<table><caption>Table 13: Correlation matrix of root traits. Multiplying factors are shown using the significance of each correlation with p-value > 0.05 = NS, p-value < 0.05 = *, p-value < 0.01 = ** and p-value < 0.001 = ***. ARD = Average root diameter, DMC = Dry Matter Content, RD = Root Density, RLD = Root Length Density, RVD = Root Volume Density, SRL = Specific Root Length</caption><thead><tr><th></th><th>ARD</th><th>DMC</th><th>RD</th><th>RLD</th><th>RVD</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>DMC</th><td>-0.76***</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>RD</th><td>0.81***</td><td>-0.62***</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>RLD</th><td>0.02NS</td><td>-0.32NS</td><td>0.02NS</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>RVD</th><td>0.93***</td><td>-0.77***</td><td>0.85***</td><td>0.30NS</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>SRL</th><td>-0.73***</td><td>0.42*</td><td>-0.86***</td><td>0.46**</td><td>-0.63***</td></tr></tbody></table>
### 6.3.2. Species effects on soil shear strength

Apparent cohesion and angle of internal friction for each species and for the control without plants are reported in Table 4. *Vicia faba* reached the angle of internal friction of 17.9° and a cohesion of 20.2 kPa, while *Brassica napus* reached the angle of internal friction of 15.6° and a cohesion of 4.9 kPa and *Secale cereale* reached an angle of internal friction of 12.6° and a cohesion of 8.8 kPa. The control reached an angle of internal friction of 10.5° and a cohesion of 9.6 kPa (Figure 22). The variance analysis of the regressions showed that only *Vicia faba* had a higher angle of internal friction and cohesion than the control without plants, while both *Secale cereale* and *Brassica napus* did not have significantly different angle of internal friction or cohesion than the control.

<table><caption>Table 14 : Soil internal friction angle and cohesion determined from the equation $\tau = c + \sigma \tan \phi$ and the linear regression $R^2$ for each species and the control without plants.</caption><thead><tr><th></th><th>Internal friction angle</th><th>Cohesion (kPa)</th><th>R<sup>2</sup></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Vicia faba</strong></td><td>17.9°<sup>a</sup></td><td>20.19<sup>a</sup></td><td>0.63</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Brassica napus</strong></td><td>15.6°<sup>b</sup></td><td>4.87<sup>b</sup></td><td>0.71</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Secale cereale</strong></td><td>12.6°<sup>b</sup></td><td>8.78<sup>b</sup></td><td>0.44</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Control without plant</strong></td><td>10.5°<sup>b</sup></td><td>9.58<sup>b</sup></td><td>0.68</td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure><img src="image_25.png" /><figcaption>Figure 22 : Linear regression τ = c + σ tan φ for each species and the control without plants.</figcaption></figure>

**6.4. Discussion**

The main hypothesis of the present study states that roots of annual crop species will increase soil cohesion. The effect of roots on the soil shear strength was determined for three annual crop species with contrasting traits: *Brassica napus*, *Secale cereale* and *Vicia faba* (Table 4 and Fig. 3). However, only the presence of *Vicia faba* lead to an increase of soil apparent cohesion. Surprisingly, *Vicia faba* also present a significant higher angle of internal friction, as indicated by the increase compared to the control soil without roots (Fig. 3). Our results suggest that some annual crop species could have a positive effect on soil shear strength. Bias in the determination of shear stress due to stresses building up during the test at the edges of the soil core is possible and encourage to choose larger soil core. In our study, a mean strain at failure of 3.5 mm was considered small as compared to the diameter of the soil cores. In addition, the size of the soil cores of the present study followed the ASTM recommendation of ratio between the size of the sample and the maximum particle size of the material to be tested (ASTM Standard D 420–D 4914, Soil and Rock, Annual Book of ASTM Standards Vol. 04.08, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA).
No increase in soil shear strength was observed for *Brassica napus* or *Secale cereale* (Table 4, Fig. 4), even though the two species showed contrasting root types: a taproot in *Brassica napus* and a fibrous root system for in *Secale cereale* (Table 2, Fig. 2). A rooted soil does thus not present systemically a higher shear strength. The soil reinforcement to shear does also not rely on the root type. Therefore, the effects of roots on shear strength would then be controlled by root traits. Thus, characterisation of root traits would be necessary to improve our understanding of root-soil interactions with regards to soil conservation in agroecosystems.

Previous studies examining the relationships between root traits and mechanical soil properties have shown that the RLD (Osman and Barakbah, 2006; Stokes et al., 2009), the RD (Ali and Osman 2008), the root area ratio, the root tensile strength that is negatively correlated to root diameter (De Baets et al., 2008; Ali and Osman 2008; Operstein and Frydman 2000), and the root type (Ghestem et al., 2014; Li et al., 2017) are involved in soil shear strength, notably in the slope's protection against landslides. In comparing root traits and soil shear strength between species, the present study has allowed the identification of the main traits involved in the increase in soil shear strength by annual crop roots.

Out of the five traits that distinguish *Vicia faba* from the two other species, three root traits (RD, DMC and SRL) differed between *Brassica napus* and *Secale cereale* (Fig. 2) while the cohesion and the angle of internal friction remain similar. It indicates that these three root traits do not directly influence the soil shear strength. Contrary to the landslide literature, our results showed that RLD of these annual crop species did not influence shear strength as it did not discriminate *Vicia faba* from the other species. The low RLD of these crop species (2.1-2,8 cm.cm⁻³) compared to perennial herbaceous, shrub and tree species (more 300 cm.cm⁻³), would explain the absence of relationships between RLD with soil shear strength in this study. Interesting result is that annual crop specie with low RLD can positively influence soil shear strength. Results showed that soil shear strength was highest in the specie with the high ARD and RVD. This result is contradictory to the literature because root diameter is negatively correlated with the root tensile strength that is an important root trait involved in soil shear strength (Bischetti et al., 2005; De Baets et al., 2008; Gyssels et al., 2005; Operstein and Frydman, 2000; Wu et al., 1979). ARD would not be a root trait involved in soil shear strength in annual crop species. RVD in *Vicia faba*
reflects the number of roots and was, therefore, expected to play a role in the increase of shear strength by roots. RDV could play an important role in soil shear strength. The divergence of root traits effects on soil shear strength in the literature could be also explained by the various methods (Freschet et al. 2020), as the variation of the soil moisture content (e.g. saturated, partially saturated, no saturated, no known), the larger soil core in shear box, the vast differences in magnitude of root traits between annual crops and perennial plants (Roumet et al. 2006) that are principally represented by shrubs and trees in landslide literature (Freschet et al. 2020). This may hinder the generalisability of the results from these studies to agroecosystems and explain the contradictions between our results and the literature. However, other root traits not measured in this study could also play a role in soil shear strength, such as the insertion angle of the roots or the roots' vertical and horizontal distribution in the soil (Stokes et al. 2009). Future studies examining the effects of root traits on soil shear strength should include a larger range of root traits in crop species.

In our study, *Vicia faba* was found to be related to a larger cohesion and angle of internal friction. RVD appeared to be the root trait involved in both soil cohesion and the angle of internal friction increase. Here, *Vicia faba* high value of RVD is mainly due to its fibrous system and not due to a large taproot. It is thus related to the root capacity to spread and colonize the soil. The root effects seems not to be due to the root capacity to resist tension (root tensile strength) as *Vicia faba* provide the highest ARD. The main hypothesis is thus that the air replacement by roots in the soil (i.e. the pore filling) is the main responsible of the soil reinforcement without any root special capacity to resist tension.

The roots effects on the angle of internal friction is in accordance with the study by Graf et al. (2009). The current authors found a positive root effect on the angle of internal friction. They applied a maximum normal stress of 100 kPa during the shear tests, which was larger than the maximum normal stress used in studies in which evidence of roots' effect on soil angle of internal friction was lacking. The hypothesis is thus that roots could influence positively the soil angle of internal friction, but a low maximum normal stress applied during shear tests might prevent identifying this effect (Giadrossich et al. 2017).
Our results indicated an increase of 0.14 kPa kPa⁻¹ in the slope of *Vicia faba* compared to the control treatment without plants. This means that with a normal stress of 300 kPa, which could be found beneath tyres of agricultural machinery (Lamandé and Schjønning 2011a), shear strength would be increase by 42 kPa thanks to this angle of internal friction increase. In the contexts of landslide protection and riverbank stability, normal stress is applied by overburden soil and is therefore lower. In these contexts, a small increase in soil shear strength by friction could thus easily be outcompeted by a significant increase in cohesion due to large perennial plants roots. It could also explain why roots effect on the angle of internal friction was not identified. In agroecosystems, the friction increase by roots could play a major role to prevent soil shearing during traffic in agricultural fields. Our results provide a step toward a better understanding of the effects of crop roots on soil shear strength through the increase of both soil cohesion and angle of internal friction.

## 6.5. Conclusion

This trait-based study allowed the identification of the effects of annual crop roots on soil shear strength and provided information about which root traits might be relevant for soil compaction mitigation. The type of root (fibrous or taproot) did not influence soil shear strength. Our results showed crop species with low root length density could improve soil shear strength and that the root volume density may be the main root trait correlated to a higher soil cohesion and angle of internal friction. These results provide an evidence of the possible effect of roots on soil shear strength in agroecosystems and demonstrate the potential of designing cropping systems with improved soil structure protection. To do so, further experiment should study roots effects on soil shear strength by using large root traits gradient and undisturbed soil sample from agricultural fields.

## Acknowledgements

We gratefully thank the technical support of Céline Roisin, Aurore Coutelier and Vincent Hervé. We also thanks all the Agrilab team for the huge support provided to build the shear box.

