<table><tr><td></td><td></td><td>Comparator: None</td><td></td><td><strong>A commitment to some sort of fairness</strong><br/>None of the participants agreed with the myth that some people would transition just to change their gender category in competitive sports. It is important to take into account class differences and the economic capital needed to take part in certain sports. This in itself is an advantage.<br/><br/><strong>Connecting inclusion and respect</strong><br/>One way for trans athletes to protect themselves from transphobic and trans misogynous attacks is to seek refuge in the very rules that place medical limitations on their participation. In line with the results obtained, the author proposes moving away from the concept of fairness and toward the concept of respect. Thus, operating from a place of morality rather than basing decisions on regulations which imply a state of equality that doesn't even exist.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vilain, E.,<br/>Ospina<br/>Betancurt, J.,<br/>Bueno-<br/>Guerra, N., &<br/>Martinez-<br/>Patino, M-J.</td><td>2017</td><td>Theoretical<br/>article</td><td>/</td><td>No</td><td>The article provides a discussion/ contextualization of some of the regulations that trans athletes are subjected to.<br/><br/>There is a long history of men and their institutions banning women from taking part in sports competitions. E.g.: Marathon - women were banned from taking part in Marathon events at the Olympic Games for 84 years. The division between women and men in sport is a product of this history.<br/><br/>The authors review the different phases of the femininity tests used in sports competitions. These tests are currently based on external criteria of femininity. For example, Caster Semenya was forced to undergo a femininity test based on doubts about her sex based on her "questionable visual appearance."<br/><br/>A look at the IAAF and IOC regulations.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Heggie, V.</td><td>2010</td><td>Theoretical<br/>article</td><td>/</td><td>No</td><td>The desire to maintain a framework for the female category predates the systematic implementation of gender tests/femininity tests and dates back to the beginning of the 20th century.<br/><br/>During the 20th century, it was mainly FTM transitions (or the possibility of them) that worried sports organizations. This was the case for Zdenek Koubkova, Mark Weston, and Willy de Bruyn. There was a particular panic about the masculinization/virilization of women and the impact that sport would have on women. This</td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>Buhuon, A.</td><td>2012</td><td>Theoretical Paper</td><td>Historical summary – review of historical literature on perceptions of femininity in female athletes and/or female sports.</td><td>No</td><td>argument was also used to justify limiting or even prohibiting women's access to sport.<br/>Review of the different tests and their failures.<br/>Policing of women's bodies is significantly linked to cultural values of femininity. Racism and expectations around the cultural roles of women are a significant predictor of public concern around "fairness of sport" (i.e., athletes presenting more feminine or hiding "masculine" traits).<br/>Many of these controls were put in place and established for geo-political reasons (i.e., 1960's cold war fears "Russian women superiority"). Author suggests that authorities rely on these subjective evaluations of aesthetic and visual assessments and no longer test systematically. Bias exists between North/South (white/black) and is used to control not only gender but the "non-hegemonic" femininity of eastern sportswomen.</td><td>Potential avenue to evaluate perceptions of feminine aesthetic as a predictor for testing/criticism.<br/>Well documented history of discriminating against women who do not appear culturally feminine (from a European/American point of view).</td><td>Caster Semenya's results were not world record breaking, and yet still of significant concern due to public perception. Interesting how comparative advantage is perceived based on the skill and/or ability of the competition.<br/>Are women's sports only fair if competition is "less" than men's sports?</td></tr><tr><td>Devine, J.</td><td>2019</td><td>Gender, Steroids, and Fairness in Sport</td><td>Review</td><td>No</td><td>Author concludes that there is a valid parallel between trans women participation in sport and that of individuals caught with doping violations returning to the sport prematurely or at all. Author does note that binary gender norms should be abandoned.<br/>- Author presents idea of tolerable unfairness which is an interesting avenue to consider.<br/>- Author examines values of fairness in respect to inclusivity. And has reasoned arguments against "trans" category in sport as well as forcing athletes to compete with birth gender.<br/>Author admits that his thesis is speculative but qualified i.e., that even if the flawed basis is proven true it only establishes pro-tanto reasoning. (Reviewer disagrees that even partial "only to extent" pro-tanto reasoning exists.)</td><td>Advantages conferred are not equivalent nor did the author present any evidence to suggest as such. Author relies on logically flawed conclusions by establishing "facts" which are not supported by evidence.<br/>Suggest that the conclusions of this article be ignored, however some information within the article could prove to be useful.<br/>Author ignores, for example, trans women skeletal changes during puberty which result in a total body mass increase which may act differently to a reduction in T (especially in terms of athletic performance).<br/>Author assumes trans women exhibit same physical traits as cis men, this is incorrect due to socio and medical reasons (higher rates of mental health issues, eating disorders, etc.).