEEDS France & EPE Association, Mar 2025, Paris, France. 10.34746/epe2025-0339. hal-05071021

HAL Id: hal-05071021

https://utc.hal.science/hal-05071021v1

Submitted on 16 May 2025

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

<figure><img src="image_1.png" /></figure>

Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
# Cities and Urban areas with Mobility based on Innovation and carbon Neutrality: CUMIN programme extension

Alain Bouscayrol <fnref n="1" />,<fnref n="2" />, Elodie Castex <fnref n="1" />,<fnref n="3" />, Philippe Dufrenoy <fnref n="1" />,<fnref n="4" />, Amel Fraisse <fnref n="1" />,<fnref n="5" />,
Nicolas Ferlay <fnref n="1" />,<fnref n="6" />, Nicolas Postel <fnref n="1" />,<fnref n="7" />, Charles Brocart <fnref n="1" />,<fnref n="8" />, Walter Lhomme <fnref n="1" />,<fnref n="2" />.

Corresponding author: alain.bouscayrol@univ-lille.fr

URL: https://cumin.univ-lille.fr/

## Acknowledgements

This research programme is funded by University of Lille, the foundation "France 2030 site d'excellence lilloise", the region "Hauts-de-France" and the Metropole Européenne de Lille.

## Keywords

Electric Vehicle, E-mobility, energy conversion, environment, societal challenges.

## Abstract

To limit the global warming, the greenhouse gases (GHG) have to be reduced. In Europe the transport is one of the main contributor to GHG. Since 2010, University of Lille does regularly a carbon footprint report. The commuting represents more than 50% of its GHG. In 2016, the CUMIN (Campus of University with Mobility based on Innovation and carbon Neutrality) interdisciplinary programme of University of Lille has been developed to propose electromobility solutions to contribute to a significant reduction of the commuting GHG. This research program is now extended to "Cities and urban areas". CUMIN develops a cross-disciplinary approach combining technological, economic and social aspects. It brings together 3 research groups on sciences & technologies, 3 research groups on human & social sciences and the MEL (Métrople Européenne de Lille). The

CUMIN programme is presented and first results are discussed.

## I. Introduction

To manage climate change, Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions should be significantly reduced [1]. Major efforts have been made to achieve this goal in the European Union: a reduction of 20% has been achieved by 2020 (compared to 1990), with actions across different sectors [2]. The new target is carbon neutrality by 2050 [3].

In Europe, the transport sector is a major GHG emitter and the only sector still increasing [4]. To address the problem, many cities will ban fossil-fuel vehicles in the coming decades and the European Union has proposed to end sales of fossil-fuel cars by 2035 [5]. A significant effort is then needed in the transport sector, including the electrification of various modes of transport [6]. Additionally, air quality is another major issue for the transport sector. While low-carbon cars will remove the exhaust emissions of fossil-fuel cars, it has been shown that a direct replacement of fossil-fuel cars by electric car will be not sufficient to reduce toxic emissions, such as the particulate matters [7].

Diverse electrified vehicles (e-vehicles) are developing, from e-bikes to e-trucks, including e-cars, to replace fossil-fuel vehicles and increase public e-transport (e-bus, subway, train, etc.). Different types of e-vehicles are developed including pure electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles and hydrogen vehicles, with e-

<footnote n="1">¹ CUMIN interdisciplinary programme of University of Lille,</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² Univ. Lille, Arts et Métiers Institute of Technology, Centrale Lille, Junia, ULR 2697 - L2EP, F-59000 Lille, France,</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ Univ. Lille, ULR 4477–TVES, F-59000 Lille, France</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴ Univ. Lille, UMR 9013–LaMcube, F-59000 Lille, France,</footnote>

<footnote n="5">⁵ Univ. Lille, ULR 4073 – GERiiCO, F-59000 Lille, France,</footnote>

<footnote n="6">⁶ Univ. Lille, UMR 7639 – LOA, F-59000 Lille, France,</footnote>

<footnote n="7">⁷ Univ. Lille, UMR 8019–CLERSE, F-59000 Lille, France,</footnote>

<footnote n="8">⁸ Métropole Européenne de Lille, France,</footnote>
motorization. However, despite its environmental benefits, electro-mobility (e-mobility) is not still considered as a key lever for achieving more sustainable metropolitan areas. It is related to private individual decisions, which are difficult to manage by authorities [8]. For this reason, sustainable urban mobility plans are often focused on a collective dimension [9], which is more convenient to manage.

