ANNEXE 4 : Recommandations internationales sur la schizophrénie résistante selon Howes et al (74).

<table><caption>TABLE 1. Recommendations in International Guidelines for When to Consider a Patient's Schizophrenia Treatment Resistantª</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Guideline</th><th colspan="6">Requirements of Previous Treatment</th></tr><tr><th>Minimum Number of Failed Antipsychotic Trials</th><th>Specified Antipsychotic</th><th>Adequate Treatment Episode Duration</th><th>Dosage</th><th>Severity of Illness</th><th>Other</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>APA (6)</td><td>2</td><td>"At least one of which is a second-generation antipsychotic"</td><td>≥6 weeks</td><td>Therapeutic range</td><td>"A clinically inadequate response" "and for patients with persistent suicidal ideation or behavior that has not responded to other treatments"</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RANZCP (23)</td><td>2</td><td>Recommends both first and second trial to be of an atypical antipsychotic</td><td>6-8 weeks</td><td>Specific dosages specified</td><td>"Poor response"</td><td>"If poor ... adherence, or persistent suicide risk, positively offer trial of clozapine"</td></tr><tr><td>BAP (24)</td><td>2</td><td>"One of the trials should be of an antipsychotic with an established, favourable efficacy profile in comparison with other antipsychotics"</td><td>"Adequate"</td><td>"Adequate"</td><td>"Schizophrenic illness has shown a poor response to, or intolerance of the neurological side effects of [previous treatment]"</td><td>"Poor ... adherence and ... substance use should be excluded as causes of the ... poor response to antipsychotic"</td></tr><tr><td>IPAP</td><td>2</td><td>"An atypical or, if not available, a trial of haloperidol, chlorpromazine or other typical antipsychotic"</td><td>4-6 weeks</td><td>"Adequate"</td><td>"Psychosis or moderate-to-severe tardive dyskinesia or tardive dystonia after adjusting dose"</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Maudsley (25)</td><td>2</td><td>Consider use of either first- or second-generation antipsychotic</td><td>2-3 weeks for trial of first antipsychotic in first-episode psychosis; 6-week trial for a subsequent antipsychotic before clozapine</td><td>At least minimum effective dose, then titrated to response</td><td>Not specified</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MOHS (26)</td><td>2</td><td>No</td><td>Adequate</td><td>Adequate</td><td>"Illness has not responded adequately to treatment"</td><td>Two trials should be given "sequentially"</td></tr><tr><td>NICE (5)</td><td>2</td><td>"One of the drugs should be a non-clozapine second-generation antipsychotic"</td><td>Not specified</td><td>Adequate</td><td>"Illness has not responded adequately to treatment"</td><td>Two trials should be given "sequentially"</td></tr><tr><td>WFSBP (7)</td><td>2</td><td>"One of which should be an atypical antipsychotic"</td><td>6-8 weeks</td><td>Recommended dosage</td><td>No improvement at all or only insufficient improvement in the target symptoms</td><td>Adherence should be ensured, if necessary by checking drug concentrations</td></tr></tbody></table>

<footnote>ª APA=American Psychiatric Association; BAP=British Association for Psychopharmacology; IPAP=International Psychopharmacology Algorithm Project (www.ipap.org); MOHS=Ministry of Health Singapore; NICE=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; RANZCP=Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists; WFSBP=World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry.</footnote>
ANNEXE 4 : Recommandations internationales sur la schizophrénie résistante selon
Howes et al (74).

<table><caption>TABLE 1. Recommendations in International Guidelines for When to Consider a Patient's Schizophrenia Treatment Resistantª</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Guideline</th><th colspan="6">Requirements of Previous Treatment</th></tr><tr><th>Minimum Number of Failed Antipsychotic Trials</th><th>Specified Antipsychotic</th><th>Adequate Treatment Episode Duration</th><th>Dosage</th><th>Severity of Illness</th><th>Other</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>APA (6)</td><td>2</td><td>"At least one of which is a second-generation antipsychotic."</td><td>≥6 weeks</td><td>Therapeutic range</td><td>"A clinically inadequate response" "and for patients with persistent suicidal ideation or behavior that has not responded to other treatments"</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RANZCP (23)</td><td>2</td><td>Recommends both first and second trial to be of an atypical antipsychotic</td><td>6-8 weeks</td><td>Specific dosages specified</td><td>"Poor response"</td><td>"If poor ... adherence, or persistent suicide risk, positively offer trial of clozapine"</td></tr><tr><td>BAP (24)</td><td>2</td><td>"One of the trials should be of an antipsychotic with an established, favourable efficacy profile in comparison with other antipsychotics"</td><td>"Adequate"</td><td>"Adequate"</td><td>"Schizophrenic illness has shown a poor response to, or intolerance of the neurological side effects of [previous treatment]"</td><td>"Poor ... adherence and ... substance use should be excluded as causes of the ... poor response to antipsychotic"</td></tr><tr><td>IPAP</td><td>2</td><td>"An atypical or, if not available, a trial of haloperidol, chlorpromazine or other typical antipsychotic."</td><td>4-6 weeks</td><td>"Adequate"</td><td>"Psychosis or moderate-to-severe tardive dyskinesia or tardive dystonia after adjusting dose"</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Maudsley (25)</td><td>2</td><td>Consider use of either first- or second-generation antipsychotic</td><td>2-3 weeks for trial of first antipsychotic in first-episode psychosis; 6-week trial for a subsequent antipsychotic before clozapine</td><td>At least minimum effective dose, then titrated to response</td><td>Not specified</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MOHS (26)</td><td>2</td><td>No</td><td>Adequate</td><td>Adequate</td><td>"Illness has not responded adequately to treatment"</td><td>Two trials should be given "sequentially"</td></tr><tr><td>NICE (5)</td><td>2</td><td>"One of the drugs should be a non-clozapine second-generation antipsychotic"</td><td>Not specified</td><td>Adequate</td><td>"Illness has not responded adequately to treatment"</td><td>Two trials should be given "sequentially"</td></tr><tr><td>WFSBP (7)</td><td>2</td><td>"One of which should be an atypical antipsychotic"</td><td>6-8 weeks</td><td>Recommended dosage</td><td>No improvement at all or only insufficient improvement in the target symptoms</td><td>Adherence should be ensured, if necessary by checking drug concentrations</td></tr></tbody></table>

<footnote>ª APA=American Psychiatric Association; BAP=British Association for Psychopharmacology; IPAP=International Psychopharmacology Algorithm Project (www.ipap.org); MOHS=Ministry of Health Singapore; NICE=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; RANZCP=Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists; WFSBP=World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry.</footnote>
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2. Rössler W, Salize HJ, van Os J, Riecher-Rössler A. Size of burden of schizophrenia and psychotic disorders. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. août 2005;15(4):399-409.

3. Jauhar S, Johnstone M, McKenna PJ. Schizophrenia. The Lancet. janv 2022;399(10323):473-86.

4. Rapport ESFP DRESS 2017 [Internet]. Disponible sur: https://drees.solidarites-sante.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/2021-01/Rapport-ESPF-2017.pdf

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6. Jongsma HE, Turner C, Kirkbride JB, Jones PB. International incidence of psychotic disorders, 2002-17: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health. mai 2019;4(5):e229-44.