This work has been supported by the Chair in Agricultural Machinery and New Technologies, backed by InstitutPolytechnique UniLaSalle with financial support from the Michelin Corporate Foundation,
AGCO Massey-Ferguson, Kuhn, the Hauts-de-France Regional Council and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF).
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# DISCUSSION
# 7. DISCUSSION

Numerous technological advances, soil management practices, modelling approaches and agroecological practices ensuring bio-alleviation of soil compaction were developed and adapted in recent years to cope with soil compaction in agrosystems. Agricultural system advocating reduced tillage or no-tillage such as conservation agriculture simultaneously increased in popularity and adoption in Europe (Friedrich et al., 2012). These conceptual systems offers many advantages such as reducing soil erosion (Palm et al., 2014), increasing soil biodiversity (Henneron et al., 2015), optimizing phosphorus acquisition (Honvault et al., 2020) or reducing nitrate leaching (Martens, 2001) but also numerous drawbacks such as weed infestation (Nichols et al., 2015) or yield loss (Pittelkow et al., 2015). The absence of tillage also lead to surface compaction in surface which was conventionally attenuated by this practice. Existing solutions are mainly designed for conventional system and might not be adaptable to conservation agriculture. To cope with compaction, conservation agriculture mainly rely on bio-alleviation by roots and soil fauna (Büchi et al., 2018; Capowiez et al., 2012). However, the regeneration of a compacted soil is a slow process and can take years. The hypothesis guiding this PhD is that roots which are nearly constantly present in a conservation agriculture system could play a role not only on the compaction alleviation but also directly on compaction during traffic. In agrosystems, soil compaction is derived from two processes: compression (the vertical stress) and shearing (the horizontal stress). Compression induce a decrease of soil pore volume, while shear modify the shape of the soil pore system affecting pore continuity. Both processes induce harmful consequences on soil services which eventually can decrease crops yields. Roots effects on soil shear strength have been highlighted in different context such as landslide or riverbank stability (Ghestem et al., 2014; Pollen and Simon, 2005; Schmidt et al., 2001). We thus attempted to examine whether roots might be able to conserve soil physical properties during traffic thanks to their effects on soil reinforcement to shear. The objective of this PhD was hence to validate the potential capacity of roots to conserve soil physical properties during traffic. The functional approach taken provide insight of the root-soil relationships involved in the conservation of soil physical properties during traffic, producing novel knowledge toward the potential optimal cover crop designs to cope with soil compaction.
# 7.1. Evidences of the root effects on soil physical properties conservation during traffic and their implication in compaction mitigation

## 7.1.1. Trait effects on soil properties conservation during traffic

The conservation of soil properties during traffic could be a good complementary solution to reduce the loss of soil services induced by compaction. The objective of our first experiment was to examine the relationships between root traits and soil physical properties after traffic to understand the role of roots in the reduction of soil compaction during traffic. Our results showed a clear link between roots length per soil volume and a better conservation of soil capacity to let air and water flow (Chapter 1). Our second experiment also supported root capacity to conserve soil physical properties during traffic (Chapter 2). In both cases, one of the major results was that roots did not systematically permit to conserve soil properties during traffic. Roots thus appear to be able to prevent soil compaction and conserve soil physical properties during traffic but this capacity is linked to specific root traits.

Our hypothesis is that the soil physical properties conservation by roots is due, at least partially, to a soil reinforcement by roots. This hypothesis is based on evidence of the root capacity to increase soil shear strength in other contexts (e.g. Pollen-Bankhead and Simon, 2010; Schmidt et al., 2001; Stokes et al., 2009). However, compaction induced in agrosystems has fundamental particularities in the:

* *Rates and ranges of deformation:* Vertical and horizontal stress are applied to the soil over a very short amount of time in agrosystems (Keller and Lamandé 2010). Applied vertical stress by agricultural machinery is much greater than overburden stress (e.g. Lamandé and Schjønning 2011), and shearing mainly occurs in the shallow soil layer (<30 cm in depth) (Berisso et al. 2013) where the soil is not necessarily saturated.
Deformation also occurs though the whole soil profile rather than along a single shearing plane.

*   *Root traits:* Species encountered are mainly annual or biannual crop species with the range of root traits it implies and stress happens where roots are the most densely present (Osman and Barakbah 2006).

Therefore, root traits highlighted as key factors in other context might not be as important in agrosystems. Compared to the landslide context where the objective is to increase soil shear strength of specific vulnerable layers, in agrosystem the objective should be to reinforce the soil profile homogeneously to avoid weak points, vulnerable to deformation. Traits related to a homogeneous distribution of roots in the soil could thus play a central role in compaction mitigation. Root traits related to the density of roots per soil volume could thus be of particular interest. Three root traits reflected the density of roots in the soil: the root length density, the root density and the root volume density which are respectively the roots length, dry weight and volume per soil volume. However, plants with taproots for example can have most of their root volume or weight concentrated in that structure, and thus the root density and root volume density are not always related to a homogeneous distribution of roots in the soil. The best way to assess the root capacity to occupy the soil might be to measure only the weight or volume density of the fibrous system. It allows to take in account the length but also the thickness of the fibrous system which might play a complementary role in soil physical properties conservation during traffic. Architectural root traits could also be interesting such as the root angle of insertion in the soil (Ghestem et al., 2014) or the root typology (Physical organisation of root branching, Stokes et al. (2009)). The morphology of the pore system and the root architecture could be studied using X-ray computed tomography (Naveed et al., 2016) coupled with air permeability measurement to better understand the root effects and their capacity to conserve soil physical properties.
### 7.1.2. Relationships between root traits, soil physical properties and stress applied and their application to the conservation of soil physical properties

The second experiment highlighted that identical root attributes did not have the same effects on the soil physical properties conservation according to the soil properties or the type or the range of stress applied. The root capacity to conserve soil physical properties is thus not only related to the root traits expression but depend on complex processes involving root traits, soil properties and their response to the stress applied. Stress induced by traffic in agrosystems propagate through the whole soil profile in every direction and deformation will mostly happen where the stress is the highest (close to the tyres) and/or where the soil is the weakest. Soil strength could be heterogeneous, mostly between the different horizontal layers as only the topsoil can be tilled and some layer could be compacted (e.g. plowpan). In our experiment we highlighted species that were able to (1) conserve soil physical properties regardless of the stress applied and the initial soil physical properties (2) only conserve soil physical properties when the stress applied is lower or (3) only conserve soil physical properties when the soil is not tilled (i.e. when the soil initial strength is higher). Interestingly, no single root trait measured was able to differentiate the species effects on soil properties conservation. Even the root length density did not discriminate species from one-another which could have explained their different impacts on soil physical properties conservation. Our experiment however does support that roots are able to play a major role in the soil physical properties conservation during traffic. However, roots effects depend on root traits which have yet to be fully identified and also on the soil properties and on the type and range of stress applied. There is thus a need to further investigate the different processes that could be involved in the soil properties conservation by roots during traffic in agrosystem.

### 7.1.3. Roots increasing soil shear strength: a plausible explanation

Our in-situ experiment produced solid evidences of the role of roots in soil physical properties conservation during traffic. The next step is now to understand the processes through which roots
conserve soil physical properties. As described earlier, compaction could be divided in two sub-
processes: the horizontal stress and the vertical stress which are respectively called shear and
compression. Both of these processes are detrimental to the soil pore system as the compression will
decrease pore volume while shear will break pore continuity. Both will thus directly be related to the
soil physical properties measured with the bulk density highlighting soil compression and the air
permeability underlining soil shear. Compression is often considered as the most harmful process
because of the deep deformation induced by compression. Shear stress moreover mainly induces soil
deformation close to the surface. Therefore, in a conventional system where soil is frequently tilled,
shear's consequences are mainly erased while compression's consequences remain pronounced in the
deep soil layers. In a no-tilled or reduced-tilled system, the adverse effects of shearing could become
the most harmful process as it will decrease or even nullify the top soil capacity to let air and water
properly flow through the soil. In the in-situ experiments, the soil physical properties conservation was
observed at 0.1m depth directly after traffic (i.e. soil was not tilled between the traffic and the
measurement). Consequently, the conservation observed should be related to the soil reaction to shear
which should be observed under such circumstances.

Roots roles in soil shear strength were already widely described in the context of landslide or riverbank
stability (Pollen and Simon, 2005; Stokes et al., 2009). However, most studies work with tree and shrub
species, or perennial herbaceous species which produces different gradient of root traits than the roots
attributes of annual species. We thus decided to assess shear strength reinforcement by the roots of
annual species. The comparison between a bare soil and three species highlighted that annual roots were
able to increase soil shear strength significantly (Chapter 3). Roots could thus have increased soil shear
strength in the in-situ experiments in a similar manner which could explain, at least partially, the soil
physical properties conservation. Among the three studied crop species, only one specie presented a
significantly higher soil shear strength than the bare soil. The presence of roots thus did not increase soil
shear strength systematically. As observed in for the soil physical properties conservation, the roots
capacity to increase soil shear strength depends on a number of specific root traits. In our experiment,
the main root traits that discriminate specie impact on soil shear strength reinforcement was not the root
length density but the root volume density and the root average diameter which were significantly higher
in Faba bean. This supports the hypothesis that the root length density might not be the only root traits
involved in the conservation of soil physical properties and that the thickness of the fibrous system
should play a complementary role. However, we observed a difference between the roots capacity to
conserve soil physical properties and roots capacity to increase soil shear strength. Indeed, it seems that
roots is more often capable to conserve, at least some soil physical properties, than capable of increasing
soil shear strength. It thus raise the hypothesis that roots capacity to maintain soil physical properties
during traffic might not only due to a soil reinforcement to shear. The first possible complementary
process is the soil reinforcement to compression by roots. Evidences of an effect of roots on soil
compression strength are scarce, but Kleinfelder et al. (1992) showed that roots are able to increase soil
compressive strength. However, the context is yet again different from our system of interest and the
studies conclude that strength acquired by perennial roots was not large enough to withstand stress
induced by moving cattle. In the field, the potential soil reinforcement to compression by roots of annual
plants might be insignificant compared to the high compressive stress induced by traffic.

The second possible complementary process could be that roots prevent pores breakages without
systematically increasing soil strength. Pollen (2007) stated that “soil is strong in compression but weak
in tension. Conversely, roots are weak in compression but strong in tension”. The hypothesis is that
roots do not increase soil shear strength sufficiently to avoid deformation during traffic. However, roots
inside pores will resist tension and will not break during shearing which will keep the pore more tortuous
but continuous (Figure 23).
<figure><img src="image_26.png" /></figure>

Figure 23: Schematic representation of soil deformation after shearing stress. The dotted lines represent the bare soil deformation. a: Soil before shear : water and air can flow freely through the pore. b: Soil after shear : without roots pore continuity is broken. Air and water cannot flow anymore through the pore. c: Rooted soil after shear : Root increase soil shear strength and limit soil deformation. Pore continuity is not broken and water and air can still flow through the pore. d: Hypothetic rooted soil after shear : Root did not increase soil shear strength and soil deformation is the same. Root did not break and kept the pore continuous, which allow air and water to flow through.

7.2. Knowledge gaps and perspectives to improve the understanding of plant capacity to conserve soil properties during traffic
### 7.2.1. Study perspectives for the integration of the effects of root traits on soil reinforcement processes to conserve soil physical properties during traffic

Highlighting evidences of the plants' implication in the conservation of soil physical properties during traffic was the first step of this thesis. We underline that root traits of annual crop species are able to increase soil shear strength and that it should explain at least partially the soil physical properties conservation. However, more studies are required to well-understand how plants are able to conserve soil physical properties during traffic. Previous studies highlighted the major role of the root tensile strength in soil reinforcement. Our studies highlight mainly morphological root traits involved in the conservation of soil physical properties during traffic. Future studies should thus assess the gradient of root tensile strength present in annual plants and identify the role it could play conjointly with root morphological traits in soil reinforcement or in soil physical properties conservation in agrosystems. Soil shear strength and soil physical properties conservation should also be measured simultaneously. Doing so would allow us to examine whether soil reinforcement to shear is the major factor playing a role in the conservation of soil physical properties.

