# 7 BIBLIOGRAPHIE

1. Haouzir S, Bernoussi A. Les schizophrénies. 4e éd. Malakoff: Dunod; 2020.

2. Demjaha A, Lappin JM, Stahl D, Patel MX, MacCabe JH, Howes OD, et al. Antipsychotic treatment resistance in first-episode psychosis: prevalence, subtypes and predictors. Psychol Med. août 2017;47(11):1981-9.

3. Pr Pierre-Michel Llorca. La schizophrénie. Encyclopédie Orphanet; 2004.

4. Laursen TM, Nordentoft M, Mortensen PB. Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 28 mars 2014;10(1):425-48.

5. Pr Pierre-Michel Llorca. Troubles schizophréniques. In: Encyclopædia Universalis [en ligne] [Internet]. 2023. (30 articles). Disponible sur: https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/troubles-schizophreniques/

6. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Schizophrenia [Internet]. NIMH; 2023 août. Disponible sur: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/schizophrenia

7. Institute of health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) (En ligne). Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx). 2021 sept.

8. Saha S, Chant D, Welham J, McGrath J. A Systematic Review of the Prevalence of Schizophrenia. PLOS Medicine. maj 2005;2(5):e141.

9. Rössler W, Salize HJ, van Os J, Riecher-Rössler A. Size of burden of schizophrenia and psychotic disorders. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. août 2005;15(4):399-409.

10. McGrath J, Saha S, Chant D, Welham J. Schizophrenia: a concise overview of incidence, prevalence, and mortality. Epidemiol Rev. 2008;30:67-76.

11. Pr Marie Odile Krebs. Schizophrénie, Intervenir au pluts tôt pour limiter la sévérité des troubles (Internet). INSERM [Internet]. 5 mars 2020; Disponible sur: https://www.inserm.fr/dossier/schizophrenie/

12. Dollfus S. Les schizophrénies. Paris: Lavoisier médecine sciences; 2019. (Collection Psychiatrie).

13. Thorup A, Waltoft BL, Pedersen CB, Mortensen PB, Nordentoft M. Young males have a higher risk of developing schizophrenia: a Danish register study. Psychol Med. avr 2007;37(4):479-84.

14. Immonen J, Jääskeläinen E, Korpela H, Miettunen J. Age at onset and the outcomes of schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Early Interv Psychiatry. déc 2017;11(6):453-60.

15. Sex Differences in Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders: A 20-Year Longitudinal Study of Psychosis and Recovery - PMC [Internet]. [cité 1 oct 2023]. Disponible sur: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2592560/

16. Li X, Wei N, Song J, Liu J, Yuan J, Song R, et al. The global burden of schizophrenia and the impact of urbanization during 1990-2019: An analysis of the global burden of disease study 2019. Environmental Research. 1 sept 2023;232:116305.

17. Dervaux A, Laqueille X. Tabac et schizophrénie : aspects épidémiologiques et cliniques. L'Encéphale. 1 juin 2008;34(3):299-305.

18. Bertelsen M, Jeppesen P, Petersen L, Thorup A, Øhlenschlaeger J, le Quach P, et al. Suicidal behaviour and mortality in first-episode psychosis: the OPUS trial. Br J Psychiatry Suppl. déc 2007;51:s140-146.

19. Saha S, Chant D, McGrath J. A Systematic Review of Mortality in Schizophrenia: Is the Differential Mortality Gap Worsening Over Time? Archives of General Psychiatry. 1 oct 2007;64(10):1123-31.

20. Hjorthøj C, Stürup AE, McGrath JJ, Nordentoft M. Years of potential life lost and life expectancy in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry. avr 2017;4(4):295-301.
# 7 BIBLIOGRAPHIE

1. Haouzir S, Bernoussi A. Les schizophrénies. 4e éd. Malakoff: Dunod; 2020.

2. Demjaha A, Lappin JM, Stahl D, Patel MX, MacCabe JH, Howes OD, et al. Antipsychotic treatment resistance in first-episode psychosis: prevalence, subtypes and predictors. Psychol Med. août 2017;47(11):1981-9.

3. Pr Pierre-Michel Llorca. La schizophrénie. Encyclopédie Orphanet; 2004.

4. Laursen TM, Nordentoft M, Mortensen PB. Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 28 mars 2014;10(1):425-48.

5. Pr Pierre-Michel Llorca. Troubles schizophréniques. In: Encyclopædia Universalis [en ligne] [Internet]. 2023. (30 articles). Disponible sur: https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/troubles-schizophreniques/

6. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Schizophrenia [Internet]. NIMH; 2023 août. Disponible sur: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/schizophrenia

7. Institute of health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) (En ligne). Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx). 2021 sept.

8. Saha S, Chant D, Welham J, McGrath J. A Systematic Review of the Prevalence of Schizophrenia. PLOS Medicine. maj 2005;2(5):e141.

9. Rössler W, Salize HJ, van Os J, Riecher-Rössler A. Size of burden of schizophrenia and psychotic disorders. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. août 2005;15(4):399-409.

10. McGrath J, Saha S, Chant D, Welham J. Schizophrenia: a concise overview of incidence, prevalence, and mortality. Epidemiol Rev. 2008;30:67-76.

11. Pr Marie Odile Krebs. Schizophrénie, Intervenir au pluts tôt pour limiter la sévérité des troubles (Internet). INSERM [Internet]. 5 mars 2020; Disponible sur: https://www.inserm.fr/dossier/schizophrenie/

12. Dollfus S. Les schizophrénies. Paris: Lavoisier médecine sciences; 2019. (Collection Psychiatrie).

13. Thorup A, Waltoft BL, Pedersen CB, Mortensen PB, Nordentoft M. Young males have a higher risk of developing schizophrenia: a Danish register study. Psychol Med. avr 2007;37(4):479-84.

14. Immonen J, Jääskeläinen E, Korpela H, Miettunen J. Age at onset and the outcomes of schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Early Interv Psychiatry. déc 2017;11(6):453-60.

15. Sex Differences in Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders: A 20-Year Longitudinal Study of Psychosis and Recovery - PMC [Internet]. [cité 1 oct 2023]. Disponible sur: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2592560/

16. Li X, Wei N, Song J, Liu J, Yuan J, Song R, et al. The global burden of schizophrenia and the impact of urbanization during 1990-2019: An analysis of the global burden of disease study 2019. Environmental Research. 1 sept 2023;232:116305.

17. Dervaux A, Laqueille X. Tabac et schizophrénie : aspects épidémiologiques et cliniques. L'Encéphale. 1 juin 2008;34(3):299-305.

18. Bertelsen M, Jeppesen P, Petersen L, Thorup A, Øhlenschlaeger J, le Quach P, et al. Suicidal behaviour and mortality in first-episode psychosis: the OPUS trial. Br J Psychiatry Suppl. déc 2007;51:s140-146.

19. Saha S, Chant D, McGrath J. A Systematic Review of Mortality in Schizophrenia: Is the Differential Mortality Gap Worsening Over Time? Archives of General Psychiatry. 1 oct 2007;64(10):1123-31.

20. Hjorthøj C, Stürup AE, McGrath JJ, Nordentoft M. Years of potential life lost and life expectancy in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry. avr 2017;4(4):295-301.
21. Collin S, Rowse G, Martinez AP, Bentall RP. Delusions and the dilemmas of life: A systematic review and meta-analyses of the global literature on the prevalence of delusional themes in clinical groups. Clinical Psychology Review. août 2023;104:102303.