7. Immonen J, Jääskeläinen E, Korpela H, Miettunen J. Age at onset and the outcomes of schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Early Interv Psychiatry. déc 2017;11(6):453-60.

8. Grossman LS, Harrow M, Rosen C, Faull R, Strauss GP. Sex differences in schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders: a 20-year longitudinal study of psychosis and recovery. Compr Psychiatry. 2008;49(6):523-9.

9. Hjorthøj C, Stürup AE, McGrath JJ, Nordentoft M. Years of potential life lost and life expectancy in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. avr 2017;4(4):295-301.

10. GBD 2019 Mental Disorders Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of 12 mental disorders in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Psychiatry. févr 2022;9(2):137-50.

11. Sarlon E, Heider D, Millier A, Azorin JM, König HH, Hansen K, et al. A prospective study of health care resource utilisation and selected costs of schizophrenia in France. BMC Health Serv Res. 21 août 2012;12:269.

12. Kotzeva A, Mittal D, Desai S, Judge D, Samanta K. Socioeconomic burden of schizophrenia: a targeted literature review of types of costs and associated drivers across 10 countries. J Med Econ. 2023;26(1):70-83.

13. Druais S, Doutriaux A, Cognet M, Godet A, Lançon C, Levy P, et al. Comparaison des bénéfices médico-économiques des antipsychotiques dans la prise en charge de la schizophrénie en France. L'Encéphale. août 2017;43(4):311-20.

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1. Saha S, Chant D, Welham J, McGrath J. A systematic review of the prevalence of schizophrenia. PLoS Med. mai 2005;2(5):e141.

2. Rössler W, Salize HJ, van Os J, Riecher-Rössler A. Size of burden of schizophrenia and psychotic disorders. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. août 2005;15(4):399-409.

3. Jauhar S, Johnstone M, McKenna PJ. Schizophrenia. The Lancet. janv 2022;399(10323):473-86.

4. Rapport ESFP DRESS 2017 [Internet]. Disponible sur: https://drees.solidarites-sante.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/2021-01/Rapport-ESPF-2017.pdf

5. Inserm [Internet]. [cité 3 sept 2023]. Schizophrénie · Inserm, La science pour la santé. Disponible sur: https://www.inserm.fr/dossier/schizophrenie/

6. Jongsma HE, Turner C, Kirkbride JB, Jones PB. International incidence of psychotic disorders, 2002-17: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health. mai 2019;4(5):e229-44.

7. Immonen J, Jääskeläinen E, Korpela H, Miettunen J. Age at onset and the outcomes of schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Early Interv Psychiatry. déc 2017;11(6):453-60.

8. Grossman LS, Harrow M, Rosen C, Faull R, Strauss GP. Sex differences in schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders: a 20-year longitudinal study of psychosis and recovery. Compr Psychiatry. 2008;49(6):523-9.

9. Hjorthøj C, Stürup AE, McGrath JJ, Nordentoft M. Years of potential life lost and life expectancy in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. avr 2017;4(4):295-301.

10. GBD 2019 Mental Disorders Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of 12 mental disorders in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Psychiatry. févr 2022;9(2):137-50.

11. Sarlon E, Heider D, Millier A, Azorin JM, König HH, Hansen K, et al. A prospective study of health care resource utilisation and selected costs of schizophrenia in France. BMC Health Serv Res. 21 août 2012;12:269.

12. Kotzeva A, Mittal D, Desai S, Judge D, Samanta K. Socioeconomic burden of schizophrenia: a targeted literature review of types of costs and associated drivers across 10 countries. J Med Econ. 2023;26(1):70-83.

13. Druais S, Doutriaux A, Cognet M, Godet A, Lançon C, Levy P, et al. Comparaison des bénéfices médico-économiques des antipsychotiques dans la prise en charge de la schizophrénie en France. L'Encéphale. août 2017;43(4):311-20.

14. Rapport de la Cour des Comptes: L'organisation des soins psychiatriques;... - Google Scholar [Internet]. [cité 29 août 2023]. Disponible sur: https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=L%E2%80%99organisation%20des%20s
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20. Sullivan PF, Kendler KS, Neale MC. Schizophrenia as a complex trait: evidence from a meta-analysis of twin studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry. déc 2003;60(12):1187-92.

21. Agerbo E, Sullivan PF, Vilhjálmsson BJ, Pedersen CB, Mors O, Børglum AD, et al. Polygenic Risk Score, Parental Socioeconomic Status, Family History of Psychiatric Disorders, and the Risk for Schizophrenia: A Danish Population-Based Study and Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. juill 2015;72(7):635-41.

22. Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci. Nature. 24 juill 2014;511(7510):421-7.

23. Pocklington AJ, Rees E, Walters JTR, Han J, Kavanagh DH, Chambert KD, et al. Novel Findings from CNVs Implicate Inhibitory and Excitatory Signaling Complexes in Schizophrenia. Neuron. 3 juin 2015;86(5):1203-14.

24. Crow TJ. « The missing genes: what happened to the heritability of psychiatric disorders? » Mol Psychiatry. avr 2011;16(4):362-4.

25. Davies C, Segre G, Estradé A, Radua J, De Micheli A, Provenzani U, et al. Prenatal and perinatal risk and protective factors for psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. mai 2020;7(5):399-410.

26. Debnath M, Venkatasubramanian G, Berk M. Fetal programming of schizophrenia: select mechanisms. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. févr 2015;49:90-104.

27. Byrne M, Agerbo E, Eaton WW, Mortensen PB. Parental socio-economic status and risk of first admission with schizophrenia- a Danish national register based study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. févr 2004;39(2):87-96.
oins%20psychiatriques%C2%A0%3A%20les%20effets%20du%20plan%20%E2%80%9
Cpsychiatrie%20et%20sant%C3%A9%20mentale%E2%80%9D&author=Cour%20des%
20comptes&publication_year=2011

15. Kennedy JL, Altar CA, Taylor DL, Degtiar I, Hornberger JC. The social and economic burden of treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a systematic literature review. International Clinical Psychopharmacology. mars 2014;29(2):63-76.

16. Lecardeur L, Meunier-Cussac S, Dollfus S. [Cognitive deficits in first episode psychosis patients and people at risk for psychosis: from diagnosis to treatment]. Encephale. mai 2013;39 Suppl 1:S64-71.

17. Murray RM, Lewis SW. Is schizophrenia a neurodevelopmental disorder? Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 19 sept 1987;295(6600):681-2.

18. Weinberger DR. Implications of normal brain development for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. juill 1987;44(7):660-9.

19. Lichtenstein P, Yip BH, Björk C, Pawitan Y, Cannon TD, Sullivan PF, et al. Common genetic determinants of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in Swedish families: a population-based study. Lancet. 17 janv 2009;373(9659):234-9.

