and their interactions with changing environments (Vihma et al., 2019; Petäjä et al., 2020a).

The international organizations and bodies like the Arctic Council (SAON's Roadmap for Arctic Observing and Data Systems, ROADS), EU Horizon 2020 (Blue Growth INTAROS and APPLICATE projects), GEO-CRI (high mountains and cold regions), the Belmont Forum COPERNICUS and the WMO are coordinating development of the Arctic data and services. New data products are expected from the large-scale MOSAIC campaign and projects like ERA-PLANET iCUPE (Petäjä et al., 2020b) or ArcticFLUX to monitor the interface between the marine Arctic and Eurasian continent. Also, national-based Arctic observations and research programmes like AC³ by German institutes are playing a significant role. Russia conducts extensive research in the Arctic region, notably on the manned drifting ice stations. These Arctic observation activities are coordinated and carried out by Roshydromet, universities and Russian Academy of Sciences institutes.

Concerning global energy markets, the Arctic region holds 25% or more of the world's undiscovered oil and gas reservoirs (Bird et al., 2008). The plans of China and Russia to build an "Ice Silk Road" along the Northern Sea Route linking China and Russia to Europe highlights the growing economic and strategic importance of the polar regions and the increasing pressure on the Arctic environment and local communities. In addition, wide areas of the high latitudes and Arctic regions are under the pressure of the changing economic activities of the Arctic and also under high pressures of the changing environment and climate. A comprehensive observation network providing in situ data in close coordination with satellite observations and ground-based remote sensing is required to monitor the environmental impacts of the envisioned operations.

Over the last few years, Earth system science has been driven by the need to understand the scientific processes of climate change and air quality, their interrelations with the Earth system and their societal impacts. The interplay between science, politics and business and the analysis of the existing policies and strategies help us to recognize and analyse new and emerging trends of Arctic governance (e.g. protection and resilience vis-à-vis economic activities), geopolitics (e.g. state sovereignty vis-à-vis internationalization), geo-economics (e.g. tourism vis-à-vis reindeer herding), and science (e.g. climate change). The intensive work towards the new Arctic observations and data systems together with the intensive observations of the land-atmosphere interactions taking place at the high latitudes will provide the baseline for a cross-disciplinary research era. PEEX aims for these directions.

**Code and data availability.** This is a review paper and the data availability is introduced in the original articles.

**Author contributions.** HKL had the initial idea. HKL, VMK, TP, SBM, and ES consolidated the overall text. Major contributions for the specific chapters were made by AL, EE for Sect. 2.1 Land, AB, FB, EE, IE, OP, AM, RM, and JR for Sect. 2.2 Atmospheric system, TV, SC, ML, and DP for Sect. 2.3 Arctic-boreal aquatic system, and V-P T and SJ for Sect. 2.4 Society. All the co-authors contributed to specific sections of the paper and commented on the paper and/or provided text and/or relevant references.

**Competing interests.** Some of the authors are members of the editorial board of *Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics*. The peer-review process was guided by an independent editor, and the authors also have no other competing interests to declare.

**Disclaimer.** Publisher's note: Copernicus Publications remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

**Special issue statement.** This article is part of the special issue "Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) – Part II". It is not associated with a conference.

**Acknowledgements.** We thank the following funding agencies and projects: Academy of Finland contract nos. 280700, 294600, 296302 (Novel Assessment of Black Carbon in the Eurasian Arctic: From Historical Concentrations and Sources to Future Climate Impacts, NABCEA), 307331 (FCoE Atmospheric Sciences), 311932, 314798/99, 315203, 317999, and 337549 (Atmosphere and Climate Competence Center, ACCC), the Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation, Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland (IBA-project no. PC0TQ4BT-20), PECC (Transferable Knowledge and Technologies for High-Resolution Environmental Impact Assessment and Management; TRAKT-2018) project, Russian Government mega-grant project 1 075-15-2021-574 "Megapolis – heat and pollution island: interdisciplinary hydroclimatic, geochemical and ecological analysis", Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) project nos. 17-29-05027 (Selenga-Baikal river system), 17-29-05102, 18-05-00306, 18-05-60037, 18-05-60219 (Arctic river), 18-35-20031, 18-44-860017, 18-45-700015, 18-05-60083 (Storm activity in the Barents Sea), 20-5512001 (An interdisciplinary study on the impact of aerosolized particulate matter from aged wildfire plumes on environment and human health), 19-05-50088, 19-05-00352, and 19-55-80021 (MOST and DST studies), Scientific and Educational School of Moscow State University "The Future of the Planet and Global Environmental Changes", the IAO SB RAS supported by RFBR project no. 19-05-50024, Russian Science Foundation (RSF) projects 21-17-00181 (Monitoring at Lena River catchment), 17-17-01117, 18-17-00076 (Long-term measurement of aerosol chemical composition in central Siberia, 19-77-20109 (black carbon emissions from Siberian fires), 19-77-30004 (Moscow environment), and 19-77-300-12 (Measurement networks and field sites in the Kola Peninsula), Yugra State University grant no. 13-01-20/39, Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russia agreement no. 13.1902.21.0003, State assignment no. 0148-2019-0006, project N75295423 launched by St. Petersburg State University, Eu-
ropean Research Council (ERC) project nos. 742206 (ATM-GTP) and 850614 (CHAPAs), EU Horizon 2020 project nos. 727890 (Integrated Arctic Observing System, INTAROS), 689443 (Integrative and Comprehensive Understanding on Polar Environments, iCUPE), and 654109 (Aerosol Clouds and Trace Gases Research Infrastructure, ACTRIS-2), EU7 FP MarcoPolo grant no. 606953, Erasmus+ 561975-EPP-1-2015-1-FI-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP, Norwegian Research Council and Belmont Forum project SERUS no. 311986, National Natural Science Foundation of China grant no. 41275137, and ESA-MOST China Dragon Cooperation project nos. 10663 and 32771 (Dragons 3 and 4). We also thank the AASCO - Arena gap analysis of the existing Arctic science co-operations (contract 2858) funded by the Prince Albert Foundation of Monaco (contract no. 2858).

We especially thank Alla Borisova, INAR, University of Helsinki, for her help with the technical editing of the manuscript.

The work of Stanislav Myslenkov was supported by the Interdisciplinary Scientific and Educational School of Moscow State University “The Future of the Planet and Global Environmental Changes”.

**Financial support.** Open-access funding was provided by the Helsinki University Library.

**Review statement.** This paper was edited by Leiming Zhang and reviewed by three anonymous referees.

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