# Research integrity and Open science – How does Open science support research integrity, and what can young researchers do about it?

Mathilde Delaunay

► To cite this version:

Mathilde Delaunay. Research integrity and Open science – How does Open science support research integrity, and what can young researchers do about it?. Doctoral. Academic Publishing and Research Integrity seminar, France. 2025, 33 p. hal-05362778

HAL Id: hal-05362778

https://hal.science/hal-05362778v1

Submitted on 13 Nov 2025

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Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
# Research integrity and Open science

## How does Open science support research integrity, and what can young researchers do about it?

MATHILDE DELAUNAY, PHD IN ECOLOGY, TRAINING MANAGER
DEPARTMENT « PUBLICATIONS AND OPEN ACCESS », SORBONNE UNIVERSITÉ LIBRARY

mathilde.delaunay@sorbonne-universite.fr

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SORBONNE
UNIVERSITÉ

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BY
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Slides available at:

https://zenodo.org/communities/doctoral-training-library/
# Session overview

## OBJECTIVES

1. UNDERSTAND THE CONNECTIONS BETWEEN OPEN SCIENCE AND RESEARCH INTEGRITY

2. GAIN TOOLS AS EARLY-CAREER RESEARCHERS TO STRENGTHEN RESEARCH INTEGRITY THROUGH THE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF OPEN SCIENCE

## OUTLINE

1. HOW OPEN SCIENCE SUPPORTS RESEARCH INTEGRITY

2. ACTIONABLE TOOLS FOR EARLY-CAREER RESEARCHERS

3. BUILDING A CULTURE OF INTEGRITY
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1

HOW OPEN SCIENCE SUPPORTS RESEARCH
INTEGRITY
# Open science: four key pillars

“Open science is a set of principles and practices that aim to make scientific research from all fields **accessible to everyone** for the benefit of scientists and society as a whole” – UNESCO (2022). Understanding open science. UNESCO open science toolkit.

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# Why promote Open science?

## Research dissemination

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Researchers in
developing countries
can see your work

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More exposure for
your work

## Transparency

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Practitioners can
apply your findings

## Citizen trust

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Taxpayers get value
for money

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Higher citation rates

## Quality of science

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Your research can
Influence policy

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Compliant with grant
rules

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The public can access
your findings

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CC-BY Danny Kingsley & Sarah Brown
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**Consortium Couperin (2025).** Enquête sur les ressources électroniques, données 2024 – Synthèse.

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In France in 2024, expenses for electronic subscriptions reached **€130 million** across 311 public institutions.

At Sorbonne Université alone: **€2.5 million** in 2024

... and costs continue to rise everywhere!

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SORBONNE
UNIVERSITÉ

# Worldwide fairness in access to knowledge

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Proportion of paywalled full-text articles available (n = 115) for each of the 27 institutions in the study

Boudry et al. (2019). Worldwide inequality in access to full text scientific articles: the example of ophthalmology. PeerJ, 7: e7850.

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## Access to knowledge is deeply unequal, even among research institutions
# Citizen trust

<figure><img src="image_24.png" /><figcaption>"March for Science" © REUTERS - BBC News, 2017</figcaption></figure>

Patients' associations, environmental activists, journalists...

Many actors outside academia are calling for more transparency and accountability in research.

They expect science to be accessible, understandable, and trustworthy – especially **when it shapes public decisions.**

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Openness is not only a matter of cost or access, it's also about restoring public trust in science
It is clear that openness makes research more transparent.

*But does it make it more honest?*

*Can Open science help make the principles of research integrity real in practice?*
**Open science:
Opportunities... and challenges**

Concerns have arisen about how different open access models affect research integrity (Della-Sala (2022), Kosyakov (2025))

For example, criticisms of Gold Open Access include:

- Erosion of the quality of peer review;

- Fostering of predatory journals (Beall 2012);

- Disadvantages for young researchers and authors lacking financial resources (Briston 2019).

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# Open science: Opportunities... and challenges

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## GOLD OPEN ACCESS

« Author-pays » or
« pay-to-publish » model

Managed entirely by the publisher

APC or BPC
(Article/Book Processing Charges)
$400 up to $11000 per article!