</td><td>There is a biologic basis for structural brain differences between trans women and cis men (i.e., trans women's brain activity matches more closely with cis women). It would be interesting to see if any research has been done to categorize these biologic differences in terms of differences in core functionality (or population evaluation of body mass, etc., of trans women, if any exist).</td></tr><tr><td>Foddy, B., & Savulescu, J.</td><td>2011</td><td>Time to re-evaluate gender segregation in athletics?</td><td>Selective review of literature, no new empirical evidence was presented. (Recommend rejection)</td><td>No</td><td>Author contests that female athletes are justified in arguing for exclusion of other women based on a false premise that intersex or trans athletes are still "partially male." Author suggests this could be overridden by relaxing restrictions on doping without addressing any of the potentially negative health consequences to athletes.<br/>Author (without proper citations) indicates that men perform at much higher levels of sport despite having access to same levels of equipment, training methods and both work equally hard at training. This point is reoccurring</td><td>Article mentions that Caster Semenya's victory was still not a world record (yet still unacceptable because she is "partially male apparently.") This is analogous to an argument that elite athletes should not be allowed to play recreational sports because they would dominate.<br/>1. The differences between sexes is not based purely on gender, it is because height- and weight-adjusted men still outperform women (almost entirely because women carry higher body fat % and therefore less lean muscle mass).<br/>2. Training and equipment is optimized for male performance; recent study suggests that women</td><td>Paper describes two different frameworks for evaluating sport.<br/>1) to identify natural potential of individuals, therefor genetic variation is desired. And<br/>2) reward the hardest worker (which is currently obviously untrue).</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>throughout literature, so it needs to be addressed (points 1-4 in next column).<br/>57% of serum testosterone between individuals is caused by genetic factors (Ring et al., 2005). (Suggestion that this suggests a strong environmental factor to serum testosterone levels as well, and should be examined).<br/>Michael Phelps example of Marfan syndrome, arm span (does not include oxidation advantage however) "naturally occurring" seems to only impact women's sports and men are not regulated as such. The authors (Foddy and Savulesco) are wrong about Phelps. He does not have Marfan syndrome.</td><td>should train on different interval sets (higher rep) for optimal strength gains.<br/>3. "Working just as hard" ignores social realities which disadvantage women from being able to dedicate time towards their sport.<br/>4. Confirmation bias towards lack of permutation tests (see women Chess player rankings).</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Genel, M.</td><td>2017</td><td>Transgender Athletes: How Can They Be Accommodated ?</td><td>Select review of existing literature</td><td>No<br/>The author does not present their own conclusions; however they do mention some interesting details.<br/>1) Many of these limit requirements face difficulty when assessing intersex individuals.<br/>2) Likely there will be more trans athletes being included in interscholastic sport.</td><td>The 10nmo/L threshold is arbitrary and is not set on any population-level data by cis women. Further, it is not clear that individual variation within testosterone limits is a clear indication of performance advantage, let alone an "unfair" advantage in all sport (some evidence is present re: intersex sprinters).</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gill-Peterson, J.</td><td>2014</td><td>The Technical Capacities of the Body: Assembling Race, Technology and Transgender</td><td>N/A</td><td>No<br/>The author presents no valid qualitative or quantitative evidence nor draws any useful information on which to draft this report. Paper discusses competing ideologies of race/technology/ecological impacts and gender.</td><td>Recommend removal from list.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Handelsman, D., Hirschberg, A., & Bermon, S.</td><td>2018</td><td>Circulating Testosterone as the Hormonal Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance</td><td></td><td>Unknown<br/>Author argues that circulating testosterone is the most important marker for athletic advantage because of increasing muscle mass, strength, bone size, density, and hemoglobin.<br/>Androgen sensitivity for men with testes removed may play a significant moderating role.</td><td>Author uses terminology like "bone size" as if this is different from height or frame size, neither of which are an established basis for discrimination.<br/>Rates are used from cancer patients, and likely are not representative for elite athletes.<br/>Paper makes inaccurate conclusions on the initial performance advantages of men vs women.</td><td>Literature is very dense and requires an additional reviewer to provide some more specific background and verification of points.</td></tr><tr><td>Hargreaves, J.</td><td>2012</td><td>Gender Equality in Olympic Sport</td><td>A review of women's participation in sports, no new evidence presented.</td><td>No<br/>Sport has been an integral part of modernization in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries and in particular Arab women have been able to leverage this to become agents of change. Author argues that sport reflects and influences cultural values.</td><td>This may form a basis for inclusion of trans women and DSD women in sport irrespective of advantage. Representation matters not only to individual health but also to societal value changes as sport has an ability to change societal perceptions of equality.</td><td>Limited scope "story"</td></tr><tr><td>Harper, J. et al.