20. Sullivan PF, Kendler KS, Neale MC. Schizophrenia as a complex trait: evidence from a meta-analysis of twin studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry. déc 2003;60(12):1187-92.

21. Agerbo E, Sullivan PF, Vilhjálmsson BJ, Pedersen CB, Mors O, Børglum AD, et al. Polygenic Risk Score, Parental Socioeconomic Status, Family History of Psychiatric Disorders, and the Risk for Schizophrenia: A Danish Population-Based Study and Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. juill 2015;72(7):635-41.

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24. Crow TJ. « The missing genes: what happened to the heritability of psychiatric disorders? » Mol Psychiatry. avr 2011;16(4):362-4.

25. Davies C, Segre G, Estradé A, Radua J, De Micheli A, Provenzani U, et al. Prenatal and perinatal risk and protective factors for psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. mai 2020;7(5):399-410.

26. Debnath M, Venkatasubramanian G, Berk M. Fetal programming of schizophrenia: select mechanisms. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. févr 2015;49:90-104.

27. Byrne M, Agerbo E, Eaton WW, Mortensen PB. Parental socio-economic status and risk of first admission with schizophrenia- a Danish national register based study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. févr 2004;39(2):87-96.
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29. Bourque F, van der Ven E, Malla A. A meta-analysis of the risk for psychotic disorders among first- and second-generation immigrants. Psychol Med. mai 2011;41(5):897-910.

30. Moore THM, Zammit S, Lingford-Hughes A, Barnes TRE, Jones PB, Burke M, et al. Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: a systematic review. Lancet. 28 juill 2007;370(9584):319-28.

31. Marconi A, Di Forti M, Lewis CM, Murray RM, Vassos E. Meta-analysis of the Association Between the Level of Cannabis Use and Risk of Psychosis. Schizophr Bull. sept 2016;42(5):1262-9.

32. Walker E, Mittal V, Tessner K. Stress and the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis in the developmental course of schizophrenia. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2008;4:189-216.

33. van Winkel R, Stefanis NC, Myin-Gemeys I. Psychosocial stress and psychosis. A review of the neurobiological mechanisms and the evidence for gene-stress interaction. Schizophr Bull. nov 2008;34(6):1095-105.

34. Johnstone EC, Crow TJ, Frith CD, Carney MW, Price JS. Mechanism of the antipsychotic effect in the treatment of acute schizophrenia. Lancet. 22 avr 1978;1(8069):848-51.

35. Uno Y, Coyle JT. Glutamate hypothesis in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. mai 2019;73(5):204-15.

36. Poels EMP, Kegeles LS, Kantrowitz JT, Slifstein M, Javitt DC, Lieberman JA, et al. Imaging glutamate in schizophrenia: review of findings and implications for drug discovery. Mol Psychiatry. janv 2014;19(1):20-9.

37. Alemany S, Arias B, Fatjó-Vilas M, Villa H, Moya J, Ibáñez MI, et al. Psychosis-inducing effects of cannabis are related to both childhood abuse and COMT genotypes. Acta Psychiatr Scand. janv 2014;129(1):54-62.

38. Millan MJ, Andrieux A, Bartzokis G, Cadenhead K, Dazzan P, Fusar-Poli P, et al. Altering the course of schizophrenia: progress and perspectives. Nat Rev Drug Discov. juill 2016;15(7):485-515.

39. Correll CU, Solmi M, Croatto G, Schneider LK, Rohani-Montez SC, Fairley L, et al. Mortality in people with schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of relative risk and aggravating or attenuating factors. World Psychiatry. juin 2022;21(2):248-71.

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43. Andrianarisoa M, Boyer L, Godin O, Brunel L, Bulzacka E, Aouizerate B, et al. Childhood trauma, depression and negative symptoms are independently associated with impaired quality of life in schizophrenia. Results from the national FACE-SZ cohort. Schizophr Res. juill 2017;185:173-81.

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51. Vita A, Barlati S, Ceraso A, Nibbio G, Ariu C, Deste G, et al. Effectiveness, Core Elements, and Moderators of Response of Cognitive Remediation for Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. JAMA Psychiatry. 1 août 2021;78(8):848-58.

52. Xia J, Merinder LB, Belgamwar MR. Psychoeducation for Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. janv 2011;37(1):21-2.

53. Bighelli I, Rodolico A, García-Mieres H, Pitschel-Walz G, Hansen WP, Schneider-Thoma J, et al. Psychosocial and psychological interventions for relapse prevention in schizophrenia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. nov 2021;8(11):969-80.

54. Omranifard V, Yari A, Kheirabadi GR, Rafizadeh M, Maracy MR, Sadri S. Effect of needs-assessment-based psychoeducation for families of patients with schizophrenia on quality of life of patients and their families: A controlled study. J Educ Health Promot. 2014;3:125.

55. Rummel-Kluge C, Kissling W. Psychoeducation for patients with schizophrenia and their families. Expert Rev Neurother. juill 2008;8(7):1067-77.
56. Kheirabadi GR, Rafizadeh M, Omranifard V, Yari A, Maracy MR, Mehrabi T, et al. Effects of needs-assessment-based psycho-education of schizophrenic patients' families on the severity of symptoms and relapse rate of patients. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. nov 2014;19(6):558-63.

57. Turner DT, van der Gaag M, Karyotaki E, Cuijpers P. Psychological interventions for psychosis: a meta-analysis of comparative outcome studies. Am J Psychiatry. mai 2014;171(5):523-38.

58. Zimmermann G, Favrod J, Trieu VH, Pomini V. The effect of cognitive behavioral treatment on the positive symptoms of schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 1 sept 2005;77(1):1-9.

59. Pfammatter M, Junghan UM, Brenner HD. Efficacy of psychological therapy in schizophrenia: conclusions from meta-analyses. Schizophr Bull. oct 2006;32 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S64-80.

60. Polese D, Fornaro M, Palermo M, Luca VD, Bartolomeis A de. Treatment-Resistant to Antipsychotics: A Resistance to Everything? Psychotherapy in Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia and Nonaffective Psychosis: A 25-Year Systematic Review and Exploratory Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry

61. Lynch D, Laws K, McKenna P. Cognitive behavioural therapy for major psychiatric disorder: does it really work? A meta-analytical review of well-controlled trials. Psychological Medicine

62. Wagner E, Löhrs L, Siskind D, Honer WG, Falkai P, Hasan A. Clozapine augmentation strategies - a systematic meta-review of available evidence. Treatment options for clozapine resistance. J Psychopharmacol. avr 2019;33(4):423-35.

63. Huhn M, Nikolakopoulou A, Schneider-Thoma J, Krause M, Samara M, Peter N, et al. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 32 oral antipsychotics for the acute treatment of adults with multi-episode schizophrenia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet. 14 sept 2019;394(10202):939-51.

64. Mørup MF, Kymes SM, Oudin Åström D. A modelling approach to estimate the prevalence of treatment-resistant schizophrenia in the United States. PLoS One. 2020;15(6):e0234121.

