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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are pleased to acknowledge our institutional strategic partners, who provide core funding to WRI: Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency.

The authors are grateful to the following peers who provided critical reviews and helpful suggestions to this report: Mitch Aide (University of Puerto Rico), Gary Atlin (Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation), Tobias Baedeker (World Bank), Erin Biehl (Johns Hopkins University Center for a Livable Future—JHU-CLF), Robert Boddey (Embrapa), Randall Brummett (World Bank), Rebecca Carter (WRI), Tim Christophersen (UNEP), Ed Davey (WRI), Chris Delgado (WRI), Adriana Dinu (UNDP), Natalie Elwell (WRI), Karlheinz Erb (Universität für Bodenkultur Wien), Jamison Ervin (UNDP), Roger Freedman (2Blades Foundation), Halley Froehlich (University of California, Santa Barbara), James Gaffney (DuPont), Tess Geers (Oceana), Laura German (University of Georgia), Charles Godfray (Oxford Martin Programme on the Future of Food), Patricio Grassini (University of Nebraska), Hidayah Hamzah (WRI), Nancy Harris (WRI), Mario Herrero (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation), Jillian Holzer (WRI), Lisa Johnston (WRI), Doyle Karr (DuPont), Kelly Levin (WRI), David Lobell (Stanford Center on Food Security and the Environment), James Lomax (UN Environment), Jared Messinger (WRI), Charles McNeill (UNEP), Joseph Monfort (DuPont), James Mulligan (WRI), Carlos Nobre (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior), Lily Odarno (WRI), Mark Peterson (DuPont), Michael Phillips (WorldFish), Frank Place (International Food Policy Research Institute), David Powlson (Rothamsted Research), Becky Ramsing (JHU-CLF), Raychel Santo (JHU-CLF), Frances Seymour (WRI), Fred Stolle (WRI), Guntur Subbarao (Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences), Rod Taylor (WRI), Philip Thornton (International Livestock Research Institute), Robert Townsend (World Bank), Peter Veit (WRI), Sara Walker (WRI), Arief Wijaya (WRI), Stefan Wirsenius (Chalmers University of Technology), Christy Wright (DuPont), Graham Wynne (WRI), and Edoardo Zandri (UNEP).

The authors extend a special thanks to Nikos Alexandratos (FAO) and Jelle Bruinsma (FAO), who were generous in providing information and guidance about the FAO agricultural projections to 2050; Michael Obersteiner (IIASA), who provided information about the GLOBIOM model; Tom Kram Fam (Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency), who provided information for analyzing the IMAGE model results, and Benjamin Bodirsky (Potsdam Institute for Climate Research) for his thorough review of the GlobAgri-WRR model.

The authors thank all the peer reviewers who provided critical reviews and helpful suggestions for improvement to each of the 11 working papers that underpin much of this report. They include:

* The Great Balancing Act (Installment 1): Philip Angell (WRI emeritus), Mary Allen Ballo (SahelEco), Manish Bapna (WRI), Malcolm Beveridge (WorldFish), Randall Brummett (World Bank), Peter Dewees (World Bank), Francis Gassert (WRI), Daniel van Gilst (Norad), Debbie Hellums (International Fertilizer Development Center), Bente Herstad (Norad), Kelly Levin (WRI), Mike McGahuey (USAID), Jennifer Morgan (WRI), Michael Phillips (WorldFish), Chris Reij (WRI and VU), Tony Rinaudo (World Vision), Sara Scherr (EcoAgriculture Partners), Jane Swira (Ministry of Environment and Climate Change, Malawi), Juergen Voegele (World Bank), Peter Weston (World Vision), and additional anonymous reviewers at UNDP.

* Reducing Food Loss and Waste (Installment 2): Mark Barthel (WRAP), Camelia Bucatariu (FAO), Betty Bugusu (Purdue University), Stamatios Christopolous (UNDP), Laura Draucker (WRI), George Gordon (Tesco), Estelle Herszenhorn (WRAP), Jess Lowenberg-DeBoer (Purdue University), Emma Marsh (WRAP), and Robert van Otterdijk (FAO).

