*and Latin America*. Bogor, Indonesia: CIFOR (Center for International Forestry Research).

German, L., G.C. Schoneveld, and D. Gumbo. 2010b. "The Local Social and Environmental Impacts of Large-Scale Investments in Biofuels in Zambia." *CIFOR working paper*. Bogor, Indonesia: CIFOR (Center for International Forestry Research).

German, L., G. Schoneveld, and E. Mwangi. 2011. "Contemporary Processes of Large-Scale Land Acquisition by Investors." *Case Studies from Sub-Saharan Africa*. Bogor, Indonesia: CIFOR (Center for International Forestry Research).

Gershunov, A., and T.P. Barnett. 1998. "ENSO Influence on Intraseasonal Extreme Rainfall and Temperature Frequencies in the Contiguous United States: Observations and Model Results." *American Meteorological Society* 11: 1575-1586.

Gewin, V. 2017. "Gen Z Is Creating a Market for Fake Fish." *Civil Eats*, October 26. https://civileats.com/2017/10/26/gen-z-is-creating-a-market-for-fake-fish/.

Gewin, V. 2018. "Rewetting the Swamp: Indonesia's Bold Plan." *Scientific American*, July 31. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/rewetting-the-swamp-indonesia-rsquo-s-bold-plan/.

Geyer, R., D. Stoms, and J. Kallaos. 2013. "Spatially Explicit Life Cycle Assessment of Sun-to-Wheels Transportation Pathways in the U.S." *Environmental Science & Technology* 47: 1170-1176.

Giannini, T.C., W.F. Costa, G.D. Cordeiro, V.L. Imperatriz-Fonseca, A.M. Saraiva, J. Biesmeijer, et al. 2017. "Projected Climate Change Threatens Pollinators and Crop Production in Brazil." *PLOS ONE* 12 (8): e0182274. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182274.

Gibbs, H.K., and J.M. Salmon. 2015. "Mapping the World's Degraded Land." *Applied Geography* 57: 12-21.

Gibbs, H.K., M. Johnston, J.A. Foley, T. Holloway, C. Monfreda, N. Ramankutty, and D. Zaks. 2008. "Carbon Payback Times for Crop-Based Biofuel Expansion in the Tropics: The Effects of Changing Yield and Technology." *Environmental Research Letters* 3 (034001).

Gibbs, H.K., L. Rausch, J. Munger, I. Schelly, D.C. Morton, P. Noojipady, B. Soares-Filho, et al. 2015. "Brazil's Soy Moratorium." *Science* 347 (6220): 377-378.

Gibbs, H.K., J. Munger, J. L'Roe, P. Barreto, R. Pereira, M. Christie, T. Amaral, and N.F. Walker. 2016. "Did Ranchers and Slaughterhouses Respond to Zero-Deforestation Agreements in the Brazilian Amazon?" *Conservation Letters* 9: 32-42.

Gibson, L., T.M. Lee, L.P. Koh, B.W. Brook, T.A. Gardner, J. Barlow, C.A. Peres, et al. 2011. "Primary Forests Are Irreplaceable for Sustaining Tropical Biodiversity." *Nature* 478: 378-383.

Giller, K.E., E. Witter, M. Corbeels, and P. Tittonell. 2009. "Conservation Agriculture and Smallholder Farming in Africa: The Heretics' View." *Field Crops Research* 114: 23-34.

Giller, K.E., J.A. Andersson, M. Corbeels, J. Kirkegaard, D. Mortensen, O. Erenstein, and B. Vanlauwe. 2015. "Beyond Conservation Agriculture." *Frontiers in Plant Science* 6 (37).

Gingold, B. 2010. "FAQ: Indonesia, Degraded Land and Sustainable Palm Oil." Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. http://www.wri.org/stories/2010/11/faq-indonesia-degraded-land-and-sustainable-palm-oil.

Gingold, B., A. Rosenbarger, Y.K.D. Muliastra, F. Stolle, M. Sudana, M.D.M. Manessa, A. Murdimanto, et al. 2012. "How to Identify Degraded Land for Sustainable Palm Oil in Indonesia." Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

Gingrich, S., K.-H. Erb, F. Krausmann, V. Gaube, and H. Haberl. 2007. "Long-Term Dynamics of Terrestrial Carbon Stocks in Austria: A Comprehensive Assessment of the Time Period from 1830 to 2000." *Regional Environmental Change* 7 (1): 37-47. doi:10.1007/s10113-007-0024-6.

Gingrich, S., and F. Krausmann. 2018. "At the Core of the Socio-ecological Transition: Agroecosystem Energy Fluxes in Austria 1830-2010." *Science of the Total Environment* 645: 119-129.

Gjedrem, T., N. Robinson, and M. Rye. 2012. "The Importance of Selective Breeding in Aquaculture to Meet Future Demands for Animal Protein: A Review." *Aquaculture* 350-353: 117-129.

GKTODAY. 2012. "Nutrient Based Subsidy Scheme." *General Knowledge Today: India's Daily E-Magazine of GK and Current Affairs*, September 23. https://www.gktoday.in/gk/nutrient-based-subsidy-scheme/.

Gleick, P., H. Cooley, M. Cohen, M. Morikawa, J. Morrison, and M. Palaniappan. 2009. *The World's Water, 2008-2009: A Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources*. Washington, DC: Island.

Global Commission on the Economy and Climate. 2014. *Better Growth, Better Climate*. Chapter 3, "Land Use: Protecting Food, Forests and People." http://newclimateeconomy report/2014/.

Godfray, H.C.J., J.R. Beddington, I.R. Crute, L. Haddad, D. Lawrence, J. Muir, J. Pretty, et al. 2010. "Food Security: The Challenge of Feeding 9 Billion People." *Science* 327 (5967): 812-818.

Gogoi, N., K.K. Baruah, and P.K. Gupta. 2008. "Selection of Rice Genotypes for Lower Methane Emission." *Agronomy for Sustainable Development* 28 (2): 181-186.

Goldenberg, J., and P. Guardabassi. 2009. "The Potential for First-Generation Ethanol Production from Sugarcane." *Biofuels, Bioproducts, and Biorefining* 4: 17-24.

Gollin, D., and R.D. Rogerson. 2010. *Agriculture, Roads, and Economic Development in Uganda*. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.

Gonsalves, C., D.R. Lee, and D. Gonsalves. 2007. "The Adoption of Genetically Modified Papaya in Hawaii and Its Implication for Developing Countries." *Journal of Development Studies* 43: 177-191.

Good, D., S. Irwin, and T. Hubbs. 2016. "Assessing Brazilian Corn Yield Risks with the First and Second Crops: Historical Deviations from Trend." *farmdoc daily* 6 (6): 233. Urbana-Champaign, IL: Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. http://farmdocdaily.illinois.edu/2016/12/assessing-brazilian-corn-yield-risks-with-the-first.html.

Goodrich, A., T. James, and M. Woodhouse. 2012. "Residential, Commercial, and Utility-Scale Photovoltaic System Prices in the United States: Current Drivers and Cost-Reduction Opportunities." Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory.

Gortmaker, S., B.A. Swinburn, D. Levy, R. Carter, P.L. Mabry, D.T. Finegood, T. Huang, et al. 2011. "Changing the Future of Obesity: Science, Policy, and Action." *Lancet* 9793: 838-847.
Government of Brazil. 2008. "Executive Summary, Brazil National Plan on Climate Change." http://www.mma.gov.br/estruturas/208/_arquivos/ national_plan_208.pdf.

Government of Tamil Nadu. 2009. "Tamil Nadu State Perspective and Strategic Plan." Chennai, India: Government of Tamil Nadu.

Graesser, J., T.M. Aide, H.R. Grau, and N. Ramankutty. 2015. "Cropland/ Pastureland Dynamics and the Slowdown of Deforestation in Latin America." *Environmental Research Letters* 10 (034017).

GRAIN. 2016. "The Global Farmland Grab in 2016, How Big, How Bad?" *Against the Grain*. https://www.grain.org/article/entries/5492-the-global-farmland-grab-in-2016-how-big-how-bad.

Grassini, P., K.M. Eskridge, and K.G. Cassman. 2013. "Distinguishing between Yield Advances and Yield Plateaus in Historical Crop Production Trends." *Nature Communications* 4: 2918.

Grecu, A.M., and K.W. Rotthoff. 2015. "Economic Growth and Obesity: Findings of an Obesity Kuznets Curve." *Applied Economics Letters* 22 (7): 539-543.

Green Climate Fund. 2016. "Resource Mobilization." Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea: Green Climate Fund. http://www.greenclimate.fund/partners/contributors/resource-mobilization.

Green Climate Fund. 2017. "Status of Pledges and Contributions Made to the Green Climate Fund." Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea: Green Climate Fund. https://www.greenclimate.fund/documents/20182/24868/Status_of_Pledges.pdf/eef538d3-2987-4659-8c7c-5566ed6afd19.

Greenhouse Gas Protocol. 2012. *Greenhouse Gas Protocol*. Washington, DC, and Geneva: World Resources Institute and World Business Council for Sustainable Development. http://www.ghgprotocol.org.

Greenpeace. 2012. *Palm Oil's New Frontier: How Industrial Expansion Threatens Africa's Rainforests*. Amsterdam: Greenpeace International.

Grenyer, R., C.D.L. Orme, S.F. Jackson, G.H. Thomas, R.G. Davies, T.J. Davies, K.E. Jones, et al. 2006. "Global Distribution and Conservation of Rare and Threatened Vertebrates." *Nature* 444: 93-96.

Grieg-Gran, M. 2008. *The Cost of Avoiding Deforestation: Update of the Report Prepared for the Stern Review of the Economics of Climate Change*. London: IIED (International Institute for Environment and Development).

Griffing, E.M., M.R. Overcash, and S. Kim. 2004. *Environmental Analysis of Swine Waste Management Technologies Using the Life-Cycle Method*. UNC-WRRI-350. University of North Carolina.

Griffith, R. 2000. "How Important Is Business R&D for Economic Growth and Should the Government Subsidise It?" Briefing Note no. 12. London: Institute for Fiscal Studies.

Griffiths, A.J.F., J.H. Miller, D.T. Suzuki, R.C. Lewontin, and W.M. Gelbart. 2000. *An Introduction to Genetic Analysis*, 7th ed. New York: W.H. Freeman.

Grimm, D., I. Barkhorn, D. Festa, K. Bonzon, J. Boomhower, V. Hovland, and J. Blau. 2012. "Assessing Catch Shares' Effects: Evidence from Federal United States and Associated British Columbian Fisheries." *Marine Policy* 36 (3): 644-657.

Griscom, B.W., J. Adams, P.W. Ellis, R.A. Houghton, G. Lomax, D.A. Miteva, W.H. Schlesinger, et al. 2017. "Natural Climate Solutions." *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America* 114 (44): 11645-11650.

Grisso, R., J. Perumpral, G. Roberson, and R. Pittman. 2014. "Predicting Tractor Diesel Fuel Consumption." Publication 442-073, Virginia Cooperative Extension. http://www.pubs-ext.vt.edu/content/dam/pubs_ext_vt_vdu.edu/442/442-073/442-073.pdf.pdf.

Gross, R., H. Schoeneberger, H. Pfeifer, and H.-J.A. Preuss. 2000. *The Four Dimensions of Food Security: Definitions and Concepts*. Brussels: European Union, Internationale Weiterbildung und Entwicklung GmbH (InWEnt), and FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations).

Gruere, G., and Y. Sun. 2012. "Measuring the Contribution of Bt Cotton Adoption to India's Cotton Yields Leap." Washington, DC: IFPRI (International Food Policy Research Institute).

Grunwald, M. 2006. *The Swamp: The Everglades, Florida and the Politics of Paradise*. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Gulati, A., and P. Banerjee. 2015. "Rationalizing Fertilizer Subsidy in India: Key Issues and Policy Options." Working Paper 307. New Delhi: India Council for Research on International Economic Relations.

Gulati, A., and S. Narayanan. 2003. *The Subsidy Syndrome in Indian Agriculture*. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Gumbricht, T., R. Roman-Cuesta, L. Verchot, M. Herold, F. Wittmann, E. Householder, N. Herold, and D. Murdiyarso. 2017. "An Expert System Model for Mapping Tropical Wetlands and Peatlands Reveals South America as the Largest Contributor." *Global Change Biology* 23: 3581-3599.

Gunders, D. 2012. *Wasted: How America Is Losing Up to 40 Percent of Its Food from Farm to Fork to Landfill*. Washington, DC: NRDC (Natural Resources Defense Council).

Gurian-Sherman, D. 2012. "High and Dry: Why Genetic Engineering Is Not Solving Agriculture's Drought Problems in a Thirsty World." Washington, DC: Union of Concerned Scientists.

Gutser, R. 2006. "Nitrifikationsinhibitoren zur Steuerung der N-freisetzung aus mineralischen und organischen Düngemitteln." *RationalisierungsKuratorium für die Landwirtschaft (RKL)* 4: 379-396.

Haberl, H., K.H. Erb, F. Krausmann, V. Gaube, A. Bondeau, C. Plutzar, S. Gingrich, et al. 2007. "Quantifying and Mapping the Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production in Earth's Terrestrial Ecosystems." *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences* 104: 12942-12947.

Haberl, H., T. Beringer, S. Bhattacharya, K. Erb, and M. Hoogwijk. 2010. "The Global Technical Potential of Bioenergy in 2050 Considering Sustainability Constraints." *Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability* 2: 394-403.

Haberl, H., K. Erb, F. Krausmann, A. Bondeau, C. Lauk, C. Muller, C. Plutzar, and J.K. Steinberger. 2011. "Global Bioenergy Potentials from Agricultural Land in 2050: Sensitivity to Climate Change, Diets, and Yields." *Biomass and Bioenergy* 35 (12): 4753-4769.

Haberl, H., D. Sprinz, M. Bonazountas, P. Cocco, Y. Desaubies, M. Henze, O. Hertel, et al. 2012. "Correcting a Fundamental Error in Greenhouse Gas Accounting Related to Bioenergy." *Energy Policy* 45: 18-23.

Haberl, H., K.-H. Erb, F. Krausmann, S. Running, T.D. Searchinger, and W.K. Smith. 2013. "Bioenergy: How Much Can We Expect for 2050?" *Environmental Research Letters* 8 (031004): 1-5.

Hafeez, M.M., B.A.M Bouman, N. Van De Giesen, S. Mushtaq, P. Vlek, and S. Khan. 2008. "Water Reuse and Cost-Benefit of Pumping at Different Spatial Levels in a Rice Irrigation System in UPRIIS, Philippines." *Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C* 33 (1): 115-126.
Haley, M. 2001. "Changing Consumer Demand for Meat: The US Example, 1970-2000, in Changing Structure of Global Food Consumption and Trade." Washington, DC: USDA Economic Research Service.

Haley, M. 2018. "Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry Outlook: January 2018." Washington, DC: USDA Economic Research Service.

Hall, A.J., and R.A. Richards. 2012. "Prognosis for Genetic Improvement of Yield Potential and Water-Limited Yield of Major Grain Crops." *Field Crops Research* 143: 18-33.

Hall, K., G. Sacks, D. Chandramohan, C. Chow, Y. Wang, S. Gortmaker, and B. Swinburn. 2011a. "Quantification of the Effect of Energy Imbalance on Bodyweight." *Lancet* 378: 826-837.

Hall, S.J., A. Delaporte, M.J. Phillips, M. Beveridge, and M. O'Keefe. 2011b. *Blue Frontiers: Managing the Environmental Costs of Aquaculture*. Penang, Malaysia: WorldFish.

Hammer, P., E. Riebe, and R. Kennedy. 2009. "How Clutter Affects Advertising Effectiveness." *Journal of Advertising Research* 49 (2): 159-163.

Han, K., A.M. Trinkoff, C.L. Storr, and J. Geiger-Brown. 2011. "Job Stress and Work Schedules in Relation to Nurse Obesity." *JONA (Journal of Nursing Administration)* 41 (11): 488-495.

Hanlon, M. 2012. "Fake Meat: Is Science Fiction on the Verge of Becoming Fact?" *Guardian*, June 22. http://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/jun/22/fake-meat-scientific-breakthroughs-research.

Hannon, M., J. Gimpel, M. Tran, B. Rasala, S. Mayfield. 2010. "Biofuels from Algae: Challenges and Opportunities." *Biofuels* 1: 763-784.

Hansen, B., T. Dalgaard, L. Thorling, B. Sørensen, and M. Erlandsen. 2012. "Regional Analysis of Groundwater Nitrate Concentrations and Trends in Denmark in Regard to Agricultural Influence." *Biogeosciences* 9: 3277-3286.

Hansen, M.C., P.V. Potapov, R. Moore, M. Hancher, S.A.A. Turubanova, A. Tyukavina, D. Thau, et al. 2013. "High-Resolution Global Maps of 21st-Century Forest Cover Change." *Science* 342 (6160): 850-853.

Hanson, C., and P. Mitchell. 2017. *The Business Case for Reducing Food Loss and Waste*. Washington, DC: Champions 12.3.

Hanson, C., K. Buckingham, S. DeWitt, and L. Laestadius. 2015. *The Restoration Diagnostic: A Method for Developing Forest Landscape Restoration Strategies by Rapidly Assessing the Status of Key Success Factors*. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

Hanspeter, L., and W. Critchley, eds. 2007. *WOCAT 2007: Where the Land Is Greener—Case Studies and Analysis of Soil and Water Conservation Initiatives Worldwide*. Bern: Stämpfli AG.

Harper, S. 2012. "People and the Planet." Presentation at the Royal Society, London, April. Oxford: University of Oxford.

Harper, L.A., R.R. Sharpe, and T.B. Parkin. 2000. "Gaseous Nitrogen Emissions from Anaerobic Swine Lagoons: Ammonia, Nitrous Oxide, and Dinitrogen Gas." *Journal of Environmental Quality* 29 (4): 1356-1365.

Harrington, R., S.J. Clark, S.J. Welham, P.J. Verrier, C.H. Denholm, M. Hulle, D. Maurice, and M.D. Rounsevell. 2007. "Environmental Change and the Phenology of European Aphids." *Global Change Biology* 13 (8): 1550-1564.

Harris, D., and A. Orr. 2014. "Is Rainfed Agriculture Really a Pathway from Poverty?" *Agricultural Systems* 123: 84-96.

Harris, N., S. Minnemeyer, F. Stolle, and O. Payne. 2015. "Indonesia's Fire Outbreaks Producing More Daily Emissions than Entire U.S. Economy." Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

Hart, M. 2017. "Manure Separation Systems: Comparing Costs with Opportunities." *Progressive Dairyman Magazine*, January 6.

Hart, K., B. Allen, C. Keenleyside, S. Nanni, A. Maréchal, K. Paquel, M. Nesbit, and J. Ziemann. 2017. "Research for the AGRI Committee—The Consequences of Climate Change for EU Agriculture: Follow-up to the COP21 UN Paris Climate Change Conference." http://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document.html?reference=IPOL_STU(2017)585914.

Hassanali, A., H. Herren, Z.R. Khan, J.A. Pickett, and C.M. Woodcock. 2008. "Integrated Pest Management: The Push-Pull Approach for Controlling Insect Pests and Weeds of Cereals, and Its Potential for Other Agricultural Systems Including Animal Husbandry." *Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B* 363 (1491): 611-621.

Hassane, A., P. Martin, and C. Reij. 2000. "Water Harvesting, Land Rehabilitation and Household Food Security in Niger: IFAD's Soil and Water Conservation Project in Illela District." Rome and Amsterdam: International Fund for Agricultural Development and Vrije Universiteit.

Hawkes, C. 2008. "Agro-food Industry Growth and Obesity in China: What Role for Regulating Food Advertising and Promotion and Nutrition Labelling?" *Obesity Reviews* 9 (suppl.1): 151-161.

Hawkes, C. 2012. "Food Taxes: What Type of Evidence Is Available to Inform Policy Development?" *Nutrition Bulletin* 37: 51-56.

Haya, B. 2009. "Measuring Emissions against an Alternative Future: Fundamental Flaws in the Structure of the Kyoto Protocol's Clean Development Mechanism." Energy and Resources Group Working Paper ERG09-001. Berkeley: University of California at Berkeley. http://erg.berkeley.edu/working_paper/index.shtml.

Hayashi, K., T. Abdoulaye, B. Gerard, and A. Bationo. 2008. "Evaluation of Application Timing in Fertilizer Micro-dosing Technology on Millet Production in Niger, West Africa." *Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems* 80: 257-265.

Hazell, P. 2009. *The Asian Green Revolution*. Washington, DC: IFPRI (International Food Policy Research Institute).

Hazell, P. 2011. "Five Big Questions about 500 Million Small Farms." Paper presented at the IFAD conference, "New Directions for Smallholder Agriculture," January 24-25. Rome: International Fund for Agricultural Development.

Hazell, P., C. Poulton, S. Wiggins, and A. Dorward. 2007. *The Future of Small Farms for Poverty Reduction*. Washington, DC: IFPRI.

Headey, D. 2014. "Food Prices and Poverty Reduction in the Long Run." IFPRI Discussion Paper 01331. Washington, DC: IFPRI (International Food Policy Research Institute).

Health Care without Harm. 2017. "Redefining Protein: Adjusting Diets to Protect Public Health and Conserve Resources." Reston, VA: Health Care without Harm.

Health Improvement Analytical Team. 2014. *Responsibility Deal: Monitoring the Number of Units of Alcohol Sold—Second Interim Report, 2013 Data*. London: Health Improvement Analytical Team, Department of Health. www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/389574/second_interim_report.pdf.
Hedenus, F., S. Wirsenius, and D.J. Johansson. 2014. "The Importance of Reduced Meat and Dairy Consumption for Meeting Stringent Climate Change Targets." *Climate Change* 124: 79-91.

Heinimann, A., O. Mertz, S. Frolking, A.E. Christensen, K. Hurni, F. Sedano, L.P. Chini, et al. 2017. "A Global View of Shifting Cultivation: Recent, Current, and Future Extent." *PLOS ONE* 12(9): e0184479.

Heisey, P. W. 2009. "Science, Technology, and Prospects for Growth in U.S. Corn Yields." *Amber Waves*. http://webarchives.cdlib.org/sw1vh5dg3r/http://ers.usda.gov/AmberWaves/December09/Features/USCornYields.htm.

Heldbo, J., and P. Klee. 2014. "Rethinking Aquaculture to Boost Resource and Production Efficiency: Sea and Land-Based Aquaculture Solutions for Farming High Quality Seafood." Copenhagen: Rethink Water Network and Danish Water Forum. www.rethinkwater.dk.

Hell, K., K.E. Ognakossan, A.K. Tonou, Y. Lamboni, K.E. Adabe, and O. Coulibaly. 2010. "Maize Stored Pests Control by PICS-Bags: Technological and Economic Evaluation." https://ag.purdue.edu/ipia/pics/documents/presentation-%20hell%20-wcc%20-2010-%2029%20sept.pdf.

Hemaiswarya, S., R. Raja, R. Ravi Kumar, V. Ganesan, and C. Anbazhagan. 2011. "Microalgae: A Sustainable Feed Source for Aquaculture." *World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology* 27: 1737-1746.

Hemphill, P. 2017. "China to Become Biggest Foreign Owner of Australian Farmland." *Weekly Times*, November 7. https://www.weeklytimesnow.com.au/agribusiness/decisionag/china-to-become-biggest-foreign-owner-of-australian-farmland/news-story/ba27742491380f55568bc3d5ada296cb.

Henao, J., and C. Baanante. 2006. *Agricultural Production and Soil Nutrient Mining in Africa. Implications for Resource Conservation and Policy Development*. Muscle Shoals, AL: International Center for Soil Fertility and Agricultural Development.

Henderson, B., A. Falcucci, A. Mottet, L. Early, B. Werner, H. Steinfeld, and P. Gerber. 2015. "Marginal Costs of Abating Greenhouse Gases in the Global Ruminant Livestock Sector." *Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change*, August. doi:10.1007/s11027-015-9673-9.

Henderson, B., C. Godde, D. Medina-Hidalgo, M. van Wijk, S. Silvestri, S. Douxchamps, E. Stephenson, et al. 2016. "Closing System-wide Yield Gaps to Increase Food Production and Mitigate GHGs among Mixed Crop-Livestock Smallholders in Sub-Saharan Africa." *Agricultural Systems* 143: 106-113.

Henderson, B., A. Falcucci, A. Mottet, L. Early, B. Werner, H. Steinfeld, and P. Gerber. 2017. "Marginal Costs of Abating Greenhouse Gases in the Global Ruminant Livestock Sector." *Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change* 22 (1): 224.

Henry, M., P. Tittonell, R.J. Manlay, M. Bernoux, A. Albrecht, and B. Vanlauwe. 2009. "Biodiversity, Carbon Stocks and Sequestration Potential in Aboveground Biomass in Smallholder Farming Systems of Western Kenya." *Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment* 129: 238-252.

Henry, S. 2015. "Can This Company Do Better than the Egg?" *Washington Post*, March 2. http://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/food/cracking-the-code/2015/03/02/43d36bfe-ae5d-11e4-9c91-e9d2f9fde644_story.html.

Hernandez, R., B. Belton, T. Reardon, C. Hu, X. Zhang, and A. Ahmed. 2017. "The 'Quiet Revolution' in the Aquaculture Value Chain in Bangladesh." *Aquaculture* 493: 456-468.

Herrero, M., and P.K. Thornton. 2013. "Livestock and Global Change: Emerging Issues for Sustainable Food Systems." *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America* 110 (52): 20878-20881.

Herrero, M., S. Silvestri, E. Bryan, B. Okoba, and C. Ringler. 2011. "Mitigation of Climate Change in Livestock Systems in Kenya." Presented at the workshop "Climate Change Adaptation for Smallholder Agriculture in Kenya," Nairobi, February 24-25. Nairobi: ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute).

Herrero, M., P. Havlík, H. Valin, A. Notenbaert, M.C. Rufino, P.K. Thornton, M. Blümmel, et al. 2013. "Biomass Use, Production, Feed Efficiencies, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Global Livestock Systems." *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America* 110 (52): 20888-20893.

Herrero, M., B. Henderson, P. Havlík, P. Thornton, R. Conant, P. Smith, S. Wirsenius, et al. 2016. "Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Potentials in the Livestock Sector." *Nature Climate Change* 6: 452-461.

Hertel, T.W., A. Golub, A.D. Jones, et al. 2010. "Global Land Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Impacts of U.S. Maize Ethanol: Estimating Market-Mediated Responses." *BioScience* 60: 223-231.

Hertel, T., N. Ramunkutty, and U. Baldos. 2014. "Global Market Integration Increases the Likelihood That a Future African Green Revolution Could Increase Crop Land Use and CO₂ Emissions." *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences* 111 (38): 13799-13804.

Hewitson, B.C., and R.G. Crane. 2006. "Consensus between GCM Climate Change Projections with Empirical Downscaling: Precipitation Downscaling over South Africa." *International Journal of Climatology* 26 (10): 1315-1337.

