Older persons in middle-income countries often consume less than working-age adults, whereas in high-income countries, older persons tend to consume more than working-age adults, on average.

Figure IV.2 shows the average consumption age profiles for countries of three broad income groups. To facilitate comparisons, the average level of consumption at each age is compared to the average level of consumption of persons aged 30-49 years, which are often considered the prime working ages. In all income groups, consumption increases steadily from childhood to adulthood. Relative consumption patterns at older ages display two distinctive patterns. The first is characterized by levels of consumption that decline gradually or stay constant with age relative to the consumption of other adults, as, for example, in some middle-income countries such as India, the Philippines and Thailand. Other middle-income countries like Indonesia and Mexico experienced a slight decline in the level of consumption at older ages; that is to say, older persons consume slightly less than other adults in these countries. A second general age pattern is that of consumption levels that increase at the older ages. This pattern is observed mainly in high-income countries such as Germany, Japan, Sweden and the United States. In some high-income countries, the consumption of older people exceeds that of younger adults by 30 per cent or more.

<figure><img src="image_44.png" /><figcaption>Figure IV.2. Levels of consumption per capita among older persons (aged 60 years or over) relative to the levels of consumption among those aged 30-49 years</figcaption></figure>

Data source: National Transfer Accounts database (http://www.ntaccounts.org/), accessed on 1 September 2015.

Notes: High-income countries in the NTA database include Argentina, Australia, Austria, Canada, Chile, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Slovenia, the Republic of Korea, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Uruguay and the United States of America. Upper-middle income countries include Brazil, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Jamaica, Mexico, Peru, South Africa and Thailand. Lower-middle income countries include India, Indonesia, Kenya, Nigeria, Philippines, Senegal and Viet Nam.
Public spending, especially on health, plays an important redistributive role and provides significant support to consumption in old-age, especially in high-income countries.

Figure IV.3 shows the public and private sector components of older persons' consumption in countries grouped according to the level of national income. Two major differences are found between countries of different income groups. First, the health component of older persons' consumption increases with the level of national income. High-income countries spent a quarter of older persons' total consumption on health, while health consumption represents only around 10 per cent of older persons' consumption in lower-middle-income countries and low-income countries. Second, the role of the public sector in financing older persons' consumption increases with the level of national income. In high-income countries, the public sector finances a large majority of older persons' health consumption, while in low-income and lower-middle-income countries, public spending on health for older people is marginal; the lion's share of health consumption is paid as out-of-pocket expenditures.

<figure><img src="image_45.png" /><figcaption>Figure IV.3. Components of older persons' (aged 60 years or over) consumption, by income group</figcaption></figure>

Data source: National Transfer Accounts database (http://www.ntaccounts.org/), accessed on 1 September 2015.

Notes: High-income countries in the NTA database include Argentina, Australia, Austria, Canada, Chile, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Slovenia, the Republic of Korea, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Uruguay and the United States of America. Upper-middle-income countries include Brazil, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Jamaica, Mexico, Peru, South Africa and Thailand. Lower-middle-income countries include India, Indonesia, Kenya, Nigeria, Philippines, Senegal and Viet Nam. Low-income countries include Cambodia and Mozambique.

Figure IV.4 shows a positive correlation between older persons' consumption (relative to that of adults aged 30-49 years) and the share of older persons' consumption that is financed by the public sector. Older persons tend to fare less well in countries where the public sector finances a small share of their consumption. In many low-income and lower-middle-income countries, less than 15 per cent of older persons' consumption is supported by the public sector, and their consumption tends to be lower than that of adults aged 30-49 years. Examples include Indonesia, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal and Viet Nam. The welfare of older persons is relatively higher
in countries where public transfers finance a larger share of old-age consumption, as in Germany, Japan, Slovenia, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States of America. The association between public financing and older persons' welfare underscores the need for improved social protection for older persons, especially for health-care services in low-income and lower-middle-income countries.

<figure><img src="image_46.png" /><figcaption>**Figure IV.4.** Ratio of older persons' (aged 60 years or over) consumption to that of persons aged 30-49 years and public transfers as a share of total consumption</figcaption></figure>

*Data source:* National Transfer Accounts database (http://www.ntaccounts.org/), accessed on 1 September 2015.

**Population ageing need not impede economic growth.**

Demographic and macroeconomic trends in Eastern Asia during the second half of the twentieth century demonstrated the powerful potential of changing age structures for accelerating economic growth. Sustained fertility declines in many countries in the region led to: 1) an increasing share of the working-age population, which helped to boost economic production; and 2) a sharp decline share of dependent children, which freed up resources for investment in economic development and family welfare. In the language of the economic support ratio discussed in section II.D, each equivalent consumer was supported by more equivalent workers in Eastern Asia, which led to higher per capita income and faster economic growth. This accelerated economic growth, directly associated with the changing age structure brought on by a sustained drop in the fertility level, is known as the “first demographic dividend.”
As the large working-age cohorts that produced the demographic dividend in past decades grow older, and as continued low fertility puts downward pressure on the future growth of the labour force, the effect on per capita income growth will be reduced and could eventually turn negative.

Figure IV.5 illustrates how China’s economic support ratio,<fnref n="17" /> the effective number of workers divided by the effective number of consumers in the population, has changed since 1950, producing the first demographic dividend in the country since the 1970s. Although China’s fertility decline began in the 1950s, it accelerated in the 1970s when the labour force increased as a share of the total population and the economic support ratio started to pick up, yielding a boost in economic growth of nearly 0.7 per cent per year during 1970-2015. As the population of China continues to age, the economic support ratio is expected to decline from its current peak, and the effect of changing age structures is expected to turn slightly negative in the coming decades.

<figure><img src="image_47.png" /><figcaption>Figure IV.5. Economic support ratio and demographic dividends in China, 1950-2050</figcaption></figure>

Source: United Nations (2013). *National Transfer Accounts Manual*.

A second demographic dividend could fuel economic growth as populations age if societies encourage savings and invest in human and physical capital early on.

Although population ageing poses these and other economic challenges, two recent studies concluded that ageing need not impede economic growth, and, in fact, could support continued economic growth under certain conditions. Lee and Mason (2010) proposed that an additional contribution to economic growth beyond the period of the first dividend, termed the “second demographic dividend,” could be generated when low fertility and rising longevity lead to an increase in human capital and physical investment, which in turn raises labour productivity and

<footnote n="17">¹⁷ Please refer to Chapter II for additional discussion of the economic support ratio.</footnote>
income per capita. Based on an analysis of cross-country data, the authors present evidence that lower fertility is strongly associated with rising rates of investment in human capital per child,<fnref n="18" /> which raises labour productivity and economic growth. Their analysis is also consistent with the notion that individuals, as they anticipate increasing longevity, are motivated to accumulate assets for their old age (Tobin, 1973).<fnref n="19" /> The second demographic dividend can persist over a much longer period of time than the first dividend, and is more likely to be more significant in societies that rely not only on public or familial transfers to finance older persons’ consumption, but that also promote personal savings for retirement and old age.

A second study postulates that societies will initiate behavioural changes and policy responses to countervail the negative economic effects of population ageing (Bloom and others, 2014). For example, the increasing share of older dependents could be offset, partially or completely, in some cases, by a decrease in dependent children due to fertility decline. The eventual contraction of the share of working-age population could be mitigated by rising female labour force participation and delayed retirement ages. Furthermore, the labour market could adjust by enabling more labour-saving technology that can increase productivity per worker. As noted earlier, as people expect to live longer, many may increase their savings in anticipation of long periods of retirement. Finally, the coming cohorts of older persons have benefitted from higher levels of education, income and wealth relative to today’s older population, and are therefore more likely to be able to support themselves during old age.

## B. POPULATION AGEING AND SOCIAL PROTECTION

Older persons vary greatly in regard to their independence and economic self-sufficiency. Many older persons live independently and support themselves with their own income and savings while helping others, including some that remain active in the labour force. But for large segments of the population, old age is associated with increasing dependency and vulnerability associated with declining income or health and a growing need for care and support. Older people’s vulnerability is greater where there is no reliable source of income support, such as through social protection mechanisms, which may take the form of pensions, disability insurance or health care benefits for older persons.

Retirement pensions or similar schemes involving income support at older ages are critical to older persons’ social protection. The right to income security in old age is grounded in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) and in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966). More recently, social protection, including the need to ensure social protection floors that establish a minimum standard of living, was reflected in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. In recent decades, many low-income and middle-income countries have expanded the coverage of contributory pension schemes and established non-contributory social pensions. Many high-income countries have undertaken fiscal consolidation, reforming their pension systems by raising the statutory pensionable age, reducing benefits or increasing contribution rates to ensure the system’s long-term sustainability.

<footnote n="18">¹⁸ In accordance with the quantity-quality trade off model proposed by Becker and Lewis (1973).</footnote>

<footnote n="19">¹⁹ If these assets are invested domestically, then physical capital per worker and aggregate production will grow. If invested abroad, then net foreign income will increase and so will national income.</footnote>
This section describes the global situation with respect to the social protection of older
persons by examining the interrelated domains of the labour force participation of older persons
and the statutory retirement ages for older men and women, which influence older persons'
levels of income, and, in turn, their need for social protection. Next, this section discusses the
pension coverage and pension replacement rates that describe older persons' access to social
protection, as well as the adequacy of existing schemes.

**Box 1.**
**Types of old-age pension schemes**

**Contributory pension schemes** protect persons who have made contributions during a qualifying period. Contributory schemes cover mostly workers on formal wage-employment and, in some countries, the self-employed.

**Non-contributory pension schemes** do not require specific contribution from beneficiaries or their employers. These schemes are usually financed through general taxes or other state revenues. Non-contributory benefits play a key role in providing at least a minimum level of income security for older people, especially for those who, for any reason, do not contribute to social insurance for long enough to be eligible for benefits. Non-contributory schemes can be:

(a) **Universal**, providing benefits to all people above the age of eligibility who meet criteria of residency and/or citizenship;

(b) **Means-tested schemes**, provide benefits upon proof of need and target older persons whose total income (including contributory pensions, if any) fall below a certain threshold.

**In 2015, more than 30 per cent of older men and more than 14 per cent of older women were active in the labour force. Older people in developing regions were more likely to be economically active than their peers in the developed regions.**

The labour force participation rate is defined as the share of the working-age population that is active in the labour market, either employed or seeking employment. According to estimates from the International Labour Organization (ILO), the labour force participation rate of persons aged 65 years or over globally was 30.3 per cent for men and 14.5 per cent for women in 2015. In the more developed regions, 16.8 per cent of older men and 9.4 per cent of older women were in the labour force compared to 37.3 per cent of older men and 17.5 per cent of older women in the less developed regions. In the least developed countries, 59.1 per cent of older men and 34.5 per cent of older women participated in the labour force in 2015.
<figure><img src="image_48.png" /><figcaption>**Figure IV.6.**
Labour force participation of persons aged 65 years or over, by sex, 2015</figcaption></figure>

*Data source:* ILOSTAT Database. Available from http://www.ilo.org/ilostat/faces/home/statisticaldata/bulk-download?_adf.ctrl-state=15f9flr0r2_9&clean=true&_afrLoop=43258501143783). Accessed September 2015.

*Note*: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Dotted line represents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir, agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties. Final boundary between the Republic of Sudan and the Republic of South Sudan has not yet been determined.

Labour force participation among older men was highest in Africa (52.2 per cent), followed by Latin America and the Caribbean (38.1 per cent), Asia (34.8 per cent), Northern America (23.5 per cent), Oceania (21.4 per cent) and Europe (10.2 per cent). The labour force participation of older women was lower than that of older men in all regions, but followed a similar pattern across regions, with Africa having the highest participation rate (32.6 per cent of
women aged 65 years or over were active in the labour force), followed by Latin America and the Caribbean (16.8 per cent), Asia (15.6 per cent), Northern America (14.5 per cent), Oceania (11.8 per cent) and Europe (6.2 per cent).

Figure IV.6 maps the labour force participation rate of older men and women by country in 2015. In 52 countries, more than 50 per cent of older men aged 65 years or over were active in the labour market. Most of these countries were located in Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean or Asia. A number of countries in Africa had the highest levels of labour force participation of older men in the world. Labour force participation was highest for older men in Malawi (94 per cent), followed by Mozambique (85.4 per cent) and Gambia (84.2 per cent). In Latin America and the Caribbean, Bolivia, Haiti, Honduras, Peru and Ecuador each had more than 50 per cent of older men active in the labour force. Despite the existence of a universal pension system in Bolivia, almost two thirds of older men participated in the labour force there. Older men's labour force participation was below 10 per cent in 28 countries, most of which were located in Europe.

Older women's labour force participation exceeded 50 per cent in only 15 countries, mostly located in Africa. As for older men, Malawi had the highest labour force participation rate for older women (86.1 per cent). Malawi was followed by Mozambique (76.1 per cent) and Zambia (68 per cent). Older women's labour force participation was below 10 per cent in 87 countries. All countries in Europe except Iceland, Estonia, Romania and Ukraine were among those where fewer than 10 per cent of women aged 65 years or over were active in the labour force in 2015.

**In Europe, Oceania and Northern America, the labour force participation of older men has increased gradually since 1990. In contrast, the labour force participation of older men has declined steadily in Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean and Africa. Labour force participation of older women has increased since 1990 in all regions.**

Figure IV.7 shows the changes over time in older men's and women's labour force participation, by region. The labour force participation of men aged 65 years or over gradually increased from 1990 to 2015. In contrast, the labour force participation of older men is declining steadily in Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean and Africa. Older women's labour force participation increased in all regions between 1990 and 2015. These trends for older women are driven primarily by the overall increases in female labour force participation, with each successive cohort of women reaching age 65 tending to have higher rates of attachment to the labour market relative to earlier cohorts.

The availability of pensions is an important factor associated with the labour force participation of older persons. After a period of steady decline, the labour force participation of men has increased recently in most high-income OECD countries, mostly due to policies that have increased the statutory retirement ages, restricted access to early retirement options or made early retirement less attractive financially. Labour force participation rates of older women in OECD countries have increased steadily over the past twenty-five years, reflecting both broader societal trends in women's labour force participation, as well as pension system reforms that encourage them to continue working until older ages (European Commission, 2014; Leonesio and others, 2012). In contrast, the very high participation rates of older people in most low-
income and middle-income countries are an expression of need, given the low pension coverage and modest benefits for those who are covered.

<figure><img src="image_49.png" /><figcaption>Females</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_50.png" /></figure>

Data source: ILOSTAT Database. Available from http://www.ilo.org/ilostat/faces/home/statisticaldata/bulk-download?_adf.ctrl-state=15f9flr0r2_9&clean=true&_afrLoop=43258501143783). Accessed September 2015.
Since most older persons in low-income and many middle-income countries have worked in the informal economy or in rural areas, they generally have not contributed to pension schemes during their working life and are thus not eligible to receive benefits from contributory pension systems. Non-contributory social assistance or universal pensions are not available in all countries, leaving many adults little choice but to continue working into their old-age.

**Statutory retirement ages are increasing in most countries in the world.**

Typically, pension benefits become payable between the ages of 60 and 65 years, although in some countries, workers become eligible for length-of-service benefits payable after they complete 30 to 40 years of work or contributions. Another type of eligibility requirement for retirement pensions is total or substantial withdrawal from the labour force. Many programmes offer optional settlements or early retirement benefits before the statutory retirement age is reached. A reduced (early) pension, in many instances, may be claimed up to five years before the statutory retirement age. Some countries also allow for lower retirement ages for some specific occupations considered unhealthy or hazardous, such as underground mining (United States Social Security Administration, 2014).

Europe is the world's major region with the most aged population, yet the average statutory retirement age for men in Europe was lower than for men in Northern America, which has a younger population. Information available for 41 European countries in 2014 indicate that the statutory retirement age for males exceeded 65 years only in Iceland, Norway and Italy. It was exactly 65 years in 22 countries, and it was between 60 and 64 years in 16 countries. The statutory retirement age for men was 65 years or more in Canada and the United States of America. From 2006 to 2014, many countries in Europe and in Northern America increased gradually the statutory age of retirement (figure IV.8). For example, in the United States of America, the age of retirement with full benefits increased from 65 years to 66 years for people born in 1943-1954, and policies indicated that it would rise to 67 years for those born in 1960 or later.

The statutory retirement ages for men in Latin America and the Caribbean were generally higher than those for men in Africa, Asia and Oceania. The statutory retirement age for men was lowest in Oceania on average, where it was equal to or lower than 55 years in more than half of the 11 countries. Between 2006 and 2014, Micronesia raised the age of retirement from 60 to 65 years, while Australia had plans to raise it gradually beginning in 2017 to reach 67 years in 2023.

In Latin America and the Caribbean, the retirement age for men was between 60 and 64 years in a majority (53 per cent) of the 31 countries with available data in 2014. In the remaining countries, the retirement age was 65 years, with the exceptions of Bolivia and Haiti, where the retirement age was 58 years. Between 2006 and 2014, while some countries such as Cuba and Dominica raised the age of retirement from 60 years to 65 years,<fnref n="20" /> Bolivia lowered the age of retirement from 65 years to 58 years in 2010.

<footnote n="20">²⁰ Cuba gradually raised the age of retirement to 65 years by 2015. Dominica planned to increase the statutory retirement age incrementally—by six months every year—until the year 2021, when the pensionable age would be set at age 65.</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_51.png" /><figcaption>Figure IV.8.
Distribution of countries according to the statutory retirement age, by sex and region, 2006 and 2015
Males</figcaption></figure>

Females

<figure><img src="image_52.png" /></figure>

Data sources: United States Social Security Administration (2013 and 2014). *Social security programmes throughout the world* (International updates, 2005; Europe, 2004; Asia and the Pacific, 2004; Africa, 2005; the Americas 2005), and ILO, 2014.
In Africa and Asia, the retirement age for men was between 60 and 64 years in a majority of the countries. However, about 23 per cent of the countries in Africa had a retirement age for men lower than 60 years in 2014. Between 2006 and 2014, 7 countries in Africa increased the retirement age from 55 to 60 years (Benin, Chad, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Mozambique, Togo and the United Republic of Tanzania), and one country in Africa (Mauritius) raised the retirement age from 60 to 62.5 years. In contrast, South Africa reduced the retirement age for men from 65 years to 60 years.

In general, the statutory age of retirement for women was the same as or lower (often by five years) than the retirement age for men. In 2014, the age of retirement for women was lower than that for men in 61 out of 167 countries with data available. Among developing countries, younger retirement ages for women were most prevalent in Asia (the retirement age for women was below 60 years in 66 per cent of countries), followed by Oceania (55 per cent of countries), and Africa (37 per cent of countries) (figure IV.8). Statutory retirement ages for women in Latin America and the Caribbean were often higher than those in other developing regions: roughly 88 per cent of countries in the Latin American and Caribbean region had female retirement ages between 60 and 64 years. In Europe, the female retirement age was between 60 and 64 years in 20 countries, it was exactly 65 years in 13 countries, and it was above 65 years only in Iceland and Norway. The statutory retirement age for women was 65 years or more in Canada and the United States of America. Between 2006 and 2014, many countries increased the age of retirement for women in efforts to prolong their labour force participation and improve the financial sustainability of pension systems.

**At the global level, nearly half of all people over pensionable age do not receive a pension.**<sup>21</sup>

Most developed countries have set up mandatory pension plans, either public or private, that together achieve quasi-universal coverage. According to ILO (2014) estimates, pension coverage ratios in Europe and in North America were higher than 90 per cent in 2013-2014. In the less developed regions, however, old-age pensions covered only a fraction of older persons. In Africa, nearly 22 per cent of older persons received a pension. Pension coverage for older persons was almost 30 per cent in the Middle East, nearly 37 per cent in North Africa, 47 per cent in Asia and the Pacific, and 56 per cent in Latin America and the Caribbean (ILO, 2014).

Many developing countries face severe limitations to providing income security for older persons due to the low coverage of formal pension systems. In the last decade, many low-income and middle-income countries have extended coverage through non-contributory pension schemes, while others have expanded contributory schemes to previously uncovered groups of the population. Non-contributory schemes can be either universal (providing benefits to everyone) or targeted (providing benefits to those in a particular situation of need). For instance, China has achieved nearly universal pension coverage by complementing social insurance with social pensions in rural areas. Other countries like Bolivia provided tax-financed universal benefits to all older persons. Chile introduced a new programme that provided means-tested benefits to older persons who received a low pension or no benefit at all. Most Latin American countries, with exceptions of Haiti, Honduras and Nicaragua, have expanded their pension

<footnote n="21"><sup>21</sup> The ILO estimates the extent of legal coverage for old-age as percentage of the older persons above statutory pensionable age who receive periodic cash benefits (old-age pension). Pension coverage is the total coverage, including contributory mandatory, contributory voluntary and non-contributory pension coverage.</footnote>
systems or established non-contributory pensions or cash transfer programmes targeted to older persons.

Pension coverage is typically less extensive among women than among men owing to their lower rates of participation in the labour market, their over-representation in the informal sector, in self-employed or unpaid family work. (ILO, 2014a; ILO, 2014b). In many countries, the survivor's benefits paid through a husband's contributory pension benefits are the sole source of income for older women.

Figure IV.9 illustrates the ratio of the projected population aged 60 years or over in 2030 to the estimated population aged 60 years or over in 2015 by the level of pension coverage in 2010. Many of the countries that are projected to see substantial growth in the size of the older population also had low rates of pension coverage among older persons. In Iran, for example, the number of people aged 60 years or over is expected to double between 2015 and 2030, and less than 30 per cent of those of statutory age were receiving a pension in 2010. The population of older persons is projected to increase by 84 per cent in Indonesia, while less than 10 per cent of those of statutory age received a pension.

<figure><img src="image_53.png" /><figcaption>**Figure IV.9.**
Ratio of projected population aged 60 years or over in 2030 to estimated population aged 60 years or over in 2015 by the level of pension coverage in 2010</figcaption></figure>

*Data sources: United Nations (2015). World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision and ILO (2014). World Social Protection Report 2014/15: Building economic recovery, inclusive development and social justice.*

Notably, there is a great deal of heterogeneity in the projected increases in the size of the older population at all levels of pension coverage (United Nations, 2015b). For example, the projected increase in the number of older persons in Brazil, at 76 per cent, is nearly three times
that in Italy, at 26 per cent, both countries where more than 80 per cent of persons of statutory age were covered by pensions. At middle levels of pension coverage, between 40 and 50 per cent, growth rates of the older population are similarly diverse. In Serbia, for example, the population aged 60 years or over is projected to increase by 4 per cent over the next 15 years, compared to a near doubling of the numbers of older persons in Jordan and in Libya. Despite the heterogeneity observed across countries, an overwhelming majority (78 per cent) of the countries with pension coverage of less than 80 per cent are anticipating substantial growth of the older population, with increases of more than 50 per cent projected between 2015 and 2030. Examples include Mexico and Colombia, where 25 and 23 per cent, respectively, of those of statutory age received a pension in 2010. The numbers of older persons in both countries is projected to grow by more than 80 per cent by 2030. In both Papua New Guinea and Pakistan, less than 5 per cent received a pension in 2010 and the population aged 60 years or over is projected to grow by 73 per cent and 66 per cent, respectively.

As a result of continued reductions in fertility and improvements in life expectancy, population ageing brings challenges for pension systems; affecting both pay-as-you-go (PAYG) financed public pensions and funded pensions. Pay-as-you-go pension schemes face problems of financial sustainability as the proportion of people in the working-ages shrinks and the proportion of people reaching retirement age increase, while the number of years spent in retirement is also on the rise. Trends in the potential support ratio, defined as the number of people in the working ages (20-64 years) per person aged 65 years or over, illustrate the demographic pressure faced by PAYG pension schemes, in particular. Figure IV.10 shows the potential support ratios in 2015 and projected for 2030 and 2050, by region. In 2015, there were 7 working-aged people for each older person in the world. By 2050, the global potential support ratio is projected to fall to 3.5 and all regions except Africa are expected to have potential support ratios of 3.2 or lower. In 2050, projections indicate that there will be 2.4 working-aged people for every older person aged 65 years or over in Northern America, 1.9 in Europe, and that the potential support ratio will fall below 2 working-aged people for every older person aged 65 years or over in 46 countries or areas, such as Japan (1.3), Portugal (1.4), Cuba (1.5) and Austria (1.7).