* Achieving Replacement Level Fertility (Installment 3): Athena Ballesteros (WRI), Mary Allen Ballo (SahelEco, Mali), Manish Bapna (WRI), Terry Brncic (WRI), Jason Bremner (Population Reference Bureau), Daniel van Gilst (Norad), Norbert Henninger (WRI), Mary Kent (formerly with Population Reference Bureau), Shelley Snyder (USAID), Jane Swira (Ministry of Environment and Climate Change, Malawi), and one anonymous reviewer.

* Improving Land and Water Management (Installment 4): Jens Aune (Norwegian University of Life Sciences), William Critchley (Sustainable Land Management Associates, Ltd.), Craig Hanson (WRI), Norbert Henninger (WRI), Rattan Lal (Ohio State University), Tim Searchinger (WRI and Princeton), Melinda Smale (Michigan State University), and Peter Veit (WRI).

* Improving Productivity and Environmental Performance of Aquaculture (Installment 5): Dalal Al-Abdulrazzak (UNDP), Lauretta Burke (WRI), George Chamberlain (Global Aquaculture Alliance), Christopher Delgado (WRI), Stephen Hall (WorldFish), Craig Hanson (WRI), Andrew Hudson (UNDP), Melanie King (Global Change Institute, University of Queensland), David Little (Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling), Aaron McNevin (WWF), Tim Searchinger (WRI and Princeton), Mark Spalding (The Ocean Foundation), David Tomberlin (WRI), and Hua Wen (WRI). Special thanks go to Markus Klinger (DuPont Nutrition & Health) for contributing research and writing assistance on fish oil alternatives, nutrient content of wild and farmed fish, and integrated multitrophic aquaculture.

* Indicators of Sustainable Agriculture: A Scoping Analysis (Installment 6): Lauretta Burke (WRI), Daryl Ditz (WRI), Francis Gassert (WRI), Angel Hsu (Yale University), Mike McGahuey (USAID), Lars Christian Oxe (Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs), Stephen Russell (WRI), Johann Scharr (WRI), Tim Searchinger (WRI and Princeton), David Spielman (International Food Policy Research Institute), Richard Waite (WRI), and Robert Winterbottom (WRI).

* Crop Breeding: Renewing the Global Commitment (Installment 7): Nourollah Ahmadi (INRA), Jean-Marc Bouvet (CIRAD), Keith Fuglie (U.S. Department of Agriculture), Jean-Christophe Glaszmann (CIRAD), Charles Godfrey (Oxford University), Janet Ranganathan (WRI), Richard Waite (WRI), and Robert Winterbottom (WRI).
* Wetting and Drying: Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Saving Water from Rice Production (Installment 8): To Phuc Tuong (International Rice Research Institute), Chris van Kessel (University of California at Davis), Ben Macdonald (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization), Christopher Delgado (WRI), Craig Hanson (WRI), and Richard Waite (WRI).

* Avoiding Bioenergy Competition for Food Crops and Land (Installment 9): Manish Bapna (WRI), Craig Hanson (WRI), Nancy Harris (WRI), Dario Hidalgo (WRI), Charles Kent (WRI), Brian Lipinski (WRI), Chris Malins (International Council on Clean Transportation), Alex Perera (WRI), Janet Ranganathan (WRI), John Sheehan (Colorado State University), Robert Winterbottom (WRI), and one anonymous reviewer.

* Limiting Crop Expansion to Lands with Low Environmental Opportunity Costs (Installment 10): Ezra Berkhout (PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency), Ben ten Brink (PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency), Chris Delgado (WRI), Eric Dinerstein (Resolv), Jenny Goldstein (University of California, Los Angeles), Nancy Harris (WRI), Lisa Johnston (WRI), Agnieszka Latawiec (International Institute for Sustainability-Brazil), Denise Leung (WRI), Brian Lipinski (WRI), David McLaughlin (WWF), Moray McLeish (Price Waterhouse Coopers-Indonesia), Aurelio Padovezi (WRI-Brasil), Anne Rosenbarger (WRI-Indonesia), Nirarta Samadhi (WRI-Indonesia). Fred Stolle (WRI), Bernardo Strassburg (International Institute for Sustainability-Brazil), Carl Wahl (Concern Worldwide), Richard Waite (WRI), Peter Veit (WRI), and Robert Winterbottom (WRI).