HHS (Health and Human Services) and CDC (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2013. *Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States*. Atlanta: HHS and CDC.

Hickman, M. 2008. "The Campaign That Changed the Eating Habits of a Nation." *Independent*, February 28. http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/news/the-campaign-that-changed-the-eating-habits-of-a-nation-788557.html.

Hickman, J.E., C.A. Palm, P. Mutuo, J.M. Melillo, and J. Tang. 2014. "Nitrous Oxide (N,0) Emissions in Response to Increasing Fertilizer Addition in Maize Agriculture in Western Kenya." *Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems* 100: 177-187.

Hickman, J., K. Tully, P. Groffman, W. Diru, and C. Palm. 2015. "A Potential Tipping Point in Tropical Agriculture: Avoiding Rapid Increases in Nitrous Oxide Fluxes from Agricultural Intensification in Kenya." *Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences* 120: 938-951.

Hiederer, R., F. Ramos, C. Capitani, R. Koeble, V. Blujdea, D. Mulligan, L. Marelli, and O. Gomez. 2010. *Biofuels: A New Methodology to Estimate GHG Emissions Due to Global Land Use Change*. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.

Hill, P.R. 2001. "Use of Continuous No-Till and Rotational Tillage Systems in the Central and Northern Corn Belt." *Journal of Soil and Water Conservation* 56 (4): 286-290.

Himanshu. 2015. "India's Flawed Fertilizer Policy." *Live Mint*, April 1. http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/XCCJwEzbzwiyWFYfK1wRd0/Indias-flawed-fertilizer-policy.html.

Hine, M., S. Adams, J.R. Arthur, D. Bartley, M.G. Bondad-Reantaso, C. Chávez, J.H. Clausen, et al. 2012. "Improving Biosecurity: A Necessity for Aquaculture Sustainability." In *Farming the Waters for People and Food: Proceedings of the Global Conference on Aquaculture 2010, Phuket, Thailand, September 22-25, 2010*, edited by R.P. Subasinghe, J.R. Arthur, D.M. Bartley, S.S. De Silva, M. Halwart, N. Hishamunda, C.V. Mohan, and P. Sorgeloos. Rome and Bangkok: FAO and NACA, 437-494.
Hiraishi, T., T. Krug, K. Tanabe, N. Srivastava, J. Baasansuren, M. Fukuda, and T.G. Troxler. 2014. 2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands. Geneva: IPCC.

Hirsch, A.I., W.S. Little, R.A. Houghton, N.A. Scott, and J.D. White. 2004. "The Net Carbon Flux Due to Deforestation and Forest Regrowth in the Brazilian Amazon Using a Process-Based Model." *Global Change Biology* 10 (5): 908–924.

HLPE (High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition). 2011. *Price Volatility and Food Security*. Report by High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security. Rome: FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations).

Hochman, G., D. Rajagopal, G. Timilsina, and D. Zilberman. 2014. "Quantifying the Causes of the Global Food Commodity Price Crisis." *Biomass and Bioenergy* 68: 106–114.

Hoekstra, A.Y., A.K. Chapagain, M.M. Aldaya, and M.M. Mekonnen. 2011. *The Water Footprint Assessment Manual: Setting the Global Standard*. London: Earthscan.

Hoering, U. 2013. *Alternatives to Food Import Dependency*. Berlin: FDCL (Centre for Research and Documentation Chile–Latin America).

Hoff, K., A. Braverman, and J. Stiglitz. 1993. *The Economics of Rural Organization: Theory, Practice and Policy*. Oxford: Oxford University Press for the World Bank.

Holden, S.T., and K. Otsuka. 2014. "The Roles of Land Tenure Reforms and Land Markets in the Context of Population Growth and Land Use Intensification in Africa." *Food Policy* 48: 88–97.

Holt-Gimenez, E. 2012. "We Already Grow Enough Food for 10 Billion People—and Still Can't End Hunger." *Huffington Post*, May 2. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/eric-holt-gimenez/world-hunger_b_1463429.html.

Holtsmark, B. 2012. "Harvesting in Boreal Forests and the Biofuel Carbon Debt." *Climatic Change* 112 (2): 415–428.

Homann-Kee Tui, S., D. Valbuena, P. Masikati, K. Descheemaeker, J. Nyamangara, L. Claessens, O. Erenstein, A. van Rooyen, and D. Nkomboni. 2015. "Economic Trade-offs of Biomass Use in Crop-Livestock Systems: Exploring More Sustainable Options in Semi-arid Zimbabwe." *Agricultural Systems* 134 (March): 48–60. doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2014.06.009.

Hoogwijk, M., A. Faaij, B. Eickhout, B. de Vries, and W. Turkenburg. 2005. "Potential of Biomass Energy Out to 2100, for Four IPCC SRES Land-Use Scenarios." *Biomass Bioenergy* 29: 225257.

Hoopman, A., H. North, A. Rajamohan, and J. Bowsher. 2018. "Toxicity Assessment of Glyphosate on Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Spermatozoa [abstract]." Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology (SCIB) Annual Meeting, January 3–7, San Francisco, P2–21.

Hosonuma, N., M. Herold, V. De Sy, R.S. De Fries, M. Brockhaus, L. Verchot, A. Angelsen, and E. Romijn. 2012. "An Assessment of Deforestation and Forest Degradation Drivers in Developing Countries." *Environmental Research Letters* 7 (044009).

Hossain, M.B., J.F. Phillips, and T.K. LeGrand. 2005. "The Impact of Childhood Mortality on Fertility in Six Rural Thanas of Bangladesh." Working paper. New York: Population Council.

Houghton, R.E. 2008. "Carbon Flux to the Atmosphere from Land-Use Changes: 1850–2005." In *TRENDS: A Compendium of Data on Global Change*. Oak Ridge, TN: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

Houmy, K., L.J. Clarke, J.E. Ashburner, and J. Kienzle. 2013. *Agricultural Mechanization in Sub-Saharan Africa: Guidelines for Preparing a Strategy*. Rome: FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations).

House of Lords. 2011. *Behaviour Change*. Science and Technology Select Committee, 2nd Report of Session 2010–12. London: Authority of the House of Lords.

Hristov, A.N., J. Oh, J.L. Firkins, J. Dijkstra, E. Kebreab, G. Waghorn, H.P.S. Makkar, et al. 2014. "Mitigation of Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Animal Operations: I. A Review of Enteric Methane Mitigation Options." *Journal of Animal Sciences* 91: 5045–5069.

Hristov, A.N., J. Oh, F. Giallongo, T.W. Frederick, M.T. Harper, H.L. Weeks, A.F. Branco, et al. 2015. "An Inhibitor Persistently Decreased Enteric Methane Emissions from Dairy Cows with No Negative Effect on Milk Production." *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences* 112 (34): 10663–10668.

Hua, F., X. Wang, X. Zheng, B. Fisher, L. Wang, J. Zhu, Y. Tang, et al. 2016. "Opportunities for Biodiversity Gains under the World's Largest Reforestation Programme." *Nature Communications* 7 (September): 12717. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12717.

Huang, J., S. Rozelle, and W. Martin. 2007. "Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in China." Agricultural Distortions Working Paper 29. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Huang, J., A. Gualti, and I. Gregory. 2017. "Fertilizer Subsidies: Which Way Forward?" Muscle Shoals, AL: International Fertilizer Development Corporation. https://ifdc.org/2017/01/23/new-publication-fertilizer-subsidies-which-way-forward.

Hudiburg, T., B.E. Law, C. Wirth, and S. Luyssaert. 2011. "Regional Carbon Dioxide Implications of Forest Bioenergy Production." *Nature Climate Change* 1: 419–423.

Huggins-Rawles, N. 2010. "Agricultural Carbon Offsets Activity Increases from 2007 to 2012." July 8. http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/cl13212.

Hughes, A., M. Kelly, K. Black, and M. Stanley. 2012. "Biogas from Macroalgae: Is It Time to Revisit the Idea?" *Biotechnology for Biofuels* 5: 86.

Humane Society International. 2013. "Meatless Monday Video Showcases Healthy Eating for Animals, Health and the Planet." http://www.hsi.org/news/press_releases/2013/09/meatlessMonday_brazil_092513.html.

Ibrahim, M., M. Chacon, J. Mora, S. Zamora, J. Gobbi, T. Llanderal, C.A. Harvey, et al. 2013. "Opportunities for Carbon Sequestration and Conservation of Water Resources on Landscapes Dominated by Cattle Production in Central America." In *Integrated Management of Environmental Services in Human-Dominated Tropical Landscapes*, edited by H.A. Wallace. Turrialba, Costa Rica: CATIE (Center for Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education).

ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-arid Tropics). 2009. "Fertilizer Microdosing: Boosting Production in Unproductive Lands." http://www.icrisat.org/impacts/impact-stories/icrisat-is-fertilizer-microdosing.pdf.

IEA (International Energy Agency). 2008. *Energy Technology Perspectives: Scenarios and Strategies to 2050*. Paris: IEA.

IEA. 2012. *World Energy Outlook 2012*. Paris: IEA.

IEA. 2015a. *Technology Roadmap: Hydrogen and Fuel Cells*. https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/TechnologyRoadmapHydrogenandFuelCells.pdf.
IEA. 2015b. *Track the Energy Transition: Where We Are, How We Got Here, and Where We Need to Be*. http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/COP21EnergyTransition_DataBrief_08December.pdf.

IEA. 2016a. *World Energy Outlook 2016*. Paris: IEA.

IEA. 2016b. *World Energy Model Documentation*. http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/media/weowebsite/2016/WEM_Documentation_WEO2016.pdf.

IEA. 2017. *International Energy Outlook 2017*. https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/aeo/data browser/#/?id=1-IE02017&sourcekey=0.

IFA (International Fertilizer Association). 2009. *Feeding the Earth: Energy Efficiency and CO₂ Emissions in Ammonia Production*. http://www.fertilizer.org/imis20/images/Library_Downloads/2009_IFA_energy_efficiency.pdf?WebsiteKey=411e9724-4bda-422f-abfc-8152ed74f306=&404%3bhttp%3a%2f%2fwww.fertilizer.org%3a80%2fen%2fimages%2fLibrary_Downloads%2f2009_IFA_energy_efficiency.pdf.

IFA. 2017. *Revisions of China's Consumption Statistics (2005-2014)*. https://www.fertilizer.org/en/doc_library/Statistics/Changes%20to%20China%20s%20consumption%20estimates%20Sept%202017.pdf.

IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development). 2009. "Livestock and Land." Rome: IFAD.

IFAD. 2010. *Rural Poverty Report 2011: New Realities, New Challenges: New Opportunities for Tomorrow's Generation*. Rome: IFAD.

IFDC (International Fertilizer Development Center). 2011. *Strategic Alliance for Agricultural Development in Africa (SAADA): End of Project Report*. www.ifdc.org.

IFDC. 2013. *Developing Competitive Fertilizer Markets in Sub-Saharan Africa: Policy and Non-policy Solutions*. Policy Experts Meeting on "Technical Convening on Seed and Fertilizer Policy in Africa," Addis Ababa, December 5-7.

IFPRI (International Food Policy Research Institute). 2000. *Overcoming Child Malnutrition in Developing Countries*. Washington, DC: IFPRI.

IFPRI. 2013. "CAADP 10 Years Out: How Have Countries Fared in Agricultural Development?" Washington, DC: IFPRI. https://www.ifpri.org/news-release/caadp-10-years-out-how-have-countries-fared-agricultural-development.

Imamura, F., R. Micha, J.H.Y. Wu, M.C. de Oliveira Otto, F.O. Otite, A.I. Abioye, and D. Mozaffarian. 2016. "Effects of Saturated Fat, Polyunsaturated Fat, Monounsaturated Fat, and Carbohydrate on Glucose-Insulin Homeostasis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomised Controlled Feeding Trials." *PLOS Medicine* 13(7): e1002087.

Impossible Foods. 2017. "Frequently Asked Questions." https://www.impossiblefoods.com/faq/.

Institute of Medicine. 2005. *Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate*. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

INPE (Brazilian National Institute for Space Research). 2009. *Revisiting the Use of Managed Land as a Proxy for Estimating National Anthropogenic Emissions and Removals*. IPCC Expert Meeting Report, May 5-7. São José dos Campos, Brazil: INPE.

Inter Press Service. 2016. "Low Food Prices: Good for Your Pocket, Bad for Small Farmers." http://www.ipsnews.net/2016/10/low-food-prices-good-for-your-pocket-bad-for-small-farmers/.

Ioffe, G. 2005. "The Downsizing of Russian Agriculture." *Europe-Asia Studies* 57 (2): 179-208.

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2003. *Current Scientific Understanding of the Processes Affecting Terrestrial Carbon Stocks and Human Influences upon Them*. Expert Meeting Report, July 21-23. Geneva: IPCC.

IPCC. 2006. *2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories*. Vol. 4, Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use. Geneva: IPCC.

IPCC. 2007. *Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report*. Contribution of Working Groups I, II, and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Geneva: IPCC.

IPCC. 2014. *Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change: Summary for Policymakers and Technical Summary*. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Geneva: IPCC.

IRRI (International Rice Research Institute). 2007. *Planting the Rice: Nursery Systems*. http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/ericeproduction/II.5_Nursery_systems.htm.

ISE (Institute for Solar Energy Systems). 2016. *Photovoltaics Report*. Freiburg, Germany: Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems.

Islam, A., P.K. Shitangsu, and Z. Hassan. 2015. "Agricultural Vulnerability in Bangladesh to Climate Change Induced Sea Level Rise and OPTIONS for Adaptation: A Study of a Coastal Upazila." *Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development* 109 (1): 19-39.

Itoh, M., S. Sudo, S. Mori, H. Saito, T. Yoshida, Y. Shiratori, S. Suga, et al. 2011. "Mitigation of Methane Emissions from Paddy Fields by Prolonging Midseason Drainage." *Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment* 141: 359-372.

Ivanic, M., and W. Martin. 2014. "Short- and Long-Run Impacts of Food Price Changes on Poverty." Policy Research Working Paper 7011. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Ivanic, M., W. Martin, and H. Zaman. 2011. "Estimating the Short-Run Poverty Impacts of the 2010–11 Surge in Food Prices." Policy Research Working Paper 5633. Washington, DC: World Bank, Development Research Group.

Jackson, R. 2015. "A Credible Commitment: Reducing Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon, 2003–2012." Case study for Innovations for Successful Societies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University.

Jacobs, A. 2018. "In Sweeping War on Obesity, Chile Slays Tony the Tiger." *New York Times*, February 7.

Jacoby, H.G. 2013. "Food Prices, Wages, and Welfare in Rural India." Policy Research Working Paper 6412. Washington, DC: World Bank, Development Research Group.

Jacoby, H.G., G. Li, and S. Rozelle. 2002. "Hazards of Expropriation: Tenure Insecurity and Investment in Rural China." *American Economic Review* 92 (5): 1420-1447.

Jactel, H., J. Bauhus, J. Boberg, D. Bonal, B. Castagneyrol, B. Gardiner, J.R. González-Olabarría, J. Koricheva, et al. 2017. "Tree Diversity Drives Forest Stand Resistance to Natural Disturbances." *Current Forestry Reports* 3 (3) (September): 223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-017-0064-1.

Jaganathan, D., K. Ramasamy, G. Sellamuthu, S. Jayabalan, and G. Venkataraman. 2018. "CRISPR for Crop Improvement: An Update Review." *Frontiers in Plant Science* 9. doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.00985.
Jannink, J., and A. Lorenz. 2010. "Genomic Selection in Plant Breeding: From Theory to Practice." *Briefings in Functional Genomics* 9: 166-177.

Jayne, T.S., and S. Rashid. 2013. "Input Subsidy Programs in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Synthesis of Recent Evidence." *Agricultural Economics* 44: 547-562.

Jayne, T.S., N. Mason, R. Myers, J. Ferris, D. Mather, N. Sitko, M. Beaver, et al. 2010. "Patterns and Trends in Food Staples Markets in Eastern and Southern Africa: Toward the Identification of Priority Investments and Strategies for Developing Markets and Promoting Smallholder Productivity Growth." *International Development Working Paper* 104. East Lansing: Michigan State University. http://www.aec.msu.edu/fs2/zambia/idwp104.pdf.

Jayne, T.S., J. Chamberlin, L. Traub, N. Sitko, M. Muyanga, F.K. Yeboah, W. Anseeuw, et al. 2016a. "Africa's Changing Farm Size Distribution Patterns: The Rise of Medium-Scale Farms." *Agricultural Economics* 47: 197-214.

Jayne, T.S., J. Chamberlin, L. Traub, N. Sitko, M. Muyanga, F.K. Yeboah, C. Nkonde, et al. 2016b. "Africa's Changing Farmland Ownership: The Rise of the Emergent Investor Farmer." Paper presented at the World Bank Land and Poverty Conference, March 15, Washington, DC.

Jensen, J.D., and S. Smed. 2013. "The Danish Tax on Saturated Fat: Short-Run Effects on Consumption, Substitution Patterns, and Consumer Prices of Fats." *Food Policy* 42: 18-31.

Jha, A. 2013. "Google's Sergey Brin Bankrolled World's First Synthetic Beef Hamburger." *Guardian*, August 5. http://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/aug/05/google-sergey-brin-synthetic-beef-hamburger.

Ji, M.F., and W. Wood. 2007. "Purchase and Consumption Habits: Not Necessarily What You Intend." *Journal of Consumer Psychology* 17 (4): 261-276.

Ji, X., S. Rozelle, J. Huang, L. Zhang, and T. Zhang. 2016. "Are China's Farms Growing?" *China and World Economy* 24: 41-62.

Jiang, Y., X. Huang, X. Zhang, X. Zhang, Y. Zhang, C. Zheng, A. Deng, et al. 2016. "Optimizing Rice Plant Photosynthate Allocation Reduces N₂O Emissions from Paddy Fields." *Scientific Reports* 6 (29333).

Jiang, Y., K.J. van Groenigen, S. Huang, B.A. Hungate, C. van Kessel, S. Hu, J. Zhang, et al. 2017. "Higher Yields and Lower Methane Emissions with New Rice Cultivars." *Global Change Biology* 23 (11): 4728-4738.

Johnson, P.M., K. Mayrand, and M. Paquin. 2006. "The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Global Sustainable Development Governance." In *Governing Global Desertification: Linking Environmental Degradation, Poverty and Participation*, edited by P.M. Johnson, K. Mayrand, and M. Paquin. Farnham, UK: Ashgate.

Johnson, R.K., L.J. Appel, M. Brands, B.V. Howard, M. Lefevre, R.H. Lustig, F. Sacks, et al. 2009. "Dietary Sugars Intake and Cardiovascular Health: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association." *Arlington, VA: American Heart Association*.

Johnson, J.A., C. F. Runge, B. Senauer, J. Foley, and S. Polasky. 2014. "Global Agriculture and Carbon Trade-Offs." *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences* 111: 12342-12347.

Jones, J. 2017. *Plant Immunity* 101. 2BLADES Foundation. http://2blades.org/learn_more/#plant_imm.

Jones, J.D.G., and J.L. Dangl. 2006. "The Plant Immune System." *Nature* 444: 323-329.

Jones, P.G., and P.K. Thornton. 2009. "Croppers to Livestock Keepers: Livelihood Transitions to 2050 in Africa Due to Climate Change." *Environmental Science & Policy* 12 (4): 427-437.

Jones, P.G., and P.K. Thornton. 2013. "Generating Downscaled Weather Data from a Suite of Climate Models for Agricultural Modelling Applications." *Agricultural Systems* 114: 1-5.

Jones, P.G., and P.K. Thornton. 2015. "Representative Soil Profiles for the Harmonized World Soil Database at Different Spatial Resolutions for Agricultural Modelling Applications." *Agricultural Systems* 139: 93-99.

Jones-Smith, J.C., P. Gordon-Larsen, A. Siddiqi, and B.M. Popkin. 2011. "Emerging Disparities in Overweight by Educational Attainment in Chinese Adults (1989-2006)." *International Journal of Obesity* 36: 866-875.

Jong, H.N. 2015. "Jokowi to Sign Peat Land Decree before COP21." *Jakarta Post*. http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/11/25/jokowi-sign-peat-land-decree-cop21.html.

Jongeneel, R., K. Hart, M.-J. Zondag, and M. Bocci. 2016. *Mapping and Analysis of the Implementation of the CAP*. Final report. November. Brussels: European Commission.

Joosten, H., M. Tapio-Bistrom, and S. Tol. 2012. "Peatlands: Guidance for Climate Change Mitigation through Conservation, Rehabilitation and Sustainable Use." Mitigation of Climate Change in Agriculture 5. Rome: FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) and Wetlands International.

Joshi, E., D. Kumar, V. Lal, V. Nepalia, P. Gautam, and A.K. Vyas. 2013. "Management of Direct Seeded Rice for Enhanced Resource-Use Efficiency." *Plant Knowledge Journal* 2 (3): 119.

Jouanjean, M.A. 2013. *Targeting Infrastructure Development to Foster Agricultural Trade and Market Integration in Developing Countries: An Analytical Review*. London: Overseas Development Institute.

JRC (European Joint Research Centre). 2011. "WTT Appendix 2: Description and Detailed Energy and GHG Balance of Individual Pathways." Ispra, Italy: JRC.

Ju, X.T., G.X. Xing, X.P. Chen, S.L. Zhang, L.J. Zhang, X.J. Liu, Z.L. Cui, et al. 2009. "Reducing Environmental Risk by Improving N Management in Intensive Chinese Agricultural Systems." *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America* 106 (9): 3041-3046.

Junk, W.J., P.B. Bayley, and R.E. Sparks. 1989. "The Flood Pulse Concept in River-Floodplain Systems." In *Proceedings of the International Large River Symposium*, edited by D.P. Dodge. Special issue of *Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences* 106.

Kablan, R., R.S. Yost, K. Brannan, M.D. Doumbia, K. Traore, A. Yorote, Y. Toloba, et al. 2008. "Aménagement en courbes de niveau" (Increasing Rainfall Capture, Storage, and Drainage in Soils of Mali). *Arid Land Research and Management* 22 (1): 62-80.

Kaffka, S., T. Barzee, H. El-Mashad, R. Williams, S. Zicari, and R. Zhang. 2016. *Evaluation of Dairy Manure Management Practices for Greenhouse Gas Emissions Mitigation in California: Final Technical Report to the State of California Air Resources Board*. Davis: University of California.

Kalaiselvi, S., and I. Sundar. 2011. "Interstate Disparity in Cropping Intensity in India." *International Journal of Business Management, Economics and Information Technology* 3 (2): 269-273.
Kanter, D., and T. Searchinger. 2018. "A Technology-Forcing Approach to Reduce Nitrogen Pollution." *Nature Sustainability* 1 (October). doi:10.1038/s41893-018-0143-8.

Kapetsky, J. M., J. Aguilar-Manjarrez, and J. Jenness. 2013. *A Global Assessment of Offshore Mariculture Potential from a Spatial Perspective*. Rome: FAO.

Karama, S., S. Sukmana, H. Suwardjo, S. Adiningsih, H. Subagjo, H. Suhardjo, and Y. Prawirasumantri, eds. 1993. *Prosiding Seminar Lahan Alang-Alang*. Bogor, Indonesia: Pusat Penelitian Tanah dan Agroklimat.

Kathage, J., and M. Quaim. 2012. "Economic Impacts and Impact Dynamics of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) Cotton in India." *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America* 109: 11652-11656.

Keats, S., and S. Wiggins. 2014. *Future Diets: Implications for Agriculture and Food Prices*. London: Overseas Development Institute.

Kelliher, F.M., N. Cox, T.J. van der Weerden, C.A.M. de Klein, J. Luo, K.C. Cameron, H.J. Di, et al. 2014. "Statistical Analysis of Nitrous Oxide Emission Factors from Pastoral Agriculture Field Trials Conducted in New Zealand." *Environmental Pollution* 186: 63-66.

Kellogg, R.L., C.H. Lander, D.C. Moffit, and M. Gollehon. 2000. *Manure Nutrients Relative to the Capacity of Cropland and Pastureland to Assimilate Nutrients*. Washington, DC: USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture).

Kemp, D.R., and D.L. Michalk, eds. 2011. "Development of Sustainable Livestock Systems on Grasslands in Northwestern China." *ACIAR Proceedings*, no. 134. Canberra: Australian Center for International Agricultural Research.

Kennedy, K., M. Obeiter, and N. Kaufman. 2015. "Putting a Price on Carbon: A Handbook for U.S. Policymakers." Working paper. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

Key, N., and D. Runsten. 1999. "Contract Farming, Smallholders, and Rural Development in Latin America: The Organization of Agroprocessing Firms and the Scale of Outgrower Production." *World Development* 27 (2): 381-401.

Kharas, H. 2010. *The Emerging Middle Class in Developing Countries*. Paris: OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development).

Kherallah, M., C. Delgado, E. Gabre-Madhin, N. Minot, and M. Johnson. 2002. *Reforming Agricultural Markets in Africa*. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Khoury, C.K., A.D. Bjorkman, H. Dempewolf, J. Ramirez-Villegas, L. Guarino, A. Jarvis, L.H. Rieseberg, and P.C. Struik. 2014. "Increasing Homogeneity in Global Food Supplies and the Implications for Food Security." *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America* 111 (11): 4001-4006.

Killeen, T., A. Guerra, M. Calzada, L. Correa, V. Calderon, L. Soria, B. Quezada, and M. Steininger. 2008. "Total Historical Land-Use Change in Eastern Bolivia: Who, Where, When, and How Much? *Ecology and Society* 13 (1): 36.

Kim, D.-H., J.O. Sexton, and J.R. Townshend. 2015. "Accelerated Deforestation in the Humid Tropics from the 1990s to the 2000s." *Geophysical Research Letters* 42: 3495-3501.

Kindermann G., M. Obersteiner, B. Sohngen, J. Sathaye, K. Andrasko, E. Rametsteiner, B. Schlamadinger, S. Wunder, and R. Beach. 2008. "Global Cost Estimates of Reducing Carbon Emissions through Avoided Deforestation." *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America* 105: 10302-10307.

Kiprono, P., and T. Matsumoto. 2014. "Roads and Farming: The Effect of Infrastructure Improvement on Agricultural Input Use, Farm Productivity, and Market Participation in Kenya." Paper presented at CSAE conference "2014 Economic Development in Africa." Oxford: University of Oxford.

Kirkby, C.A., J.A. Kirkegaard, A.E. Richardson, L.J. Wade, C. Blanchard, and G. Batten. 2011. "Stable Soil Organic Matter: A Comparison of C: N: P: S: Ratios in Australian and Other World Soils." *Geoderma* 163 (3-4): 197-208.

Kirkby, C.A., A.E. Richardson, L.J. Wade, J.W. Passioura, G.D. Batten, C. Blanchard, and J.A. Kirkegaard. 2014. "Nutrient Availability Limits Carbon Sequestration in Arable Soils." *Soil Biology & Biochemistry* 68: 402-409.