**Pension replacement rates, together with ageing and population coverage rates, affect aggregate spending in pensions.**

The gross pension replacement rate is an indicator of how effectively a pension system provides a retirement income to replace labour earnings, the main source of income before retirement for most people (OECD, 2015).<fnref n="22" /> The average gross replacement rate among OECD countries was 53 per cent, with substantial cross-country variation ranging from nearly 30 per cent in the United Kingdom to approximately 90 per cent in the Netherlands. Among the OECD countries, workers with average earnings in Canada, Ireland, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States of America and the Republic of Korea had gross replacement rates of less than 40 per cent. Among Latin American and Caribbean countries, the Dominican Republic, Haiti and

<footnote n="22">²² The gross replacement rate is defined as gross pension entitlement divided by gross pre-retirement earnings. For more details, see OECD (2016).</footnote>
Mexico had gross replacement rates below 30 per cent, while Ecuador, Nicaragua, Paraguay and Venezuela had replacement rates of more than 90 per cent.<fnref n="23" />

<figure><img src="image_54.png" /><figcaption>Figure IV.10. Potential support ratio (persons aged 20-64 years per person aged 65 years or over), by region, 2015, 2030 and 2050</figcaption></figure>

Data source: United Nations (2015). World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision.

In general, the variation in current public pension spending across countries reflected mainly differences in: 1) potential support ratios; and 2) the generosity of benefits and coverage rates (IMF, 2011). Figure IV.11 illustrates the variation in public pension expenditures as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) according to the potential support ratio and the replacement rate for selected countries. Marker (“bubble”) sizes are proportional to the pension replacement rate. Among countries in Europe, there was substantial variation in public spending on pensions, ranging from less than 5 per cent of GDP in Iceland and Ireland to more than 12 per cent of GDP in Austria, France, Greece, Italy and Portugal. Japan had the lowest potential support ratio in the world in 2015, with 2.1 working-age people per person aged 65 years or over, but the level of public pension expenditure in Japan was lower than in Italy (10.2 per cent versus 15.8 per cent), due primarily to the lower pension replacement rate in Japan than in Italy (35.1 per cent versus 69.5 per cent, respectively).

Among the Latin American and Caribbean countries, pension spending varied among countries ranging from less than 1 per cent of GDP in Guatemala, Haiti, Jamaica and Guyana to 7.9 per cent in Argentina and 8.2 per cent in Uruguay. The relatively low spending in Latin American and Caribbean countries reflected a combination of relatively low pension coverage (generally limited to those in the formal sector) and relatively younger populations. The average gross replacement ratio in the 26 countries of Latin America and the Caribbean was 62 per cent, with significant cross-country variation (OECD, 2014). Paraguay provided pension earnings that

<footnote n="23">²³ Data are available for OECD countries, as well as for countries in Latin America and the Caribbean region, and for China, India, South Africa and the Russian Federation. Other countries lack the comparable earnings statistics or the household surveys needed to estimate the pension replacement rate (ILO, 2014).</footnote>
exceeded working earnings (104 per cent), but just 38 per cent were receiving a pension. By comparison, the Dominican Republic and Mexico had replacement rates of 23 per cent and 30 per cent, respectively. In some Latin American and Caribbean countries, gross replacement rates for women were lower than those for men, due to fewer years of contribution and lower pension eligibility ages for women. In Chile, the gross pension replacement rate for women was 10 to 13 percentage points lower than for men. Other countries like Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, El Salvador, Honduras, Panama and Venezuela also had lower replacement rates for women than for men, but the gender gaps were narrower than in Chile (OECD, IDB and World Bank, 2014).

<figure><img src="image_55.png" /><figcaption>**Figure IV.11.** Pension expenditure (percentage of GDP) and potential support ratio by the size of the pension replacement rate for selected countries, 2015</figcaption></figure>

*Data sources: OECD (2015), Pensions at a Glance 2015: OECD and G20 indicators; OECD (2014). Pensions at a Glance: Latin America and the Caribbean; and United Nations (2015) World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision.*

*Note: The size of the bubble is proportional to the gross pension replacement rate in each country.*

In general, countries with relatively low pension coverage rates had higher labour force participation rates among people aged 65 years and over. In Mozambique, for example, the pension coverage rate was only 3.7 per cent and 75 per cent of those aged 65 years or over were economically active. In Madagascar, pension coverage was 11.4 per cent and 72 per cent of older persons were active in 2015. Furthermore, some countries with low pension replacement rates had higher labour force participation rates among older people, despite having high coverage rates. In Japan, for example, despite a 100 per cent pension coverage rate, the labour force participation rate for men aged 65 years or over was considerably higher (29.4 per cent) than in other OECD countries, partly due to the low pension replacement rate.
**Recognizing the challenges posed by population ageing, many countries are pursuing
pension system reforms.**

In recent years, many governments have addressed concerns about the adequacy or sustainability of their pension systems by modifying the parameters of those programmes. These measures included: increases in statutory retirement ages; increases in contribution rates for defined benefit schemes, taxes or social security contributions on pension income, as well as minimum contributory periods; elimination of incentives for early retirement; and the introduction of automatic adjustment mechanisms such as by linking the age at which retirement benefits can begin to changes in life expectancy. Governments also have introduced reforms to strengthen funded private pensions and improve their complementary role in ensuring the adequacy of retirement income.

**More than half of governments instituted retirement or pension system reforms between
2008 and 2013.**

Information about changes in statutory retirement ages and major reforms to pension systems over the period 2008-2013 was available for 189 countries (United Nations, 2013). Of these, the governments of 61 countries (32 per cent) changed their statutory retirement age between 2008 and 2013 and governments of 89 countries (47 per cent) reformed their pension system during that period. Forty-seven of the 189 governments (25 per cent) changed both the retirement age and reformed their pension systems during this time. A little less than half (46 per cent) of the governments neither changed their statutory retirement ages nor reformed their pension system over 2008-2013.

Most of the OECD countries passed legislation that raised the statutory retirement age or equalized the statutory retirement age for women and men. For example, Slovenia enacted a reform in January 2013 that gradually increased women's statutory retirement age to 65 years by 2016, when it will be the same as men's. Australian women's statutory retirement age rose to 65 years in July 2013 and the policy indicated that it would again rise—to 67 years—for both men and women by 2023. Poland increased the statutory retirement age to 67 years for both sexes, although on different timelines: retirement at 67 years would be effective for men in 2020, but only by 2040 for women. In a number of countries, the age of retirement would increase gradually, to 67 years or higher. In Canada, for instance, the normal retirement age to be eligible for the basic pension (Old-age security) benefit would increase gradually from 65 to 67 years between 2023 and 2029. In Ireland, the pension age increased from 65 to 66 years in 2014 and would increase further to 67 years by 2021 and 68 years after 2028. In the Netherlands, the retirement age would reach 66 years by 2019 and 67 years by 2023 (OECD, 2014).

Some countries introduced policies to increase minimum contribution periods while others restricted access to early retirement. In France, the minimum contributory periods would increase from 41.5 years to 43 years in 2030. In Austria, the required insurance period for individuals to be eligible for early retirement (Korridorpension) would increase from 38 years in 2013 to 40 years in 2017. In Belgium, the age for early retirement benefit eligibility increased to 60.5 years in 2013, and the contribution period to 38 years. These parameters would increase further in Belgium to age 62 and 40 years of contributions in 2016 (OECD, 2014).
Although measures to increase statutory retirement ages as well as other reforms to pension systems could improve the sustainability of pension programmes, it is important to also keep in mind the potential impact of such broad reforms on poverty and inequality among older persons. Both the prevalence of disability and the physical demands associated with employment can vary considerably across socioeconomic groups, with disparate implications of continued labour force participation at older ages. Moreover, there are significant differences in life expectancy by socioeconomic status. Raising the statutory ages by a fixed amount is disadvantageous for groups whose shorter average lifespans imply fewer years to collect pension benefits.

C. POPULATION AGEING AND HEALTH

Across studies of population health, age nearly always stands out as the single most powerful predictor of the state of people's health and the prevailing risks of morbidity and mortality they face. The specific mechanisms that link age to health status are many and complex (WHO, 2015). At the biological level, ageing is associated with accumulated damage to cells that, over time, weakens the immune system, diminishes the body's capacity to repair itself and increases the risk of developing a host of different diseases (Steves and others, 2012; Vasto and others, 2010; Beard and Bloom, 2015). A person's age also reflects the amount of time he or she may have been exposed to various external health risks whose effects accumulate over time, such as tobacco use or unhealthy diet. Moreover, the social changes that often take place as people enter advanced ages, such as shifts in social roles and the loss of close relationships, may pose additional threats to older persons' health and well-being (WHO, 2015).

However, while age is an important predictor of the average health risks people face, there is a huge degree of diversity in the health status of people at any given age, reflecting random variation across individuals, as well as differences in the life course, environment and behaviours that shape health risks. This is especially true at older ages when the risks of specific morbidities and mortality vary widely across individuals of the same age. That variability is associated with numerous other predictors of health status, including, inter alia, genetic factors, which are estimated to account for roughly a quarter of the differences in health and function observed at older ages (Brooks-Wilson, 2013), as well as individual characteristics such as occupation, level of income or educational attainment; environmental factors such as pollution or accessible infrastructure; and behaviours that pose risks to health, such as tobacco use, physical inactivity or excessive consumption of alcohol. Thus, while one 70-year-old person may enjoy good health that enables them to remain active in the labour force and to live without much health care support or intervention, a peer of the same age may face multiple chronic morbidities that cause significant disability and require frequent medical interventions or health care support resources.

While all older persons will eventually face declining health and functioning, their specific health trajectories may vary widely. Some older persons will experience a sudden and rapid decline from good health to death, while for others the decline in functioning will occur gradually over many years, and others still will experience periods of illness and disability interspersed by periods of partial or full recovery (WHO, 2015). The substantial heterogeneity in the health status of older persons underscores the need for health systems that are responsive to the diversity of their experience. In addition to health systems, other sectors must respond by
creating the infrastructure and environments that support older persons with varying functional capacities. This includes, for example, housing and transportation infrastructure that is accessible and safe for older persons.

A recent assessment by the World Health Organization (WHO) (2015) warns that health systems around the world are falling short with respect to meeting the needs of older persons. The report summarises the present situation:

> Current public-health approaches to population ageing have clearly been ineffective. The health of older people is not keeping up with increasing longevity; marked health inequities are apparent in the health status of older people; current health systems are poorly aligned to the care that older populations require even in high-income countries; long-term care models are both inadequate and unsustainable; and physical and social environments present multiple barriers and disincentives to both health and participation (p. 18).

Thus changes are needed around the globe to continue to adapt health systems to serve a growing number and proportion of older persons and to maximize health and well-being at all ages. Importantly, WHO emphasizes that the changes needed to ensure that older persons receive the health care they require need not imply exorbitant increases in national health budgets, even in countries with rapidly ageing populations. The following sections describe some of the key trends identified as central to the health care needs of older persons and their associations with population ageing, including: 1) healthy life in the context of increasing life expectancy; 2) population ageing and the overall burden of disability experienced in a population; and 3) the implications of population ageing for national health care expenditures.

## People lost an average nine years of healthy life due to disability in 2013.

The health of a population at a given time is often summarized with the “healthy life expectancy” metric, which is similar conceptually to life expectancy at birth. While life expectancy at birth summarizes the average number of years a person would be expected to live if exposed throughout their lives to the age-specific mortality rates of a given period, healthy life expectancy summarizes how many of those years are expected to be lived in good health, free of disease and disability. The World Health Organization relies upon a combination of country-level information about the incidence and prevalence of diseases, the duration and severity of the disabilities they cause, as well as models and assumptions, in order to estimate the average number of years spent in good health (WHO, 2014). In 2013, the most recent year for which WHO estimates are available, life expectancy at birth was 71 years globally and the corresponding value of healthy life expectancy was 62 years (figure IV.12). Across the six regions defined by the WHO for statistical reporting purposes, healthy life expectancy was longest in the Western Pacific at 68 years, followed by Europe and the Americas both at 67 years. Healthy life expectancy was shortest in Africa at 50 years, as was life expectancy at birth at 58 years.

A complementary metric describes the number of potentially healthy years of life lost due to morbidity or disability. It is calculated as the difference between healthy life expectancy and life expectancy at birth. Thus, for the world as a whole in 2013, the life expectancy of 71 years and
healthy life expectancy of 62 years imply that, on average, approximately nine years of healthy life were lost due to disability. Across the regions, as shown in figure IV.12, the average numbers of healthy years of life lost due to disability range from 8 years in Africa and in the Western Pacific to 10 years in the Americas.

<figure><img src="image_56.png" /><figcaption>Figure IV.12. Life expectancy at birth and healthy life expectancy at birth, by WHO region, 2013</figcaption></figure>

Data source: World Health Organizaiton. Global Health Observatory Data Repository. Available from http://apps.who.int/gho/data/view.main.690?lang=en. (Accessed 1 October 2015).

**On average, people in longer-lived populations tend to spend more years living with disability than people in populations where the average lifespan is shorter.**

In general, the number of healthy life years lost due to disability tends to be greater in countries with a higher life expectancy at birth compared to countries with shorter average lifespans. The top two charts in figure IV.13 plot WHO's estimates of the number of healthy years of life lost against the life expectancy at birth in 2013 for females and males in 194 countries or areas. For both sexes in 2013, a comparison across countries reveals an upward sloping relationship between the two indicators. People who lived in countries with longer lifespans lost more healthy years of life, on average, than those living in countries with shorter lifespans. Among women in Spain, for example, who had one of the highest life expectancies in the world at nearly 86 years, an average of 10.4 years of healthy life were lost due to disability in 2013. Women in Somalia, who had among the world's shortest average lifespans at around 56 years, lost about 8.9 years of healthy life due to disability.

However, when one considers instead the number of healthy years lost due to disability as a percentage of the average lifespan, an inverse association is revealed across countries: on average, people living in countries with longer life expectancies at birth tend to spend a smaller proportion of their lives with disability or ill-health relative to people living in countries with shorter life expectancies overall. Thus while the average woman in Spain is expected live 12 per
cent of her life span with disability, the average 8.9 years of disability for the average woman in Somalia accounts for 16 per cent of her life span.

Associations observed in cross section among countries do not necessarily persist in assessments of changes over time within a given population. That is, just because the years of healthy life lost tends to be greater among countries with higher life expectancies at birth does not guarantee that the number of healthy life years lost will increase as longevity improves in a

<figure><img src="image_57.png" /><figcaption>**Figure IV.13.**
Healthy years of life lost and life expectancy at birth, by country and sex, 2013</figcaption></figure>

*Data source:* World Health Organization. Global Health Observatory Data Repository. Available from http://apps.who.int/gho/data/view.wrapper.MGHEHALEv?lang=en&menu=hide. (Accessed 1 October 2015).
given country. In fact, to date, there is very limited evidence to indicate whether, as life expectancy increases, people are living those additional years in good health, or are instead experiencing extended periods of disability and illness (Crimmins and others, 2011; Beard and Bloom, 2015). One study in the United States of America found an increased prevalence of disabilities affecting basic activities of daily living, instrumental activities and mobility among recent cohorts of older persons aged 60 to 69 years compared to cohorts a decade earlier (Seeman and others, 2010). The same study also detected a lower prevalence of functional limitations among recent cohorts of persons aged 80 years or over relative to oldest-old persons a decade earlier. Another study in Austria concluded that the healthy life expectancy for older persons had increased between 1978 and 1998, and that the proportion of healthy life years lost due to disability had declined over the same period, indicating that ill health was increasingly compressed into the last years of life in that country (Doblhammer and Kytir, 2001). A WHO study found evidence of reductions in the amount of time spent in poor health in many contexts, but noted that conflicting conclusions could be drawn from analyses with different study designs (Chatterji and others, 2015).

So far, these empirical studies of the association between life expectancy and the average length of healthy life have been almost exclusively limited to high-income countries. As a result, any meaningful understanding of how trends in healthy life expectancy relate to improvements in longevity in most of the world is currently lacking.

Whether the growing numbers of older persons are enjoying their added years of life in good health is a crucial consideration for policy development (WHO, 2015). If the added years of life expectancy are years spent in disability or ill-health, then the coming trends in population ageing could portend substantially increased demand for health care, while also preventing families, communities and societies from benefitting from the contributions that older persons would otherwise be able to make if they remained in good health. In contrast, if the onset or severity of ill-health is increasingly postponed as life expectancy increases—a phenomenon termed a “compression of morbidity”—then the health system pressures exerted by population ageing may be attenuated.

**Growing numbers of older persons lead to greater demands for the prevention and treatment of the non-communicable diseases associated with old age.**

Irrespective of any association between population ageing and the length of healthy life, one thing is clear: population growth equates to an increasing number of people who require access to health care. The prevalence of chronic illness and the disabilities they cause are strongly associated with age. For this reason, the very rapid current and future growth in the number of older persons foretells a surge in the demand for care aimed at the prevention and treatment of the health conditions they face. Indeed, WHO estimates of the burdens of disability caused by non-communicable diseases (NCDs) indicate a powerful association with the pace of growth of the older population.

Figure IV.14 depicts the percentage change of the population aged 60 years or over between 2000 and 2012 against the percentage change of NCD-related disability over the same period, as
estimated in the WHO's 2014 update of Global Health Estimates.<fnref n="24" /> Some of the countries that saw the largest increases in NCD-related disability between 2000 and 2012 are those that experienced the greatest proportional growth in the population of older persons. In Lebanon, for example, the number of people aged 60 years or over grew by 71 per cent between 2000 and 2012, while the burden of NCD-related disability increased by 54 per cent. In Kuwait, the increases in the number of older persons (78 per cent) and overall burden of NCD-related disability (74 per cent) were similarly rapid. In South Africa, the population aged 60 years or over grew by 41 per cent at the same time the burden of NCD-related disability rose by 22 per cent. The number of older persons grew more slowly in the United Kingdom between 2000 and 2012, increasing by 18 per cent, and the change in the total burden of NCD-related disability, at 7 per cent, was comparatively small as well. In the Ukraine, the population aged 60 years or over in 2012 was 5 per cent smaller than in 2000, and the country experienced a concomitant reduction in the burden of NCD-related disability of approximately 7 per cent.

<figure><img src="image_58.png" /><figcaption>**Figure IV.14.** Changes in population aged 60 years or over and NCD-related disability (YLDs) between 2000 and 2012</figcaption></figure>

*Data sources: United Nations (2015). World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision and WHO (2014). Global Health Estimates.*

Despite the strong positive association observed in figure IV.14, it is evident that factors other than the growth in the number of older persons also influence the pace of change in NCD-related disability. Most countries fall above the 45-degree dotted line in the chart, indicating that the older population grew faster than the burden of NCD-related disability between 2000 and 2012. In some cases, the differences were substantial. In China, for example, the population aged

<footnote n="24">²⁴ The burden of NCD-related disability is represented by the total years of life lost due to disability (YLDs) in a population as a result of the group of causes classified by the WHO as non-communicable diseases.</footnote>
60 years or over grew more than twice as fast as the burden of NCD-related disability (46 per cent versus 17 per cent). In Brazil, there were 59 per cent more older persons in 2012 than in 2000, but the burden of NCD-related disability had increased by only 22 per cent.

While growing numbers of older persons almost certainly portends growing demand for the prevention and care of NCDs, any association between the proportion of older persons in the population and the burden of disability or demand for care is less direct. The WHO's global health estimates suggest that the share of older persons is, in fact, a poor predictor of the overall burden of disability in a population. Figure IV.15 plots the average number of years of life lost per capita due to disability, including all ages and all causes, against the percentage of the population aged 60 years or over. By this measure, Hungary, Cuba and Haiti experienced the heaviest burdens of disability. In each of these three countries, disability contributed to the loss of approximately 0.14 years of healthy life per person, on average, in 2012. Yet, Hungary, Cuba and Haiti are at very different stages of the population ageing process: in Hungary nearly one in four people was aged 60 years or over in 2012, versus around one in five people in Cuba and one in fifteen people in Haiti. Germany and South Africa were similar to each other with respect to the overall level of disability, with approximately 0.12 years of health life lost per capita due to disability in 2012. However, Germany, with 26 per cent of the population in 2012 aged 60 years or over was substantially more aged than South Africa, where older persons accounted for just 7 per cent of the population. Similarly, in Japan and Bangladesh, people lost on average about 0.11 years of healthy life due to disability, despite the fact that the two countries were at very different stages of the ageing process.

<figure><img src="image_59.png" /><figcaption>Figure IV.15. Years of life lost per capita due to disability and percentage of population aged 60 years or over in 2012</figcaption></figure>

Data sources: United Nations (2015). *World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision* and WHO (2014). *Global Health Estimates*.
Population ageing will not necessarily imply growing burdens of disability.

There are several plausible explanations for why ageing may not lead to greater levels of disability in a population overall. First, countries that are more advanced in the ageing process tend to be those with higher levels of economic development, which is associated with improvements in health and well-being. Second, the more aged and more developed countries are often better able to treat illnesses or to accommodate the disabilities that commonly occur in older persons, thereby lessening the degree of functional limitations they cause. Thus while vision impairments associated with cataracts, for example, may cause minimal limitation in a country that offers corrective surgery or adaptations that preserve the functional capacities of persons with poor sight, the same health condition could be profoundly disabling in contexts where such treatments or adaptations are unavailable. Surveys of older persons' health in sub-Saharan Africa indicate high rates of hypertension, musculoskeletal disease, visual impairment, functional limitations and depression, many cases of which go undiagnosed or untreated (Aboderin and Beard, 2015). Finally, some of the health conditions that commonly afflict young people in the comparatively youthful developing regions cause chronic disability, adding substantially to the overall level of disability in the population. Parasitic diseases, such as intestinal worms, are an example. They afflict hundreds of millions of mostly poor people in the developing regions and are among the leading causes of disability worldwide (Hotez, 2008).

Given the growth of the older population, which will occur in virtually every country in the world over the coming decades, health systems should prepare now to address the specific health concerns of older persons. Table IV.1 lists the 10 leading causes of disability globally among women and men aged 60 years or over, according to WHO estimates for 2012. Topping the list for older women were unipolar depressive disorders, followed by hearing loss, back and neck pain, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, and osteoarthritis. Among older men, hearing loss was the leading cause of disability in 2012, followed by back and neck pain, falls, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and diabetes mellitus. Vision loss, caused by refractive errors or cataracts, is also an important cause of disability among older persons globally.

<table><caption>TABLE IV.1. TEN LEADING CAUSES OF DISABILITY GLOBALLY AMONG PERSONS AGED 60 YEARS OR OVER, BY SEX, 2012</caption><thead><tr><th></th><th>Females</th><th>YLDs* per 100,000 people</th><th>Males</th><th>YLDs* per 100,000 people</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1</td><td>Unipolar depressive disorders</td><td>1 465</td><td>Other hearing loss</td><td>1 870</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>Other hearing loss</td><td>1 427</td><td>Back and neck pain</td><td>1 530</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>Back and neck pain</td><td>1 413</td><td>Falls</td><td>1 347</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>Alzheimer's disease and other dementias</td><td>1 295</td><td>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</td><td>1 276</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>Osteoarthritis</td><td>1 201</td><td>Diabetes mellitus</td><td>1 121</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</td><td>1 200</td><td>Refractive errors</td><td>902</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>Diabetes mellitus</td><td>1 143</td><td>Unipolar depressive disorders</td><td>883</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>Refractive errors</td><td>1 066</td><td>Alzheimer's disease and other dementias</td><td>850</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td>Falls</td><td>998</td><td>Hyperplasia of prostate</td><td>840</td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td>Cataracts</td><td>756</td><td>Osteoarthritis</td><td>739</td></tr></tbody></table>

Data source: WHO (2014). Global Health Estimates.

*YLDs = Years of life lost due to disability.
Addressing disability among older persons entails not only treating health conditions as they arise, but also: 1) providing the necessary accomodations, such as eyeglasses, hearing aids and accessible housing and transportation, to reduce the degree of functional limitations they cause; and 2) preventing or postponing the incidence of disability-causing conditions in the first place. A growing body of research supports the notion that much of the disability-causing chronic disease that arises in old age is linked to exposures to risk factors early in life, or even prior to birth. Factors like low birthweight, childhood obesity, poverty, and experiences of stress during childhood have all been linked to the onset of chronic diseases, such as heart diseases and diabetes in adulthood (for example, see Barker, 2004; Haas, 2008; Hayward and Gorman, 2004; Winning and others, 2005). Taken as a whole, the literature underscores the importance of fostering good health and habits early in life to prevent or postpone the onset of morbidity at older ages.

