# From Imitation to Innovation: An Insight on Levantine and Egyptian Productions Inspired by Cypriot Jugs during the Late Bronze Age

Sarah Vilain

► To cite this version:

Sarah Vilain. From Imitation to Innovation: An Insight on Levantine and Egyptian Productions Inspired by Cypriot Jugs during the Late Bronze Age. Proceedings of the 13th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, May 2023, Copenhagen, Denmark. Harrassowitz Verlag, pp.429-437, 2025, 978-3-447-12342-6. 10.13173/9783447123426.i. halshs-05358707

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13 ICAANE

Proceedings of the 13th International Congress
on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East

Volume 1

Sustainability

Islamic Archaeology

Inclusion and Belonging

Harrassowitz Verlag

<figure><img src="image_2.png" /></figure>

13th ICAANE
Proceedings of the 13th International Congress
on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East

DOI: 10.13173/9783447123426.i

This is an open access file distributed under the terms of the CC BY-SA 4.0 license.

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en

© by the author
Proceedings
of the 13th International Congress
on the Archaeology
of the Ancient Near East

22–26 May 2023

Copenhagen

Edited by

Ingolf Thuesen, Scott Haddow,
and Camilla Mazzucato

2025

Harrassowitz Verlag · Wiesbaden

DOI: 10.13173/9783447123426.i

This is an open access file distributed under the terms of the CC BY-SA 4.0 license.

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en

© by the author
Proceedings of the 13th International
Congress on the Archaeology
of the Ancient Near East

Volume 1

Sustainability
Islamic Archaeology
Inclusion and Belonging

2025

Harrassowitz Verlag · Wiesbaden
<figure><img src="image_3.png" /></figure>

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DOI 10.13173/9783447123426
# Contents of Volume I

<table><tr><td>Foreword and Acknowledgements</td><td>I</td></tr><tr><td>Ingolf Thuesen, Scott D. Haddow and Camilla Mazzucato</td><td></td></tr></table>

## Sustainability

### Chapter 1

<table><tr><td>The Transition between the Neolithic and Chalcolithic Period in the Southern Caucasus: A Macrolithic Perspective from the Tsiteli Gorebi Cluster (Georgia)</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Gaia Babolin</td><td></td></tr></table>

### Chapter 2

<table><tr><td>Architectural Bitumen in the Ancient Near East: From its Origins to the Uruk Period</td><td>19</td></tr><tr><td>Emilie Badel</td><td></td></tr></table>

### Chapter 3

<table><tr><td>Eastern Anatolia as a Pathway between Southern Caucasus and Northern Mesopotamia in the Late Bronze Age</td><td>35</td></tr><tr><td>Francesco Bianchi</td><td></td></tr></table>

### Chapter 4

<table><tr><td>A Preliminary Assessment of the Halaf and Ubaid Horizons in the Eastern Tigris Area: The Case of Helawa in the Erbil Plain, Kurdistan Region of Iraq</td><td>49</td></tr><tr><td>Michael Campeggi</td><td></td></tr></table>

### Chapter 5

<table><tr><td>Tallies of Time: Counting Tools from the EBA Southern Levant</td><td>65</td></tr><tr><td>Gaia Cecconi</td><td></td></tr></table>

### Chapter 6

<table><tr><td>'Children of my Heart': Large Sitting Boy Terracotta Figures from Seleucia on the Tigris: Between Greek and Local Traditions</td><td>79</td></tr><tr><td>Alessandra Cellerino</td><td></td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td><strong>Chapter 7</strong><br>The Hydraulic System of Larsa (South Iraq)</td><td>93</td></tr></table>

*Lucie Cez, Régis Vallet and Lionel Darras*

<table><tr><td><strong>Chapter 8</strong><br>The Emergence of Urban Landscapes in Northern Mesopotamia during the 3<sup>rd</sup> Millennium BCE: New Data from Kunara (Iraqi Kurdistan)</td><td>107</td></tr></table>

*Barbara Chiti*

<table><tr><td><strong>Chapter 9</strong><br>Liminal Landscapes: Mesopotamian Gardens and Parks as Case Studies</td><td>121</td></tr></table>

*Cloe Curcio*

<table><tr><td><strong>Chapter 10</strong><br>Inequality and Wellbeing: The Living Conditions of Lower Classes in the Neo-Assyrian Empire</td><td>133</td></tr></table>

*Georg Cyrus*

<table><tr><td><strong>Chapter 11</strong><br>Investigating Deer: The Alişar IV Repertoire from Uşaklı Höyük (Turkey)</td><td>147</td></tr></table>

*Marta Doglio*

<table><tr><td><strong>Chapter 12</strong><br>Iron Age Trade in the Gulf Revisited: An Archaeological Perspective (c. 1300-300 BCE)</td><td>159</td></tr></table>