Other process not taken into account in our study could also be influential such as the role of the aboveground biomass on the stress transmission which was hardly ever measured in literature. Silva et al. (2016) showed that presence of straw can reduce the pressure applied on the soil by increasing the contact area. Dense living biomass could thus serve as a mat of sort, reducing the stress applied on the soil and could decrease deformation induced on the soil. Finally, the role of the soil microorganisms was not taken into account in our experiment. Their relationship with soil structure is known (Cui and Holden, 2015) and their activities could be shaped by the roots (Mendes et al., 1999). The hypothesis is that different microbial communities would have been promoted by the species selected and could have had various effects on soil aggregation and on soil structure which could finally influenced the conservation of soil properties during traffic.
### 7.2.2. Functionally diverse mixtures to optimize the compaction mitigation during traffic

Roots are able to counteract the deformation and their capacity to colonize the soil and fill the pore seems to be a key factor to conserve soil physical properties during traffic. Roots distribution in the soil is highly heterogeneous given the high variation of architectural root traits among species and varieties and the high root plasticity in response to soil heterogeneity in the same species (Figure 24). Reinforcing the topsoil is most important as it's where the stress will be the highest. However even if the reinforced topsoil is less deformed, it will not limit stress propagation and deformation can occur deeper if soil is weaker in deeper layers. Complementarity effects could thus be expected for plant associations with architectural root traits reinforcing both the soil surface as well as the deeper layers and thus fully limiting deformation. Diverse species with contrasting architectural and morphological root traits in mixtures would be the best-suited solution to colonise and reinforce the different parts of the soil homogenously. A Perspective is then to study the plausible complementarity between architectural root traits by comparing monospecific and multispecific crops presenting high functional diversity and their effects on soil properties conservation. Our experiments only highlighted the role of the root morphology and its distribution in the soil, however other root traits could be involved including root traits related to the root capacity to increase soil shear strength independently of the density as for example the root tensile strength. Species selected should thus present root traits influential on two properties: (1) the root capacity to increase soil shear strength and (2) the spreading pattern that will define the preferential growing horizon. We highlighted that root capacity to increase soil shear strength is one process involved in the soil physical properties conservation during traffic but other processes might also play a role. Once the process is well-identified and understood, multispecific crops could also be selected to provide even higher benefits via several simultaneous processes.
<figure><img src="image_27.png" /><figcaption>Figure 24: Schematic representation of architectural diversity and its effect on soil reinforcement. Blue roots reinforce the topsoil while red roots will mainly reinforce the layer underneath.</figcaption></figure>

### 7.2.3. Designing cover crops using spatial diversity to conserve soil properties during traffic and provide supplementary services

Cover crops offer to provide a wide range of ecosystems services as opposed to main crops which are selected to correspond to the specific expectations (yield and/or quality). Cover crops could thus be selected to provide optimal soil reinforcement to properly conserve soil properties during traffic. However, it could affect other services commonly provided by cover crops and trade-offs could occur between services (Figure 25, Schipanski et al., 2014). A conventional agricultural system in the North of France typically does not involve many field operations during the cover-cropping period. In this context, cover crops generally grow during winter between September and March which is also a critical period as the soil is the wettest. The two most common operations during this period are manure spreading and sowing if the cover crops are not destroyed before. The most harmful operation is manure spreading as the machinery is heavier. To reduce the trade-offs between services provided by cover crops, a spatial diversification is conceivable. The principle would be to sow cover crops by strip with different services selected for each strip. This way, manure spreading could occur on specific strip conceived to provide high root length density and/or high root volume density which will provide efficient soil reinforcement to limit soil compaction induced during the operation. On the other hand,
side strip could be selected to provide others services such as reduced nitrate leaching or limiting
erosion. However, the general spreading width is not that large compared to the general tractor width
which constrain side strips size. Cover crops design could thus be conceived spatially to optimize soil
reinforcement and also to supply other services. The challenges of managing cover crop designs and
providing targeted services based on the functional trait approach are to take in account the intraspecific
variation of root traits and the effects of abiotic factors as well as the effects of plant functional diversity
on soil services. The next step is then to design for adapted complementary solutions in order to
maximize the prevention of soil compaction spatially in the field and temporally for every field
operations to conserve soil properties and other services ensured by cover crops

<figure><img src="image_28.png" /><figcaption>Figure 25 : Normalized valued for 11 ecosystem services and two economic metrics averaged across the 3-year rotation of cropping systems with (CC) and without (NoCC) cover crops. (Schipanski et al., 2014)</figcaption></figure>
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# Appendices

<figure><img src="image_29.png" /></figure>

<table><thead><tr><th>b) Bulk density<br>(g.cm<sup>-3</sup>)</th><th>C1</th><th>C2</th><th>C3</th><th>C4</th><th>C5</th><th>C6</th><th>C7</th><th>C8</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>L1</th><td>XX</td><td>1.31</td><td>XX</td><td>1.26</td><td>1.21</td><td>1.23</td><td>1.25</td><td>1.27</td></tr><tr><th>L2</th><td>1.40</td><td>1.26</td><td>1.32</td><td>1.29</td><td>1.30</td><td>1.31</td><td>1.21</td><td>1.24</td></tr><tr><th>L3</th><td>1.30</td><td>1.22</td><td>1.24</td><td>1.17</td><td>1.24</td><td>1.19</td><td>1.23</td><td>1.26</td></tr></tbody></table>

Appendice 1: (a) Experimental design of the first experiment. Bulk density variation was measured on the whole plot before the experiment implementation. To do so, bulk density was measured on 24 points distributed in three lines (L1, L2 and L3) and eight columns (C1, C2... and C8). (b) Bulk density value for each point before the experiment implementation.
a)

<figure><img src="image_30.png" /></figure>

<table><thead><tr><th>b) Bulk density (g.cm<sup>-3</sup>)</th><th>C1</th><th>C2</th><th>C3</th><th>C4</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>L1</td><td>1.40</td><td>1.28</td><td>1.33</td><td>1.35</td></tr><tr><td>L2</td><td>1.28</td><td>XX</td><td>1.35</td><td>XX</td></tr><tr><td>L3</td><td>XX</td><td>1.36</td><td>1.36</td><td>1.36</td></tr><tr><td>L4</td><td>1.38</td><td>1.34</td><td>1.30</td><td>XX</td></tr><tr><td>L5</td><td>XX</td><td>1.41</td><td>XX</td><td>1.35</td></tr><tr><td>L6</td><td>1.35</td><td>1.44</td><td>1.45</td><td>1.34</td></tr><tr><td>L7</td><td>1.34</td><td>1.41</td><td>XX</td><td>1.25</td></tr><tr><td>L8</td><td>1.34</td><td>XX</td><td>1.31</td><td>1.39</td></tr><tr><td>L9</td><td>1.34</td><td>1.33</td><td>1.34</td><td>1.43</td></tr><tr><td>L10</td><td>XX</td><td>XX</td><td>1.41</td><td>1.36</td></tr><tr><td>L11</td><td>1.40</td><td>1.50</td><td>1.43</td><td>1.40</td></tr><tr><td>L12</td><td>XX</td><td>XX</td><td>1.51</td><td>1.28</td></tr></tbody></table>