22. Gebreegziabhere Y, Habatmu K, Mihretu A, Cella M, Alem A. Cognitive impairment in people with schizophrenia: an umbrella review. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2022;272(7):1139-55.

23. Harvey PD, Bosia M, Cavallaro R, Howes OD, Kahn RS, Leucht S, et al. Cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia: An expert group paper on the current state of the art. Schizophr Res Cogn. 22 mars 2022;29:100249.

24. Premack D, Woodruff G. Does a chimpanzee have a theory of mind. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 1 déc 1978;1:515-26.

25. Murray RM, Lewis SW. Is schizophrenia a neurodevelopmental disorder? Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 19 sept 1987;295(6600):681-2.

26. Weinberger DR. Implications of normal brain development for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. juill 1987;44(7):660-9.

27. Schizophrenia as a Complex Trait: Evidence From a Meta-analysis of Twin Studies | Psychiatry and Behavioral Health | JAMA Psychiatry | JAMA Network [Internet]. [cité 1 oct 2023]. Disponible sur: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/208134

28. Lichtenstein P, Yip BH, Björk C, Pawitan Y, Cannon TD, Sullivan PF, et al. Common genetic influences for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: A population-based study of 2 million nuclear families. Lancet. 17 janv 2009;373(9659):10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60072-6.

29. Ripke S, Neale BM, Corvin A, Walters JT, Farh KH, Holmans PA, et al. Biological Insights From 108 Schizophrenia-Associated Genetic Loci. Nature. 24 juill 2014;511(7510):421-7.

30. Pocklington AJ, Rees E, Walters JTR, Han J, Kavanagh DH, Chambert KD, et al. Novel Findings from CNVs Implicate Inhibitory and Excitatory Signaling Complexes in Schizophrenia. Neuron. 3 juin 2015;86(5):1203-14.

31. ‘The missing genes: what happened to the heritability of psychiatric disorders?’ | Molecular Psychiatry [Internet]. [cité 1 oct 2023]. Disponible sur: https://www.nature.com/articles/mp201092

32. Davies C, Segre G, Estradé A, Radua J, De Micheli A, Provenzani U, et al. Prenatal and perinatal risk and protective factors for psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. mai 2020;7(5):399-410.

33. Debnath M, Venkatasubramanian G, Berk M. Fetal programming of schizophrenia: select mechanisms. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. févr 2015;49:90-104.

34. Parental socio-economic status and risk of first admission with schizophrenia | SpringerLink [Internet]. [cité 1 oct 2023]. Disponible sur: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00127-004-0715-y

35. A meta-analysis of the risk for psychotic disorders among first- and second-generation immigrants | Psychological Medicine | Cambridge Core [Internet]. [cité 1 oct 2023]. Disponible sur: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/abs/metaanalysis-of-the-risk-for-psychotic-disorders-among-first-and-second-generation-immigrants/7427585927F99E8EF88C4F1AA6546C02

36. Childhood Adversities Increase the Risk of Psychosis: A Meta-analysis of Patient-Control, Prospective- and Cross-sectional Cohort Studies - PMC [Internet]. [cité 1 oct 2023]. Disponible sur: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3406538/

37. Di Forti M, Quattrone D, Freeman TP, Tripoli G, Gayer-Anderson C, Quigley H, et al. The contribution of cannabis use to variation in the incidence of psychotic disorder across Europe (EU-GEI): a multicentre case-control study. The Lancet Psychiatry. mai 2019;6(5):427-36.

38. Marconi A, Di Forti M, Lewis CM, Murray RM, Vassos E. Meta-analysis of the Association Between the Level of Cannabis Use and Risk of Psychosis. Schizophr Bull. sept
21. Collin S, Rowse G, Martinez AP, Bentall RP. Delusions and the dilemmas of life: A systematic review and meta-analyses of the global literature on the prevalence of delusional themes in clinical groups. Clinical Psychology Review. août 2023;104:102303.

22. Gebreegziabhere Y, Habatmu K, Mihretu A, Cella M, Alem A. Cognitive impairment in people with schizophrenia: an umbrella review. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2022;272(7):1139-55.

23. Harvey PD, Bosia M, Cavallaro R, Howes OD, Kahn RS, Leucht S, et al. Cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia: An expert group paper on the current state of the art. Schizophr Res Cogn. 22 mars 2022;29:100249.

24. Premack D, Woodruff G. Does a chimpanzee have a theory of mind. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 1 déc 1978;1:515-26.

25. Murray RM, Lewis SW. Is schizophrenia a neurodevelopmental disorder? Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 19 sept 1987;295(6600):681-2.

26. Weinberger DR. Implications of normal brain development for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. juill 1987;44(7):660-9.

27. Schizophrenia as a Complex Trait: Evidence From a Meta-analysis of Twin Studies | Psychiatry and Behavioral Health | JAMA Psychiatry | JAMA Network [Internet]. [cité 1 oct 2023]. Disponible sur: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/208134

28. Lichtenstein P, Yip BH, Björk C, Pawitan Y, Cannon TD, Sullivan PF, et al. Common genetic influences for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: A population-based study of 2 million nuclear families. Lancet. 17 janv 2009;373(9659):10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60072-6.

29. Ripke S, Neale BM, Corvin A, Walters JT, Farh KH, Holmans PA, et al. Biological Insights From 108 Schizophrenia-Associated Genetic Loci. Nature. 24 juill 2014;511(7510):421-7.

30. Pocklington AJ, Rees E, Walters JTR, Han J, Kavanagh DH, Chambert KD, et al. Novel Findings from CNVs Implicate Inhibitory and Excitatory Signaling Complexes in Schizophrenia. Neuron. 3 juin 2015;86(5):1203-14.

31. ‘The missing genes: what happened to the heritability of psychiatric disorders?’ | Molecular Psychiatry [Internet]. [cité 1 oct 2023]. Disponible sur: https://www.nature.com/articles/mp201092

32. Davies C, Segre G, Estradé A, Radua J, De Micheli A, Provenzani U, et al. Prenatal and perinatal risk and protective factors for psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. mai 2020;7(5):399-410.

33. Debnath M, Venkatasubramanian G, Berk M. Fetal programming of schizophrenia: select mechanisms. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. févr 2015;49:90-104.

34. Parental socio-economic status and risk of first admission with schizophrenia | SpringerLink [Internet]. [cité 1 oct 2023]. Disponible sur: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00127-004-0715-y

35. A meta-analysis of the risk for psychotic disorders among first- and second-generation immigrants | Psychological Medicine | Cambridge Core [Internet]. [cité 1 oct 2023]. Disponible sur: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/abs/metaanalysis-of-the-risk-for-psychotic-disorders-among-first-and-second-generation-immigrants/7427585927F99E8EF88C4F1AA6546C02

36. Childhood Adversities Increase the Risk of Psychosis: A Meta-analysis of Patient-Control, Prospective- and Cross-sectional Cohort Studies - PMC [Internet]. [cité 1 oct 2023]. Disponible sur: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3406538/

37. Di Forti M, Quattrone D, Freeman TP, Tripoli G, Gayer-Anderson C, Quigley H, et al. The contribution of cannabis use to variation in the incidence of psychotic disorder across Europe (EU-GEI): a multicentre case-control study. The Lancet Psychiatry. mai 2019;6(5):427-36.