Since 2016, University of Lille has launched the CUMIN (Campus of University with Mobility based on Innovation and carbon Neutrality) interdisciplinary programme [10] to develop a campus demonstrator based on e-mobility: the commuting is the major contributor to the GHG of the University [11]. CUMIN was initially composed of 2 research groups and focused on e-cars. The new CUMIN programme is extended to 6 research groups (3 from sciences & technology and 3 from human & social sciences), and the MEL (Métropole Européenne of Lille) to deal with any e-vehicles (from e-bikes to subways) from technical to societal aspects. CUMIN has been renamed as Cities and Urban areas with Mobility based on Innovation and carbon Neutrality.

This paper aims to describe the CUMIN extension and the related challenges. Section II is devoted to GHG analysis of University of Lille. Section III presents the initial CUMIN programme. Section IV introduces the new CUMIN programme. Finally, section V describes first results of the CUMIN projects.

## II. GHG of University of Lille

### II.1. University of Lille description

University of Lille is one of the biggest universities in France with 80,000 students and more than 8,000 academic and staff. This university is a merging of the 3 public universities of Lille in 2019.

In 2023, University of Lille has adopted an "Ecologic transition plan" for the next 10 years [12]. The main objective is to reduce the GHG emissions of the university by 50%.

### II.2 University GHG in 2020

A carbon assessment is achieved every 5 years by University of Lille. The last carbon assessment has been achieved in 2020 [11]. The different GHG emissions of the main activities are

computed all along the year (Fig. 1). Different services are contacted to recover the right figures and the national ADEME database on GHG emissions is used. Moreover, a mobility survey has been conducted [13]. The total emission is evaluated to 52,000 tons of CO2eq (CO2 equivalent).

The first emission sector is the commuting (daily home-university trips, i.e., home-work or home-study trips) with more than 50%. It can be noticed that the professional trips (e.g., attendance to international conferences) only represents 3%. Even though this type of assessment leads to important uncertainties, it gives general trends. Therefore, a significant reduction of the GHG emissions of the university requires an important effort on commuting.

<figure><img src="image_2.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 1. GHG emissions of University of Lille in 2020</figcaption></figure>

### II.3 Mobility GHG in 2020

A mobility survey has been conducted to better understand the GHG emission of the commuting (Fig. 2) [13]. A representative panel of 9 000 users has been considered. It has been shown that the personal car is used only for 24% of the commuting kilometres, but leads to more than 80% of the GHG emissions of the commuting.

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 2. GHG emissions of the commuting</figcaption></figure>

On the contrary, subway and/or trains represents 71% of the annual commuting kilometres but only 6% of the GHG emissions.
Indeed, in France subways, tramways and most of
trains are supplied by electric energy generated by
nuclear plants at 80% (low CO2eq of electricity
generation).

The reduction of the fossil-fuel personal car is
thus identified as a priority.

III. Initial CUMIN programme

The initial CUMIN programme was launched
in 2016 with the name Campus of University with
Mobility based on Innovation and carbon
Neutrality.

III.1. Initial objective

The CUMIN program was initially focused on
the campus “Cité Scientifique” of University of
Lille, as a campus demonstrator for e-mobility.
This campus has 20 000 students and 2 000
academic and staff. It is composed of 80 buildings
on 110 ha (Fig. 3). In the campus, there are 2
metro stations and also a bus hub. Despite these
facilities, about 5 000 fossil-fuel cars come every
day on the campus.

The initial objective of CUMIN was to
develop the facilities and for electric cars (e-cars)
on the campus. The technical and societal
limitations of e-cars have been studied.
Moreover, Photovoltaic-based charging stations
have also been considered.

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 3. Campus Cité Scientifique of Univ. Lille</figcaption></figure>

III.2. Initial research groups and skills

Three research groups have developed the
CUMIN programme in an interdisciplinary
philosophy:

- L2EP, Laboratory of Electrical Engineering and Power electronics (sciences and technologies),

- TVES, Territoires, Villes, Environnement et Société (social & human sciences),

- CRISTAL, Centre de Recherche en Informatique, Signal eT Automatique de Lille (computer sciences).