Appendice 2: (a) Experimental design of the second experiment. Bulk density variation was measured on the whole plot before the experiment implementation. To do so, bulk density was measured on 48 points distributed in twelve lines (L1, L2... and L12) and four columns (C1, C2, C3 and C4). (b) Bulk density value for each point before the experiment implementation
<table><caption>Appendice 3 : Root traits raw data of the first experiment</caption><thead><tr><th>Code</th><th>Dryweight (g)</th><th>501vol(m3)</th><th>0&lt;L&lt;=0.50 (cm)</th><th>0.50&lt;L&lt;=1.0</th><th>1.0&lt;L&lt;=1.50</th><th>1.50&lt;L&lt;=2.0</th><th>2.0&lt;L&lt;=2.50</th><th>2.50&lt;L&lt;=3.0</th><th>3.0&lt;L&lt;=3.50</th><th>3.50&lt;L&lt;=4.0</th><th>4.0&lt;L&lt;=4.50</th><th>Total length (cm)</th><th>Total length fine roots (cm)</th><th>% Fine roots</th><th>RLD (cm/m3)</th><th>SRL (m/g)</th><th>RD (g/m3)</th><th>DMC</th><th>N total</th><th>CN</th><th>C total</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Avena strigosa1</td><td>2.78</td><td>0.02</td><td>671.92</td><td>96.69</td><td>18.41</td><td>6.35</td><td>0.70</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>794.07</td><td>793.37</td><td>1.0</td><td>38735.13</td><td>2.85</td><td>135.73</td><td>0.26</td><td>Avena strigosa</td><td>7.1</td><td>57.2</td><td>407.0</td></tr><tr><td>Avena strigosa2</td><td>3.15</td><td>0.02</td><td>669.61</td><td>82.37</td><td>8.67</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>760.65</td><td>760.65</td><td>1.0</td><td>37104.80</td><td>2.42</td><td>153.45</td><td>0.33</td><td>Brassica napus</td><td>14.1</td><td>30.6</td><td>430.7</td></tr><tr><td>Avena strigosa3</td><td>1.92</td><td>0.02</td><td>101.90</td><td>195.09</td><td>31.89</td><td>7.26</td><td>6.09</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.48</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.19</td><td>1242.90</td><td>1236.15</td><td>0.99</td><td>60629.43</td><td>6.47</td><td>93.78</td><td>0.35</td><td>Vicia faba</td><td>21.4</td><td>20.6</td><td>440.4</td></tr><tr><td>Brassica Napus1</td><td>1.26</td><td>0.02</td><td>1205.47</td><td>161.42</td><td>60.39</td><td>23.70</td><td>17.17</td><td>10.23</td><td>4.28</td><td>1.64</td><td>2.96</td><td>1487.27</td><td>1450.98</td><td>0.98</td><td>72549.80</td><td>11.84</td><td>61.30</td><td>0.18</td><td>Lathyrus sativus</td><td>20.5</td><td>21.2</td><td>434.6</td></tr><tr><td>Brassica Napus2</td><td>1.97</td><td>0.02</td><td>1182.11</td><td>155.75</td><td>45.50</td><td>19.18</td><td>14.78</td><td>4.76</td><td>3.62</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>1425.69</td><td>1402.53</td><td>0.98</td><td>69545.99</td><td>7.32</td><td>96.16</td><td>0.21</td><td>Linum usitatissimum</td><td>11.3</td><td>39.9</td><td>448.7</td></tr><tr><td>Brassica Napus3</td><td>1.66</td><td>0.02</td><td>853.61</td><td>135.46</td><td>35.37</td><td>13.22</td><td>3.70</td><td>3.11</td><td>2.55</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>1047.0</td><td>1037.65</td><td>0.99</td><td>51073.31</td><td>6.32</td><td>80.75</td><td>0.19</td><td>Mellotus off1</td><td>16.7</td><td>28.2</td><td>471.3</td></tr><tr><td>Vicia faba1</td><td>1.52</td><td>0.02</td><td>472.30</td><td>87.79</td><td>14.41</td><td>5.97</td><td>3.34</td><td>2.55</td><td>3.41</td><td>1.72</td><td>0.36</td><td>591.85</td><td>580.46</td><td>0.98</td><td>28870.54</td><td>3.89</td><td>74.20</td><td>0.36</td><td>Mellotus off2</td><td>34.1</td><td>13.8</td><td>472.2</td></tr><tr><td>Vicia faba2</td><td>0.77</td><td>0.02</td><td>508.07</td><td>148.08</td><td>20.67</td><td>8.19</td><td>5.12</td><td>4.77</td><td>3.23</td><td>4.05</td><td>0.93</td><td>703.11</td><td>685.0</td><td>0.97</td><td>34298.14</td><td>9.11</td><td>37.66</td><td>0.26</td><td>Brassica juncea</td><td>10.2</td><td>46.0</td><td>469.6</td></tr><tr><td>Vicia faba3</td><td>1.27</td><td>0.02</td><td>306.33</td><td>131.10</td><td>26.01</td><td>7.27</td><td>4.95</td><td>2.39</td><td>2.55</td><td>1.76</td><td>0.94</td><td>483.30</td><td>470.72</td><td>0.97</td><td>23575.68</td><td>3.81</td><td>61.88</td><td>0.22</td><td>Brassica rapa1</td><td>18.0</td><td>24.4</td><td>438.5</td></tr><tr><td>Lathyrus sativus1</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.02</td><td>75.24</td><td>19.73</td><td>3.72</td><td>0.66</td><td>0.18</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>99.68</td><td>99.36</td><td>1.0</td><td>4862.25</td><td>50.34</td><td>0.97</td><td>0.16</td><td>Brassica rapa2</td><td>39.6</td><td>10.8</td><td>427.9</td></tr><tr><td>Lathyrus sativus2</td><td>0.25</td><td>0.02</td><td>348.61</td><td>63.57</td><td>17.65</td><td>12.33</td><td>7.47</td><td>2.22</td><td>0.60</td><td>0.50</td><td>0.11</td><td>453.07</td><td>442.16</td><td>0.98</td><td>2210.82</td><td>18.16</td><td>12.17</td><td>0.21</td><td>Pisum sativum</td><td>21.3</td><td>20.0</td><td>425.4</td></tr><tr><td>Lathyrus sativus3</td><td>0.25</td><td>0.02</td><td>295.93</td><td>117.56</td><td>26.29</td><td>5.19</td><td>2.78</td><td>2.35</td><td>0.40</td><td>0.15</td><td>0.0</td><td>450.64</td><td>444.97</td><td>0.99</td><td>21982.64</td><td>18.19</td><td>12.09</td><td>0.14</td><td>Raphanus sativus1</td><td>8.6</td><td>46.6</td><td>398.4</td></tr><tr><td>Linum usitatissimum1</td><td>0.18</td><td>0.02</td><td>522.33</td><td>88.58</td><td>10.25</td><td>2.89</td><td>0.25</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>624.29</td><td>624.04</td><td>1.0</td><td>30453.21</td><td>35.27</td><td>8.63</td><td>0.26</td><td>Raphanus sativus2</td><td>8.7</td><td>48.3</td><td>421.3</td></tr><tr><td>Linum usitatissimum2</td><td>0.99</td><td>0.02</td><td>1398.81</td><td>242.57</td><td>60.18</td><td>32.89</td><td>16.14</td><td>4.70</td><td>1.42</td><td>0.26</td><td>0.16</td><td>1757.13</td><td>1734.45</td><td>0.99</td><td>85713.65</td><td>17.80</td><td>48.15</td><td>0.31</td><td>Secale cereale1</td><td>9.4</td><td>26.6</td><td>251.4</td></tr><tr><td>Linum usitatissimum3</td><td>0.83</td><td>0.02</td><td>1033.87</td><td>280.27</td><td>67.33</td><td>30.57</td><td>9.53</td><td>3.39</td><td>1.42</td><td>0.40</td><td>0.0</td><td>1426.79</td><td>1412.04</td><td>0.99</td><td>69599.63</td><td>17.12</td><td>40.66</td><td>0.37</td><td>Secale cereale2</td><td>10.0</td><td>15.2</td><td>152.7</td></tr><tr><td>Mellotus off1</td><td>1.48</td><td>0.02</td><td>688.08</td><td>230.74</td><td>69.93</td><td>20.36</td><td>7.87</td><td>2.66</td><td>3.47</td><td>1.30</td><td>0.64</td><td>1023.04</td><td>107.11</td><td>0.98</td><td>49904.26</td><td>6.92</td><td>72.17</td><td>0.32</td><td>Trifolium incararatum</td><td>14.3</td><td>29.6</td><td>423.8</td></tr><tr><td>Mellotus off2</td><td>9.20</td><td>0.02</td><td>826.57</td><td>216.39</td><td>75.11</td><td>30.80</td><td>17.91</td><td>12.40</td><td>11.59</td><td>4.66</td><td>4.51</td><td>1199.93</td><td>1148.87</td><td>0.96</td><td>58533.09</td><td>1.30</td><td>448.57</td><td>0.29</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mellotus off3</td><td>25.05</td><td>0.02</td><td>1408.80</td><td>416.68</td><td>149.36</td><td>67.91</td><td>39.78</td><td>29.69</td><td>23.60</td><td>16.83</td><td>16.34</td><td>2169.0</td><td>2042.75</td><td>0.94</td><td>105804.93</td><td>0.87</td><td>1221.86</td><td>0.34</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Brassica juncea1</td><td>1.70</td><td>0.02</td><td>1014.33</td><td>141.32</td><td>52.98</td><td>23.52</td><td>14.59</td><td>7.50</td><td>3.75</td><td>2.74</td><td>1.37</td><td>1262.08</td><td>1232.14</td><td>0.98</td><td>61564.80</td><td>7.41</td><td>83.03</td><td>0.26</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Brassica juncea2</td><td>1.59</td><td>0.02</td><td>929.59</td><td>153.27</td><td>56.68</td><td>33.46</td><td>24.89</td><td>14.52</td><td>6.85</td><td>4.27</td><td>2.18</td><td>1225.72</td><td>1173.0</td><td>0.96</td><td>59791.40</td><td>7.72</td><td>77.40</td><td>0.29</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Brassica juncea3</td><td>1.02</td><td>0.02</td><td>609.89</td><td>130.69</td><td>50.45</td><td>23.73</td><td>10.42</td><td>4.95</td><td>3.17</td><td>1.97</td><td>1.39</td><td>836.67</td><td>814.77</td><td>0.97</td><td>40813.04</td><td>8.18</td><td>49.88</td><td>0.37</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Brassica rapa1</td><td>8.06</td><td>0.02</td><td>946.16</td><td>115.38</td><td>29.21</td><td>10.98</td><td>5.71</td><td>4.83</td><td>0.91</td><td>3.70</td><td>1.62</td><td>1118.49</td><td>1101.72</td><td>0.99</td><td>54560.73</td><td>1.39</td><td>393.05</td><td>0.16</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Brassica rapa2</td><td>5.38</td><td>0.02</td><td>746.07</td><td>115.31</td><td>35.97</td><td>13.33</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>910.69</td><td>910.69</td><td>1.0</td><td>44423.86</td><td>1.69</td><td>262.22</td><td>0.22</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Brassica rapa3</td><td>1.99</td><td>0.02</td><td>548.81</td><td>42.38</td><td>24.77</td><td>11.74</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>627.70</td><td>627.70</td><td>1.0</td><td>30619.52</td><td>3.15</td><td>97.20</td><td>0.23</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pisum sativum1</td><td>0.29</td><td>0.02</td><td>346.87</td><td>102.26</td><td>28.79</td><td>7.98</td><td>4.42</td><td>3.81</td><td>3.20</td><td>2.86</td><td>0.95</td><td>501.14</td><td>485.90</td><td>0.97</td><td>24445.79</td><td>17.33</td><td>14.10</td><td>0.12</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pisum sativum2</td><td>0.30</td><td>0.02</td><td>340.26</td><td>121.64</td><td>30.68</td><td>10.35</td><td>4.87</td><td>3.09</td><td>0.93</td><td>0.62</td><td>0.23</td><td>512.66</td><td>502.92</td><td>0.98</td><td>25077.79</td><td>17.28</td><td>14.47</td><td>0.19</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pisum sativum3</td><td>0.33</td><td>0.02</td><td>617.83</td><td>182.13</td><td>34.66</td><td>9.94</td><td>2.61</td><td>0.99</td><td>0.21</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.17</td><td>848.56</td><td>844.56</td><td>1.0</td><td>41393.39</td><td>25.92</td><td>15.97</td><td>0.17</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Raphanus sativus1</td><td>4.76</td><td>0.02</td><td>1233.07</td><td>159.52</td><td>60.35</td><td>21.80</td><td>11.89</td><td>3.72</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.61</td><td>1491.01</td><td>1474.75</td><td>0.99</td><td>72732.32</td><td>3.13</td><td>232.21</td><td>0.21</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Raphanus sativus2</td><td>2.26</td><td>0.02</td><td>289.02</td><td>32.28</td><td>5.65</td><td>3.60</td><td>1.76</td><td>1.60</td><td>1.08</td><td>0.90</td><td>0.38</td><td>336.26</td><td>330.55</td><td>0.98</td><td>16403.05</td><td>1.49</td><td>110.38</td><td>0.16</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Raphanus sativus3</td><td>5.84</td><td>0.02</td><td>784.85</td><td>60.45</td><td>14.28</td><td>5.15</td><td>0.07</td><td>2.47</td><td>0.57</td><td>1.83</td><td>0.0</td><td>869.67</td><td>864.74</td><td>0.99</td><td>42423.09</td><td>1.49</td><td>283.03</td><td>0.17</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Secale cereale1</td><td>2.78</td><td>0.02</td><td>695.09</td><td>10.0</td><td>39.83</td><td>12.69</td><td>6.86</td><td>3.39</td><td>3.68</td><td>3.02</td><td>1.96</td><td>866.50</td><td>847.60</td><td>0.98</td><td>42268.43</td><td>3.12</td><td>135.38</td><td>0.31</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Secale cereale2</td><td>2.13</td><td>0.02</td><td>462.57</td><td>59.18</td><td>13.84</td><td>4.05</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>539.63</td><td>539.63</td><td>1.0</td><td>26323.42</td><td>2.54</td><td>103.83</td><td>0.27</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Secale cereale3</td><td>6.38</td><td>0.02</td><td>932.81</td><td>123.02</td><td>30.11</td><td>13.46</td><td>0.05</td><td>1.65</td><td>1.09</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.0</td><td>1102.23</td><td>1099.39</td><td>1.0</td><td>53767.35</td><td>1.73</td><td>311.25</td><td>0.30</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trifolium incararatum1</td><td>0.65</td><td>0.02</td><td>841.83</td><td>159.96</td><td>39.06</td><td>8.38</td><td>6.57</td><td>2.97</td><td>1.40</td><td>1.54</td><td>0.42</td><td>1067.58</td><td>1054.68</td><td>0.99</td><td>52076.97</td><td>16.37</td><td>31.81</td><td>0.26</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trifolium incararatum2</td><td>0.59</td><td>0.02</td><td>792.05</td><td>120.43</td><td>31.91</td><td>8.22</td><td>4.06</td><td>2.19</td><td>2.56</td><td>1.38</td><td>0.30</td><td>963.10</td><td>952.61</td><td>0.99</td><td>46980.41</td><td>16.35</td><td>28.73</td><td>0.24</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trifolium incararatum3</td><td>0.78</td><td>0.02</td><td>585.82</td><td>90.41</td><td>54.04</td><td>25.30</td><td>14.17</td><td>5.70</td><td>2.74</td><td>1.47</td><td>0.0</td><td>779.65</td><td>755.57</td><td>0.97</td><td>38031.89</td><td>9.97</td><td>38.15</td><td>0.25</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th>Code</th><th>Species</th><th>BD (g.cm<sup>-3</sup>)</th><th>Soil water content (g.g<sup>-1</sup>)</th><th>Air Flow</th><th>Permea (μm<sup>2</sup>)</th><th>Soil weight (g)</th><th>Soil dry weight (g)</th><th>Permeaspe (μm<sup>2</sup>)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>B1_Av_0</td><td>Avenastrigosa</td><td>1.37</td><td>0.19</td><td>0.75</td><td>11.78</td><td>167.66</td><td>136.60</td><td>77.79</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Av_0</td><td>Avenastrigosa</td><td>1.37</td><td>0.17</td><td>0.80</td><td>12.56</td><td>163.92</td><td>136.50</td><td>66.75</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Av_0</td><td>Avenastrigosa</td><td>1.34</td><td>0.11</td><td>1.75</td><td>27.48</td><td>149.28</td><td>133.60</td><td>86.68</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Av_30</td><td>Avenastrigosa</td><td>1.33</td><td>0.18</td><td>0.75</td><td>11.78</td><td>162.42</td><td>132.60</td><td>65.59</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Av_30</td><td>Avenastrigosa</td><td>1.26</td><td>0.15</td><td>3.80</td><td>59.67</td><td>147.35</td><td>125.90</td><td>206.02</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Col_0</td><td>Brassicanapus</td><td>1.47</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.80</td><td>12.56</td><td>161.19</td><td>147.00</td><td>45.00</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Col_0</td><td>Brassicanapus</td><td>1.20</td><td>0.08</td><td>3.85</td><td>60.46</td><td>130.12</td><td>120.00</td><td>141.86</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Col_0</td><td>Brassicanapus</td><td>1.37</td><td>0.08</td><td>1.35</td><td>21.20</td><td>148.19</td><td>136.80</td><td>61.04</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Col_30</td><td>Brassicanapus</td><td>1.43</td><td>0.07</td><td>1.80</td><td>28.27</td><td>156.44</td><td>142.60</td><td>86.97</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Col_30</td><td>Brassicanapus</td><td>1.39</td><td>0.07</td><td>3.10</td><td>48.68</td><td>149.61</td><td>138.50</td><td>141.75</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Col_30</td><td>Brassicanapus</td><td>1.47</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.85</td><td>13.35</td><td>158.26</td><td>146.70</td><td>43.53</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Fev_0</td><td>Viciafaba</td><td>1.46</td><td>0.16</td><td>0.24</td><td>3.77</td><td>172.89</td><td>146.00</td><td>24.15</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Fev_0</td><td>Viciafaba</td><td>1.44</td><td>0.12</td><td>0.45</td><td>7.07</td><td>164.59</td><td>144.40</td><td>30.81</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Fev_0</td><td>Viciafaba</td><td>1.44</td><td>0.15</td><td>0.85</td><td>13.35</td><td>169.37</td><td>143.60</td><td>75.52</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Fev_30</td><td>Viciafaba</td><td>1.37</td><td>0.15</td><td>0.80</td><td>12.56</td><td>160.79</td><td>137.40</td><td>55.85</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Fev_30</td><td>Viciafaba</td><td>1.40</td><td>0.15</td><td>0.55</td><td>8.64</td><td>165.36</td><td>140.30</td><td>43.88</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Fev_30</td><td>Viciafaba</td><td>1.35</td><td>0.11</td><td>1.70</td><td>26.70</td><td>151.66</td><td>135.10</td><td>88.30</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Ges_0</td><td>Lathyrussativus</td><td>1.31</td><td>0.09</td><td>1.50</td><td>23.55</td><td>143.32</td><td>130.80</td><td>65.49</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Ges_0</td><td>Lathyrussativus</td><td>1.35</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.70</td><td>10.99</td><td>157.64</td><td>134.90</td><td>45.55</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Ges_0</td><td>Lathyrussativus</td><td>1.34</td><td>0.18</td><td>1.00</td><td>15.70</td><td>162.42</td><td>133.90</td><td>83.78</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Ges_30</td><td>Lathyrussativus</td><td>1.29</td><td>0.17</td><td>2.25</td><td>35.33</td><td>155.98</td><td>129.40</td><td>157.34</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Ges_30</td><td>Lathyrussativus</td><td>1.26</td><td>0.19</td><td>1.00</td><td>15.70</td><td>154.99</td><td>126.10</td><td>73.22</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Ges_30</td><td>Lathyrussativus</td><td>1.27</td><td>0.18</td><td>0.90</td><td>14.13</td><td>155.20</td><td>127.40</td><td>64.17</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Mel_0</td><td>Melilotusofficinalis</td><td>1.39</td><td>0.07</td><td>1.50</td><td>23.55</td><td>149.64</td><td>139.40</td><td>67.57</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Mel_0</td><td>Melilotusofficinalis</td><td>1.34</td><td>0.07</td><td>1.80</td><td>28.27</td><td>144.09</td><td>134.10</td><td>75.99</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Mel_0</td><td>Melilotusofficinalis</td><td>1.30</td><td>0.07</td><td>3.10</td><td>48.68</td><td>140.24</td><td>129.90</td><td>126.44</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Mel_30</td><td>Melilotusofficinalis</td><td>1.39</td><td>0.07</td><td>2.80</td><td>43.97</td><td>149.76</td><td>139.00</td><td>127.46</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tr><td>B1_Mel_30</td><td>Melilotusofficinalis</td><td>1.38</td><td>0.06</td><td>1.35</td><td>21.20</td><td>146.57</td><td>137.60</td><td>57.55</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Mel_30</td><td>Melilotusofficinalis</td><td>1.27</td><td>0.07</td><td>4.10</td><td>64.38</td><td>136.23</td><td>126.90</td><td>158.23</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Mou_0</td><td>Brassicajuncea</td><td>1.37</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.85</td><td>13.35</td><td>148.02</td><td>137.30</td><td>37.91</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Mou_0</td><td>Brassicajuncea</td><td>1.20</td><td>0.08</td><td>8.00</td><td>125.63</td><td>129.96</td><td>119.50</td><td>295.76</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Mou_0</td><td>Brassicajuncea</td><td>1.39</td><td>0.10</td><td>1.00</td><td>15.70</td><td>153.22</td><td>138.60</td><td>51.00</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Mou_30</td><td>Brassicajuncea</td><td>1.60</td><td>0.10</td><td>0.24</td><td>3.77</td><td>176.94</td><td>160.00</td><td>18.80</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Mou_30</td><td>Brassicajuncea</td><td>1.29</td><td>0.09</td><td>2.05</td><td>32.19</td><td>140.89</td><td>128.80</td><td>86.58</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Mou_30</td><td>Brassicajuncea</td><td>1.50</td><td>0.08</td><td>1.50</td><td>23.55</td><td>161.94</td><td>149.50</td><td>82.13</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Nav_0</td><td>Brassicarapa</td><td>1.51</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.70</td><td>10.99</td><td>166.01</td><td>150.70</td><td>43.38</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Nav_0</td><td>Brassicarapa</td><td>1.44</td><td>0.09</td><td>1.60</td><td>25.13</td><td>158.12</td><td>143.80</td><td>86.51</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Nav_0</td><td>Brassicarapa</td><td>1.45</td><td>0.09</td><td>1.55</td><td>24.34</td><td>158.15</td><td>144.70</td><td>82.34</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Nav_30</td><td>Brassicarapa</td><td>1.49</td><td>0.10</td><td>0.80</td><td>12.56</td><td>164.90</td><td>148.70</td><td>49.78</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Nav_30</td><td>Brassicarapa</td><td>1.49</td><td>0.10</td><td>0.55</td><td>8.64</td><td>164.66</td><td>148.80</td><td>33.82</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Nav_30</td><td>Brassicarapa</td><td>1.46</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.65</td><td>10.21</td><td>160.61</td><td>145.80</td><td>36.76</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Pois_0</td><td>Pisumsativum</td><td>1.43</td><td>0.09</td><td>1.00</td><td>15.70</td><td>156.62</td><td>142.50</td><td>52.77</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Pois_0</td><td>Pisumsativum</td><td>1.45</td><td>0.11</td><td>2.30</td><td>36.12</td><td>162.97</td><td>145.30</td><td>143.87</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Pois_0</td><td>Pisumsativum</td><td>1.28</td><td>0.09</td><td>4.00</td><td>62.81</td><td>141.35</td><td>128.40</td><td>172.19</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Pois_30</td><td>Pisumsativum</td><td>1.40</td><td>0.12</td><td>1.00</td><td>15.70</td><td>159.77</td><td>140.30</td><td>62.13</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Pois_30</td><td>Pisumsativum</td><td>1.28</td><td>0.12</td><td>2.10</td><td>32.98</td><td>145.01</td><td>127.90</td><td>101.41</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Pois_30</td><td>Pisumsativum</td><td>1.37</td><td>0.11</td><td>3.45</td><td>54.18</td><td>153.28</td><td>136.60</td><td>183.52</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Pois_30</td><td>Pisumsativum</td><td>1.31</td><td>0.07</td><td>1.90</td><td>29.84</td><td>141.07</td><td>131.10</td><td>77.71</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Rad_0</td><td>Raphanussativus</td><td>1.32</td><td>0.08</td><td>1.20</td><td>18.84</td><td>143.08</td><td>131.50</td><td>51.45</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Rad_0</td><td>Raphanussativus</td><td>1.46</td><td>0.10</td><td>0.75</td><td>11.78</td><td>162.41</td><td>146.10</td><td>45.04</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Rad_0</td><td>Raphanussativus</td><td>1.45</td><td>0.11</td><td>0.42</td><td>6.60</td><td>162.38</td><td>145.20</td><td>25.73</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Rad_30</td><td>Raphanussativus</td><td>1.49</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.50</td><td>7.85</td><td>163.08</td><td>149.20</td><td>28.70</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Rad_30</td><td>Raphanussativus</td><td>1.34</td><td>0.09</td><td>3.25</td><td>51.04</td><td>147.39</td><td>134.30</td><td>150.03</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Rad_30</td><td>Raphanussativus</td><td>1.45</td><td>0.09</td><td>1.10</td><td>17.27</td><td>158.72</td><td>145.10</td><td>59.09</td></tr><tr><td>B1-Sei_0</td><td>Secalecereale</td><td>1.34</td><td>0.09</td><td>2.80</td><td>43.97</td><td>147.79</td><td>133.80</td><td>131.99</td></tr><tr><td>B1-Sei_0</td><td>Secalecereale</td><td>1.43</td><td>0.15</td><td>0.30</td><td>4.71</td><td>169.02</td><td>143.10</td><td>26.59</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>B1_SeI_0</td><td>Secalecereale</td><td>1.38</td><td>0.09</td><td>3.00</td><td>47.11</td><td>151.94</td><td>138.40</td><td>147.44</td></tr><tr><td>B1_SeI_30</td><td>Secalecereale</td><td>1.51</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.80</td><td>12.56</td><td>166.14</td><td>151.20</td><td>49.25</td></tr><tr><td>B1_SeI_30</td><td>Secalecereale</td><td>1.42</td><td>0.10</td><td>0.55</td><td>8.64</td><td>158.48</td><td>142.00</td><td>31.30</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Sn_0</td><td>Baresoil</td><td>1.38</td><td>0.18</td><td>0.70</td><td>10.99</td><td>169.19</td><td>138.40</td><td>74.77</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Sn_0</td><td>Baresoil</td><td>1.36</td><td>0.18</td><td>1.10</td><td>17.27</td><td>165.71</td><td>135.50</td><td>105.18</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Sn_0</td><td>Baresoil</td><td>1.38</td><td>0.13</td><td>0.75</td><td>11.78</td><td>158.59</td><td>137.70</td><td>47.34</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Sn_30</td><td>Baresoil</td><td>1.32</td><td>0.15</td><td>1.65</td><td>25.91</td><td>154.82</td><td>132.20</td><td>102.36</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Sn_30</td><td>Baresoil</td><td>1.39</td><td>0.16</td><td>1.10</td><td>17.27</td><td>165.14</td><td>139.10</td><td>90.08</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Sn_30</td><td>Baresoil</td><td>1.29</td><td>0.16</td><td>3.80</td><td>59.67</td><td>153.49</td><td>129.40</td><td>239.21</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Tre_0</td><td>Trifoliumincaranatum</td><td>1.35</td><td>0.12</td><td>1.65</td><td>25.91</td><td>153.07</td><td>134.50</td><td>91.05</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Tre_0</td><td>Trifoliumincaranatum</td><td>1.27</td><td>0.09</td><td>4.10</td><td>64.38</td><td>138.82</td><td>126.90</td><td>168.98</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Tre_0</td><td>Trifoliumincaranatum</td><td>1.33</td><td>0.10</td><td>2.70</td><td>42.40</td><td>146.88</td><td>132.50</td><td>126.81</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Tre_30</td><td>Trifoliumincaranatum</td><td>1.38</td><td>0.07</td><td>1.60</td><td>25.13</td><td>149.43</td><td>138.30</td><td>73.04</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