**Population ageing need not imply exorbitant increases in national health budgets.**

The growing number and proportion of older persons in the population understandably raises concerns about the potential pressures the health systems will face to meet their needs. What population ageing will mean for national health care expenditures is not immediately clear (WHO, 2015). Despite the impending increased need for care, several studies have found that older persons use health services significantly less often than younger adults. Often, the lower rates of health care utilization among older persons reflect inadequacies in the availability or delivery of care, or structural barriers that prevent older persons from utilizing the care they need, which occurs in both developed and developing countries (WHO, 2015). Some evidence from high-income countries indicates that health expenditures per person actually fall significantly starting around age 70 (Kingsley, 2015).

Over the recent past, there has been a great deal of variability in the observed increases of health care expenditures across countries with a similar pace of population ageing. Figure IV.16 plots the percentage point change in the proportion of the population aged 60 years or over between 2000 and 2013 against the percentage increase in a country's per capita health care expenditures over the same period.

If population ageing were the major driver of increases in health costs, then the largest increases in per capita health expenditures would be observed in the countries that were ageing the fastest. By and large, this is not the case. Instead, most of the countries that experienced extremely rapid rises in health care expenditures since 2000, were ageing relatively slowly. Both Mongolia and the Russian Federation, for example, experienced a more than a tenfold increase in per capita health expenditures between 2000 and 2013, even as the share of older persons changed by only around ½ percentage point. Conversely, per capita health care expenditures changed relatively little among many of the countries that were ageing the fastest. In Japan, the proportion aged 60 years or over increased by 9 percentage points between 2000 and 2013, while per capita health expenditures grew by only 38 per cent. Health expenditures in Finland more than doubled between 2000 and 2013, which is a comparatively small increase compared to numerous other countries, but the pace of population ageing was one of the fastest in the world, with the share of older persons increasing by more than 6 percentage points during that period.
Given the loose and variable relationship between population ageing and health expenditures, WHO cautions that to predict increases in health-care costs on the basis of population ageing is simplistic and unlikely to lead to good policy decisions (WHO, 2015). Instead, a host of other factors should be taken into account when evaluating short- and long-term trends in health-care costs, such as technology-related changes, growth in personal income, and cultural norms and attitudes surrounding end-of-life care.

<figure><img src="image_60.png" /><figcaption>**Figure IV.16.** Change in percentage of older persons over time versus changes in health care expenditures per capita, 2000-2013</figcaption></figure>

*Data sources: United Nations (2015). *World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision* and World Bank (2015). *World Development Indicators* database.*

## D. CONCLUSIONS

**Preparing for an ageing population is integral to the achievement of many of the sustainable development goals.**

Population ageing is especially relevant for development goals related to poverty eradication, ensuring healthy lives and promoting social protection and well-being at all ages, gender equality, and full and productive employment and decent work for all, reducing inequalities between and within countries, and making cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. As populations grow increasingly aged, it is more important than ever that governments design innovative policies and public services specifically targeted to older persons, including those addressing, *inter alia*, housing, employment, health care, infrastructure and
social protection. Such policies will be essential to the success of efforts to achieve the goals laid
out in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

**Planning for growing numbers and proportions of older persons is essential to ensure the sustainability of pension systems.**

In some countries, large majorities of older people are covered by existing pay-as-you go or unfunded pension programmes, but declining old-age support ratios imply that such programmes may struggle to maintain adequate income support into the future. In response, some countries are pursuing pension system reforms, such as increasing the statutory ages at retirement and encouraging private savings. In many developing countries, existing pension systems cover only a minority of older persons. There, governments should prioritize enhancing system coverage and taking other measures to properly finance pensions for the ever-expanding population of retirees. Countries, where appropriate, should expand their pension systems to guarantee basic income security in old age for all, at the same time ensuring the sustainability and solvency of pension schemes.

**Health care systems must adapt to meet the needs of growing numbers of older persons.**

In countries where health systems are already well-equipped to diagnose and treat conditions associated with old age, public policies are needed to mitigate the upward pressure on national health care budgets exerted by the rising costs of health care services, and the longer lifespans and increasing numbers of older persons. In places where existing health systems are weak or ill-equipped to address the needs of an ageing population, countries should work to expand and evolve those systems in preparation for a growing burden of non-communicable diseases. As life expectancies increase, it is more important than ever to enact policies that promote lifelong health and emphasize preventive care—such as those that support good nutrition and physical activity, and discourage tobacco use and the harmful use of alcohol and drugs—to prevent or postpone the onset of age-related disability. In addition, countries should prepare for a growing need for long-term care, both home-based and facility-based, to ensure the well-being of those at advanced ages.

**Population ageing underscores the urgency of eliminating age-related discrimination, promoting and protecting the rights and dignity of older persons and facilitating their full participation in society.**

Ensuring that older persons who want to work have access to employment opportunities is a key policy priority. Policies are needed to eliminate age barriers in the formal labour market and promote the recruitment of and flexible employment opportunities for older workers, as well as facilitate access to microcredit and, where applicable, provide subsidies and other incentives for self-employment. In addition, countries should ensure that older persons are included in public policy and decision-making processes, including by utilising information and communications technologies to facilitate their engagement in public governance processes.
**Governments should act to improve older persons' access to public services in both urban and rural settings.**

Governments should ensure that infrastructure and services are accessible to persons with limited mobility, or visual, hearing and other impairments, the prevalence of which tends to increase with age. The proliferation of technologies, such as mobile devices, offers a variety of new channels for reaching older persons, for example, by delivering messages related to health, security or environmental hazards via short message service (SMS). Governments should help to bridge the digital divide by addressing differences in educational background and information and communications technology (ICT) skills of older persons through technology training courses, programmes and learning hubs tailored to their needs.

**Recent population trends indicate that virtually every country should anticipate significant growth in the number of older persons over the coming decades, necessitating multisectoral policies to ensure that older persons are able to participate actively in the economic, social, cultural and political life of their societies.**

By understanding their specific population trends, governments can assess present needs and anticipate future needs with respect to their older population. In doing so, they can proactively implement the policies and programmes that ensure the well-being and full socio-economic integration of older persons while maintaining the fiscal solvency of pension and health care systems and promoting economic growth.
<figure><img src="image_61.png" /></figure>
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Annexes
<figure><img src="image_62.png" /></figure>
# Annex I
## Glossary of terms

### DISABILITY-ADJUSTED LIFE YEAR (DALY)

The **Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs)** is a measurement of the gap between current health status and an ideal health situation where the entire population lives to an advanced age, free of disease and disability. One DALY can be thought of as one lost year of “healthy” life. It is calculated as the sum of the Years of Life Lost (YLL) due to premature mortality in the population and the Years Lost due to Disability (YLD) for people living with the health condition or its consequences.

### DEPENDENCY RATIO

The **total dependency ratio** is the number of persons under age 20 years plus persons aged 65 years or over per one hundred persons aged 20 to 64 years. It is the sum of the child dependency ratio and the old-age dependency ratio.

The **child dependency ratio** is the number of persons 0 to 19 years per one hundred persons aged 20 to 64 years.

The **old-age dependency ratio** is the number of persons aged 65 years or over per one hundred persons aged 20 to 64 years.

### GROWTH RATE

A population's **growth rate** is the increase (or decrease) in the number of persons in the population during a certain period of time, expressed as a percentage of the population at the beginning of the time period. The **average annual growth rates** for all ages as well as for particular age groups are calculated on the assumption that growth is continuous.

### LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION

The **labour force participation rate** consists of the economically active population in a particular age group as a percentage of the total population of that same age group. The active population (or labour force) includes persons in paid or unpaid employment, members of the armed forces (including temporary members) and the unemployed (including first-time job-seekers.). This definition is the one adopted by the Thirteenth International Conference of Labour Statisticians (Geneva, 1982). National definitions may differ in some cases. For information on the differences in scope, definitions and methods of calculation used for the various national series, see International Labour Organization, *Sources and Methods: Labour Statistics* (formerly Statistical Sources and Methods), Volume 5: Total and Economically Active Population, Employment and Unemployment (Population Censuses), available from http://laborsta.ilo.org/applv8/data/SSM5/E/ssm5.html#E.
## ECONOMIC SUPPORT RATIO

The **economic support ratio** is the number of equivalent producers or workers divided by the number of equivalent consumers in a given population.

## HEALTHY LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH

The **health life expectancy** at a specific age is the average number of years of life spent in good health, free of illness or disability.

## HEALTHY YEARS OF LIFE LOST

The equivalent **healthy years of life lost** is the average number of years spent living with disability in a population. It is equal to the life expectancy at birth minus the healthy life expectancy at birth.

## LIFE EXPECTANCY

**Life expectancy** at a specific age is the average number of additional years a person of that age could expect to live if current mortality levels observed for ages above that age were to continue for the rest of that person's life. In particular, **life expectancy at birth** is the average number of years a newborn would live if current age-specific mortality rates were to continue. The **life expectancy at age 60** is the average number of years a 60-year-old person would life if current age-specific mortality rates were to continue.

## MEDIAN AGE

The **median age** of a population is the age that divides a population into two groups of the same size, such that half the total population is younger than this age, and the other half older.

## PENSION COVERAGE

The **potential coverage** reflects the percentage of persons over the statutory pensionable age that is receiving a pension.

## POTENTIAL SUPPORT RATIO

The **potential support ratio** is the number of persons aged 20 to 64 years per every person aged 65 years or over.

## SEX RATIO

The **sex ratio** is calculated as the number of males per one hundred females in a population. The sex ratio may be calculated for a total population or for a specific age group.
## STATUTORY PENSIONABLE AGE

The **statutory pensionable age** (or statutory retirement age) is the age at which eligible individuals qualify to receive old-age benefits in accordance to national laws and regulations. In addition to attainment of a specified age, receiving old-age benefits can also be conditional on the completion of a specified period of contributions or covered employment.

## TOTAL FERTILITY RATE

The **total fertility rate** is the average number of children a woman would bear over the course of her lifetime if current age-specific fertility rates remained constant throughout her childbearing years (normally between the ages of 15 and 49 years). The current total fertility rate is an indicator of the level of fertility at a given time.
<figure><img src="image_63.png" /></figure>
# Annex II

## Classification of regions, least developed countries and income groups

### Africa

**Eastern Africa**

Burundi
Comoros
Djibouti
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Kenya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mauritius
Mayotte
Mozambique
Réunion
Rwanda
Seychelles
Somalia
South Sudan
Uganda
United Republic of
Tanzania
Zambia
Zimbabwe

**Middle Africa**

Angola
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Congo
Democratic Republic of
the Congo
Equatorial Guinea
Gabon
São Tomé and Príncipe

**Northern Africa**

Algeria
Egypt
Libya
Morocco
Sudan
Tunisia
Western Sahara

**Western Africa**

Benin
Burkina Faso
Cape Verde
Côte d'Ivoire
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Liberia
Mali
Mauritania
Niger
Nigeria
St. Helena
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Togo

**Southern Africa**

Botswana
Lesotho
Namibia
South Africa
Swaziland

### Asia

**Eastern Asia**

China
China, Hong Kong SAR
China, Macao SAR
Democratic People's
Republic of Korea
Japan
Mongolia
Republic of Korea

**Central Asia**

Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan

**Southern Asia**

Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Iran (Islamic Republic of)
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka

**South-Eastern Asia**

Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao People's Democratic
Republic
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Timor-Leste
Viet Nam

**Western Asia**

Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Cyprus
Georgia
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
State of Palestine
Syrian Arab Republic
Turkey
United Arab Emirates
Yemen
Europe

Eastern Europe

Belarus

Bulgaria

Czech Republic

Hungary

Poland

Republic of Moldova

Romania

Russian Federation

Slovakia

Ukraine

Northern Europe

Channel Islands

Denmark

Estonia

Faeroe Islands

Finland

Iceland

Ireland

Isle of Man

Latvia

Lithuania

Norway

Sweden

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Southern Europe

Albania

Andorra

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Croatia

Gibraltar

Greece

Holy See

Italy

Malta

Montenegro

Portugal

San Marino

Serbia

Slovenia

Spain

The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

Western Europe

Austria

Belgium

France

Germany

Liechtenstein

Luxembourg

Monaco

Netherlands

Switzerland

Latin America and the Caribbean

Caribbean

Anguilla

Antigua and Barbuda

Aruba

Bahamas

Barbados

British Virgin Islands

Caribbean Netherlands

Cayman Islands

Cuba

Curaçao

Dominica

Dominican Republic

Grenada

Guadeloupe

Haiti

Jamaica

Martinique

Montserrat

Puerto Rico

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Saint Lucia

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Sint Maarten

Trinidad and Tobago

Turks and Caicos Islands

United States Virgin Islands

Central America

Belize

Costa Rica

El Salvador

Guatemala

Honduras

Mexico

Nicaragua

Panama

South America

Argentina

Bolivia (Plurinational State of)

Brazil

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Falkland Islands (Malvinas)

French Guiana

Guyana

Paraguay

Peru

Suriname

Uruguay

Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)
## Northern America

Bermuda

Canada

Greenland

St. Pierre and Miquelon

United States of America

## Oceania

### Australia/New Zealand

Australia

New Zealand

### Melanesia

Fiji

New Caledonia

Papua New Guinea

Solomon Islands

Vanuatu

### Micronesia

Guam

Kiribati

Marshall Islands

Micronesia

(Federated States of)

Nauru

Northern Mariana Islands

Palau

### Polynesia

American Samoa

Cook Islands

French Polynesia

Niue

Samoa

Tokelau

Tonga

Tuvalu

Wallis and Futuna Islands

## Least developed countries

Afghanistan

Angola

Bangladesh

Benin

Bhutan

Burkina Faso

Burundi

Cambodia

Central African Republic

Chad

Comoros

Democratic Republic of
the Congo

Djibouti

Equatorial Guinea

Eritrea

Ethiopia

Gambia

Guinea

Guinea-Bissau

Haiti

Kiribati

Lao People's Democratic
Republic

Lesotho

Liberia

Madagascar

Malawi

Mali

Mauritania

Mozambique

Myanmar

Nepal

Niger

Rwanda

São Tomé and Príncipe

Senegal

Sierra Leone

Solomon Islands

Somalia

South Sudan

Sudan

Timor-Leste

Togo

Tuvalu

Uganda

United Republic of
Tanzania

Vanuatu

Yemen

Zambia
Low-income economies (GNI per capita $1,045 or less)

<table><tr><td>Afghanistan</td><td>Dem. Republic of the Congo</td><td>Liberia</td><td>Sierra Leone</td></tr><tr><td>Benin</td><td>Eritrea</td><td>Madagascar</td><td>Somalia</td></tr><tr><td>Burkina Faso</td><td>Ethiopia</td><td>Malawi</td><td>South Sudan</td></tr><tr><td>Burundi</td><td>Gambia</td><td>Mali</td><td>Togo</td></tr><tr><td>Cambodia</td><td>Guinea</td><td>Mozambique</td><td>Uganda</td></tr><tr><td>Central African Republic</td><td>Guinea-Bissau</td><td>Nepal</td><td>United Republic of Tanzania</td></tr><tr><td>Chad</td><td>Haiti</td><td>Niger</td><td>Zimbabwe</td></tr><tr><td>Comoros</td><td>Dem. Republic of Korea</td><td>Rwanda</td><td></td></tr></table>

Lower-middle-income economies (GNI per capita $1,046 to $4,125)

<table><tr><td>Armenia</td><td>Guatemala</td><td>Moldova</td><td>State of Palestine</td></tr><tr><td>Bangladesh</td><td>Guyana</td><td>Morocco</td><td>Sudan</td></tr><tr><td>Bhutan</td><td>Honduras</td><td>Myanmar</td><td>Swaziland</td></tr><tr><td>Bolivia (Plurinational State of)</td><td>India</td><td>Nicaragua</td><td>Syrian Arab Republic</td></tr><tr><td>Cabo Verde</td><td>Indonesia</td><td>Nigeria</td><td>Tajikistan</td></tr><tr><td>Cameroon</td><td>Kenya</td><td>Pakistan</td><td>Timor-Leste</td></tr><tr><td>Congo</td><td>Kiribati</td><td>Papua New Guinea</td><td>Ukraine</td></tr><tr><td>Cote d'Ivoire</td><td>Kosovo</td><td>Philippines</td><td>Uzbekistan</td></tr><tr><td>Djibouti</td><td>Kyrgyz Republic</td><td>Samoa</td><td>Vanuatu</td></tr><tr><td>Egypt</td><td>Lao People's Dem. Republic</td><td>Sao Tome and Principe</td><td>Viet Nam</td></tr><tr><td>El Salvador</td><td>Lesotho</td><td>Senegal</td><td>Yemen</td></tr><tr><td>Georgia</td><td>Mauritania</td><td>Solomon Islands</td><td>Zambia</td></tr><tr><td>Ghana</td><td>Micronesia, Fed. Sts of</td><td>Sri Lanka</td><td></td></tr></table>

Upper-middle-income economies (GNI per capita $4,126 - $12,735)

<table><tr><td>Albania</td><td>Cuba</td><td>Malaysia</td><td>South Africa</td></tr><tr><td>Algeria</td><td>Dominica</td><td>Maldives</td><td>St. Lucia</td></tr><tr><td>American Samoa</td><td>Dominican Republic</td><td>Marshall Islands</td><td>St. Vincent and the Grenadines</td></tr><tr><td>Angola</td><td>Ecuador</td><td>Mauritius</td><td>Suriname</td></tr><tr><td>Azerbaijan</td><td>Fiji</td><td>Mexico</td><td>Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Belarus</td><td>Gabon</td><td>Mongolia</td><td>TFYR Macedonia</td></tr><tr><td>Belize</td><td>Grenada</td><td>Montenegro</td><td>Tonga</td></tr><tr><td>Bosnia and Herzegovina</td><td>Iran (Islamic Rep. of)</td><td>Namibia</td><td>Tunisia</td></tr><tr><td>Botswana</td><td>Iraq</td><td>Palau</td><td>Turkey</td></tr><tr><td>Brazil</td><td>Jamaica</td><td>Panama</td><td>Turkmenistan</td></tr><tr><td>Bulgaria</td><td>Jordan</td><td>Paraguay</td><td>Tuvalu</td></tr><tr><td>China</td><td>Kazakhstan</td><td>Peru</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Colombia</td><td>Lebanon</td><td>Romania</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Costa Rica</td><td>Libya</td><td>Serbia</td><td></td></tr></table>
High-income economies (GNI per capita $12,736 or more)

Andorra
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Aruba
Australia
Austria
Bahamas
Bahrain
Barbados
Belgium
Bermuda
Brunei Darussalam
Canada
Cayman Islands
Channel Islands
Chile
Croatia
Curacao
Cyprus
Czech Republic

Denmark
Estonia
Equatorial Guinea
Faeroe Islands
Finland
France
French Polynesia
Germany
Greece
Greenland
Guam
Hong Kong, SAR China
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Isle of Man
Israel
Italy
Japan
Republic of Korea

Kuwait
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macao SAR, China
Malta
Monaco
Netherlands
New Caledonia
New Zealand
Northern Mariana Islands
Norway
Oman
Poland
Portugal
Puerto Rico
Qatar
Russian Federation
San Marino

Saudi Arabia
Seychelles
Singapore
Sint Maarten (Dutch part)
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
St. Kitts and Nevis
St. Martin (French part)
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan, Province of China
Trinidad and Tobago
Turks and Caicos Islands
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States of America
Uruguay
Venezuela (Bolivarian Rep. of)
United States Virgin Islands
<figure><img src="image_64.png" /></figure>
Annex III