The 3 research groups have developed
interdisciplinary projects based on their skills:

- for L2EP, electric vehicles design and energy management; charging stations connected to the grid and/or PV panels,

- for TVES, urban organisation for mobility and users' socio-behavioural analyses,

- For CRISTAL, data collection and big data management.

III.3. Initial Organisation

The initial organization was composed of 4
interdisciplinary projects.

- ADAM (Advanced Driver Analyses for electro-Mobility of a sustainable campus, CRISTAL-TVES): analyses of the drivers' usages and requests to change their mobility.

- EVE (Electric Vehicle Energy consumption, L2EP-TVES): estimation of energy consumption of EVs all along the year, for different commuting trips, traffics, drivers and meteorological conditions.

- GRETA (Generation of Renewable Energy for Transport Application, L2EP, TVES): estimation of the potential of electricity production for EV charging station on the campus.

- MOUVE (MObility and Use of electric VEHicles based on dedicated charging infrastructures, TVES-L2EP): impact of the location of charging infrastructures for switching from a fossil-fuel car to an e-car.

From these initial projects, several PhD theses
were co-supervised. Moreover, international
collaborations have been developed with
University of Trois Rivières (Canada), Rochester
Institute of Technology (USA) and University of
Ghent (Belgium) through new projects [14].
Another key point is the co-funding of projects by MEL that demonstrates the interest of the metropolis of Lille in these developments.

In this first step, the used methods and tools were disciplinary ones that do not enable a strong link between disciplines.

# IV. New CUMIN program

In 2023, a new CUMIN programme is proposed as an extension of the initial programme with a new name: Cities and Urban areas (instead of Campus of University) with Mobility based on Innovation and carbon Neutrality.

## IV.1. New objectives

As University of Lille 1 (related to campus Cité Scientifique) has been integrated into University of Lille in 2019, the CUMIN program has been extended to propose solutions to all the campuses of the new university. Moreover, as MEL has demonstrated a strong interest in these research activities, e-mobility solutions for urban areas is a new objective.

Moreover, the previous works have shown that the solution cannot be to replace all fossil-fuel cars by electric cars. It would be more relevant to propose to the commuters a panel of solutions, from bikes to subways, including e-cars, or any combination of these alternatives. The main ideas is to propose different solutions to the car drivers to reduce their commuting footprints considering their usages, constraints and possibilities.

From these reasons, the new CUMIN programme will study any e-vehicles, from e-bikes to subway, including e-cars and e-buses (Fig. 4), as contributions to the reduction of the commuting GHG emissions.

An isochore map indicates that a 30-min-long trip (trip to join the campus within 30 minutes) to campus "Cité Scientifique" is not always possible by bike or public transport systems (Fig. 5) [15]. Thus, e-cars will also play a role in the panel of solutions.

## IV.2. New research groups and skills

The CUMIN consortium is now composed of more research groups:

<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 4. Panel of e-vehicles considered in CUMIN</figcaption></figure>

- L2EP, electrical engineering (sciences and technologies),

- TVES, geography and urbanism (social & human science),

- LaMcube, mechanical engineering (sciences & technologies)

- GERiiCO, communication and information sciences (human & social sciences),

- LOA, atmospheric physics (sciences & technologies),

- CLERSE, socio-economics (social & human sciences).

<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 5. Isochore map for 30-min-long trip to campus "Cité Scientifique" [15]</figcaption></figure>

Moreover, the transport and mobility divisions of MEL have integrated the consortium.

New skills are thus available to study e-mobility in various aspects:

- particle emissions from braking and rolling (LaMcube, LOA),

- solar irradiance for PV-based charging station (LOA and L2EP),

- socio-economics and social justice (CLERSE and TVES),
- e-mobility digital platform of all collected data and analyses (GERiiCO),

- urban e-mobility plans (MEL, CLERSE and TVES),

- metro improvement (MEL and L2EP).

The initial skills on e-vehicle design, management and charging (L2EP) and e-mobility urban organization and user's socio-behavioural analyses (TVES) are kept at the core of the development. Moreover, new methods and tools are expected to be developed: a transversal and unified description; a digital research infrastructure to gather data for an open access. A key point is to develop flexible methods and tool to ensure an important replicability.