**Lower integrity**

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## GREEN OPEN ACCESS

Self deposit by researchers

Managed by states and institutions

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**Higher integrity**

> *"The link between OA model and integrity indicators remains consistent overall: Gold OA tends to correlate with lower integrity, while Green OA is generally associated with higher integrity"*

*Kosyakov (2025).* Green or Gold: Exploring How Open Access Models Shape Global Research Integrity.

*20th International Conference on Scientometrics & Informetrics*

Note: OA integrity > Non-OA integrity
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It is clear that openness makes research more transparent.

*But does it make it more honest?*

*Can Open science help making the principles of research integrity real in practice?*
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2

ACTIONABLE TOOLS FOR EARLY-CAREER
RESEARCHERS
# What can YOU do
(as a young researcher)?

Open access

Open data

Open review
# Open access:
Fairness & transparency

Open access is not only about **visibility**, it's about **fairness** and **accountability**

## How to publish in Open access?

Pathways to Open Access

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open-access.network (2021). *Pathways of Open Access* (CC-BY 4.0)

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Shafee (2020). Typical publishing workflow for an academic journal article with open access sharing rights per SHERPA/RoMEO. Adapted from diagram by Ginny Barbour Wikimedia Commons (CC-BY 4.0)
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SORBONNE
UNIVERSITÉ

# The Green
Open access route

arXiv.org

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HAL
science ouverte

bioRxiv

THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY

RePEc

IDEAS (Internet
Documents in Economics
Access Service)

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# The Diamond Open access route: Diamond journals

Open Research Europe

Financially supported and managed by universities, foundations, etc.

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Free publication

Wellcome Open Research

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OpenEdition

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European Journal of Taxonomy

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Adansonia

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Geodiversitas

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Zoosystema
# Open data: Reproducibility & honesty

## Reproducibility crisis

*Nature's* survey of 1,576 researchers:

More than 70% of researchers have tried and failed to reproduce another scientist's experiments, and more than half have failed to reproduce their own experiments.

+ Waste of public money

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Baker (2016). 1,500 scientists lift the lid on reproducibility. *Nature*, 533: 452–454.

Data sharing and transparent methods make misconduct harder, and honest errors easier to detect
# How to open the data?

## Zenodo

- a general-purpose open repository

- developed within the **European OpenAIRE** program, operated by CERN

- each submission is assigned a persistent **Digital Object Identifier (DOI)** for easy citation

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The

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principles

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FAIR logo: SangyaPundir. CC BY-SA 4.0

Image: ANDS. CC BY 4.0

« As open as possible, as closed as necessary » - [European Commission](#)
# Open peer review:
Accountability & trust

Peer review works best when everyone can see the process. Everyone shares the responsibility; transparency builds trust.

## Peer Community in (PCI)

PCI is a collaborative, transparent peer review model

### Peer Community in

PCI, a free recommendation process of scientific preprints based on peer reviews and a journal
Peer Community in (PCI)

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Recommendation

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Share

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Tweet

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Printable page

Centrality and parasite loads in sampled networks

*Matthew Silk* based on reviews by *Krishna Balasubramaniam*, *Quinn Webber* and 1 anonymous reviewer

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1

A recommendation of:

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Linking parasitism to network centrality and the impact of sampling bias in its interpretation

Zhihong Xu, Andrew J. J. MacIntosh, Alba Castellano-Navarro, Emilio Macanás-Martínez, Takafumi Suzumura, Julie Duboscq

(2022), *bioRxiv*, 2021.06.07.447302, ver. 6 peer-reviewed and recommended by *Network Science*
https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.07.447302

READ PREPRINT IN PREPRINT SERVER

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11

Data used for results

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• https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6825009
# Peer Community in (PCI)

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Recommendation

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Share

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Tweet

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Printable page

## Centrality and parasite loads in sampled networks

*Matthew Silk* based on reviews by *Krishna Balasubramaniam*, *Quinn Webber* and 1 anonymous reviewer

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A recommendation of:

<figure><img src="image_62.png" /></figure>

Linking parasitism to network centrality and the impact of sampling bias in its interpretation

Zhihong Xu, Andrew J. J. MacIntosh, Alba Castellano-Navarro, Emilio Macanás-Martínez, Takafumi Suzumura, Julie Duboscq

(2022), *bioRxiv*, 2021.06.07.447302, ver. 6 peer-reviewed and recommended by *Network Science*
https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.07.447302

