# Brain Metastases from Gynecologic Malignancies

Georgia Karpathiou, Florian Camy, Céline Chauleur, Maroa Dridi, Pierre Dal Col, Michel Peoc'h

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Georgia Karpathiou, Florian Camy, Céline Chauleur, Maroa Dridi, Pierre Dal Col, et al., Brain Metastases from Gynecologic Malignancies. Medicina, 2022, 58, 10.3390/medicina58040548. hal-04822089

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Article

# Brain Metastases from Gynecologic Malignancies

Georgia Karpathiou <fnref n="1" />*, Florian Camy <fnref n="1" />, Céline Chauleur <fnref n="2" />, Maroa Dridi <fnref n="1" />, Pierre Dal Col <fnref n="1" /> and Michel Peoc'h <fnref n="1" />

**Abstract:** *Background and Objectives:* To present a series of brain metastases from gynecologic primaries and provide a summary of the relevant literature. *Materials and Methods:* We retrospectively review 18 patients with histologically confirmed brain metastases from gynecologic primaries and summarize the largest series of relative reports. *Results:* Six brain metastases were of endometrial primary and 12 of ovarian primary. In 3 cases (16.7%), diagnosis of brain metastases was made at presentation of the gynecologic primary; in the others, median time to development of brain metastasis was 34 (range, 6–115) months. Median survival after brain metastasis diagnosis was 5 (range, 1–89) months. Favorable prognostic factors were better performance status (p = 0.04) and, marginally, smaller metastasis size (p = 0.06). No differences in brain metastases between endometrial and ovarian primaries were found, except for the time interval from primary to brain metastases diagnosis, which was shorter for endometrial tumors (p = 0.05). A comprehensive summary of previous studies is provided. *Conclusions:* Performance status and smaller brain metastases size are good prognostic factors. Endometrial cancer brain metastases develop earlier than ovarian cancer brain metastases.

**Keywords:** ovarian cancer; endometrial cancer; brain metastasis

## 1. Introduction

Endometrial and ovarian cancer consist almost 80% of all gynecologic malignancies [1], the former showing a generally good prognosis with a 5-year survival of about 80% for earlier stages [2] and the latter a 5-year overall survival of almost 40% [3]. Endometrial cancer metastasizes more frequently to the lung, while ovarian cancer propagates intra-peritoneally with frequent liver metastases [4]. Brain metastasis from any gynecologic cancer is very unusual, except for trophoblastic disease [5]. In large retrospective Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database study, ovarian cancer and uterine cancer patients with metastatic disease at presentation, including lung, liver, bone and brain, showed brain metastases in 1% and 3% of the cases, respectively [4]. Moreover, this metastatic site was significantly associated with worse prognosis, showing a 10% 5-year survival rate [4]. However, an augmented diagnosis of brain metastases has been observed [6], probably associated with prolonged survival after modern treatments and with new imaging techniques. Thus, any data regarding this rare phenomenon will improve our knowledge.

In this report, we aim to describe the clinicopathological features of a brain metastases case series and to present a summary of the available literature.

## 2. Materials and Methods

This is a retrospective single-center study of brain metastases histologically confirmed after biopsy/resection of the brain metastasis. Primary tumor origin, patient's age

**Citation:** Karpathiou, G.; Camy, F.; Chauleur, C.; Dridi, M.; Dal Col, P.; Peoc'h, M. Brain Metastases from Gynecologic Malignancies. *Medicina* **2022**, *58*, 548. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58040548

Academic Editors: Urszula Hohmann and Tim Hohmann

Received: 2 March 2022

Accepted: 13 April 2022

Published: 15 April 2022

**Publisher's Note:** MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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**Copyright:** © 2022 by the authors. License MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

<footnote n="1">¹ Pathology Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France; florian.camy@chu-st-etienne.fr (F.C.); maroa.dridi@etu.univ-st-etienne.fr (M.D.); pierre.dal-col@chu-st-etienne.fr (P.D.C.); michel.peoch@chu-st-etienne.fr (M.P.)</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² Gynecology and Obstetrics Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France; celine.chauleur@chu-st-etienne.fr</footnote>