Summary tables
<table><caption>Table A.III.1. Population aged 60 years or over, percentage of population aged 60 years or over and median age, 2015, 2030 and 2050</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Country or area</th><th colspan="3">Population aged 60 or over (thousands)</th><th colspan="3">Percentage aged 60 or over</th><th colspan="3">Median age (years)</th></tr><tr><th>2015</th><th>2030</th><th>2050</th><th>2015</th><th>2030</th><th>2050</th><th>2015</th><th>2030</th><th>2050</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>World</td><td>900 906</td><td>1 402 405</td><td>2 091 966</td><td>12.3</td><td>16.5</td><td>21.5</td><td>29.6</td><td>33.1</td><td>36.1</td></tr><tr><td>More developed regions</td><td>298 783</td><td>375 219</td><td>421 449</td><td>23.9</td><td>29.2</td><td>32.8</td><td>41.2</td><td>44.1</td><td>45.1</td></tr><tr><td>Less developed regions</td><td>602 123</td><td>1 027 187</td><td>1 670 517</td><td>9.9</td><td>14.2</td><td>19.8</td><td>27.8</td><td>31.3</td><td>34.9</td></tr><tr><td>Least developed countries</td><td>52 066</td><td>88 531</td><td>185 600</td><td>5.5</td><td>6.7</td><td>9.8</td><td>19.7</td><td>22.3</td><td>26.1</td></tr><tr><td>Other less developed countries</td><td>550 057</td><td>938 655</td><td>1 484 917</td><td>10.7</td><td>15.9</td><td>22.7</td><td>29.3</td><td>33.8</td><td>37.8</td></tr><tr><td>Less developed regions, excluding China</td><td>386 862</td><td>658 943</td><td>1 166 149</td><td>8.2</td><td>11.4</td><td>16.5</td><td>25.2</td><td>28.5</td><td>32.6</td></tr><tr><td>High-income countries</td><td>309 662</td><td>408 853</td><td>483 125</td><td>22.1</td><td>27.7</td><td>31.9</td><td>39.7</td><td>42.9</td><td>44.7</td></tr><tr><td>Middle-income countries</td><td>557 662</td><td>938 759</td><td>1 493 047</td><td>10.5</td><td>15.4</td><td>21.9</td><td>28.9</td><td>33.2</td><td>37.1</td></tr><tr><td>Upper-middle-income countries</td><td>320 158</td><td>544 856</td><td>800 567</td><td>13.4</td><td>21.2</td><td>30.5</td><td>33.5</td><td>39.7</td><td>44.1</td></tr><tr><td>Lower-middle-income countries</td><td>237 504</td><td>393 903</td><td>692 480</td><td>8.1</td><td>11.2</td><td>16.5</td><td>25.3</td><td>28.8</td><td>33.4</td></tr><tr><td>Low-income countries</td><td>33 161</td><td>54 040</td><td>114 777</td><td>5.2</td><td>5.8</td><td>8.3</td><td>18.5</td><td>20.7</td><td>24.6</td></tr><tr><td>Sub-Saharan Africa</td><td>46 455</td><td>74 504</td><td>161 077</td><td>4.8</td><td>5.3</td><td>7.6</td><td>18.3</td><td>20.1</td><td>23.7</td></tr><tr><td>Africa</td><td>64 447</td><td>105 387</td><td>220 341</td><td>5.4</td><td>6.3</td><td>8.9</td><td>19.4</td><td>21.2</td><td>24.8</td></tr><tr><td>Eastern Africa</td><td>18 868</td><td>30 818</td><td>72 436</td><td>4.8</td><td>5.3</td><td>8.2</td><td>18.0</td><td>20.4</td><td>24.6</td></tr><tr><td>Burundi</td><td>468</td><td>844</td><td>1 944</td><td>4.2</td><td>4.9</td><td>6.8</td><td>17.6</td><td>18.5</td><td>21.8</td></tr><tr><td>Comoros</td><td>36</td><td>65</td><td>139</td><td>4.6</td><td>6.0</td><td>9.2</td><td>19.7</td><td>22.1</td><td>26.3</td></tr><tr><td>Djibouti</td><td>56</td><td>97</td><td>183</td><td>6.3</td><td>9.2</td><td>15.5</td><td>23.6</td><td>27.7</td><td>33.4</td></tr><tr><td>Eritrea</td><td>218</td><td>339</td><td>959</td><td>4.2</td><td>4.6</td><td>9.2</td><td>18.6</td><td>21.7</td><td>26.7</td></tr><tr><td>Ethiopia</td><td>5 205</td><td>8 464</td><td>19 525</td><td>5.2</td><td>6.1</td><td>10.4</td><td>18.6</td><td>22.9</td><td>29.2</td></tr><tr><td>Kenya</td><td>2 090</td><td>3 628</td><td>9 163</td><td>4.5</td><td>5.5</td><td>9.6</td><td>18.9</td><td>21.6</td><td>25.7</td></tr><tr><td>Madagascar</td><td>1 128</td><td>2 091</td><td>4 551</td><td>4.7</td><td>5.8</td><td>8.2</td><td>18.7</td><td>20.9</td><td>24.5</td></tr><tr><td>Malawi</td><td>849</td><td>1 218</td><td>3 276</td><td>4.9</td><td>4.6</td><td>7.6</td><td>17.2</td><td>19.3</td><td>23.5</td></tr><tr><td>Mauritius</td><td>188</td><td>305</td><td>383</td><td>14.7</td><td>23.3</td><td>30.6</td><td>35.2</td><td>40.4</td><td>47.1</td></tr><tr><td>Mayotte</td><td>13</td><td>28</td><td>66</td><td>5.6</td><td>8.0</td><td>13.3</td><td>19.0</td><td>23.2</td><td>29.3</td></tr><tr><td>Mozambique</td><td>1 432</td><td>2 138</td><td>4 075</td><td>5.1</td><td>5.2</td><td>6.2</td><td>17.1</td><td>18.9</td><td>22.4</td></tr><tr><td>Réunion</td><td>130</td><td>241</td><td>305</td><td>15.1</td><td>25.5</td><td>30.9</td><td>34.3</td><td>38.7</td><td>44.4</td></tr><tr><td>Rwanda</td><td>527</td><td>989</td><td>2 551</td><td>4.5</td><td>6.3</td><td>12.0</td><td>19.2</td><td>23.2</td><td>29.7</td></tr><tr><td>Seychelles</td><td>11</td><td>19</td><td>27</td><td>10.9</td><td>19.1</td><td>27.4</td><td>32.6</td><td>37.2</td><td>39.7</td></tr><tr><td>Somalia</td><td>482</td><td>736</td><td>1 401</td><td>4.5</td><td>4.5</td><td>5.2</td><td>16.5</td><td>17.7</td><td>20.8</td></tr><tr><td>South Sudan</td><td>634</td><td>1 007</td><td>1 943</td><td>5.1</td><td>5.7</td><td>7.5</td><td>18.6</td><td>20.6</td><td>24.6</td></tr><tr><td>Uganda</td><td>1 474</td><td>2 297</td><td>6 160</td><td>3.8</td><td>3.7</td><td>6.0</td><td>15.9</td><td>18.1</td><td>21.9</td></tr><tr><td>United Republic of Tanzania</td><td>2 552</td><td>4 292</td><td>9 942</td><td>4.8</td><td>5.2</td><td>7.2</td><td>17.3</td><td>18.8</td><td>22.2</td></tr><tr><td>Zambia</td><td>690</td><td>1 047</td><td>2 829</td><td>4.3</td><td>4.1</td><td>6.6</td><td>16.9</td><td>18.5</td><td>21.4</td></tr><tr><td>Zimbabwe</td><td>686</td><td>973</td><td>3 014</td><td>4.4</td><td>4.6</td><td>10.2</td><td>18.9</td><td>21.6</td><td>27.5</td></tr><tr><td>Middle Africa</td><td>6 901</td><td>11 267</td><td>24 411</td><td>4.5</td><td>4.9</td><td>6.6</td><td>17.1</td><td>18.9</td><td>22.5</td></tr><tr><td>Angola</td><td>959</td><td>1 652</td><td>3 609</td><td>3.8</td><td>4.2</td><td>5.5</td><td>16.1</td><td>17.7</td><td>21.0</td></tr><tr><td>Cameroon</td><td>1 131</td><td>1 728</td><td>3 930</td><td>4.8</td><td>5.2</td><td>8.1</td><td>18.5</td><td>20.8</td><td>24.9</td></tr><tr><td>Central African Republic</td><td>287</td><td>404</td><td>880</td><td>5.9</td><td>6.2</td><td>10.0</td><td>20.0</td><td>22.9</td><td>27.7</td></tr><tr><td>Chad</td><td>555</td><td>867</td><td>1 886</td><td>4.0</td><td>4.0</td><td>5.4</td><td>16.0</td><td>17.9</td><td>21.7</td></tr><tr><td>Congo</td><td>255</td><td>414</td><td>888</td><td>5.5</td><td>6.1</td><td>8.3</td><td>18.7</td><td>20.1</td><td>23.3</td></tr><tr><td>Dem. Republic of the Congo</td><td>3 537</td><td>5 900</td><td>12 642</td><td>4.6</td><td>4.9</td><td>6.5</td><td>16.9</td><td>18.6</td><td>22.3</td></tr><tr><td>Equatorial Guinea</td><td>43</td><td>105</td><td>167</td><td>5.1</td><td>8.5</td><td>9.2</td><td>20.5</td><td>22.3</td><td>26.5</td></tr><tr><td>Gabon</td><td>125</td><td>182</td><td>375</td><td>7.3</td><td>7.8</td><td>11.8</td><td>21.4</td><td>24.0</td><td>29.0</td></tr><tr><td>Sao Tome and Principe</td><td>8</td><td>15</td><td>34</td><td>4.4</td><td>5.8</td><td>9.6</td><td>18.5</td><td>21.2</td><td>25.5</td></tr><tr><td>Northern Africa</td><td>17 992</td><td>30 883</td><td>59 264</td><td>8.0</td><td>10.9</td><td>16.7</td><td>25.1</td><td>27.7</td><td>32.2</td></tr><tr><td>Algeria</td><td>3 573</td><td>6 413</td><td>12 988</td><td>9.0</td><td>13.3</td><td>23.0</td><td>27.6</td><td>31.9</td><td>37.1</td></tr><tr><td>Egypt</td><td>7 238</td><td>11 593</td><td>23 045</td><td>7.9</td><td>9.9</td><td>15.3</td><td>24.7</td><td>26.5</td><td>31.0</td></tr><tr><td>Libya</td><td>439</td><td>894</td><td>1 823</td><td>7.0</td><td>12.0</td><td>21.8</td><td>27.5</td><td>31.8</td><td>38.4</td></tr><tr><td>Morocco</td><td>3 317</td><td>6 012</td><td>10 239</td><td>9.6</td><td>15.1</td><td>23.4</td><td>28.0</td><td>33.1</td><td>38.6</td></tr><tr><td>Sudan</td><td>2 081</td><td>3 633</td><td>7 406</td><td>5.2</td><td>6.4</td><td>9.2</td><td>19.4</td><td>22.3</td><td>26.2</td></tr><tr><td>Tunisia</td><td>1 314</td><td>2 247</td><td>3 565</td><td>11.7</td><td>17.7</td><td>26.5</td><td>31.2</td><td>36.5</td><td>40.4</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Country or area</th><th colspan="3">Population aged 60 or over<br>(thousands)</th><th colspan="3">Percentage aged 60 or<br>over</th><th colspan="3">Median age<br>(years)</th></tr><tr><th>2015</th><th>2030</th><th>2050</th><th>2015</th><th>2030</th><th>2050</th><th>2015</th><th>2030</th><th>2050</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Western Sahara</td><td>31</td><td>91</td><td>198</td><td>5.5</td><td>12.4</td><td>22.0</td><td>29.4</td><td>34.9</td><td>39.8</td></tr><tr><td>Southern Africa</td><td>4 680</td><td>6 958</td><td>11 477</td><td>7.5</td><td>9.9</td><td>14.7</td><td>25.2</td><td>28.6</td><td>33.2</td></tr><tr><td>Botswana</td><td>133</td><td>224</td><td>531</td><td>5.9</td><td>8.0</td><td>15.7</td><td>24.2</td><td>28.0</td><td>33.6</td></tr><tr><td>Lesotho</td><td>133</td><td>132</td><td>270</td><td>6.2</td><td>5.3</td><td>9.0</td><td>21.0</td><td>23.1</td><td>28.0</td></tr><tr><td>Namibia</td><td>134</td><td>233</td><td>477</td><td>5.5</td><td>7.1</td><td>11.0</td><td>21.2</td><td>23.9</td><td>28.8</td></tr><tr><td>South Africa</td><td>4 209</td><td>6 283</td><td>10 061</td><td>7.7</td><td>10.5</td><td>15.4</td><td>25.7</td><td>29.3</td><td>33.9</td></tr><tr><td>Swaziland</td><td>71</td><td>86</td><td>138</td><td>5.5</td><td>5.7</td><td>7.7</td><td>20.5</td><td>22.6</td><td>27.5</td></tr><tr><td>Western Africa</td><td>16 006</td><td>25 462</td><td>52 752</td><td>4.5</td><td>4.9</td><td>6.6</td><td>18.0</td><td>19.4</td><td>22.6</td></tr><tr><td>Benin</td><td>501</td><td>873</td><td>1 789</td><td>4.6</td><td>5.6</td><td>7.9</td><td>18.6</td><td>21.1</td><td>25.1</td></tr><tr><td>Burkina Faso</td><td>692</td><td>1 201</td><td>2 736</td><td>3.8</td><td>4.4</td><td>6.4</td><td>17.0</td><td>19.1</td><td>22.7</td></tr><tr><td>Cabo Verde</td><td>35</td><td>64</td><td>145</td><td>6.7</td><td>10.4</td><td>20.5</td><td>24.5</td><td>30.8</td><td>38.4</td></tr><tr><td>Côte d'Ivoire</td><td>1 100</td><td>1 642</td><td>3 193</td><td>4.8</td><td>5.1</td><td>6.5</td><td>18.4</td><td>19.8</td><td>22.8</td></tr><tr><td>Gambia</td><td>74</td><td>136</td><td>293</td><td>3.7</td><td>4.4</td><td>5.9</td><td>16.8</td><td>18.3</td><td>22.1</td></tr><tr><td>Ghana</td><td>1 444</td><td>2 413</td><td>4 833</td><td>5.3</td><td>6.5</td><td>9.7</td><td>20.6</td><td>22.7</td><td>26.8</td></tr><tr><td>Guinea</td><td>643</td><td>1 015</td><td>2 083</td><td>5.1</td><td>5.6</td><td>7.6</td><td>18.5</td><td>20.5</td><td>24.5</td></tr><tr><td>Guinea-Bissau</td><td>98</td><td>146</td><td>295</td><td>5.3</td><td>5.7</td><td>8.3</td><td>19.4</td><td>21.4</td><td>25.4</td></tr><tr><td>Liberia</td><td>217</td><td>361</td><td>756</td><td>4.8</td><td>5.6</td><td>8.0</td><td>18.6</td><td>21.1</td><td>24.7</td></tr><tr><td>Mali</td><td>706</td><td>1 100</td><td>2 618</td><td>4.0</td><td>4.0</td><td>5.8</td><td>16.2</td><td>17.9</td><td>21.4</td></tr><tr><td>Mauritania</td><td>207</td><td>371</td><td>724</td><td>5.1</td><td>6.5</td><td>9.0</td><td>19.8</td><td>22.1</td><td>25.5</td></tr><tr><td>Niger</td><td>837</td><td>1 502</td><td>2 944</td><td>4.2</td><td>4.2</td><td>4.1</td><td>14.8</td><td>15.2</td><td>17.8</td></tr><tr><td>Nigeria</td><td>8 158</td><td>12 525</td><td>25 262</td><td>4.5</td><td>4.8</td><td>6.3</td><td>17.9</td><td>19.3</td><td>22.5</td></tr><tr><td>Senegal</td><td>684</td><td>1 154</td><td>2 931</td><td>4.5</td><td>5.1</td><td>8.1</td><td>18.0</td><td>19.6</td><td>23.5</td></tr><tr><td>Sierra Leone</td><td>284</td><td>413</td><td>872</td><td>4.4</td><td>4.8</td><td>7.7</td><td>18.5</td><td>21.3</td><td>26.4</td></tr><tr><td>Togo</td><td>325</td><td>545</td><td>1 277</td><td>4.5</td><td>5.2</td><td>8.1</td><td>18.7</td><td>21.0</td><td>24.6</td></tr><tr><td>Asia</td><td>507 954</td><td>844 487</td><td>1 293 710</td><td>11.6</td><td>17.2</td><td>24.6</td><td>30.3</td><td>35.4</td><td>39.9</td></tr><tr><td>Eastern Asia</td><td>269 797</td><td>435 155</td><td>578 413</td><td>16.7</td><td>26.4</td><td>36.9</td><td>37.9</td><td>43.7</td><td>49.9</td></tr><tr><td>China</td><td>209 240</td><td>358 146</td><td>491 533</td><td>15.2</td><td>25.3</td><td>36.5</td><td>37.0</td><td>43.2</td><td>49.6</td></tr><tr><td>China, Hong Kong SAR</td><td>1 581</td><td>2 670</td><td>3 334</td><td>21.7</td><td>33.6</td><td>40.9</td><td>43.2</td><td>48.6</td><td>52.7</td></tr><tr><td>China, Macao SAR</td><td>87</td><td>185</td><td>289</td><td>14.8</td><td>25.7</td><td>34.5</td><td>37.9</td><td>43.7</td><td>47.0</td></tr><tr><td>China, Taiwan Province of China</td><td>4 354</td><td>7 243</td><td>9 212</td><td>18.6</td><td>31.3</td><td>44.3</td><td>39.7</td><td>48.1</td><td>56.2</td></tr><tr><td>Dem. People's Rep. of Korea</td><td>3 149</td><td>5 181</td><td>6 557</td><td>12.5</td><td>19.4</td><td>24.4</td><td>33.9</td><td>37.3</td><td>41.0</td></tr><tr><td>Japan</td><td>41 873</td><td>44 808</td><td>45 637</td><td>33.1</td><td>37.3</td><td>42.5</td><td>46.5</td><td>51.5</td><td>53.3</td></tr><tr><td>Mongolia</td><td>189</td><td>420</td><td>849</td><td>6.4</td><td>11.9</td><td>21.1</td><td>27.3</td><td>31.2</td><td>35.4</td></tr><tr><td>Republic of Korea</td><td>9 325</td><td>16 501</td><td>21 002</td><td>18.5</td><td>31.4</td><td>41.5</td><td>40.6</td><td>47.5</td><td>53.9</td></tr><tr><td>Central Asia</td><td>5 313</td><td>9 402</td><td>15 677</td><td>7.9</td><td>11.9</td><td>17.7</td><td>26.5</td><td>30.2</td><td>34.4</td></tr><tr><td>Kazakhstan</td><td>1 882</td><td>2 889</td><td>4 182</td><td>10.7</td><td>14.4</td><td>18.6</td><td>29.3</td><td>31.9</td><td>34.3</td></tr><tr><td>Kyrgyzstan</td><td>420</td><td>799</td><td>1 327</td><td>7.1</td><td>11.3</td><td>16.1</td><td>25.1</td><td>27.5</td><td>32.1</td></tr><tr><td>Tajikistan</td><td>425</td><td>958</td><td>1 886</td><td>5.0</td><td>8.6</td><td>13.2</td><td>22.5</td><td>24.8</td><td>29.6</td></tr><tr><td>Turkmenistan</td><td>369</td><td>700</td><td>1 196</td><td>6.9</td><td>11.4</td><td>18.2</td><td>26.4</td><td>31.5</td><td>36.7</td></tr><tr><td>Uzbekistan</td><td>2 218</td><td>4 055</td><td>7 086</td><td>7.4</td><td>11.8</td><td>19.1</td><td>26.3</td><td>31.4</td><td>36.4</td></tr><tr><td>Southern Asia</td><td>153 490</td><td>256 153</td><td>460 096</td><td>8.4</td><td>11.9</td><td>19.0</td><td>26.1</td><td>30.6</td><td>36.7</td></tr><tr><td>Afghanistan</td><td>1 300</td><td>2 232</td><td>5 038</td><td>4.0</td><td>5.1</td><td>9.0</td><td>17.5</td><td>22.5</td><td>29.8</td></tr><tr><td>Bangladesh</td><td>11 235</td><td>21 526</td><td>43 491</td><td>7.0</td><td>11.5</td><td>21.5</td><td>25.6</td><td>31.5</td><td>39.6</td></tr><tr><td>Bhutan</td><td>57</td><td>102</td><td>233</td><td>7.4</td><td>11.6</td><td>24.5</td><td>26.7</td><td>33.7</td><td>41.9</td></tr><tr><td>India</td><td>116 553</td><td>190 730</td><td>330 043</td><td>8.9</td><td>12.5</td><td>19.4</td><td>26.6</td><td>31.2</td><td>37.3</td></tr><tr><td>Iran (Islamic Republic of)</td><td>6 502</td><td>12 745</td><td>28 754</td><td>8.2</td><td>14.4</td><td>31.2</td><td>29.5</td><td>38.3</td><td>44.7</td></tr><tr><td>Maldives</td><td>25</td><td>51</td><td>125</td><td>6.8</td><td>11.7</td><td>25.3</td><td>26.4</td><td>33.9</td><td>41.4</td></tr><tr><td>Nepal</td><td>2 456</td><td>3 572</td><td>6 491</td><td>8.6</td><td>10.8</td><td>17.9</td><td>23.1</td><td>29.3</td><td>38.9</td></tr><tr><td>Pakistan</td><td>12 476</td><td>20 671</td><td>39 970</td><td>6.6</td><td>8.4</td><td>12.9</td><td>22.5</td><td>25.5</td><td>30.9</td></tr><tr><td>Sri Lanka</td><td>2 887</td><td>4 524</td><td>5 951</td><td>13.9</td><td>21.0</td><td>28.6</td><td>32.3</td><td>37.0</td><td>42.5</td></tr><tr><td>South-Eastern Asia</td><td>59 008</td><td>106 415</td><td>167 320</td><td>9.3</td><td>14.7</td><td>21.1</td><td>28.8</td><td>33.1</td><td>37.6</td></tr><tr><td>Brunei Darussalam</td><td>32</td><td>85</td><td>169</td><td>7.6</td><td>17.1</td><td>30.9</td><td>30.6</td><td>37.8</td><td>45.4</td></tr><tr><td>Cambodia</td><td>1 053</td><td>1 972</td><td>3 969</td><td>6.8</td><td>10.4</td><td>17.6</td><td>23.9</td><td>28.6</td><td>34.5</td></tr><tr><td>Indonesia</td><td>21 194</td><td>38 957</td><td>61 896</td><td>8.2</td><td>13.2</td><td>19.2</td><td>28.4</td><td>31.9</td><td>36.5</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Country or area</th><th colspan="3">Population aged 60 or over<br>(thousands)</th><th colspan="3">Percentage aged 60 or<br>over</th><th colspan="3">Median age<br>(years)</th></tr><tr><th>2015</th><th>2030</th><th>2050</th><th>2015</th><th>2030</th><th>2050</th><th>2015</th><th>2030</th><th>2050</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Lao People's Dem. Republic</td><td>407</td><td>685</td><td>1 491</td><td>6.0</td><td>8.1</td><td>14.7</td><td>21.9</td><td>26.4</td><td>33.7</td></tr><tr><td>Malaysia</td><td>2 785</td><td>5 196</td><td>9 593</td><td>9.2</td><td>14.4</td><td>23.6</td><td>28.5</td><td>34.5</td><td>40.5</td></tr><tr><td>Myanmar</td><td>4 786</td><td>7 982</td><td>11 965</td><td>8.9</td><td>13.2</td><td>18.8</td><td>27.9</td><td>32.4</td><td>38.0</td></tr><tr><td>Philippines</td><td>7 321</td><td>12 682</td><td>20 779</td><td>7.3</td><td>10.3</td><td>14.0</td><td>24.2</td><td>27.7</td><td>32.0</td></tr><tr><td>Singapore</td><td>1 001</td><td>1 969</td><td>2 700</td><td>17.9</td><td>30.7</td><td>40.4</td><td>40.0</td><td>47.0</td><td>53.0</td></tr><tr><td>Thailand</td><td>10 731</td><td>18 355</td><td>23 153</td><td>15.8</td><td>26.9</td><td>37.1</td><td>38.0</td><td>44.8</td><td>50.6</td></tr><tr><td>Timor-Leste</td><td>85</td><td>108</td><td>174</td><td>7.2</td><td>6.8</td><td>8.1</td><td>18.5</td><td>19.2</td><td>24.3</td></tr><tr><td>Viet Nam</td><td>9 613</td><td>18 425</td><td>31 431</td><td>10.3</td><td>17.5</td><td>27.9</td><td>30.4</td><td>37.0</td><td>41.9</td></tr><tr><td>Western Asia</td><td>20 346</td><td>37 363</td><td>72 204</td><td>7.9</td><td>11.6</td><td>18.3</td><td>26.3</td><td>29.9</td><td>34.3</td></tr><tr><td>Armenia</td><td>493</td><td>712</td><td>902</td><td>16.3</td><td>23.8</td><td>33.1</td><td>34.6</td><td>41.4</td><td>46.9</td></tr><tr><td>Azerbaijan</td><td>980</td><td>1 885</td><td>2 675</td><td>10.0</td><td>17.6</td><td>24.4</td><td>30.9</td><td>37.1</td><td>38.6</td></tr><tr><td>Bahrain</td><td>53</td><td>178</td><td>432</td><td>3.9</td><td>10.8</td><td>23.7</td><td>30.3</td><td>35.6</td><td>42.2</td></tr><tr><td>Cyprus</td><td>209</td><td>309</td><td>465</td><td>18.0</td><td>23.7</td><td>33.2</td><td>35.9</td><td>41.9</td><td>47.5</td></tr><tr><td>Georgia</td><td>770</td><td>969</td><td>1 