*Carlos Fernández Rodríguez*

<table><tr><td><strong>Chapter 13</strong><br>The Small Shrines of Hatra: A Note about Architectural Features, Religious Topography and Chronology</td><td>173</td></tr></table>

*Enrico Foietta*

<table><tr><td><strong>Chapter 14</strong><br>Ancient Jewellery as a Cultural Marker? The Added Dimension of Visual Representation</td><td>189</td></tr></table>

*Amir Golani and Giulia Tucci*

<table><tr><td><strong>Chapter 15</strong><br>The Importance of Lama on Presentation Scenes: Revisiting Diyala Seals of the First Half of the 2<sup>nd</sup> Millennium BCE</td><td>203</td></tr></table>

*Vera Gonçalves, Maria de Fátima Rosa and Isabel Gomes de Almeida*
**Chapter 16**
Analysis of Potter's Marks at Tepe Sadegh, A Bronze Age Settlement in South-east Iran 215
*Setareh Ebrahimiabareghi*

**Chapter 17**
A Preliminary Study on the Production Locality of Northern Ubaid Pottery by Prompt Gamma-ray Activation Analysis 227
*Tatsundo Koizumi, Hitoshi Ojima, Ingolf Thuesen, Takahito Osawa and Hideaki Matsue*

**Chapter 18**
More than the Moon God: Iron Age Religious Iconography in the Şanlıurfa-Harran-Region 241
*Matthias Lange*

**Chapter 19**
Seals and Sealings from Area C at Tell al-Hiba (Lagash) 257
*David Mulder*

**Chapter 20**
Hybrid Religions in the Eastern Mediterranean: Egyptian and Phoenician Conceptions in Greece 271
*Judith Muñoz-Sogas*

**Chapter 21**
Early Dynastic I: The Beginning of the 3rd Millennium BCE, between the End of the Uruk System and the First Dynasties 283
*Sidonia Obreja*

**Chapter 22**
Kiln Connections: Pyrotechnological Innovations in the Ceramic Industry of Southwest Asia during the 4th and 3rd Millennia BCE 295
*Claire Padovani*

**Chapter 23**
Pottery and Chronology in the Southern Caucasus: New Insights from the Tsiteli Gorebi Cluster 309
*Vanessa Perissinotto*
Chapter 24

Chemical Insights into Copper Artefacts: Unravelling Socioeconomic Dynamics and Craftsmanship in Mesopotamia and Magan during the First Half of the 3rd Millennium BCE
Sara Quaggio
323

Chapter 25

A Question of Monuments and Monumentality in the EB IV Period of the Southern Levant
Suzanne Richard
339

Chapter 26

SLOW SUMER: Repair, Reuse and Recycling and Southern Mesopotamian Society in the Changing World of 2500-2000 BC
Licia Romano and Giulia Festa
353

Chapter 27

From Clay to Kiln: Multi-Analytical Study of the Early Bronze IB–II Pottery from Tell el-Far‘ah North (West Bank)
Maura Sala
365

Chapter 28

Small Changes on Small Change? The Iconography of the Artaxiad Coinage as Reflection of Heritage, Independence and Alliance
Jessica Schellig
377

Chapter 29

The Locust in Assyria: A Political Insect? A View from Iconographic and Textual Sources
Margaux Spruyt
391

Chapter 30

Out of the Cave and Back into it: Changes in Settlement Patterns in West Georgia during the Neolithic and Chalcolithic Eras
Nikoloz Tskvitinidze
405

Chapter 31

The City Walls around Jerusalem Through the Ages: New Evidence from Mt. Zion
Dieter Vieweger, Jennifer Zimni-Gitler and Katja Soennecken
415
**Chapter 32**
From Imitation to Innovation: An Insight on Levantine and Egyptian Productions Inspired by Cypriot Jugs during the Late Bronze Age
Sarah Vilain
429

**Chapter 33**
Domestic Life in Jerusalem through the Ages: New Evidence from Mount Zion
Jennifer Zimni-Gitler, Dieter Vieweger and Katja Soennecken
441

## Islamic Archaeology

**Chapter 34**
Late Sasanian or Early Islamic? Honeycomb Pottery Revisited
Mustafa Ahmad
455

**Chapter 35**
Research on Traditional Architecture of AlUla Old Town (Saudi Arabia): From the Stratigraphy to the Transformation of the Urban Pattern through Time
Maxime Bonnal, Pietro Caciagli, Gabriela Camargo-Méndez, Piero Gilento, Manon Torre-Guibert and Apolline Vernet
465

**Chapter 36**
Smoking at the Border of the Ottoman Empire
Nolwenn Guedeau
479

**Chapter 37**
“Go settle in al-Hira, with the Jews and the Christians”: Transformations of a Multiphase Christian Settlement in Early Islamic Iraq
Martin Gussone and Martina Müller-Wiener
491

**Chapter 38**
A Mamluk Period Terracotta Oil Lamp from Umm Zweitineh, Central Jordan
Hashem Khries and Taher al-Gonmeen
505