<footnote>* Correspondence: georgia.karpathiou@chu-st-etienne.fr</footnote>
and performance status at brain metastasis diagnosis, brain metastasis histological type, brain metastasis localization, size, multiplicity, and interval from primary cancer diagnosis, treatment and survival after brain metastasis diagnosis were recorded. Comité d'Ethique du CHU de Saint-Etienne and Commission recherche de Terre d'éthique approved the study (IRBN502017/CHUSTE, approval date: 28 September 2017).

Statistical analysis was performed using the StatView (Version 5) software (Abacus Concepts, Berkeley CA, USA). We used factorial analysis of variances (ANOVA) and the Mann-Whitney U test to consider the effect of at least one factor on a continuous parameter and the Fisher's exact test to explore any relationship between two groups for categorical data. For all analyses, statistical significance was set at a *p* value of <0.05. Survival probability was estimated by Kaplan-Meier analysis with log-rank product limit estimation.

### 3. Results

Eighteen patients (Table 1), 6 (33.3%) with endometrial cancer and 12 (66.7%) with ovarian cancer were identified. All ovarian tumors were high grade serous carcinomas; 5 endometrial tumors were grade 3 endometrioid carcinomas and one was grade 2 endometrioid carcinoma. Median age at brain metastasis diagnosis was 63.5 years (35–82). Performance status was 0–1 for 10 patients (55.5%) and >1 for 8 (44.5%). All but one cases were symptomatic. Three cases were identified at the same time with the primary tumor (16.7%). For the rest, the median interval time from primary tumor to brain metastasis was 34 months (6–115). Brain metastases were multiple in two cases (11.1%). Eleven cases were cerebral (61.1%), while 7 (38.9%) cerebellar. The median size of the brain metastasis was 30 mm (11–42) and this cut off was used to group the cases for further analysis. 16 cases were complete excisions, while two brain biopsies. Adjuvant treatment was administrated in 12 (75%) patients, 9 of these with radiotherapy only. Median overall survival after brain metastasis diagnosis was 5 (1–89) months.

<table><caption>**Table 1.** Patients' characteristics.</caption><tbody><tr><td>Primary tumor</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ovarian carcinoma</td><td>12 (66.7%)</td></tr><tr><td>Endometrial carcinoma</td><td>6 (33.3%)</td></tr><tr><td>Age at brain metastasis diagnosis</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mean</td><td>61.7 ± 12.7</td></tr><tr><td>Median (range)</td><td>63.5, (35–82)</td></tr><tr><td>Performance status</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0–1</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>>1</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>Size (mm)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mean</td><td>29.2 ± 8.4</td></tr><tr><td>Median (range)</td><td>30 (11–42)</td></tr><tr><td>Interval from primary diagnosis (months)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mean</td><td>42.9 ± 32.9</td></tr><tr><td>Median (range)</td><td>34 (6–115)</td></tr><tr><td>Survival after metastasis diagnosis (months)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mean</td><td>17.2 ± 26.2</td></tr><tr><td>Median (range)</td><td>5 (1–89)</td></tr><tr><td>Brain metastasis localization</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cerebral</td><td>11 (61.1%)</td></tr><tr><td>Frontal</td><td>5 (27.8%)</td></tr><tr><td>Temporal</td><td>4 (22.2%)</td></tr><tr><td>Parietal</td><td>2 (11.1%)</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tr><td>Cerebellar</td><td>7 (38.9%)</td></tr><tr><td>Multiple</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>No</td><td>16 (88.9%)</td></tr><tr><td>Yes</td><td>2 (11.1%)</td></tr><tr><td>Synchronous metastases</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Yes</td><td>3 (16.7%), all ovarian</td></tr><tr><td>No</td><td>15 (83.3%)</td></tr></table>