151</td><td>19.3</td><td>25.1</td><td>33.0</td><td>37.5</td><td>42.0</td><td>45.0</td></tr><tr><td>Iraq</td><td>1 817</td><td>3 162</td><td>7 402</td><td>5.0</td><td>5.8</td><td>8.8</td><td>19.3</td><td>21.1</td><td>24.3</td></tr><tr><td>Israel</td><td>1 278</td><td>1 808</td><td>2 758</td><td>15.8</td><td>18.1</td><td>21.9</td><td>30.3</td><td>31.8</td><td>35.2</td></tr><tr><td>Jordan</td><td>414</td><td>782</td><td>1 853</td><td>5.4</td><td>8.6</td><td>15.8</td><td>22.5</td><td>26.3</td><td>32.4</td></tr><tr><td>Kuwait</td><td>133</td><td>442</td><td>1 188</td><td>3.4</td><td>8.9</td><td>20.1</td><td>31.0</td><td>33.9</td><td>37.8</td></tr><tr><td>Lebanon</td><td>670</td><td>1 014</td><td>1 726</td><td>11.5</td><td>19.2</td><td>30.8</td><td>28.5</td><td>37.6</td><td>46.8</td></tr><tr><td>Oman</td><td>196</td><td>494</td><td>1 434</td><td>4.4</td><td>9.4</td><td>24.5</td><td>29.0</td><td>34.2</td><td>40.1</td></tr><tr><td>Qatar</td><td>51</td><td>221</td><td>633</td><td>2.3</td><td>7.9</td><td>19.8</td><td>30.7</td><td>34.0</td><td>41.0</td></tr><tr><td>Saudi Arabia</td><td>1 582</td><td>4 324</td><td>9 610</td><td>5.0</td><td>11.1</td><td>20.9</td><td>28.3</td><td>32.3</td><td>38.2</td></tr><tr><td>State of Palestine</td><td>211</td><td>421</td><td>1 014</td><td>4.5</td><td>6.2</td><td>10.4</td><td>19.3</td><td>22.3</td><td>27.4</td></tr><tr><td>Syrian Arab Republic</td><td>1 191</td><td>2 556</td><td>5 740</td><td>6.4</td><td>8.9</td><td>16.4</td><td>20.8</td><td>27.2</td><td>33.7</td></tr><tr><td>Turkey</td><td>8 828</td><td>14 911</td><td>25 530</td><td>11.2</td><td>17.0</td><td>26.6</td><td>29.8</td><td>35.2</td><td>41.8</td></tr><tr><td>United Arab Emirates</td><td>215</td><td>1 238</td><td>3 004</td><td>2.3</td><td>11.3</td><td>23.5</td><td>33.3</td><td>36.6</td><td>43.4</td></tr><tr><td>Yemen</td><td>1 254</td><td>1 939</td><td>4 688</td><td>4.7</td><td>5.3</td><td>9.9</td><td>19.3</td><td>23.0</td><td>29.6</td></tr><tr><td>Europe</td><td>176 513</td><td>217 220</td><td>242 001</td><td>23.9</td><td>29.6</td><td>34.2</td><td>41.7</td><td>45.1</td><td>46.2</td></tr><tr><td>Eastern Europe</td><td>63 091</td><td>71 662</td><td>80 314</td><td>21.5</td><td>25.7</td><td>31.9</td><td>39.6</td><td>43.8</td><td>43.9</td></tr><tr><td>Belarus</td><td>1 927</td><td>2 260</td><td>2 410</td><td>20.3</td><td>25.2</td><td>29.7</td><td>39.6</td><td>42.8</td><td>42.2</td></tr><tr><td>Bulgaria</td><td>1 926</td><td>1 898</td><td>1 877</td><td>26.9</td><td>30.1</td><td>36.4</td><td>43.5</td><td>47.1</td><td>47.8</td></tr><tr><td>Czech Republic</td><td>2 630</td><td>3 027</td><td>3 683</td><td>24.9</td><td>28.9</td><td>37.0</td><td>41.5</td><td>46.9</td><td>48.1</td></tr><tr><td>Hungary</td><td>2 455</td><td>2 559</td><td>2 876</td><td>24.9</td><td>27.6</td><td>34.6</td><td>41.3</td><td>45.7</td><td>47.8</td></tr><tr><td>Poland</td><td>8 753</td><td>10 657</td><td>13 038</td><td>22.7</td><td>28.6</td><td>39.3</td><td>39.6</td><td>46.1</td><td>51.8</td></tr><tr><td>Republic of Moldova</td><td>674</td><td>858</td><td>1 090</td><td>16.6</td><td>22.4</td><td>33.6</td><td>35.6</td><td>42.6</td><td>49.3</td></tr><tr><td>Romania</td><td>4 763</td><td>5 258</td><td>5 531</td><td>24.4</td><td>29.8</td><td>36.4</td><td>42.1</td><td>47.0</td><td>48.1</td></tr><tr><td>Russian Federation</td><td>28 730</td><td>33 233</td><td>36 990</td><td>20.0</td><td>24.0</td><td>28.8</td><td>38.7</td><td>42.4</td><td>40.8</td></tr><tr><td>Slovakia</td><td>1 114</td><td>1 411</td><td>1 773</td><td>20.5</td><td>26.4</td><td>36.2</td><td>39.1</td><td>45.2</td><td>49.0</td></tr><tr><td>Ukraine</td><td>10 118</td><td>10 501</td><td>11 046</td><td>22.6</td><td>25.7</td><td>31.5</td><td>40.3</td><td>44.1</td><td>43.7</td></tr><tr><td>Northern Europe</td><td>23 968</td><td>30 820</td><td>36 041</td><td>23.4</td><td>28.0</td><td>30.7</td><td>40.3</td><td>42.1</td><td>43.3</td></tr><tr><td>Channel Islands</td><td>39</td><td>54</td><td>63</td><td>23.6</td><td>31.0</td><td>34.9</td><td>42.6</td><td>46.1</td><td>48.0</td></tr><tr><td>Denmark</td><td>1 401</td><td>1 764</td><td>1 885</td><td>24.7</td><td>29.4</td><td>29.9</td><td>41.6</td><td>42.3</td><td>44.1</td></tr><tr><td>Estonia</td><td>331</td><td>361</td><td>396</td><td>25.2</td><td>29.1</td><td>35.1</td><td>41.7</td><td>44.9</td><td>45.9</td></tr><tr><td>Finland</td><td>1 496</td><td>1 797</td><td>1 863</td><td>27.2</td><td>31.5</td><td>32.4</td><td>42.5</td><td>44.4</td><td>45.1</td></tr><tr><td>Iceland</td><td>63</td><td>94</td><td>120</td><td>19.2</td><td>25.8</td><td>30.9</td><td>36.0</td><td>40.1</td><td>44.3</td></tr><tr><td>Ireland</td><td>861</td><td>1 267</td><td>1 792</td><td>18.4</td><td>24.4</td><td>31.0</td><td>36.9</td><td>41.3</td><td>42.6</td></tr><tr><td>Latvia</td><td>506</td><td>524</td><td>528</td><td>25.7</td><td>29.0</td><td>33.1</td><td>42.9</td><td>44.7</td><td>45.3</td></tr><tr><td>Lithuania</td><td>719</td><td>761</td><td>711</td><td>25.0</td><td>28.7</td><td>29.9</td><td>43.1</td><td>43.3</td><td>44.3</td></tr><tr><td>Norway</td><td>1 134</td><td>1 559</td><td>1 963</td><td>21.8</td><td>26.2</td><td>29.5</td><td>39.1</td><td>40.9</td><td>42.8</td></tr><tr><td>Sweden</td><td>2 497</td><td>3 074</td><td>3 513</td><td>25.5</td><td>28.6</td><td>29.6</td><td>41.0</td><td>41.8</td><td>42.0</td></tr><tr><td>United Kingdom</td><td>14 889</td><td>19 521</td><td>23 159</td><td>23.0</td><td>27.8</td><td>30.7</td><td>40.0</td><td>41.9</td><td>43.3</td></tr><tr><td>Southern Europe</td><td>39 914</td><td>50 712</td><td>56 844</td><td>26.2</td><td>33.9</td><td>40.0</td><td>43.9</td><td>49.3</td><td>51.3</td></tr><tr><td>Albania</td><td>515</td><td>752</td><td>838</td><td>17.8</td><td>25.5</td><td>30.9</td><td>34.3</td><td>39.0</td><td>47.6</td></tr><tr><td>Bosnia and Herzegovina</td><td>853</td><td>1 097</td><td>1 244</td><td>22.4</td><td>30.6</td><td>40.5</td><td>41.5</td><td>47.2</td><td>53.2</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Country or area</th><th colspan="3">Population aged 60 or over (thousands)</th><th colspan="3">Percentage aged 60 or over</th><th colspan="3">Median age (years)</th></tr><tr><th>2015</th><th>2030</th><th>2050</th><th>2015</th><th>2030</th><th>2050</th><th>2015</th><th>2030</th><th>2050</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Croatia</td><td>1 100</td><td>1 233</td><td>1 309</td><td>25.9</td><td>31.0</td><td>36.8</td><td>42.8</td><td>46.5</td><td>49.6</td></tr><tr><td>Greece</td><td>2 961</td><td>3 480</td><td>3 958</td><td>27.0</td><td>33.2</td><td>40.8</td><td>43.6</td><td>48.9</td><td>52.3</td></tr><tr><td>Italy</td><td>17 108</td><td>21 605</td><td>23 016</td><td>28.6</td><td>36.6</td><td>40.7</td><td>45.9</td><td>50.8</td><td>51.7</td></tr><tr><td>Malta</td><td>107</td><td>130</td><td>149</td><td>25.6</td><td>30.4</td><td>36.2</td><td>41.5</td><td>45.8</td><td>50.2</td></tr><tr><td>Montenegro</td><td>127</td><td>156</td><td>175</td><td>20.3</td><td>25.2</td><td>30.5</td><td>37.6</td><td>41.6</td><td>45.5</td></tr><tr><td>Portugal</td><td>2 801</td><td>3 413</td><td>3 793</td><td>27.1</td><td>34.7</td><td>41.2</td><td>44.0</td><td>50.2</td><td>52.5</td></tr><tr><td>Serbia</td><td>2 163</td><td>2 254</td><td>2 368</td><td>24.4</td><td>27.2</td><td>32.3</td><td>40.6</td><td>43.5</td><td>46.8</td></tr><tr><td>Slovenia</td><td>521</td><td>672</td><td>757</td><td>25.2</td><td>32.7</td><td>39.0</td><td>43.1</td><td>48.1</td><td>49.3</td></tr><tr><td>Spain</td><td>11 246</td><td>15 361</td><td>18 546</td><td>24.4</td><td>33.5</td><td>41.4</td><td>43.2</td><td>50.1</td><td>51.8</td></tr><tr><td>TFYR Macedonia</td><td>385</td><td>515</td><td>635</td><td>18.5</td><td>24.8</td><td>32.8</td><td>37.5</td><td>42.6</td><td>47.2</td></tr><tr><td>Western Europe</td><td>49 540</td><td>64 026</td><td>68 802</td><td>26.0</td><td>32.7</td><td>35.2</td><td>43.7</td><td>45.8</td><td>47.4</td></tr><tr><td>Austria</td><td>2 064</td><td>2 864</td><td>3 282</td><td>24.2</td><td>32.4</td><td>37.1</td><td>43.2</td><td>46.5</td><td>49.7</td></tr><tr><td>Belgium</td><td>2 725</td><td>3 544</td><td>4 079</td><td>24.1</td><td>29.5</td><td>32.6</td><td>41.5</td><td>43.6</td><td>44.6</td></tr><tr><td>France</td><td>16 249</td><td>20 321</td><td>22 592</td><td>25.2</td><td>29.9</td><td>31.8</td><td>41.2</td><td>43.0</td><td>43.9</td></tr><tr><td>Germany</td><td>22 269</td><td>28 644</td><td>29 275</td><td>27.6</td><td>36.1</td><td>39.3</td><td>46.2</td><td>48.6</td><td>51.4</td></tr><tr><td>Luxembourg</td><td>108</td><td>168</td><td>233</td><td>19.1</td><td>24.7</td><td>29.0</td><td>39.2</td><td>41.0</td><td>42.7</td></tr><tr><td>Netherlands</td><td>4 148</td><td>5 633</td><td>5 852</td><td>24.5</td><td>32.0</td><td>33.2</td><td>42.7</td><td>44.7</td><td>46.2</td></tr><tr><td>Switzerland</td><td>1 955</td><td>2 825</td><td>3 461</td><td>23.6</td><td>30.6</td><td>34.5</td><td>42.3</td><td>45.1</td><td>46.9</td></tr><tr><td>Latin America and the Caribbean</td><td>70 922</td><td>120 959</td><td>200 031</td><td>11.2</td><td>16.8</td><td>25.5</td><td>29.2</td><td>34.5</td><td>41.2</td></tr><tr><td>Caribbean</td><td>5 745</td><td>8 946</td><td>12 214</td><td>13.3</td><td>19.2</td><td>25.4</td><td>30.2</td><td>34.9</td><td>40.2</td></tr><tr><td>Antigua and Barbuda</td><td>10</td><td>21</td><td>28</td><td>10.8</td><td>19.7</td><td>24.9</td><td>30.9</td><td>35.3</td><td>40.6</td></tr><tr><td>Aruba</td><td>19</td><td>30</td><td>29</td><td>18.5</td><td>28.4</td><td>28.8</td><td>40.2</td><td>42.0</td><td>45.6</td></tr><tr><td>Bahamas</td><td>49</td><td>90</td><td>133</td><td>12.5</td><td>20.1</td><td>27.1</td><td>32.4</td><td>37.6</td><td>42.0</td></tr><tr><td>Barbados</td><td>56</td><td>81</td><td>88</td><td>19.8</td><td>27.7</td><td>31.1</td><td>38.5</td><td>41.9</td><td>43.4</td></tr><tr><td>Cuba</td><td>2 215</td><td>3 552</td><td>4 106</td><td>19.4</td><td>31.6</td><td>39.7</td><td>41.2</td><td>46.4</td><td>51.9</td></tr><tr><td>Curaçao</td><td>33</td><td>50</td><td>54</td><td>21.1</td><td>28.4</td><td>28.7</td><td>40.5</td><td>41.0</td><td>42.9</td></tr><tr><td>Dominican Republic</td><td>1 023</td><td>1 722</td><td>2 788</td><td>9.7</td><td>14.2</td><td>21.1</td><td>26.1</td><td>30.6</td><td>37.1</td></tr><tr><td>Grenada</td><td>11</td><td>16</td><td>28</td><td>10.2</td><td>14.3</td><td>25.1</td><td>27.2</td><td>33.4</td><td>40.0</td></tr><tr><td>Guadeloupe</td><td>95</td><td>150</td><td>169</td><td>20.2</td><td>30.5</td><td>34.0</td><td>39.4</td><td>43.0</td><td>45.5</td></tr><tr><td>Haiti</td><td>755</td><td>1 168</td><td>2 172</td><td>7.1</td><td>9.3</td><td>15.3</td><td>23.0</td><td>27.2</td><td>33.1</td></tr><tr><td>Jamaica</td><td>357</td><td>537</td><td>760</td><td>12.8</td><td>18.7</td><td>28.0</td><td>29.1</td><td>35.6</td><td>43.8</td></tr><tr><td>Martinique</td><td>104</td><td>151</td><td>129</td><td>26.2</td><td>38.5</td><td>35.9</td><td>46.1</td><td>47.0</td><td>48.0</td></tr><tr><td>Puerto Rico</td><td>723</td><td>927</td><td>1 137</td><td>19.6</td><td>25.5</td><td>33.8</td><td>36.3</td><td>41.4</td><td>48.3</td></tr><tr><td>Saint Lucia</td><td>23</td><td>39</td><td>57</td><td>12.5</td><td>19.1</td><td>27.3</td><td>31.2</td><td>36.8</td><td>43.9</td></tr><tr><td>St. Vincent and the Grenadines</td><td>12</td><td>21</td><td>28</td><td>10.9</td><td>18.3</td><td>25.6</td><td>29.8</td><td>35.7</td><td>42.1</td></tr><tr><td>Trinidad and Tobago</td><td>193</td><td>277</td><td>364</td><td>14.2</td><td>20.2</td><td>28.2</td><td>33.8</td><td>40.2</td><td>42.6</td></tr><tr><td>United States Virgin Islands</td><td>26</td><td>34</td><td>31</td><td>24.1</td><td>32.2</td><td>32.1</td><td>41.0</td><td>42.4</td><td>44.6</td></tr><tr><td>Central America</td><td>16 144</td><td>28 786</td><td>53 062</td><td>9.3</td><td>14.2</td><td>23.2</td><td>26.6</td><td>32.1</td><td>39.5</td></tr><tr><td>Belize</td><td>21</td><td>42</td><td>86</td><td>5.9</td><td>8.9</td><td>14.7</td><td>23.5</td><td>28.4</td><td>34.0</td></tr><tr><td>Costa Rica</td><td>613</td><td>1 111</td><td>1 749</td><td>12.8</td><td>20.5</td><td>30.4</td><td>31.4</td><td>38.0</td><td>45.3</td></tr><tr><td>El Salvador</td><td>703</td><td>1 010</td><td>1 540</td><td>11.5</td><td>15.8</td><td>24.1</td><td>26.7</td><td>33.1</td><td>41.8</td></tr><tr><td>Guatemala</td><td>1 145</td><td>1 834</td><td>3 954</td><td>7.0</td><td>8.6</td><td>14.2</td><td>21.2</td><td>25.5</td><td>31.5</td></tr><tr><td>Honduras</td><td>581</td><td>1 044</td><td>2 187</td><td>7.2</td><td>10.7</td><td>19.5</td><td>23.4</td><td>29.9</td><td>38.2</td></tr><tr><td>Mexico</td><td>12 177</td><td>22 094</td><td>40 391</td><td>9.6</td><td>14.9</td><td>24.7</td><td>27.4</td><td>33.1</td><td>40.9</td></tr><tr><td>Nicaragua</td><td>473</td><td>878</td><td>1 838</td><td>7.8</td><td>12.5</td><td>23.4</td><td>25.2</td><td>31.7</td><td>40.1</td></tr><tr><td>Panama</td><td>430</td><td>773</td><td>1 318</td><td>10.9</td><td>16.2</td><td>23.5</td><td>28.7</td><td>33.0</td><td>38.5</td></tr><tr><td>South America</td><td>49 033</td><td>83 227</td><td>134 756</td><td>11.7</td><td>17.7</td><td>26.6</td><td>30.2</td><td>35.5</td><td>42.0</td></tr><tr><td>Argentina</td><td>6 559</td><td>8 634</td><td>13 084</td><td>15.1</td><td>17.5</td><td>23.6</td><td>30.8</td><td>34.1</td><td>38.6</td></tr><tr><td>Bolivia (Plurinational State of)</td><td>988</td><td>1 499</td><td>2 714</td><td>9.2</td><td>11.4</td><td>17.0</td><td>24.1</td><td>28.2</td><td>33.6</td></tr><tr><td>Brazil</td><td>24 392</td><td>42 879</td><td>69 882</td><td>11.7</td><td>18.8</td><td>29.3</td><td>31.3</td><td>37.4</td><td>44.8</td></tr><tr><td>Chile</td><td>2 818</td><td>4 800</td><td>7 100</td><td>15.7</td><td>23.7</td><td>32.9</td><td>34.4</td><td>40.1</td><td>46.9</td></tr><tr><td>Colombia</td><td>5 226</td><td>9 721</td><td>15 169</td><td>10.8</td><td>18.3</td><td>27.6</td><td>30.0</td><td>36.4</td><td>43.4</td></tr><tr><td>Ecuador</td><td>1 602</td><td>2 840</td><td>5 025</td><td>9.9</td><td>14.5</td><td>21.8</td><td>26.6</td><td>31.2</td><td>37.4</td></tr><tr><td>French Guiana</td><td>21</td><td>48</td><td>93</td><td>7.8</td><td>12.7</td><td>17.0</td><td>24.5</td><td>27.6</td><td>32.0</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Country or area</th><th colspan="3">Population aged 60 or over<br>(thousands)</th><th colspan="3">Percentage aged 60 or<br>over</th><th colspan="3">Median age<br>(years)</th></tr><tr><th>2015</th><th>2030</th><th>2050</th><th>2015</th><th>2030</th><th>2050</th><th>2015</th><th>2030</th><th>2050</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Guyana</td><td>64</td><td>122</td><td>111</td><td>8.3</td><td>14.9</td><td>13.8</td><td>24.7</td><td>29.9</td><td>34.0</td></tr><tr><td>Paraguay</td><td>598</td><td>942</td><td>1 629</td><td>9.0</td><td>12.0</td><td>18.3</td><td>24.9</td><td>29.8</td><td>35.5</td></tr><tr><td>Peru</td><td>3 127</td><td>5 409</td><td>9 708</td><td>10.0</td><td>14.7</td><td>23.2</td><td>27.5</td><td>32.4</td><td>38.7</td></tr><tr><td>Suriname</td><td>56</td><td>94</td><td>133</td><td>10.2</td><td>15.7</td><td>21.4</td><td>29.0</td><td>32.7</td><td>37.9</td></tr><tr><td>Uruguay</td><td>657</td><td>796</td><td>1 009</td><td>19.1</td><td>22.1</td><td>27.5</td><td>34.9</td><td>37.8</td><td>42.5</td></tr><tr><td>Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)</td><td>2 925</td><td>5 442</td><td>9 097</td><td>9.4</td><td>14.8</td><td>21.9</td><td>27.4</td><td>32.1</td><td>38.0</td></tr><tr><td>Northern America</td><td>74 589</td><td>104 799</td><td>122 679</td><td>20.8</td><td>26.4</td><td>28.3</td><td>38.3</td><td>40.4</td><td>42.1</td></tr><tr><td>Canada</td><td>8 021</td><td>11 858</td><td>14 320</td><td>22.3</td><td>29.4</td><td>32.4</td><td>40.6</td><td>43.5</td><td>45.5</td></tr><tr><td>United States of America</td><td>66 545</td><td>92 906</td><td>108 326</td><td>20.7</td><td>26.1</td><td>27.9</td><td>38.0</td><td>40.0</td><td>41.7</td></tr><tr><td>Oceania</td><td>6 481</td><td>9 553</td><td>13 204</td><td>16.5</td><td>20.2</td><td>23.3</td><td>32.9</td><td>35.1</td><td>37.4</td></tr><tr><td>Australia/New Zealand</td><td>5 808</td><td>8 391</td><td>11 133</td><td>20.4</td><td>25.0</td><td>28.5</td><td>37.6</td><td>39.9</td><td>41.6</td></tr><tr><td>Australia</td><td>4 887</td><td>7 014</td><td>9 483</td><td>20.4</td><td>24.6</td><td>28.3</td><td>37.5</td><td>39.8</td><td>41.4</td></tr><tr><td>New Zealand</td><td>921</td><td>1 378</td><td>1 650</td><td>20.3</td><td>27.0</td><td>29.4</td><td>38.0</td><td>40.0</td><td>43.0</td></tr><tr><td>Melanesia</td><td>555</td><td>950</td><td>1 771</td><td>5.8</td><td>7.7</td><td>11.1</td><td>22.0</td><td>24.8</td><td>28.9</td></tr><tr><td>Fiji</td><td>83</td><td>134</td><td>184</td><td>9.3</td><td>14.3</td><td>19.9</td><td>27.6</td><td>30.5</td><td>35.4</td></tr><tr><td>New Caledonia</td><td>38</td><td>61</td><td>91</td><td>14.5</td><td>19.6</td><td>24.9</td><td>33.1</td><td>36.5</td><td>40.8</td></tr><tr><td>Papua New Guinea</td><td>387</td><td>671</td><td>1 322</td><td>5.1</td><td>6.7</td><td>10.0</td><td>21.2</td><td>24.3</td><td>28.2</td></tr><tr><td>Solomon Islands</td><td>30</td><td>52</td><td>107</td><td>5.2</td><td>6.9</td><td>10.8</td><td>19.9</td><td>23.2</td><td>27.9</td></tr><tr><td>Vanuatu</td><td>17</td><td>32</td><td>68</td><td>6.5</td><td>9.1</td><td>14.2</td><td>22.2</td><td>25.2</td><td>30.2</td></tr><tr><td>Micronesia</td><td>51</td><td>95</td><td>133</td><td>9.7</td><td>15.6</td><td>19.3</td><td>26.3</td><td>30.3</td><td>34.9</td></tr><tr><td>Guam</td><td>22</td><td>40</td><td>57</td><td>13.0</td><td>19.9</td><td>24.9</td><td>30.1</td><td>34.3</td><td>39.9</td></tr><tr><td>Kiribati</td><td>7</td><td>13</td><td>21</td><td>6.1</td><td>9.3</td><td>12.0</td><td>22.4</td><td>24.2</td><td>28.4</td></tr><tr><td>Micronesia (Fed. States of)</td><td>8</td><td>11</td><td>16</td><td>7.5</td><td>9.1</td><td>12.2</td><td>21.5</td><td>25.6</td><td>30.9</td></tr><tr><td>Polynesia</td><td>67</td><td>117</td><td>167</td><td>9.8</td><td>15.6</td><td>20.4</td><td>26.2</td><td>30.2</td><td>35.1</td></tr><tr><td>French Polynesia</td><td>33</td><td>62</td><td>94</td><td>11.6</td><td>19.7</td><td>28.4</td><td>31.5</td><td>37.3</td><td>43.2</td></tr><tr><td>Samoa</td><td>15</td><td>25</td><td>34</td><td>7.9</td><td>12.1</td><td>14.1</td><td>21.2</td><td>24.0</td><td>28.5</td></tr><tr><td>Tonga</td><td>9</td><td>13</td><td>18</td><td>8.2</td><td>10.5</td><td>12.9</td><td>21.3</td><td>24.6</td><td>28.4</td></tr></tbody></table>