Tre_30</td><td>Trifoliumincaranatum</td><td>1.35</td><td>0.09</td><td>4.30</td><td>67.52</td><td>147.65</td><td>134.50</td><td>199.32</td></tr><tr><td>B1_Tre_30</td><td>Trifoliumincaranatum</td><td>1.25</td><td>0.07</td><td>11.00</td><td>172.74</td><td>133.52</td><td>124.50</td><td>411.81</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Av_0</td><td>Avenastrigosa</td><td>1.22</td><td>0.11</td><td>10.00</td><td>157.03</td><td>136.39</td><td>121.90</td><td>418.76</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Av_0</td><td>Avenastrigosa</td><td>1.17</td><td>0.09</td><td>3.90</td><td>61.24</td><td>128.22</td><td>116.60</td><td>144.25</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Av_0</td><td>Avenastrigosa</td><td>1.25</td><td>0.10</td><td>1.80</td><td>28.27</td><td>137.91</td><td>124.80</td><td>74.90</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Av_30</td><td>Avenastrigosa</td><td>1.28</td><td>0.12</td><td>6.50</td><td>102.07</td><td>145.10</td><td>128.40</td><td>311.86</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Av_30</td><td>Avenastrigosa</td><td>1.18</td><td>0.14</td><td>4.30</td><td>67.52</td><td>137.59</td><td>118.30</td><td>197.91</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Av_30</td><td>Avenastrigosa</td><td>1.34</td><td>0.09</td><td>1.50</td><td>23.55</td><td>147.43</td><td>134.40</td><td>69.20</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Col_0</td><td>Brassicanapus</td><td>1.25</td><td>0.07</td><td>7.00</td><td>109.92</td><td>133.88</td><td>124.60</td><td>263.94</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Col_0</td><td>Brassicanapus</td><td>1.30</td><td>0.13</td><td>1.35</td><td>21.20</td><td>149.30</td><td>130.10</td><td>71.72</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Col_0</td><td>Brassicanapus</td><td>1.36</td><td>0.11</td><td>1.10</td><td>17.27</td><td>152.38</td><td>136.20</td><td>57.24</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Col_30</td><td>Brassicanapus</td><td>1.23</td><td>0.07</td><td>3.50</td><td>54.96</td><td>132.26</td><td>123.00</td><td>129.94</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Col_30</td><td>Brassicanapus</td><td>1.38</td><td>0.08</td><td>1.30</td><td>20.41</td><td>150.22</td><td>138.30</td><td>60.74</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Col_30</td><td>Brassicanapus</td><td>1.23</td><td>0.11</td><td>6.00</td><td>94.22</td><td>138.47</td><td>122.80</td><td>261.97</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Fev_0</td><td>Viciafaba</td><td>1.48</td><td>0.15</td><td>0.70</td><td>10.99</td><td>174.23</td><td>147.50</td><td>72.43</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Fev_0</td><td>Viciafaba</td><td>1.35</td><td>0.13</td><td>1.30</td><td>20.41</td><td>155.42</td><td>134.70</td><td>77.83</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>B2_Fev_0</td><td>Viciafaba</td><td>1.30</td><td>0.13</td><td>1.85</td><td>29.05</td><td>149.46</td><td>130.40</td><td>98.20</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Fev_30</td><td>Viciafaba</td><td>1.40</td><td>0.10</td><td>0.70</td><td>10.99</td><td>155.08</td><td>139.70</td><td>37.14</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Fev_30</td><td>Viciafaba</td><td>1.38</td><td>0.12</td><td>0.90</td><td>14.13</td><td>157.59</td><td>137.90</td><td>54.36</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Fev_30</td><td>Viciafaba</td><td>1.55</td><td>0.12</td><td>0.24</td><td>3.77</td><td>176.43</td><td>155.10</td><td>21.43</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Ges_0</td><td>Lathyrussativus</td><td>1.44</td><td>0.16</td><td>2.05</td><td>32.19</td><td>172.11</td><td>144.30</td><td>209.61</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Ges_0</td><td>Lathyrussativus</td><td>1.43</td><td>0.15</td><td>1.30</td><td>20.41</td><td>169.06</td><td>143.00</td><td>115.86</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Ges_0</td><td>Lathyrussativus</td><td>1.57</td><td>0.17</td><td>0.22</td><td>3.45</td><td>188.89</td><td>157.00</td><td>55.05</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Ges_30</td><td>Lathyrussativus</td><td>1.52</td><td>0.15</td><td>0.23</td><td>3.61</td><td>179.24</td><td>152.30</td><td>27.62</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Ges_30</td><td>Lathyrussativus</td><td>1.43</td><td>0.16</td><td>0.28</td><td>4.40</td><td>170.87</td><td>143.00</td><td>27.81</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Ges_30</td><td>Lathyrussativus</td><td>1.26</td><td>0.16</td><td>2.20</td><td>34.55</td><td>151.27</td><td>126.40</td><td>136.29</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Lin_0</td><td>Linumusitatissium</td><td>1.32</td><td>0.11</td><td>1.50</td><td>23.55</td><td>149.21</td><td>132.40</td><td>75.87</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Lin_0</td><td>Linumusitatissium</td><td>1.27</td><td>0.07</td><td>2.50</td><td>39.26</td><td>136.22</td><td>126.90</td><td>96.46</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Lin_0</td><td>Linumusitatissium</td><td>1.40</td><td>0.15</td><td>1.20</td><td>18.84</td><td>163.77</td><td>140.00</td><td>89.34</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Lin_30</td><td>Linumusitatissium</td><td>1.32</td><td>0.08</td><td>4.40</td><td>69.09</td><td>142.95</td><td>131.50</td><td>187.97</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Lin_30</td><td>Linumusitatissium</td><td>1.35</td><td>0.07</td><td>2.00</td><td>31.41</td><td>144.33</td><td>134.80</td><td>84.02</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Lin_30</td><td>Linumusitatissium</td><td>1.43</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.80</td><td>12.56</td><td>152.86</td><td>142.50</td><td>37.48</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Mel_0</td><td>Melilotusofficinalis</td><td>1.23</td><td>0.07</td><td>7.00</td><td>109.92</td><td>131.70</td><td>122.60</td><td>257.95</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Mel_0</td><td>Melilotusofficinalis</td><td>1.35</td><td>0.06</td><td>3.50</td><td>54.96</td><td>143.46</td><td>135.20</td><td>142.79</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Mel_30</td><td>Melilotusofficinalis</td><td>1.45</td><td>0.07</td><td>3.10</td><td>48.68</td><td>155.70</td><td>145.40</td><td>150.09</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Mel_30</td><td>Melilotusofficinalis</td><td>1.44</td><td>0.06</td><td>1.70</td><td>26.70</td><td>153.63</td><td>143.80</td><td>79.61</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Mel_30</td><td>Melilotusofficinalis</td><td>1.39</td><td>0.07</td><td>9.00</td><td>141.33</td><td>149.53</td><td>139.30</td><td>404.87</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Mou_0</td><td>Brassicajuncea</td><td>1.27</td><td>0.07</td><td>3.80</td><td>59.67</td><td>136.23</td><td>126.50</td><td>147.53</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Mou_0</td><td>Brassicajuncea</td><td>1.27</td><td>0.12</td><td>1.10</td><td>17.27</td><td>144.81</td><td>127.30</td><td>53.39</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Nav_0</td><td>Brassicarapa</td><td>1.25</td><td>0.16</td><td>1.45</td><td>22.77</td><td>147.81</td><td>124.80</td><td>81.79</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Nav_0</td><td>Brassicarapa</td><td>1.29</td><td>0.12</td><td>1.20</td><td>18.84</td><td>146.69</td><td>129.30</td><td>59.47</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Nav_0</td><td>Brassicarapa</td><td>1.44</td><td>0.12</td><td>1.10</td><td>17.27</td><td>162.59</td><td>143.60</td><td>70.64</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Nav_30</td><td>Brassicarapa</td><td>1.44</td><td>0.13</td><td>0.75</td><td>11.78</td><td>165.63</td><td>144.30</td><td>53.93</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Nav_30</td><td>Brassicarapa</td><td>1.41</td><td>0.11</td><td>0.85</td><td>13.35</td><td>159.20</td><td>141.00</td><td>50.81</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Nav_30</td><td>Brassicarapa</td><td>1.40</td><td>0.14</td><td>1.50</td><td>23.55</td><td>163.11</td><td>140.10</td><td>107.99</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>B2_Pois_0</td><td>Pisumsativum</td><td>1.43</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.65</td><td>10.21</td><td>165.88</td><td>142.80</td><td>49.36</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Pois_0</td><td>Pisumsativum</td><td>1.45</td><td>0.15</td><td>0.65</td><td>10.21</td><td>170.37</td><td>145.30</td><td>57.65</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Pois_30</td><td>Pisumsativum</td><td>1.19</td><td>0.15</td><td>10.00</td><td>157.03</td><td>140.42</td><td>119.40</td><td>491.39</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Pois_30</td><td>Pisumsativum</td><td>1.31</td><td>0.18</td><td>3.10</td><td>48.68</td><td>158.84</td><td>131.00</td><td>236.70</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Pois_30</td><td>Pisumsativum</td><td>1.33</td><td>0.20</td><td>2.60</td><td>40.83</td><td>166.27</td><td>132.87</td><td>286.13</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Rad_0</td><td>Raphanussativus</td><td>1.39</td><td>0.09</td><td>7.00</td><td>109.92</td><td>151.95</td><td>138.50</td><td>343.49</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Rad_0</td><td>Raphanussativus</td><td>1.28</td><td>0.09</td><td>4.10</td><td>64.38</td><td>140.28</td><td>127.80</td><td>173.14</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Rad_30</td><td>Raphanussativus</td><td>1.40</td><td>0.08</td><td>4.80</td><td>75.38</td><td>152.46</td><td>140.10</td><td>232.20</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Rad_30</td><td>Raphanussativus</td><td>1.48</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.48</td><td>7.54</td><td>163.46</td><td>148.10</td><td>28.65</td></tr><tr><td>B2-Sei_0</td><td>Secalecereale</td><td>1.36</td><td>0.13</td><td>1.05</td><td>16.49</td><td>156.04</td><td>135.60</td><td>63.04</td></tr><tr><td>B2-Sei_0</td><td>Secalecereale</td><td>1.45</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.75</td><td>11.78</td><td>169.31</td><td>144.90</td><td>63.59</td></tr><tr><td>B2-Sei_0</td><td>Secalecereale</td><td>1.45</td><td>0.13</td><td>0.44</td><td>6.91</td><td>165.87</td><td>144.50</td><td>31.81</td></tr><tr><td>B2-Sei_30</td><td>Secalecereale</td><td>1.35</td><td>0.09</td><td>1.65</td><td>25.91</td><td>148.13</td><td>135.00</td><td>76.88</td></tr><tr><td>B2-Sei_30</td><td>Secalecereale</td><td>1.44</td><td>0.11</td><td>0.55</td><td>8.64</td><td>161.14</td><td>144.10</td><td>32.96</td></tr><tr><td>B2-Sei_30</td><td>Secalecereale</td><td>1.43</td><td>0.13</td><td>0.70</td><td>10.99</td><td>164.82</td><td>143.10</td><td>50.15</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Sn_0</td><td>Baresoil</td><td>1.39</td><td>0.18</td><td>0.85</td><td>13.35</td><td>169.55</td><td>138.70</td><td>91.91</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Sn_0</td><td>Baresoil</td><td>1.41</td><td>0.18</td><td>0.65</td><td>10.21</td><td>172.38</td><td>140.50</td><td>79.84</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Sn_0</td><td>Baresoil</td><td>1.44</td><td>0.18</td><td>0.80</td><td>12.56</td><td>175.65</td><td>143.70</td><td>109.68</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Sn_30</td><td>Baresoil</td><td>1.38</td><td>0.18</td><td>0.70</td><td>10.99</td><td>167.52</td><td>137.80</td><td>68.67</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Sn_30</td><td>Baresoil</td><td>1.33</td><td>0.18</td><td>1.00</td><td>15.70</td><td>161.62</td><td>132.80</td><td>83.19</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Sn_30</td><td>Baresoil</td><td>1.44</td><td>0.17</td><td>0.55</td><td>8.64</td><td>173.66</td><td>144.30</td><td>62.55</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Tre_0</td><td>Trifoliumincaranatum</td><td>1.31</td><td>0.10</td><td>2.20</td><td>34.55</td><td>144.78</td><td>130.70</td><td>100.30</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Tre_0</td><td>Trifoliumincaranatum</td><td>1.23</td><td>0.07</td><td>4.65</td><td>73.02</td><td>132.37</td><td>122.80</td><td>173.59</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Tre_0</td><td>Trifoliumincaranatum</td><td>1.37</td><td>0.08</td><td>1.30</td><td>20.41</td><td>148.06</td><td>136.90</td><td>58.46</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Tre_30</td><td>Trifoliumincaranatum</td><td>1.29</td><td>0.09</td><td>1.50</td><td>23.55</td><td>141.28</td><td>129.20</td><td>63.60</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Tre_30</td><td>Trifoliumincaranatum</td><td>1.56</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.48</td><td>7.54</td><td>168.16</td><td>155.90</td><td>28.62</td></tr><tr><td>B2_Tre_30</td><td>Trifoliumincaranatum</td><td>1.30</td><td>0.07</td><td>2.65</td><td>41.61</td><td>139.29</td><td>129.70</td><td>105.81</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Av_0</td><td>Avenastrigosa</td><td>1