### IV.3. New Organisation

The new organisation of CUMIN consists in three interleaved topics (Fig. 6):

- energy: energy production and energy consumption of various e-vehicles,

- environmental impacts: local and global environmental impacts (including life cycle assessment) of e-mobility systems,

- societal challenges: socio-economics, spatial and socio-behavioural aspects of mobility changes.

Any new project of CUMIN should be at the intersection of the topics and must involve at least two CUMIN members.

<figure><img src="image_7.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 6. Interleaved topics of CUMIN</figcaption></figure>

## V. Example of projects and results

Among the many CUMIN projects, three achievements are presented from e-bikes to subway, from technical to societal aspects.

### V.1. PV-based station for e-bikes

The CUMIN-SAMI project (Study of Autonomous charging stations of light e-Mobility

for low environmental Impact) is focused on the design of an autonomous PV-based charging station for light electric vehicles such as e-scooters and e-bikes. The CUMIN-SAMI project is a collaboration between L2EP (electricity production), LOA (solar irradiance analysis) [16], TVES (e-bike usage) and URBIK, a small-and-medium enterprise on bike stations.

The mobility survey of University of Lille has shown that the maximal home-university distance for biking is 11 km. One idea of CUMIN is to develop e-bike to increase the maximal distance. For longer trips, it is of interest to charge the e-bikes at the campus. However, the implantation cost of a charging station is too expensive for the small amount energy that is needed by e-bikes. Therefore, grid connection and civil works are time consuming and very expensive. Thus, the main idea of CUMIN-SAMI is to propose an autonomous e-bike charging station without grid connection. PV panels and second life batteries are used in that aims. Moreover, this light charging station is mobile and can be easily moved to another location if needed.

The CUMIN-SAMI projects has been funded by the Region "Haut-de-France" to provide a demonstrator.

URBIK and TVES have defined a case study scenario for 3 e-bikes for commuting. The charging station is developed from an initial bike roofed park station of URBIK.

First, a simulation of the solar potential all along the year has been developed in order to design the PV panel and the battery for stationary storage. In summer, the PV panels produce more energy than requested by the e-bikes. The surplus of energy is thus stored in the stationary battery. In Winter, the PV panel produce less energy than requested by e-bikes. The energy in the stationary battery is then also used (Fig. 7).

<figure><img src="image_8.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 7. Annual variations of PV, storage and e-bike energy [17].</figcaption></figure>

In a second step, an electronic subsystem (Fig. 8) has been developed including the MPPT power
converter, 3 DC/AC converter to charge the e-bikes and an electronic control unit with control of all blocks and an energy management strategy.

<figure><img src="image_9.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 8. Developed electronic subsystem [17]</figcaption></figure>

In a final step, the demonstrator has been built (Fig. 9) and first experimental tests have demonstrated the ability of the charging station to operate in various solar conditions.

More details of this work can be found in [17]. It can be noted that this successful development has been achieved thanks to the combined skills of the different partners.

<figure><img src="image_10.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 9. Developed charging station demonstrator [17]</figcaption></figure>

## V.2. EV acceptability

The CUMIN-SARA projects (Social Acceptance of e-vehicles in Restricted Areas) is focused on the data collection of users perception on electric vehicles. It is a collaboration between TVES (socio-behavioural analyses) and L2EP (energy consumption of e-cars).

The CUMIN-SARA project consist in experimental driving of an e-car by volunteers with survey on their perceptions and commuting habits. The surveys have been developed by TVES with different refinement and the agreement of the Data Protection Officer of University of Lille in terms of GRDP (General Regulation of Data Protection). The e-car is the

Nissan Leaf of CUMIN that has been instrumented by L2EP to record technical data during the driving tests (Fig. 10).

<figure><img src="image_11.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 10. Instrumented Nissan Leaf for the tests</figcaption></figure>

The experiences have been conducted so far by 124 users (students, academic and staff), which is a representative panel (Fig. 11). They drive the same trip (Fig. 12). It can be noted that 42% of the panellists use a fossil-fuel car for their commuting. This figure is higher than the part of commuters using this type of car for the university. But this figure is of interest as the aim of CUMIN is to motivate this type of commuters to switch to a low-carbon alternative.