38. Marconi A, Di Forti M, Lewis CM, Murray RM, Vassos E. Meta-analysis of the Association Between the Level of Cannabis Use and Risk of Psychosis. Schizophr Bull. sept
2016;42(5):1262-9.

39. Stress and the Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis in the Developmental Course of Schizophrenia | Annual Review of Clinical Psychology [Internet]. [cité 1 oct 2023]. Disponible sur:

https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.4.022007.141248?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed

40. Psychosocial Stress and Psychosis. A Review of the Neurobiological Mechanisms and the Evidence for Gene-Stress Interaction - PMC [Internet]. [cité 1 oct 2023]. Disponible sur: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632486/

41. van Winkel R, Stefanis NC, Myin-Germey I. Psychosocial Stress and Psychosis. A Review of the Neurobiological Mechanisms and the Evidence for Gene-Stress Interaction. Schizophr Bull. nov 2008;34(6):1095-105.

42. Mueser KT, Deavers F, Penn DL, Cassisi JE. Psychosocial Treatments for Schizophrenia. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. 2013;9(1):465-97.

43. Millan MJ, Andrieux A, Bartzokis G, Cadenhead K, Dazzan P, Fusar-Poli P, et al. Altering the course of schizophrenia: progress and perspectives. Nat Rev Drug Discov. juill 2016;15(7):485-515.

44. NIMH. RAISE: Recovery After an Initial Schizophrenia Episode (Internet) A Research Project of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) [Internet]. NIMH; 2022 janv. Disponible sur: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/research/research-funded-by-nimh/research-initiatives/recovery-after-an-initial-schizophrenia-episode-raise

45. Van Dee V, Schnack HG, Cahn W. Systematic review and meta-analysis on predictors of prognosis in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: An overview of current evidence and a call for prospective research and open access to datasets. Schizophrenia Research. avr 2023;254:133-42.

46. Lambert M, Karow A, Leucht S, Schimmelmann BG, Naber D. Remission in schizophrenia: validity, frequency, predictors, and patients' perspective 5 years later. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2010;12(3):393-407.

47. Santesteban-Echarri O, Paino M, Rice S, González-Blanch C, McGorry P, Gleeson J, et al. Predictors of functional recovery in first-episode psychosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Clinical Psychology Review. 1 déc 2017;58:59-75.

48. Selten JP, Veen ND, Hoek HW, Laan W, Schols D, Van Der Tweel I, et al. Early course of schizophrenia in a representative Dutch incidence cohort. Schizophrenia Research. déc 2007;97(1-3):79-87.

49. Emsley R, Chiliza B, Schoeman R. Predictors of long-term outcome in schizophrenia: Current Opinion in Psychiatry. mars 2008;21(2):173-7.

50. Mørup MF, Kymes SM, Oudin Åström D. A modelling approach to estimate the prevalence of treatment-resistant schizophrenia in the United States. PLoS One. 4 juin 2020;15(6):e0234121.

51. Siskind D, Orr S, Sinha S, Yu O, Brijball B, Warren N, et al. Rates of treatment-resistant schizophrenia from first-episode cohorts: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. mars 2022;220(3):115-20.

52. Correll CU, Brevig T, Brain C. Patient characteristics, burden and pharmacotherapy of treatment-resistant schizophrenia: results from a survey of 204 US psychiatrists. BMC Psychiatry. 14 nov 2019;19(1):362.

53. Kane JM, Agid O, Baldwin ML, Howes O, Lindenmayer JP, Marder S, et al. Clinical Guidance on the Identification and Management of Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry. 5 mars 2019;80(2):18com12123.

54. Howes OD, McCutcheon R, Agid O, de Bartolomeis A, van Beveren NJM, Birnbaum ML, et al. Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: Treatment Response and Resistance in Psychosis (TRRIP) Working Group Consensus Guidelines on Diagnosis and Terminology. Am J Psychiatry. 1 mars 2017;174(3):216-29.
2016;42(5):1262-9.

39. Stress and the Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis in the Developmental Course of Schizophrenia | Annual Review of Clinical Psychology [Internet]. [cité 1 oct 2023]. Disponible sur:

https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.4.022007.141248?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed

40. Psychosocial Stress and Psychosis. A Review of the Neurobiological Mechanisms and the Evidence for Gene-Stress Interaction - PMC [Internet]. [cité 1 oct 2023]. Disponible sur: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632486/

41. van Winkel R, Stefanis NC, Myin-Germey I. Psychosocial Stress and Psychosis. A Review of the Neurobiological Mechanisms and the Evidence for Gene-Stress Interaction. Schizophr Bull. nov 2008;34(6):1095-105.

42. Mueser KT, Deavers F, Penn DL, Cassisi JE. Psychosocial Treatments for Schizophrenia. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. 2013;9(1):465-97.

43. Millan MJ, Andrieux A, Bartzokis G, Cadenhead K, Dazzan P, Fusar-Poli P, et al. Altering the course of schizophrenia: progress and perspectives. Nat Rev Drug Discov. juill 2016;15(7):485-515.

44. NIMH. RAISE: Recovery After an Initial Schizophrenia Episode (Internet) A Research Project of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) [Internet]. NIMH; 2022 janv. Disponible sur: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/research/research-funded-by-nimh/research-initiatives/recovery-after-an-initial-schizophrenia-episode-raise

45. Van Dee V, Schnack HG, Cahn W. Systematic review and meta-analysis on predictors of prognosis in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: An overview of current evidence and a call for prospective research and open access to datasets. Schizophrenia Research. avr 2023;254:133-42.

46. Lambert M, Karow A, Leucht S, Schimmelmann BG, Naber D. Remission in schizophrenia: validity, frequency, predictors, and patients' perspective 5 years later. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2010;12(3):393-407.

47. Santesteban-Echarri O, Paino M, Rice S, González-Blanch C, McGorry P, Gleeson J, et al. Predictors of functional recovery in first-episode psychosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Clinical Psychology Review. 1 déc 2017;58:59-75.

48. Selten JP, Veen ND, Hoek HW, Laan W, Schols D, Van Der Tweel I, et al. Early course of schizophrenia in a representative Dutch incidence cohort. Schizophrenia Research. déc 2007;97(1-3):79-87.

49. Emsley R, Chiliza B, Schoeman R. Predictors of long-term outcome in schizophrenia: Current Opinion in Psychiatry. mars 2008;21(2):173-7.

50. Mørup MF, Kymes SM, Oudin Åström D. A modelling approach to estimate the prevalence of treatment-resistant schizophrenia in the United States. PLoS One. 4 juin 2020;15(6):e0234121.

51. Siskind D, Orr S, Sinha S, Yu O, Brijball B, Warren N, et al. Rates of treatment-resistant schizophrenia from first-episode cohorts: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. mars 2022;220(3):115-20.

52. Correll CU, Brevig T, Brain C. Patient characteristics, burden and pharmacotherapy of treatment-resistant schizophrenia: results from a survey of 204 US psychiatrists. BMC Psychiatry. 14 nov 2019;19(1):362.

53. Kane JM, Agid O, Baldwin ML, Howes O, Lindenmayer JP, Marder S, et al. Clinical Guidance on the Identification and Management of Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry. 5 mars 2019;80(2):18com12123.