</td><td>2018</td><td>The Fluidity of Gender and Implications for the Biology of Inclusion for Transgender</td><td>Survey analysis</td><td>Yes - Lead author<br/>Paper examines survey data from three different events 1) the 12th International Congress of the Sports Medicine Association of Greece; 2) public lecture at the University of Brighton; and 3) the 2018 spring conference of the British Association of Sport and Exercise Medicine (BASEM). The</td><td>Paper provides interesting insight into the thought process of academics, but I do not believe it has relevance for this study.</td><td>Can illustrate some of the epistemological challenges of the subject.</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td></td><td>and Intersex Athletes</td><td></td><td>author shows that there exists a wide spectrum of opinion when it comes to testosterone regulation for both athletes with DSD and transwomen. This range includes individuals who are concerned with doping, and innate biological advantages, among others.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Henne, K.</td><td>2014</td><td>The "Science" of Fair Play in Sport: Gender and the Politics of Testing</td><td>Social and historical analysis of the issue.</td><td>Women's sport has a lengthy history of being categorized for cultural and political reasons. Author argues that gender verification is not only degrading to women, but it upholds myths around gender that form the basis for fair play. While testing has found results in gendered differences when it comes to sport, they are based on an idea that biological sex should align with culturally constructed myths of gender. These are used "under the guise of leveling the playing field for female athletes." The author argues that DSD regulation seeks to preserve the idea that "woman is inherently distinct from and less able than man."<br/>Fair play is rooted in values of amateurism which are no longer practically relevant for most sport. Similar arguments were put forth in questioning the validity of using prosthetics in sport (Pistorius).</td><td>Author has solid arguments on the basis for what sports should strive to become, i.e., independent of cultural myths around gender. However, when discussing trans participation in sport there exists some evidence of performance-related data which suggest potential issues around safety and fairness in sport for identification-only policies. This very may well be socially constructed artifacts, however given that we are informing policies for where society is at now, within Canada, reasonable restrictions should not be rejected out of hand because of a contradictory ideological stance.</td><td>Many authors reject gender verification on the grounds that it is degrading to women (Skirstad, 2000).</td></tr><tr><td>Ingram, T.</td><td>2019</td><td>Transgender Policy in Sport, A Review of Current Policy and Commentary of the Challenges of Policy Creation</td><td>Review</td><td>Author looks at the history of trans participation of sport from high school to professional levels. There exists limited scientific data as it relates to performance advantages held by transwomen in sport, further women's sport is poorly defined (other than being separate from men's). Author suggests it is difficult to make inclusive policy that is fair but accessible. Author concludes that ongoing study and input is required by the medical and scientific community in the topic.</td><td>Paper references (table 3) strength gains and losses which are inaccurate. In particular, the decrease to muscle mass and strength is largely unknown and the interval stated should not be used to inform policy.</td><td>This article leads to an entire section which should relate to how policy should be constructed to enable it to be more equitably accessed, i.e., not having sport federations monitor their athletes, but rather have policies that are behind a physician's recommendation.<br/>This raises issues of compliance.</td></tr><tr><td>Karkazis, K., & Jordan-Young, R.</td><td>2015</td><td>Debating a testosterone "sex gap"</td><td>Article, not peer reviewed.</td><td>The author states that DSD women and women with naturally occurring high levels of T must be included when considering what is fair in sport. And that a conclusion drawn decades ago was those "who were raised as girls and classify themselves as female should not be excluded from competition as women." The basis for these arguments is social and ethical around how we classify human diversity.</td><td>The arguments made are logical, however as it relates to transgender individuals, we have no evidence to suggest that pre-treatment trans women have similar performance and strength profiles of DSD women or women with high T levels. As a result, there may be a basis for requiring some form of HRT, however this is still largely unresearched.</td><td>In the article The testosterone rule—constructing fairness in professional sport, Sudai (2017) refers to a study, commissioned by the IAAF and conducted at the 2011 IAAF Track and Field World Championships in Daegu, South Korea (referred to as the Daegu study) where the authors found that: "there is no clear scientific evidence proving that a high level of T is a significant determinant of performance in female sports." (Bermon, S. et al., 2014).</td></tr><tr><td>Pike, J.</td><td>2021</td><td>Theoretical paper</td><td>A philosophical discussion of the relationship between concerns about safety, fairness, and inclusion in policy making about</td><td>The researcher argues for an approach based on lexical priority rather than simple 'balancing,' considering the different values in a specific order. A justificatory framework for the World Rugby (WR) Guidelines that exclude trans women</td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td></td><td>the inclusion of trans women athletes into women's sport.</td><td></td><td>from the women's game in WR competitions is provided. An account of a maximally safe, maximally fair and maximally inclusive form of sex categorisation in sport is offered.</td><td></td></tr></table>