<figure><img src="image_12.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 11. Description of the panel</figcaption></figure>

First, the acceptability of e-car is more important after the test than before the test. That means that a driving test of this new type of vehicle is a means of awareness for switching to an e-car. After the tests 83% of persons that have a fossil-fuel car would buy an e-car but cannot. The main obstacle is the purchase price despite the bonus (Fig. 13). The second obstacle is the difficulty to charge at home (e.g., living in a building). The last barrier is the range compared to the commuting distance.

In terms of technical data, it has been observed a difference of 21% in terms of energy consumption, between the panellists despite the same trip. This difference is under study to know
the part of the driver, of the traffic and of the meteorological conditions.

<figure><img src="image_13.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 12. Common travel for the driving tests</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_14.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 13. Barrier to buy an e-car</figcaption></figure>

More details of this work can be found in [15]. It can be noted that the collected data is the result of combining the technical skills of L2EP and the socio-behavioural skills of TVES. During the survey and driving tests 1 engineer of each research group was involved.

## V.3. Energy recovery of metros

The CUMIN-REMUS projects (Recovery of Energy of Metros for University based on Sustainability) is focused on the recovery of braking energy of metros to supply e-cars or e-buses. It is a collaboration between L2EP (energy consumption of e-vehicles, including metros) and MEL (transport division in charge of the metros of the Lille metropolis).

As the traction power stations, which supply the metros, are generally not reversible, part of the braking energy cannot be recovered. The braking energy is sent to the supply rail and can only be used by other metros in acceleration. The

objective is then to recover the waste braking energy to supply other systems, in particular charging stations for e-vehicles. In that way, these e-vehicles will be charged by waste energy that is of high interest in terms of greenhouse gases, energy saving and costs.

First, a complete model of the metro carousel (metro line, traction supply station and metros in operation) has been developed by L2EP in collaboration with MEL. The new metro of Lille in development has been considered (Fig. 14).

<figure><img src="image_15.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 14. New metro of Lille, NMR from Alstom</figcaption></figure>

The simulation model has been validated by experimental tests on the real metro (Fig. 15). Despite some transient errors for the currents, the energy consumption of the metro model has an error lower than 2.1%.

<figure><img src="image_16.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 15. Validation of the simulation model [18]</figcaption></figure>

The simulation of thekarousel of line 1 (21 km) has been established for a complete day respecting the variation of the headway (time between two vehicles) (Fig. 16). On peak hours, the headway is only of 1 min that leads to 34 vehicles in operation at the same time. It has been shown that most of the recovery braking energy are used to accelerate other metros. However, part of the braking energy is still lost and 2.3 MWh per day could be recovered (Fig. 17). This energy could be used to charge about 44 EVs of 50 kWh or 10 e-bus of 220 kWh (e.g., e-ATAK of KARSAN, e-bus in operation in MEL).
<figure><img src="image_17.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 16. Daily timetable of the headway
Base operation (energy in MWh)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_18.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 17. Daily energy flows for line 1[18]</figcaption></figure>

More details of this work can be found in [18]. The next step is to design a wayside energy storage system to recover the braking energy and to supply charging stations for EVs or e-buses.

## V. Conclusion

CUMIN is an interdisciplinary research program on e-mobility from energy consumption to societal challenges, including environmental impacts. It aims to develop flexible tools and methods on various e-vehicles from technical to socio-economics aspects. Coupling sciences & technologies and human & social sciences is the strength of CUMIN to enable different e-alternatives to fossil-fuel vehicles. The different CUMIN projects will contribute to sustainable urban mobility plans.

Moreover, all data collected during the project will be produced in an open data research infrastructure with data services as already developed by GERiiCO (research group in information and communication sciences) in other topics [19]. This digital platform will enable to share all the experiences of CUMIN as well as the developed tools and methods.

## References

[1]. "AR6 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2023", Intergov. Panel on Climate Change, [Online]: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/sixth-assessment-report-cycle/ Published in March 2023, Consulted in May 2024.

[2]. "Total GHG emission trends and projections in Europe", "European Environmental Agency, [Online]: https://www.eea.europa.eu/ims/total-greenhouse-gas-emission-trends, 2022, consulted in May 2024.