54. Howes OD, McCutcheon R, Agid O, de Bartolomeis A, van Beveren NJM, Birnbaum ML, et al. Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: Treatment Response and Resistance in Psychosis (TRRIP) Working Group Consensus Guidelines on Diagnosis and Terminology. Am J Psychiatry. 1 mars 2017;174(3):216-29.
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56. Teo C, Borlido C, Kennedy JL, De Luca V. The role of ethnicity in treatment refractory schizophrenia. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1 févr 2013;54(2):167-72.

57. Kennedy JL, Altar CA, Taylor DL, Degtiar I, Hornberger JC. The social and economic burden of treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a systematic literature review. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. mars 2014;29(2):63-76.

58. Correll CU, Howes OD. Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: Definition, Predictors, and Therapy Options. J Clin Psychiatry. 7 sept 2021;82(5):MY20096AH1C.

59. Siskind D, Siskind V, Kisely S. Clozapine Response Rates among People with Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: Data from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Can J Psychiatry. 1 nov 2017;62(11):772-7.

60. Campana M, Falkai P, Siskind D, Hasan A, Wagner E. Characteristics and definitions of ultra-treatment-resistant schizophrenia - A systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. févr 2021;228:218-26.

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63. Margari F, Petruzzelli MG, Mianulli R, Toto M, Pastore A, Bizzaro N, et al. Anti-brain autoantibodies in the serum of schizophrenic patients: A case-control study. Psychiatry Research. déc 2013;210(3):800-5.

64. Vita A, Minelli A, Barlati S, Deste G, Giacopuzzi E, Valsecchi P, et al. Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: Genetic and Neuroimaging Correlates. Front Pharmacol. 16 avr 2019;10:402.

65. Potkin SG, Kane JM, Correll CU, Lindenmayer JP, Agid O, Marder SR, et al. The neurobiology of treatment-resistant schizophrenia: paths to antipsychotic resistance and a roadmap for future research. npj Schizophr. 7 janv 2020;6(1):1.

66. Khokhar JY, Henricks AM, Kirk E, Green AI. Unique Effects of Clozapine: A Pharmacological Perspective. Adv Pharmacol. 2018;82:137-62.

67. Olfson M, Gerhard T, Crystal S, Stroup TS. Clozapine for Schizophrenia: State Variation in Evidence-Based Practice. PS. févr 2016;67(2):152-152.

68. Huhn M, Nikolakopoulou A, Schneider-Thoma J, Krause M, Samara M, Peter N, et al. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 32 oral antipsychotics for the acute treatment of adults with multi-episode schizophrenia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. The Lancet. sept 2019;394(10202):939-51.

69. Chan SKW, Chan HYV, Honer WG, Bastiampillai T, Suen YN, Yeung WS, et al. Predictors of Treatment-Resistant and Clozapine-Resistant Schizophrenia: A 12-Year Follow-up Study of First-Episode Schizophrenia-Spectrum Disorders. Schizophr Bull. 16 mars 2021;47(2):485-94.

70. Seppälä A, Pylvänäinen J, Lehtiniemi H, Hirvonen N, Corripio I, Koponen H, et al. Predictors of response to pharmacological treatments in treatment-resistant schizophrenia – A systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research. oct 2021;236:123-34.

71. Griffiths K, Millgate E, Egerton A, MacCabe JH. Demographic and clinical variables associated with response to clozapine in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med. févr 2021;51(3):376-86.

72. Siskind D, Siskind V, Kisely S. Clozapine Response Rates among People with Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: Data from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Can J Psychiatry. nov 2017;62(11):772-7.

73. Altman RAE, Tan EJ, Rossell SL. Factors Impacting Access and Engagement of Cognitive Remediation Therapy for People with Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review. Can J
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56. Teo C, Borlido C, Kennedy JL, De Luca V. The role of ethnicity in treatment refractory schizophrenia. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1 févr 2013;54(2):167-72.

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75. McGurk SR, Mueser KT, Covell NH, Cicerone KD, Drake RE, Silverstein SM, et al. Mental health system funding of cognitive enhancement interventions for schizophrenia: Summary and update of the New York Office of Mental Health expert panel and stakeholder meeting. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal. sept 2013;36(3):133-45.

76. Xia J, Merinder LB, Belgamwar MR. Psychoeducation for Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. janv 2011;37(1):21-2.

77. Rummel-Kluge C, Kissling W. Psychoeducation for patients with schizophrenia and their families. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. juill 2008;8(7):1067-77.

78. Omranifard V, Yari A, Kheirabadi GR, Rafizadeh M, Maracy MR, Sadri S. Effect of needs-assessment-based psychoeducation for families of patients with schizophrenia on quality of life of patients and their families: A controlled study. J Educ Health Promot. 29 nov 2014;3:125.

79. Kheirabadi GR, Rafizadeh M, Omranifard V, Yari A, Maracy MR, Mehrabi T, et al. Effects of needs-assessment-based psycho-education of schizophrenic patients' families on the severity of symptoms and relapse rate of patients. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2014;19(6):558-63.

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81. Turner DT, Van Der Gaag M, Karyotaki E, Cuijpers P. Psychological Interventions for Psychosis: A Meta-Analysis of Comparative Outcome Studies. AJP. mai 2014;171(5):523-38.

82. Zimmermann G, Favrod J, Trieu VH, Pomini V. The effect of cognitive behavioral treatment on the positive symptoms of schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research. sept 2005;77(1):1-9.

83. BON Laura. « Réhabilitation psychosociale : outils thérapeutiques et offre de soin ». CAIRN.Info. 2018;p.7-16.

84. Tang Q, Yang S, Liu C, Li L, Chen X, Wu F, et al. Effects of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy on Stigma in Female Patients With Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry. 23 juill 2021;12:694575.

85. Burhan H, Karadere E. Acceptance and commitment therapy for psychosis in community-based mental health center. Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg. 2020;21(0):1.

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88. Stein F, Buckenmayer E, Brosch K, Meller T, Schmitt S, Ringwald KG, et al. Dimensions of Formal Thought Disorder and Their Relation to Gray- and White Matter Brain Structure in Affective and Psychotic Disorders. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 21 juin 2022;48(4):902-11.

89. Yalincetin B, Bora E, Binbay T, Ulas H, Akdede BB, Alptekin K. Formal thought disorder in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research. juill 2017;185:2-8.

90. Kircher T, Bröhl H, Meier F, Engelen J. Formal thought disorders: from phenomenology to neurobiology. The Lancet Psychiatry. 1 juin 2018;5(6):515-26.

91. Roche E, Creed L, MacMahon D, Brennan D, Clarke M. The Epidemiology and Associated Phenomenology of Formal Thought Disorder: A Systematic Review. Schizophr Bull. juill 2015;41(4):951-62.
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74. Cella M, Price T, Corboy H, Onwumere J, Shergill S, Preti A. Cognitive remediation for inpatients with psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med. mai 2020;50(7):1062-76.

75. McGurk SR, Mueser KT, Covell NH, Cicerone KD, Drake RE, Silverstein SM, et al. Mental health system funding of cognitive enhancement interventions for schizophrenia: Summary and update of the New York Office of Mental Health expert panel and stakeholder meeting. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal. sept 2013;36(3):133-45.