READ PREPRINT IN PREPRINT SERVER

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Data used for results

• https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6825009
# Peer Community in (PCI)

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PCI
Network Sci

Recommendation

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Share

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Tweet

<figure><img src="image_67.png" /></figure>

Printable page

## Centrality and parasite loads in sampled networks

*Matthew Silk* based on reviews by Krishna Balasubramaniam, Quinn Webber and 1 anonymous reviewer

<figure><img src="image_68.png" /></figure>

A recommendation of:

<figure><img src="image_69.png" /></figure>

## Linking parasitism to network centrality and the impact of sampling bias in its interpretation

Zhihong Xu, Andrew J. J. MacIntosh, Alba Castellano-Navarro, Emilio Macanás-Martínez, Takafumi Suzumura, Julie Duboscq

(2022), *bioRxiv*, 2021.06.07.447302, ver. 6 peer-reviewed and recommended by Network Science
https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.07.447302

READ PREPRINT IN PREPRINT SERVER

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Data used for results

• https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6825009
# Peer Community in (PCI)

## Evaluation round #3

DOI or URL of the preprint: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.447302v4/article-info

Version of the preprint: V4

Author's Reply, 29 Jun 2022

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Download author's reply

Decision by Matthew Silk, posted 28 Mar 2022
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3

BUILDING A CULTURE OF INTEGRITY
# Building a culture of integrity

Researchers

Journals

Sharing responsibility for
preserving research integrity

Institutions

Readers

"By supporting a culture of research integrity, the scientific community may preserve its core principles and continue to contribute appropriately to society's well-being."

Zhaksylyk et al. (2023). Research Integrity: Where We Are and Where We Are Heading. *J Korean Med Sci*, 38(47): e405
# Building a culture of integrity

Openness is demanding, but it helps us build a culture of integrity rather than just rules of conduct.

**Open science doesn't replace integrity; it makes it visible.**

You can start small:

* Publish with the Green and/or Diamond Open access routes;

* Consider Open access peer-review;

* Share your data & code;

* Discuss ethics in your team;

* Deposit your thesis and preprints in an open repository;

* Cite and value open work.
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4

RESOURCES
## Contacts

For any questions regarding the referencing and deposit of
publications in HAL Sorbonne Université:
**hal@sorbonne-universite.fr**

For any other questions regarding publications:
**publications@sorbonne-universite.fr**

For any questions about the data:
**labrador@sorbonne-universite.fr**
References

Baker M (2016). 1,500 scientists lift the lid on reproducibility. *Nature*, 533: 452–454.
https://doi.org/10.1038/533452a

Beall J (2012). Predatory publishers are corrupting open access. *Nature*, 489(7415): 179.
https://doi.org/10.1038/489179a

Boudry C, Alvarez-Muñoz P, Arencibia-Jorge R, ... & Mouriaux F (2019). Worldwide inequality in access to full text scientific articles: the example of ophthalmology. *PeerJ*, 7: e7850.
https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7850

Briston K (2019). Plan S: how open access publishing could be changing academia. *Biomedical Odyssey. Johns Hopkins Medicine*. April 17.
https://biomedicalodyssey.blogs.hopkinsmedicine.org/2019/04/plan-s-how-open-access-publishing-could-be-changing-academia/

Consortium Couperin (2025). *Enquête sur les ressources électroniques, données 2024 – Synthèse*. https://www.couperin.org/services-et-activites/enquetes/les-enquetes-annuelles-sur-les-ressources-electroniques-ere-de-2019-a-2022/

Della-Sala S (2022). Individual integrity and public morality in scientific publishing. *Dementia & Neuropsychologia*, 16:129-134.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5764-DN-2022-V001

Kosyakov D (2025). Green or Gold: Exploring How Open Access Models Shape Global Research Integrity. 20th *International Conference on Scientometrics and Informetrics (ISSI 2025)*; Yerevan (Armenia).
https://doi.org/10.51408/issi2025_034

UNESCO (2022). *Understanding open science*. UNESCO open science toolkit.
https://doi.org/10.54677/UTCD9302

Zhaksylyk A, Zimba O, Yessirkepov M & Kocyigit BF (2023). Research integrity: where we are and where we are heading. *Journal of Korean medical science*, 38(47).
https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e405
THANK YOU

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SORBONNE
UNIVERSITÉ