Kirkby, C.A., A.E. Richardson, L.J. Wade, M. Conyers, and J.A. Kirkegaard. 2016. "Inorganic Nutrients Increase Humification Efficiency and C-Sequestration in an Annually Cropped Soil." *PLOS ONE* 11 (5): e0153698. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153698.

Kirtman, B., S.B. Power, J.A. Adedoyin, G.J. Boer, R. Bojariu, I. Camilloni, F.J. Doblas-Reyes, et al. 2013. "Near-Term Climate Change: Projections and Predictability." In *Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis*, edited by T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, et al. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kissinger, G., M. Herold, and V. De Sy. 2012. *Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation: A Synthesis Report for REDD+ Policymakers*. Vancouver: Lexeme Consulting.

Kitchen, N.R., J.F. Shanahan, C.J. Ransom, C.J. Bandura, G.M. Bean, J.J. Camberato, P.R. Carter, et al. 2017. "A Public-Industry Partnership for Enhancing Corn Nitrogen Research and Datasets: Project Description, Methodology, and Outcomes." *Agronomy Journal* 109 (5): 2371-2389.

Kitinoja, L., S. Saran, S.K. Roy, and A.A. Kader. 2011. "Postharvest Technology for Developing Countries: Challenges and Opportunities in Research, Outreach and Advocacy." *Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture* 91: 597-603.

Kitzing, L., C. Mitchell, and P.E. Morthorst. 2012. "Renewable Energy Policies in Europe: Converging or Diverging?" *Energy Policy* 51: 192-201.

Kling, C., and R. Machado. 2005. "Conservation of the Brazilian Cerrado." *Conservation Biology* 19: 707-713.

Koh, L.P., and D.S. Wilcove. 2008. "Is Oil Palm Agriculture Really Destroying Tropical Biodiversity?" *Conservation Letters* 1: 60-64.

Koh, L.P., and J. Ghazoul. 2010. "Spatially Explicit Scenario Analysis for Reconciling Agricultural Expansion, Forest Protection, and Carbon Conservation in Indonesia." *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America* 107 (24): 11140-11144.

Kolbert, E. 2014. *The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History*. New York: Henry Holt.

Kolka, R., S.D. Bridgham, and C.L. Ping. 2016. "Soils of Peatlands: Histosols and Gelisols." In *Wetlands Soils: Genesis, Hydrology, Landscapes and Classification*, edited by C.B. Craft and M.J. Vepraskas. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Konde, A.B., R. Bjerselius, L. Haglund, A. Jansson, M. Pearson, J.S. Färnstrand, and A.-K. Johansson. 2015. *Swedish Dietary Guidelines: Risk and Benefit Management Report*. Stockholm: Livsmedelsverket National Food Agency.
Koohafkan, P., and B.A. Stewart. 2008. "Water and Cereals in Drylands. Chapter 1: Drylands, People and Land Use." Rome: FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations).

Koop, R.M., D.A. Bader, C.C. Hay, R.M. Horton, S. Kulp, M. Oppenheimer, D. Pollard, and B.H. Strauss. 2017. "Evolving Understanding of Antarctic Ice-Sheet Physics and Ambiguity in Probabilistic Sea-Level Projections." Earth's Future, December 13. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017EF00066.

Koper, T. 2014. "FAQ: Agricultural Carbon Credit Projects." https://www.climatetrust.org/faq-agricultural-carbon-credit-projects/.

Koplow, D. 2007. *Biofuels—At What Cost? Government Support for Ethanol and Biodiesel in the United States: 2007 Update*. Winnipeg, Canada: International Institute for Sustainable Development.

Koplow, D. 2009. *A Boon to Bad Biofuels: Federal Tax Credits and Mandates Underwrite Environmental Damage at Taxpayer Expense*. Winnipeg, Canada: International Institute for Sustainable Development. http://libcloud.s3.amazonaws.com/93/ac/e/635/Boon_to_bad biofuels.pdf.

Koussoubé, E. 2013. "Land Purchases by Elites: The Other Face of Land Grab in Africa?" bsi-economics.org. http://www.bsi-economics.org/222-land-purchases-by-elites-the-other-face-of-land-grab-in-africa.

Kowitt, B. 2017. "This Startup Has a Natural Solution to the $2.6 Trillion Food Waste Problem." *Fortune*, April 28. http://fortune.com/2017/04/28/apeel-sciences-food-waste/.

Krause, A., T.A.M. Pugh, A.D. Bayer, M. Lindeskog, and A. Arneth. 2016. "Impacts of Land-Use History on the Recovery of Ecosystems after Agricultural Abandonment." *Earth System Dynamics* 7: 745-766.

Krausmann, F. 2016. "From Energy Source to Sink: Transformations of Austrian Agriculture." In *Social Ecology: Society-Nature Relations across Time and Space*, edited by H. Haberl, M. Fischer-Kowalski, F. Krausmann, and V. Winiwarter, 433-445. Human-Environment Interactions. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-33326-7_21.

Krausmann, F., K.H. Erb, S. Gingrich, H. Haberl, A. Bondeau, V. Gaube, C. Lauk, et al. 2013. "Global Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production Doubled in the 20th Century." *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America* 110 (25): 10324-10329.

Kravchenko, A.V., and P. Robertson. 2011. "Whole-Profile Soil Carbon Stocks: The Danger of Assuming Too Much from Analyses of Too Little." *Soil Science Society of America* 75: 235-240.

Krishna, V.V., and M. Qaim. 2012. "Bt Cotton and Sustainability of Pesticide Reductions in India." *Agricultural Systems* 107: 47-64.

Kritee, K., D. Nair, D. Zavala-Araiza, J. Proville, J. Rudek, T.K. Adhya, T. Loecke, et al. 2018. "High Nitrous Oxide Fluxes from Rice Indicate the Need to Manage Water for Both Long-and Short-Term Climate Impacts." *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences* 115 (39): 9720-9725.

Kuemmerle, T., P. Olofsson, O. Chaskvosky, M. Baumann, K. Ostapowicz, C.E. Woodcock, R.A. Houghton, P. Hostert, W.S. Keeton, and V.C. Radeloff. 2010. "Post-Soviet Farmland Abandonment, Forest Recovery, and Carbon Sequestration in Western Ukraine." *Global Change Biology* 17: 1335-1349.

Kuemmerle, T., C. Levers, K. Erb, S. Estel, M.R. Jepsen, D. Muller, C. Plutzar, J. Sturck, P. Verkerk, and P. Verburg. 2016. "Hotspots of Land Use Change in Europe." *Environmental Research Letters* 11 (6) (064020).

Kummu, M., H. de Moel, M. Porkka, S. Siebert, O. Varis, and P.J. Ward. 2012. "Lost Food, Wasted Resources: Global Food Supply Chain Losses and Their

Impacts on Freshwater, Cropland, and Fertiliser Use." *Science of the Total Environment* 438: 477-489.

Kupferschmidt, K. 2014. "Scientists Fix Errors in Controversial Paper about Saturated Fats." *Science*, March 24. http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2014/03/scientists-fix-errors-controversial-paper-about-saturated-fats.

Kura, Y., C. Revenga, E. Hoshino, and G. Mock. 2004. *Fishing for Answers: Making Sense of the Global Fish Crisis*. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

Kurganova, I.N., A.M. Yermolaev, V.O. Lopes de Gerenyu, A.A. Larionova, Y.A. Kuzyakov, T. Keller, and S. Lange. 2007. "Carbon Balance in Abandoned Lands of Moscow Region of Russia." *European Soil Science* 40: 51-58.

Kurganova, I.N., V.N. Kudeyarov, and V.O. Lopes de Gerenyu. 2010. "Updated Estimate of Carbon Balance on Russian Territory." *Tellus: Series B* 62 (5): 497-505. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2010.00467.x.

Kurkalova, L.A., and D.Q. Tran. 2017. "Is the Use of No-Till Continuous or Rotational? Quantifying Tillage Dynamics from Time-Ordered Spatially Aggregated Data." *Journal of Soil and Water Conservation* 72 (2): 131-138. doi:10.2489/jswc.72.2.131.

Kürschner, E., C. Henschel, T. Hildebrandt, E. Jülich, M. Leineweber, and C. Paul. 2010. "Water Saving in Rice Production–Dissemination, Adoption and Short Term Impacts of Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) in Bangladesh." Berlin: SLE Publication Series, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin.

Laderach, P., M. Lundy, A. Jarvis, J. Ramirez, E.P. Portilla, K. Schepp, and A. Eitzinger. 2011. "Predicted Impact of Climate Change on Coffee Supply Chains." In *The Economic, Social and Political Elements of Climate Change*, edited by W. Leal Filho, 703-723. Climate Change Management. Berlin: Springer.

Ladha, J.K., A. Tirol-Padre, C.K. Reddy, K.G. Cassman, S. Verma, D.S. Powlson, C. van Kessel, et al. 2016. "Global Nitrogen Budgets in Cereals: A 50-Year Assessment for Maize, Rice, and Wheat Production Systems." *Scientific Reports* 6 (19355).

Lague, C., E. Gaudet, J. Agnew, and T. Fonstad. "Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Liquid Swine Manure Storage Facilities in Saskatchewan." *Transactions of American Society of Agricultural Engineers* 48 (6): 2289-2296.

Lal, R. 2004. "Soil Carbon Sequestration Impacts on Global Climate Change and Food Security." *Science* 304 (5677): 1623-1627.

Lal, R., P. Smith, H. Jungkunst, W. Mitsch, J. Lehmann, P.K. Ramachan-Dran Nair, A. McBratney, et al. 2018. "The Carbon Sequestration Potential of Terrestrial Ecosystems." *Journal of Soil and Water Conservation* 73 (November): 145-152. doi:10.2489/jswc.73.6.145A.

Lamb, K. 2015. "Indonesia's Fires Labelled a 'Crime against Humanity' as 500,000 Suffer." *Guardian*, October 26. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/26/indonesias-fires-crime-against-humanity-hundreds-of-thousands-suffer.

Lamb, A., R. Green, I. Bateman, M. Broadmeadow, T. Bruce, J. Burney, P. Carey, et al. 2016. "The Potential for Land Sparing to Offset Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agriculture." *Nature Climate Change* 6: 488-492.

Lambin, E.F., and P. Meyfroidt. 2011. "Global Land Use Change, Economic Globalization, and the Looming Land Scarcity." *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America* 108 (9): 3465-3472.

Lampayan, R. 2013. "Smart Water Technique for Rice." Brussels: European Initiative for Agricultural Research for Development.
Lampayan, R.M., F.G. Palis, R.B. Flor, B.A. M. Bouman, E.D. Quicho, J.L. de Dios, A. Espiritu, et al. 2009. "Adoption and Dissemination of 'Safe Alternate Wetting and Drying' in Pump Irrigated Rice Areas in the Philippines." In *60th International Executive Council Meeting of the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID), 5th Regional Conference* 6 (11). Manila: International Rice Research Institute.

Lampayan, R.M., R.M. Rejesus, G.R. Singleton, and B.A.M. Bouman. 2015. "Adoption and Economics of Alternate Wetting and Drying Water Management for Irrigated Lowland Rice." *Field Crops Research* 170: 95–108.

Lansche, J., and J. Müller. 2012. "Life Cycle Assessment of Energy Generation of Biogas Fed Combined Heat and Power Plants: Environmental Impact of Different Agricultural Substrates." *Engineering in Life Sciences* 12 (3): 313–320.

Laporte, N.T., J.A. Stabach, R. Grosch, T.S. Lin, and S.J. Goetz. 2007. "Expansion of Industrial Logging in Central Africa." *Science* 316 (5830): 1451.

Land Matrix. n.d. Database. http://www.landmatrix.org/en/about/. (Accessed July 16, 2016.)

Lark, T., J.M. Salmon, and H.K. Gibbs. 2015. "Cropland Expansion Outpaces Agricultural and Biofuel Policies in the United States." *Environmental Research Letters* 10 (4) (044003).

Larsen, R.K., A. Atteridge, E. Kemp-Benedict, H. Nguyen, and M. Osbeck. 2015. *Biofuels, Oil Palm and Agribusiness in Southeast Asia—Planning for Sustainability?* Stockholm: SEI (Stockholm Environmental Institute).

Larson, N., and M. Story. 2009. *Menu Labeling: Does Providing Nutrition Information at the Point of Purchase Affect Consumer Behavior?* Princeton, NJ: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.

Larson, D., A. Dinar, and J.A. Frisbie. 2012. *Agriculture and the Clean Development Mechanism*. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Larson, D., K. Otsuka, T. Matsumoto, and T. Kilic. 2014. "Should African Rural Development Strategies Depend on Smallholder Farms? An Exploration of the Inverse-Productivity Hypothesis." *Agricultural Economics* 45: 355–365.

Larsson, S.C., and N. Orsini. 2013. "Red Meat and Processed Meat Consumption and All-Cause Mortality: A Meta-analysis." *American Journal of Epidemiology* 179: 282–289.

Larwanou, M., and T. Adam. 2008. "Impacts de la régénération naturelle assistée au Niger: Étude de quelques cas dans les régions de Maradi et Zinder." Synthèse de 11 mémoires d'étudiants de 3ème cycle de l'Université Abdou Moumouni de Niamey, Niger. Photocopy.

Lassaletta, L., G. Billen, B. Grizzetti, J. Anglade, and J. Garnier. 2014. "50 Year Trends in Nitrogen Use Efficiency of World Cropping Systems: The Relationship between Yield and Nitrogen Input to Cropland." *Environmental Research Letters* 9 (105011).

Lau, C., S. Schropp, and D.A. Sumner. 2015. "The 2014 US Farm Bill and Its Effects on the World Market for Cotton." Geneva: International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development. http://www.ictsd.org/themes/agriculture/research/the-2014-us-farm-bill-and-its-effects-on-the-world-market-for-cotton.

Laurance, W.F., B.M. Croes, L. Tchignoumba, S.A. Lahm, A. Alonso, M.E. Lee, P. Campbell, and C. Ondzeano. 2006. "Impacts of Roads and Hunting on Central African Rainforest Mammals." *Conservation Biology* 20 (4): 1251–1261.

Laurance, W.F., M. Goosem, and S.G. Laurance. 2009. "Impacts of Roads and Linear Clearings on Tropical Forests." *Trends in Ecology and Evolution* 24: 659–669.

Laurance, W.F., G.R. Clements, S. Sloan, C.S. O'Connell, N.D. Mueller, M. Goosem, O. Venter, et al. 2014. "A Global Strategy for Road Building." *Nature* 513: 229–232.

Laurance, W.F., A. Peletier-Jellema, B. Geenen, H. Koster, P. Verweij, P. Van Dijck, T.E. Lovejoy, J. Schleicher, and M. Van Kuijk. 2015. "Reducing the Global Environmental Impacts of Rapid Infrastructure Expansion." *Current Biology* 25 (7): R259–R262.

Lawry, S., C. Samii, R. Hall, A. Leopold, D. Hornby, and F. Mtero. 2014. *The Impact of Land Property Rights Interventions on Investment and Agricultural Productivity in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review*. Oslo: Campbell Systematic Reviews.

Lea, E.J., D. Crawford, and A. Worsley. 2006. "Public Views of the Benefits and Barriers to the Consumption of a Plant-Based Diet." *European Journal of Clinical Nutrition* 60 (7): 828–837.

Leakey, A.D.B., E.A. Ainsworth, C.J. Bernacchi, A. Rogers, S.P. Long, and D.R. Ort. 2009. "Elevated CO₂ Effects on Plant Carbon, Nitrogen, and Water Relations: Six Important Lessons from FACE." *Journal of Experimental Botany* 60 (10): 2859–2876.

Lebel, L., P. Garden, A. Luers, D. Manuel-Navarrete, and D.H. Giap. 2016. "Knowledge and Innovation Relationships in the Shrimp Industry in Thailand and Mexico." *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America* 113 (17): 4585–4590.

Ledford, H. 2016. "CRISPR: Gene Editing Is Just the Beginning." *Nature* 531: 156–159.

Ledgard, S.F., J. Luo, M.S. Sprosen, J.B. Wyatt, S.F. Balvert and S.B. Lindsey. 2014. "Effects of the Nitrification Inhibitor Dicyandiamide (DCD) on Pasture Production, Nitrous Oxide Emissions and Nitrate Leaching in Waikato, New Zealand." *New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research* 57 (4): 294–315.

Leeson, G., and S. Harper. 2012. "Inequalities in Access to Education: Failing to Provide Skills-Building and Empowerment to Girls." *Journal of Population Ageing* 5 (4): 211–214.

Lehmann, J. 2007. "Bio-energy in the Black." *Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment* 5 (7): 381–387.

Leicester, A. 2011. "Small Beer? Assessing the Government's Alcohol Policies." London: Institute for Fiscal Studies. http://www.ifs.org.uk/publications/5923.

Lemly, A.D. 1994. "Irrigated Agriculture and Freshwater Wetlands: A Struggle for Coexistence in the Western United States." *Wetlands Ecology and Management* 3 (1): 3–15.

Lemmon, Z.H., N.T. Reem, J. Dalrymple, S. Soyk, K.E. Swartwood, D. Rodriguez-Leal, J.V. Eck, and Z.B. Lippman. 2018. "Rapid Improvement of Domestication Traits in an Orphan Crop by Genome Editing." *Nature Plants* 4 (10): 766. doi:10.1038/s41477-018-0259-x.

Le Quéré, C., R.J. Andres, T. Boden, T. Conway, R.A. Houghton, J.I. House, G. Marland, et al. 2012. "The Global Carbon Budget, 1959–2011." *Earth System Science Data* 5: 165–185.

Lesk, C., P. Rowhani, and N. Ramankutty. 2016. "Influence of Extreme Weather Disasters on Global Crop Production." *Nature* 529: 84–87.

Lewis, R.R., M.J. Phillips, B. Clough, and D. Macintosh. 2002. *Thematic Review on Coastal Wetland Habitats and Shrimp Aquaculture*. Washington, DC: World Bank, Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific, World Wildlife Fund, and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Li, N. 2008. GHG Emission from Slurry Storage of Swine Farm. Master's thesis. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.

Li, C., J. Qiu, S. Frolking, X. Xiao, W. Salas, B. Moore III, S. Boles, Y. Huang, and R. Sass. 2002. "Reduced Methane Emissions from Large-Scale Changes in Water Management of China's Rice Paddies during 1980-2000." *Geophysical Research Letters* 29 (20): 1972.

Li, F., Q. Song, P. Jjemba, and Y. Shi. 2004. "Dynamics of Soil Microbial Biomass C and Soil Fertility in Cropland Mulched with Plastic Film in a Semiarid Agro-ecosystem." *Soil Biology and Biochemistry* 36: 1893-1902.

Li, Y., L. Wu, L. Zhao, X. Lu, Q. Fan, and F. Zhang. 2007. "Influence of Continuous Plastic Film Mulching on Yield, Water Use Efficiency and Soil Properties of Rice Fields under Non-flooding Condition," *Soil and Tillage Research* 93: 370-378.

Li, B.B., X.Q. Fang, Y. Yu, and X.Z. Zhang. 2010. "Accuracy Assessment of Global Historical Cropland Datasets Based on Regional Reconstructed Historical Data—A Case Study in Northeast China." Beijing: Beijing Normal University and Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Li, Y., W. Zhang, L. Ma, G. Huang, O. Oenema, F. Zhang, and Z. Dou. 2014. "An Analysis of China's Fertilizer Policies: Impacts on the Industry, Food Security, and the Environment." *Journal of Environmental Quality* 42 (4): 972-981.

Liang, B., J. Lehmann, D. Solomon, J. Kinyangi, J. Grossman, B. O'Neill, J.O. Skjemstad, et al. 2006. "Black Carbon Increases Cation Exchange Capacity in Soils." *Soil Science Society of America Journal* 70: 1719-1730.

Liang, X., Y. Wu, R.G. Chambers, D.L. Schmoldt, W. Gao, C. Liu, Y. Liu, et al. 2017. "Determining Climate Effects on US Total Agricultural Productivity." *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America* 114 (12): 2285-2292.

Licht, S., B. Cui, B. Wang, F. Li, J. Lau, and S. Liu. 2014. "Ammonia Synthesis by N₂ and Steam Electrolysis in Molten Hydroxide Suspension of Nanoscale Fe₂O₃." *Science* 345 (6197): 637-640.

Licker, R., M. Johnston, J.A. Foley, C. Barford, C.J. Kucharik, C. Monfreda, and N. Ramankutty. 2010. "Mind the Gap: How Do Climate and Agricultural Management Explain the 'Yield Gap' of Croplands around the World?" *Global Ecology and Biogeography* 19 (6): 769-782. doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00563.x.

Liebetrau, J., T. Reine lt, J. Clemens, C. Hafermann, J. Friehe, and P. Weiland. 2013. "Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from 10 Biogas Plants within the Agricultural Sector." *Water Science & Technology* 67 (6): 1370-1379.

Lindquist, E.J., R. D'Annunzio, A. Gerrand, K. MacDicken, F. Achard, R. Beuchle, et al. 2012. *Global Forest Land-Use Change, 1990-2005*. Rome: FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations).

Liniger, H.P., R.M. Studer, C. Hauert, and M. Gurtner. 2011. *Sustainable Land Management in Practice: Guidelines and Best Practices for Sub-Saharan Africa*. Berne, Switzerland: TerrAfrica, World Overview of Conservation Approaches and Technologies (WOCAT) and FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations).

Linquist, B.A., M. Anders, M.A. Adviento-Borbe, R.L. Chaney, L.L. Nalley, E.E.F. da Rosa, and C. van Kessel. 2014. "Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Water Use and Grain Arsenic Levels in Rice Systems." *Global Change Biology*. doi:10.1111/gcb.12701.

Lipinski, B., C. Hanson, J. Lomax, L. Kitinoja, R. Waite, and T. Searchinger. 2013. "Reducing Food Loss and Waste." Working paper, installment 2 of *Creating a Sustainable Food Future*. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

Lipinski, B., C. O'Connor, and C. Hanson. 2016. *SDG Target 12.3 on Food Loss and Waste: 2016 Progress Report*. Washington, DC: Champions 12.3.

Lipper, L. 2011. *Climate Change Mitigation Finance for Smallholder Agriculture: A Guide Book to Harvesting Soil Carbons Sequestration Benefits*. Rome: FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations).

Lipper, L., C. Dutilly-Diane, and N. McCarthy. 2011. "Supplying Carbon Sequestration from West African Rangelands: Opportunities and Barriers." *Rangeland Ecology & Management* 63: 155-166.

Liska, A., H. Yang, M. Milner, S. Goddard, H. Blanco-Canqui, M. Pelton, X. Fang, et al. 2014. "Biofuels from Crop Residue Can Reduce Soil Carbon and Increase CO₂ Emissions." *Nature Climate Change* 4: 398-401.

Little, D.C., S.R. Bush, B. Belton, N.T. Phuong, J.A. Young, and F.J. Murray. 2012. "Whitefish Wars: Pangasius, Politics and Consumer Confusion in Europe." *Marine Policy* 36: 738-745.

Liu, X., J. Wang, S. Lu, F. Zhang, X. Zeng, Y. Ai, S. Peng, and P. Christie. 2003. "Effects of Non-flooded Mulching Cultivation on Crop Yield, Nutrient Uptake and Nutrient Balance in Rice-Wheat Cropping Systems." *Field Crops Research* 83: 297-311.

Liu, J., L. You, M. Amini, M. Obersteiner, M. Herrero, A. J. Zehnder, and H. Yang. 2010. "A High-Resolution Assessment on Global Nitrogen Flows in Cropland." *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences* 107 (17): 8035-8040.

Liu, L., X. Xu, D. Zhuang, X. Chen, and S. Li. 2013. "Changes in the Potential Multiple Cropping System in Response to Climate Change in China from 1960-2010." *PLOS ONE* 8.

Liu, X., A. Zhang, C. Ji, S. Joseph, R. Bian, L. Li, G. Pan, and J. Paz-Ferreiro. 2013. "Biochar's Effect on Crop Productivity and the Dependence on Experimental Conditions—A Meta-analysis of Literature Data." *Plant and Soil* 373 (1-2): 583-594.

Lloyd, S. J., R.S. Kovats, and Z. Chalabi. 2011. "Climate Change, Crop Yields, and Undernutrition: Development of a Model to Quantify the Impact of Climate Scenarios on Child Undernutrition." *Environmental Health Perspectives* 119 (12): 1817-1823.

Lobell, D.B. 2014. "Climate Change Adaptation in Crop Production: Beware of Illusions." *Global Food Security* 3 (2): 72-76.

Lobell, D.B., and S. Asseng. 2017. "Comparing Estimates of Climate Change Impacts from Process-Based and Statistical Crop Models." *Environmental Research Letters* 12 (1).

Lobell, D.B., and C.B. Field. 2007. "Global Scale Climate-Crop Yield Relationships and the Impacts of Recent Warming." *Environmental Research Letters* 2 (014002).

Lobell, D.B., M.B. Burke, C. Tebaldi, M.D. Mastrandrea, W.P. Falcon, and R.L. Naylor. 2008. "Prioritizing Climate Change Adaptation Needs for Food Security in 2030." *Science* 319 (5863): 607-610.

Lobell, D.B., K.G. Cassman, and C.B. Field. 2009. "Crop Yield Gaps: Their Importance, Magnitudes, and Causes." *Annual Review of Environmental Resources* 34: 179-204.

Lobell, D.B., W. Schlenker, and J. Costa-Roberts. 2011. "Climate Trends and Global Crop Production since 1980." *Science* 333 (6042): 616-620.

Lobell, D.B., A. Sibley, and I.J. Ortiz-Monasterio. 2012. "Extreme Heat Effects on Wheat Senescence in India." *Nature Climate Change* 2 (3): 186-189.
Lobell, D.B., U.L.C. Baldos, and T.W. Hertel. 2013. "Climate Adaptation as Mitigation: The Case of Agricultural Investments." *Environmental Research Letters* 8 (1): 015012. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/015012.

Long, S.P., E.A. Ainsworth, A.D.B. Leakey, J. Nösberger, and D.R. Ort. 2006. "Food for Thought: Lower-than-Expected Crop Yield Stimulation with Rising CO₂ Concentrations." *Science* 312 (5782): 1918-1921.

Lopez, M.A.M. 2012. "The Problem with the Dependence on Food Imports in Africa and Pathways to Its Solution." *African Journal of International and Comparative Law* 20 (1): 132-140.

Lorenzen, K., M.C.M. Beveridge, and M. Mangel. 2012. "Cultured Fish: Integrative Biology and Management of Domestication and Interactions with Wild Fish." *Biological Reviews* 87: 639-660. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-185X.2011.00215.x.

Lory, J.A., R.E. Massey, J.M. Zulovich, J.A. Hohne, A.M. Schmidt, M.S. Carlson, and C.D. Fulhage. 2004. "Feasibility of Phosphorus-Based Application Rates on 39 Swine Operations." *Journal of Environmental Quality* 33: 1115-1123.