**Chapter 39**
The Formation of the Islamic Landscape in the North-eastern Badia: A Study of the Spatial Distribution of Votive Graffiti
Julia Maczuga
513
**Chapter 40**
An Archaeological Independent Narrative for Early Mosques 525
*Hagit Nol*

**Chapter 41**
Archaeometric Investigations of Islamic Pottery Production at Antioch-on-the-
Orontes: Preliminary Results 539
*Sylvie Yona Waksman*

Inclusion and Belonging

**Chapter 42**
A Digital 4D Model of Tell Nebi Yunus, Mosul, Iraq and its
Informative Potential 549
*Juan Aguilar, Ian Carroll and Ammar Hatem Najm*

**Chapter 43**
Searching for the Origins of the Syrian Arab Nation: The Nationalization of
Archaeology during the First Years of the Syrian Arab Republic (1946-1963) 563
*Juan Álvarez García*

**Chapter 44**
The Virtual Archaeological Park of Mount Nebo: The Reconstruction of the
Dayr of the Deacon Thomas 577
*Sara Fabbri*

**Chapter 45**
Safeguarding the Archaeological Cultural Heritage in Aleppo
and its Hinterland 591
*Youssef Kanjou, Roswitha Del Fabbro, Arie Kai-Browne and Kay Kohlmeyer*

**Chapter 46**
The Endangered Houses of Hodeida (Yemen): A Case-Study of Interior
Stucco Decorations 603
*Valentina Laviola*
# Foreword and Acknowledgements

Ingolf Thuesen, Scott D. Haddow and Camilla Mazzucato

The 13th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East (ICAANE) was held at the University of Copenhagen from May 22-26, 2023. This marks the second time Copenhagen has hosted the congress, the first being in 2000. The 2023 congress attracted approximately 600 participants from the global community of archaeologists dedicated to the study of West Asian cultural history. Over 500 papers and posters were presented in sessions or specialized workshops. In these two volumes papers presented in thematic sessions of the congress are published.

The main themes of the congress were intended to mirror some of the most important challenges to contemporary society as formulated in the United Nations sustainability goals<fnref n="1" />, and how archaeology contributes to the handling of the rich cultural heritage of West Asia.

The archaeology of West Asia offers a unique opportunity to study the dynamics of sustainability over thousands of years and also to examine particular cases of the interaction between humans and their environments. Sustainability in particular focuses on the following sub-themes:

* Understanding nature

* Social inequality and social resilience

* Water of life

* Talking through images

* Urbanism and different patterns of habitation

* Innovation and resources

The second major theme concerned aspects of cultural heritage understanding and management under the heading of Inclusion and Belonging. The world is a far different place today than it was 20 years ago when the ICAANE first began. Today archaeology is part of a holistic system of building identity based on the past for both individuals and societies. Presentation of the situation for archaeology in various countries in West Asia by directors of antiquities reflected the growing challenges of protecting sites and monuments against decay, development, vandalism and looting, as well as the need for strategies to include local populations e.g. through educational programmes. The cultural heritage theme includes the following sub-themes:

* Sharing the history of the past

* Handling the remains of the Ancient Near East

* World cultural heritage

In addition to the main themes, the congress also included sessions on Islamic Archaeology and sessions with reports from ongoing excavations and laboratory analyses.

<footnote n="1">¹ https://sdgs.un.org/goals</footnote>

<footnote>DOI: 10.13173/9783447123426.001</footnote>

<footnote>This is an open access file distributed under the terms of the CC BY-SA 4.0 license.</footnote>

<footnote>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en</footnote>

<footnote>© by the author</footnote>
Papers approaching the main themes and Islamic Archaeology are published in the first volume of the proceedings. The second volume contains field and lab reports.

Each paper in these volumes has undergone anonymous peer review by experts in the history and archaeology of West Asia. Reviewers were advised to examine submissions from junior colleagues with a supportive eye as part of an inclusive approach. Recognizing that the new generation of archaeologists represents the future of our discipline, it is crucial to provide them with the necessary attention and support they deserve.

On behalf of the national committee, which include most of the Near Eastern archae-
ological staff at the Department of Cross-Cultural and Regional Studies at Copenhagen
University, as well as members of the National Museum of Denmark, the Royal Danish
Academy of Sciences and Letters and the David Collection, we would like to express our
gratitude to all participants for making the congress successful. We normally say no one
mentioned, no one forgotten, which is tempting in this case. But there are indeed individuals
we should mention, including those who formed and organised the administrative unit in all
aspects: Guenever Bjerre Thaarup, Maria Diget Sletterød, Anne Drewsen and Anna Silberg
Poulsen. Furthermore, we thank the students who volunteered to facilitate the various activ-
ities which such an event requires: Magnus Arvid Boes Lorenzen, Emma Asnæs Kattrup,
Luna Beerden, Albert Carlsen, Hiba Chehiber, Mathias Eckhardt, Alma El-Naaman,
Katja Endahl Smidt Jensen, Birta Jónasdóttir, Signe Knudsen, Kimmie Konstantin Ravn,
Kristian Alex Larsen, Sofie Larsen, Hafiz Latify, Laura Rovsing Meiborg, Ilia Salvaterra,
Frederik Schack, Nicoline Søndergaard Andersen, Leo Törngren Bonet and Sofie Vingborg
Andersen. Also a heartfelt thanks to the leadership of University of Copenhagen for allow-
ing us to use a good share of the South Campus for an entire week with around 20 parallel
sessions.