76. Xia J, Merinder LB, Belgamwar MR. Psychoeducation for Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. janv 2011;37(1):21-2.

77. Rummel-Kluge C, Kissling W. Psychoeducation for patients with schizophrenia and their families. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. juill 2008;8(7):1067-77.

78. Omranifard V, Yari A, Kheirabadi GR, Rafizadeh M, Maracy MR, Sadri S. Effect of needs-assessment-based psychoeducation for families of patients with schizophrenia on quality of life of patients and their families: A controlled study. J Educ Health Promot. 29 nov 2014;3:125.

79. Kheirabadi GR, Rafizadeh M, Omranifard V, Yari A, Maracy MR, Mehrabi T, et al. Effects of needs-assessment-based psycho-education of schizophrenic patients' families on the severity of symptoms and relapse rate of patients. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2014;19(6):558-63.

80. Le programme de psychoéducation Profamille (Internet) [Internet]. 2022. Disponible sur: https://profamille.site/le-programme/

81. Turner DT, Van Der Gaag M, Karyotaki E, Cuijpers P. Psychological Interventions for Psychosis: A Meta-Analysis of Comparative Outcome Studies. AJP. mai 2014;171(5):523-38.

82. Zimmermann G, Favrod J, Trieu VH, Pomini V. The effect of cognitive behavioral treatment on the positive symptoms of schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research. sept 2005;77(1):1-9.

83. BON Laura. « Réhabilitation psychosociale : outils thérapeutiques et offre de soin ». CAIRN.Info. 2018;p.7-16.

84. Tang Q, Yang S, Liu C, Li L, Chen X, Wu F, et al. Effects of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy on Stigma in Female Patients With Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry. 23 juill 2021;12:694575.

85. Burhan H, Karadere E. Acceptance and commitment therapy for psychosis in community-based mental health center. Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg. 2020;21(0):1.

86. Raymond Lake C. Disorders of Thought Are Severe Mood Disorders: the Selective Attention Defect in Mania Challenges the Kraepelinian Dichotomy A Review. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 27 oct 2007;34(1):109-17.

87. Solovay MR. Comparative Studies of Thought Disorders: I. Mania and Schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1 janv 1987;44(1):13.

88. Stein F, Buckenmayer E, Brosch K, Meller T, Schmitt S, Ringwald KG, et al. Dimensions of Formal Thought Disorder and Their Relation to Gray- and White Matter Brain Structure in Affective and Psychotic Disorders. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 21 juin 2022;48(4):902-11.

89. Yalincetin B, Bora E, Binbay T, Ulas H, Akdede BB, Alptekin K. Formal thought disorder in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research. juill 2017;185:2-8.

90. Kircher T, Bröhl H, Meier F, Engelen J. Formal thought disorders: from phenomenology to neurobiology. The Lancet Psychiatry. 1 juin 2018;5(6):515-26.

91. Roche E, Creed L, MacMahon D, Brennan D, Clarke M. The Epidemiology and Associated Phenomenology of Formal Thought Disorder: A Systematic Review. Schizophr Bull. juill 2015;41(4):951-62.
92. Mutlu E, Abaoğlu H, Barışkın E, Gürel ŞC, Ertuğrul A, Yazıcı MK, et al. The cognitive aspect of formal thought disorder and its relationship with global social functioning and the quality of life in schizophrenia. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 1 août 2021;56(8):1399-410.

93. Bora E, Yalincetin B, Akdede BB, Alptekin K. Neurocognitive and linguistic correlates of positive and negative formal thought disorder: A meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research. juill 2019;209:2-11.

94. Andreasen NC, Grove WM. Thought, Language, and Communication in Schizophrenia: Diagnosis and Prognosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1 janv 1986;12(3):348-59.

95. Wilcox J, Winokur G, Tsuang M. Predictive value of thought disorder in new-onset psychosis. Comprehensive Psychiatry. août 2012;53(6):674-8.

96. Wilcox JA. Thought Disorder and Relapse in Schizophrenia. Psychopathology. 9 févr 2010;23(3):153-6.

97. Liddle PF, Barnes TRE. Syndromes of Chronic Schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry. oct 1990;157(4):558-61.

98. Sabb FW, Van Erp TGM, Hardt ME, Dapretto M, Caplan R, Cannon TD, et al. Language network dysfunction as a predictor of outcome in youth at clinical high risk for psychosis. Schizophrenia Research. févr 2010;116(2-3):173-83.

99. Wilcox J, Briones D, Quadri S, Tsuang M. Prognostic implications of paranoia and thought disorder in new onset psychosis. Comprehensive Psychiatry. mai 2014;55(4):813-7.

100. Nagels A, Fährmann P, Stratmann M, Ghazi S, Schales C, Frauenheim M, et al. Distinct Neuropsychological Correlates in Positive and Negative Formal Thought Disorder Syndromes: The Thought and Language Disorder Scale in Endogenous Psychoses. Neuropsychobiology. 2016;73(3):139-47.

101. Palaniyappan L, Al-Radaideh A, Gowland PA, Liddle PF. Cortical thickness and formal thought disorder in schizophrenia: An ultra high-field network-based morphometry study. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. juill 2020;101:109911.

102. Harrow M, Marengo JT. Schizophrenic Thought Disorder at Followup: Its Persistence and Prognostic Significance. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1 janv 1986;12(3):373-93.

103. Cuesta MJ, Peralta V, De Leon J. Schizophrenic syndromes associated with treatment response. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. janv 1994;18(1):87-99.

104. Kinney DK. Thought Disorder in Schizophrenic and Control Adoptees and Their Relatives. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1 mai 1997;54(5):475.

105. Gambini O, Campana A, Macciardi F, Scarone S. A Preliminary Report of a Strong Genetic Component for Thought Disorder in Normals. Neuropsychobiology. 1997;36(1):13-8.

106. Thygesen JH, Zambach SK, Ingason A, Lundin P, Hansen T, Bertalan M, et al. Linkage and whole genome sequencing identify a locus on 6q25-26 for formal thought disorder and implicate MEF2A regulation. Schizophrenia Research. 1 déc 2015;169(1):441-6.

107. Wang KS, Zhang Q, Liu X, Wu L, Zeng M. PKNOX2 is Associated with Formal Thought Disorder in Schizophrenia: a Meta-Analysis of Two Genome-wide Association Studies. J Mol Neurosci. sept 2012;48(1):265-72.

108. Nagels A, Cabanis M, Oppel A, Kirner-Veselinovic A, Schales C, Kircher T. S-Ketamine-Induced NMDA Receptor Blockade during Natural Speech Production and Its Implications for Formal Thought Disorder in Schizophrenia: A Pharmaco-fMRI Study. Neuropsychopharmacol. mai 2018;43(6):1324-33.

109. Wensing T, Cieslik EC, Müller VI, Hoffstaedter F, Eickhoff SB, Nickl-Jockschat T. Neural correlates of formal thought disorder: An activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis. Human Brain Mapping. oct 2017;38(10):4946-65.

110. Horn H, Federspiel A, Wirth M, Müller TJ, Wiest R, Wang JJ, et al. Structural and metabolic changes in language areas linked to formal thought disorder. Br J Psychiatry. févr
92. Mutlu E, Abaoğlu H, Barışkın E, Gürel ŞC, Ertuğrul A, Yazıcı MK, et al. The cognitive aspect of formal thought disorder and its relationship with global social functioning and the quality of life in schizophrenia. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 1 août 2021;56(8):1399-410.