Lowder, S.K., B. Carisma, and J. Skoet. 2012. "Who Invests in Agriculture and How Much? An Empirical Review of the Relative Size of Various Investments in Agriculture in Low- and Middle-Income Countries." ESA Working Papers 288992. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Agricultural Development Economics Division (ESA).

Lowder, S.K., J. Skoet, and T. Raney. 2016. "The Number, Size, and Distribution of Farms, Smallholder Farms, and Family Farms Worldwide." *World Development* 87: 16-29.

Low Emission Capacity Building Project—Costa Rica. 2014. "Livestock NAMA Concept." New York: UNDP (United Nations Development Programme).

Lu, Y., K. Wu, Y. Jiang, Y. Guo, and N. Desneux. 2012. "Widespread Adoption of Bt Cotton and Insecticide Decrease Promotes Biocontrol Services." *Nature* 487: 362-365.

Lucas, G. 2013. "Dicyandiamide Contamination of Milk Powders." *Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health* 42 (2): 63-64.

Lunduka, R., J. Ricker-Gilbert, and M. Fisher. 2013. "What Are the Farm-Level Impacts of Malawi's Farm Input Support Program? A Critical Review." *Agricultural Economics* 44 (6): 563-579.

Luo, Z., E. Wang, and O. Sun. 2010. "Can No-Tillage Stimulate Carbon Sequestration in Agricultural Soils? A Meta-analysis of Paired Experiments." *Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Environment* 139: 224-231.

Lusk, J., and F.B. Norwood. 2016. "Some Vegetarians Spend Less Money on Food, Others Don't." *Ecological Economics* 130: 232-242.

Lusser, M., C. Parisi, D. Plan, and E. Rodriquez-Cerezo. 2012. "Deployment of New Biotechnologies in Plant Breeding." *Nature Biotechnology* 30: 231-239.

Lynd, L.R., and J. Woods. 2011. "Perspective: A New Hope for Africa." *Nature* 474: S20-S21.

Lynd, L.R., M. Sow, A.F. Chimphango, L.A. Cortez, C.H.B. Cruz, M. Elmissiry, M. Laser, et al. 2015. "Bioenergy and African Transformation." *Biotechnology for Biofuels* 8:18.

Ma, J., N. Kennedy, G. Yorgey, and C. Frear. 2013. *Review of Emerging Nutrient Recovery Technologies for Farm-Based Anaerobic Digesters and Other Renewable Energy Systems*. Report prepared for Innovation Center for US Dairy. Pullman: Washington State University.

Maastricht University. 2014. "First-Ever Public Tasting of Lab-Grown Cultured Beef Burger." July 3. http://www.maastrichtuniversity.nl/web/Main/Research/ResearchUM/FirsteverPublicTastingOfLabgrownCulturedBeefBurger.htm.

Macedo, M.N., R.S. DeFries, D.C. Morton, C.M. Stickler, G.L. Galford, and Y.E. Shimabukuro. 2012. "Decoupling of Deforestation and Soy Production in the Southern Amazon during the Late 2000s." *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America*. http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2012/01/06/1111374109.full.pdf+html.

Mackay, D. 2009. *Sustainable Energy without the Hot Air*. Cambridge, UK: UIT Cambridge Ltd.

Maertens, M., and K. Vande Velde. 2017. "Contract-Farming in Staple Food Chains: The Case of Rice in Benin." *World Development* 95: 73-87.

Mafongoya, P.L., A. Bationo, J. Kihara, and B.S. Waswa. 2006. "Appropriate Technologies to Replenish Soil Fertility in Southern Africa." *Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems* 76 (2): 137-151.

Maginnis, S., J. Rietbergen-McCracken, and W. Jackson. 2005. *Introduction—Restoring Forest Landscapes: An Introduction to the Art and Science of Forest Landscape Restoration*. Technical Series no. 23. Yokohama: ITTO (International Tropical Timber Organization). http://www.itto.or.jp/live/Live_Server/1064/ts23e.pdf.

Mahajan, G., and B.S. Chauhan. 2013. "Strategies for Boosting Rice Yield in the Face of Climate Change in India." *Journal of Rice Research: Open Access*.

Malherbe, W., V. Wepener, and J. van Vuren. 2016. "The Effects of a Large-Scale Irrigation Scheme on the Fish Community Structure and Integrity of a Subtropical River System in South Africa." *Ecological Indicators* 69: 533-539.

Malhi, Y., P. Meir, and S. Brown. 2002. "Forests, Carbon and Global Climate." *Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society* 360: 1567-1591.

Mallory, M.L., S.H. Irwin, and D.J. Hayes. 2012. "How Market Efficiency and the Theory of Storage Link Corn and Ethanol Markets." *Energy Economics* 34 (6): 2157-2166.

Manomet Center for Conservation Sciences. 2010. *Massachusetts Biomass Sustainability and Carbon Policy Study: Report to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources*. Natural Capital Initiative Report NCI-2010-03. Brunswick, ME: Manomet Center for Conservation Sciences.

Marenya, P., and C. Barrett. 2009a. "Soil Quality and Fertilizer Use Rates among Smallholder Farmers in Western Kenya." *Agricultural Economics* 40: 561-572.

Marenya, P., and C. Barrett. 2009b. "State-Conditional Fertilizer Yield Response on Western Kenyan Farms." *American Journal of Agricultural Economics* 91: 991-1006.

Marfo, E., E. Acheampong, and E. Opuni-Frimpong. 2012. "Fractured Tenure, Unaccountable Authority, and Benefit Capture: Constraints to Improving Community Benefits under Climate Change Mitigation Schemes in Ghana." *Conservation & Society* 10: 161-172.

Margat, J., and J. van der Gun. 2013. *Groundwater around the World: A Geographic Synopsis*. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Mariano, M.J., R. Villano, and E. Fleming. 2012. "Factors Influencing Farmers' Adoption of Modern Rice Technologies and Good Management Practices in the Philippines." *Agricultural Systems* 110: 41-53.
Marino, D. 2017. "Engineering Nitrogen-Fixing Cereals, between Science Fiction and Reality." *Mapping Ignorance*, May 1. https://mappingignorance.org/2017/05/01/engineering-nitrogen-fixing-cereals-science-fiction-reality/.

MarketLine. 2014. "MarketLine Industry Profile: Global Meat, Fish & Poultry." London: MarketLine.

MarketsAndMarkets. 2015. *Controlled-Release Fertilizers Market by Type (Condensation Products of Urea, Coated & Encapsulated Fertilizers, and N-stabilizers), Crop Type (Cereals & Oilseeds, Turf & Ornamentals, and Fruits & Vegetables) & Region—Global Trends and Forecast to 2020*. Pune, India: MarketsAndMarkets.

MarketsAndMarkets. 2017. *Nitrogenous Fertilizers Market by Type (Urea, Ammonium Nitrate, Ammonium Sulfate, and Calcium Ammonium Nitrate), Form (Liquid and Dry), Mode of Application (Soil, Foliar, and Fertigation), Crop Type, and Region—Global Forecast to 2022*. Pune, India: MarketsAndMarkets.

Marshall, K., M. Ejlertsen, and J. Poole. 2013. *Sustainable Management of Globally Significant Endemic Ruminant Livestock in West Africa: Estimate of Livestock Demographic Parameters in Guinea*. ILRI Research Report 30. Nairobi, Kenya: ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute).

Martínez-Fernández, G., L. Abecia, A. Arco, G. Cantalapiedra-Hijar, A.I. Martín-García, E. Molina-Alcaide,

M. Kindermann, et al. 2014. "Effects of Ethyl-3-Nitrooxy Propionate and 3-Nitrooxypropanol on Ruminal Fermentation, Microbial Abundance, and Methane Emissions in Sheep." *Journal of Dairy Science* 97 (6): 3790-3799.

Martinez-Gonzalez, M.A., M. Garcia-Lopez, M. Bes-Rastrollo, E. Toledo, E.H. Martinez-Lapiscina, and M. Delgado-Rodriguez. 2011. "Mediterranean Diet and the Incidence of Cardiovascular Disease: A Spanish Cohort." *Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases* 21 (4): 237-244.

Mason, A. 2001. "Population and Economic Growth in Eastern and South-Eastern Asia." In *Population Change and Economic Development in Eastern and South-Eastern Asia: Challenges Met, Opportunities Seized*, edited by A. Mason. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Masuda, T., and P.D. Goldsmith. 2009. "World Soybean Production: Area Harvested, Yield, and Long-Term Projections." *International Food and Agribusiness Management Review* 12 (4): 143-162.

Mazvimavi, K., S. Twomlow, P. Belder, and L. Hove. 2008. *An Assessment of the Sustainable Adoption of Conservation Farming in Zimbabwe*. Global Theme on Agro Ecosystems Report 39. Bulawayo, Zimbabwe: ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-arid Tropics).

Mazzetto, A.M., A.S. Barneze, B.J. Feigle, J.W. van Groenigen, O. Oenema, C.A.M. de Klein, and C.C. Cerri. 2015. "Use of the Nitrification Inhibitor Dicyandiamide (DCD) Does Not Mitigate N,0 Emissions from Bovine Urine Patches under Oxisol in Northwest Brazil." *Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems* 101: 83-92.

McCarthy, N., L. Lipper, and G. Branca. 2011. *Climate Smart Agriculture: Smallholder Adoption and Implications for Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation*. Mitigation of Climate Change in Agriculture Series. Rome: FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations).

McClanahan, T.R. 2010. "Effects of Fisheries Closures and Gear Restrictions on Fishing Income in a Kenyan Coral Reef." *Conservation Biology* 24 (6): 1519-1528.

McClanahan, T.R., C.C. Hicks, and E.S. Darling. 2008. "Malthusian Overfishing and Efforts to Overcome It on Kenyan Coral Reefs." *Ecological Applications* 18 (6): 1516-1529.

McClanahan, T.R., and C.A. Abunge. 2014. "Catch Rates and Income Are Associated with Fisheries Management Restrictions and Not an Environmental Disturbance, in a Heavily Exploited Tropical Fishery." *Marine Ecology Progress Series* 513: 201-210.

McDonald, C., B. Sharp, and A.S.C. Ehrenberg. 2002. "Impulse Purchasing Patterns." *Marketing Learning* 9. London: R&D Initiative, South Bank University.

McDermott, J.J., S.J. Staal, H.A. Freeman, M. Herrero, and J.A. Van de Steeg. 2011. "Sustaining Intensification of Smallholder Livestock Systems in the Tropics." *Livestock Science* 130: 95-109.

McGahuey, M. 2012. "Africa's Regreening: Its Integral Role in Increasing Agricultural Productivity and Strengthening Resiliency." Paper presented at World Resources Institute Symposium on Regreening, March 1. Washington, DC.

McGhee, K. n.d. *Restoring China's Grasslands*. Canberra: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research.

McGrath, J.M., and D.B. Lobell. 2013. "Regional Disparities in the CO₂ Fertilization Effect and Implications for Crop Yields." *Environmental Research Letters* 8 (1): 1-9.

McGrath, M. 2014. "Genetically Modified Potatoes 'Resist Late Blight.'" British Broadcasting Company, February 16. http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-26189722.

McKechnie, J., S. Colombo, J. Chen, W. Mabee, and H.L. MacLean. 2011. "Forest Bioenergy or Forest Carbon? Assessing Trade-offs in Greenhouse Gas Mitigation with Wood-Based Fuels." *Environmental Science & Technology* 45 (2): 789-795.

McKinsey & Co. 2009. *Pathways to a Low Carbon Economy: Version 2 of the Global Greenhouse Gas Cost Abatement Curve*. Conference Board and McKinsey & Co.

McNicol, I.M, C.M. Ryan, and E.T.A. Mitchard. 2018. "Carbon Losses from Deforestation and Widespread Degradation Offset by Extensive Growth in African Woodlands." *Nature Communications* 9: 3045.

McSwiney, C.P., and G.P. Robertson. 2005. "Nonlinear Response of N₂O Flux to Incremental Fertilizer Addition in a Continuous Maize (*Zea mays* L.) Cropping System." *Global Change Biology* 11 (10): 1712-1719.

McVeigh, T. 2011. "Biofuels Land Grab in Kenya's Tana Delta Fuels Talk of War." *Guardian*, July 2. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/02/biofuels-land-grab-kenya-delta.

Mehra, R., and M. Rojas. 2008. *Women, Food Security, and Agriculture in a Global Marketplace: A Significant Shift*. Washington, DC: International Center for Research on Women.

Meinshausen, M., N. Meinshausen, W. Hare, S.C. Raper, K. Frieler, R. Knutti, D.J. Frame, and M.R. Allen. 2009. "Greenhouse-Gas Emission Targets for Limiting Global Warming to 2 Degrees C." *Nature* 458: 1158-1162.

Mekdaschi Studer, R., and H. Liniger. 2013. *Water Harvesting: Guidelines to Good Practice*. Bern, Amsterdam, Wageningen, and Rome: Centre for Development and Environment (CDE), Rainwater Harvesting Implementation Network (RAIN), MetaMeta, and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD).

Mekonnen, M.M., and A.Y. Hoekstra. 2011. "The Green, Blue and Grey Water Footprint of Crops and Derived Crop Products." *Hydrology and Earth System Sciences* 15: 1577-1600.
Mekonnen, M.M., and A.Y. Hoekstra. 2012. "A Global Assessment of the Water Footprint of Farm Animal Products." *Ecosystems* 15: 401–415.

Melillo, J., J.M. Reilly, D.W. Kicklighter, A.C. Gurgel, T.W. Cronin, S. Paltsev, B.S. Felzer, et al. 2009. "Indirect Emissions from Biofuels: How Important?" *Science* 326: 1397–1399.

Melnychuk, M., E. Peterson, M. Elliott, and R. Hilborn. 2016. "Fisheries Management Impacts on Target Species Status." *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America* 114 (1): 178–183.

Merino, G., M. Barange, J.L. Blanchard, J. Harle, R. Holmes, I. Allen, E.H. Allison, et al. 2012. "Can Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture Meet Fish Demand from a Growing Human Population in a Changing Climate?" *Global Environmental Change* 22: 795–806.

Mertz, O., C. Padoch, J. Fox, R.A. Cramb, S. Leisz, N.T. Lam, and T.D. Vien. 2009. "Swidden Change in Southeast Asia: Understanding Causes and Consequences." *Human Ecology* 37: 259–264.

Micha, R., G. Michas, and D. Mozaffarian. 2012. "Unprocessed Red and Processed Meats and Risk of Coronary Artery Disease and Type 2 Diabetes—An Updated Review of the Evidence." *Current Atherosclerosis Reports* 14 (6): 515–524.

Micha, R., J.L. Peñalvo, F. Cudhea, F. Imamura, C.D. Rehm, and D. Mozaffarian. 2017. "Association between Dietary Factors and Mortality from Heart Disease, Stroke, and Type 2 Diabetes in the United States." *JAMA* 317 (9): 912–924.

Michalsky, R., B. Parman, V. Amanor-Boadu, and P. Pfromm. 2012. "Solar Thermochemical Production of Ammonia from Water, Air and Sunlight: Thermodynamic and Economic Analyses." *Energy* 42: 251–260.

Miettinen, J., A. Hooijer, C. Shi, D. Tollenaar, R. Vernimmen, S.C. Liew, C. Malins, and S.E. Page. 2012. "Extent of Industrial Plantations on Southeast Asian Peatlands in 2010 with Analysis of Historical Expansion and Future Projections." *Global Change Biology* 4: 908–918.

Miettinen, J., C. Shi, and S.C. Liew. 2016. "Land Cover Distribution in the Peatlands of Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Borneo in 2015 with Changes since 1990." *Global Ecology and Conservation* 6: 67–78.

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. 2005. *Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Synthesis*. Washington, DC: Island.

Miller, R., J. Major, and P. Trinca. 2011. *How a Lagoon Works for Livestock Wastewater Treatment*. Logan, Utah: Utah State University Cooperative Extension. http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1047&context=extension_curallhttp://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1047&context=extension_curall.

Miller, S.M., E.A. Kort, A.J. Hirsch, E.J. Klugokencky, A.E. Andrews, X. Xu, H. Tian, et al. 2012. "Regional Sources of Nitrous Oxide over the United States: Seasonal Variation and Spatial Distribution." *Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres* 117 (D6). https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2011JD016951.

Minasny, B., B.P. Malone, A.B. McBratney, et al. 2017. "Soil Carbon 4 per Mille." *Geoderma* 292 (2017): 59–86. doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.01.002.

Minayeva, T., and A. Sirin. 2009. "A Quick Scan of Peatlands in Central and Eastern Europe." *Wageningen, the Netherlands: Wetlands International*.

Minet, E.P., S.F. Ledgard, G.J. Lanigan, J.B. Murphy, J. Grant, D. Hennessy, E. Lewis, et al. 2016. "Mixing Dicyandiamide (DCD) with Supplementary Feeds for Cattle: An Effective Method to Deliver a Nitrification Inhibitor in Urine Patches." *Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment* 231: 114–121.

Ministry of Commerce, People's Republic of China. 2013. "Regular Press Conference of the Ministry of Commerce on February 20, 2013." http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/newsrelease/press/201302/20130200036119.shtml.

Mitchell, S.R., M.E. Harmon, and K.E.B. O'Connell. 2012. "Carbon Debt and Carbon Sequestration Parity in Forest Bioenergy Production." *Global Change Biology Bioenergy* 4 (6): 818–827.

Molin, P.G., R. Chazdon, S.F. de Barros Ferraz, and P.H.S. Brancalion. Forthcoming. "A Landscape Approach for Optimizing the Cost-Effectiveness of Large-Scale Forest Restoration." *Journal of Applied Ecology* (in review).

Monfreda, C., N. Ramankutty, and J.A. Foley. 2008. "Farming the Planet: 2. Geographic Distribution of Crop Areas, Yields, Physiological Types, and Net Primary Production in the Year 2000." *Global Biogeochemical Cycles* 22: 1–19.

Montes, F., R. Meinen, C. Dell, A. Rotz, A.N. Hristov, J. Oh, G. Waghorn, et al. 2014. "Mitigation of Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Animal Operations: II. A Review of Manure Management Mitigation Options." *Journal of Animal Science* 91 (11): 5070–5094.

Moody, J., C. McGinty, and J. Quinn. 2014. "Global Evaluation of Biofuel Potential from Microalgae." *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America* 111: 8691–8696.

Moomaw, W.R., and J.R. Moreira. 2001. "Technical and Economic Potential of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction." In *Climate Change 2001: Mitigation (Climate Change 2001 IPCC Third Assessment*, edited by B. Melz. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Mora, C.V. 2001. "Fijación, emisión y balance de gases de efecto invernadero en pasturas en monocultivo y en sistemas silvopastoriles de fincas lecheras intensivas de las zonas altas de Costa Rica." MS Thesis. CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica.

Morenoff, D. 2002. "Lost Food and Liability: The Good Samaritan Food Donation Law Story." *Food and Drug Law Journal* 57: 107.

Morris, M., and D. Byerlee. 2009. *Awakening Africa's Sleeping Giant*. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Morris, M., V.A. Kelly, R.J. Kopicki, and D. Byerlee. 2007. "Fertilizer Use in African Agriculture: Lessons Learned and Good Practice Guidelines." *Directions in Development Series*. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Morrogh-Bernard, H., S. Husson, S.E. Page, and J.O. Rieley. 2003. "Population Status of the Bornean Orang-utan (*Pongo pygmaeus*) in the Sebangau Peat Swamp Forest, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia." *Biological Conservation* 110 (1): 141–152.

Moset, V., M. Cambra-López, F. Estellés, A.G. Torres, and A. Cerisuelo. 2012. "Evolution of Chemical Composition and Gas Emissions from Aged Pig Slurry during Outdoor Storage with and without Prior Solid Separation." *Biosystems Engineering* 111 (1): 2–10.

Moshfegh, A., J. Goldman, and L. Cleveland. 2005. "What We Eat in America, NHANES 2001–2002: Usual Nutrient Intakes from Food Compared to Dietary Reference Intakes." Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Motamayor, J.C., K. Mockaitis, J. Schmutz, N. Haiminen, D. Livingstone III, O. Cornejo, S.D. Findley, et al. 2013. "The Genome Sequence of the Most Widely Cultivated Cacao Type and Its Use to Identify Candidate Genes Regulating Pod Color." *Genome Biology* 14 (r53): 1–24.

Mottet, A., C. de Haan, A. Falcucci, G. Tempio, C. Opio, and P. Gerber. 2017. "Livestock: On Our Plates or Eating at Our Table? A New Analysis of the Feed/Food Debate." *Global Food Security* 14: 1–8.
Moussa, B., O. Coulibaly, T. Abdoulaye, D. Baributsa, and J. Lowenberg DeBoer. 2012. "Adoption of Hermetic Storage for Cowpea in West & Central Africa in 2012." Presentation at the PICS Lessons Learned Workshop, Accra, Ghana, April. https://ag.purdue.edu/ipia/pics/pages/picsworkshop2012.aspx.

Mueller, N.D., J.S. Gerber, M. Johnston, D.K. Ray, N. Ramankutty, and J.A. Foley. 2012. "Closing Yield Gaps through Nutrient and Water Management." *Nature* 490: 254–257.

Muhammad, A., J. Seale Jr., B. Meade, and A. Regmi. 2011. "International Evidence of Food Consumption Patterns: An Update Using 2005 International Comparison Program Data." Technical Bulletin 1929. Washington, DC: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Muhoza, D. N., P. C. Rutayisire, and A. Umubeyyi. 2013. "Measuring the Success of Family Planning Initiatives in Rwanda: A Multivariate Decomposition Analysis." Demographic and Health Survey Working Paper. ICF International for U.S. Agency for International Development. http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/WP94/WP94.pdf.

Mukherjee, S., D. Stamatis, J. Bertsch, G. Ovchinnikova, H.Y. Katta, A. Mojica, I.-M.A. Chen, et al. 2019. "Genomes OnLine Database (GOLD) v.7: Updates and New Features." *Nucleic Acids Research* 47 (D1): D649–659. doi:10.1093/nar/gky977.

Müller, C., and R.D. Robertson. 2014. "Projecting Future Crop Productivity for Global Economic Modeling." *Agricultural Economics* 45: 37–50. doi:10.1111/agec.12088

Mulyani, M., and P. Jepson. 2013. "REDD+ and Forest Governance in Indonesia: A Multistakeholder Study of Perceived Challenges and Opportunities." *Journal of Environment & Development* 22 (3): 261–283.

Mungkung, R., M. Phillips, S. Castine, M. Beveridge, N. Chaiyawannakarn, S. Nawapakpilai, and R. Waite. 2014. "Exploratory Analysis of Resource Demand and the Environmental Footprint of Future Aquaculture Development Using Life Cycle Assessment." White Paper 2014-31. Penang, Malaysia: WorldFish.

Murdiyarso, D., S. Dewi, D. Lawrence, and F. Seymour. 2011. "Indonesia's Forest Moratorium: A Stepping Stone to Better Forest Governance?" Working Paper 76. Bogor, Indonesia: Center for International Forestry Research.

Murgueitio, E., Z. Calle, F. Uribe, A. Calle, and B. Solorio. 2011. "Native Trees and Shrubs for the Productive Rehabilitation of Tropical Cattle Ranching Lands." *Forest Ecology and Management* 261 (10): 1654–1663.

Mushroom Council. 2016. "Mushroom Council Partners with Sodexo to Promote Blend Burgers and Encourage Produce Consumption." Press release, February 9. Redwood Shores, CA: Mushroom Council. http://www.mushroomcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Mushroom-Council-Partners-Sodexo-Introduce-Blend-Burger.pdf.

Myers, J.P., M.N. Antoniou, B. Blumberg, L. Carroll, T. Colborn, L.G. Everett, M. Hansen, et al. 2016. "Concerns over Use of Glyphosate-Based Herbicides and Risks Associated with Exposures: A Consensus Statement." *Environmental Health* 615: 19.

Nabuurs, G.J., O. Masera, K. Andrasko, P. Benítez-Ponce, R. Boer, M. Dutschke, E. Elsiddig, et al. 2007. "Forestry," In *Climate Change 2007: Mitigation*, edited by B. Metz, O.R. Davidson, P.R. Bosch, R. Dave, and L.A. Meyer. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Nair, P.K.R., R.G.Tonucci, R. Garcia, and V.D. Nair. 2011. "Silvopasture and Carbon Sequestration with Special Reference to the Brazilian Savanna (Cerrado)." In *Carbon Sequestration Potential of Agroforestry Systems*:

*Opportunities and Challenges*, edited by B.M. Kumar and P.K.R. Nair. Special issue of *Advances in Agroforestry* 8 (1).

Nakamura, A., Y. Ota, K. Koike, Y. Hidaka, K. Nishioka, M. Sugiyama, and K. Fujii. 2015. "A 24.4% Solar to Hydrogen Energy Conversion Efficiency by Combining Concentrator Photovoltaic Modules and Electrochemical Cells." *Applied Physics Express* 8 (10): 107101.

Nakaya, A., and S. Isobe. 2012. "Will Genomic Selection Be a Practical Method for Plant Breeding?" *Annals of Botany* 110: 1303–1316.

NAS (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine). 2016. *Genetically Engineered Crops: Experiences and Prospects*. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. https://www.nap.edu/download/23395#.

Nasdaq Global Newswire. 2015. *Meat Substitutes Market by Product (Tofu, Tofu-Based Products, Tempeh, Textured Vegetable Protein (TVP), Other Soy Products, Seitan, Quorn)*, by Raw Material (Soy-Based, Wheat-Based, Mycoprotein) Is Expected to Reach $5.81 Billion by 2022: *New Report by Grand View Research, Inc.* http://globenewswire.com/news-release/2015/05/14/735949/10134496/en/Meat-Substitutes-Market-By-Product-Tofu-Tofu-Based-Products-Tempeh-Textured-Vegetable-Protein-TVP-Other-Soy-Products-Seitan-Quorn-By-Raw-Material-Soy-Based-Wheat-Based-Mycoprotein-.html.

*National Geographic*. 2014. "What to Do about Pig Poop? North Carolina Fights a Rising Tide." http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/10/141028-hog-farms-waste-pollution-methane-north-carolina-environment/.

*National Geographic*. 2017. "Rivers Run Dry from Overuse." http://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/freshwater/rivers/.

National Human Genome Research Institute. 2015. "A Brief Guide to Genomics." *Nature*. 2013. "GM Crops: A Story in Numbers." *Nature* 497: 22–23.

Naylor, R.L., W.P. Falcon, R.M. Goodman, M.M. Jahn, T. Sengooba, H. Tefera, and R.J. Nelson. 2004. "Biotechnology in the Developing World: A Case for Increased Investments in Orphan Crops." *Food Policy* 29: 15–44.

Naylor, R.L., R.W. Hardy, D.P. Bureau, A. Chiu, M. Elliott, A.P. Farrell, I. Forster, et al. 2009. "Feeding Aquaculture in an Era of Finite Resources." *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America* 106: 15103–15110.