.43</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.45</td><td>7.07</td><td>156.26</td><td>142.58</td><td>23.43</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Av_0</td><td>Avenastrigosa</td><td>1.47</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.55</td><td>8.64</td><td>160.88</td><td>147.20</td><td>30.47</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>B3_Av_0</td><td>Avenastrigosa</td><td>1.36</td><td>0.11</td><td>1.45</td><td>22.77</td><td>152.32</td><td>135.90</td><td>75.76</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Av_30</td><td>Avenastrigosa</td><td>1.40</td><td>0.11</td><td>0.60</td><td>9.42</td><td>158.12</td><td>140.10</td><td>35.15</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Av_30</td><td>Avenastrigosa</td><td>1.11</td><td>0.28</td><td>1.00</td><td>15.70</td><td>154.05</td><td>110.50</td><td>121.45</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Av_30</td><td>Avenastrigosa</td><td>1.33</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.49</td><td>7.69</td><td>154.60</td><td>133.10</td><td>29.51</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Col_0</td><td>Brassicanapus</td><td>1.24</td><td>0.08</td><td>2.40</td><td>37.69</td><td>135.09</td><td>124.10</td><td>93.91</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Col_0</td><td>Brassicanapus</td><td>1.23</td><td>0.07</td><td>3.60</td><td>56.53</td><td>132.64</td><td>122.80</td><td>135.26</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Col_30</td><td>Brassicanapus</td><td>1.25</td><td>0.07</td><td>4.10</td><td>64.38</td><td>135.25</td><td>125.30</td><td>158.19</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Col_30</td><td>Brassicanapus</td><td>1.40</td><td>0.08</td><td>2.75</td><td>43.18</td><td>152.33</td><td>140.10</td><td>132.50</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Col_30</td><td>Brassicanapus</td><td>1.34</td><td>0.08</td><td>3.00</td><td>47.11</td><td>144.58</td><td>133.50</td><td>129.63</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Fev_0</td><td>Viciafaba</td><td>1.38</td><td>0.10</td><td>1.20</td><td>18.84</td><td>153.56</td><td>138.00</td><td>62.63</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Fev_0</td><td>Viciafaba</td><td>1.15</td><td>0.14</td><td>2.50</td><td>39.26</td><td>134.18</td><td>114.80</td><td>110.88</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Fev_0</td><td>Viciafaba</td><td>1.31</td><td>0.12</td><td>0.90</td><td>14.13</td><td>148.62</td><td>130.90</td><td>46.00</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Fev_30</td><td>Viciafaba</td><td>1.23</td><td>0.10</td><td>7.00</td><td>109.92</td><td>135.37</td><td>122.50</td><td>282.70</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Fev_30</td><td>Viciafaba</td><td>1.15</td><td>0.10</td><td>6.00</td><td>94.22</td><td>127.75</td><td>115.10</td><td>224.24</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Fev_30</td><td>Viciafaba</td><td>1.38</td><td>0.08</td><td>2.45</td><td>38.47</td><td>150.27</td><td>137.70</td><td>115.89</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Ges_0</td><td>Lathyrussativus</td><td>1.48</td><td>0.15</td><td>1.00</td><td>15.70</td><td>174.74</td><td>148.40</td><td>103.22</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Ges_0</td><td>Lathyrussativus</td><td>1.34</td><td>0.18</td><td>0.65</td><td>10.21</td><td>161.97</td><td>133.60</td><td>53.69</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Ges_0</td><td>Lathyrussativus</td><td>1.33</td><td>0.16</td><td>1.05</td><td>16.49</td><td>158.71</td><td>133.10</td><td>75.05</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Ges_30</td><td>Lathyrussativus</td><td>1.42</td><td>0.18</td><td>0.60</td><td>9.42</td><td>172.39</td><td>142.10</td><td>68.55</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Ges_30</td><td>Lathyrussativus</td><td>1.23</td><td>0.16</td><td>2.25</td><td>35.33</td><td>146.84</td><td>123.40</td><td>126.37</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Ges_30</td><td>Lathyrussativus</td><td>1.45</td><td>0.17</td><td>0.26</td><td>4.08</td><td>174.46</td><td>145.10</td><td>30.26</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Lin_0</td><td>Linumusitatissium</td><td>1.51</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.32</td><td>5.03</td><td>174.12</td><td>150.50</td><td>29.38</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Lin_0</td><td>Linumusitatissium</td><td>1.26</td><td>0.10</td><td>2.30</td><td>36.12</td><td>140.72</td><td>126.30</td><td>100.78</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Lin_30</td><td>Linumusitatissium</td><td>1.24</td><td>0.08</td><td>4.90</td><td>76.95</td><td>135.18</td><td>123.80</td><td>193.03</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Lin_30</td><td>Linumusitatissium</td><td>1.41</td><td>0.13</td><td>3.25</td><td>51.04</td><td>162.38</td><td>141.00</td><td>221.05</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Lin_30</td><td>Linumusitatissium</td><td>1.27</td><td>0.11</td><td>3.20</td><td>50.25</td><td>142.72</td><td>127.30</td><td>145.89</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Mel_0</td><td>Melilotusofficinalis</td><td>1.28</td><td>0.06</td><td>2.60</td><td>40.83</td><td>136.47</td><td>128.00</td><td>99.30</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Mel_0</td><td>Melilotusofficinalis</td><td>1.44</td><td>0.07</td><td>1.00</td><td>15.70</td><td>153.99</td><td>143.90</td><td>47.25</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Mel_30</td><td>Melilotusofficinalis</td><td>1.37</td><td>0.07</td><td>1.60</td><td>25.13</td><td>146.28</td><td>136.70</td><td>68.68</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>B3_Mel_30</td><td>Melilotusofficinalis</td><td>1.43</td><td>0.09</td><td>2.00</td><td>31.41</td><td>156.71</td><td>142.70</td><td>105.43</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Mou_0</td><td>Brassicajuncea</td><td>1.37</td><td>0.07</td><td>1.15</td><td>18.06</td><td>148.25</td><td>137.30</td><td>51.63</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Mou_0</td><td>Brassicajuncea</td><td>1.40</td><td>0.07</td><td>1.30</td><td>20.41</td><td>150.73</td><td>139.90</td><td>59.92</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Mou_30</td><td>Brassicajuncea</td><td>1.30</td><td>0.07</td><td>3.10</td><td>48.68</td><td>140.61</td><td>130.10</td><td>127.27</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Mou_30</td><td>Brassicajuncea</td><td>1.29</td><td>0.07</td><td>3.20</td><td>50.25</td><td>139.65</td><td>129.30</td><td>129.76</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Mou_30</td><td>Brassicajuncea</td><td>1.25</td><td>0.06</td><td>2.70</td><td>42.40</td><td>133.02</td><td>124.50</td><td>99.89</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Nav_0</td><td>Brassicarapa</td><td>1.27</td><td>0.08</td><td>3.60</td><td>56.53</td><td>138.59</td><td>127.20</td><td>146.79</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Nav_0</td><td>Brassicarapa</td><td>1.25</td><td>0.10</td><td>1.50</td><td>23.55</td><td>139.11</td><td>125.10</td><td>64.15</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Nav_30</td><td>Brassicarapa</td><td>1.34</td><td>0.08</td><td>1.60</td><td>25.13</td><td>145.86</td><td>134.20</td><td>70.80</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Nav_30</td><td>Brassicarapa</td><td>1.24</td><td>0.09</td><td>1.90</td><td>29.84</td><td>136.24</td><td>124.46</td><td>76.11</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Pois_0</td><td>Pisumsativum</td><td>1.42</td><td>0.09</td><td>1.10</td><td>17.27</td><td>155.94</td><td>142.40</td><td>56.87</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Pois_0</td><td>Pisumsativum</td><td>1.44</td><td>0.10</td><td>3.60</td><td>56.53</td><td>160.39</td><td>143.80</td><td>211.14</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Pois_0</td><td>Pisumsativum</td><td>1.39</td><td>0.10</td><td>0.60</td><td>9.42</td><td>154.19</td><td>138.60</td><td>31.59</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Pois_30</td><td>Pisumsativum</td><td>1.41</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.70</td><td>10.99</td><td>164.95</td><td>141.30</td><td>53.10</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Pois_30</td><td>Pisumsativum</td><td>1.41</td><td>0.15</td><td>0.60</td><td>9.42</td><td>166.82</td><td>141.00</td><td>50.53</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Pois_30</td><td>Pisumsativum</td><td>1.42</td><td>0.13</td><td>0.40</td><td>6.28</td><td>162.14</td><td>141.60</td><td>26.51</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Rad_0</td><td>Raphanussativus</td><td>1.32</td><td>0.11</td><td>1.00</td><td>15.70</td><td>148.16</td><td>131.50</td><td>49.77</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Rad_0</td><td>Raphanussativus</td><td>1.33</td><td>0.08</td><td>1.40</td><td>21.98</td><td>144.74</td><td>132.80</td><td>61.48</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Rad_0</td><td>Raphanussativus</td><td>1.34</td><td>0.16</td><td>0.65</td><td>10.21</td><td>159.06</td><td>133.50</td><td>46.69</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Rad_30</td><td>Raphanussativus</td><td>1.31</td><td>0.11</td><td>1.80</td><td>28.27</td><td>146.97</td><td>131.40</td><td>86.50</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Rad_30</td><td>Raphanussativus</td><td>1.31</td><td>0.11</td><td>3.00</td><td>47.11</td><td>146.96</td><td>131.20</td><td>144.65</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Rad_30</td><td>Raphanussativus</td><td>1.29</td><td>0.09</td><td>4.30</td><td>67.52</td><td>141.28</td><td>129.10</td><td>182.62</td></tr><tr><td>B3-Sei_0</td><td>Secalecereale</td><td>1.30</td><td>0.08</td><td>3.65</td><td>57.32</td><td>141.48</td><td>130.40</td><td>152.59</td></tr><tr><td>B3-Sei_0</td><td>Secalecereale</td><td>1.26</td><td>0.06</td><td>2.80</td><td>43.97</td><td>133.86</td><td>126.46</td><td>102.75</td></tr><tr><td>B3-Sei_0</td><td>Secalecereale</td><td>1.33</td><td>0.09</td><td>1.20</td><td>18.84</td><td>145.13</td><td>132.50</td><td>53.56</td></tr><tr><td>B3-Sei_30</td><td>Secalecereale</td><td>1.20</td><td>0.10</td><td>6.80</td><td>106.78</td><td>132.19</td><td>119.50</td><td>265.33</td></tr><tr><td>B3-Sei_30</td><td>Secalecereale</td><td>1.29</td><td>0.09</td><td>14.50</td><td>227.70</td><td>142.23</td><td>128.80</td><td>635.27</td></tr><tr><td>B3-Sei_30</td><td>Secalecereale</td><td>1.38</td><td>0.10</td><td>1.30</td><td>20.41</td><td>153.27</td><td>138.10</td><td>67.06</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Sn_0</td><td>Baresoil</td><td>1.43</td><td>0.19</td><td>1.90</td><td>29.84</td><td>177.07</td><td>143.40</td><td>302.84</td></tr></table>
<table><caption>Appendice 4 : Soil properties raw data of the first experiment</caption><tr><td>B3_Sn_0</td><td>Baresoil</td><td>1.36</td><td>0.21</td><td>0.40</td><td>6.28</td><td>173.08</td><td>136.40</td><td>65.44</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Sn_0</td><td>Baresoil</td><td>1.40</td><td>0.20</td><td>0.65</td><td>10.21</td><td>175.01</td><td>139.54</td><td>106.63</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Sn_30</td><td>Baresoil</td><td>1.34</td><td>0.20</td><td>0.30</td><td>4.71</td><td>167.25</td><td>133.50</td><td>34.46</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Sn_30</td><td>Baresoil</td><td>1.40</td><td>0.20</td><td>0.24</td><td>3.77</td><td>174.88</td><td>139.50</td><td>38.94</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Sn_30</td><td>Baresoil</td><td>1.41</td><td>0.20</td><td>0.24</td><td>3.77</td><td>177.84</td><td>141.40</td><td>47.89</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Tre_0</td><td>Trifoliumincaranatum</td><td>1.27</td><td>0.10</td><td>1.70</td><td>26.70</td><td>141.57</td><td>127.30</td><td>75.00</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Tre_0</td><td>Trifoliumincaranatum</td><td>1.42</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.75</td><td>11.78</td><td>153.09</td><td>141.60</td><td>35.97</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Tre_0</td><td>Trifoliumincaranatum</td><td>1.41</td><td>0.07</td><td>1.50</td><td>23.55</td><td>151.83</td><td>141.00</td><td>70.03</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Tre_30</td><td>Trifoliumincaranatum</td><td>1.42</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.55</td><td>8.64</td><td>154.78</td><td>142.30</td><td>27.44</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Tre_30</td><td>Trifoliumincaranatum</td><td>1.24</td><td>0.07</td><td>4.10</td><td>64.38</td><td>133.05</td><td>123.60</td><td>153.77</td></tr><tr><td>B3_Tre_30</td><td>Trifoliumincaranatum</td><td>1.42</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.75</td><td>11.78</td><td>154.66</td><td>142.20</td><td>37.35</td></tr></table>
# Rôle des traits racinaires dans la conservation des propriétés du sol lors du tassement induit par le passage d'engins agricoles