93. Bora E, Yalincetin B, Akdede BB, Alptekin K. Neurocognitive and linguistic correlates of positive and negative formal thought disorder: A meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research. juill 2019;209:2-11.

94. Andreasen NC, Grove WM. Thought, Language, and Communication in Schizophrenia: Diagnosis and Prognosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1 janv 1986;12(3):348-59.

95. Wilcox J, Winokur G, Tsuang M. Predictive value of thought disorder in new-onset psychosis. Comprehensive Psychiatry. août 2012;53(6):674-8.

96. Wilcox JA. Thought Disorder and Relapse in Schizophrenia. Psychopathology. 9 févr 2010;23(3):153-6.

97. Liddle PF, Barnes TRE. Syndromes of Chronic Schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry. oct 1990;157(4):558-61.

98. Sabb FW, Van Erp TGM, Hardt ME, Dapretto M, Caplan R, Cannon TD, et al. Language network dysfunction as a predictor of outcome in youth at clinical high risk for psychosis. Schizophrenia Research. févr 2010;116(2-3):173-83.

99. Wilcox J, Briones D, Quadri S, Tsuang M. Prognostic implications of paranoia and thought disorder in new onset psychosis. Comprehensive Psychiatry. mai 2014;55(4):813-7.

100. Nagels A, Fährmann P, Stratmann M, Ghazi S, Schales C, Frauenheim M, et al. Distinct Neuropsychological Correlates in Positive and Negative Formal Thought Disorder Syndromes: The Thought and Language Disorder Scale in Endogenous Psychoses. Neuropsychobiology. 2016;73(3):139-47.

101. Palaniyappan L, Al-Radaideh A, Gowland PA, Liddle PF. Cortical thickness and formal thought disorder in schizophrenia: An ultra high-field network-based morphometry study. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. juill 2020;101:109911.

102. Harrow M, Marengo JT. Schizophrenic Thought Disorder at Followup: Its Persistence and Prognostic Significance. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1 janv 1986;12(3):373-93.

103. Cuesta MJ, Peralta V, De Leon J. Schizophrenic syndromes associated with treatment response. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. janv 1994;18(1):87-99.

104. Kinney DK. Thought Disorder in Schizophrenic and Control Adoptees and Their Relatives. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1 mai 1997;54(5):475.

105. Gambini O, Campana A, Macciardi F, Scarone S. A Preliminary Report of a Strong Genetic Component for Thought Disorder in Normals. Neuropsychobiology. 1997;36(1):13-8.

106. Thygesen JH, Zambach SK, Ingason A, Lundin P, Hansen T, Bertalan M, et al. Linkage and whole genome sequencing identify a locus on 6q25-26 for formal thought disorder and implicate MEF2A regulation. Schizophrenia Research. 1 déc 2015;169(1):441-6.

107. Wang KS, Zhang Q, Liu X, Wu L, Zeng M. PKNOX2 is Associated with Formal Thought Disorder in Schizophrenia: a Meta-Analysis of Two Genome-wide Association Studies. J Mol Neurosci. sept 2012;48(1):265-72.

108. Nagels A, Cabanis M, Oppel A, Kirner-Veselinovic A, Schales C, Kircher T. S-Ketamine-Induced NMDA Receptor Blockade during Natural Speech Production and Its Implications for Formal Thought Disorder in Schizophrenia: A Pharmaco-fMRI Study. Neuropsychopharmacol. mai 2018;43(6):1324-33.

109. Wensing T, Cieslik EC, Müller VI, Hoffstaedter F, Eickhoff SB, Nickl-Jockschat T. Neural correlates of formal thought disorder: An activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis. Human Brain Mapping. oct 2017;38(10):4946-65.

110. Horn H, Federspiel A, Wirth M, Müller TJ, Wiest R, Wang JJ, et al. Structural and metabolic changes in language areas linked to formal thought disorder. Br J Psychiatry. févr
2009;194(2):130-8.

111. Suga M, Yamasue H, Abe O, Yamasaki S, Yamada H, Inoue H, et al. Reduced gray matter volume of Brodmann's Area 45 is associated with severe psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. sept 2010;260(6):465-73.

112. Maderthaner L, Pavlidou A, Lefebvre S, Nadesalingam N, Chapellier V, Von Känel S, et al. Neural Correlates of Formal Thought Disorder Dimensions in Psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 22 mars 2023;49(Supplement 2):S104-14.

113. Cavelti M, Kircher T, Nagels A, Strik W, Homan P. Is formal thought disorder in schizophrenia related to structural and functional aberrations in the language network? A systematic review of neuroimaging findings. Schizophrenia Research. sept 2018;199:2-16.

114. Goghari VM, Sponheim SR, MacDonald AW. The functional neuroanatomy of symptom dimensions in schizophrenia: A qualitative and quantitative review of a persistent question. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. févr 2010;34(3):468-86.

115. Kircher T. Neurobiologische Fundierung von Sprach- und Denkstörungen bei Patienten mit Schizophrenie. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. mai 2008;76(S 1):S24-32.

116. Chang CH, Lane HY, Liu CY, Cheng PC, Chen SJ, Lin CH. C-reactive protein is associated with severity of thought and language dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia. NDT. sept 2019;Volume 15:2621-7.

117. Fernandes BS, Steiner J, Bernstein HG, Dodd S, Pasco JA, Dean OM, et al. C-reactive protein is increased in schizophrenia but is not altered by antipsychotics: meta-analysis and implications. Mol Psychiatry. avr 2016;21(4):554-64.

118. Misiak B, Stańczykiewicz B, Kotowicz K, Rybakowski JK, Samochowiec J, Frydecka D. Cytokines and C-reactive protein alterations with respect to cognitive impairment in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: A systematic review. Schizophrenia Research. févr 2018;192:16-29.

119. Andreasen NC. Scale for the Assessment of Thought, Language, and Communication (TLC). Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1 janv 1986;12(3):473-82.

120. Bazin N, Lefrere F, Passerieux C, Sarfati Y, Hardy-Baylé MC. [Formal thought disorders: French translation of the Thought, Language and Communication assessment scale]. Encephale. 2002;28(2):109-19.

121. Liddle PF, Ngan ETC, Caissie SL, Anderson CM, Bates AT, Quested DJ, et al. Thought and Language Index: an instrument for assessing thought and language in schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry. oct 2002;181(4):326-30.

122. Johnston MH, Holzman PS, Solovay MR, Shenton ME, Gasperetti C, Coleman M, et al. Scoring Manual for the Thought Disorder Index. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1 janv 1986;12(3):483-96.

123. Kircher T, Krug A, Stratmann M, Ghazi S, Schales C, Frauenheim M, et al. A rating scale for the assessment of objective and subjective formal Thought and Language Disorder (TALD). Schizophrenia Research. déc 2014;160(1-3):216-21.

124. Guelfi JD. [The PANSS (Positive And Negative Symptom) Scale]. Encephale. avr 1997;23 Spec No 2:35-8.

125. Lindenmayer JP, Bernstein-Hyman R, Grochowski S. A new five factor model of schizophrenia. Psych Quart. déc 1994;65(4):299-322.