The Copenhagen congress was made possible due to support from the following
foundations:

* C.L. David Foundation

• Carlsberg Foundation

* Edubba Fonden

- P. Hjerl Hansens Mindefond for Dansk Palestinaforskning

* The Danish Institute in Damascus
DOI: 10.13173/9783447123426.415

This is an open access file distributed under the terms of the CC BY-SA 4.0 license.

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en

© by the author
Chapter 32

From Imitation to Innovation:
An Insight on Levantine and Egyptian Productions Inspired by
Cypriot Jugs during the Late Bronze Age

Sarah Vilain<fnref n="1" />

Abstract

Located at the crossroads of major sea routes, the island of Cyprus played a central role in trading connections during the 2nd millennium BCE. From the beginning of the Late Bronze Age, high-quality Cypriot ceramics, such as Base-Ring jugs, broadly circulated within the Eastern Mediterranean. In the Levant, local populations quickly developed a vivid interest for these exogenous vessels, resulting in the creation of ‘entangled’ ceramics that combined Cypriot and local features. In Egypt, rather than being reproduced in clay, the distinctive form of Cypriot Base-Ring jugs was transposed in stone. Taking Cypriot Base-Ring jugs as a case study, this paper investigates the various ways Cypriot productions influenced the material cultures of the Levant and Egypt, and how cultural entanglement expressed itself differently in each of these regions. While the presence of imports provides insights into trading connections and social practices, the development of transpositions and ‘entangled’ productions provides a much more complex and multi-faceted picture of cultural interactions.

Introduction

The island of Cyprus benefits from a strategic position, at some 180km from the Levantine coast – about a full day of navigation during the Late Bronze Age – and 400km from the Eastern Nile Delta. While a direct crossing from Cyprus to Egypt was possible given the winds and sea currents, an indirect route via the Levant was probably more commonly used (Sauvage 2012: 273, 276). Base-Ring Ware ceramics, discovered along the Levantine coast and in the Nile Valley, were among the most popular Cypriot productions exported to these regions during the second half of the 2nd millennium BCE. This distinctive pottery was developed during the transition between Middle Cypriot III and Late Cypriot IA (Åström 1972b: 700) and is thought to originate from the Ovgos Valley in north-western Cyprus (Vaughan 1987:290-291). Relying on shape and decoration, P. Åström (1972a: 126-197) has identified an initial Proto Base-Ring stage, followed by the Base-Ring I (Late Cypriot IA:2-Late Cypriot IIA:2) and Base-Ring II (Late Cypriot IIB:2-IIC:2) phases. Later petrographic analyses by S. J. Vaughan have distinguished four fabrics (Vaughan 1991: 119-130; Vaughan 2001: 123-125), suggesting that several workshops occurred at different stages of the Late Cypriot period.

<footnote n="1">¹ Centre national de la Recherche Scientifique, France (sarah.vilain@cnrs.fr)</footnote>

<footnote>DOI: 10.13173/9783447123426.429</footnote>

<footnote>This is an open access file distributed under the terms of the CC BY-SA 4.0 license.</footnote>

<footnote>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en</footnote>

<footnote>© by the author</footnote>
The diverse Base-Ring types, their origin, fabrics and chronology have been extensively debated (Vaughan 1987, 1991, 2001; Aström 2001; Karageorghis and Violaris 2012: 232-233). Recent petrographic analysis of Base-Ring ceramics from Hala Sultan Tekke continues to challenge existing theories (Bürge and Fischer 2018: 246-247). However, for clarity, this paper uses the classifications and divisions of the traditional 'Swedish System' as defined by P. Åström (Åström 1972a: 126-197). Cypriot Base-Ring jugs, our main focus, are characterised by a round mouth, an everted rim, a cylindrical neck, an ovoid body, a strap handle attached at the upper neck and at the shoulder and a ring base. Base-Ring I jugs can be recognised by their burnished black slip and their applied or incised decoration (Fig. 1), while Base-Ring II jugs are covered with a matt black slip and display groups of white painted lines (Fig. 2). Relying on selected examples, this paper aims to assess how Cypriot Base-Ring jugs uniquely influenced the material cultures of the Northern Levant, Southern Levant, and Egypt, and how these variations provide insights into these societies.