NDC Partnership. 2017. "Initiatives Navigator." http://ndcpartnership.org/initiatives-navigator.

NEAA (Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency). 2010. *Rethinking Global Biodiversity Strategies: Exploring Structural Changes in Production and Consumption to Reduce Biodiversity Loss*. The Hague, the Netherlands: NEAA.

Nefedova, T. 2011. "Agricultural Land in Russia and Its Dynamics." *Regional Research of Russia* 1 (3): 292–295.

Nelson, R., R.L. Naylor, and M.A. Jahn. 2004. "The Role of Genomics Research in Improvement of 'Orphan' Crops." *Crop Science* 44: 1901–1904.

Nelson, G.C., M. W. Rosegrant, J. Koo, R. Robertson, T. Sulser, T. Zhu, C. Ringler, et al. 2009. *Climate Change: Impact on Agriculture and Costs of Adaptation* 21. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.

Nelson, G.C., M.W. Rosegrant, A. Palazzo, I. Gray, C. Ingersoll, R. Robertston, S. Tokgoz, et al. 2010. "Food Security, Farming and Climate Change to 2050: Scenarios, Results, Policy Options." IFPRI research monograph. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.
Nelson, G.C., and D. van der Mensbrugghe. 2014. "Public-Sector Agricultural Research Priorities for Sustainable Food Security: Perspectives from Plausible Scenarios." IFPRI Discussion Paper 01339. Washington, DC: IFPRI (International Food Policy Research Institute).

Nelson, G.C., H. Valin, R.D. Sands, P. Havlík, H. Ahammad, D. Deryng, J. Elliott, et al. 2014. "Climate Change Effects on Agriculture: Economic Responses to Biophysical Shocks." *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences* 111 (9): 3274-3279. doi:10.1073/pnas.1222465110.

Nenguwo, N. 2013. "Postharvest Training and Services Center." http://crsps.net/site/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/WedM-3a-Nenguwo-AVRDC-TZ-PostHarvest-Center.pdf.

Nepstad, D., D. McGrath, C. Stickler, A. Alencar, A. Azevedo, B. Swette, T. Bezerra, et al. 2014. "Slowing Amazon Deforestation through Public Policy and Interventions in Beef and Soy Supply Chains." *Science* 344 (6188): 1118-1123.

Netherlands Nutrition Centre. 2017. "Vis, peulvruchten, vlees, ei, noten en zuivel (Fish, legumes, meat, eggs, nuts and milk)." (In Dutch.) The Hague: Netherlands Nutrition Centre. http://www.voedingscentrum.nl/nl/gezondeten-met-de-schijf-van-vijf/wat-staat-er-in-de-vakken-van-de-schijf-van-vijf/vis-peulvruchten-vlees-ei-noten-en-zuivel.aspx.

Neumann, C.G., M.W. Demment, A. Maretzki, N. Drorbaugh, and K.A. Galvin. 2010. "The Livestock Revolution and Animal Source Food Consumption: Benefits, Risks and Challenges in Urban and Rural Settings of Developing Countries." In *Livestock in a Changing Landscape*. Vol. 1, *Drivers, Consequences, and Responses*, edited by H. Steinfeld, H.A. Mooney, and F. Schneider, eds. Washington, DC: Island.

Neumann, K., P.H. Verburg, E. Stehfest, and C. Muller. 2010. "The Yield Gap of Global Grain Production: A Spatial Analysis." *Agricultural Systems* 103: 316-326.

Neville, K. 2015. "New Markets Meet Old Grievances: The Fight over Biofuels in Kenya's Tana River Delta." *New Security Beat*. Washington, DC: Wilson Center. http://www.newsecuritybeat.org/2015/02/markets-meeting-grievances-fight-biofuels-kenyas-tana-river-delta/.

New Climate Economy. 2016. *The Sustainable Infrastructure Imperative: Energy*. http://newclimateeconomy.report/2016/energy/.

Newton, R., and D. Little. 2013. "Aquaculture By-products Improve Sustainability of Seafood Value Chains." *Global Aquaculture Advocate* March-April 2013: 55-56.

New Zealand Government. 2013. "Legislative Changes to the New Zealand Emissions Trading System (NZ ETS)." https://www.climatechange.govt.nz/emissions-trading-scheme/ets-amendments.

New Zealand Government. 2015. *Climate Change Information: The New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme*. http://www.climatechange.govt.nz/emissions-trading-scheme.

Ng, M., T. Fleming, M. Robinson, et al. 2014. "Global, Regional, and National Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Children and Adults during 1980-2013: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013." *Lancet* 384 (9945): 766-781.

Ng, S.W., M.M. Slining, and B.M. Popkin. 2014. "Turning Point for US Diets? Recessionary Effects or Behavioral Shifts in Foods Purchased and Consumed." *American Journal of Clinical Nutrition* 99 (3): 609-616.

Nguyen, N.V. 2005. "Global Climate Changes and Rice Food Security." *International Rice Commission Newsletter* (FAO) 54: 24-30.

Nieburg, O. 2013. "Cocoa Genetics: Mars Unlocks Sequence to Higher Yield and Tastier Chocolate." *Confectionary News*, June 4. http://www.confectionerynews.com/Commodities/Cocoa-genetics-Marsunlocks-sequence-to-higher-yields-and-tastier-chocolate.

Nijbroek, R.P., and S.J. Andelman. 2016. "Regional Suitability for Agricultural Intensification: A Spatial Analysis of the Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania." *International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability* 14 (2): 231-247.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health). 2007. "Dicyandiamide." *NIOSH Toxicity Data*. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Dicyandiamide#section=NIOSH-Toxicity-Data&fullscreen=true.

NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). 2018. *Status of Stocks 2017: Annual Report to Congress on the Status of U.S. Fisheries*. Silver Spring, MD: NOAA.

Noble, A. 2012. *The Slumbering Giant: Land and Water Degradation*. Battaramulla, Sri Lanka: IWMI (International Water Management Institute).

Nolte, C., A. Agrawa, K. Silvius, and B. Soares-Filho. 2013. "Governance Regime and Location Influence Avoided Deforestation Success of Protected Areas in Brazilian Amazon." *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America* 110: 4956-4961.

Nordström, J., and L. Thunström. 2009. "The Impact of Tax Reforms Designed to Encourage Healthier Grain Consumption." *Journal of Health Economics* 28 (3): 622-634.

Notess, L., P.G. Veit, I. Monterroso, Andiko, E. Sulle, A.M. Larson, A.-S. Gindroz, et al. 2018. *The Scramble for Land Rights: Reducing Inequity between Communities and Companies*. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

NRC (National Research Council). 2004. *Safety of Genetically Engineered Foods*. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

NRC. 2010. *The Impact of Genetically Engineered Crops on Farm Sustainability in the United States*. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.

NRC. 2011. *Nutrient Requirements of Fish and Shrimp*. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

NRC. 2012. *Sustainable Development of Algal Biofuels in the United States*. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Nugraha, I., and H.N. Jong. 2017. "Indonesia Blocks Major Artery in Haze-Causing Mega Rice Canal Network." *Mongabay*. https://news.mongabay.com/2017/07/indonesia-blocks-major-artery-in-haze-causing-mega-rice-canal-network/.

Nunez-Cordoba, J.M., F. Valencia-Serrano, E. Toledo, A. Alonso, and M.A. Martinez-Gonzalez. 2009. "The Mediterranean Diet and Incidence of Hypertension: The Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) Study." *American Journal of Epidemiology* 169 (3): 339-346.

Obidzinski, K., R. Andriani, H. Komarudin, and A. Andrianto. 2012. "Environmental and Social Impacts of Oil Palm Plantations and Their Implications for Biofuel Production in Indonesia." *Ecology and Society* 17 (1): 25.

O'Connor, D.J., G.C. Wright, M.J. Dieters, D.L. George, M.N. Hunter, J.R. Tatnell, and D.B. Fleischresser. 2013. "Development and Application of Speed Breeding Technologies in a Commercial Peanut Breeding Program." *Peanut Science* 40 (2): 107-114.
OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2003. *Cyanoguanidine—CAS N° 461-58-5*. SIDS Initial Assessment Report. http://www.inchem.org/documents/sids/sids/461585.pdf.

OECD. 2010a. *Healthy Choices*. Paris: OECD.

OECD. 2010b. *Obesity and the Economics of Prevention: Fit Not Fat*. Paris: OECD.

OECD. 2011. *Environmental Outlook to 2050: Climate Change* (prerelease version). Paris: OECD.

OECD. 2012. *OECD Environmental Outlook to 2050: The Consequences of Inaction*. Paris: OECD.

OECD. 2014. "Executive Summary." In *Agricultural Policy Monitoring and Evaluation 2014: OECD Countries*. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/agr_pol-2014-3-en.

OECD. 2016. Agricultural Policy Monitoring and Evaluation. OECD Data. http://www.oecd.org/tad/agricultural-policies/producerandconsumerssupportestimatesdatabase.htm.

OECD and FAO (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 2012. *Agricultural Outlook, 2012–2021*. Paris: OECD.

Oerke, E.C. 2006. "Crop Losses to Pests." *Journal of Agricultural Science* 144: 31–43.

Oerke, E.C., H.W. Dehne, F. Schönbeck, and A. Weber. 1994. *Crop Production and Crop Protection: Estimated Losses in Major Food and Cash Crops*. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Oguntade, A.E. 2013. "Food Losses in Cassava and Maize Value Chains in Nigeria: Analysis and Recommendations for Reduction Strategies." Deutsche Gesellschaft für internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ).

Oil World. 2015. *Oil World Annual*. Hamburg, Germany: Oil World.

Olsen, Y. 2011. "Resources for Fish Feed in Future Mariculture." *Aquaculture Environment Interactions* 1: 187–200.

Olsen, R., and M.R. Hasan. 2012. "A Limited Supply of Fishmeal: Impact on Future Increases in Global Aquaculture Production." *Trends in Food Science & Technology* 27 (2): 120–128.

Oo, A.Z., S. Sudo, K. Inubushi, M. Mano, A. Yamamoto, K. Ono, T. Osawa, et al. 2018. "Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Conventional and Modified Rice Cultivation Systems in South India." *Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment* 252: 148–158.

Ooko, S. 2014. "EADD Farmers Changing Dairy Industry in East Africa." Heifer International. February 6. http://www.heifer.org/join-the-conversation/blog/2014/February/eadd-farmers-changing-dairy-industry-in-east-africa.html.

Oregon State University. 2015. "OSU Researchers Discover the Unicorn—Seaweed That Tastes Like Bacon!" Corvallis: Oregon State University. http://oregonstate.edu/ua/ncs/archives/2015/jul/osu-researchers-discover-unicorn-%E2%80%93-seaweed-tastes-bacon.

Orodho, A.B. 2006. "The Role and Importance of Napier Grass in the Smallholder Dairy Industry in Kenya." http://www.fao.org/AG/AGP/AGPC/doc/newpub/napier/napier_kenya.htm.

Ortiz, R., K.D. Sayre, B. Govaerts, R. Gupta, G.V. Subbarao, T. Ban, D. Hodson, et al. 2008. "Climate Change: Can Wheat Beat the Heat?" *Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment* 126 (1–2): 46–58.

Oster, E. 2016. "Fallon, Venus Williams and DJ Khaled Celebrate 'The Power of Plants' for Silk." *Adweek*, June 7. http://www.adweek.com/agencyspy/fallon-venus-williams-and-dj-khaled-celebrate-the-power-of-plants-for-silk/110725.

Owen, J., and W. Silver. 2015. "Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Dairy Manure Management: A Review of Field-Based Studies." *Global Change Biology* 21 (2): 550–565.

Owen, J., E. Kebreab, and W. Silver. 2014. *Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Opportunities in California Agriculture: Review of Emissions and Mitigation Potential of Animal Manure Management and Land Application of Manure*. NI GMOCA R 6. Durham, NC: Duke University.

Oxfam. 2007. *Paying the Price: How US Farm Subsidies Hurt West African Cotton Farmers—And How Subsidy Reform Could Help*. Boston: Oxfam.

Oxfam. 2012. "Food Crises Doomed to Repeat until Leaders Find Courage to Fix Problems." Media advisory. Boston: Oxfam.

Pachauri, R.K., and L.A. Meyer. 2014. "Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change." In *Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report*, edited by R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer. Geneva: IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change).

Pacheco, P. 2012. "Soybean and Palm Oil Expansion in South America: A Review of Main Trends and Implications." Working Paper 90. Bogor, Indonesia: Center for International Forestry Research.

Padhee, A. 2018. "DBT in Fertilizers: Game Changing Reforms." Blog. *Times of India*, May 4. https://blogstimesofindia.indiatimes.com/voices/dbt-in-fertilizers-game-changing-reforms/.

Paeth, H., K. Born, R. Girmes, R. Podzun, and D. Jacob. 2009. "Regional Climate Change in Tropical and Northern Africa Due to Greenhouse Gas Forcing and Land Use Changes." *Journal of Climate* 22: 114–132.

Page, S.E., R. Morrison, C. Malins, A. Hooijer, J.O. Rieley, and J. Jauhiainen. 2011. "Review of Peat Surface Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Oil Palm Plantations in Southeast Asia." ICCT White Paper 15. Washington, DC: International Council on Clean Transportation.

Palm, C.A., S.A. Vosti, P.A. Sanchez, and P.J. Ericksen. 2013. *Slash-and-Burn Agriculture: The Search for Alternatives*. New York: Columbia University Press.

Palmer, L. 2015. "Will Indonesian Fires Spark Reform of Rogue Forest Sector?" *Yale Environment 360* (November 5). https://e360.yale.edu/features/will_indonesian_fires_spark_reform_of_rogue_forest_sector.

Pan, Y., R.A. Birdsey, J. Fang, R. Houghton, P.E. Kauppi, W.A. Kurz, O.L. Phillips, et al. 2011. "A Large and Persistent Carbon Sink in the World's Forests." *Science* 333: 988–993.

Pan, A., Q. Sun, A.M. Bernstein, M.B. Schulze, J.E. Manson, M.J. Stampfer, W.C. Willett, and F.B. Hu. 2012. "Red Meat Consumption and Mortality: Results from 2 Prospective Cohort Studies." *American Journal of Clinical Nutrition* 172 (7): 555–563.

Park, K.H., A.G. Thompson, M. Marinier, K. Clark, and C. Wagner-Riddle. 2006. "Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Stored Liquid Swine Manure in a Cold Climate." *Atmospheric Environment* 40 (4): 618–627.

Parkhurt, R. 2015. "It's Official! Rice Farmers Now Eligible for Carbon Offset Payments." http://blogs.edf.org/growingreturns/2015/06/25/its-official-rice-farmers-now-eligible-for-carbon-offset-payments/.

Pathak, H., B. Chakrabarti, A. Bhatia, N. Jain, and P.K. Aggarwal. 2012. "Potential and Cost of Low Carbon Technologies in Rice and Wheat Systems:
A Case Study for the Indo-Gangetic Plains." In *Low Carbon Technologies for Agriculture: A Study on Rice and Wheat Systems in the Indo-Gangetic Plains*, edited by H. Pathak and P.K. Aggarwal, 12-40. New Delhi: Indian Agricultural Research Institute.

Pathak, H., S. Sankhyan, D.S. Dubey, A. Bhatia, and N. Jain. 2013. "Dry Direct-Seeding of Rice for Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emission: Field Experimentation and Simulation." *Paddy and Water Environment* 11 (1-4): 593-601.

Patil, B., V. Hessel, J. Lang, and Q. Wang. 2016. "Plasma-Assisted Nitrogen Fixation Reactions." *Alternative Energy Sources for Green Chemistry*: 296-338.

Paul, G.L. 1989. "Dietary Protein Requirements of Physically Active Individuals." *Sports Medicine* 8 (3): 154-176.

Pauly, D., and D. Zeller. 2016. "Catch Reconstructions Reveal That Global Marine Fisheries Catches Are Higher than Reported and Declining." *Nature Communications* 7: 10244.

Paustian, K., J. Lehmann, S. Ogle, D. Reay, G.P. Robertson, and P. Smith. 2016. "Climate-Smart Soils." *Nature* 532 (7597): 49-57. doi:10.1038/nature17174.

Pauw, K., and J. Thurlow. 2014. *Malawi Strategy Support Program: Malawi's Farm Input Subsidy Program: Where Do We Go from Here?* Washington, DC: IFPRI

Pearce, F. 2012. *The Land Grabbers: The New Fight over Who Owns the Earth*. Boston: Beacon.

Pearson-Stuttard, J., P. Bandosz, C.D. Rehm, J. Penalvo, L. Whitsel, T. Gaziano, Z. Conrad, et al. 2017. "Reducing US Cardiovascular Disease Burden and Disparities through National and Targeted Dietary Policies: A Modelling Study." *PLOS Medicine*. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002311.

Pelster, D.E., B. Gisore, J. Goopy, D. Korir, J.K. Koske, M.C. Rufino, and K. Butterbach-Bahl. 2016. "Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Cattle Excreta on an East African Grassland." *Journal of Environmental Quality* 45 (5): 1531-1539.

Pendrill, F., and U.M. Persson. 2017. "Combining Global Land Cover Datasets to Quantify Agricultural Expansion into Forests in Latin America: Limitations and Challenges." *PLoS ONE* 12 (7): e0181202.

Peng, S., J. Huang, J. Sheehy, R. Laza, R. Visperas, X. Zhong, G. Centeno, et al. 2004. "Rice Yields Decline with Higher Night Temperature from Global Warming." *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America* 101 (27): 9971-9975.

Peñuelas, J., B. Poulter, J. Sardans, P. Ciais, M. van der Velde, L. Bopp, O. Boucher, et al. 2013. "Human-Induced Nitrogen-Phosphorus Imbalances Alter Natural and Managed Ecosystems across the Globe." *Nature Communications* 4: 2934.

Persson, M., J. Moberg, M. Ostwald, and J. Xu. 2013. "The Chinese Grain for Green Programme: Assessing the Carbon Sequestered via Land Reform." *Journal of Environmental Management* 126 (September): 142-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.02.045.

Peters, P. 2009. "Challenges in Land Tenure and Land Reform in Africa: Anthropological Contributions." *World Development* 37: 1317-1325.

Petersen, S.O., N. Dorno, S. Lindholst, A. Feilberg, and J. Eriksen. 2013. "Emissions of CH<sub>4</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O, NH<sub>3</sub>, and Odorants from Pig Slurry during Winter and Summer Storage." *Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems* 95 (1): 103-113.

Pfromm, P.H. 2017. "Towards Sustainable Agriculture: Fossil-Free Ammonia." *Journal for Renewable and Sustainable Energy* 9 (3): 034702.

Phillips, M., P.J.G. Henriksson, N.V. Tran, C.Y. Chan, C.V. Mohan, U-P. Rodriguez, S. Suri, et al. 2015. *Exploring Indonesian Aquaculture Futures*. Program report 2015-39. Penang, Malaysia: WorldFish.

Phuong, N.T., and D.T.H. Oanh. 2010. "Striped Catfish Aquaculture in Vietnam: A Decade of Unprecedented Development." In *Success Stories in Asian Aquaculture*, edited by S.S. De Silva and F.B. Davy. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre.

Pica-Ciamarra, U., L. Tasciotti, J. Otte, and A. Zezza. 2011. "Livestock Assets, Livestock Income and Rural Households: Cross-Country Evidence from Household Surveys." Joint Paper of the World Bank, FAO, AU-IBAR, ILRI. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Pickup, F. 2017. "Why Indonesia Has to Save the Peatland." Jakarta: UNDP Indonesia. http://www.id.undp.org/content/indonesia/en/home/presscenter/articles/2017/01/09/why-indonesia-has-toSave-the-peatland.html.

Pingali, P. 2007. "Westernization of Asian Diets and the Transformation of Food Systems: Implications for Research and Policy." *Food Policy* 32 (3): 281-298.

Pingali, P., T. Raney, and K. Wiebe. 2008. "Biofuels and Food Security: Missing the Point." *Review of Agricultural Economics* 30: 505-516.

Pinheiro, E.F., E. Lima, M. Ceddia, and R. Boddey. 2010. "Impact of Pre-harvest Burning versus Trash Conservation on Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Stocks on a Sugarcane Plantation in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest Region." *Plant and Soil* 333 (1-2): 71-80.

Pinoy Rice Knowledge Bank. 2014. "Philippine Rice Industry: Facts and Figures." Manila: Department of Agriculture, Philippine Rice Research Institute. http://pinoyrkb.com/main/resources/facts-and-figures.

Pires, G F., G.M. Abrahão, L.M. Brumatti, L.J.C. Oliveira, M.H. Costa, S. Liddicoat, E. Kato, and R.J. Ladle. 2016. "Increased Climate Risk in Brazilian Double Cropping Agriculture Systems: Implications for Land Use in Northern Brazil." *Agricultural and Forest Meteorology* 228: 286-298.

Pittelkow, C.M., Y. Assa, M. Burger, R.G. Mutters, C.A. Greer, L.A. Espino, J.E. Hill, et al. 2014. "Nitrogen Management and Methane Emissions in Direct-Seeded Rice Systems." *Agronomy Journal* 106 (3): 968-980.

Pittelkow, C., B. Linquist, M. Lundy, W. Liang, K.J. van Groenigen, J. Lee, N. Van Gestel, et al. 2015. "When Does No-Till Yield More? A Global Meta-analysis." *Field Crops Research* 183: 156-168.

Place, F. 2009. "Land Tenure and Agricultural Productivity in Africa: A Comparative Analysis of Economic Theory, Empirical Results, and Policy Statements." *World Development* 37: 1326-1336.

Place, F., R. Roothaert, L. Maina, J. Sinja, and J. Wanjiku. 2009. "The Impact of Fodder Shrubs on Milk Production and Income among Smallholder Dairy Farmers in East Africa and the Role of Research Undertaken by the World Agroforestry Centre." Occasional Paper 12. Nairobi: World Agroforestry Centre.

Place, F., A. Meybeck, L. Colette, C. de Young, V. Gitz, E. Dulloo, S. Hall, et al. 2013. "Food Security and Sustainable Resource Use—What Are the Resource Challenges to Food Security?" Background paper for the conference "Food Security Futures: Research Priorities for the 21st Century," April 11–12, Dublin.

Plevin, R. 2010. "Review of Final RFS2 Analysis." http://plevin.berkeley.edu/docs/Plevin-Comments-on-final-RFS2-v7.pdf.
Plevin, R., M. O'Hare, A.D. Jones, M.S. Torn, and H.K. Gibbs. 2010. "Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Biofuels' Indirect Land Use Change Are Uncertain but May Be Much Greater than Previously Estimated." *Environmental Science & Technology* 44 (21): 8015-8021.

Poeplau, C., D. Zopf, B. Greiner, R. Geerts, H. Korvaar, U. Thumm, A. Don, et al. 2018. "Why Does Mineral Fertilization Increase Soil Carbon Stocks in Temperate Grasslands?" *Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment* 265: 144-155.

Pool, I. 2007. "Demographic Dividends: Determinants of Development or Merely Windows of Opportunity?" *Ageing Horizons* 7: 28-35.

Poorter, L., F. Bongers, T.M. Aide, A.M. Almeyda Zambrano, P. Balvanera, and J.M. Becknell. 2016. "Biomass Resilience of Neotropical Secondary Forests." *Nature* 530: 211-214.

Popkin, B.M., and P. Gordon-Larsen. 2004. "The Nutrition Transition: Worldwide Obesity Dynamics and Their Determinants." *International Journal of Obesity* 28: S2-S9.

Popkin, B.M., L.S. Adair, and S.W. Ng. 2012. "NOW AND THEN: The Global Nutrition Transition: The Pandemic of Obesity in Developing Countries." *Nutrition Reviews* 70 (1): 3-21.

Popp, A., H. Lotze-Campen, and B. Bodirsky. 2010. "Food Consumption, Diet Shifts, and Associated Non-CO₂ Greenhouse Gases from Agricultural Production." *Global Environmental Change* 20: 451-462.

Popp, A., F. Humpenöder, I. Weindl, B.L. Bodirsky, M. Bonsch, H. Lotze-Campen, C. Müller, et al. 2015. "Land-Use Protection for Climate Change Mitigation." *Nature Climate Change* 4: 1095-1098.

Porter, J.R., L. Xie, A. Challinor, K. Cochrane, S.M. Howden, M.M. Iqbal, D.B. Lobell, et al. 2014. "Food Security and Food Production Systems." In *Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects*, edited by C.B. Field, V.R. Barros, D.J. Dokken, K.J. Mach, M.D. Mastrandrea, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, et al. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Porter-Bolland, L., E.A. Ellis, M.R. Guariguata, I. Ruiz-Mallén, S. Negrete-Yankelevich, and V. Reyes-García. 2012. "Community Managed Forests and Forest Protected Areas: An Assessment of Their Conservation Effectiveness across the Tropics." *Forest Ecology & Management* 268: 6-17.

Porterfield, A. 2017. "Common Corn Pest Presents Major Challenge to Bt Crops." *Entomology Today*. https://entomologytoday.org/2017/07/13/common-corn-pest-presents-major-challenge-to-bt-crops/.

Posa, M., L. Wijedasa, and R. Corlett. 2011. "Biodiversity and Conservation of Tropical Peat Swamp Forests." *BioScience* 61 (1): 49-57.

Poulton, P., J. Johnston, A. Macdonald, R. White, and D. Powlson. 2018. "Major Limitations to Achieving '4 per 1000' Increases in Soil Organic Carbon Stock in Temperate Regions: Evidence from Long-Term Experiments at Rothamsted Research, United Kingdom." *Global Change Biology* 24 (6): 1-22.

Powlson, D.S., A.P. Whitmore, and W.T. Goulding. 2011a. "Soil Carbon Sequestration to Mitigate Climate Change: A Critical Reexamination to Identify the True and the False." *European Journal of Soil Science* 62: 42-55.

Powlson, D.S., M.J. Glendining, K. Coleman, and A.P. Whitmore. 2011b. "Implications for Soil Properties of Removing Cereal Straw: Results from Long-Term Studies." *American Society of Agronomy* 103 (1): 279-287.

Powlson, D.S., A. Bhogal, B.J. Chambers, K. Coleman, A.J. Macdonald, K.W.T. Goulding, and A.P. Whitmore. 2012. "The Potential to Increase Soil Carbon

Stocks through Reduced Tillage or Organic Material Additions in England and Wales: A Case Study." *Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Environment* 146: 23-33.

Powlson, D.S., C. Stirling, M. Jat, B. Gerard, C. Palm, P. Sanchez, and K. Cassman. 2014. "Limited Potential of No-Till Agriculture for Climate Change Mitigation." *Nature Climate Change* 4 (8): 678-683.

Powlson, D.S., C.M. Stirling, C. Thierfelder, R.P. White, and M.L. Jat. 2016. "Does Conservation Agriculture Deliver Climate Change Mitigation through Soil Carbon Sequestration in Tropical Agro-ecosystems?" *Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment* 220: 164-174.