* Shifting Diets (Installment 11): Neal Barnard (Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine), Rachel Biderman (WRI), Benjamin Leon Bodirsky (Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research), T. Colin Campbell (Cornell University), Christopher Delgado (WRI), Tara Gannett (Food Climate Research Network, University of Oxford), Craig Hanson (WRI), Susan Levin (Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine), Jacqui Macalister (IKEA Food Services AB), Joanne Lupton (Texas A&M University), Charles McNeill (UNDP), Miriam Nelson (Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University), Barry Popkin (Nutrition Transition Research Program, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill), Matthew Prescott (Humane Society of the United States), Anne Roulin (Nestlé), Ryan Sarsfield (WRI), William Hua Wen (WRI), Deborah Zabarenko (WRI), and Li Zhou (Chinese Academy of Social Sciences).

In addition, the authors thank several WRI colleagues who provided research, data, analysis, and editing services in support of this report: Abraar Ahmad, Austin Clowes, Ayesha Dinshaw, Tyler Ferdinand, Rutger Hofste, Tara Mahon, Cecelia Mercer, Gerard Pozzi, Yangshengjing Qiu, Paul Reig, and Anna Spiller. We thank our colleague Liz Goldman for preparing several of the maps in the report.

*Creating a Sustainable Food Future: Interim Findings* underpins many portions of this report. The authors would like to extend their gratitude to those who helped make the *Interim Findings* a stronger publication:

* The following members of the Creating a Sustainable Food Future's technical advisory group provided valuable suggestions, reviews, and other contributions: Tapan Adhya (Kalinga Institute of Technology), Ken Cassman (University of Nebraska), Julian Chara (CIPAV), Cyprian Ebong (Rwanda Agricultural Research Board), Charles Godfray (Oxford University), Peter Grace (University of Queensland), Mario Herrero (CSIRO), Chris van Kessel (University of California at Davis), Xeujuan Liu (China Agricultural University), Alexandre Meybeck (FAO), Charles McNeill (UNDP), Michael Peters (CIAT), David Powlson (Rothamsted Research), Pete Smith (University of Aberdeen), Bernardo Strassburg (Instituto Internacional para Sustentabilidade), and Xiouyuan Yan (China Institute for Soil Science).

* Reviewers and data providers include: Walid Ali (UNDP), Philip Angell (WRI emeritus), Mary Allen Ballo (SahelEco), Manish Bapna (WRI), Malcolm Beveridge (WorldFish), Randall Brummett (World Bank), Stamatios Christopoulous (UNDP), Joseph Corcoran (UNDP), Chris Delgado (World Bank), Peter Dewees (World Bank), Joao Fernando (UNDP), Daniel van Gilst (Norad), Debbie Hellums (International Fertilizer Development Center), Bente Herstad (Norad), Alioune Badara Kaere (UNDP), Dearbhla Keegan (UNDP), Carola Kenngott (UNDP), Markus Klinger (DuPont Nutrition & Health), Kelly Levin (WRI), Chris Malins (Cerulogy), Mike McGahuey (USAID), Marc Metian (Stockholm Resilience Centre), Jennifer Morgan (WRI), Eija Pehu (World Bank), Michael Phillips (WorldFish), Chris Reij (WRI and VU), Nick Remple (UNDP), Tony Rinaudo (World Vision), Marc Sadler (World Bank), Sara Scherr (EcoAgriculture Partners), Mark Spalding (The Ocean Foundation), Jane Swira (Ministry of Environment and Climate Change, Malawi), Albert Tacon (Aquatic Farms Ltd.), Robert Townsend (World Bank), Pia Treichel (UNDP), Stefania Vannuccini (FAO), Juergen Voegele (World Bank), Peter Weston (World Vision), and additional anonymous reviewers at UNDP.