[3]. F. Clora, W. Yu, "GHG emissions, trade balance, and carbon leakage: Insights from modeling thirty-one European decarbonization pathways towards 2050", *Energy Economics*, Vol. 113, September 2022, ref. 106240, DOI: 10.1016/j.eneco.2022.106240.

[4]. M. Prussi, M. Yugo, L. De Prada, M. Padella, R. Edwards. JEC Well-To-Wheels report v5. EUR 30284 EN, Publications Office of the EU, Luxembourg, 2020, ISBN 978-92-76-20109-0, DOI: 10.2760/100379, JRC121213.

[5]. "CO2 emission standards for new cars and vans", European Parliament, (EU) 2019/631, Dec. 2022.

[6]. M. Ehsani, K. V. Singh, H. O. Bansal and R. T. Mehrjardi, "State of the Art and Trends in EV and HEV," *Proceedings of the IEEE*, vol. 109, no. 6, pp. 967-984, June 2021, DOI: 10.1109/JPROC.2021.3072788.

[7]. F. Amato (Ed.), Non-Exhaust Emissions: an Urban Air Quality Problem for Public Health, San Diego Academic Press, Elsevier, 2018.

[8]. W.L. Filho, D.G. Vidal, M.A.P. Dinis, M.A.P. et al., "Low carbon futures: assessing the status of decarbonization efforts at universities within a 2050 perspective", *Energy Sustainability and Society*, Vol. 13, no., 5, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13705-023-00384-6.

[9]. I. Chatziioannou, et al, "Ranking sustainable urban mobility indicators and their matching transport policies to support liveable city futures", *Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives*, Vol. 18; March 2023, ref. 100788, DOI: 10.1016/j.trip.2023.100788.

[10]. A. Bouscayrol, E. Castex, P. Delarue, A. Desreveaux, O. Ferla, J. Frotey, R. German, J. Klein, W. Lhomme, J.F. Sergent, "Campus of University with Mobility based on Innovation and carbon Neutral", *IEEE-VPPC'17*, Belfort (France), December 2017.

[11]. Bilan carbone de l'Université de Lille en 2020, rapport ADEME, 2022 [Online], https://bilans-ges.ademe.fr/bilans/consultation/93b971e3-b1cd-11ed-8fce-005056b7acd1/fiche-identite, consulted in December 2024

[12]. « Plan de transition écologique de l'Université de Lille 2023-2033 » Université de Lille, 2023, [Online] , https://www.univ-lille.fr/fileadmin/user_upload/Universite/Comprendre_notre_organisation/Fiche_d_identite/3.1_Plain_de_transition_e_cologique_de_l_Universite_de_Lille.pdf, consulted in December 2024.
[13]. Direction Développement Durable et Responsabilité Sociale, Univ. Lille, 2023, [Online] « Enquête Mobilité sur les déplacements des étudiant.es et personnels » : https://www.calameo.com/read/005903950c33fa2aabbf7, consulted in December 2024.

[14]. Website of the CUMIN programme [Online] : https://cumin.univ-lille.fr/, consulted in December 2024,

[15]. L. Juncker, E. Castex, A. Bouscayrol, E. Masclef, “Assessing the social acceptance of electric vehicles on a campus of university”, *IEEE-VPPC'24*, Washington DC (USA), October 2024.

[16]. G. Chesnoiu, N. Ferlay, L. Chiapello, F. Auriol, D. Catalfamo, M. Compiègne, T. Elias, TL. Jankowiak, “Influence of cloudy and clear-sky partitions, aerosols, and geometry on the recent variability in surface solar irradiance components

in northern France", Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12375-12407, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12375-2024, 2024.

[17]. S. Fadili, L. Fereira, P. Delarue, A. Bouscayrol, F. Bonin, N. Ferlay, “Experimental PV-based charging station for e-bikes”, *IEEE-VPPC'23*, Milan (Italy), October 2023.

[18]. R. O'Beriel, P. Delarue, C. Mayet, A. Bouscayrol, C. Brocart, “Analysis of the timetable impact on energy consumption of a subway line”, *IEEE transactions on Vehicular Technology*, early acces 2024, DOI: 10.1109/TVT.2023.3282816.

[19]. UNEP digital portal on environment indicators [online] https://unep.ecoresearch.net/weblyzard/, consulted in December 2024.