Practical Action. 2003. "Evaporative Cooling." Technical brief. http://practicalaction.org/evaporative-cooling-1.

Practical Action. 2010. "Refrigeration in Developing Countries." Technical brief. http://practicalaction.org/refrigeration-in-developing-countries-1.

Pretty, J.N., A.D. Noble, D. Bossio, J. Dixon, R.E. Hine, FW.T.P. de Vries, and J.I.L. Morison. 2006. "Resource-Conserving Agriculture Increases Yields in Developing Countries." *Environmental Science & Technology* 40 (4): 1114-1119.

Prigge, V., X. Xu, L. Li, R. Babu, S. Chen, G.N. Atlin, and A.E. Melchinger. 2012. "New Insights into the Genetics of *in Vivo* Induction of Maternal Haploids, the Backbone of Doubled Haploid Technology in Maize." *Genetics* 190 (2): 781-793.

Primrose, S.B. 1995. *Principles of Genome Analysis*. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science.

Punjabi, M. 2008. "Emerging Changes in the Indian Dairy Industry." Paper presented at Asia-Pacific Smallholder Dairy Strategy Workshop, Chiang Mai, Thailand, February 26-29.

Punjabi, M. n.d. "India: Increasing Demand Challenges the Dairy Sector." *FAO Corporate Document Repository*. http://www.fao.org/docrep/011/i0588e/i0588E05.htm.

Purdy, C. 2017. "Hampton Creek Is Now Growing Its Own Meat in Labs—and It Says It Will Get to Stores First." *Quartz*, June 27. https://qz.com/1015757/vegan-mayo-startup-hampton-creek-is-producing-lab-made-meat-and-it-wants-to-sell-in-walmart-wmt-and-whole-foods-wfm/.

Putt del Pino, S., C. Cummis, S. Lake, and P. Reig. 2016. "From Doing Better to Doing Enough: Anchoring Corporate Sustainability Targets in Science." Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

Qiao, C., L. Liu, S. Hu, J.E. Compton, T.L. Greaver and Q. Li. 2015. "How Inhibiting Nitrification Affects Nitrogen Cycle and Reduces Environmental Impacts of Anthropogenic Nitrogen Input." *Global Change Biology* 21: 1249-1257.

Qiu, J. 2009. "Nitrogen Fertilizer Warning for China." *Nature* doi:10.1038/news.2009.105.

Qiu, H., D. Sun, S. Gunatilake, J. She, and T. Mlsna. 2015. "Analysis of Trace Dicyandiamide in Stream Water Using Solid Phase Extraction and Liquid Chromatography UV Spectrometry." *Journal of Environmental Sciences* 35: 38-42.

Qiu, B., D. Lu, Z. Tang, D. Song, Y. Zheng, Z. Wang, C. Chen, et al. 2017. "Mapping Cropping Intensity Trends in China during 1982-2013." *Applied Geography* 79: 212-222.

Ragasa, C., I. Lambrecht, and D.S. Kufoalor. 2018. "Limitations of Contract Farming as a Pro-poor Strategy: The Case of Maize Outgrower Schemes in Upper West Ghana." *World Development* 102 (2018): 30-56.
Rainforest Foundation Norway. 2012. "Norway: Palm Oil Consumption Reduced by Two Thirds." Oslo: Rainforest Foundation Norway. http://www.regnskog.no/en/rainforest-news/rainforest-foundation-norway/norwaypalm-oil-consumption-reduced-by-two-thirds.

Rainforest Foundation UK. 2013. *Seeds of Destruction: Expansion of Industrial Oil Palm in the Congo Basin: Potential Impacts on Forests and People*. London: Rainforest Foundation UK.

Rajkishore, S.K., and R. Sunitha. 2013. "Soil Carbon Dynamics as Influenced by Moisture Regime and Nitrogen Levels." *Journal of Global Biosciences* 2 (5): 153-156.

Rajkishore, S.K., P. Doraisamy, K.S. Subramanian, and M. Maheswari. 2013. "Methane Emission Patterns and Their Associated Soil Microflora with SRI and Conventional Systems of Rice Cultivation in Tamil Nadu, India." *Taiwan Water Conservancy* 61 (4): 126-134.

Ramage, B.S., D. Shell, H.M. Salim, C. Fletcher, N.Z. Mustafa, J.C. Luruthusamay, R.D. Harrison, et al. 2013. "Pseudoreplication in Tropical Forests and the Resulting Effects on Biodiversity Conservation." *Conservation Biology* 27: 364-372.

Ramankutty, N., A.T. Evan, C. Monfreda, and J.A. Foley. 2008. "Farming the Planet: 1. Geographic Distribution of Global Agricultural Lands in the Year 2000." *Global Biochemical Cycles* 22 (1). doi:10.1029/2007GB002952.

Ranganathan, J. D. Vennard, R. Waite, B. Lipinksi, T. Searchinger, P. Dumas, A. Forslund, et al. 2016. "Shifting Diets for a Sustainable Food Future." *Installment 11 of Creating a Sustainable Food Future*. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

Rao, B.B., P.S. Chowdary, V.M. Sandeep, V.U. M. Rao, and B. Venkateswarlu. 2014. "Rising Minimum Temperature Trends over India in Recent Decades: Implications for Agricultural Production." *Global and Planetary Change* 117: 1-8.

Ravallion, M., S. Chen, and P. Sangraula. 2007. "New Evidence on the Urbanization of Global Poverty." World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4199. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Ray, D.K., and J.A. Foley. 2013. "Increasing Global Crop Harvest Frequency: Recent Trends and Future Directions." *Environmental Research Letters* 8 (4) (044041).

Ray, D.K., N. Ramankutty, N.D. Mueller, P.C. West, and J.A. Foley. 2012. "Recent Patterns of Crop Yield Growth and Stagnation." *Nature Communications* 3: 1293.

Ray, D.K., N. Mueller, P. West, and J. Foley. 2013. "Yield Trends Are Insufficient to Double Global Crop Production by 2050." *PLOS ONE* 8 (6): e66428.

Reardon, T., and C.P. Timmer. 2012. "The Economics of the Food System Revolution." *Annual Review of Resource Economics* 4 (1): 225-264.

Reardon, T., C.P. Timmer, C.B. Barrett, and J. Berdegué. 2003. "The Rise of Supermarkets in Africa, Asia, and Latin America." *American Journal of Agricultural Economics* 85 (5): 1140-1146.

Reardon, T., S. Henson, and J. Berdegué. 2007. "‘Proactive Fast-Tracking’ Diffusion of Supermarkets in Developing Countries: Implications for Market Institutions and Trade." *Journal of Economic Geography* 7 (4): 399-431.

Reardon, T., K.Z. Chen, B. Minten, L. Adriano, T.A. Dao, J. Wang, and S.D. Gupta. 2014. "The Quiet Revolution in Asia's Rice Value Chains." *Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences* 1331: 106-118.

Reay, D., E. Davidson, K. Smith, P. Smith, J. Melillo, F. Dentener, and P. Crutzen. 2012. "Global Agriculture and Nitrous Oxide Emissions." *Nature Climate Change* 2: 410-416.

Recio, M.E. 2015. *Honduras Resource Tenure and Sustainable Landscapes Assessment*. Washington, DC: USAID Tenure and Global Climate Change Program.

Redo, D., and A. Millington. 2011. "A Hybrid Approach to Mapping Land-Use Modification and Land-Cover Transition from MODIS Time-Series Data: A Case Study from the Bolivian Seasonal Tropics." *Remote Sensing of Environment* 115 (2): 353-372.

Regmi, A., and B. Meade. 2013. "Demand Side Drivers of Global Food Security." *Global Food Security* 2 (3): 166-171.

Regmi, A., M.S. Deepak, J.L. Seale Jr., and J. Bernstein. 2001. "Cross-Country Analysis of Food Consumption Patterns." In *Changing Structure of Global Food Consumption and Trade*, edited by A. Regmi. Agriculture and Trade Report WRS-01-1. Washington, DC: USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture), Market and Trade Economics Division, Economic Research Service.

Reij, C., and D. Garrity. 2016. "Scaling Up Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration in Africa to Restore Degraded Landscapes." *Biotropica* 48 (6): 834-843.

Reij, C., and R. Winterbottom. 2015. *Scaling Up Regreening: Six Steps to Success—A Practical Approach to Forest and Landscape Restoration*. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

Reij, C., G. Tappan, and A. Belemvire. 2005. "Changing Land Management Practices and Vegetation on the Central Plateau of Burkina Faso (1968-2002)." *Journal of Arid Environments* 63 (3): 642-659.

Reij, C., G. Tappan, and M. Smale. 2009. *Agroenvironmental Transformation in the Sahel: Another Kind of Green Revolution*. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.

Reilly, J.M., and K.O. Fuglie. 1998. "Future Yield Growth in Field Crops: What Evidence Exists?" *Soil Tillage Research* 47: 275-290.

Reisch, L.A., W. Gwozdz, G. Barba, S. De Henauw, N. Lascorz, and I. Pigeot. 2013. "Experimental Evidence on the Impact of Food Advertising on Children's Knowledge about and Preferences for Healthful Food." *Journal of Obesity*. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/408582.

Reisner, M. 1993. *Cadillac Desert: The American West and Its Disappearing Water*. Rev. ed. London: Penguin.

Reitsma, K.D., D.E. Clay, S.A. Clay, B.H. Dunn, and C. Reese. 2016. "Does the US Cropland Data Layer Provide an Accurate Benchmark for Land-Use Change Estimates?" *Agronomy Journal* 108 (1): 266-272.

Rejesus, R.M., F.G. Palis, P. Rodriguez, R.M. Lampayan, and B.A.M. Bouman. 2011. "Impact of the Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) Water-Saving Irrigation Technique: Evidence from Rice Producers in the Philippines." *Food Policy* 36 (2): 280-288.

Rejesus, R.B., M. Adrienne, M. Martin, and P. Gypmantasiri. 2013. *Meta-impact Assessment of the Irrigated Rice Research Consortium*. Los Baños, the Philippines: IRRI (International Rice Research Institute).

Rejinders, L., and S. Soret. 2003. "Quantification of the Environmental Impact of Different Dietary Protein Choices." *American Journal of Clinical Nutrition* 78 (suppl): 664S-668S.

REN21. 2017. *Renewables 2017 Global Status Report*. Paris: REN21 Secretariat.
Renaud, F.G., T.T.H. Le, C. Lindener, V.T. Guong, and Z. Sebesvari. 2015. "Resilience and Shifts in Agro-ecosystems Facing Increasing Sea-Level Rise and Salinity Intrusion in Ben Tre Province, Mekong Delta." *Climatic Change* 133 (1): 69–84.

Republic of Rwanda. 2015. "Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) for the Republic of Rwanda." http://www4.unfccc.int/ndcregistry/PublishedDocuments/Rwanda%20First/INDC_Rwanda_Nov.2015.pdf.

Reynolds, C.K., D.J. Humphries, P. Kirton, M. Kindermann, S. Duval, and W. Steinberg. 2014. "Effects of 3-Nitrooxypropanol on Methane Emission, Digestion, and Energy and Nitrogen Balance of Lactating Dairy Cows." *Journal of Dairy Science* 97 (6): 3777–3789.

Richards, D.R., and D.A. Freiss. 2016. "Rates and Drivers of Mangrove Deforestation in Southeast Asia, 2000–2012." *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America* 113 (2): 344–349.

Richardson, R.B. 2010. "Ecosystem Services and Food Security: Economic Perspectives on Environmental Sustainability." *Sustainability* 2010 (2): 3520–3548.

Richter, D., and R.A. Houghton. 2011. "Gross CO₂ Fluxes from Land-Use Change: Implications for Reducing Global Emissions and Increasing Sinks." *Carbon Management* 2 (1): 41–47.

Ricker-Gilbert, J., and T. Jayne. 2012. "Do Fertilizer Subsidies Boost Staple Crop Production and

Reduce Poverty across the Distribution of Smallholders in Africa? Quantile Regression Results from Malawi." Paper prepared for presentation at the International Association of Agricultural Economists (IAAE) Triennial Conference, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil, August 18–24.

Ricker-Gilbert, J., T. Jayne, and E. Chirwa. 2011. "Subsidies and Crowding Out: A Double-Hurdle Model of Fertilizer Demand in Malawi." *American Journal of Agricultural Economics* 93: 26–42.

Riguero-Rodriguez, A. 2005. *Silvopastoralism and Sustainable Land Management: Proceedings of an International Congress on Silvopastoralism and Sustainable Management Held in Lugo, Spain, in April 2004*. Wallingford, UK: CABI (Center for Agriculture and Bioscience International).

Ripple, W.J., P. Smith, H. Haberl, S.A. Montzka, C. McAlpine, and D.H. Boucher. 2014. "Ruminants, Climate Change and Climate Policy." *Nature Climate Change* 4: 2–5.

Roberts, M., and W. Schlenker. 2013. "Identifying Supply and Demand Elasticities of Agricultural Commodities: Implications for the US Ethanol Mandate." *American Economic Review* 103 (6): 2265–2295.

Roberts, T., and R. Welkmans. 2016. "Roadmap to Where? Is the '$100 Billion by 2020' Pledge from Copenhagen Still Realistic?" Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.

Robertson, G.P. 1997. "Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Row-Crop Agriculture: Crop Nitrogen Use and Soil Nitrogen Loss." In *Ecology in Agriculture*, edited by L. Jackson. New York: Academic.

Robertson, G.P., and P. Vitousek. 2009. "Nitrogen in Agriculture: Balancing the Cost of an Essential Resource." *Annual Review of Environment and Resources* 34: 97–125.

Robinson, R.S. 2016. "Population Policy Adoption in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Interplay of Global and Local Forces." *Population Horizons* 13 (1): 9–18.

Robinson, E.J. Thomas, P. Aveyard, and S. Higgs. 2014. "What Everyone Else Is Eating: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Effect of Informational

Eating Norms on Eating Behavior." *Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics* 114 (3): 414–429.

Rochefort, L., and R. Andersen. 2017. "Global Peatland Restoration after 30 Years: Where Are We in This Mossy World?" *Restoration Ecology* 25 (2): 269–270.

Rockström, J., J. Barron, and P. Fox. 2003. "Water Productivity in Rainfed Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities for Smallholder Farmers in Drought Prone Tropical Agro-ecosystems." In *Water Productivity in Agriculture: Limits and Opportunities for Improvements*, edited by J.W. Kijne, R. Barker, and D. Molden. Wallingford, UK: CABI (Center for Agriculture and Bioscience International).

Rockström, J., O. Gaffney, J. Rogelj, M. Meinshausen, N. Nakicenovic, and H.J. Schnellhuber. 2017. "A Roadmap for Rapid Decarbonization." *Science* 355 (6331): 1269–1271.

Rogelj, J., D. Shindell, K. Jiang, S. Fifita, P. Forster, V. Ginzburg, C. Handa, et al. 2018. "Mitigation Pathways Compatible with 1.5°C in the Context of Sustainable Development." In *Global Warming of 1.5°C: An IPCC Special Report on the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5°C above Pre-industrial Levels and Related Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways, in the Context of Strengthening the Global Response to the Threat of Climate Change, Sustainable Development, and Efforts to Eradicate Poverty*, edited by V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, et al. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/.

Rohrmann, S., K. Overvad, H.B. Bueno-de-Mesquita, M.U. Jakobsen, R. Egeberg, A. Tjonneland, L. Nailler, et al. 2013. "Meat Consumption and Mortality: Results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition." *Cancer Causes and Control* 24: 685–693.

Rojas-Downing, M., A.P. Nejadhashemi, T. Harrigan, and S.A. Woznicki. 2017. "Climate Change and Livestock: Impacts, Adaptation, and Mitigation." *Climate Risk Management* 16: 145–163.

Rolex Awards for Enterprise. 2005. *Ancient Technology Preserves Food*. http://www.rolexawards.com/profiles/laureates/mohammed_bah_abba/project.

Romaguera, D., T. Norat, T. Mouw, A.M. May, C. Bamia, and N. Slimani. 2009. "Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet Is Associated with Lower Abdominal Adiposity in European Men and Women." *Journal of Nutrition* 139 (9): 1728–1737.

Romero-Perez, A., E.K. Okine, S.M. McGinn, L.L. Guan, M. Oba, S.M. Duval, M. Kindermann, and K.A. Beauchemin. 2015. "Sustained Reduction in Methane Production from Long-Term Addition of 3-Nitrooxypropanol to a Beef Cattle Diet." *Journal of Animal Science* 93 (4): 1780–1791.

Ronald, P. 2011. "Genetically Engineered Crops—What, How and Why?" *Scientific American*. http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guestblog/2011/08/11/genetically-engineered-crops/.

Rosenbarger, A., B. Gingold, R. Prasodjo, A. Alisjahbana, A. Putraditama, and D. Tresya. 2013. *How to Change Legal Land Use Classifications to Support More Sustainable Palm Oil Production in Indonesia*. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

Roxburgh, C., N. Dorr, A. Leke, A. Tazi-Riffi, A. van Wamelen, S. Lund, M. Chironga, et al. 2010. *Lions on the Move: The Progress and Potential of African Economies*. New York: McKinsey Global Institute.

Roy, S.K. n.d. "On-Farm Storage Technology Can Save Energy and Raise Farm Income." Presentation. http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/datastore/234-2143.pdf.
Rozelle, S., and J.E.M. Swinnen. 2004. "Success and Failure of Reform: Insights from the Transition of Agriculture." *Journal of Economic Literature* 42 (2): 404–56.

Rozin, P., J. Hormes, M. Faith, and B. Wansink. 2012. "Is Meat Male? A Quantitative Multimethod Framework to Establish Metaphoric Relationships." *Journal of Consumer Research* 39 (3): 629–643.

Ruby, M.B., and S.J. Heine. 2011. "Meat, Morals, and Masculinity." *Appetite* 56 (2): 447–450.

Rudel, T.K. 2009. "Agricultural Intensification and Changes in Cultivated Areas, 1970–2005." *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America* 106: 20675–20680.

Rueda, B.L., R.W. Blake, C.F. Nicholson, D.G. Fox, L.O. Tedeschi, A.N. Pell, E.C.M. Fernandes, et al. 2003. "Production and Economic Potential of Cattle in Pasture-Based Systems of Western Amazon Region of Brazil." *Journal of Animal Science* 81: 2923–2937.

Ruiz-Lopez, N., R.P. Haslam, J.A. Napier, and O. Sayanova. 2014. "Successful High-Level Accumulation of Fish Oil Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in a Transgenic Oilseed Crop." *Plant Journal* 77: 198–208.

Rulia, M.C., A. Savioria, and P. D'Odoricob. 2013. "Global Land and Water Grabbing." *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America* 110: 892–897.

Rushing, J., and C. Lee. 2013. *New Oils for the New World*. Chicago: A.T. Kearney.

Rwandan Ministry of Education. 2016. *2016 Education Statistics Yearbook*. Kigali: Ministry of Education.

Ryals, R., and W. Silver. 2013. "Effects of Organic Matter Amendments on Net Primary Productivity and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Annual Grasslands." *Ecological Applications* 23: 46–59.

Sá, J.C., R. Lal, C.C. Cerri, K. Lorenz, M. Hungria, and P.C. de Faccio Carvalho. 2016. "Low-Carbon Agriculture in South America to Mitigate Global Climate Change and Advance Food Security." *Environment International* 98 (2017) 102–112.

Saggar, S., D.L. Giltrap, R. Davison, R. Gibson, C.A.M. de Klein, M. Rollo, P. Ettema, and G. Rys. 2015. "Estimating Direct N₂O Emissions from Sheep, Beef and Deer Grazed Pastures in New Zealand Hill Country: Accounting for the Effect of Land Slope on the N₂O Emission Factors from Urine and Dung." *Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment* 205: 70–78.

SAIN (UK-China Sustainable Agriculture Innovation Network). 2011. "Improved Nutrient Management in Agriculture: A Neglected Opportunity for China's Low Carbon Growth Plan." Policy Brief no. 1. West Common, UK: Rothamsted Research. http://www.sainonline.org/SAIN-website(English)/download/PolicyBrief%20No1final.pdf.

Saini, S.S. 2013. "Pumpset Energy Efficiency: Agriculture Demand Side Management Program." *International Journal of Agriculture and Food Science Technology* 4 (5): 493–500.

Sala, O.E., F.S. Chapin III, J.J. Armest, E. Berlow, J. Bloomfield, R. Dirzo, E. Huber-Sanwald, et al. 2000. "Global Biodiversity Scenarios for the Year 2100." *Science* 287 (5459): 1770–1774.

Salk Institute. n.d. "Harnessing Plants, Saving the Future." Salk Institute for Biological Sciences. https://www.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Harnessing-Plants.pdf. (Accessed April 30, 2019.)

Sánchez-Azofeifa, G.A., A. Pfaff, J.A. Robalino, and J.P. Boomhower. 2007. "Costa Rica's Payment for Environmental Services Program: Intention, Implementation, and Impact." *Conservation Biology* 21 (5): 1165–1173.

Sander, B.O., M. Samson, and R.J. Buresh. 2014. "Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Flooded Rice Fields as Affected by Water and Straw Management between Rice Crops." *Geoderma* 235: 355–362.

Sanders, J., and B. Ouendeba. 2012. "Intensive Production of Millet and Sorghum for Evolving Markets in the Sahel." *Lincoln: INTSORMIL CRSP, University of Nebraska–Lincoln*.

Sanderson, B.M., B.C. O'Neill, and C. Tebaldi. 2016. "What Would It Take to Achieve the Paris Temperature Targets?" *Geophysical Research Letters* 43 (13): 7133–7142.

Sands, R., C. Jones, and E. Marshall. 2014. *Global Drivers of Agricultural Demand and Supply*. Economic Research Report 174. Washington, DC: USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture).

Sanginga, N., and P.L. Woomer, eds. 2009. *Integrated Soil Fertility Management in Africa: Principles, Practices and Development Process*. Nairobi: Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute of the International Centre for Tropical Agriculture.

Sant'Anna, S., C. Jantalia, J. Sá, L. Vilela, R. Marchão, B. Alves, S. Urquiaga, and R. Boddey. 2016. "Changes in Soil Organic Carbon during 22 Years of Pastures, Cropping or Integrated Crop/Livestock Systems in the Brazilian Cerrado." *Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems*, December. doi:10.1007/s10705-016-9812-z.

Sathaye, J., W. Makundi, L. Dale, P. Chan, and K. Andrasko. 2005. "GHG Mitigation Potential, Costs and Benefits in Global Forests: A Dynamic Partial Equilibrium Approach." *Energy Journal* 27: 127–162.

Sathaye, J., K. Andrasko, and P. Chan. 2011. "Emissions Scenarios, Costs, and Implementation Considerations of REDD Programs." *Environment and Development Economics*. doi:10.1017/S1355770X11000052.

Savoie, L., R. Charbonneau, and G. Parent. 1989. "In Vitro Amino Acid Digestibility of Food Proteins as Measured by the Digestion Cell Technique." *Plant Foods for Human Nutrition* 39 (1): 93–107. *Save Our Seas Foundation*. 2015. "How Many Sharks Are Caught Each Year?" n.d. http://saveourseas.com/articles/how://saveourseas.com/articles/how__many__sharks__are__caught__each__year.

Sawadogo, H. 2006. "Fertilisation organique et phosphatée en système de culture zaï en milieu soudano-sahélien du Burkina Faso." PhD diss. Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux, Belgium.

Sawadogo, H. 2013. "Effects of Microdosing and Soil and Water Conservation Techniques on Securing Crop Yields in Northwestern Burkina Faso." Unpublished manuscript.

Scanlon, B.R., I. Jolly, M. Sophocleous, and L. Zhang. 2007. "Global Impacts of Conversions from Natural to Agricultural Ecosystems on Water Resources: Quantity versus Quality." *Water Resources Research* 43 (3).

Scarborough, P., P.N. Appleby, A. Mizdrak, A.D.M. Briggs, R.C. Travis, K.E. Bradbury, and T.J. Key. 2014. "Dietary Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Meat-eaters, Fish-Eaters, Vegetarians and Vegans in the UK." *Climatic Change* 125: 179–192.

Scarmeas, N., Y. Stern, M.X. Tang, R. Mayeux, and J.A. Luchsinger. 2006. "Mediterranean Diet and Risk for Alzheimer's Disease." *Annals of Neurology* 59 (6): 912–921.

Schlenker, W., and D.B. Lobell. 2010. "Robust Negative Impacts of Climate Change on African Agriculture." *Environmental Research Letters* 5 (014010).
Schlenker, W., and M.J. Roberts. 2009. "Nonlinear Temperature Effects Indicate Severe Damages to U.S. Crop Yields under Climate Change." *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America* 106 (37): 15594-15598.

Schmer, M.R., R.B. Mitchell, K.P. Vogel, W.H. Schacht, and D.B. Marx. 2010. "Spatial and Temporal Effects on Switchgrass Stands and Yield in the Great Plains." *BioEnergy Research* 3 (2): 159-171.

Schmidinger, K., and E. Stehfest. 2012. "Including CO₂ Implications of Land Occupation in LCAs—Method and Examples for Livestock Products." *International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment*. doi:10.1007/s11367-012-0434-7.

Schmidt, M.W.I., M.S. Torn, S. Abiven, T. Dittmar, G. Guggenberger, I.A. Janssens, et al. 2011. "Persistence of Soil Organic Matter as an Ecosystem Property." *Nature* 478: 49-56.

Schmidt, L., T. Sobotka, J.G. Bentzen, and A.N. Andersen. 2012. "Demographic and Medical Consequences of the Postponement of Parenthood." *Human Reproduction Update* 18 (1): 29-43.

Schmitz, C., H. van Meijl, P. Kyle, G.C. Nelson, S. Fujimori, A. Gurgel, P. Havlík, et al. 2014. "Land-Use Change Trajectories Up to 2050: Insights from a Global Agro-economic Model Comparison." *Agricultural Economics* 45: 69-84.

Schneider, U.A., P. Havlík, E. Schmid, H. Valin, A. Mosnier, M. Obersteiner, H. Bottcher, et al. 2011. "Impacts of Population Growth, Economic Development, and Technical Change on Global Food Production and Consumption." *Agricultural Systems* 104290: 204-215.

Schoneveld, G., L. German, and E. Nutakor. 2010. *Towards Sustainable Biofuel Development: Assessing the Local Impacts of Large-Scale Foreign Land Acquisitions in Ghana*. Ghana and Bogor, Indonesia: Forestry Research Institute of Ghana and CIFOR.

Schönweger, O., A. Heinimann, M. Epprecht, J. Lu, and P. Thalongsengchanh. 2012. *Concessions and Leases in the Lao PDR: Taking Stock of Land Investments*. Lao PDR: Geographica Bernensia.

Schroeder, J.I., E. Delhaize, W.B. Frommer, M.L. Guerinot, M.J. Harrison, L. Herrera-Estrella, et al. 2013. "Using Membrane Transporters to Improve Crops for Sustainable Food Production." *Nature* 497: 60-66.