Data source: United Nations (2015). World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision.
<table><caption>Table A.III.2. Fertility, life expectancy at birth and at age 60, and healthy life expectancy</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="3">Country or area</th><th rowspan="2">Total fertility (children per woman)</th><th colspan="2">Life expectancy at birth (years)</th><th colspan="2">Life expectancy at age 60 (years)</th><th colspan="2">Healthy life expectancy (years)</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2">2010-2015</th><th colspan="2">2010-2015</th><th colspan="2">2013</th></tr><tr><th>2010-2015</th><th>Males</th><th>Females</th><th>Males</th><th>Females</th><th>Males</th><th>Females</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>World</td><td>2.5</td><td>68.3</td><td>72.7</td><td>18.7</td><td>21.5</td><td>60</td><td>64</td></tr><tr><td>More developed regions</td><td>1.7</td><td>75.1</td><td>81.5</td><td>20.8</td><td>24.6</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Less developed regions</td><td>2.6</td><td>66.9</td><td>70.7</td><td>17.8</td><td>20.0</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Least developed countries</td><td>4.3</td><td>60.7</td><td>63.6</td><td>16.7</td><td>17.8</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Other less developed countries</td><td>2.4</td><td>68.3</td><td>72.1</td><td>17.9</td><td>20.2</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Less developed regions, excluding China</td><td>3.0</td><td>65.1</td><td>69.1</td><td>17.4</td><td>19.6</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>High-income countries</td><td>1.7</td><td>75.7</td><td>81.9</td><td>21.2</td><td>25.0</td><td>67</td><td>72</td></tr><tr><td>Middle-income countries</td><td>2.4</td><td>67.7</td><td>71.5</td><td>17.7</td><td>19.9</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Upper-middle-income countries</td><td>1.9</td><td>71.8</td><td>76.0</td><td>18.5</td><td>21.1</td><td>64</td><td>68</td></tr><tr><td>Lower-middle-income countries</td><td>2.9</td><td>64.6</td><td>68.1</td><td>16.7</td><td>18.6</td><td>56</td><td>59</td></tr><tr><td>Low-income countries</td><td>4.9</td><td>58.7</td><td>61.9</td><td>16.0</td><td>17.7</td><td>52</td><td>54</td></tr><tr><td>Sub-Saharan Africa</td><td>5.1</td><td>55.9</td><td>58.4</td><td>15.4</td><td>16.8</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Africa</td><td>4.7</td><td>58.2</td><td>60.9</td><td>15.9</td><td>17.4</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Eastern Africa</td><td>4.9</td><td>58.9</td><td>62.2</td><td>16.9</td><td>18.3</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Burundi</td><td>6.1</td><td>54.2</td><td>58.0</td><td>15.8</td><td>17.1</td><td>47</td><td>49</td></tr><tr><td>Comoros</td><td>4.6</td><td>61.2</td><td>64.5</td><td>15.3</td><td>17.0</td><td>53</td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td>Djibouti</td><td>3.3</td><td>60.0</td><td>63.2</td><td>16.9</td><td>18.1</td><td>52</td><td>54</td></tr><tr><td>Eritrea</td><td>4.4</td><td>60.9</td><td>65.2</td><td>13.7</td><td>16.9</td><td>53</td><td>56</td></tr><tr><td>Ethiopia</td><td>4.6</td><td>61.3</td><td>65.0</td><td>17.1</td><td>18.4</td><td>54</td><td>57</td></tr><tr><td>Kenya</td><td>4.4</td><td>59.1</td><td>62.2</td><td>17.1</td><td>18.4</td><td>52</td><td>54</td></tr><tr><td>Madagascar</td><td>4.5</td><td>63.0</td><td>66.0</td><td>16.2</td><td>17.5</td><td>54</td><td>56</td></tr><tr><td>Malawi</td><td>5.3</td><td>59.9</td><td>62.0</td><td>17.6</td><td>19.9</td><td>50</td><td>52</td></tr><tr><td>Mauritius</td><td>1.5</td><td>70.7</td><td>77.7</td><td>18.0</td><td>22.1</td><td>62</td><td>68</td></tr><tr><td>Mayotte</td><td>4.1</td><td>76.0</td><td>82.9</td><td>21.4</td><td>25.4</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Mozambique</td><td>5.5</td><td>52.9</td><td>56.2</td><td>16.2</td><td>17.6</td><td>46</td><td>47</td></tr><tr><td>Réunion</td><td>2.2</td><td>76.0</td><td>82.9</td><td>21.4</td><td>25.4</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Rwanda</td><td>4.1</td><td>59.7</td><td>66.3</td><td>17.1</td><td>18.5</td><td>55</td><td>57</td></tr><tr><td>Seychelles</td><td>2.3</td><td>68.7</td><td>77.9</td><td>16.9</td><td>21.9</td><td>63</td><td>71</td></tr><tr><td>Somalia</td><td>6.6</td><td>53.3</td><td>56.5</td><td>15.5</td><td>16.6</td><td>45</td><td>47</td></tr><tr><td>South Sudan</td><td>5.2</td><td>54.1</td><td>56.0</td><td>15.9</td><td>16.9</td><td>48</td><td>49</td></tr><tr><td>Uganda</td><td>5.9</td><td>55.7</td><td>58.8</td><td>16.6</td><td>17.9</td><td>49</td><td>52</td></tr><tr><td>United Republic of Tanzania</td><td>5.2</td><td>62.6</td><td>65.6</td><td>17.8</td><td>19.1</td><td>52</td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td>Zambia</td><td>5.5</td><td>57.2</td><td>60.3</td><td>17.0</td><td>18.4</td><td>49</td><td>51</td></tr><tr><td>Zimbabwe</td><td>4.0</td><td>53.6</td><td>56.0</td><td>16.8</td><td>18.2</td><td>48</td><td>52</td></tr><tr><td>Middle Africa</td><td>5.8</td><td>54.3</td><td>57.0</td><td>15.8</td><td>17.0</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Angola</td><td>6.2</td><td>50.2</td><td>53.2</td><td>15.1</td><td>16.3</td><td>43</td><td>46</td></tr><tr><td>Cameroon</td><td>4.8</td><td>53.7</td><td>56.0</td><td>15.8</td><td>17.0</td><td>48</td><td>49</td></tr><tr><td>Central African Republic</td><td>4.4</td><td>47.8</td><td>51.3</td><td>15.0</td><td>16.5</td><td>43</td><td>44</td></tr><tr><td>Chad</td><td>6.3</td><td>50.1</td><td>52.2</td><td>15.2</td><td>16.2</td><td>44</td><td>45</td></tr><tr><td>Congo</td><td>5.0</td><td>60.0</td><td>62.9</td><td>17.2</td><td>18.5</td><td>50</td><td>51</td></tr><tr><td>Dem. Republic of the Congo</td><td>6.2</td><td>56.7</td><td>59.5</td><td>16.0</td><td>17.1</td><td>43</td><td>46</td></tr><tr><td>Equatorial Guinea</td><td>5.0</td><td>55.9</td><td>58.6</td><td>16.3</td><td>17.5</td><td>47</td><td>48</td></tr><tr><td>Gabon</td><td>4.0</td><td>63.2</td><td>64.1</td><td>17.7</td><td>18.9</td><td>53</td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td>Sao Tome and Principe</td><td>4.7</td><td>64.2</td><td>68.2</td><td>17.5</td><td>18.8</td><td>56</td><td>59</td></tr><tr><td>Northern Africa</td><td>3.3</td><td>68.6</td><td>72.4</td><td>17.6</td><td>19.5</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Algeria</td><td>2.9</td><td>72.1</td><td>76.8</td><td>20.9</td><td>22.3</td><td>62</td><td>63</td></tr><tr><td>Egypt</td><td>3.4</td><td>68.7</td><td>73.1</td><td>16.0</td><td>18.4</td><td>61</td><td>63</td></tr><tr><td>Libya</td><td>2.5</td><td>68.8</td><td>74.4</td><td>16.8</td><td>19.6</td><td>64</td><td>65</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="3">Country or area</th><th rowspan="3">Total fertility (children per woman)</th><th colspan="2">Life expectancy at birth (years)</th><th colspan="2">Life expectancy at age 60 (years)</th><th colspan="2">Healthy life expectancy (years)</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2">2010-2015</th><th colspan="2">2010-2015</th><th colspan="2">2013</th></tr><tr><th>Males</th><th>Females</th><th>Males</th><th>Females</th><th>Males</th><th>Females</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Morocco</td><td>2.6</td><td>72.6</td><td>74.6</td><td>18.5</td><td>19.7</td><td>60</td><td>62</td></tr><tr><td>Sudan</td><td>4.5</td><td>61.6</td><td>64.6</td><td>17.2</td><td>18.3</td><td>52</td><td>54</td></tr><tr><td>Tunisia</td><td>2.2</td><td>72.3</td><td>77.0</td><td>17.7</td><td>21.2</td><td>65</td><td>68</td></tr><tr><td>Western Sahara</td><td>2.2</td><td>65.9</td><td>69.8</td><td>16.1</td><td>18.0</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Southern Africa</td><td>2.5</td><td>55.0</td><td>59.0</td><td>13.7</td><td>18.0</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Botswana</td><td>2.9</td><td>61.8</td><td>66.5</td><td>15.9</td><td>18.1</td><td>53</td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td>Lesotho</td><td>3.3</td><td>49.2</td><td>49.6</td><td>14.5</td><td>16.2</td><td>41</td><td>44</td></tr><tr><td>Namibia</td><td>3.6</td><td>61.6</td><td>67.0</td><td>15.9</td><td>18.4</td><td>56</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>South Africa</td><td>2.4</td><td>54.9</td><td>59.1</td><td>13.5</td><td>18.1</td><td>49</td><td>54</td></tr><tr><td>Swaziland</td><td>3.4</td><td>49.7</td><td>48.5</td><td>15.3</td><td>17.2</td><td>45</td><td>45</td></tr><tr><td>Western Africa</td><td>5.5</td><td>54.4</td><td>55.6</td><td>14.1</td><td>14.7</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Benin</td><td>4.9</td><td>57.8</td><td>60.6</td><td>15.0</td><td>16.1</td><td>50</td><td>51</td></tr><tr><td>Burkina Faso</td><td>5.6</td><td>56.7</td><td>59.3</td><td>14.7</td><td>15.4</td><td>50</td><td>51</td></tr><tr><td>Cabo Verde</td><td>2.4</td><td>71.1</td><td>74.7</td><td>17.3</td><td>19.7</td><td>61</td><td>66</td></tr><tr><td>Côte d'Ivoire</td><td>5.1</td><td>50.2</td><td>51.9</td><td>13.8</td><td>14.4</td><td>45</td><td>46</td></tr><tr><td>Gambia</td><td>5.8</td><td>58.5</td><td>61.2</td><td>14.7</td><td>15.9</td><td>52</td><td>54</td></tr><tr><td>Ghana</td><td>4.2</td><td>60.1</td><td>62.0</td><td>15.0</td><td>16.0</td><td>53</td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td>Guinea</td><td>5.1</td><td>57.6</td><td>58.5</td><td>14.7</td><td>15.3</td><td>49</td><td>50</td></tr><tr><td>Guinea-Bissau</td><td>5.0</td><td>53.0</td><td>56.5</td><td>14.5</td><td>15.5</td><td>45</td><td>47</td></tr><tr><td>Liberia</td><td>4.8</td><td>59.3</td><td>61.2</td><td>14.8</td><td>15.8</td><td>52</td><td>53</td></tr><tr><td>Mali</td><td>6.4</td><td>57.4</td><td>57.0</td><td>15.1</td><td>15.3</td><td>50</td><td>48</td></tr><tr><td>Mauritania</td><td>4.7</td><td>61.3</td><td>64.3</td><td>15.8</td><td>17.0</td><td>53</td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td>Niger</td><td>7.6</td><td>59.9</td><td>61.6</td><td>15.5</td><td>16.5</td><td>51</td><td>51</td></tr><tr><td>Nigeria</td><td>5.7</td><td>52.0</td><td>52.6</td><td>13.4</td><td>13.9</td><td>47</td><td>47</td></tr><tr><td>Senegal</td><td>5.2</td><td>63.9</td><td>67.6</td><td>15.7</td><td>17.4</td><td>55</td><td>56</td></tr><tr><td>Sierra Leone</td><td>4.8</td><td>49.7</td><td>50.7</td><td>13.0</td><td>13.1</td><td>39</td><td>40</td></tr><tr><td>Togo</td><td>4.7</td><td>58.3</td><td>59.7</td><td>14.7</td><td>15.4</td><td>49</td><td>51</td></tr><tr><td>Asia</td><td>2.2</td><td>69.7</td><td>73.6</td><td>18.1</td><td>20.6</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Eastern Asia</td><td>1.6</td><td>74.7</td><td>78.6</td><td>19.1</td><td>22.1</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>China</td><td>1.6</td><td>74.0</td><td>77.0</td><td>18.3</td><td>20.6</td><td>67</td><td>69</td></tr><tr><td>China, Hong Kong SAR</td><td>1.2</td><td>80.9</td><td>86.6</td><td>23.4</td><td>28.2</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>China, Macao SAR</td><td>1.2</td><td>78.1</td><td>82.5</td><td>21.3</td><td>24.4</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>China, Taiwan Province of China</td><td>1.1</td><td>76.4</td><td>82.3</td><td>21.7</td><td>24.9</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Dem. People's Rep. of Korea</td><td>2.0</td><td>66.3</td><td>73.3</td><td>13.7</td><td>19.3</td><td>60</td><td>65</td></tr><tr><td>Japan</td><td>1.4</td><td>80.0</td><td>86.5</td><td>23.0</td><td>28.4</td><td>72</td><td>78</td></tr><tr><td>Mongolia</td><td>2.7</td><td>64.8</td><td>73.3</td><td>16.0</td><td>19.8</td><td>57</td><td>64</td></tr><tr><td>Republic of Korea</td><td>1.3</td><td>78.0</td><td>84.6</td><td>21.5</td><td>26.5</td><td>70</td><td>75</td></tr><tr><td>Central Asia</td><td>2.7</td><td>64.5</td><td>72.3</td><td>15.6</td><td>19.6</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Kazakhstan</td><td>2.6</td><td>64.3</td><td>73.9</td><td>14.4</td><td>19.2</td><td>56</td><td>64</td></tr><tr><td>Kyrgyzstan</td><td>3.1</td><td>66.4</td><td>74.3</td><td>15.5</td><td>19.6</td><td>58</td><td>64</td></tr><tr><td>Tajikistan</td><td>3.6</td><td>65.9</td><td>72.8</td><td>16.2</td><td>20.8</td><td>60</td><td>61</td></tr><tr><td>Turkmenistan</td><td>2.3</td><td>61.3</td><td>69.7</td><td>15.0</td><td>18.8</td><td>53</td><td>59</td></tr><tr><td>Uzbekistan</td><td>2.5</td><td>64.9</td><td>71.6</td><td>16.6</td><td>19.8</td><td>59</td><td>62</td></tr><tr><td>Southern Asia</td><td>2.6</td><td>66.4</td><td>69.2</td><td>17.2</td><td>18.5</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Afghanistan</td><td>5.1</td><td>58.7</td><td>61.1</td><td>14.9</td><td>16.5</td><td>50</td><td>50</td></tr><tr><td>Bangladesh</td><td>2.2</td><td>69.9</td><td>72.3</td><td>18.2</td><td>19.1</td><td>60</td><td>62</td></tr><tr><td>Bhutan</td><td>2.1</td><td>68.6</td><td>69.1</td><td>20.2</td><td>20.1</td><td>59</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>India</td><td>2.5</td><td>66.1</td><td>68.9</td><td>17.0</td><td>18.4</td><td>56</td><td>59</td></tr><tr><td>Iran (Islamic Republic of)</td><td>1.7</td><td>74.0</td><td>76.2</td><td>19.1</td><td>19.7</td><td>63</td><td>65</td></tr><tr><td>Maldives</td><td>2.2</td><td>75.4</td><td>77.4</td><td>19.0</td><td>20.1</td><td>67</td><td>68</td></tr><tr><td>Nepal</td><td>2.3</td><td>67.6</td><td>70.5</td><td>16.4</td><td>18.1</td><td>58</td><td>60</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="3">Country or area</th><th rowspan="3">Total fertility (children per woman)</th><th colspan="2">Life expectancy at birth (years)</th><th colspan="2">Life expectancy at age 60 (years)</th><th colspan="2">Healthy life expectancy (years)</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2">2010-2015</th><th colspan="2">2010-2015</th><th colspan="2">2013</th></tr><tr><th>Males</th><th>Females</th><th>Males</th><th>Females</th><th>Males</th><th>Females</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Pakistan</td><td>3.7</td><td>65.0</td><td>66.8</td><td>17.5</td><td>18.0</td><td>56</td><td>57</td></tr><tr><td>Sri Lanka</td><td>2.1</td><td>71.2</td><td>78.0</td><td>19.1</td><td>21.6</td><td>63</td><td>68</td></tr><tr><td>South-Eastern Asia</td><td>2.4</td><td>67.5</td><td>73.2</td><td>16.8</td><td>19.9</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Brunei Darussalam</td><td>1.9</td><td>76.6</td><td>80.4</td><td>20.1</td><td>22.7</td><td>68</td><td>69</td></tr><tr><td>Cambodia</td><td>2.7</td><td>65.5</td><td>69.6</td><td>16.3</td><td>17.7</td><td>60</td><td>64</td></tr><tr><td>Indonesia</td><td>2.5</td><td>66.6</td><td>70.7</td><td>15.2</td><td>17.8</td><td>61</td><td>64</td></tr><tr><td>Lao People's Dem. Republic</td><td>3.1</td><td>64.1</td><td>66.8</td><td>15.8</td><td>17.4</td><td>56</td><td>58</td></tr><tr><td>Malaysia</td><td>2.0</td><td>72.2</td><td>76.9</td><td>18.4</td><td>20.1</td><td>63</td><td>66</td></tr><tr><td>Myanmar</td><td>2.3</td><td>63.6</td><td>67.7</td><td>15.7</td><td>17.5</td><td>56</td><td>59</td></tr><tr><td>Philippines</td><td>3.0</td><td>64.7</td><td>71.6</td><td>15.1</td><td>18.3</td><td>57</td><td>63</td></tr><tr><td>Singapore</td><td>1.2</td><td>79.6</td><td>85.6</td><td>22.5</td><td>27.5</td><td>75</td><td>78</td></tr><tr><td>Thailand</td><td>1.5</td><td>70.8</td><td>77.6</td><td>20.0</td><td>22.6</td><td>63</td><td>69</td></tr><tr><td>Timor-Leste</td><td>5.9</td><td>66.1</td><td>69.5</td><td>16.1</td><td>17.7</td><td>56</td><td>59</td></tr><tr><td>Viet Nam</td><td>2.0</td><td>70.7</td><td>80.3</td><td>19.3</td><td>24.8</td><td>62</td><td>70</td></tr><tr><td>Western