<footnote>*None of the literature talks about performance advantages of men vs women in terms of either resourcing (men's teams receive more resources for training, and training is optimized for male bodies (kin study available)). They also do not include any basis for permutation (instance rate and variation among edge scenarios – look at chess participation rates and its impact on performance rates (https://en.chessbase.com/post/what-gender-gap-in-chess) for elite athletes).</footnote>
Grey Literature

<table><caption>Table 12 Detailed review table of grey literature.</caption><thead><tr><td>Author(s)</td><td>Year</td><td>Kind of Study and/or Sample</td><td>Self-identified trans researcher(s) lead and/or trans research team members?</td><td>Key Conclusions</td><td>Key Reviewer Criticisms</td><td>Other notes</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)</td><td>2019</td><td>/</td><td>/</td><td>Regulations for obtaining a Therapeutic Use Exemption (TUE).<br/>Provides a detailed medical file and the rules of the sports federation.</td><td></td><td>3: Composition of the medical file<br/>"All TUE applications must include a report from a healthcare professional who treats transgender individuals. This report must provide details of the athlete's medical history, including whether the athlete has undergone any partially or fully reversible physical therapy. This document should be accompanied by an endocrinology report from the endocrinologist who initiated the hormone therapy as well as a surgical report, if applicable. A full medical evaluation is required prior to the initiation of any treatment to determine the level of individual risk associated with the various treatment options."</td></tr><tr><td>World Health Organization (WHO)</td><td>2019</td><td>/</td><td>/</td><td>The WHO takes a stand against the 2019 IAAF regulation that requires women to medically reduce their natural testosterone levels.</td><td></td><td>World Medical Association (WMA) President Statement: WMA President Dr. Leonid Eidelman said: "We have strong reservations about the ethical validity of these regulations. They are based on weak evidence from a single study, which is currently being widely debated by the scientific community. They are also contrary to a number of key WMA ethical statements and declarations, and as such we are calling for their immediate withdrawal."</td></tr><tr><td>Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sport (CCES)</td><td>2016</td><td>/</td><td>/</td><td>Best practices (respect for the privacy of players, right to freedom choice of first name/pronoun/gender, providing information, the inclusiveness of rules, being attentive to the needs of trans athletes, training/prevention, access to toilets and lockers for all, proposing uniforms in accordance with gender expression).<br/>There is no tangible evidence about the effect of hormones.<br/>Recommendation: gender identity regulation. If other criteria apply, then it is up to the federation to prove legitimacy.</td><td></td><td>20: About hormone levels in regulations<br/>"Unfortunately, neither the 2015 IOC consensus meeting nor the NCAA [National Collegiate Athletic Association] policy are grounded in direct scientific evidence of hormone levels having a significant long-term impact on athletes' performance. No research has been done in this regard."<br/>20: Elite recommendation<br/>"Based on this context and the evidence that is available, the Expert Working Group has reached the conclusion that transgender athletes should be able to participate according to the gender with which they identify, regardless of whether they have undergone hormonal treatment. If a sport organization can prove that hormonal treatment would be a reasonable and bona fide condition (meaning a required response to a genuine need) in order to create a level playing field in high performance sport, exceptions may apply."</td></tr><tr><td>Longman, J.</td><td>2016</td><td>Journalistic article, opinion piece</td><td>No</td><td>Argument:<br/>The discriminatory treatment of Caster Semenya.</td><td>Statement from the IAAF (P. Weiss) vs Semenya<br/>Statement by K. Karkazis on bias and stereotyping</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Many champions have different physical advantages that are not subject to as much regulation, violence, and exclusion.</td><td>Example: Kenyan high-altitude training<br>Example: The body size comparison between K. Durant and B. Griner<br>Example: E. Mantyranta (who had a genetic mutation causing him to produce a higher-than-average amount of hemoglobin)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lenskyj, H. J.<br>(Only chapter 4)</td><td>2018</td><td>Theoretical article</td><td>No</td><td>In countries such as Canada and Australia there have been political debates about making sport exempt from having to comply with anti-discrimination laws.<br>The media's treatment of Laurel Hubbard makes it seem as if she made the decision to transition suddenly in a bid to win competitions. This demonstrates an ignorance of the lived experiences of trans people.<br><br><strong>"Objective science"?</strong><br>Biases that may appear in research:<br>- Considering sport as a space that is reserved for men and masculinity,<br>- Not taking into account biological and social constructs,<br>- Assuming that testosterone gives athletes a physical advantage. Confusing causality with association.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pieper, L.P.</td><td>2016</td><td>History book of the femininity test in sports competitions (Introduction)</td><td>No</td><td><strong>Introduction</strong><br>The IOC often uses the concepts of gender and sex interchangeably, especially between the years 1968 and 2000.<br>The discursive change between "sex testing" (1968 to 1976/80) and "femininity testing" (1976 to 2000) (« contrôle de sexe » and « contrôle de féminité » in French) shows that biological data are not the only things that are being evaluated.<br>Cold War: sport and gender control = confrontation surrounding sex (even if this did not systematically exist prior to the Cold War). The new "other" since 1990 = racialized women from the continents of Africa or Asia.<br>Problem with the dialogue around fair competition = this is a goal that is not achievable anyway, but it is mobilized for the purpose of excluding certain populations.