Schulze, E.D., S. Luyssaert, P. Ciais, A. Freibauer, I.A. Janssens, J.F. Soussana, P. Smith, et al. 2009. "Importance of Methane and Nitrous Oxide for Europe's Terrestrial Greenhouse-Gas Balance." *Nature Geoscience* 2: 842-850.

Schütte, G., M. Eckerstorfer, V. Rastelli, W. Reichenbecher, S. Restrepo-Vassalli, M. Ruohonen-Lehto, A.W. Saucy, et al. 2017. "Herbicide Resistance and Biodiversity: Agronomic and Environmental Aspects of Genetically Modified Herbicide-Resistant Plants." *Environmental Sciences Europe* 29 (1): 5.

Seafish. 2011. *Fishmeal and Fish Oil Figures*. Grimsby, UK: Sea Fish Industry Authority.

SeafoodSource. 2013. "Turning Fish Discards into Profit." *SeafoodSource*. com. http://www.seafoodsource.com/newsarticledetail.aspx?id=20189.

Searchinger, T. 2009. "Government Policies and Drivers of World Biofuels, Sustainability Criteria, Certification Proposals and Their Limitations." In *Biofuels: Environmental Consequences and Interactions with Changing Land Use*, edited by R.W. Howarth and S. Bringezu. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Searchinger, T. 2010. "Biofuels and the Need for Additional Carbon." *Environmental Research Letters* 5 (024007).

Searchinger, T. 2011. "Potential Clarifications to the UK Climate Committee's Bioenergy Review." Princeton, NJ: Princeton University STEP Program.

Searchinger, T. 2012. *The Food, Forest and Carbon Challenge*. Washington, DC: National Wildlife Federation.

Searchinger, T., and L. Amaral. 2009. "Assuring Environmental Benefits from Sugarcane Ethanol in Brazil-One Approach" (unpublished). Washington, DC: German Marshall Fund.

Searchinger, T., and R. Heimlich. 2015. "Avoiding Bioenergy Competition for Food Crops and Land." Working paper, installment 9 of *Creating a Sustainable Food Future*. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

Searchinger, T., R. Heimlich, R. Houghton, F. Dong, A. Elobeid, J. Fabiosa, S. Tokgoz, et al. 2008. "Use of U.S. Croplands for Biofuels Increases Greenhouse Gases through Emissions from Land Use Change." *Science* 319 (5867): 1238-1240.

Searchinger, T., C. Hanson, J. Ranganathan, B. Lipinski, R. Waite, R. Winterbottom, A. Dinshaw, and R. Heimlich. 2013. *Creating a Sustainable Food Future: A Menu of Solutions to Sustainably Feed More than 9 Billion People by 2050*. World Resources Report 2013-14: Interim Findings. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

Searchinger, T., C. Hanson, R. Waite, S. Harper, G. Leeson, and B. Lipinski. 2013. "Achieving Replacement Level Fertility." Working paper, installment 3 of *Creating a Sustainable Food Future*. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

Searchinger, T., R. Edwards, D. Mulligan, R. Heimlich, and R. Plevin. 2015. "Do Biofuel Policies Seek to Cut Emissions by Cutting Food?" *Science* 347: 1420-1422.

Searchinger, T., L. Estes, P.K. Thornton, T. Beringer, A. Notenbaert, D. Rubenstein, R. Heimlich, et al. 2015. "High Carbon and Biodiversity Costs from Converting Africa's Wet Savannahs to Cropland." *Nature Climate Change* 5: 481-486.

Searchinger, T., T. Beringer, and A. Strong. 2017. "Does the World Have Low-Carbon Bioenergy Potential from the Dedicated Use of Land?" *Energy Policy* 110: 434-446.

Searchinger, T. D., S. Wirsenius, T. Beringer, and P. Dumas. 2018a. "Assessing the Efficiency of Changes in Land Use for Mitigating Climate Change." *Nature* 564: 249-253.

Searchinger, T., C. Malins, P. Dumas, D. Baldock, J. Glauber, T. Jayne, J. Huang, et al. 2018b. *Agricultural Support and Climate Smart Agriculture*. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Searle, S. Y., and C. J. Malins. 2014. "Will Energy Crop Yields Meet Expectations?" *Biomass and Bioenergy* 65: 3-12.

Sedano, F., J.A. Silva, R. Machoco, C.H. Meque, A. Sitoe, N. Ribeiro, K. Anderson, et al. 2016. "The Impact of Charcoal Production on Forest Degradation: A Case Study in Tete, Mozambique." *Environmental Research Letters* 11 (9).

Seeberg-Elverfeldt, C., and M. Tapio-Biström. 2010. *Global Survey of Agricultural Mitigation Projects*. Rome: FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations).

Selman, M., and S. Greenhalgh. 2009. *Eutrophication: Sources and Drivers of Nutrient Pollution*. WRI Policy Note. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.
Semenov, M., R. Mitchell, A.P. Whitmore, M.J. Hawkesford, M. Parry, and P.R. Shewry. 2012. "Shortcomings in Wheat Yield Predictions." *Nature Climate Change* 2 (6): 380–382.

Senapati, N., A. Chabbi, F. Gastal, P. Smith, N. Mascher, B. Loubet, P. Cellier, and C. Naisse. 2014. "Net Carbon Storage Measured in a Mowed and Grazed Temperate Sown Grassland Shows Potential for Carbon Sequestration under Grazed System." *Carbon Management* 5 (2): 131–144. doi:10.1080/17583004.2014.912863.

Séralini, G., R. Mesnage, E. Clair, S. Gress, J. Spiroux de Vendomois, and D. Cellier. 2011. "Genetically Modified Crops Safety Assessments: Present Limits and Possible Improvements." *Environmental Sciences Europe* 23: 10.

Séralini, G., R. Mesnage, N. Defarge, and J. Spiroux de Vendomois. 2014. "Conflicts of Interests, Confidentiality and Censorship in Health Risk Assessment: The Example of an Herbicide and a GMO." *Environmental Sciences Europe* 26: 13.

Ser Huay Lee, J., J. Ghazoul, K. Obidzinski, and L. Pin Koh. 2014. "Oil Palm Smallholder Yields and Incomes Constrained by Harvesting Practices and Type of Smallholder Management in Indonesia." *Agronomy for Sustainable Development* 34: 501–513.

Service, R. 2018. "Ammonia—a Renewable Fuel Made from Sun, Air, and Water—Could Power the Globe without Carbon." *Science*, July 12. https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/07/ammonia-renewable-fuel-made-sun-air-and-water-could-power-globe-without-carbon.

Seto, K., B. Güneralp, and L. Hutyra. 2012. "Global Forecasts of Urban Expansion to 2030 and Direct Impacts on Biodiversity and Carbon Pools." *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America* 109 (40): 16083–16088.

Setyanto, P., A.K. Makarim, A.M. Fagi, R. Wassmann, and L.V. Buendia. 2000. "Crop Management Affecting Methane Emissions from Irrigated and Rainfed Rice in Central Java (Indonesia)." In *Methane Emissions from Major Rice Ecosystems in Asia*, edited by R. Wasserman, R.S. Lantin, and H-U. Neue. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic.

Sexton, S., and D. Zilberman. 2011. "How Agricultural Biotechnology Boosts Food Supply and Accommodates Biofuels." NBER Working Paper 16699. Cambridge, MA: NBER (National Bureau of Economic Research).

Seymour, F., and J. Busch. 2016. *Why Forests? Why Now?* Washington, DC: Center for Global Development.

Shackelford, G.E., P.R. Steward, R.N. German, S.M. Sait, and T.G. Benton. "Conservation Planning in Agricultural Landscapes: Hotspots of Conflict between Agriculture and Nature." *Diversity and Distributions* 21 (3): 357–367.

Shah, F., J. Huang, K. Cui, L. Nie, T. Shah, C. Chen, and K. Wang. 2011. "Impact of High-Temperature Stress on Rice Plant and Its Traits Related to Tolerance." *Journal of Agricultural Science* 149 (5): 545–556.

Shapiro, D., and T. Gebreselassie. 2008. "Fertility Transition in Sub-Saharan Africa: Falling and Stalling." *African Population Studies* 23 (1): 3–23.

Shark Savers. 2015. "The Impact of the Shark Fin Trade." http://www.sharksavers.org/en/education/sharks-are-in-trouble/the-impact-of-the-shark-fin-trade/.

Sharp, B. 2010. *How Brands Grow: What Marketers Don't Know*. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Shcherbak, I., N. Millar, and G. P. Robertson. 2014. "Global Meta-analysis of the Nonlinear Response of Soil Nitrous Oxide (N₂O) Emissions to Fertilizer

Nitrogen." *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America* 111: 9199–9204.

Shepherd, T., J. Karszes, and C. Gooch. 2008. Dairy Manure Storage Calculator. Cornell University Extension Service.

Sherman, M., L. Berrang-Ford, S. Lwasa, J. Ford, D.B. Namanya, A. Llanos-Cuentas, M. Maillet, et al. 2016. "Drawing the Line between Adaptation and Development: A Systematic Literature Review of Planned Adaptation in Developing Countries." *WIREs Climate Change* 7: 707–726.

Shiao, T., A. Maddocks, C. Carson, and E. Loizeaux. 2015. "3 Maps Explain India's Growing Water Risks." Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. http://www.wri.org/blog/2015/02/3-maps-explain-india%E2%80%99s-growing-water-risks.

Shields, S., and G. Orme-Evans. 2015. "The Impacts of Climate Change Mitigation Strategies on Animal Welfare." *Animals: An Open Access Journal from MDPI* 5 (2): 361–394. http://doi.org/10.3390/ani15020361.

Shiklomanov, I.A. 2000. "Appraisal and Assessment of World Water Resources." *Water International* 25: 11–32.

Shimelis, H., and M. Laing. 2012. "Timelines in Conventional Crop Improvement: Pre-breeding and Breeding Procedures." *Australian Journal of Crop Science* 6: 1542–1549.

Shitumbanuma, V. 2012. "Analyses of Crop Trials under *Faidherbia albida*." Lusaka: Conservation Farming Unit, University of Zambia.

Sibayan, E.B., J.L. de Dios, and R.M. Lampayan. 2010. "Outscaling AWD in a Public-Managed Reservoir-Type Irrigation System: A Case Study in the Philippines." *Research to Impact: Case Studies for Natural Resource Management for Irrigated Rice in Asia* 135.

Siddique, I., V.L. Engel, J.A. Parrotta, D. Lamb, G.B. Nardoto, J.P.H.B. Ometto, L.A. Martinelli, and S. Schmidt. 2008. "Dominance of Legume Trees Alters Nutrient Relations in Mixed Species Forest Restoration Plantings within Seven Years." *Biogeochemistry* 88 (1): 89–101.

Siebert, S., and P. Doll. 2010. "Quantifying Blue and Green Virtual Water Contents in Global Crop Production as Well as Potential Losses without Irrigation." *Journal of Hydrology* 384: 198–217.

Siebert, S., F.T. Portmann, and P. Doll. 2010. "Global Patterns of Cropland Use Intensity." *Remote Sensing* 2 (7): 1625–1643.

Siegel, N. 2014. "Startup's New Sprays Promise Longer-Lasting Fruit, Fewer Pesticides." *National Public Radio*, October 17. http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2014/10/17/356723087/startups-new-sprays-promise-longer-lasting-fruit-fewer-pesticides.

Sims, R. H. 2011. "*Energy-Smart* Food for People and Climate. Rome: FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations).

Singh, S., and J.E. Darroch. 2012. *Adding It Up: Costs and Benefits of Contraceptive Services—Estimates for 2012*. New York: Guttmacher Institute and United Nations Population Fund.

Sinha, R., A.J. Cross, B.I. Graubard, M.F. Leitzmann, and A. Schatzkin. 2009. "Meat Intake and Mortality: A Prospective Study of over Half a Million People." *Archives of Internal Medicine* 169: 562–571.

Siopongco, J.D.L.C., R. Wassmann, and B.O. Sander. 2013. "Alternate Wetting and Drying in Philippine Rice Production: Feasibility Study for a Clean Development Mechanism." *IRRI Technical Bulletin* 17: 14.
Sippel, L., T. Kiziak, F. Woellert, and R. Klingholz. 2011. *Africa's Demographic Challenges: How a Young Population Can Make Development Possible*. Berlin: DSW (Deutsche Stiftung Weltbevölkerung).

Sitch, S., P. Friedlingstein, N. Gruber, S.D. Jones, G. Murray-Tortarolo, A. Ahlström, S.C. Doney, et al. 2015. "Recent Trends and Drivers of Regional Sources and Sinks of Carbon Dioxide." *Biogeosciences* 12: 653–679.

Six, J., S.M. Ogle, F.J. Breidt, R.T. Conant, A.R. Mosier, and K. Paustian. 2004. "The Potential to Mitigate Global Warming with No-Tillage Management Is Only Realized when Practiced in the Long Term." *Global Change Biology* 10: 155–160.

Skinner, A.C., S.N. Ravanbakht, J.A. Skelton, E.M. Perrin, and S.C. Armstrong. 2018. "Prevalence of Obesity and Severe Obesity in US Children, 1999–2016." *Pediatrics* 141 (3): 1–9.

Smale, M., P. Zambrano, G. Gruere, J. Falck-Zepeda, I. Matuschke, D. Horna, L. Nagarajan, et al. 2009. *Measuring the Economic Impacts of Transgenic Crops in Developing Agriculture during the First Decade: Approaches, Findings and Future Directions*. Washington, DC: IFPRI (International Food Policy Research Institute).

Smil, V. 1999. "Crop Residues: Agriculture's Largest Harvest." *BioScience* 49 (4): 299–308.

Smith, D. 2008. "Food Suppliers Poised to Cash In on Delia Effect." *Guardian*, February 10. http://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/feb/10/news. supermarkets.

Smith, L., and Schallenberg, M. 2013. "Occurrence of the Agricultural Nitrification Inhibitor, Dicyandiamide, in Surface Waters and Its Effects on Nitrogen Dynamics in an Experimental Aquatic System." *Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment* 164: 23–31.

Smith, K. 2010. "What's Cooking? A Brief Update. *Energy for Sustainable Development* 14: 251–252.

Smith, P. 2014. "Do Grasslands Act as a Perpetual Sink for Carbon?" *Global Change Biology* 20: 2708–2711.

Smith, P., and P. Falloon. 2005. "Carbon Sequestration in European Croplands." *Society for Experimental Biology Series* 2005: 47–55.

Smith, P., D. Martino, Z. Cai, D. Gwary, H. Janzen, P. Kumar, B. McCarl, et al. 2007. "Agriculture." In *Climate Change 2007: Mitigation*, edited by B. Metz, O.R. Davidson, P.R. Bosch, R. Dave, and L.A. Meyer. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Smith, P., D. Martino, Z. Cai, D. Gawry, H. Janzen, P. Kumar, B. McCarl, et al. 2008. "Greenhouse Gas Mitigation in Agriculture." *Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences* 363 (1492): 789–813.

Smith, V.H., B.S.M. Sturm, F.J. deNoyelles, and S.A. Billings. 2010. "The Ecology of Algal Biodiesel Production." *Trends in Ecology and Evolution* 25 (5): 301–309.

Smith, K.A., A.R. Mosier, P.J. Crutzen, and W. Winiwarter. 2012. "The Role of N₂O Derived from Crop-Based Biofuels, and from Agriculture in General, in Earth's Climate." *Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences* 367 (1593): 1169–1174.

Smith, P., M. Bustamante, H. Ahammad, H. Clark, H. Dong, E.A. Elsiddig, H. Haberl, et al. 2014. "Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU)." In *Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change*, edited by O. Edenhofer, R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, E. Farahani, S. Kadner, K. Seyboth, A. Adler, et al. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of

the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Smith, V., J. Glauber, and B. Goodwin. 2017. "Time to Reform the US Federal Agricultural Insurance Program." AEI (American Enterprise Institute), October 13. http://www.aei.org/publication/time-to-reform-the-us-federal-agricultural-insurance-program/.

Snell, C., A. Bernheim, J.-B. Berge, M. Kuntz, G. Pascal, A. Paris, and A.E. Ricroch. 2012. "Assessment of the Health Impact of GM Plant Diets in Long-Term and Multigenerational Animal Feeding Trials: A Literature Review." *Food and Chemical Toxicology* 50: 1134–1148.

Soares, F., S. Soares, M. Medeiros, and R.G. Osorio. 2006. "Cash Transfer Programmes in Brazil: Impacts on Inequality and Poverty." Working Paper no. 21. Brasília: International Poverty Centre, United Nations Development Programme.

Sobal, J. 2005. "Men, Meat, and Marriage: Models of Masculinity." *Food & Foodways* 13: 135–158.

SOFA Team and C. Doss. 2011. "The Role of Women in Agriculture." ESA Working Paper no. 11-02. Rome: FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations).

Sohngren, B., and R. Sedjo. 2006. "Carbon Sequestration in Global Forests under Different Carbon Price Regimes." *Energy Journal, International Association for Energy Economics* 0 (Special I): 109–126.

Solorio, F.J., S.K. Basu, L. Sarabia, A. Ayala, L. Ramirez, C. Aguilar, J.A. Erales, et al. 2016. "The Potential of Silvopastoral Systems for Milk and Meat Organic Production in the Tropics." *Organic Farming for Sustainable Agriculture, Sustainable Development and Biodiversity* 9: 169–183.

Song, X., C. Peng, G. Zhou, H. Jiang, and W. Wang. 2014. "Chinese Grain for Green Program Led to Highly Increased Soil Organic Carbon Levels: A Meta-analysis." *Scientific Reports* 4 (4460). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep04460.

Sonntag, B., J. Huang, S. Rozelle, and J. Skerritt. 2005. *China's Agricultural and Rural Development in the Early 21st Century*. Canberra: Australian Center for International Agricultural Research.

Sordi, A., J. Dieckow, C. Bayer, M. Ameral, J. Thiago, J. Acordi, and A. de Moraes. 2014. "Nitrous Oxide Emission Factors for Urine and Dung Patches in a Subtropical Brazilian Pastureland." *Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment* 190: 94–103.

Soto, D., J. Aguilar-Manjarrez, and N. Hishamunda, eds. 2008. "Building an Ecosystem Approach to Aquaculture." FAO/Universitat de les Illes Balears Expert Workshop, May 7–11, 2007, Palma de Mallorca, Spain. *FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Proceedings* 14. Rome: FAO.

Soussana, J.F., K. Klumpp, and F. Ehrhardt. 2014. "The Role of Grassland in Mitigating Climate Change." *EGF at 50: The Future of European Grasslands*: 75–87.

Soussana, J.F., S. Lutfall, P. Smith, R. Lal, C. Chenu, and P. Ciais. 2017. "Letter to the Editor: Answer to the Viewpoint 'Sequestering Soil Organic Carbon: A Nitrogen Dilemma.'" *Environmental Science and Technology* 51 (20): 11502.

Soyatech. n.d. "Palm Oil Facts." http://www.soyatech.com/Palm_Oil_Facts.htm. (Accessed October 29, 2012.)

Spalding, M. 2013. "There Are Many Tools for Effective Fisheries Management: Preventing Unintended Negative Consequences of Catch Shares." Washington, DC: Ocean Foundation.
Sperling, D., and S. Yeh. 2010. "Toward a Global Low Carbon Fuel Standard." Transport Policy 17 (1): 47-49.

Sprague, M., J.R. Dick and D.R. Tocher. 2016. "Impact of Sustainable Feeds on Omega-3 Long-Chain Fatty Acid Levels in Farmed Atlantic Salmon, 2006-2015." Scientific Reports 6 (21892). doi: 10.1038/srep21892.

Springmann, M., H.C.J. Godfray, M. Rayner, and P. Scarborough. 2016. "Analysis and Valuation of the Health and Climate Change Cobenefits of Dietary Change." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113 (15): 4146-4151.

Springmann, M., D. Mason-D'Croz, S. Robinson, K. Wiebe, H.C.J. Godfray, M. Rayner, and P. Scarborough. 2016. "Mitigation Potential and Global Health Impacts from Emissions Pricing of Food Commodities." Nature Climate Change (advance online publication).

Springmann, M., M. Clark, D. Mason-D'Croz, K. Wiebe, B.L. Bodirsky, L. Lassaletta, W. de Vries, et al. 2018. "Options for Keeping the Food System within Environmental Limits." Nature 562: 519-525.

Srinivathan, U.T., W.W.L. Cheung, R. Watson, and U.R. Sumaila. 2010. "Food Security Implications of Global Marine Catch Losses Due to Overfishing." Journal of Bioeconomics 12: 183-200.

Staal, S., C. Delgado, and C. Nicholson. 1997. "Smallholder Dairying under Transactions Costs in East Africa." World Development 25 (5): 779-794.

Stadler, K., R. Wood, T. Bulavskaya, C.-J. Södersten, M. Simas, S. Schmidt, A. Usubiaga, et al. 2018. "EXIOBASE 3: Developing a Time Series of Detailed Environmentally Extended Multi-regional Input-Output Tables." Journal of Industrial Ecology, January 13. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12715.

Stanley, P., J.E. Rowntree, D.K. Beede, M.S. DeLonge, and M.W. Hamm. 2018. "Impacts of Soil Carbon Sequestration on Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Midwestern USA Beef Finishing Systems." Agricultural Systems 162 (2018): 249-258.

Statistics New Zealand. 2013. "Glossary Term—Replacement Fertility." http://www2.stats.govt.nz/domino/external/omni/omni.nsf/wwwglsry/replacement+level.

Steenblik, R. 2007. *Biofuels–At What Cost? Government Support for Ethanol and Biodiesel in Selected OECD Countries*. Winnipeg, Canada: International Institute for Sustainable Development.

Stehfest, E., L. Bouwman, D.P. van Vuuren, M.G.J. den Elzen, B. Eickhout, and P. Kabat. 2009. "Climate Benefits of Changing Diet." Climatic Change 95: 83-102.

Steinfeld, H., P. Gerber, T. Wassenaar, V. Castel, M. Rosales, and C. de Haan. 2006. *Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options*. Rome: FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations).

Steinfeld, H., H.A. Mooney, F. Schneider, and L.E. Neville. 2010. *Livestock in a Changing Landscape*. Vol. 1, *Drivers, Consequences, and Responses*. Washington, DC: Island.

Stern, N. 2006. *The Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change*. London: Government of the United Kingdom.

Stevens, C., R. Winterbottom, J. Springer, and K. Reytar. 2014. *Securing Rights, Combatting Climate Change: How Strengthening Community Forest Rights Mitigates Climate Change*. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

Stockholm Environment Institute and Greenhouse Gas Management Institute. 2011. "Alberta-Based Greenhouse Gas Reduction Program and Offset Credit System." http://www.co2offsetresearch.org/policy/Alberta.html.

Stockmann, U., M.A. Adams, J.W. Crawford, D.J. Field, N. Henakaarchchi, M. Jenkins, B. Minasny, et al. 2013. "The Knowns, Known Unknowns and Unknowns of Sequestration of Soil Organic Carbon." *Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment* 164 (January): 80–99. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2012.10.001.

Stone, G. 2012. "Constructing Facts: Bt Cotton Narratives in India." *Economic & Political Weekly* 47: 61–70.

Stoorvogel, J.J., E.M.A. Smaling, and B.H. Janssen. 1993. "Calculating Soil Nutrient Balances in Africa at Different Scales." *Fertilizer Research* 35: 227–235.

Strange, R.N., and P.R. Scott. 2005. "Plant Disease: A Threat to Global Food Security." *Annual Review of Phytopathology* 43: 83–116.

Strassburg, B. 2012. *Increasing Agricultural Output while Avoiding Deforestation: A Case Study for Mato Grosso*. Rio de Janeiro: International Institute for Sustainability. http://www.pcfisu.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Mato_grosso_Final_Report.pdf.

Strokal, M., L. Ma, Z. Bai, S. Lucan, C. Kroeze, O. Oenema, G. Velthof, and F. Zhang. 2016. "Alarming Nutrient Pollution of Chinese Rivers as a Result of Agricultural Transitions." *Environmental Research Letters* 11 (2) (024014).

Strong, A., and S. Minnemeyer. 2015. "Satellite Data Reveals State of the World's Mangrove Forests." Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. http://www.wri.org/blog/2015/02/satellite-data-reveals-state-world%E2%80%99s-mangrove-forests.

Stroosnijder, L., and W. B. Hoogmoed. 1984. "Crust Formation on Sandy Soils in the Sahel; II: Tillage and Its Effects on the Water Balance." *Soil Tillage Research* 4: 321-337.

Stummer, R. 2003. "Who Are You Calling Pilchard? It's 'Cornish Sardine' to You..." *Independent*, August 17. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/who-are-you-calling-pilchard-its-cornish-sardine-to-you-536136.html.

Su, J., C. Hu, X. Yan, Y. Jin, Z. Chen, Q. Guan, Y. Wang, et al. 2015. "Expression of Barley SUSIBA2 Transcription Factor Yields High-Starch Low-Methane Rice." *Nature* 523: 62–606.

Subbarao, G.V., O. Ito, K.L. Sahrawat, W.L. Berry, K. Nakahara, T. Ishikawa, T. Watanabe, K. Suenaga, M. Rondon, and I.M. Rao. 2006a. "Scope and Strategies for Regulation of Nitrification in Agricultural Systems—Challenges and Opportunities." *Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences* 25 (4): 303–335.

Subbarao, G.V., T. Ishikawa, O. Ito, K. Nakahara, H.Y. Wang and W.L. Berry. 2006b. "A Bioluminescence Assay to Detect Nitrification Inhibitors Released from Plant Roots: A Case Study with *Brachiaria humidicola*." *Plant and Soil* 288 (1): 101-112.

Subbarao, G.V., M. Rondon, O. Ito, T. Ishikawa, I.M. Rao, K. Nakahara, C. Lascano, and W.L. Berry. 2007. "Biological Nitrification Inhibition (BNI): Is It a Widespread Phenomenon?" *Plant and Soil* 294 (1): 5–18.

Subbarao, G.V., K. Nakahara, M. Hurtado, H. Ono, D.E. Moreta, A.F. Salcedo, A.T. Yoshihashi, et al. 2009. "Evidence for Biological Nitrification Inhibition in *Brachiaria* Pastures." *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America* 106 (41): 17302–17307.

Subbarao, G.V., K. Nakahara, T. Ishikawa, H. Ono, M. Yoshida, T. Yoshihashi, Y. Zhu, et al. 2013. "Biological Nitrification Inhibition (BNI) Activity in Sorghum and Its Characterization." *Plant and Soil* 366: 243–259.

Subbarao, G.V., J. Arango, K. Masahiro, A.M. Hooper, T. Yoshihashi, Y. Ando, K. Nakahara, et al. 2017. "Genetic Mitigation Strategies to Tackle Agricultural
GHG Emissions: The Case for Biological Nitrification Inhibition Technology.”
*Plant Science* 262: 165–168.