Asia</td><td>2.9</td><td>70.0</td><td>75.6</td><td>18.0</td><td>21.5</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Armenia</td><td>1.6</td><td>70.7</td><td>78.4</td><td>17.0</td><td>21.9</td><td>59</td><td>66</td></tr><tr><td>Azerbaijan</td><td>2.3</td><td>67.5</td><td>73.8</td><td>16.4</td><td>19.9</td><td>61</td><td>65</td></tr><tr><td>Bahrain</td><td>2.1</td><td>75.6</td><td>77.4</td><td>18.9</td><td>20.0</td><td>66</td><td>66</td></tr><tr><td>Cyprus</td><td>1.5</td><td>77.7</td><td>82.2</td><td>20.4</td><td>23.8</td><td>73</td><td>76</td></tr><tr><td>Georgia</td><td>1.8</td><td>70.9</td><td>78.1</td><td>17.5</td><td>21.6</td><td>62</td><td>68</td></tr><tr><td>Iraq</td><td>4.6</td><td>67.0</td><td>71.4</td><td>16.2</td><td>18.6</td><td>59</td><td>64</td></tr><tr><td>Israel</td><td>3.1</td><td>80.2</td><td>83.8</td><td>23.2</td><td>25.7</td><td>71</td><td>74</td></tr><tr><td>Jordan</td><td>3.5</td><td>72.2</td><td>75.5</td><td>17.8</td><td>20.2</td><td>64</td><td>65</td></tr><tr><td>Kuwait</td><td>2.2</td><td>73.3</td><td>75.6</td><td>17.4</td><td>18.1</td><td>68</td><td>67</td></tr><tr><td>Lebanon</td><td>1.7</td><td>77.1</td><td>80.9</td><td>20.4</td><td>23.8</td><td>69</td><td>71</td></tr><tr><td>Oman</td><td>2.9</td><td>74.7</td><td>78.9</td><td>19.3</td><td>22.0</td><td>65</td><td>67</td></tr><tr><td>Qatar</td><td>2.1</td><td>77.1</td><td>79.7</td><td>20.5</td><td>21.9</td><td>68</td><td>67</td></tr><tr><td>Saudi Arabia</td><td>2.9</td><td>72.8</td><td>75.5</td><td>17.4</td><td>19.7</td><td>65</td><td>66</td></tr><tr><td>State of Palestine</td><td>4.3</td><td>70.7</td><td>74.7</td><td>17.2</td><td>19.7</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Syrian Arab Republic</td><td>3.0</td><td>64.0</td><td>76.3</td><td>16.8</td><td>20.9</td><td>65</td><td>67</td></tr><tr><td>Turkey</td><td>2.1</td><td>71.5</td><td>78.1</td><td>18.6</td><td>22.7</td><td>63</td><td>67</td></tr><tr><td>United Arab Emirates</td><td>1.8</td><td>76.0</td><td>78.2</td><td>19.5</td><td>20.6</td><td>67</td><td>67</td></tr><tr><td>Yemen</td><td>4.4</td><td>62.2</td><td>64.9</td><td>15.4</td><td>17.1</td><td>54</td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td>Europe</td><td>1.6</td><td>73.4</td><td>80.6</td><td>19.8</td><td>23.8</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Eastern Europe</td><td>1.6</td><td>66.9</td><td>76.8</td><td>16.2</td><td>21.2</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Belarus</td><td>1.6</td><td>65.3</td><td>77.0</td><td>14.5</td><td>20.9</td><td>57</td><td>68</td></tr><tr><td>Bulgaria</td><td>1.5</td><td>70.6</td><td>77.6</td><td>17.0</td><td>21.2</td><td>62</td><td>68</td></tr><tr><td>Czech Republic</td><td>1.5</td><td>75.4</td><td>81.3</td><td>19.3</td><td>23.4</td><td>66</td><td>71</td></tr><tr><td>Hungary</td><td>1.3</td><td>71.2</td><td>78.5</td><td>17.5</td><td>22.1</td><td>61</td><td>68</td></tr><tr><td>Poland</td><td>1.4</td><td>73.1</td><td>81.1</td><td>18.7</td><td>23.9</td><td>63</td><td>71</td></tr><tr><td>Republic of Moldova</td><td>1.3</td><td>67.2</td><td>75.4</td><td>14.8</td><td>19.5</td><td>59</td><td>66</td></tr><tr><td>Romania</td><td>1.5</td><td>70.9</td><td>78.1</td><td>17.6</td><td>21.6</td><td>63</td><td>69</td></tr><tr><td>Russian Federation</td><td>1.7</td><td>64.2</td><td>75.6</td><td>15.2</td><td>20.7</td><td>55</td><td>66</td></tr><tr><td>Slovakia</td><td>1.4</td><td>72.2</td><td>79.7</td><td>17.7</td><td>22.4</td><td>63</td><td>70</td></tr><tr><td>Ukraine</td><td>1.5</td><td>65.7</td><td>75.7</td><td>15.2</td><td>20.2</td><td>59</td><td>67</td></tr><tr><td>Northern Europe</td><td>1.9</td><td>77.8</td><td>82.3</td><td>21.7</td><td>24.8</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Channel Islands</td><td>1.5</td><td>78.5</td><td>82.4</td><td>21.3</td><td>24.9</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Denmark</td><td>1.7</td><td>78.0</td><td>81.9</td><td>21.3</td><td>24.2</td><td>69</td><td>71</td></tr><tr><td>Estonia</td><td>1.6</td><td>71.6</td><td>81.1</td><td>17.9</td><td>23.9</td><td>63</td><td>71</td></tr><tr><td>Finland</td><td>1.7</td><td>77.6</td><td>83.4</td><td>21.6</td><td>25.6</td><td>68</td><td>73</td></tr><tr><td>Iceland</td><td>2.0</td><td>80.7</td><td>83.8</td><td>23.4</td><td>25.5</td><td>71</td><td>73</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="3">Country or area</th><th rowspan="3">Total fertility (children per woman)</th><th colspan="2">Life expectancy at birth (years)</th><th colspan="2">Life expectancy at age 60 (years)</th><th colspan="2">Healthy life expectancy (years)</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2">2010-2015</th><th colspan="2">2010-2015</th><th colspan="2">2013</th></tr><tr><th>Males</th><th>Females</th><th>Males</th><th>Females</th><th>Males</th><th>Females</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Ireland</td><td>2.0</td><td>78.4</td><td>82.7</td><td>21.7</td><td>24.9</td><td>69</td><td>73</td></tr><tr><td>Latvia</td><td>1.5</td><td>68.9</td><td>78.7</td><td>16.4</td><td>22.2</td><td>61</td><td>69</td></tr><tr><td>Lithuania</td><td>1.6</td><td>67.4</td><td>78.8</td><td>15.4</td><td>22.3</td><td>60</td><td>70</td></tr><tr><td>Norway</td><td>1.8</td><td>79.2</td><td>83.4</td><td>22.2</td><td>25.4</td><td>69</td><td>72</td></tr><tr><td>Sweden</td><td>1.9</td><td>80.1</td><td>83.7</td><td>22.8</td><td>25.6</td><td>70</td><td>73</td></tr><tr><td>United Kingdom</td><td>1.9</td><td>78.5</td><td>82.4</td><td>22.1</td><td>24.9</td><td>69</td><td>72</td></tr><tr><td>Southern Europe</td><td>1.4</td><td>78.4</td><td>83.9</td><td>21.8</td><td>25.9</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Albania</td><td>1.8</td><td>75.0</td><td>80.2</td><td>19.2</td><td>23.3</td><td>64</td><td>66</td></tr><tr><td>Bosnia and Herzegovina</td><td>1.3</td><td>73.7</td><td>78.8</td><td>18.5</td><td>21.8</td><td>66</td><td>70</td></tr><tr><td>Croatia</td><td>1.5</td><td>73.6</td><td>80.4</td><td>18.2</td><td>22.7</td><td>65</td><td>70</td></tr><tr><td>Greece</td><td>1.3</td><td>77.6</td><td>83.6</td><td>21.5</td><td>25.6</td><td>69</td><td>73</td></tr><tr><td>Italy</td><td>1.4</td><td>80.3</td><td>85.2</td><td>23.0</td><td>27.0</td><td>71</td><td>74</td></tr><tr><td>Malta</td><td>1.4</td><td>78.6</td><td>82.0</td><td>21.5</td><td>23.9</td><td>70</td><td>72</td></tr><tr><td>Montenegro</td><td>1.7</td><td>73.8</td><td>78.2</td><td>18.4</td><td>21.1</td><td>64</td><td>67</td></tr><tr><td>Portugal</td><td>1.3</td><td>77.4</td><td>83.5</td><td>21.5</td><td>25.6</td><td>68</td><td>73</td></tr><tr><td>Serbia</td><td>1.6</td><td>71.8</td><td>77.5</td><td>17.3</td><td>20.8</td><td>63</td><td>67</td></tr><tr><td>Slovenia</td><td>1.6</td><td>76.9</td><td>83.1</td><td>20.6</td><td>25.2</td><td>66</td><td>72</td></tr><tr><td>Spain</td><td>1.3</td><td>79.4</td><td>85.1</td><td>22.5</td><td>26.9</td><td>71</td><td>75</td></tr><tr><td>TFYR Macedonia</td><td>1.5</td><td>72.9</td><td>77.5</td><td>17.7</td><td>20.4</td><td>64</td><td>68</td></tr><tr><td>Western Europe</td><td>1.7</td><td>78.5</td><td>83.7</td><td>22.1</td><td>25.9</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Austria</td><td>1.5</td><td>78.5</td><td>83.6</td><td>21.8</td><td>25.6</td><td>68</td><td>73</td></tr><tr><td>Belgium</td><td>1.8</td><td>78.0</td><td>83.0</td><td>21.7</td><td>25.4</td><td>69</td><td>72</td></tr><tr><td>France</td><td>2.0</td><td>78.8</td><td>84.9</td><td>22.9</td><td>27.2</td><td>69</td><td>74</td></tr><tr><td>Germany</td><td>1.4</td><td>78.2</td><td>83.1</td><td>21.6</td><td>25.2</td><td>69</td><td>73</td></tr><tr><td>Luxembourg</td><td>1.6</td><td>78.9</td><td>83.7</td><td>21.9</td><td>25.6</td><td>70</td><td>73</td></tr><tr><td>Netherlands</td><td>1.8</td><td>79.4</td><td>83.1</td><td>22.0</td><td>25.4</td><td>70</td><td>72</td></tr><tr><td>Switzerland</td><td>1.5</td><td>80.4</td><td>84.7</td><td>23.2</td><td>26.6</td><td>71</td><td>74</td></tr><tr><td>Latin America and the Caribbean</td><td>2.2</td><td>71.2</td><td>77.9</td><td>20.1</td><td>23.3</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Caribbean</td><td>2.3</td><td>69.7</td><td>75.2</td><td>20.3</td><td>23.3</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Antigua and Barbuda</td><td>2.1</td><td>73.3</td><td>78.2</td><td>20.0</td><td>22.8</td><td>63</td><td>66</td></tr><tr><td>Aruba</td><td>1.7</td><td>72.9</td><td>77.8</td><td>18.0</td><td>21.6</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Bahamas</td><td>1.9</td><td>72.0</td><td>78.1</td><td>20.4</td><td>23.8</td><td>62</td><td>67</td></tr><tr><td>Barbados</td><td>1.8</td><td>72.9</td><td>77.7</td><td>17.8</td><td>21.1</td><td>64</td><td>68</td></tr><tr><td>Cuba</td><td>1.6</td><td>77.1</td><td>81.3</td><td>21.7</td><td>24.5</td><td>65</td><td>68</td></tr><tr><td>Curaçao</td><td>2.1</td><td>74.5</td><td>80.7</td><td>20.9</td><td>24.0</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Dominican Republic</td><td>2.5</td><td>70.2</td><td>76.5</td><td>20.4</td><td>23.1</td><td>62</td><td>64</td></tr><tr><td>Grenada</td><td>2.2</td><td>70.8</td><td>75.6</td><td>17.5</td><td>19.9</td><td>60</td><td>66</td></tr><tr><td>Guadeloupe</td><td>2.2</td><td>76.8</td><td>84.0</td><td>22.2</td><td>26.6</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Haiti</td><td>3.1</td><td>60.2</td><td>64.4</td><td>16.9</td><td>18.7</td><td>50</td><td>53</td></tr><tr><td>Jamaica</td><td>2.1</td><td>73.1</td><td>77.9</td><td>21.0</td><td>23.4</td><td>61</td><td>66</td></tr><tr><td>Martinique</td><td>2.0</td><td>77.8</td><td>84.4</td><td>22.4</td><td>26.8</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Puerto Rico</td><td>1.6</td><td>75.2</td><td>83.2</td><td>21.1</td><td>25.9</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Saint Lucia</td><td>1.9</td><td>72.2</td><td>77.6</td><td>19.2</td><td>22.9</td><td>60</td><td>66</td></tr><tr><td>St. Vincent and the Grenadines</td><td>2.0</td><td>70.7</td><td>74.9</td><td>18.9</td><td>20.8</td><td>61</td><td>65</td></tr><tr><td>Trinidad and Tobago</td><td>1.8</td><td>66.9</td><td>73.8</td><td>16.1</td><td>20.2</td><td>58</td><td>63</td></tr><tr><td>United States Virgin Islands</td><td>2.3</td><td>77.2</td><td>82.9</td><td>20.4</td><td>25.9</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Central America</td><td>2.4</td><td>73.1</td><td>78.4</td><td>21.5</td><td>23.6</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Belize</td><td>2.6</td><td>67.2</td><td>72.7</td><td>15.8</td><td>18.4</td><td>61</td><td>66</td></tr><tr><td>Costa Rica</td><td>1.9</td><td>76.7</td><td>81.7</td><td>22.2</td><td>25.0</td><td>68</td><td>71</td></tr><tr><td>El Salvador</td><td>2.0</td><td>67.9</td><td>77.1</td><td>20.1</td><td>22.6</td><td>60</td><td>66</td></tr><tr><td>Guatemala</td><td>3.3</td><td>67.9</td><td>75.0</td><td>20.3</td><td>22.3</td><td>60</td><td>65</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="3">Country or area</th><th rowspan="3">Total fertility (children per woman)</th><th colspan="2">Life expectancy at birth (years)</th><th colspan="2">Life expectancy at age 60 (years)</th><th colspan="2">Healthy life expectancy (years)</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2">2010-2015</th><th colspan="2">2010-2015</th><th colspan="2">2013</th></tr><tr><th>Males</th><th>Females</th><th>Males</th><th>Females</th><th>Males</th><th>Females</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Honduras</td><td>2.5</td><td>70.4</td><td>75.4</td><td>20.7</td><td>23.4</td><td>62</td><td>65</td></tr><tr><td>Mexico</td><td>2.3</td><td>74.0</td><td>78.9</td><td>21.6</td><td>23.7</td><td>65</td><td>69</td></tr><tr><td>Nicaragua</td><td>2.3</td><td>71.4</td><td>77.5</td><td>21.0</td><td>23.4</td><td>62</td><td>66</td></tr><tr><td>Panama</td><td>2.5</td><td>74.3</td><td>80.5</td><td>22.5</td><td>25.3</td><td>65</td><td>70</td></tr><tr><td>South America</td><td>2.0</td><td>70.7</td><td>78.0</td><td>19.6</td><td>23.2</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Argentina</td><td>2.3</td><td>72.2</td><td>79.8</td><td>18.6</td><td>23.8</td><td>64</td><td>69</td></tr><tr><td>Bolivia (Plurinational State of)</td><td>3.0</td><td>65.3</td><td>70.2</td><td>20.0</td><td>22.2</td><td>57</td><td>61</td></tr><tr><td>Brazil</td><td>1.8</td><td>70.3</td><td>77.9</td><td>19.4</td><td>23.0</td><td>63</td><td>68</td></tr><tr><td>Chile</td><td>1.8</td><td>78.1</td><td>84.1</td><td>23.1</td><td>26.9</td><td>68</td><td>72</td></tr><tr><td>Colombia</td><td>1.9</td><td>70.2</td><td>77.4</td><td>20.1</td><td>22.5</td><td>65</td><td>69</td></tr><tr><td>Ecuador</td><td>2.6</td><td>72.8</td><td>78.4</td><td>21.7</td><td>23.9</td><td>64</td><td>68</td></tr><tr><td>French Guiana</td><td>3.5</td><td>75.8</td><td>82.6</td><td>19.5</td><td>25.0</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Guyana</td><td>2.6</td><td>64.0</td><td>68.6</td><td>15.4</td><td>16.6</td><td>52</td><td>57</td></tr><tr><td>Paraguay</td><td>2.6</td><td>70.7</td><td>74.9</td><td>20.0</td><td>22.2</td><td>63</td><td>67</td></tr><tr><td>Peru</td><td>2.5</td><td>71.5</td><td>76.8</td><td>19.8</td><td>22.7</td><td>66</td><td>68</td></tr><tr><td>Suriname</td><td>2.4</td><td>67.8</td><td>74.2</td><td>16.7</td><td>20.1</td><td>63</td><td>68</td></tr><tr><td>Uruguay</td><td>2.0</td><td>73.3</td><td>80.4</td><td>19.0</td><td>24.5</td><td>65</td><td>70</td></tr><tr><td>Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)</td><td>2.4</td><td>69.9</td><td>78.2</td><td>18.6</td><td>22.6</td><td>63</td><td>69</td></tr><tr><td>Northern America</td><td>1.9</td><td>76.8</td><td>81.5</td><td>21.9</td><td>24.9</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Canada</td><td>1.6</td><td>79.7</td><td>83.8</td><td>23.1</td><td>26.2</td><td>71</td><td>73</td></tr><tr><td>United States of America</td><td>1.9</td><td>76.5</td><td>81.3</td><td>21.8</td><td>24.7</td><td>68</td><td>71</td></tr><tr><td>Oceania</td><td>2.4</td><td>75.3</td><td>79.7</td><td>22.1</td><td>25.2</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Australia/New Zealand</td><td>1.9</td><td>79.9</td><td>84.1</td><td>23.3</td><td>26.4</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Australia</td><td>1.9</td><td>79.9</td><td>84.3</td><td>23.3</td><td>26.5</td><td>71</td><td>74</td></tr><tr><td>New Zealand</td><td>2.1</td><td>79.7</td><td>83.4</td><td>23.2</td><td>25.8</td><td>71</td><td>73</td></tr><tr><td>Melanesia</td><td>3.7</td><td>61.9</td><td>66.3</td><td>14.1</td><td>17.3</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Fiji</td><td>2.6</td><td>66.9</td><td>72.9</td><td>15.3</td><td>18.8</td><td>58</td><td>63</td></tr><tr><td>New Caledonia</td><td>2.1</td><td>73.6</td><td>79.3</td><td>18.3</td><td>22.7</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Papua New Guinea</td><td>3.8</td><td>60.3</td><td>64.5</td><td>13.3</td><td>16.5</td><td>52</td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td>Solomon Islands</td><td>4.1</td><td>66.2</td><td>69.0</td><td>16.1</td><td>17.8</td><td>59</td><td>61</td></tr><tr><td>Vanuatu</td><td>3.4</td><td>69.6</td><td>73.6</td><td>16.9</td><td>19.2</td><td>61</td><td>64</td></tr><tr><td>Micronesia</td><td>2.8</td><td>70.5</td><td>75.3</td><td>18.2</td><td>21.3</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Guam</td><td>2.4</td><td>76.1</td><td>81.5</td><td>19.8</td><td>24.2</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Kiribati</td><td>3.8</td><td>62.6</td><td>68.9</td><td>15.5</td><td>17.8</td><td>56</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Micronesia (Fed. States of)</td><td>3.3</td><td>68.0</td><td>69.9</td><td>16.5</td><td>18.0</td><td>59</td><td>61</td></tr><tr><td>Polynesia</td><td>3.0</td><td>71.7</td><td>77.1</td><td>17.6</td><td>21.5</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>French Polynesia</td><td>2.1</td><td>74.0</td><td>78.6</td><td>18.9</td><td>21.7</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Samoa</td><td>4.2</td><td>70.0</td><td>76.4</td><td>16.4</td><td>21.4</td><td>62</td><td>67</td></tr><tr><td>Tonga</td><td>3.8</td><td>69.7</td><td>75.6</td><td>16.2</td><td>21.0</td><td>64</td><td>61</td></tr></tbody></table>