## Investigating Levantine 'Entangled Jugs'

Cypriot Base-Ring I ceramics reached the Levantine coast during the Late Bronze IA-IIA, while Base-Ring II vessels are attested from Late Bronze IB to the end of Late Bronze IIB (Vilain 2015: 307-308). Both productions have been found at Byblos, in the 'Nécropole K', where Cypriot imports constitute 14% of the ceramics in the funerary assemblage (Salles 1980: 9-10, tableau 1). The Nécropole K was used from the Middle Bronze Age to the Roman Period. As a result, most of the Bronze Age funerary material was found in chambers K1 and K2, used as deposits in which previous offerings were pushed back to make room for new burials (Salles 1980: 14). Alongside Cypriot imports were five jugs, whose shapes are strongly reminiscent of Base-Ring jugs (Salles 1980: pl. 21.1-2). They were made in Levantine clay, using the fast wheel. Their surface has been left uncoated and they were painted with a very distinctive painted motif – a 'collar decoration' – at the junction between the neck and the body (Fig. 3). Similar jugs have been encountered in the area of Sidon, in the necropolis of Dakerman (Saidah 2004: fig. 37) and at Majdalouna (Chehab 1940: fig. 3b).

This 'collar decoration' is a motif characteristic of a well-documented production: the Levantine Painted Ware. The Levantine Painted Ware developed during the Middle Bronze IIA and was probably manufactured in Northern Lebanon, in the Akkar Plain (Bagh 2013: 162). During the Middle Bronze Age, the 'collar decoration' is exclusively associated with Levantine globular jugs and dipper juglets. There is a noticeable change during the Late Bronze I: this traditional Levantine motif, then, is painted on local jugs copying the shape of Cypriot Base-Ring ceramics, giving birth to a new production of 'entangled' vessels that combine "the familiar and the formerly foreign" (Stockhammer 2012: 90). These jugs, produced during a limited time span, probably by the same Northern Levantine workshop, are only present in contexts dating from the Late Bronze I to the Late Bronze IIA. They travelled to the Southern Levant, up to Tell 'Ara, Tell Jatt, Barkai and Jerusalem (Yannai et al. 2003: 106-107). The 'collar decoration' is a unique and accepted Northern Levantine motif: one can suppose that its association with the specific Base-Ring shape was aimed to increase the interest for this new production and its value on the Levantine market.

In the Southern Levant, 'cultural entanglement' manifested itself in a different way. During the Late Bronze IB, a new series of vessels emerged that clearly imitate the form and decoration of Cypriot Base-Ring II jugs. However, the potters deliberately chose to
modify the characteristic ‘colour code’ of the original model. Unlike Cypriot Base-Ring II ceramics, these local interpretations were either left uncoated or covered with a white slip, and then decorated with contrasting black, brown or red paint (Fig. 4). Tel Lachish, located in the Shephelah Plain, yielded sixty-four of these jugs (Tufnell 1958: 210-211, pl. 81-82; Bergoffen 2006: 332). Apart from an example identified in the Fosse Temple III (Tufnell 1940: pl. LIB, 284), all come from funerary contexts. So far, these entangled jugs were found in a geographic area extended from Tel Dan to the north to Tell el-Farah South. Their number increases during the Late Bronze IIA – when Cypriot Base-Ring II jugs are available all along the Levantine coast – and they are still attested during the 13th century BCE (Bergoffen 2006: 333), when Cypriot jugs are no longer widespread.

Although the shape of these jugs is Cypriot, both forming and decorating techniques are local. In Cyprus, the typical Base-Ring II decoration was achieved using a multiple head brush to trace regular groups of line (Yon 1976: 56). This specific brush may not have been available in the Levant, which would explain why linear patterns are clumsily reproduced. Levantine potters probably did not have access to the appropriate tools to reproduce faithfully these motifs, which were not part of their pictural tradition. In several cases, the combination of colours – a white slip and a red painted decoration – is reminiscent of another Cypriot production, the White Painted Ware. Cypriot White Painted jugs reached the Levantine coast during the Middle Bronze II B/C – Late Bronze IA periods and were occasionally imitated by Levantine potters. Other ‘entangled jugs’, painted in black and red, show a filiation with the Bichrome Wheel-made Ware (Fig. 5) elaborated in Eastern Cyprus at the beginning of the Late Cypriot I. During the Late Bronze Age, several Bichrome Wheel-made Ware manufacture centres seem to have developed, in the Southern Levant in the area of Megiddo, and in Egypt at Ezbet Helmi (Artzy, Asaro, Perlman 1974: 452-461; 1978, 106-107; Artzy 2001; Karageorghis 2001; Hein and Stidsing 2013: 50-55). Levantine workshops responsible for the production of local Bichrome Wheel-made Ware could have been implied in the creation of Levantine jugs combining both Bichrome Wheel-made Ware and Base-Ring Ware features.