Most endometrial primaries (n = 5, 83.3%) and half ovarian primaries presented with cerebral brain metastases, but the difference (Table 2) was not statistically significant (p = 0.3). The two cases of multiple brain metastases were ovarian primaries, while all endometrial cases were solitary lesions (p = 0.5). The two primaries did not differ in brain metastasis size (p = 0.6). Most brain metastases (n = 5, 83.3%) from endometrial primaries were diagnosed at the age of > 60 years, while half of ovarian cases were diagnosed in this age group (p = 0.3). The interval time from primary tumor to brain metastases diagnosis differed between the two primaries, since metastases from endometrial primaries were diagnosed at a mean of 27.8 months, while from ovarian at 53.5 months (p = 0.05). There was no difference at the performance status of the patients between the two groups (p = 0.4).

<table><caption>**Table 2.** Comparison between the two primaries.</caption><thead><tr><th></th><th colspan="2">Ovarian Carcinoma Endometrial Carcinoma</th><th></th></tr><tr><th></th><th>n = 12</th><th>n = 6</th><th>p</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Age at metastasis diagnosis (&gt;60)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Yes</td><td>6</td><td>5</td><td>0.3</td></tr><tr><td>No</td><td>6</td><td>1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Performance status</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0-1</td><td>7</td><td>3</td><td>0.4</td></tr><tr><td>&gt;1</td><td>5</td><td>3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Size</td><td>29.1</td><td>29.3</td><td>0.6</td></tr><tr><td>Interval from primary diagnosis</td><td>27.8</td><td>53.5</td><td>0.05</td></tr><tr><td>Brain metastasis localization</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cerebral</td><td>6</td><td>5</td><td>0.3</td></tr><tr><td>Cerebellar</td><td>6</td><td>1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Multiple brain metastases</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>No</td><td>10</td><td>6</td><td>0.5</td></tr><tr><td>Yes</td><td>2</td><td>0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Synchronous metastases</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Yes</td><td>3</td><td>0</td><td>0.5</td></tr><tr><td>No</td><td>9</td><td>6</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Microscopic examination of brain metastases showed that all endometrial brain metastases were endometrioid adenocarcinomas (5 grade 3, one grade 2) and all ovarian brain metastases were high grade serous carcinomas (Figure 1).

Survival analysis showed no differences between the two primaries (p = 0.5), the localization of brain metastasis (p = 0.5), their multiplicity (p = 0.2), or the adjuvant treatment (p = 0.3). There was a strong trend (p = 0.06) for better overall survival in cases with size less than 30 mm. Patients with good performance status also showed improved overall survival after brain metastasis diagnosis (p = 0.04, Figure 1).
<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 1.** (A). Ovarian high grade serous carcinoma infiltrating cerebellar tissue (left). Papillary structures and necrosis seen at the right. (B). Grade 2 endometrioid adenocarcinoma infiltrating glial tissue (left). (C). Grade 3 endometrioid adenocarcinoma infiltrating glial tissue (right). (D). Overall survival (OS) according to performance status.</figcaption></figure>

## 4. Discussion

In the current series, median overall survival after brain metastases diagnosis was 5 months and good performance status and smaller metastasis size were favorable prognostic factors. Despite these findings should be interpreted with caution given the limited number of patients, previous studies (Table 3) similarly showed a median overall survival ranging from 5 to 12 months, and the most frequently reported favorable prognostic factors were single metastases and good performance status, probably reflecting surgery eligibility and complete brain metastasis resection. However, treatment modalities vary considerably in these studies, as brain metastasis diagnosis in their vast majority was based in imaging, while surgery has been part of the treatment in a small portion of patients (Table 3). In the current series, all but 2 patients have been surgically treated, and we show that in this context performance status and smaller size also predict better survival.

Furthermore, most of these studies do not report in brain metastasis histology; studies which report in histology are based in the primary tumor's reports (Table 3). The current series, in comparison to previous studies which comprised various carcinomas, carcinosarcomas, sarcomas, germ cell and gestational tumors, is homogenous also in terms of histologic type, as all endometrial tumors were endometrioid carcinomas, most grade 3, and all ovarian tumors were high grade serous carcinomas.