Le tassement du sol est reconnu comme une menace pour l'agrosystème. Les racines pourraient permettre une meilleure conservation des propriétés du sol, limitant les conséquences néfastes du tassement. Cette thèse vise à examiner:

(1) les effets des traits racinaires sur la conservation des sols en utilisant de larges gradients de traits racinaires

(2) le rôle de la structure du sol sur la réponse et l'effet des traits racinaires dans la conservation du sol

(3) les effets des traits racinaires des cultures annuelles sur la résistance du sol au cisaillement

Des expériences in situ ont été mises en place pour répondre aux deux premiers objectifs. Pour répondre au troisième objectif, une expérience en laboratoire a été mise en place.

L'identification des effets des traits racinaires sur la conservation des propriétés du sol et l'examen de la relation racines-sol ont mis en évidence le rôle des racines dans la conservation des propriétés physiques du sol. La comparaison de la résistance au cisaillement du sol contenant des racines a mis en évidence la capacité des espèces annuelles à augmenter la résistance du sol au cisaillement. La conservation des propriétés physiques du sol peut-être dû à l'augmentation de la résistance du sol au cisaillement. Cependant, la conservation du sol ou l'augmentation de la résistance au cisaillement n'est pas systématique et dépend des traits racinaires, des propriétés du sol et de la déformation induite. Cette thèse constitue la première étape vers une compréhension plus profonde du rôle des racines dans la conservation des sols lors du passage d'engins agricoles.

**Mots-clés** : Conservation des sols, Tassement, Mécanique des sols, Physique des sols, Ecologie fonctionnelle ; Cisaillement ; Agrosystème ; Agriculture de conservation

# Role of root traits in the conservation of soil properties during compaction induced by traffic for new services of cover crops

Soil compaction is recognized as a major threat in agrosystem. Roots were considered to alleviate soil compaction but never as a possible solution to conserve soil properties during traffic. The thesis objectives are:

(1) the root traits effects on soil conservation by using wide gradients of root traits

(2) the role of soil structure on response and effect of root traits in the soil conservation

(3) understand how roots could conserve soil properties by studying the effects of cover crop root traits on soil shear strength.

In-situ experiments were set up to answer first and second objectives. To answer the third objective, a laboratory experiment was implemented. A direct shear box was built during the thesis to measure the soil shear strength.

The identification of root traits effects on conservation of soil properties and the examination of the root-soil relationship highlighted key evidences of the role of roots in the soil conservation properties during traffic. The comparison of soil shear strength highlighted that annual species are able to increase soil shear strength. The conservation of soil properties during compaction could thus be due to the soils shear strength increase. However, all the experiments also highlighted that soil conservation or increase of soil shear strength is not systematic on a rooted soil and depend on root traits, soil properties and on the type and scale of deformation induced by traffic. This PhD work constitutes the first step for a deepest understanding of the role of roots in the soil conservation during traffic. Besides, it emphasizes the potential use of crops services to complement the existing solutions to cope with soil compaction.

**Keywords:** Soil conservation, compaction, soil mechanic, soil physics, Functional ecology, Shear, Agrosystem, Conservation agriculture