65. Siskind D, Orr S, Sinha S, Yu O, Brijball B, Warren N, et al. Rates of treatment-resistant schizophrenia from first-episode cohorts: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. mars 2022;220(3):115-20.

66. Correll CU, Brevig T, Brain C. Patient characteristics, burden and pharmacotherapy of treatment-resistant schizophrenia: results from a survey of 204 US psychiatrists. BMC Psychiatry. 14 nov 2019;19(1):362.

67. Siskind D, McCartney L, Goldschlager R, Kisely S. Clozapine v. first- and second-generation antipsychotics in treatment-refractory schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. nov 2016;209(5):385-92.

68. Kane JM, Agid O, Baldwin ML, Howes O, Lindenmayer JP, Marder S, et al. Clinical Guidance on the Identification and Management of Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry. 5 mars 2019;80(2):18com12123.
56. Kheirabadi GR, Rafizadeh M, Omranifard V, Yari A, Maracy MR, Mehrabi T, et al. Effects of needs-assessment-based psycho-education of schizophrenic patients' families on the severity of symptoms and relapse rate of patients. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. nov 2014;19(6):558-63.

57. Turner DT, van der Gaag M, Karyotaki E, Cuijpers P. Psychological interventions for psychosis: a meta-analysis of comparative outcome studies. Am J Psychiatry. mai 2014;171(5):523-38.

58. Zimmermann G, Favrod J, Trieu VH, Pomini V. The effect of cognitive behavioral treatment on the positive symptoms of schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 1 sept 2005;77(1):1-9.

59. Pfammatter M, Junghan UM, Brenner HD. Efficacy of psychological therapy in schizophrenia: conclusions from meta-analyses. Schizophr Bull. oct 2006;32 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S64-80.

60. Polese D, Fornaro M, Palermo M, Luca VD, Bartolomeis A de. Treatment-Resistant to Antipsychotics: A Resistance to Everything? Psychotherapy in Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia and Nonaffective Psychosis: A 25-Year Systematic Review and Exploratory Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry

61. Lynch D, Laws K, McKenna P. Cognitive behavioural therapy for major psychiatric disorder: does it really work? A meta-analytical review of well-controlled trials. Psychological Medicine

62. Wagner E, Löhrs L, Siskind D, Honer WG, Falkai P, Hasan A. Clozapine augmentation strategies - a systematic meta-review of available evidence. Treatment options for clozapine resistance. J Psychopharmacol. avr 2019;33(4):423-35.

63. Huhn M, Nikolakopoulou A, Schneider-Thoma J, Krause M, Samara M, Peter N, et al. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 32 oral antipsychotics for the acute treatment of adults with multi-episode schizophrenia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet. 14 sept 2019;394(10202):939-51.

64. Mørup MF, Kymes SM, Oudin Åström D. A modelling approach to estimate the prevalence of treatment-resistant schizophrenia in the United States. PLoS One. 2020;15(6):e0234121.

65. Siskind D, Orr S, Sinha S, Yu O, Brijball B, Warren N, et al. Rates of treatment-resistant schizophrenia from first-episode cohorts: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. mars 2022;220(3):115-20.

66. Correll CU, Brevig T, Brain C. Patient characteristics, burden and pharmacotherapy of treatment-resistant schizophrenia: results from a survey of 204 US psychiatrists. BMC Psychiatry. 14 nov 2019;19(1):362.

67. Siskind D, McCartney L, Goldschlager R, Kisely S. Clozapine v. first- and second-generation antipsychotics in treatment-refractory schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. nov 2016;209(5):385-92.

68. Kane JM, Agid O, Baldwin ML, Howes O, Lindenmayer JP, Marder S, et al. Clinical Guidance on the Identification and Management of Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry. 5 mars 2019;80(2):18com12123.
69. Lang FU, Kösters M, Lang S, Becker T, Jäger M. Psychopathological long-term outcome of schizophrenia -- a review. Acta Psychiatr Scand. mars 2013;127(3):173-82.

70. Selten JP, Veen ND, Hoek HW, Laan W, Schols D, van der Tweel I, et al. Early course of schizophrenia in a representative Dutch incidence cohort. Schizophr Res. déc 2007;97(1-3):79-87.

71. Van Dee V, Schnack HG, Cahn W. Systematic review and meta-analysis on predictors of prognosis in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: An overview of current evidence and a call for prospective research and open access to datasets. Schizophrenia Research. avr 2023;254:133-42.

72. Lambert M, Karow A, Leucht S, Schimmelmann BG, Naber D. Remission in schizophrenia: validity, frequency, predictors, and patients' perspective 5 years later. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2010;12(3):393-407.

73. Santesteban-Echarri O, Paino M, Rice S, González-Blanch C, McGorry P, Gleeson J, et al. Predictors of functional recovery in first-episode psychosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Clinical Psychology Review. 1 déc 2017;58:59-75.

74. Howes OD, McCutcheon R, Agid O, de Bartolomeis A, van Beveren NJM, Birnbaum ML, et al. Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: Treatment Response and Resistance in Psychosis (TRRIP) Working Group Consensus Guidelines on Diagnosis and Terminology. Am J Psychiatry. 1 mars 2017;174(3):216-29.

75. Chan SKW, Chan HYV, Honer WG, Bastiampillai T, Suen YN, Yeung WS, et al. Predictors of Treatment-Resistant and Clozapine-Resistant Schizophrenia: A 12-Year Follow-up Study of First-Episode Schizophrenia-Spectrum Disorders. Schizophr Bull. 16 mars 2021;47(2):485-94.

76. Werner MCF, Wirgenes KV, Haram M, Bettella F, Lunding SH, Rødevand L, et al. Indicated association between polygenic risk score and treatment-resistance in a naturalistic sample of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Schizophr Res. avr 2020;218:55-62.

77. Davies G, Welham J, Chant D, Torrey EF, McGrath J. A systematic review and meta-analysis of Northern Hemisphere season of birth studies in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2003;29(3):587-93.

78. Smart SE, Kępińska AP, Murray RM, MacCabe JH. Predictors of treatment resistant schizophrenia: a systematic review of prospective observational studies. Psychol Med. janv 2021;51(1):44-53.

79. Kadra-Scalzo G, Fonseca de Freitas D, Agbedjro D, Francis E, Ridler I, Pritchard M, et al. A predictor model of treatment resistance in schizophrenia using data from electronic health records. PLoS One. 2022;17(9):e0274864.

80. Lally J, Ajnakina O, Di Forti M, Trotta A, Demjaha A, Kolliakou A, et al. Two distinct patterns of treatment resistance: clinical predictors of treatment resistance in first-episode schizophrenia spectrum psychoses. Psychol Med. nov 2016;46(15):3231-40.

81. Carbon M, Correll CU. Clinical predictors of therapeutic response to antipsychotics in schizophrenia. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. déc 2014;16(4):505-24.
69. Lang FU, Kösters M, Lang S, Becker T, Jäger M. Psychopathological long-term outcome of schizophrenia -- a review. Acta Psychiatr Scand. mars 2013;127(3):173-82.