Given the rarity of brain metastases from gynecologic malignancies, endometrial as well as ovarian tumors are usually included in the studies. However, these are biologically different tumors, and it would be interesting to know if there are any differences regarding their brain metastases. We found that endometrial and ovarian brain metastases differed only in the time interval between primary cancer and metastasis diagnosis, as it was shorter for endometrial cancer. This time interval in other studies ranged from 5 to 28 months for all cancers included, but only three studies provide details regarding their primaries with contradictory results. Zhang et al. showed an interval of 22.8 months for
both uterine corpus and ovarian primaries [5], Takeshita et al. showed 22- and 28-months interval for uterine and ovarian tumors, respectively [7], while Kim et al. showed 27.8- and 21.6-months interval for uterine and ovarian tumors, respectively [8]. In these two latter studies, no statistical comparison between primaries regarding this interval time is provided. At the same time, in the study of Takeshita et al. [7], ovarian primary was related with better survival, but this significance was lost when the treatment-free interval time was incorporated in the analysis, probably reflecting the importance of primary-metastasis interval. On the other hand, the study of Kim et al. [8], showed that uterine and not ovarian primary cancer was associated with better survival after brain metastasis diagnosis. This comes in contrast also to another study, that of Divine et al. [9], showing that ovarian primary is associated with better survival. Growdon et al. concluded that serous histology vs. other tumors, but not ovarian vs. endometrial was associated with better survival [10]. These contradictory results could in part be associated with the time interval between primary and brain metastasis diagnosis, which as we show here is shorter for uterine than ovarian tumors. Our findings would be in line with the two studies of endometrial-only brain metastases, where a relatively short interval time was also seen [11,12]. The reasons for this shorter interval for endometrial vs. ovarian primaries are not clear, but a correlation with the most often hematogenous spread of uterine cancer could be hypothesized.