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Westbrook, L.</td><td>2016</td><td>Theoretical article</td><td>Non-binary (they)</td><td>An article that attempts to trace the history of the terminology used to refer to trans people. Also attempts to think about trans people in relation to categories of sexuality.</td><td>Trans people are thought of almost exclusively through the prism of gender subversion. This approach is flawed; it obscures the social relation of the sexes and the consequences of this on the lived experiences of trans people.</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>The article highlights, without any real source or justification, both the beginning of the use of the term transsexual, pinpointing the first case of its usage in 1952, as well as the case of Christine Jorgensen. The conclusions drawn not only seem precarious, they also underline the cis centrism of the article. What is presented is a cis interpretation of the terms that are used by cis people to refer to trans people (but without making this point of view explicit, of course). The article takes an essentialist view of sex and gender by making a distinction between the term transsexual (defined as the act of changing one's biological sex) and transgender (defined as the act of changing one's gender). However, if the sex of an individual is determined by their gender, we can just as easily say that a person has changed their sex (or gender) regardless of the type of transition (whether it be social, medical, institutional) that has taken place. The author discusses the fact that the only word currently used to describe being attracted to trans people would be the slur <i>tranny chaser</i>. She goes on to propose potentially less offensive terms without taking into consideration the power dynamics that come into play in the fetishization of trans people by cis people. She even goes so far as to propose a new meaning for the word transsexual, suggesting that this term could be used to refer to individuals who are attracted to trans people. In proposing a new meaning for this term, the author is furthering the cis appropriation of terms relating to the trans experience. A portion of the trans population has already reclaimed this word.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pape, M.</td><td>2020</td><td>Qualitative semi-structured interviews n=62, with athletes, coaches, staff members, managers, officials, and federation representatives, media professionals, academics and activists between 2009 and 2016 = inclusion criterion: involved to any</td><td>No</td><td>Men at the elite level in athletics have hormone levels that are equivalent to the average hormone levels seen in women.<br/>Ignorance = an active process whereby it would have been possible to find out about a particular topic but where this knowledge has not been sought out or obtained.<br/>The 3 types of ignorance:<br/>1. Disinformation<br/>Most athletes were in favour of the IAAF rules. But most of them did not really know much about what the stipulations laid out in the rules consisted of.<br/>The majority think that this is an ethical issue and not a scientific debate.<br/>Many did not know the history of the femininity test (one person proposed - without knowing that one had</td><td>This article allows us to examine the process of ignorance observed in members of the sports movement in cases that involve athletes with an endogenous testosterone level that is higher than the average level for women.<br/>The failure to inform oneself, to avoid confronting certain information, to question the actions of the federation, and to train/educate people about the discrimination experienced by these athletes is socially situated.<br/>Although the author accurately shows the three types of ignorance at play, the social positions of the different surveys could have been better taken into consideration, in particular, it would have been helpful to look at how the different power dynamics have an impact (notably where race, gender, class and nationality are concerned).</td><td></td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>extent in the implementation of the testosterone regulations in the female category.</td><td>been done and without knowing the problems posed - to carry out a chromosomal test).<br/>There was a lot of confusion about the terms used in the debate such as the term "hermaphrodite." Some athletes were referred to as men.<br/>Pathologizing intersex athletes.<br/>2. Ideology<br/>The formulation of the regulations = an enclosed and private space for the construction of knowledge.<br/>Preconceived ideas about the issue being discussed affect how the regulations are established in the first place.<br/>Most respondents strongly believe that testosterone levels have an impact on the differences in athletic performance. Many were incredulous and were surprised that the CAS suspended the regulation in 2015 due to a lack of scientific evidence.<br/>Confusion between endogenous and exogenous testosterone.<br/>Some chose to ignore the glaring lack of scientific evidence and were instead guided by their beliefs/stereotypes. This was particularly true for those in charge of formulating the regulations.<br/>3. Avoidance<br/>Some federation workers who were contacted for an interview said that this was not their area of expertise and referred the interviewer to the federation's physicians.<br/>An official who tried to get more information and came up with evidence that the rules were not working at the IAAF was removed.<br/>No questioning of the rules; coaches placed their trust in the IAAF.<br/>Fear of backlash if the rules are challenged.<br/>Silence also forms part of the social position; some people have benefitted from the fact that the regulations remain in place, even though their underpinning is not scientifically correct.<br/>The federations were involved in maintaining the silence of the athletes. Some advised the athletes just to answer that the 800m did not concern them.</td><td>Even though cases involving trans athletes are not mentioned, it can be observed that these mechanisms are also at work in such cases.</td></tr></table>
Appendix B: Scoping Review Yield