70. Selten JP, Veen ND, Hoek HW, Laan W, Schols D, van der Tweel I, et al. Early course of schizophrenia in a representative Dutch incidence cohort. Schizophr Res. déc 2007;97(1-3):79-87.

71. Van Dee V, Schnack HG, Cahn W. Systematic review and meta-analysis on predictors of prognosis in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: An overview of current evidence and a call for prospective research and open access to datasets. Schizophrenia Research. avr 2023;254:133-42.

72. Lambert M, Karow A, Leucht S, Schimmelmann BG, Naber D. Remission in schizophrenia: validity, frequency, predictors, and patients' perspective 5 years later. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2010;12(3):393-407.

73. Santesteban-Echarri O, Paino M, Rice S, González-Blanch C, McGorry P, Gleeson J, et al. Predictors of functional recovery in first-episode psychosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Clinical Psychology Review. 1 déc 2017;58:59-75.

74. Howes OD, McCutcheon R, Agid O, de Bartolomeis A, van Beveren NJM, Birnbaum ML, et al. Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: Treatment Response and Resistance in Psychosis (TRRIP) Working Group Consensus Guidelines on Diagnosis and Terminology. Am J Psychiatry. 1 mars 2017;174(3):216-29.

75. Chan SKW, Chan HYV, Honer WG, Bastiampillai T, Suen YN, Yeung WS, et al. Predictors of Treatment-Resistant and Clozapine-Resistant Schizophrenia: A 12-Year Follow-up Study of First-Episode Schizophrenia-Spectrum Disorders. Schizophr Bull. 16 mars 2021;47(2):485-94.

76. Werner MCF, Wirgenes KV, Haram M, Bettella F, Lunding SH, Rødevand L, et al. Indicated association between polygenic risk score and treatment-resistance in a naturalistic sample of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Schizophr Res. avr 2020;218:55-62.

77. Davies G, Welham J, Chant D, Torrey EF, McGrath J. A systematic review and meta-analysis of Northern Hemisphere season of birth studies in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2003;29(3):587-93.

78. Smart SE, Kępińska AP, Murray RM, MacCabe JH. Predictors of treatment resistant schizophrenia: a systematic review of prospective observational studies. Psychol Med. janv 2021;51(1):44-53.

79. Kadra-Scalzo G, Fonseca de Freitas D, Agbedjro D, Francis E, Ridler I, Pritchard M, et al. A predictor model of treatment resistance in schizophrenia using data from electronic health records. PLoS One. 2022;17(9):e0274864.

80. Lally J, Ajnakina O, Di Forti M, Trotta A, Demjaha A, Kolliakou A, et al. Two distinct patterns of treatment resistance: clinical predictors of treatment resistance in first-episode schizophrenia spectrum psychoses. Psychol Med. nov 2016;46(15):3231-40.

81. Carbon M, Correll CU. Clinical predictors of therapeutic response to antipsychotics in schizophrenia. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. déc 2014;16(4):505-24.
82. Ortiz BB, Higuchi CH, Noto C, Joyce DW, Correll CU, Bressan RA, et al. A symptom combination predicting treatment-resistant schizophrenia - A strategy for real-world clinical practice. Schizophr Res. avr 2020;218:195-200.

83. de Bartolomeis A, Prinzivalli E, Callovini G, D'Ambrosio L, Altavilla B, Avagliano C, et al. Treatment resistant schizophrenia and neurological soft signs may converge on the same pathology: Evidence from explanatory analysis on clinical, psychopathological, and cognitive variables. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2 févr 2018;81:356-66.

84. Elkis H, Buckley PF. Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia. Psychiatr Clin North Am. juin 2016;39(2):239-65.

85. Costas-Carrera A, Garcia-Rizo C, Bitanihirwe B, Penadés R. Obstetric Complications and Brain Imaging in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. déc 2020;5(12):1077-84.

86. Oda Y, Kanahara N, Iyo M. Alterations of Dopamine D2 Receptors and Related Receptor-Interacting Proteins in Schizophrenia: The Pivotal Position of Dopamine Supersensitivity Psychosis in Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci. 17 déc 2015;16(12):30144-63.

87. Suzuki T, Kanahara N, Yamanaka H, Takase M, Kimura H, Watanabe H, et al. Dopamine supersensitivity psychosis as a pivotal factor in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 30 juin 2015;227(2-3):278-82.

88. Kimura H, Kanahara N, Sasaki T, Komatsu N, Ishige M, Muneoka K, et al. Risperidone long-acting injectable in the treatment of treatment-resistant schizophrenia with dopamine supersensitivity psychosis: Results of a 2-year prospective study, including an additional 1-year follow-up. J Psychopharmacol. août 2016;30(8):795-802.

89. Silvestri S, Seeman MV, Negrete JC, Houle S, Shammi CM, Remington GJ, et al. Increased dopamine D2 receptor binding after long-term treatment with antipsychotics in humans: a clinical PET study. Psychopharmacology (Berl). oct 2000;152(2):174-80.

90. Abi-Dargham A, Rodenhiser J, Printz D, Zea-Ponce Y, Gil R, Kegeles LS, et al. Increased baseline occupancy of D2 receptors by dopamine in schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 5 juill 2000;97(14):8104-9.

91. Fond G, Godin O, Boyer L, Berna F, Andrianarisoa M, Coulon N, et al. Chronic low-grade peripheral inflammation is associated with ultra resistant schizophrenia. Results from the FACE-SZ cohort. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. déc 2019;269(8):985-92.

92. Kumar V, Manchegowda S, Jacob A, Rao NP. Glutamate metabolites in treatment resistant schizophrenia: A meta-analysis and systematic review of 1H-MRS studies. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging. 30 juin 2020;300:111080.

93. Vasileva SS, Tucker J, Siskind D, Eyles D. Does the gut microbiome mediate antipsychotic-induced metabolic side effects in schizophrenia? Expert Opinion on Drug Safety. 4 mai 2022;21(5):625-39.

94. Shah P, Iwata Y, Brown EE, Kim J, Sanches M, Takeuchi H, et al. Clozapine response trajectories and predictors of non-response in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a chart review study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. févr 2020;270(1):11-22.
82. Ortiz BB, Higuchi CH, Noto C, Joyce DW, Correll CU, Bressan RA, et al. A symptom combination predicting treatment-resistant schizophrenia - A strategy for real-world clinical practice. Schizophr Res. avr 2020;218:195-200.

83. de Bartolomeis A, Prinzivalli E, Callovini G, D'Ambrosio L, Altavilla B, Avagliano C, et al. Treatment resistant schizophrenia and neurological soft signs may converge on the same pathology: Evidence from explanatory analysis on clinical, psychopathological, and cognitive variables. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2 févr 2018;81:356-66.

84. Elkis H, Buckley PF. Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia. Psychiatr Clin North Am. juin 2016;39(2):239-65.

85. Costas-Carrera A, Garcia-Rizo C, Bitanihirwe B, Penadés R. Obstetric Complications and Brain Imaging in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. déc 2020;5(12):1077-84.