Regarding other brain metastases characteristics, the current and the previous series showed that most cases are of ovarian primary, followed by endometrial cancer. The reported incidence of brain metastases among patients with gynecologic cancer is 0.6-2.7%. Patients are usually diagnosed at the 6th-7th decade. Most brain metastases (46.1-66.7%) are cerebral. Brain metastases are multiple in 37.7-84.6% of the reported cases, while this was lower in our series (11.1%), probably associated with the type of patients included as previously mentioned. When the information is available, brain metastasis is diagnosed synchronously with the primary in 4-25% of the cases, like in our series.
<table><caption>**Table 3.** Main findings of the largest gynecologic metastases brain metastases series.</caption><thead><tr><th>Ref.</th><th>n</th><th>Primary Tumor (n) ‡</th><th>Incidence of Brain Metastasis *</th><th>Synchronous Lesions</th><th>Multiple Lesions</th><th>Localization</th><th>Age at Brain Metastasis</th><th>Time to Brain Metastasis (Months)</th><th>Survival after Brain Metastasis</th><th>Surgery Included in Treatment</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Zhang [4]</td><td>42</td><td>24</td><td>9</td><td>5</td><td></td><td>NA</td><td>67%</td><td>Most frontal</td><td>20.7 (0–107)</td><td>NA</td><td>Treatment NA</td></tr><tr><td>Uccella [12]</td><td>18</td><td>18</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td></td><td>0.8%</td><td>11%</td><td>50%</td><td>61.2 (median)</td><td>22.8 for both uterine corpus and ovarian</td><td>44.4%</td></tr><tr><td>Takeshita [7]</td><td>47</td><td>12</td><td>17</td><td>18</td><td></td><td>1.7%</td><td>25%</td><td>49%</td><td>64 (42–82)</td><td>5 (1–57)</td><td>57 (7–118) months for 6 patients with single meta and no extracranial lesions<br>4 (0–28) months for the other 12 patients</td></tr><tr><td>Ratner [13]</td><td>24</td><td>0</td><td>23</td><td>0</td><td></td><td>1%</td><td>NA</td><td>70.8%</td><td>NA</td><td>62</td><td>5 (4–5 months) months<br>The 6-, 12- and 24-month survival rates:<br>44.0%, 22.0% and 16.5%, respectively.<br>Poor survival: extracranial metastasis, performance status 3–4, treatment-free interval of &lt;6 months and no anti-cancer treatment for brain metastasis</td><td>24.4%</td></tr><tr><td>Rades [14]</td><td>42</td><td>11</td><td>22</td><td>9</td><td></td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>81% ≥4 lesions</td><td>56 (37–78)</td><td>23 (1–74)</td><td>8.5 months (1–97) with a 42% 1-year survival and 16% 2-year survival.<br>Patients with single lesions had longer survival than patients with multiple lesions</td><td>16.6%</td></tr><tr><td>Marchetti [6]</td><td>174</td><td>0</td><td>174</td><td>0</td><td></td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>57.6%</td><td>NA</td><td>60 (35–88)</td><td>5 months<br>Improved survival was associated with performance status ≥70, &lt;4 brain metastases, and lack of extracranial metastases</td><td>No surgery</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>5.2% clear cell<br>6.3% undifferentiated<br>Others</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Poor overall survival: multiple<br>brain metastasis, extracranial<br>disease, age and monotherapy</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Kim [15]</td><td>13</td><td>0</td><td>13</td><td>0</td><td>Serous 69.2%<br>Others +</td><td>2.7%</td><td>NA</td><td>84.6%</td><td>Supratentorial<br>46.1% Cerebellar<br>7.8%<br>Both 46.1%</td><td>52 (31–73)<br>28 (13–99)</td><td>7 months<br>Prognostic factors:<br>Performance status> 70, pri-<br>mary control, solitary brain me-<br>tastases, gamma-knife radiosur-<br>gery</td><td>7.6%</td></tr><tr><td>Kim [8]</td><td>61</td><td>19</td><td>32</td><td>10</td><td>Uterine corpus:<br>17 carcinomas<br>Ovarian:<br>23 epithelial neoplasms<br>No further details</td><td></td><td>11.5%</td><td>37.7%</td><td>Supratentorial<br>65.9%<br>Infratentorial<br>31.8% Lep-<br>tomeninges<br>2.3%</td><td>54.7 (23–80)<br>25.4 (0–84.3)<br>Uterine corpus: 27.8<br>Ovary: 21.6, but no<br>direct comparison</td><td>Type of primary cancer (uter-<br>ine), performance status, status<br>of primary cancer, recursive<br>partitioning analysis class, and<br>combined therapies, were sig-<br>nificantly related to the overall<br>survival</td><td>32.7%</td></tr><tr><td>Growdon [10]</td><td>47</td><td>12</td><td>30</td><td>3</td><td>Serous 26<br>Others 21<br>Not further described</td><td>0.9%</td><td>NA</td><td>Cerebral 38.3%<br>Cerebellar<br>25.5%<br>Both 36.2%</td><td>12 >60<br>>24 months for 22<br>patients<br>No comparison be-<br>tween primaries</td><td>7.5 median (9 d–64 m),<br>40% 1-year survival<br>Extracranial disease predicted<br>decreased survival, while use of<br>any chemotherapy predicted<br>longer survival. Also, serous<br>histology predicted longer sur-<br>vival, but ovarian vs. endome-<br>trial primary showed no differ-<br>ence</td><td>38.3%</td></tr><tr><td>Gien [11]</td><td>8</td><td>8</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>Endometrioid<br>37.5% (all G3)<br>Serous 25%<br>Clear cell 12.5%<br>Carcinosarcoma 12.5%<br>Adenosquamous 12.5%</td><td>0.6%</td><td>25%</td><td>50%</td><td>Cerebellar 25%<br>cerebral 50%<br>both 25%</td><td>66 (48–82)<br>8.5 (2–40)</td><td>3.5 months<br>No surgery</td><td>No surgery</td></tr><tr><td>Divine [9]</td><td>100</td><td>32</td><td>49</td><td>19</td><td>Serous 38%<br>Endometrioid 19%<br>Others +</td><td></td><td>4%</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>59.4 mean<br>(32–85)<br>33.6 ± 30.4<br>(0–164.8)<br>No comparison be-<br>tween primaries</td><td>Primary ovarian disease, CA-<br>125 at brain metastasis diagno-<br>sis, and isolated metastases<br>were all associated with longer<br>survival.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>D'Andrea [16]</td><td>11</td><td>0</td><td>11</td><td>0</td><td>All serous</td><td></td><td>None</td><td>None, all<br>solitary</td><td>9 cerebral<br>2 cerebellar</td><td>60.3 med<br>21 median</td><td>Mean 28 months<br>Median 4.1 months<br>11% 1 y and 2 y survival</td><td>All surgery<br>33.3%</td></tr><tr><td>Owaga [17]</td><td>18</td><td>NA</td><td>7</td><td>NA</td><td>7 squamous<br>Others not defined</td><td>0.7%</td><td></td><td>13</td><td></td><td>55 (42–74)<br>16 (0.78)</td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>
<table><thead><tr><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th>No comparison between primaries</th><th>Prognostic factors: Performance status, extracranial disease, number of brain metastases</th><th></th><th></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Anupol [18]</td><td>15</td><td>0</td><td>15</td><td>0</td><td>Serous 93.3%<br>Carcinosarcoma 6.7%</td><td>1.4%</td><td>7</td><td>22 median</td><td>Median 6 months</td><td>33.3%</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mahmud-Ahmed [19]</td><td>25</td><td>10</td><td>9</td><td>6</td><td>Adenocarcinoma (no further details) 80%<br>Adenosquamous 8%<br>Squamous 12%</td><td></td><td>19 cerebral<br>2 cerebellar<br>4 both</td><td>46 (37–78)</td><td>12.7<br>(0.2–106.5)<br>No comparison between primaries</td><td>Median 7.3 months<br>Better with single brain metastasis</td><td>40%</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