126. Wallwork RS, Fortgang R, Hashimoto R, Weinberger DR, Dickinson D. Searching for a consensus five-factor model of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. mai 2012;137(1-3):246-50.

127. Hofmann AB, Schmid HM, Jabat M, Brackmann N, Noboa V, Bobes J, et al. Utility and validity of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) as a transdiagnostic scale. Psychiatry Research. août 2022;314:114659.

128. Oeztuerk OF, Pigoni A, Antonucci LA, Koutsouleris N. Association between formal thought disorders, neurocognition and functioning in the early stages of psychosis: a systematic review of the last half-century studies. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. avr
2009;194(2):130-8.

111. Suga M, Yamasue H, Abe O, Yamasaki S, Yamada H, Inoue H, et al. Reduced gray matter volume of Brodmann's Area 45 is associated with severe psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. sept 2010;260(6):465-73.

112. Maderthaner L, Pavlidou A, Lefebvre S, Nadesalingam N, Chapellier V, Von Känel S, et al. Neural Correlates of Formal Thought Disorder Dimensions in Psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 22 mars 2023;49(Supplement 2):S104-14.

113. Cavelti M, Kircher T, Nagels A, Strik W, Homan P. Is formal thought disorder in schizophrenia related to structural and functional aberrations in the language network? A systematic review of neuroimaging findings. Schizophrenia Research. sept 2018;199:2-16.

114. Goghari VM, Sponheim SR, MacDonald AW. The functional neuroanatomy of symptom dimensions in schizophrenia: A qualitative and quantitative review of a persistent question. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. févr 2010;34(3):468-86.

115. Kircher T. Neurobiologische Fundierung von Sprach- und Denkstörungen bei Patienten mit Schizophrenie. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. mai 2008;76(S 1):S24-32.

116. Chang CH, Lane HY, Liu CY, Cheng PC, Chen SJ, Lin CH. C-reactive protein is associated with severity of thought and language dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia. NDT. sept 2019;Volume 15:2621-7.

117. Fernandes BS, Steiner J, Bernstein HG, Dodd S, Pasco JA, Dean OM, et al. C-reactive protein is increased in schizophrenia but is not altered by antipsychotics: meta-analysis and implications. Mol Psychiatry. avr 2016;21(4):554-64.

118. Misiak B, Stańczykiewicz B, Kotowicz K, Rybakowski JK, Samochowiec J, Frydecka D. Cytokines and C-reactive protein alterations with respect to cognitive impairment in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: A systematic review. Schizophrenia Research. févr 2018;192:16-29.

119. Andreasen NC. Scale for the Assessment of Thought, Language, and Communication (TLC). Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1 janv 1986;12(3):473-82.

120. Bazin N, Lefrere F, Passerieux C, Sarfati Y, Hardy-Baylé MC. [Formal thought disorders: French translation of the Thought, Language and Communication assessment scale]. Encephale. 2002;28(2):109-19.

121. Liddle PF, Ngan ETC, Caissie SL, Anderson CM, Bates AT, Quested DJ, et al. Thought and Language Index: an instrument for assessing thought and language in schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry. oct 2002;181(4):326-30.

122. Johnston MH, Holzman PS, Solovay MR, Shenton ME, Gasperetti C, Coleman M, et al. Scoring Manual for the Thought Disorder Index. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1 janv 1986;12(3):483-96.

123. Kircher T, Krug A, Stratmann M, Ghazi S, Schales C, Frauenheim M, et al. A rating scale for the assessment of objective and subjective formal Thought and Language Disorder (TALD). Schizophrenia Research. déc 2014;160(1-3):216-21.

124. Guelfi JD. [The PANSS (Positive And Negative Symptom) Scale]. Encephale. avr 1997;23 Spec No 2:35-8.

125. Lindenmayer JP, Bernstein-Hyman R, Grochowski S. A new five factor model of schizophrenia. Psych Quart. déc 1994;65(4):299-322.

126. Wallwork RS, Fortgang R, Hashimoto R, Weinberger DR, Dickinson D. Searching for a consensus five-factor model of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. mai 2012;137(1-3):246-50.

127. Hofmann AB, Schmid HM, Jabat M, Brackmann N, Noboa V, Bobes J, et al. Utility and validity of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) as a transdiagnostic scale. Psychiatry Research. août 2022;314:114659.

128. Oeztuerk OF, Pigoni A, Antonucci LA, Koutsouleris N. Association between formal thought disorders, neurocognition and functioning in the early stages of psychosis: a systematic review of the last half-century studies. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. avr
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129. Ortiz BB, Araújo Filho GMD, Araripe Neto AGDA, Medeiros D, Bressan RA. Is disorganized schizophrenia a predictor of treatment resistance? Evidence from an observational study. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. déc 2013;35(4):432-4.

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131. Tseng PT, Zeng BS, Hung CM, Liang CS, Stubbs B, Carvalho AF, et al. Assessment of Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Interventions for Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 1 août 2022;79(8):770.

132. Eranti S, Mogg A, Pluck G, Landau S, Purvis R, Brown RG, et al. A Randomized, Controlled Trial With 6-Month Follow-Up of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Electroconvulsive Therapy for Severe Depression. AJP. janv 2007;164(1):73-81.

133. Antal A, Paulus W. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS). Front Hum Neurosci [Internet]. 2013 [cité 9 oct 2023];7. Disponible sur:
http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00317/abstract

134. Vossen A, Gross J, Thut G. Alpha Power Increase After Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation at Alpha Frequency (α-tACS) Reflects Plastic Changes Rather Than Entrainment. Brain Stimulation. mai 2015;8(3):499-508.

135. Gonzalez-Burgos G, Lewis DA. GABA Neurons and the Mechanisms of Network Oscillations: Implications for Understanding Cortical Dysfunction in Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 21 juill 2008;34(5):944-61.

136. Burns SP, Xing D, Shapley RM. Is Gamma-Band Activity in the Local Field Potential of V1 Cortex a « Clock » or Filtered Noise? Journal of Neuroscience. 29 juin 2011;31(26):9658-64.

137. Krause B, Cohen Kadosh R. Not all brains are created equal: the relevance of individual differences in responsiveness to transcranial electrical stimulation. Front Syst Neurosci [Internet]. 2014 [cité 9 oct 2023];8. Disponible sur:
http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnsys.2014.00025/abstract

138. Stimulation transcrânienne par courant continu, tDCS: principes et applications en psychiatrie. Tours: Presses universitaires François-Rabelais; 2018.

139. Bikson M, Brunoni AR, Charvet LE, Clark VP, Cohen LG, Deng ZD, et al. Rigor and reproducibility in research with transcranial electrical stimulation: An NIMH-sponsored workshop. Brain Stimulation. mai 2018;11(3):465-80.

140. Nasseri P, Nitsche MA, Ekhtiari H. A framework for categorizing electrode montages in transcranial direct current stimulation. Front Hum Neurosci [Internet]. 6 févr 2015 [cité 8 oct 2023];9. Disponible sur:
http://journal.frontiersin.org/Article/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00054/abstract

141. Da Costa Lane Valiengo L, Palm U. Schizophrenia: Negative Symptoms. In: Brunoni AR, Nitsche MA, Loo CK, éditeurs. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Neuropsychiatric Disorders [Internet]. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2021 [cité 8 oct 2023]. p. 501-10. Disponible sur: https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-76136-3_24

142. Lefaucheur JP, Antal A, Ayache SS, Benninger DH, Brunelin J, Cogiamanian F, et al. Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Clinical Neurophysiology. janv 2017;128(1):56-92.