Thus, Cypriot Base-Ring jugs inspired the creation of diverse ‘Base-Ring related productions’ across both the Northern and Southern Levant. In the Northern Levant, potters favoured the traditional ‘collar decoration’, attested during the Middle Bronze Age on a high-quality local ware. Meanwhile, in the Southern Levant, they adapted the painted decoration to align with local colour preferences, particularly embracing bichrome designs. These regional variations reflect the nuanced ways in which different areas assimilated and reinterpreted Cypriot influences. However, despite these differences, the processes at work are similar: Levantine potters reproduced the ‘exotic’ shape of Base-Ring jugs, which were considered a new, high-quality foreign product, and combined it with local surface treatments and decorative motifs. Unlike their handmade Cypriot counterparts, Levantine jugs were made on the fast wheel, showing that local potters kept the ‘way of doing’ of their community. There was no transfer of technics and, therefore, no transfer of knowledge and probably no direct contacts between Cypriot and Levantine potters.
Stone Transpositions of Cypriot Base-Ring Jugs in Egypt

In Egypt, during the New Kingdom, the corpus of imported Cypriot ceramics consisted mainly of Base-Ring I juglets, sought after for their content and sometimes imitated (Merrillees 1968: 147-161; Karageorghis and Merrillees 2007: 147-151; Vilain 2022, 146). However, a few Cypriot Base-Ring I jugs have also been identified (Merrillees 1968: 168), in an area streaching from 'Ezbet Helmi (Hein 2009: fig. 4.6) in the north, to Abydos in the south (Merrillees 1968: 112, n°42). The intensification of interactions between Cyprus and Egypt led to the transposition, in stone, of the characteristic shape of Cypriot Base-Ring jugs. These Egyptian 'Base-Ring style stone vessels' are made of so-called Egyptian alabaster, serpentine or any other type of stones available as waste from sculptors' workshops. Attested from the very beginning of the Eighteenth Dynasty, they are best documented during the reign of Thutmose III and are still present in the 14th century BCE (Aston 1994: 151, n°174; Höflmayer 2011: 346).

However, despite their formal proximity to Cypriot Base-Ring ceramics, most stone vessels do not have an exact parallel in the repertoire of shapes used by Cypriot potters. They also display features found on metal vessels, such as a protrusion at the lower terminus of the handle (Fig. 6). This detail seems to have been copied from metallic rather than ceramic tableware. The relationship between Cypriot Base-Ring shapes and bronze vessels has long been questioned (Merrillees 1982; Höflmayer 2011: 353). Unfortunately, metallic prototypes are lacking: it does not mean that they did not exist, just that they were not found nor preserved. The scarcity of metallic tableware in the archaeological record can be explained both by the common use of recycling metals and the difficulty of preservation of metallic artefacts. The close link between Base-Ring style stone transpositions and metal vessels is even more striking when they are made in serpentine, the brilliance of the stone recalling that of bronze tableware, which was clearly the intended effect.

Besides ceramic imports, it is likely that metallic Base-Ring style vessels were circulating in Egypt, among the elite, serving as models for stoneworkers. Like other stone vessels, Base-Ring style stone transpositions seem to have been customary gifts from the pharaoh to members of his family, worthy officials and other favoured individuals. The jug discovered in the Tomb of Three Foreign Wives of Thutmose III (Fig. 7) still contains hardened ointment (Lilyquist 2003: 145, n° 83). The storage of cosmetic oils and ointments was by far the most important function of stone vessels in Egypt, as their thick walls were helping to keep the fatty substances cool. Another example, found in the tomb of Yuya and Thuya, the parents of Queen Tiyi, wife of Amenophis III, was sealed with a cloth to ensure the preservation of its content (Quibell 1908: pl. XXVI, n°51105). The function of Base-Ring style stone vessels remains Egyptian and was dictated by the raw material, not by the form. In many cases, stoneworkers simply used a shape they were already familiar with, like the Egyptian footed jar, and added a strap handle and two horizontal ridges on the neck to give it a trendy 'Base-Ring style'. It was an easy and efficient way to manufacture the vessel, while ensuring the success of a new production combining a local shape and features borrowed from a high-status exotic model.
## Base-Ring Style Stone Jugs in the Eastern Mediterranean

Base-Ring style stone vessels circulated widely in the Eastern Mediterranean. They are occasionally discovered in Cyprus, in the form of jugs and juglets (Fig. 8), at sites such as Kazaphani on the north coast and Kouklia, Limassol, Klavdhia (Jacobsson 1994: n°1-9) or Hala Sultan Tekke on the south coast. Despite the Cypriot origin of the shape, two elements argue in favour of an Egyptian manufacture: (1) they are made in calcite alabaster, also called travertine, while local stone vessels are mostly made in gypsum or chlorite; (2) they were cut using a drill, while the use of the chisel was favoured in Cyprus (Sparks 2007: 200). However, it cannot be excluded that specific types of raw stone were imported from Egypt to Cyprus. Similarly, we still know very little about the circulation of stoneworkers, or even their cultural background.