This report was improved by the careful review of its framing and argumentation by Emily Matthews, Daryl Ditz, Laura Malaguzzi Valeri, and Liz Goodwin. The report was shepherded through the publication process by WRI's experienced publications team, particularly Emily Matthews and Maria Hart. We thank Alex Martin and Bob Livernash for their careful copyediting and LSF Editorial for proofreading. We thank Carni Klirs for report design and layout. In addition, we thank Bill Dugan, Billie Kanfer, Julie Moretti, Sarah Parsons, Romain Warnault, and Lauren Zelin, for additional design, strategy, and editorial support.

WRI is deeply grateful for the generous financial support for this report—and for the series of working papers underlying this report—from the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the United Nations Development Programme, the United Nations Environment Programme, the World Bank, and the institutional strategic partners listed above. In addition, we would like to thank the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation for supporting background research on the "improving soil and water management" menu item. Thank you for your generous and patient support.

This report represents the views of the authors alone. It does not necessarily represent the views of the World Resources Report's funders.
## ABOUT THE PARTNERS

### WORLD BANK GROUP

The World Bank is a vital source of financial and technical assistance to developing countries around the world—a unique partnership to reduce poverty and support development. The World Bank Group consists of five organizations managed by their member countries. Visit the World Bank online at http://www.worldbank.org.

### UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME

Established in 1972, UNEP is the voice for the environment within the United Nations system. It acts as a catalyst, advocate, educator, and facilitator to promote the wise use and sustainable development of the global environment. Visit UNEP online at http://www.unenvironment.org.

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Since 1966, UNDP has partnered with people at all levels of society to help build nations that can withstand crisis and drive and sustain the kind of growth that improves the quality of life for everyone. UNDP offers global perspective and local insight to help empower lives and build resilient nations. Visit UNDP online at http://www.undp.org.

### CIRAD

Le Centre de cooperation internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD) is a French research center working with developing countries to tackle international agricultural and development issues. Visit CIRAD online at http://www.cirad.fr or http://www.cirad.fr/en.

### FRENCH NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH

L'Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA) produces scientific knowledge and works for economic and social innovation in the areas of food, agriculture, and the environment. Visit INRA online at http://institut.inra.fr or http://institut.inra.fr/en.

## ABOUT WRI

World Resources Institute is a global research organization that turns big ideas into action at the nexus of environment, economic opportunity, and human well-being.

### Our Challenge

Natural resources are at the foundation of economic opportunity and human well-being. But today, we are depleting Earth's resources at rates that are not sustainable, endangering economies and people's lives. People depend on clean water, fertile land, healthy forests, and a stable climate. Livable cities and clean energy are essential for a sustainable planet. We must address these urgent, global challenges this decade.

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We envision an equitable and prosperous planet driven by the wise management of natural resources. We aspire to create a world where the actions of government, business, and communities combine to eliminate poverty and sustain the natural environment for all people.

### Our Approach

#### COUNT IT

We start with data. We conduct independent research and draw on the latest technology to develop new insights and recommendations. Our rigorous analysis identifies risks, unveils opportunities, and informs smart strategies. We focus our efforts on influential and emerging economies where the future of sustainability will be determined.

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We use our research to influence government policies, business strategies, and civil society action. We test projects with communities, companies, and government agencies to build a strong evidence base. Then, we work with partners to deliver change on the ground that alleviates poverty and strengthens society. We hold ourselves accountable to ensure our outcomes will be bold and enduring.

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We don't think small. Once tested, we work with partners to adopt and expand our efforts regionally and globally. We engage with decision-makers to carry out our ideas and elevate our impact. We measure success through government and business actions that improve people's lives and sustain a healthy environment.
Each World Resources Institute report represents a timely, scholarly treatment of a subject of public concern. WRI takes responsibility for choosing the study topics and guaranteeing its authors and researchers freedom of inquiry. It also solicits and responds to the guidance of advisory panels and expert reviewers. Unless otherwise stated, however, all the interpretation and findings set forth in WRI publications are those of the authors.

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