<table><caption>Figure 2 Summary of scoping review yield from June 2021.</caption><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Editor</th><th>Database</th><th>Types</th><th>Results</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1.</td><td>Elsevier</td><td>Embase</td><td>Biomedical Sciences</td><td>96</td></tr><tr><td>2.</td><td>OVID</td><td>Medline</td><td>Biomedical Sciences</td><td>263</td></tr><tr><td>3.</td><td>ProQuest</td><td>PAIS International</td><td>Public Affairs</td><td>16</td></tr><tr><td>4.</td><td>OVID</td><td>PsycINFO</td><td>Psychology</td><td>193</td></tr><tr><td>5.</td><td>ProQuest</td><td>Sociological Abstracts &amp; Social Services Abstracts</td><td>Social Sciences</td><td>121</td></tr><tr><td>6.</td><td>ProQuest</td><td>Sport Medicine &amp; Education Index</td><td>Sport Science</td><td>169</td></tr><tr><td>7.</td><td>EBSCO</td><td>SportDiscus</td><td>Sport Science</td><td>328</td></tr><tr><td>8.</td><td>CLARIVATE</td><td>Web of Science, Core Collection</td><td>Multidisciplinary</td><td>342</td></tr><tr><td>9.</td><td>EBSCO</td><td>Women's Studies International</td><td>Women</td><td>49</td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td>ProQuest</td><td>Worldwide Political Science Abstracts</td><td>Political Science</td><td>19</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>TOTAL</td><td>1697</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Duplicates</td><td>703</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Primary</td><td>994</td></tr></tbody></table>
# Appendix C: List of Some Canadian Organizations Who Have Trans Inclusion Policies at Competitive/Elite Levels

These Canadian sport organizations' policies take different approaches to including trans women, some choosing to focus on accepting all athletes' embodied strengths to be celebrated, including trans women's, without restrictions, and others taking a narrower approach to defining what kinds of embodiments are permissible.

- Archery Canada

- Biathlon Canada

- Bowling Federation of Canada

- Bowls Canada

- Canada Basketball

- Canadian Powerlifting Union

- Canoe Kayak Canada

- Climbing Canada

- Cycling Canada

- Field Hockey Canada

- Lacrosse Canada

- Quidditch Canada

- Ringette Canada

- Rowing Canada

- Rugby Canada

- Skate Canada

- Softball Canada

- Ultimate Canada

- Volleyball Canada

- Water Polo Canada

- Wheelchair Basketball Canada

- Wheelchair Rugby Canada