*: Estimated incidence of brain metastasis among patients diagnosed with a gynecological, endometrial, or ovarian cancer at the same period. +: Several other subtypes. #: Other types not included in the 3 mentioned origins: Zhang gestational, Yano peritoneal, Ratner peritoneal. EN endometrial, OV ovarian, CER cervical. NA not available
**5. Conclusions**

To conclude, brain metastases from gynecologic malignancies is a rare phenomenon, and the data of the current series and previous series should be interpreted with caution given the limited number of patients studied. Performance status and brain metastases size have prognostic significance for surgically treated patients. Endometrial cancer brain metastases develop earlier than ovarian cancer brain metastases.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, G.K. and M.P.; methodology, G.K.; F.C.; C.C.; M.D.; P.D.C.; M.P.; software, G.K.; validation, G.K.; F.C.; C.C.; M.D.; P.D.C.; M.P.; formal analysis, G.K.; investigation, G.K.; F.C.; C.C.; M.D.; P.D.C.; M.P.; resources, G.K. and M.P.; data curation, G.K. and M.P.; writing—original draft preparation, G.K.; writing—review and editing, G.K.; F.C.; C.C.; M.D.; P.D.C.; M.P.; visualization, G.K.; supervision, M.P.; project administration, G.K. and M.P.; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** No funding has been obtained.

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Comité d'Ethique du CHU de Saint-Etienne and Commission recherche de Terre d'éthique approved the study (IRBN502017/CHUSTE); The study was performed according to the Declaration of Helsinki.

**Informed Consent Statement:** The acquisition of written informed consent was waived by the institutional review board given the retrospective nature of the study and the anonymization of all data.

**Data Availability Statement:** Data are available upon reasonable request.

**Acknowledgments:** The authors would like to thank Philippe Cosmo from the Tumorothèque/Centre de Ressources Biologiques de CHU Saint-Etienne (BRIF no. BB-0033-00041) for his assistance during data collection, as well as Emmanuel Mical for his excellent technical assistance.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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