Data sources: Estimates of total fertility, life expectancy at birth and life expectancy at age 60 are from United Nations (2015). World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision. Estimates of healthy life expectancy are from WHO (2014). Global Health Estimates. Available via the WHO Global Health Observatory data repository at http://www.who.int/gho/mortality_burden_disease/life_tables/hale/en/ Accessed 2 December 2015.
<table><caption>Table A.III.3. Dependency and support ratios, pension coverage, labour force participation and statutory retirement ages</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="3">Country or area</th><th colspan="2">Total dependency ratio (persons aged 0-19 and aged 65 or over per 100 persons aged 20-64)</th><th colspan="2">Potential support ratio (persons aged 20-64 per person aged 65 or over)</th><th rowspan="2">Pension coverage (per cent of persons of statutory pensionable age)</th><th colspan="2">Labour force participation of persons aged 65 years or over (percentage)</th><th colspan="2">Statutory retirement age (years)</th></tr><tr><th rowspan="2">2015</th><th rowspan="2">2030</th><th rowspan="2">2015</th><th rowspan="2">2030</th><th colspan="2">2015</th><th colspan="2">latest available</th></tr><tr><th>Males</th><th>Females</th><th>Males</th><th>Females</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>World</td><td>73.5</td><td>75.7</td><td>7.0</td><td>4.9</td><td>..</td><td>30.2</td><td>14.4</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>More developed regions</td><td>65.1</td><td>80.1</td><td>3.4</td><td>2.4</td><td>..</td><td>16.8</td><td>9.4</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Less developed regions</td><td>75.4</td><td>75.0</td><td>9.0</td><td>5.9</td><td>..</td><td>37.3</td><td>17.5</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Least developed countries</td><td>118.5</td><td>100.4</td><td>12.8</td><td>11.5</td><td>..</td><td>59.1</td><td>34.5</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Other less developed countries</td><td>69.2</td><td>70.1</td><td>8.6</td><td>5.4</td><td>..</td><td>..</td><td>..</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Less developed regions, excluding China</td><td>85.6</td><td>78.9</td><td>10.0</td><td>7.2</td><td>..</td><td>..</td><td>..</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>High-income countries</td><td>64.8</td><td>78.0</td><td>3.7</td><td>2.6</td><td>..</td><td>18.2</td><td>9.5</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Middle-income countries</td><td>70.8</td><td>71.0</td><td>8.7</td><td>5.6</td><td>..</td><td>35.3</td><td>15.9</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Upper-middle-income countries</td><td>56.8</td><td>64.6</td><td>7.4</td><td>4.2</td><td>..</td><td>67.2</td><td>45.2</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Lower-middle-income countries</td><td>84.2</td><td>75.9</td><td>10.4</td><td>7.6</td><td>..</td><td>..</td><td>..</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Low-income countries</td><td>131.1</td><td>110.5</td><td>12.7</td><td>12.5</td><td>..</td><td>..</td><td>..</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Sub-Saharan Africa</td><td>131.3</td><td>113.9</td><td>14.0</td><td>13.6</td><td>..</td><td>..</td><td>..</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Africa</td><td>121.0</td><td>108.2</td><td>12.9</td><td>11.7</td><td>..</td><td>52.2</td><td>32.6</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Eastern Africa</td><td>135.5</td><td>111.5</td><td>13.6</td><td>13.4</td><td>..</td><td>70.9</td><td>52.3</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Burundi</td><td>133.6</td><td>130.0</td><td>17.3</td><td>13.6</td><td>4.0</td><td>61.0</td><td>59.4</td><td>60</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Comoros</td><td>115.1</td><td>99.5</td><td>16.6</td><td>13.2</td><td>..</td><td>70.9</td><td>22.7</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Djibouti</td><td>88.3</td><td>75.6</td><td>12.7</td><td>9.5</td><td>12.0</td><td>19.0</td><td>4.6</td><td>60</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Eritrea</td><td>124.4</td><td>98.2</td><td>16.9</td><td>16.9</td><td>..</td><td>64.7</td><td>34.7</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Ethiopia</td><td>131.2</td><td>94.4</td><td>12.4</td><td>12.7</td><td>9.0</td><td>73.1</td><td>37.2</td><td>60</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Kenya</td><td>122.3</td><td>102.7</td><td>16.1</td><td>13.4</td><td>7.9</td><td>61.1</td><td>49.6</td><td>65</td><td>65</td></tr><tr><td>Madagascar</td><td>125.7</td><td>109.0</td><td>15.6</td><td>12.9</td><td>4.6</td><td>73.1</td><td>57.1</td><td>60</td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td>Malawi</td><td>147.9</td><td>120.8</td><td>11.7</td><td>14.4</td><td>4.1</td><td>93.9</td><td>86.1</td><td>60</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Mauritius</td><td>57.7</td><td>62.1</td><td>6.6</td><td>3.6</td><td>100.0</td><td>16.2</td><td>5.7</td><td>60</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Mayotte</td><td>126.4</td><td>95.8</td><td>11.8</td><td>9.4</td><td>..</td><td>..</td><td>..</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Mozambique</td><td>147.8</td><td>127.5</td><td>12.1</td><td>12.5</td><td>17.3</td><td>85.4</td><td>76.1</td><td>60</td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td>Réunion</td><td>71.2</td><td>79.3</td><td>5.7</td><td>3.0</td><td>..</td><td>4.6</td><td>2.6</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Rwanda</td><td>119.4</td><td>91.6</td><td>16.3</td><td>12.0</td><td>4.7</td><td>60.9</td><td>49.0</td><td>55</td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td>Seychelles</td><td>59.2</td><td>71.4</td><td>9.1</td><td>4.4</td><td>100.0</td><td>..</td><td>..</td><td>63</td><td>63</td></tr><tr><td>Somalia</td><td>154.3</td><td>137.3</td><td>13.9</td><td>14.8</td><td>..</td><td>37.0</td><td>11.6</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>South Sudan</td><td>130.0</td><td>110.0</td><td>12.5</td><td>13.2</td><td>..</td><td>..</td><td>..</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Uganda</td><td>161.0</td><td>130.9</td><td>15.4</td><td>18.4</td><td>6.6</td><td>71.4</td><td>59.6</td><td>55</td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td>United Republic of Tanzania</td><td>142.5</td><td>127.3</td><td>12.9</td><td>12.8</td><td>3.2</td><td>72.7</td><td>60.3</td><td>60</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Zambia</td><td>147.9</td><td>126.4</td><td>13.9</td><td>16.6</td><td>7.7</td><td>77.2</td><td>68.0</td><td>55</td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td>Zimbabwe</td><td>123.5</td><td>100.2</td><td>15.1</td><td>16.3</td><td>6.2</td><td>74.9</td><td>65.3</td><td>60</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Middle Africa</td><td>144.1</td><td>125.1</td><td>14.0</td><td>14.2</td><td>..</td><td>66.7</td><td>50.9</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Angola</td><td>154.4</td><td>136.4</td><td>17.0</td><td>15.8</td><td>14.5</td><td>54.6</td><td>39.4</td><td>60</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Cameroon</td><td>129.8</td><td>108.1</td><td>13.6</td><td>14.1</td><td>12.5</td><td>71.4</td><td>38.2</td><td>60</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Central African Republic</td><td>116.6</td><td>95.8</td><td>12.0</td><td>12.3</td><td>..</td><td>76.6</td><td>66.2</td><td>60</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Chad</td><td>158.4</td><td>134.3</td><td>15.8</td><td>16.8</td><td>1.6</td><td>79.0</td><td>52.1</td><td>60</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Congo</td><td>129.2</td><td>116.3</td><td>11.9</td><td>11.5</td><td>22.1</td><td>53.7</td><td>47.4</td><td>60</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Dem. Republic of the Congo</td><td>147.3</td><td>128.4</td><td>13.6</td><td>13.9</td><td>15.0</td><td>67.6</td><td>57.2</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Equatorial Guinea</td><td>108.6</td><td>106.0</td><td>16.6</td><td>8.8</td><td>..</td><td>54.4</td><td>51.0</td><td>60</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Gabon</td><td>110.3</td><td>92.8</td><td>9.3</td><td>9.9</td><td>38.8</td><td>42.0</td><td>41.8</td><td>55</td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td>Sao Tome and Principe</td><td>129.0</td><td>105.2</td><td>14.2</td><td>13.3</td><td>41.8</td><td>35.1</td><td>9.2</td><td>62</td><td>57</td></tr><tr><td>Northern Africa</td><td>85.6</td><td>83.8</td><td>10.3</td><td>7.3</td><td>..</td><td>25.3</td><td>7.3</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="3">Country or area</th><th colspan="2">Total dependency ratio (persons aged 0-19 and aged 65 or over per 100 persons aged 20-64)</th><th colspan="2">Potential support ratio (persons aged 20-64 per person aged 65 or over)</th><th rowspan="2">Pension coverage (per cent of persons of statutory pensionable age)</th><th colspan="2">Labour force participation of persons aged 65 years or over (percentage)</th><th colspan="2">Statutory retirement age (years)</th></tr><tr><th rowspan="2">2015</th><th rowspan="2">2030</th><th rowspan="2">2015</th><th rowspan="2">2030</th><th colspan="2">2015</th><th colspan="2">latest available</th></tr><tr><th>Males</th><th>Females</th><th>Males</th><th>Females</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Algeria</td><td>72.6</td><td>76.2</td><td>9.8</td><td>6.1</td><td>63.6</td><td>10.9</td><td>2.1</td><td>60</td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td>Egypt</td><td>88.6</td><td>87.3</td><td>10.2</td><td>8.0</td><td>32.7</td><td>19.1</td><td>3.7</td><td>60</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Libya</td><td>74.1</td><td>62.4</td><td>12.6</td><td>8.4</td><td>43.3</td><td>29.7</td><td>6.0</td><td>65</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Morocco</td><td>72.5</td><td>73.6</td><td>9.4</td><td>5.4</td><td>39.8</td><td>28.4</td><td>20.3</td><td>60</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Sudan</td><td>119.9</td><td>99.5</td><td>13.7</td><td>12.2</td><td>4.6</td><td>67.6</td><td>10.3</td><td>60</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Tunisia</td><td>62.1</td><td>69.6</td><td>8.1</td><td>4.8</td><td>68.8</td><td>21.9</td><td>5.4</td><td>60</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Western Sahara</td><td>57.1</td><td>54.4</td><td>21.8</td><td>8.7</td><td>..</td><td>32.9</td><td>11.8</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Southern Africa</td><td>80.9</td><td>72.4</td><td>11.4</td><td>8.6</td><td>..</td><td>14.2</td><td>5.6</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Botswana</td><td>82.9</td><td>72.8</td><td>15.2</td><td>11.1</td><td>100.0</td><td>54.9</td><td>27.8</td><td>65</td><td>65</td></tr><tr><td>Lesotho</td><td>108.0</td><td>92.0</td><td>11.6</td><td>13.5</td><td>100.0</td><td>51.7</td><td>42.6</td><td>70</td><td>70</td></tr><tr><td>Namibia</td><td>104.2</td><td>91.4</td><td>13.9</td><td>11.3</td><td>98.4</td><td>41.6</td><td>29.2</td><td>60</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>South Africa</td><td>78.4</td><td>70.2</td><td>11.1</td><td>8.3</td><td>92.6</td><td>9.4</td><td>3.1</td><td>60</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Swaziland</td><td>110.0</td><td>95.5</td><td>13.3</td><td>12.4</td><td>86.0</td><td>47.4</td><td>21.0</td><td>60</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Western Africa</td><td>133.0</td><td>119.1</td><td>15.3</td><td>15.0</td><td>..</td><td>63.7</td><td>40.7</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Benin</td><td>126.4</td><td>105.4</td><td>15.3</td><td>14.2</td><td>9.7</td><td>71.3</td><td>46.9</td><td>60</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Burkina Faso</td><td>142.9</td><td>120.6</td><td>17.2</td><td>17.0</td><td>3.2</td><td>68.3</td><td>32.6</td><td>56</td><td>56</td></tr><tr><td>Cabo Verde</td><td>80.7</td><td>66.2</td><td>12.1</td><td>8.7</td><td>55.7</td><td>40.5</td><td>10.0</td><td>60</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Côte d'Ivoire</td><td>130.2</td><td>115.3</td><td>14.4</td><td>14.6</td><td>7.7</td><td>71.3</td><td>37.8</td><td>60</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Gambia</td><td>144.8</td><td>129.2</td><td>17.7</td><td>16.3</td><td>10.8</td><td>84.2</td><td>58.0</td><td>60</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Ghana</td><td>109.7</td><td>96.3</td><td>14.0</td><td>12.7</td><td>7.6</td><td>59.4</td><td>42.5</td><td>60</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Guinea</td><td>128.8</td><td>111.4</td><td>14.3</td><td>13.3</td><td>8.8</td><td>55.3</td><td>40.1</td><td>55-56</td><td>55-56</td></tr><tr><td>Guinea-Bissau</td><td>119.4</td><td>104.3</td><td>14.4</td><td>13.4</td><td>6.2</td><td>55.4</td><td>42.0</td><td>60</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Liberia</td><td>126.8</td><td>106.0</td><td>14.6</td><td>13.9</td><td>..</td><td>60.4</td><td>37.7</td><td>60</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Mali</td><td>153.9</td><td>133.8</td><td>15.6</td><td>17.4</td><td>5.7</td><td>69.4</td><td>32.4</td><td>58</td><td>58</td></tr><tr><td>Mauritania</td><td>115.9</td><td>100.7</td><td>14.4</td><td>12.2</td><td>9.3</td><td>55.6</td><td>18.0</td><td>60</td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td>Niger</td><td>172.3</td><td>171.4</td><td>14.2</td><td>13.3</td><td>6.1</td><td>64.3</td><td>30.2</td><td>60</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Nigeria</td><td>132.9</td><td>119.5</td><td>15.7</td><td>15.7</td><td>..</td><td>64.1</td><td>43.5</td><td>50</td><td>50</td></tr><tr><td>Senegal</td><td>133.4</td><td>117.6</td><td>14.6</td><td>14.3</td><td>23.5</td><td>57.3</td><td>44.3</td><td>55</td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td>Sierra Leone</td><td>126.5</td><td>101.0</td><td>16.5</td><td>17.2</td><td>0.9</td><td>49.2</td><td>22.9</td><td>60</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Togo</td><td>124.1</td><td>105.7</td><td>16.1</td><td>15.2</td><td>10.9</td><td>60.0</td><td>50.6</td><td>60</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Asia</td><td>66.5</td><td>67.2</td><td>8.0</td><td>5.1</td><td>..</td><td>34.8</td><td>15.6</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Eastern Asia</td><td>50.5</td><td>63.1</td><td>6.0</td><td>3.3</td><td>..</td><td>29.1</td><td>16.3</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>China</td><td>48.2</td><td>60.9</td><td>7.1</td><td>3.6</td><td>74.4</td><td>28.2</td><td>16.1</td><td>60</td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td>China, Hong Kong SAR</td><td>47.0</td><td>80.9</td><td>4.5</td><td>2.1</td><td>72.9</td><td>11.4</td><td>3.4</td><td>65</td><td>65</td></tr><tr><td>China, Macao SAR</td><td>37.3</td><td>67.7</td><td>8.1</td><td>3.1</td><td>..</td><td>20.9</td><td>6.0</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>China, Taiwan Province of China</td><td>47.6</td><td>64.6</td><td>5.6</td><td>2.5</td><td>..</td><td>..</td><td>..</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Dem. People's Rep. of Korea</td><td>62.5</td><td>61.8</td><td>6.5</td><td>5.1</td><td>..</td><td>..</td><td>..</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Japan</td><td>78.3</td><td>88.9</td><td>2.1</td><td>1.7</td><td>80.3</td><td>29.7</td><td>14.5</td><td>65</td><td>65</td></tr><tr><td>Mongolia</td><td>66.7</td><td>74.6</td><td>14.8</td><td>7.3</td><td>100.0</td><td>18.1</td><td>10.0</td><td>60</td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td>Republic of Korea</td><td>50.6</td><td>70.4</td><td>5.1</td><td>2.5</td><td>77.6</td><td>42.2</td><td>23.4</td><td>60</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Central Asia</td><td>73.5</td><td>76.6</td><td>11.7</td><td>6.9</td><td>..</td><td>18.4</td><td>8.1</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Kazakhstan</td><td>66.3</td><td>80.0</td><td>8.9</td><td>5.4</td><td>95.9</td><td>13.4</td><td>8.4</td><td>63</td><td>58</td></tr><tr><td>Kyrgyzstan</td><td>79.8</td><td>88.0</td><td>13.2</td><td>6.9</td><td>100.0</td><td>21.2</td><td>8.6</td><td>63</td><td>58</td></tr><tr><td>Tajikistan</td><td>92.6</td><td>92.0</td><td>17.3</td><td>9.2</td><td>80.2</td><td>21.6</td><td>8.8</td><td>63</td><td>58</td></tr><tr><td>Turkmenistan</td><td>69.8</td><td>65.8</td><td>14.2</td><td>8.0</td><td>..</td><td>20.6</td><td>7.7</td><td>62</td><td>57</td></tr><tr><td>Uzbekistan</td><td>72.6</td><td>70.1</td><td>12.4</td><td>7.3</td><td>98.1</td><td>20.6</td><td>7.6</td><td>60</td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td>Southern Asia</td><td>80.0</td><td>68.8</td><td>10.3</td><td>7.4</td><td>..</td><td>43.2</td><td>11.7</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Afghanistan</td><td>139.8</td><td>92.0</td><td>16.9</td><td>16.4</td><td>10.7</td><td>43.5</td><td>7.5</td><td>60</td><td>55</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="3">Country or area</th><th colspan="2">Total dependency ratio (persons aged 0-19 and aged 65 or over per 100 persons aged 20-64)</th><th colspan="2">Potential support ratio (persons aged 20-64 per person aged 65 or over)</th><th rowspan="2">Pension coverage (per cent of persons of statutory pensionable age)</th><th colspan="2">Labour force participation of persons aged 65 years or over (percentage)</th><th colspan="2">Statutory retirement age (years)</th></tr><tr><th rowspan="2">2015</th><th rowspan="2">2030</th><th rowspan="2">2015</th><th rowspan="2">2030</th><th colspan="2">2015</th><th colspan="2">latest available</th></tr><tr><th>Males</th><th>Females</th><th>Males</th><th>Females</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Bangladesh</td><td>80.0</td><td>62.4</td><td>11.2</td><td>8.3</td><td>39.5</td><td>49.4</td><td>15.9</td><td>65</td><td>62</td></tr><tr><td>Bhutan</td><td>70.8</td><td>56.2</td><td>11.6</td><td>8.3</td><td>3.2</td><td>46.4</td><td>30.6</td><td>60</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>India</td><td>78.0</td><td>67.5</td><td>10.0</td><td>7.0</td><td>24.1</td><td>43.2</td><td>11.4</td><td>55</td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td>Iran (Islamic Republic of)</td><td>55.3</td><td>54.6</td><td>12.7</td><td>6.7</td><td>26.4</td><td>30.8</td><td>3.9</td><td>60</td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td>Maldives</td><td>69.7</td><td>61.6</td><td>12.5</td><td>8.0</td><td>99.7</td><td>50.6</td><td>24.9</td><td>65</td><td>65</td></tr><tr><td>Nepal</td><td>98.5</td><td>67.3</td><td>9.1</td><td>8.1</td><td>62.5</td><td>67.6</td><td>41.6</td><td>58</td><td>58</td></tr><tr><td>Pakistan</td><td>98.9</td><td>85.1</td><td>11.2</td><td>9.8</td><td>2.3</td><td>40.6</td><td>9.9</td><td>60</td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td>Sri Lanka</td><td>71.0</td><td>73.4</td><td>6.3</td><td>3.7</td><td>17.1</td><td>35.0</td><td>8.2</td><td>55</td><td>50</td></tr><tr><td>South-Eastern Asia</td><td>70.0</td><td>68.3</td><td>9.9</td><td>6.0</td><td>..</td><td>44.9</td><td>24.6</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Brunei Darussalam</td><td>56.1</td><td>58.2</td><td>14.5</td><td>5.6</td><td>81.7</td><td>14.4</td><td>3.8</td><td>60</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Cambodia</td><td>84.6</td><td>76.3</td><td>13.2</td><td>8.3</td><td>5.0</td><td>64.8</td><td>44.3</td><td>55</td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td>Indonesia</td><td>71.7</td><td>67.3</td><td>11.3</td><td>7.1</td><td>8.1</td><td>54.3</td><td>27.9</td><td>55</td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td>Lao People's Dem. Republic</td><td>98.6</td><td>78.6</td><td>13.2</td><td>10.6</td><td>5.6</td><td>..</td><td>..</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Malaysia</td><td>65.3</td><td>62.6</td><td>10.3</td><td>6.2</td><td>19.8</td><td>31.7</td><td>10.3</td><td>55</td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td>Myanmar</td><td>72.9</td><td>61.7</td><td>10.8</td><td>7.1</td><td>..</td><td>41.5</td><td>26.2</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Philippines</td><td>87.2</td><td>78.5</td><td>11.7</td><td>8.4</td><td>28.5</td><td>47.4</td><td>28.1</td><td>60</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Singapore</td><td>50.6</td><td>69.0</td><td>5.7</td><td>2.5</td><td>0.0</td><td>36.0</td><td>16.5</td><td>55</td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td>Thailand</td><td>53.0</td><td>63.4</td><td>6.2</td><td>3.1</td><td>81.7</td><td>38.4</td><td>19.7</td><td>55</td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td>Timor-Leste</td><td>142.3</td><td>130.2</td><td>7.4</td><td>9.6</td><td>100.0</td><td>36.2</td><td>16.2</td><td>60</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Viet Nam</td><td>59.5</td><td>66.1</td><td>9.3</td><td>4.9</td><td>34.5</td><td>33.9</td><td>22.8</td><td>60</td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td>Western Asia</td><td>78.9</td><td>73.9</td><td>10.9</td><td>7.3</td><td>..</td><td>23.1</td><td>7.7</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Armenia</td><td>54.2</td><td>71.5</td><td>6.0</td><td>3.1</td><td>80.0</td><td>40.6</td><td>26.8</td><td>63</td><td>63</td></tr><tr><td>Azerbaijan</td><td>53.3</td><td>71.9</td><td>11.6</td><td>4.7</td><td>81.7</td><td>11.4</td><td>5.1</td><td>63</td><td>59</td></tr><tr><td>Bahrain</td><td>43.6</td><td>41.6</td><td>28.9</td><td>10.5</td><td>40.1</td><td>24.2</td><td>3.4</td><td>60</td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td>Cyprus</td><td>56.1</td><td>62.2</td><td>5.0</td><td>3.4</td><td>85.2</td><td>16.2</td><td>5.5</td><td>65</td><td>65</td></tr><tr><td>Georgia</td><td>59.9</td><td>76.1</td><td>4.5</td><td>3.0</td><td>89.8</td><td>53.1</td><td>39.8</td><td>65</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Iraq</td><td>119.8</td><td>106.6</td><td>14.9</td><td>13.8</td><td>56.0</td><td>20.8</td><td>2.5</td><td>60</td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td>Israel</td><td>88.0</td><td>89.7</td><td>4.7</td><td>3.8</td><td>73.6</td><td>24.8</td><td>11.2</td><td>70</td><td>67</td></tr><tr><td>Jordan</td><td>97.1</td><td>79.7</td><td>13.4</td><td>10.6</td><td>42.2</td><td>11.0</td><td>0.4</td><td>60</td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td>Kuwait</td><td>42.9</td><td>48.8</td><td>35.5</td><td>13.4</td><td>27.3</td><td>17.5</td><td>3.4</td><td>50</td><td>50</td></tr><tr><td>Lebanon</td><td>71.4</td><td>64.9</td><td>7.2</td><td>4.3</td><td>0.0</td><td>26.8</td><td>2.2</td><td>64</td><td>64</td></tr><tr><td>Oman</td><td>40.0</td><td>51.2</td><td>27.7</td><td>11.5</td><td>24.7</td><td>19.9</td><td>2.2</td><td>60</td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td>Qatar</td><td>27.6</td><td>30.7</td><td>66.2</td><td>18.5</td><td>7.9</td><td>48.6</td><td>5.5</td><td>60</td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td>Saudi Arabia</td><td>65.2</td><td>59.7</td><td>21.1</td><td>9.3</td><td>..</td><td>25.0</td><td>1.1</td><td>60</td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td>State of Palestine</td><td>120.0</td><td>99.3</td><td>15.4</td><td>12.8</td><td>8.0</td><td>..</td><td>..</td><td>65</td><td>65</td></tr><tr><td>Syrian Arab Republic</td><td>111.5</td><td>78.2</td><td>11.6</td><td>9.5</td><td>16.7</td><td>21.9</td><td>2.0</td><td>60</td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td>Turkey</td><td>71.6</td><td>66.4</td><td>7.7</td><td>5.0</td><td>88.1</td><td>20.6</td><td>6.8</td><td>60</td><td>58</td></tr><tr><td>United Arab Emirates</td><td>24.6</td><td>30.1</td><td>70.5</td><td>12.3</td><td>..</td><td>24.0</td><td>1.7</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Yemen</td><td>118.8</td><td>91.3</td><td>16.4</td><td>14.7</td><td>8.5</td><td>27.7</td><td>6.0</td><td>60</td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td>Europe</td><td>62.3</td><td>78.0</td><td>3.5</td><td>2.4</td><td>..</td><td>10.2</td><td>6.2</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Eastern Europe</td><td>54.4</td><td>72.5</td><td>4.4</td><td>2.9</td><td>..</td><td>13.4</td><td>9.3</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Belarus</td><td>53.0</td><td>73.8</td><td>4.7</td><td>3.0</td><td>93.6</td><td>7.2</td><td>3.5</td><td>60</td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td>Bulgaria</td><td>62.9</td><td>74.2</td><td>3.1</td><td>2.5</td><td>96.9</td><td>5.1</td><td>2.4</td><td>63</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Czech Republic</td><td>59.8</td><td>73.1</td><td>3.5</td><td>2.5</td><td>100.0</td><td>8.1</td><td>4.0</td><td>62</td><td>61</td></tr><tr><td>Hungary</td><td>59.8</td><td>67.9</td><td>3.5</td><td>2.8</td><td>91.4</td><td>4.8</td><td>2.2</td><td>63</td><td>63</td></tr><tr><td>Poland</td><td>55.3</td><td>71.3</td><td>4.1</td><td>2.5</td><td>96.5</td><td>8.9</td><td>3.8</td><td>65</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Republic of Moldova</td><td>46.3</td><td>57.8</td><td>6.9</td><td>3.7</td><td>72.8</td><td>10.8</td><td>5.7</td><td>62</td><td>57</td></tr><tr><td>Romania</td><td>61.9</td><td>68.2</td><td>3.6</td><td>2.7</td><td>98.0</td><td>21.6</td><td>17.7</td><td>64</td><td>59</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="3">Country or area</th><th colspan="2">Total dependency ratio (persons aged 0-19 and aged 65 or over per 100 persons aged 20-64)</th><th colspan="2">Potential support ratio (persons aged 20-64 per person aged 65 or over)</th><th rowspan="2">Pension coverage (per cent of persons of statutory pensionable age)</th><th colspan="2">Labour force participation of persons aged 65 years or over (percentage)</th><th colspan="2">Statutory retirement age (years)</th></tr><tr><th rowspan="2">2015</th><th rowspan="2">2030</th><th rowspan="2">2015</th><th rowspan="2">2030</th><th colspan="2">2015</th><th colspan="2">latest available</th></tr><tr><th>Males</th><th>Females</th><th>Males</th><th>Females</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Russian Federation</td><td>52.7</td><td>74.7</td><td>4.9</td><td>3.0</td><td>100.0</td><td>13.2</td><td>8.4</td><td>60</td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td>Slovakia</td><td>52.0</td><td>67.9</td><td>4.8</td><td>2.9</td><td>100.0</td><td>3.1</td><td>1.4</td><td>62</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Ukraine</td><td>53.7</td><td>70.5</td><td>4.2</td><td>2.9</td><td>95.0</td><td>22.7</td><td>19.3</td><td>60</td><td>56</td></tr><tr><td>Northern Europe</td><td>70.5</td><td>81.2</td><td>3.3</td><td>2.6</td><td>..</td><td>13.8</td><td>7.3</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Channel Islands</td><td>59.5</td><td>73.6</td><td>3.6</td><td>2.4</td><td>..</td><td>9.9</td><td>5.0</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Denmark</td><td>72.9</td><td>79.4</td><td>3.1</td><td>2.5</td><td>100.0</td><td>12.0</td><td>5.9</td><td>65</td><td>65</td></tr><tr><td>Estonia</td><td>64.1</td><td>79.8</td><td>3.2</td><td>2.4</td><td>98.0</td><td>15.7</td><td>12.5</td><td>63</td><td>61</td></tr><tr><td>Finland</td><td>73.4</td><td>88.2</td><td>2.8</td><td>2.1</td><td>100.0</td><td>10.1</td><td>4.2</td><td>65</td><td>65</td></tr><tr><td>Iceland</td><td>68.7</td><td>79.6</td><td>4.3</td><td>2.8</td><td>100.0</td><td>26.0</td><td>14.7</td><td>67</td><td>67</td></tr><tr><td>Ireland</td><td>68.5</td><td>75.4</td><td>4.5</td><td>3.1</td><td>90.5</td><td>14.6</td><td>4.9</td><td>65</td><td>65</td></tr><tr><td>Latvia</td><td>62.2</td><td>76.1</td><td>3.2</td><td>2.5</td><td>100.0</td><td>12.6</td><td>6.9</td><td>62</td><td>62</td></tr><tr><td>Lithuania</td><td>63.7</td><td>79.1</td><td>3.2</td><td>2.5</td><td>100.0</td><td>8.9</td><td>5.0</td><td>63</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Norway</td><td>68.3</td><td>77.6</td><td>3.6</td><td>2.8</td><td>100.0</td><td>15.9</td><td>8.7</td><td>67</td><td>67</td></tr><tr><td>Sweden</td><td>73.6</td><td>85.1</td><td>2.9</td><td>2.4</td><td>100.0</td><td>13.8</td><td>7.0</td><td>65</td><td>65</td></tr><tr><td>United Kingdom</td><td>70.6</td><td>81.3</td><td>3.3</td><td>2.6</td><td>99.5</td><td>14.3</td><td>7.8</td><td>65</td><td>61</td></tr><tr><td>Southern Europe</td><td>65.4</td><td>77.9</td><td>3.0</td><td>2.1</td><td>..</td><td>7.8</td><td>3.6</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Albania</td><td>66.2</td><td>79.6</td><td>4.9</td><td>2.8</td><td>77.0</td><td>8.4</td><td>4.0</td><td>65</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Bosnia and Herzegovina</td><td>53.2</td><td>68.7</td><td>4.2</td><td>2.5</td><td>29.6</td><td>7.9</td><td>3.9</td><td>65</td><td>65</td></tr><tr><td>Croatia</td><td>65.3</td><td>76.6</td><td>3.2</td><td>2.3</td><td>57.6</td><td>6.9</td><td>4.0</td><td>65</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Greece</td><td>68.5</td><td>74.6</td><td>2.8</td><td>2.2</td><td>77.4</td><td>5.8</td><td>2.6</td><td>65</td><td>65</td></tr><tr><td>Italy</td><td>68.9</td><td>83.8</td><td>2.6</td><td>1.9</td><td>81.1</td><td>7.5</td><td>2.7</td><td>66</td><td>62</td></tr><tr><td>Malta</td><td>66.5</td><td>76.0</td><td>3.1</td><td>2.3</td><td>60.5</td><td>8.3</td><td>1.6</td><td>61</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Montenegro</td><td>64.2</td><td>70.5</td><td>4.5</td><td>3.0</td><td>52.3</td><td>4.0</td><td>1.9</td><td>65</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Portugal</td><td>67.0</td><td>76.2</td><td>2.9</td><td>2.1</td><td>100.0</td><td>22.6</td><td>10.9</td><td>65</td><td>65</td></tr><tr><td>Serbia</td><td>65.7</td><td>71.4</td><td>3.5</td><td>2.8</td><td>46.1</td><td>12.8</td><td>7.1</td><td>65</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Slovenia</td><td>59.4</td><td>82.7</td><td>3.5</td><td>2.1</td><td>95.1</td><td>8.1</td><td>4.3</td><td>63</td><td>61</td></tr><tr><td>Spain</td><td>61.8</td><td>74.4</td><td>3.3</td><td>2.2</td><td>68.2</td><td>4.6</td><td>2.6</td><td>65</td><td>65</td></tr><tr><td>TFYR Macedonia</td><td>55.9</td><td>65.8</td><td>5.2</td><td>3.3</td><td>52.2</td><td>4.9</td><td>2.4</td><td>64</td><td>62</td></tr><tr><td>Western Europe</td><td>68.7</td><td>84.6</td><td>3.0</td><td>2.1</td><td>..</td><td>7.3</td><td>3.6</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Austria</td><td>62.2</td><td>78.0</td><td>3.3</td><td>2.3</td><td>100.0</td><td>9.6</td><td>5.0</td><td>65</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Belgium</td><td>68.5</td><td>83.0</td><td>3.3</td><td>2.4</td><td>84.6</td><td>4.8</td><td>1.9</td><td>65</td><td>65</td></tr><tr><td>France</td><td>77.0</td><td>88.1</td><td>3.0</td><td>2.2</td><td>100.0</td><td>3.8</td><td>2.2</td><td>60</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Germany</td><td>64.2</td><td>83.8</td><td>2.9</td><td>1.9</td><td>100.0</td><td>8.4</td><td>4.3</td><td>65</td><td>65</td></tr><tr><td>Luxembourg</td><td>57.2</td><td>68.9</td><td>4.5</td><td>3.2</td><td>90.0</td><td>6.1</td><td>2.4</td><td>65</td><td>65</td></tr><tr><td>Netherlands</td><td>68.4</td><td>84.1</td><td>3.3</td><td>2.2</td><td>100.0</td><td>11.2</td><td>4.0</td><td>65</td><td>65</td></tr><tr><td>Switzerland</td><td>61.4</td><td>77.6</td><td>3.4</td><td>2.4</td><td>100.0</td><td>15.5</td><td>6.8</td><td>65</td><td>64</td></tr><tr><td>Latin America and the Caribbean</td><td>72.8</td><td>67.9</td><td>7.6</td><td>5.0</td><td>..</td><td>38.1</td><td>16.8</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Caribbean</td><td>74.8</td><td>74.5</td><td>6.1</td><td>4.1</td><td>..</td><td>24.6</td><td>9.9</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Antigua and Barbuda</td><td>66.6</td><td>68.3</td><td>8.4</td><td>4.7</td><td>69.7</td><td>..</td><td>..</td><td>60</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Aruba</td><td>60.8</td><td>71.8</td><td>5.1</td><td>2.7</td><td>79.3</td><td>..</td><td>..</td><td>60</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Bahamas</td><td>58.9</td><td>68.7</td><td>7.6</td><td>4.0</td><td>84.2</td><td>27.4</td><td>12.3</td><td>65</td><td>65</td></tr><tr><td>Barbados</td><td>66.7</td><td>83.5</td><td>4.2</td><td>2.5</td><td>68.3</td><td>13.1</td><td>7.1</td><td>66</td><td>66</td></tr><tr><td>Cuba</td><td>57.1</td><td>71.2</td><td>4.6</td><td>2.5</td><td>..</td><td>14.4</td><td>3.9</td><td>65</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Curaçao</td><td>67.3</td><td>87.9</td><td>4.0</td><td>2.4</td><td>..</td><td>..</td><td>..</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Dominican Republic</td><td>84.7</td><td>76.6</td><td>8.1</td><td>5.6</td><td>11.1</td><td>35.2</td><td>9.1</td><td>65</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Grenada</td><td>74.7</td><td>71.9</td><td>8.0</td><td>5.4</td><td>34.0</td><td>..</td><td>..</td><td>60</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Guadeloupe</td><td>76.7</td><td>89.4</td><td>3.9</td><td>2.3</td><td>..</td><td>4.5</td><td>1.6</td><td>..</td><td>..</td></tr><tr><td>Haiti</td><td>95.4</td><td>77.8</td><td>11.0</td><td>9.0</td><td>1.0</td><td>58.2</td><td>35.4</td><td>55</td><td>55</td></tr></tbody></table>