86. Oda Y, Kanahara N, Iyo M. Alterations of Dopamine D2 Receptors and Related Receptor-Interacting Proteins in Schizophrenia: The Pivotal Position of Dopamine Supersensitivity Psychosis in Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci. 17 déc 2015;16(12):30144-63.

87. Suzuki T, Kanahara N, Yamanaka H, Takase M, Kimura H, Watanabe H, et al. Dopamine supersensitivity psychosis as a pivotal factor in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 30 juin 2015;227(2-3):278-82.

88. Kimura H, Kanahara N, Sasaki T, Komatsu N, Ishige M, Muneoka K, et al. Risperidone long-acting injectable in the treatment of treatment-resistant schizophrenia with dopamine supersensitivity psychosis: Results of a 2-year prospective study, including an additional 1-year follow-up. J Psychopharmacol. août 2016;30(8):795-802.

89. Silvestri S, Seeman MV, Negrete JC, Houle S, Shammi CM, Remington GJ, et al. Increased dopamine D2 receptor binding after long-term treatment with antipsychotics in humans: a clinical PET study. Psychopharmacology (Berl). oct 2000;152(2):174-80.

90. Abi-Dargham A, Rodenhiser J, Printz D, Zea-Ponce Y, Gil R, Kegeles LS, et al. Increased baseline occupancy of D2 receptors by dopamine in schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 5 juill 2000;97(14):8104-9.

91. Fond G, Godin O, Boyer L, Berna F, Andrianarisoa M, Coulon N, et al. Chronic low-grade peripheral inflammation is associated with ultra resistant schizophrenia. Results from the FACE-SZ cohort. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. déc 2019;269(8):985-92.

92. Kumar V, Manchegowda S, Jacob A, Rao NP. Glutamate metabolites in treatment resistant schizophrenia: A meta-analysis and systematic review of 1H-MRS studies. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging. 30 juin 2020;300:111080.

93. Vasileva SS, Tucker J, Siskind D, Eyles D. Does the gut microbiome mediate antipsychotic-induced metabolic side effects in schizophrenia? Expert Opinion on Drug Safety. 4 mai 2022;21(5):625-39.

94. Shah P, Iwata Y, Brown EE, Kim J, Sanches M, Takeuchi H, et al. Clozapine response trajectories and predictors of non-response in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a chart review study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. févr 2020;270(1):11-22.
95. Griffiths K, Millgate E, Egerton A, MacCabe JH. Demographic and clinical variables associated with response to clozapine in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med. févr 2021;51(3):376-86.

96. Itahashi T, Noda Y, Iwata Y, Tarumi R, Tsugawa S, Plitman E, et al. Dimensional distribution of cortical abnormality across antipsychotics treatment-resistant and responsive schizophrenia. Neuroimage Clin. 7 oct 2021;32:102852.

97. Samanaite R, Gillespie A, Sendt KV, McQueen G, MacCabe JH, Egerton A. Biological Predictors of Clozapine Response: A Systematic Review. Front Psychiatry. 2018;9:327.

98. Howes OD, Vergunst F, Gee S, McGuire P, Kapur S, Taylor D. Adherence to treatment guidelines in clinical practice: study of antipsychotic treatment prior to clozapine initiation. Br J Psychiatry. déc 2012;201(6):481-5.

99. Okhuijsen-Pfeifer C, Sterk AY, Horn IM, Terstappen J, Kahn RS, Luykx JJ. Demographic and clinical features as predictors of clozapine response in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. avr 2020;111:246-52.

100. Morrato EH, Dodd S, Oderda G, Haxby DG, Allen R, Valuck RJ. Prevalence, utilization patterns, and predictors of antipsychotic polypharmacy: experience in a multistate Medicaid population, 1998-2003. Clin Ther. janv 2007;29(1):183-95.

101. Morrison AP, Pyle M, Gumley A, Schwannauer M, Turkington D, MacLennan G, et al. Cognitive-behavioural therapy for clozapine-resistant schizophrenia: the FOCUS RCT. Health Technol Assess. févr 2019;23(7):1-144.

102. Barretto EM de P, Kayo M, Avrichir BS, Sa AR, Camargo M das GM, Napolitano IC, et al. A preliminary controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy in clozapine-resistant schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis. nov 2009;197(11):865-8.

103. Wang G, Zheng W, Li XB, Wang SB, Cai DB, Yang XH, et al. ECT augmentation of clozapine for clozapine-resistant schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Psychiatr Res. oct 2018;105:23-32.

104. Arumugham SS, Thirthalli J, Andrade C. Efficacy and safety of combining clozapine with electrical or magnetic brain stimulation in treatment-refractory schizophrenia. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. sept 2016;9(9):1245-52.

105. de Jesus DR, Gil A, Barbosa L, Lobato MI, Magalhães PV da S, Favalli GP de S, et al. A pilot double-blind sham-controlled trial of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for patients with refractory schizophrenia treated with clozapine. Psychiatry Res. 30 juill 2011;188(2):203-7.

106. Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA. The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 1987;13(2):261-76.

107. Shafer A, Dazzi F. Meta-analysis of the positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) factor structure. J Psychiatr Res. août 2019;115:113-20.

108. Lançon C, Auquier P, Llorca PM, Martinez JL, Bougerol T, Scotto JC. Etude des propriétés psychométriques de la PANSS dans sa version française dans une population de patients schizophrènes. Encephale. févr 1997;23(1):1-9.
95. Griffiths K, Millgate E, Egerton A, MacCabe JH. Demographic and clinical variables associated with response to clozapine in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med. févr 2021;51(3):376-86.

96. Itahashi T, Noda Y, Iwata Y, Tarumi R, Tsugawa S, Plitman E, et al. Dimensional distribution of cortical abnormality across antipsychotics treatment-resistant and responsive schizophrenia. Neuroimage Clin. 7 oct 2021;32:102852.

97. Samanaite R, Gillespie A, Sendt KV, McQueen G, MacCabe JH, Egerton A. Biological Predictors of Clozapine Response: A Systematic Review. Front Psychiatry. 2018;9:327.

98. Howes OD, Vergunst F, Gee S, McGuire P, Kapur S, Taylor D. Adherence to treatment guidelines in clinical practice: study of antipsychotic treatment prior to clozapine initiation. Br J Psychiatry. déc 2012;201(6):481-5.

99. Okhuijsen-Pfeifer C, Sterk AY, Horn IM, Terstappen J, Kahn RS, Luykx JJ. Demographic and clinical features as predictors of clozapine response in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. avr 2020;111:246-52.

100. Morrato EH, Dodd S, Oderda G, Haxby DG, Allen R, Valuck RJ. Prevalence, utilization patterns, and predictors of antipsychotic polypharmacy: experience in a multistate Medicaid population, 1998-2003. Clin Ther. janv 2007;29(1):183-95.

101. Morrison AP, Pyle M, Gumley A, Schwannauer M, Turkington D, MacLennan G, et al. Cognitive-behavioural therapy for clozapine-resistant schizophrenia: the FOCUS RCT. Health Technol Assess. févr 2019;23(7):1-144.