In Crete, a few kilometres north of Knossos, the royal tomb of Isopata has yielded the largest known collection of Egyptian stone vessels in the Aegean. The tomb itself consisted of a long dromos, a fore-hall and a rectangular inner chamber. A Base-Ring style jug was imported alongside stone vessels of traditional Egyptian forms. The tomb was apparently used for a considerable number of burials, since at least forty skulls were found during the excavations (Evans 1905: 530). The bulk of the funerary assemblage can be dated to the Late Minoan II and IIIA:1 (Phillips 2008: vol. II., 128-129). However, several lamps with a spiral decoration, some gabbro bridge-spouted jars and a Base-Ring style stone vessel probably belong to an earlier burial as they have good parallels in the assemblage of tomb 102 of Mycenae, in Greece (Bevan 2007: fig. 7.11; Höflmayer 2011: 351-352). Discovered among other chamber tombs south of the tholos of Atreus, tomb 102 was used during the second part of the 16th century BCE and 1st part of the 15th century BCE (Late Helladic IIA). The Base-Ring style stone jug found at Mycenae probably reached Greece indirectly through contacts with Crete rather than through direct connections with Egypt (Cline 1994: 204, n°631).

In the Levant, Base-Ring style stone vessels occur at sites with strong relationships to Egypt. They are present from Tell Atchana in the north, to Tell el-Ajjul in the south (Sparks 2007: 304-306). At least ten examples have been identified to date at Ugarit (Syria) and its harbour, Minet el-Beida (Caubet 1991: 214; Sparks 2007: n°309-311, 320-322, 597; Matoïan and Marchegay 2015: 106, 109, fig. 41-42). Grave 4253 of Ugarit yielded a 13cm-high Base-Ring style juglet (RS 26.255) associated with Cypriot Base-Ring I and Base-Ring II ceramic imports (Courtois 1969: fig. 8; Matoïan and Marchegay 2015: fig. 37). This association has not been observed in Egypt, where there seem to be a clear social distinction between ceramic Base-Ring imports, discovered in middle-class burials, and Base-Ring style stone vessels associated with a wealthier elite. Grave 4253 of Ugarit also contained an Egyptian faience bowl figuring a *tilapia nilotica* and a weight in the name of Hatshepsut (Matoïan and Marchegay 2015: 117, fig. 45). The deceased might have been an Egyptian living in Ugarit, or a local merchant involved in trade with Egypt. In Qatna (Syria), a serpentine Base-Ring style jug with a compressed body was found at the entrance of the royal hypogeum, where were also discovered stone vessels displaying Egyptian or Egyptianizing shapes (Ahrens 2011: Abb. 2-3). At Kamid el-Loz (Lebanon), the so-called ‘Schatzhaus’, a mortuary complex used by relatives or members of the elite of the city yielded several Base-Ring style stone vessels in calcite and in serpentine (Hachmann 1989: pl. 7.1-2, 8.1-2; Miron 1990: Abb. 49, 51; Taf. 23, 24.1-2, 26.1; Lilyquist 1996: Abb. 21, 22.2-4, 26.1-2), discovered alongside Cypriot ceramic imports. According to C. Lilyquist, who first examined the stone vessels found in the
‘Schatzhaus’, some of them could have been made locally (Lilyquist 1996: 155-157). Ahrens (2015: 285) corroborated this possibility in his study of a serpentine Base-Ring style jug from Qatna. During the Late Bronze Age, Levantine workshops probably copied Egyptian imports and produced Egyptianizing stone vessels (Sparks 2007: 208; Ahrens 2015: 390; Ahrens 2020: 64-65). Therefore, the emergence of locally made Base-Ring style stone vessels raises intriguing questions. Did Levantine stoneworkers use Cypriot Base-Ring imports – ceramic or metal – as models? Alternatively, did they imitate Egyptian Base-Ring style stone vessels alongside other Egyptian forms? Ultimately, was the Base-Ring form still perceived as Cypriot, or had it been assimilated to the Egyptian repertoire?

## Concluding Remarks

During the Late Bronze Age, the intensification of cultural interconnections between Cyprus and the continent is evident not only through the influx of imports but also through the creation of ‘entangled productions’ and Base-Ring style stone vessels. Consequently, the inhabitants of the Levant and Egypt had access to a wide range of contemporary Base-Ring related artifacts. However, Cypriot Base-Ring jugs features were integrated differently into the material cultures of the Northern Levant, the Southern Levant, and Egypt; these variations provide insights into the specific tastes and preferences of these societies.