Suher, J., R. Raghunathan, and W.D. Hoyer. 2016. "Eating Healthy or Feeling Empty? How the 'Healthy = Less Filling' Intuition Influences Satiety." *Journal of the Association for Consumer Research* 1 (1).

Sumaila, R., and U. Rashid. 2016. "Trade Policy Options for Sustainable Oceans and Fisheries. E15 Expert Group on Oceans, Fisheries and the Trade System—Policy Options Paper." Geneva: E15 Initiative, International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) and World Economic Forum.

Sumaila, R., A. Khan, A. Dyck, R. Watson, G. Munro, P. Tyedmers, and D. Pauly. 2010. "A Bottom-Up Re-estimation of Global Fisheries Subsidies." *Journal of Bioeconomics* 12: 201–225.

Sumaila, R., W. Cheung, A. Dyck, K. Gueye, L. Huang, V. Lam, D. Pauly, et al. 2012. "Benefits of Rebuilding Global Marine Fisheries Outweigh Costs." *PLOS ONE* 7 (7): e40542.

Sunarto, S., M. Kelly, K. Parakkasi, S. Klenzendorf, E. Septayuda, and H. Kurniawan. 2012. "Tigers Need Cover: Multi-scale Occupancy Study of the Big Cat in Sumatran Forest and Plantation Landscapes." *PLOS ONE* 7 (1): e30859.

Swain, D.L., M.A. Friend, G.J. Bishop-Hurley, R.N. Handcock, and T. Wark. 2011. "Tracking Livestock Using Global Positioning Systems—Are We Still Lost?" *Animal Production Science* 51: 167–175.

Swartz, W., E. Sala, S. Tracey, R. Watson, and D. Pauly. 2010. "The Spatial Expansion and Ecological Footprint of Fisheries (1950 to Present)." *PLOS ONE* 5 (12): e15143.

Swift, M.J., and K.D. Shepherd, eds. 2007. *Saving Africa's Soils: Science and Technology for Improved Soil Management in Africa*. Nairobi: World Agroforestry Centre.

Tabashnik, B., and Y. Carrière. 2017. "Surge in Insect Resistance to Transgenic Crops and Prospects for Sustainability." *Nature Biotechnology* 35 (10): 926.

Tabbal, D.F., B.A.M. Bouman, S.I. Bhuiyan, E.B. Sibayan, and M.A. Sattar. 2002. "On-Farm Strategies for Reducing Water Input in Irrigated Rice: Case Studies in the Philippines." *Agricultural Water Management* 56 (2): 93–112.

Tabo, R., A. Bationo, B. Gerard, J. Ndejeunga, D. Marchal, B. Amadou, G. Annou, et al. 2007. "Improving Cereal Productivity and Farmers' Income Using a Strategic Application of Fertilizers in West Africa." In *Advances in Integrated Soil Fertility Management in Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges and Opportunities*, edited by A. Bationo, B. Waswa, J. Kihara, and J. Kimetu. New York: Springer.

Tacon, A.G.J., and M. Metian. 2008. "Global Overview on the Use of Fish Meal and Fish Oil in Industrially Compounded Aquafeeds: Trends and Future Prospects." *Aquaculture* 285: 146–158.

Tacon, A.G.J., M. Metian, G.M. Turchini, and S.S. de Silva. 2010. "Responsible Aquaculture and Trophic Level Implications to Global Fish Supply." *Reviews in Fisheries Science* 18 (1): 94–105.

Tacon, A.G.J., M.R. Hasan, and M. Metian. 2011. "Demand and Supply of Feed Ingredients for Farmed Fish and Crustaceans." *FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper* 564. Rome: FAO.

Taelman, S.E., S. De Meester, L. Roef, M. Michiels, and J. Dewulf. 2013. "The Environmental Sustainability of Microalgae as Feed for Aquaculture: A Life Cycle Perspective." *Bioresource Technology* 150: 513–522.

Taranger, G.L., Ø. Karlsen, R.J. Bannister, K.A. Glover, V. Husa, E. Karlsbakk, B.O. Kvamme, et al. 2014. "Risk Assessment of the Environmental Impact of Norwegian Atlantic Salmon Farming." *ICES Journal of Marine Science*. doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsu132.

Tariq, A., Q.D. Vu, L.S. Jensen, S. De Tourdonnet, B.O. Sander, R. Wassmann, T. Van Mai, and A. De Neergaard. 2017. "Mitigating CH₄ and N₂O Emissions from Intensive Rice Production Systems in Northern Vietnam: Efficiency of Drainage Patterns in Combination with Rice Residue Incorporation." *Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment* 249: 101–111.

Taylor, R., and C. Streck. 2018. "The Elusive Impact of the Deforestation-Free Supply Chain Movement." Working paper. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

Tefera, T., S. Mugo, M. Mwimali, B. Anani, R. Tende, Y. Beyene, S. Gichuki, et al. 2016. "Resistance of Bt-Maize (MON810) against the Stem Borers *Busseola fusca* (Fuller) and *Chilo partellus* (Swinhoe) and Its Yield Performance in Kenya." *Crop Protection* 89: 202–208.

Teixeira, E.I., G. Fischer, H. van Velthuizen, C. Walter, and F. Ewert. 2013. "Global Hot-Spots of Heat Stress on Agricultural Crops Due to Climate Change." *Agricultural and Forest Meteorology* 170: 206–215.

Teng, P.S., ed. 1987. "Crop Loss Assessment and Pest Management." St. Paul, MN: APS Press.

Teng, P.S., and S.V. Krupa, eds. 1980. "Assessment of Losses Which Constrain Production and Crop Improvement in Agriculture and Forestry." *Proceedings of the E.C. Stackman Commemorative Symposium*. St. Paul: University of Minnesota.

Tessari, P., A. Lante, and M. Giuliano. 2016. "Essential Amino Acids: Master Regulators of Nutrition and Environmental Footprint?" *Scientific Reports* 6: 1–13.

Thaler, R.H., and C.R. Sunstein. 2008. *Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness*. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Thomson Reuters Foundation. 2017. "Giant Farms Linked to Russia's Political Elite Fuel Fears for Smallholders." *Japan Times*, May 17. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/05/17/world/giant-farms-linked-russias-political-elite-fuel-fears-smallholders/#.XIQskRNKjxg.

Thornton, P., and M. Herrero. 2010. "Potential for Reduced Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Livestock and Pasture Management in the Tropics." *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America* 107: 19667–19672.

Thornton, P., and L. Cramer, eds. 2012. "Impacts of Climate Change on the Agricultural and Aquatic Systems and Natural Resources within the CGIAR's Mandate." CCAFS Working Paper 23. Copenhagen: CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS).

Thornton, P.K., P.G. Jones, P.J. Eriksen, and A.J. Challinor. 2011. "Agriculture and Food Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa in a 4°C+ World." *Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society* 369: 117–136.

Thow, A.M., and S. Downs. 2014. "A Systematic Review of the Effectiveness of Food Taxes and Subsidies to Improve Diets: Understanding the Recent Evidence." *Nutrition Reviews* 72: 561–565.

Thow, A.M., S. Jan, S. Leeder, and B. Swinburn. 2010. "The Effect of Fiscal Policy on Diet, Obesity and Chronic Disease: A Systematic Review." *Bulletin of the World Health Organization* 88 (8): 609–614.
Thow, A. M., S. Downs, and S. Jan. 2014. "A Systematic Review of the Effectiveness of Food Taxes and Subsidies to Improve Diets: Understanding the Recent Evidence." *Nutrition Reviews* 72: 561–565.

Tian, H., K. Banger, T. Bo, and V.K. Dadhwal. 2014. "History of Land Use in India during 1880–2010: Large-Scale Land Transformations Reconstructed from Satellite Data and Historical Archives." *Global and Planetary Change* 121: 78–88.

Tilman, D., and M. Clark. 2014. "Global Diets Link Environmental Sustainability and Human Health." *Nature* 515: 518–522.

Tilman, D., C. Balzer, J. Hill, and B. Beford. 2011. "Global Food Demand and the Sustainable Intensification of Agriculture." *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America* 118: 20260–20264.

Tischer, T.D., D. Byerlee, and G. Edmeades. 2014. "Crop Yields and Global Food Security: Will Yield Increases Continue to Feed the World?" *ACIAR* Monograph no. 58. Canberra: Australian Center for International Agricultural Research.

Tittonell, P., and K.E. Giller. 2013. "When Yield Gaps Are Poverty Traps: The Paradigm of Ecological Intensification in African Smallholder Agriculture." *Field Crops Research* 143: 76–90.

Todd, J.E., P.C. Winters, and T. Hertz. 2009. "Conditional Cash Transfers and Agricultural Production: Lessons from the *Oportunidades* Experience in Mexico." *Journal of Development Studies* 46 (1): 39–67.

Tollefson, J. 2016. "Next Generation of Carbon-Monitoring Satellites Faces Daunting Hurdles." *Nature* 533: 466–467.

Tom, M.S., P.S. Fischbeck, and C.T. Hendrickson. 2015. "Energy Use, Blue Water Footprint, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Current Food Consumption Patterns and Dietary Recommendations in the US." *Environment Systems and Decisions* 35 (4).

Tootelian, D.H., and K. Ross. 2000. "Products Labels: What Information Do Consumers Want and Will They Believe It?" *Journal of Food Products Marketing* 61 (1): 25–38.

Torgersen, Y., M. Bryde, and R.T. Kongtorp. 2010. "Norway: Aquaculture Zoning Policy and Competition for Marine Space in Aquaculture Management." *In Advancing the Aquaculture Agenda: Workshop Proceedings*. Paris: OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development).

Trenkel, M.E. 2010. "Slow and Controlled-Release and Stabilized Fertilizers." Paris: International Fertilizer Association.

Treseder, K.K., and S.R. Holden. 2013. "Fungal Carbon Sequestration." *Science* 339 (6127): 1528–1529.

Tropical Forages. n.d. "Leucaena Leucocephala." http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/forages/Media/Html/entities/leucaena_leucocephala.htm.

*Tufts University Health & Nutrition Letter*. 2012. "Are You Getting Enough Protein? For Most Americans, the Answer Is an Emphatic 'Yes!' but Emerging Research Suggests Older Adults May Need More High-Quality Protein throughout the Day." http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA30545 4472&v=2.1&u=c_hrca&it=r&p=HRCA&digest=608852c2ef4f34aa0546455 c9af7893d&rssr=rss.

Turner, P.A., T.J. Griffis, X. Leeb, J.M. Bakera, R.T. Venterea, and J.D. Wood. 2015. "Indirect Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Streams within the US Corn Belt Scale with Stream Order." *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America* 112: 9839–9843.

Turnwald, B.P., D.Z. Boles, and A.J. Crum. 2017. "Association between Indulgent Descriptions and Vegetable Consumption: Twisted Carrots and Dynamite Beets." *JAMA Internal Medicine*. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.1637.

Tyner, W.E. 2010. "The Integration of Energy and Agricultural Markets." *Agricultural Economics* 41 (sl): 193–201.

Tyukavina, A., M.C. Hansen, P. Potapov, D. Parker, C. Okpa, S.V. Stehman, I. Kommareddy, and S. Turubanova. 2018. "Congo Basin Forest Loss Dominated by Increasing Smallholder Clearing." *Science Advances* 4 (11): eaat2993. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aat2993.

Tyszler, M., G.F.H. Kramer, and H. Blonk. 2014. "Just Eating Healthier Is Not Enough: Studying the Environmental Impact of Different Diet Scenarios for the Netherlands by Linear Programming." Paper presented at the Ninth International Conference LCA of Food, San Francisco, October 8–10.

Umesh, N.R., A.B. Chandra Mohan, G. Ravibabu, P.A. Padiyar, M.J. Phillips, C.V. Mohan, and B. Vishnu Bhat. 2010. "Shrimp Farmers in India: Empowering Small-Scale Farmers through a Cluster-Based Approach." *In Success Stories in Asian Aquaculture*, edited by S.S. De Silva and F.B. Davy, 41–66. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre.

UN (United Nations). 2012. *Women's Rights and the Right to Food*. Report Submitted by Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, Olivier De Schutter. http://www.srfood.org/images/stories/pdf/officialreports/20130304 gender_en.pdf.

UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). n.d. "Infocomm Commodity Profile Palm Oil." https://unctad.org/en/Pages/SUC/ Commodities/Commodities-Profiles.aspx. (Accessed July 14, 2015.)

UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division). 2013. "Explaining Differences in the Projected Populations between the 2012 and 2010 Revisions of World Population Prospects: The Role of Fertility in Africa." New York: United Nations.

UNDESA. 2014. *World Urbanization Prospects*. New York: United Nations.

UNDESA. 2015. *Trends in Contraceptive Use Worldwide: 2015*. New York: United Nations.

UNDESA. 2017. *World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision*. New York: United Nations.

UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme). 2011. *Towards a Green Economy*. Nairobi: UNEP.

UNEP. 2012. *The Emissions Gap Report 2012*. Nairobi: UNEP.

UNEP. 2013. *The Emissions Gap Report 2013*. Nairobi: UNEP.

UNEP. 2017. *The Emissions Gap Report 2017*.

UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change). 2015. "The Paris Agreement." https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement.

UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund). 2008. "Botswana—Contraceptive Prevalence." http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/botswana/contraceptive-prevalence.

UNIDO (UN Industrial Development Organization). 2010. *Global Industrial Energy Efficiency Benchmarking*. http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Services/Energy_and_Clima_Change/Energy_Efficiency/Benchmarking_%20Energy_%20Policyeren.pdf.
United States International Trade Commission. 2014. "Pork and Swine Industry and Trade Summary." Washington, DC: U.S. International Trade Commission.

University of Cambridge, Institute for Sustainability Leadership. 2019. "The Banking Environment Initiative (BEI) and Consumer Goods Forum (CGF)'s 'Soft Commodities' Compact." https://www.cisl.cam.ac.uk/business-action/sustainable-finance/banking-environment-initiative/programme/soft-commodities.

University of Toronto. n.d. *Solar Aeration System for Aquaculture*. http://werl.mie.utoronto.ca/research/aeration/. (Accessed May 11, 2017.)

Upadhyay, A. 2014. "The Rise of Solar Pumps in India." *Clean Technica*. https://cleantechnica.com/2014/08/11/rise-solar-pumps-india/.

Upadhyay, S. 2016. "Meat Substitute Market by Product Type (Tofu, Tempeh, Textured Vegetable Protein, Quorn, Seitan), Source (Soy, Wheat, Mycoprotein), Category (Frozen, Refrigerated, Shelf-Stable): Global Opportunity Analysis and Industry Forecast, 2014–20." *Allied Market Research*. https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/meat-substitute-market.

Upadhyay, U.D., and D. Karasek. 2010. "Women's Empowerment and Achievement of Desired Fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa." DHS Working Paper no. 80. Calverton, MD: ICF Macro.

Urban, D., M.J. Roberts, W. Schlenker, and D.B. Lobell. 2012. "Projected Temperature Changes Indicate Significant Increase in Interannual Variability of U.S. Maize Yields." *Climatic Change* 112 (2): 525–533.

USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture), 2011. "Food Product Dating." Fact Sheet. http://www.fsis.usda.gov/factsheets/food_product_dating/.

USDA. 2012. *International Food Security Assessment, 2012–2022*. Washington, DC: USDA.

USDA. 2013a. National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. Washington, DC: USDA. http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list.

USDA. 2013b. "U.S. Department of Agriculture." Washington, DC: USDA. http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome.

USDA. 2013c. "Fertilizer Use and Price." Agricultural Chemical Use Program. Washington, DC: USDA. http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/fertilizer-use-and-price.aspx#26730.

USDA. 2014a. *What We Eat in America, NHANES, 2011–2012*. Washington, DC: USDA.

USDA. 2014b. "Rice: Trade." Washington, DC: USDA Economic Research Service. http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/crops/rice/trade.aspx.

USDA. 2017. *Effects of Conservation Practices on Nitrogen Loss from Farm Fields: A National Assessment Based on the 2003–2006 CEAP Survey and APEX Modeling Databases*. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.

USDA/ERS (Economic Research Service), 2014a. "Food Expenditures." http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/food-expenditures.aspx.

USDA/ERS. 2014b. "Food-away-from-Home." http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-choices-health/food-consumption-demand/food-away-from-home.aspx.

USDA/ERS. 2015a. "Fruit and Vegetable Prices." http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/fruit-and-vegetable-prices.aspx.

USDA/ERS. 2015b. "Meat Price Spreads." http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/meat-price-spreads.aspx.

USDA/ERS. 2017a. "Datasheet, Cropland Used for Crops, by Region and States, United States, 1945–2012." https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/DataFiles/52096/Cropland_used_for_crops_19452012_by_state.xls?v=42975.

USDA/ERS. 2017b. "Conservation Compliance in the Crop Insurance Era." https://www.ers.usda.gov/amber-waves/2017/july/conservation-compliance-in-the-crop-insurance-era/.

USDA/ERS. n.d. "U.S. Drought 2012: Farm and Food Impacts." http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/in-the-news/us-drought-2012-farm-and-food-impacts.aspx. (Accessed December 8, 2012.)

USDA and HHS (U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). 2015. *Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee*. Washington, DC: USDA and HHS.

U.S. DoE (Department of Energy). n.d. *Science*. "Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program." https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/science.html. (Accessed May 10, 2017.)

U.S. DoE and the University of California. 2014. Genomes Online Database. 2014. genomesonline.org/cgi-bin/GOLD/index.cgi.

U.S. Drive Partnership. 2017. *Hydrogen Production Tech Team Roadmap*. November. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. https://www.energy.gov/eere/vehicles/downloads/us-drive-hydrogen-production-technical-team-roadmap.

USGS (U.S. Geological Survey). 1999. "State Summary Highlights." In *National Water Summary on Wetland Resources*. https://water.usgs.gov/nwsum/WSP2425/state_highlights_summary.html.

Vaddella, V.K., P.M. Ndegwa, H.S. Joo, and J.L. Ullman. 2010. "Impact of Separating Dairy Cattle Excretions on Ammonia Emissions." *Journal of Environmental Quality* 39 (5): 1807–1812.

Vaitsman, J., and R. Paes-Sousa. 2007. *Evaluation of MDS Policies and Programs—Results*. Vol. 2, *Bolsa Familia Program and Social Assistance*. Brasília: Ministry of Social Development and the Fight against Hunger, Secretariat for Evaluation and Information Management.

Valin, H., R.D. Sands, D. van der Mensbrugghe, G.C. Nelson, H. Ahammad, E. Blanc, B. Bodirsky, et al. 2014. "The Future of Food Demand: Understanding Differences in Global Economic Models." *Agricultural Economics* 45 (1): 51–67.

van der Hoeven, D. 2018. "Omega-3 Fatty Acids Produced from Corn by Marine Algae." Bio Based Press, February 18. https://www.biobasedpress.eu/2018/02/omega-3-fatty-acids-produced-from-corn-by-marine-algae/.

van der Werf, G.R., J.T. Randerson, L. Giglio, T.T. van Leeuwen, Y. Chen, B.M. Rogers, M. Mu, et al. 2017. "Global Fire Emissions Estimates during 1997–2015." *Earth System Science Data Discussions*. doi:10.5194/essd-2016-62.

VanderZaag, A.C., A.D. MacDonald, L. Evans, X.P.C. Verge, and R.L. Desjardins. 2013. "Towards an Inventory of Methane Emissions from Manure Management That Is Responsive to Changes on Canadian Farms." *Environmental Research Letters* 8 (3) (035008).

van Grinsven, H.J.M, H.F.M. ten Berge, T. Dalgaard, B. Frater, P. Durand, A. Hart, G. Hofman, et al. 2012. "Management, Regulation and Environmental Impacts of Nitrogen Fertilization in Northwestern Europe under the Nitrates Directive: A Benchmark Study." *Biogeosciences* 9: 5143–5160.
van Grinsven, H.J., L. Bouwman, K.G. Cassman, H.M. van Es, M.L. McCrackin, and A.H. Beusen. 2015. "Losses of Ammonia and Nitrate from Agriculture and Their Effect on Nitrogen Recovery in the European Union and the United States between 1900 and 2050." *Journal of Environmental Quality* 44: 356-367.

van Groenigen, J.W., G.L. Velthof, O. Oenema, K.J. van Groenigen, and C. van Kessel. 2010. "Towards an Agronomic Assessment of N₂O Emissions: A Case Study for Arable Crops." *European Journal of Soil Science* 61: 903-913.

van Groenigen, K.J., C. Osenberg, and B. Hungate. 2011. "Increased Soil Emissions of Potent Greenhouse Gases under Increased Atmospheric CO₂." *Nature* 475: 214-216.

van Groenigen, K.J., C. van Kessel, and B.A. Hungate. 2013. "Increased Greenhouse-Gas Intensity of Rice Production under Future Atmospheric Conditions." *Nature Climate Change* 3: 288-291.

van Groenigen, J.W., C. van Kessel, B.A. Hungate, O. Oenema, D.S. Powlson, and K.J. van Groenigen. 2017. "Sequestering Soil Organic Carbon: A Nitrogen Dilemma." *Environmental Science & Technology* 51: 4738-4739.

van Ittersum, M.K., K.G. Cassman, P. Grassini, J. Wolf, P. Tittonell, and Z. Hochman. 2013. "Yield Gap Analysis with Local to Global Relevance: A Review." *Field Crops Research* 143: 4-17.

van Ittersum, M.K., L.G.J. van Bussel, J. Wolf, P. Grassini, J. van Wart, N. Guilpart, L. Claessens, et al. 2016. "Can Sub-Saharan Africa Feed Itself?" *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America* 113 (52): 14964-14969.

van Kessel, C., R. Venterea, J. Six, M.A. Adviento-Borbe, B. Linquist, and K.J. van Groenigen. 2012. "Climate, Duration, and N Placement Determine N₂O Emissions in Reduced Tillage Systems: A Meta-analysis." *Global Change Biology* 19 (1): 33-44.

van Kooten, G.C., and B. Sohngren. 2007. "Economics of Forest Ecosystem Carbon Sinks: A Review." *International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics* 1: 237-269.

Vanlauwe, B., J. Chianu, K.E. Giller, R. Merckx, U. Mokwunye, P. Pypers, K. Shepherd, et al. 2010. "Integrated Soil Fertility Management: Operational Definition and Consequences for Implementation and Dissemination." 19th World Congress of Soil Science, Soil Solutions for a Changing World, Brisbane, Australia, August 1-6.

Vanotti, M., P. Hunt, M. Rice, A. Kunz, and J. Loughrin. 2013. *Evaluation of Generation 3 Treatment Technology for Swine Waste*. North Carolina's Clean Water Management Trust Fund project. https://www.bae.ncsu.edu/topic/waste-mgmt-center/CWMTF-report/CWMTF%20Report%20Appendix%20A.2006A-522%20Final%20Report.pdf.

van Vuuren, D. 2011. "The Representative Concentration Pathways: An Overview." *Climatic Change* 109: 5-31.

van Vuuren, D., J. van Vliet, and E. Stehfest. 2009. "Future Bio-energy Potential under Various Natural Constraints." *Energy Policy* 37: 42204230.

Variyam, J.N. 2005. *Nutrition Labeling in the Food-away-from-Home Sector: An Economic Assessment*. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.

Varshney, R.K., J. Ribaut, E.S. Buckler, R. Tuberosa, J.A. Rafalski, and P. Langridge. 2012. "Can Genomics Boost Productivity of Orphan Crops?" *Nature Biotechnology* 30: 1172-1176.

Vasa, A., and K. Neuhoff. 2011. "The Role of CDM Post-2012: Carbon Pricing for Low-Carbon Investment." Berlin: Climate Policy Initiative.

Veit, P. 2011. "Brief: Women and Customary Land Rights in Uganda." Focus on Land in Africa. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. http://www.focusonland.com/fola/en/countries/brief-women-and-customary-land-rights-in-uganda/.

Veit, P., and R. Sarsfield. 2017. "Land Rights, Beef Commodity Chains, and Deforestation Dynamics in the Paraguayan Chaco." Washington, DC: USAID Tenure and Global Climate Change Program.

Vellinga, T.V., and I.E. Hoving. 2011. "Maize Silage for Dairy Cows: Mitigation of Methane Emissions Can Be Offset by Land Use Change." *Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems* 89 (3): 413-426.

Velthof, G.L., J.P. Lesschen, J. Webb, S. Pietrzak, Z. Miatkowski, M. Pinto, and O. Oenema. 2013. "The Impact of the Nitrates Directive on Nitrogen Emissions from Agriculture in the EU-27 during 2000-2008." *Science of the Total Environment* 468-469: 1225-1233.

Vera-Diaz, M.C., R.K. Kaufmann, and D.C. Nepstad. 2009. "The Environmental Impacts of Soybean Expansion and Infrastructure Development in Brazil's Amazon Basin." Working Paper no. 09-05. Medford, MA: Global Development and Environment Institute.

Veramaris. 2018. "Omega-3 from Natural Marine Algae." https://www.veramaris.com/what-we-do-detail.html.

Verhage, F., L. Cramer, P. Thornton, and B. Campbell. 2018. "Climate Risk Assessment and Agricultural Value Chain Prioritisation for Malawi and Zambia." CCAFS Working Paper no. 228. Wageningen, the Netherlands: CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS).

Verlasso. 2013. "Fish In, Fish Out: Conserving Wild Fish Populations." Puerto Montt, Chile: Verlasso. http://www.verlasso.com/farming/fish-in-fish-out/.

Vermeulen, S.J., A.J. Challinor, P.K. Thornton, B.M. Campbell, N. Eriyagama, J.M. Vervoort, J. Kinyangi, et al. 2013. "Addressing Uncertainty in Adaptation Planning for Agriculture." *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America* 110 (21): 8357-8362.

Videl, J. 2014. "This Could Be the Year We Start to Save, Not Slaughter, the Shark." *Guardian*, January 11. http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jan/11/shark-finning-in-decline-in-far-east.

Vietnam MARD (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development). 2014. *Statistical Yearbook of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development*. Hanoi: MARD.

Villoria, N., D. Byerlee, and J. Stevenson. 2014. "The Effects of Agricultural Technological Progress on Deforestation: What Do We Really Know?" *Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy* 36 (2): 211-237.

Vinya, R., S. Syampungani, E.C. Kasumu, C. Monde, and R. Kasubika. 2011. *Preliminary Study on the Drivers of Deforestation and Potential for REDD+ in Zambia*. Consultancy report prepared for Forestry Department and FAO under the national UN-REDD+ Programme. Lusaka, Zambia: Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources.

Visser, A. 2018. "Managing Resistance of African Stem Borer to Bt-Maize." *Farmers Weekly*. https://www.farmersweekly.co.za/crops/field-crops/managing-resistance-african-stem-borer-bt-maize/.

Volpe, J.P., M. Beck, V. Ethier, J. Gee, and A. Wilson. 2010. *Global Aquaculture Performance Index: An Innovative Tool for Evaluating and Improving the Environmental Performance of Marine Aquaculture*. Victoria, BC: University of Victoria.