102. Barretto EM de P, Kayo M, Avrichir BS, Sa AR, Camargo M das GM, Napolitano IC, et al. A preliminary controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy in clozapine-resistant schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis. nov 2009;197(11):865-8.

103. Wang G, Zheng W, Li XB, Wang SB, Cai DB, Yang XH, et al. ECT augmentation of clozapine for clozapine-resistant schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Psychiatr Res. oct 2018;105:23-32.

104. Arumugham SS, Thirthalli J, Andrade C. Efficacy and safety of combining clozapine with electrical or magnetic brain stimulation in treatment-refractory schizophrenia. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. sept 2016;9(9):1245-52.

105. de Jesus DR, Gil A, Barbosa L, Lobato MI, Magalhães PV da S, Favalli GP de S, et al. A pilot double-blind sham-controlled trial of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for patients with refractory schizophrenia treated with clozapine. Psychiatry Res. 30 juill 2011;188(2):203-7.

106. Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA. The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 1987;13(2):261-76.

107. Shafer A, Dazzi F. Meta-analysis of the positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) factor structure. J Psychiatr Res. août 2019;115:113-20.

108. Lançon C, Auquier P, Llorca PM, Martinez JL, Bougerol T, Scotto JC. Etude des propriétés psychométriques de la PANSS dans sa version française dans une population de patients schizophrènes. Encephale. févr 1997;23(1):1-9.
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110. Kircher T, Krug A, Stratmann M, Ghazi S, Schales C, Frauenheim M, et al. A rating scale for the assessment of objective and subjective formal Thought and Language Disorder (TALD). Schizophrenia Research. 1 déc 2014;160(1):216-21.

111. Andreasen NC. Scale for the assessment of thought, language, and communication (TLC). Schizophr Bull. 1986;12(3):473-82.

112. Bazin N, Lefrere F, Passerieux C, Sarfati Y, Hardy-Baylé MC. [Formal thought disorders: French translation of the Thought, Language and Communication assessment scale]. Encephale. 2002;28(2):109-19.

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115. Gache P, Michaud P, Landry U, Accietto C, Arfaoui S, Wenger O, et al. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) as a screening tool for excessive drinking in primary care: reliability and validity of a French version. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. nov 2005;29(11):2001-7.

116. Fagerstrom KO, Schneider NG. Measuring nicotine dependence: a review of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire. J Behav Med. avr 1989;12(2):159-82.

117. Etter JF, Duc TV, Perneger TV. Validity of the Fagerström test for nicotine dependence and of the Heaviness of Smoking Index among relatively light smokers. Addiction. févr 1999;94(2):269-81.

118. Legleye S, Kraus L, Piontek D, Phan O, Jouanne C. Validation of the Cannabis Abuse Screening Test in a sample of cannabis inpatients. Eur Addict Res. 2012;18(4):193-200.

119. Beck AT, Baruch E, Balter JM, Steer RA, Warman DM. A new instrument for measuring insight: the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale. Schizophr Res. 1 juin 2004;68(2-3):319-29.

120. Lançon C, Reine G, Simeoni MC, Aghababian V, Auquier P. Development and validation of a self rating quality of life scale: the S-QoL. Encephale. 2007;33(3 Pt 1):277-84.

121. Boyer L, Simeoni MC, Loundou A, D'Amato T, Reine G, Lancon C, et al. The development of the S-QoL 18: a shortened quality of life questionnaire for patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. août 2010;121(1-3):241-50.

122. Trousselard M, Steiler D, Dutheil F, Claverie D, Canini F, Fenouillet F, et al. Validation of the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS) in French psychiatric and general populations. Psychiatry Res. 30 nov 2016;245:282-90.
109. Dollfus S, Mach C, Morello R. Self-Evaluation of Negative Symptoms: A Novel Tool to Assess Negative Symptoms. Schizophr Bull. mai 2016;42(3):571-8.

110. Kircher T, Krug A, Stratmann M, Ghazi S, Schales C, Frauenheim M, et al. A rating scale for the assessment of objective and subjective formal Thought and Language Disorder (TALD). Schizophrenia Research. 1 déc 2014;160(1):216-21.

111. Andreasen NC. Scale for the assessment of thought, language, and communication (TLC). Schizophr Bull. 1986;12(3):473-82.

112. Bazin N, Lefrere F, Passerieux C, Sarfati Y, Hardy-Baylé MC. [Formal thought disorders: French translation of the Thought, Language and Communication assessment scale]. Encephale. 2002;28(2):109-19.

113. Guy W. ECDEU assessment manual for psychopharmacology. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, National Institute of Mental Health, Psychopharmacology Research Branch, Division of Extramural Research Programs; 1976. 612 p.

114. Saunders JB, Aasland OG, Babor TF, de la Fuente JR, Grant M. Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO Collaborative Project on Early Detection of Persons with Harmful Alcohol Consumption--II. Addiction. juin 1993;88(6):791-804.

115. Gache P, Michaud P, Landry U, Accietto C, Arfaoui S, Wenger O, et al. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) as a screening tool for excessive drinking in primary care: reliability and validity of a French version. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. nov 2005;29(11):2001-7.

116. Fagerstrom KO, Schneider NG. Measuring nicotine dependence: a review of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire. J Behav Med. avr 1989;12(2):159-82.

117. Etter JF, Duc TV, Perneger TV. Validity of the Fagerström test for nicotine dependence and of the Heaviness of Smoking Index among relatively light smokers. Addiction. févr 1999;94(2):269-81.

118. Legleye S, Kraus L, Piontek D, Phan O, Jouanne C. Validation of the Cannabis Abuse Screening Test in a sample of cannabis inpatients. Eur Addict Res. 2012;18(4):193-200.

119. Beck AT, Baruch E, Balter JM, Steer RA, Warman DM. A new instrument for measuring insight: the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale. Schizophr Res. 1 juin 2004;68(2-3):319-29.

120. Lançon C, Reine G, Simeoni MC, Aghababian V, Auquier P. Development and validation of a self rating quality of life scale: the S-QoL. Encephale. 2007;33(3 Pt 1):277-84.

121. Boyer L, Simeoni MC, Loundou A, D'Amato T, Reine G, Lancon C, et al. The development of the S-QoL 18: a shortened quality of life questionnaire for patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. août 2010;121(1-3):241-50.

122. Trousselard M, Steiler D, Dutheil F, Claverie D, Canini F, Fenouillet F, et al. Validation of the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS) in French psychiatric and general populations. Psychiatry Res. 30 nov 2016;245:282-90.
123. Waddell L, Taylor M. A new self-rating scale for detecting atypical or second-generation antipsychotic side effects. J Psychopharmacol. mai 2008;22(3):238-43.

124. Mortimer AM. Symptom rating scales and outcome in schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry Suppl. août 2007;50:s7-14.

125. Pinna F, Deriu L, Diana E, Perra V, Randaccio RP, Sanna L, et al. Clinical Global Impression-severity score as a reliable measure for routine evaluation of remission in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2015;14:6.