In the Northern Levant, the Base-Ring shape was adorned with the traditional decora-
tion of the Levantine Painted Ware, likely produced in Northern Lebanon during the Middle
Bronze IIA (Bagh 2013: 162). This change in presentation would have allowed local potters
to capitalise on the appeal of a new shape while retaining a decorative motif associated with
a traditional high-quality production. In the Southern Levant, potters kept the main char-
acteristics of Base-Ring II jugs but adapted the colour scheme. Occasionally, they incorpo-
rated elements from other popular Cypriot wares also locally imitated, such as the White
Painted Ware and the Bichrome Wheel-made Ware.

In both the Southern and Northern Levant, imports and ‘entangled vessels’ are often dis-
covered together in funerary contexts, for example at Sidon-Dakerman (Saidah 2004: fig. 37)
or Tell Jatt (Yannai *et al.* 2003). They appear to have served the same function, suggesting
that even if the inhabitants of the Levant were aware of the difference, they may not have
hierarchically distinguished between imports and Base-Ring related artifacts. In the Levant,
imported Cypriot Base-Ring ceramic jugs have been found in the same context as Base-
Ring style stone vessels at Ugarit, in tomb 4253, (Matoian and Marchegay 2015: fig. 36-37,
41-42) and at Kamid el-Loz, in the ‘Schatzhaus’ (Hachmann 1989: pl. 7-8, 19). Interestingly,
this association between Base-Ring style stone vessels and ceramic jugs in wealthy tombs
has not been documented in Egypt. The high value placed on Cypriot Base-Ring tableware
in the Levant and the Amuq Valley is further demonstrated by the discovery of high-quality
Base-Ring I jugs and craters in Palace IV of Alalakh (Bergoffen 2005: 26, table VII, pl.
13-14). This regional appreciation for Base-Ring tableware helps explain the presence of
‘entangled’ Base-Ring related jugs along the Levantine coast.

During the New Kingdom period, Egyptian interest in Cypriot tableware appears to
have been minimal. The corpus of Cypriot imports is mostly limited to Base-Ring ‘bilbil’
juglets, which were highly sought after for their content. In Egypt, imported Base-Ring ce-
ramics were predominantly found in tombs of the Egyptian ‘middle class’ (Merrillees 1968:
160; Hulin 2009), while Base-Ring style stone vessels were associated with the wealthier
elite. Notably, these stone vessels even appear to have been made after lost metallic prototypes rather than ceramic ones. In our assessment, Cypriot ceramic jugs were not valued as highly in Egypt as they were in the Levant. Therefore, the discovery of a Cypriot Base-Ring I jug in the palace of Ezbet Helmi (Hein 2009: fig. 4.6) mainly reflects the site's location in the Eastern Nile Delta and its close connections with the Levant.

During the Late Bronze Age, the coexistence of Cypriot ceramics, ‘entangled productions’ and stone transpositions raises further questions about cultural transmission: did Egyptian and Levantine inhabitants maintain awareness of the original Cypriot prototypes, or were distinctive features of Cypriot Base-Ring Ware jugs gradually absorbed into a broader Eastern Mediterranean aesthetic repertoire? These various Base-Ring related productions reflect the cosmopolitan world of the later 2nd millennium BCE, when shared artistic styles and decorative motifs developed throughout a complex network of trading connections and cultural interactions.

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<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 1.** MMA 74.51.1090, Base-Ring I jug (H. 28.4cm), Cyprus, The Cesnola Collection, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 2.** BM 1897,0401.906, Base-Ring II jug (H. 23.7cm), Enkomi, Cyprus, British Museum, London (© The Trustees of the British Museum).</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 3.** Levantine jugs with a ‘collar decoration’, Byblos, Necropolis K (after Salles 1980: pl. 21.1-2).</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_7.png" /></figure>

**Figure 4.** AO 15672, Levantine jug (H. 23cm), Jericho, tomb 4, musée du Louvre (© 2007 RMN-Grand Palais (musée du Louvre) / René-Gabriel Ojéda).

<figure><img src="image_8.png" /></figure>

**Figure 5.** AO 6996, Levantine jug, Gezer (H. 20.4cm), musée du Louvre (© 2007 RMN-Grand Palais (musée du Louvre) / René-Gabriel Ojéda).

<figure><img src="image_9.png" /></figure>

**Figure 6.** MMA 16.10.424, Base-Ring style stone juglet (H. 10.6cm), Egyptian alabaster, Thebes, Assasif, Courtyard CC 41, Pit 3, Burial B 4, MMA Excavations, 1915–16, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

<figure><img src="image_10.png" /></figure>

**Figure 7.** MMA 26.8.18, Base-Ring style stone jug (H. 20.7cm), Egyptian alabaster, Thebes, Wadi Gabbanat el-Qurud, Wadi D, Tomb of the Three Foreign Wives of Thutmose III, Fletcher Fund, 1919, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

<figure><img src="image_11.png" /></figure>

**Figure 8.** MMA 74.51.5111, Base-Ring style juglet (H. 14.8cm), calcite, The Cesnola Collection, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
DOI: 10.13173/9783447123426.429

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