126. Leucht S, Kane JM, Kissling W, Hamann J, Etschel E, Engel RR. What does the PANSS mean? Schizophr Res. 15 nov 2005;79(2-3):231-8.

127. Vita A, Minelli A, Barlati S, Deste G, Giacopuzzi E, Valsecchi P, et al. Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: Genetic and Neuroimaging Correlates. Front Pharmacol. 2019;10:402.

128. Meyer, J.M. & Stahl, S. M. The Clozapine Handbook : Stahl’s handbook. 2019.

129. Tan MSA, Honarparvar F, Falconer JR, Parekh HS, Pandey P, Siskind DJ. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between clozapine and norclozapine serum levels and peripheral adverse drug reactions. Psychopharmacology (Berl). mars 2021;238(3):615-37.

130. Dziwota E, Stepulak MZ, Włoszczak-Szubzda A, Olajossy M. Social functioning and the quality of life of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. Ann Agric Environ Med. 14 mars 2018;25(1):50-5.

131. Grover S, Sahoo S, Rabha A, Koirala R. ECT in schizophrenia: a review of the evidence. Acta Neuropsychiatrica [Internet]. 2018 [cité 7 oct 2023];31.

132. Luykx JJ, Gonzalez-Diaz JM, Guu TW, van der Horst MZ, van Dellen E, Boks MP, et al. An international research agenda for clozapine-resistant schizophrenia. Lancet Psychiatry. août 2023;10(8):644-52.
123. Waddell L, Taylor M. A new self-rating scale for detecting atypical or second-generation antipsychotic side effects. J Psychopharmacol. mai 2008;22(3):238-43.

124. Mortimer AM. Symptom rating scales and outcome in schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry Suppl. août 2007;50:s7-14.

125. Pinna F, Deriu L, Diana E, Perra V, Randaccio RP, Sanna L, et al. Clinical Global Impression-severity score as a reliable measure for routine evaluation of remission in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2015;14:6.

126. Leucht S, Kane JM, Kissling W, Hamann J, Etschel E, Engel RR. What does the PANSS mean? Schizophr Res. 15 nov 2005;79(2-3):231-8.

127. Vita A, Minelli A, Barlati S, Deste G, Giacopuzzi E, Valsecchi P, et al. Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: Genetic and Neuroimaging Correlates. Front Pharmacol. 2019;10:402.

128. Meyer, J.M. & Stahl, S. M. The Clozapine Handbook : Stahl’s handbook. 2019.

129. Tan MSA, Honarparvar F, Falconer JR, Parekh HS, Pandey P, Siskind DJ. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between clozapine and norclozapine serum levels and peripheral adverse drug reactions. Psychopharmacology (Berl). mars 2021;238(3):615-37.

130. Dziwota E, Stepulak MZ, Włoszczak-Szubzda A, Olajossy M. Social functioning and the quality of life of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. Ann Agric Environ Med. 14 mars 2018;25(1):50-5.

131. Grover S, Sahoo S, Rabha A, Koirala R. ECT in schizophrenia: a review of the evidence. Acta Neuropsychiatrica [Internet]. 2018 [cité 7 oct 2023];31.

132. Luykx JJ, Gonzalez-Diaz JM, Guu TW, van der Horst MZ, van Dellen E, Boks MP, et al. An international research agenda for clozapine-resistant schizophrenia. Lancet Psychiatry. août 2023;10(8):644-52.
**Titre** : Comparaison du parcours de soins des patients avec un trouble schizophrénique résistant et ultra-résistant sur la base de facteurs socio-démographiques, cliniques et thérapeutiques : étude préliminaire.

**Introduction** : Les troubles schizophréniques résistants (SRT) et ultra-résistants (SURT) représentent un enjeu majeur de santé publique. L'identification de facteurs associés à ces situations, notamment les données d'anamnèse et thérapeutiques médicamenteuses et non médicamenteuses pourraient permettre de mieux repérer et prendre en soins les personnes les plus à risque. Pourtant peu d'études ont comparé le parcours de soins entre SRT et SURT. L'objectif de notre travail était d'analyser et comparer le parcours de soins entre un groupe de patient SRT et un groupe de patients SURT.

**Matériel et Méthodes** : 31 dossiers ont été inclus avec 9 patients SRT et 22 patients SURT. Des données concernant le parcours de soins ont été analysées et comparées entre les deux groupes.

**Résultats** : Les patients SURT ont tendance à avoir un parcours de soins plus précoce et un retard de prescription de clozapine comparés aux patients SRT. La qualité de vie des patients SURT était supérieure aux patients SRT.

**Conclusion** : Nos résultats allaient dans le sens d'une différence en terme de parcours de soins entre les patients ultra-résistants et résistants. De futures études devraient être réalisées avec des échantillons plus importants et un groupe contrôle afin d'infirmer ou de confirmer notre hypothèse et ainsi d'améliorer l'identification des facteurs associés à la résistance et l'ultra-résistance et de pouvoir proposer des stratégies thérapeutiques adaptées aux personnes les plus à risque.

**Mots-clés** : Troubles schizophréniques, Troubles schizophréniques résistants, Troubles schizophréniques ultra-résistants, clozapine, parcours de soins, réhabilitation psychosociale.
**Titre** : Comparaison du parcours de soins des patients avec un trouble schizophrénique résistant et ultra-résistant sur la base de facteurs socio-démographiques, cliniques et thérapeutiques : étude préliminaire.

**Introduction** : Les troubles schizophréniques résistants (SRT) et ultra-résistants (SURT) représentent un enjeu majeur de santé publique. L'identification de facteurs associés à ces situations, notamment les données d'anamnèse et thérapeutiques médicamenteuses et non médicamenteuses pourraient permettre de mieux repérer et prendre en soins les personnes les plus à risque. Pourtant peu d'études ont comparé le parcours de soins entre SRT et SURT. L'objectif de notre travail était d'analyser et comparer le parcours de soins entre un groupe de patient SRT et un groupe de patients SURT.

**Matériel et Méthodes** : 31 dossiers ont été inclus avec 9 patients SRT et 22 patients SURT. Des données concernant le parcours de soins ont été analysées et comparées entre les deux groupes.

**Résultats** : Les patients SURT ont tendance à avoir un parcours de soins plus précoce et un retard de prescription de clozapine comparés aux patients SRT. La qualité de vie des patients SURT était supérieure aux patients SRT.

**Conclusion** : Nos résultats allaient dans le sens d'une différence en terme de parcours de soins entre les patients ultra-résistants et résistants. De futures études devraient être réalisées avec des échantillons plus importants et un groupe contrôle afin d'infirmer ou de confirmer notre hypothèse et ainsi d'améliorer l'identification des facteurs associés à la résistance et l'ultra-résistance et de pouvoir proposer des stratégies thérapeutiques adaptées aux personnes les plus à risque.

**Mots-clés** : Troubles schizophréniques, Troubles schizophréniques résistants, Troubles schizophréniques ultra-résistants, clozapine, parcours de soins, réhabilitation psychosociale.