143. Schlaug G, Renga V, Nair D. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Stroke Recovery. Arch Neurol [Internet]. 1 déc 2008 [cité 9 oct 2023];65(12). Disponible sur:
http://archneur.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/archneur.65.12.1571

144. Emmanuel Poulet, Maxime Bubrovszky, Samuel Bulteau, Frederic Haesebaert. Stimulation magnétique transcrânienne répétée, Applications en psychiatrie. Pu.francois
2022;272(3):381-93.

129. Ortiz BB, Araújo Filho GMD, Araripe Neto AGDA, Medeiros D, Bressan RA. Is disorganized schizophrenia a predictor of treatment resistance? Evidence from an observational study. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. déc 2013;35(4):432-4.

130. Höflich G, Kasper S, Hufnagel A, Ruhrmann S, Möller HJ. Application of transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment of drug-resistant major depression-a report of two cases: TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION IN RESISTANT DEPRESSION. Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp. sept 1993;8(5):361-5.

131. Tseng PT, Zeng BS, Hung CM, Liang CS, Stubbs B, Carvalho AF, et al. Assessment of Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Interventions for Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 1 août 2022;79(8):770.

132. Eranti S, Mogg A, Pluck G, Landau S, Purvis R, Brown RG, et al. A Randomized, Controlled Trial With 6-Month Follow-Up of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Electroconvulsive Therapy for Severe Depression. AJP. janv 2007;164(1):73-81.

133. Antal A, Paulus W. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS). Front Hum Neurosci [Internet]. 2013 [cité 9 oct 2023];7. Disponible sur:
http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00317/abstract

134. Vossen A, Gross J, Thut G. Alpha Power Increase After Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation at Alpha Frequency (α-tACS) Reflects Plastic Changes Rather Than Entrainment. Brain Stimulation. mai 2015;8(3):499-508.

135. Gonzalez-Burgos G, Lewis DA. GABA Neurons and the Mechanisms of Network Oscillations: Implications for Understanding Cortical Dysfunction in Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 21 juill 2008;34(5):944-61.

136. Burns SP, Xing D, Shapley RM. Is Gamma-Band Activity in the Local Field Potential of V1 Cortex a « Clock » or Filtered Noise? Journal of Neuroscience. 29 juin 2011;31(26):9658-64.

137. Krause B, Cohen Kadosh R. Not all brains are created equal: the relevance of individual differences in responsiveness to transcranial electrical stimulation. Front Syst Neurosci [Internet]. 2014 [cité 9 oct 2023];8. Disponible sur:
http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnsys.2014.00025/abstract

138. Stimulation transcrânienne par courant continu, tDCS: principes et applications en psychiatrie. Tours: Presses universitaires François-Rabelais; 2018.

139. Bikson M, Brunoni AR, Charvet LE, Clark VP, Cohen LG, Deng ZD, et al. Rigor and reproducibility in research with transcranial electrical stimulation: An NIMH-sponsored workshop. Brain Stimulation. mai 2018;11(3):465-80.

140. Nasseri P, Nitsche MA, Ekhtiari H. A framework for categorizing electrode montages in transcranial direct current stimulation. Front Hum Neurosci [Internet]. 6 févr 2015 [cité 8 oct 2023];9. Disponible sur:
http://journal.frontiersin.org/Article/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00054/abstract

141. Da Costa Lane Valiengo L, Palm U. Schizophrenia: Negative Symptoms. In: Brunoni AR, Nitsche MA, Loo CK, éditeurs. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Neuropsychiatric Disorders [Internet]. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2021 [cité 8 oct 2023]. p. 501-10. Disponible sur: https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-76136-3_24

142. Lefaucheur JP, Antal A, Ayache SS, Benninger DH, Brunelin J, Cogiamanian F, et al. Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Clinical Neurophysiology. janv 2017;128(1):56-92.

143. Schlaug G, Renga V, Nair D. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Stroke Recovery. Arch Neurol [Internet]. 1 déc 2008 [cité 9 oct 2023];65(12). Disponible sur:
http://archneur.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/archneur.65.12.1571

144. Emmanuel Poulet, Maxime Bubrovszky, Samuel Bulteau, Frederic Haesebaert. Stimulation magnétique transcrânienne répétée, Applications en psychiatrie. Pu.francois
Rabelais; 2019.

145. Larson J, Wong D, Lynch G. Patterned stimulation at the theta frequency is optimal for the induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation. Brain Res. 19 mars 1986;368(2):347-50.

146. Klimesch W, Doppelmayr M, Russegger H, Pachinger T. Theta band power in the human scalp EEG and the encoding of new information: NeuroReport. mai 1996;7(7):1235-40.

147. Lefaucheur JP, Aleman A, Baeken C, Benninger DH, Brunelin J, Di Lazzaro V, et al. Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): An update (2014–2018). Clinical Neurophysiology. févr 2020;131(2):474-528.

148. Edwards MJ, Talelli P, Rothwell JC. Clinical applications of transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with movement disorders. The Lancet Neurology. sept 2008;7(9):827-40.

149. Shergill SS, Murray RM, McGuire PK. Auditory hallucinations: a review of psychological treatments. Schizophrenia Research. août 1998;32(3):137-50.

150. Potkin SG, Alva G, Fleming K, Anand R, Keator D, Carreon D, et al. A PET Study of the Pathophysiology of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia. AJP. févr 2002;159(2):227-37.

151. Brunelin J, Fecteau S, Suaud-Chagny MF. Abnormal Striatal Dopamine Transmission in Schizophrenia. CMC. 1 janv 2013;20(3):397-404.

152. Rossi S, Hallett M, Rossini PM, Pascual-Leone A. Safety, ethical considerations, and application guidelines for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice and research. Clinical Neurophysiology. déc 2009;120(12):2008-39.

153. Rossi S, Antal A, Bestmann S, Bikson M, Brewer C, Brockmöller J, et al. Safety and recommendations for TMS use in healthy subjects and patient populations, with updates on training, ethical and regulatory issues: Expert Guidelines. Clinical Neurophysiology. janv 2021;132(1):269-306.

154. Chou Y hui, Ton That V, Chen AYC, Sundman M, Huang YZ. TMS-induced seizure cases stratified by population, stimulation protocol, and stimulation site: A systematic literature search. Clinical Neurophysiology. mai 2020;131(5):1019-20.

155. Stultz DJ, Osburn S, Burns T, Pawlowska-Wajswol S, Walton R. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Safety with Respect to Seizures: A Literature Review. NDT. déc 2020;Volume 16:2989-3000.

156. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 29 mars 2021;n71.

157. Brown D. A Review of the PubMed PICO Tool: Using Evidence-Based Practice in Health Education. Health Promotion Practice. juill 2020;21(4):496-8.

158. Chang X, Zhao W, Kang J, Xiang S, Xie C, Corona-Hernández H, et al. Language abnormalities in schizophrenia: binding core symptoms through contemporary empirical evidence. Schizophr. 12 nov 2022;8(1):95.

159. Jehel L, Guidère M. Solutions numériques en psychotraumatologie. 10 avr 2023;[Article 37-700-A-50].

160. Sun J, Maller JJ, Guo L, Fitzgerald PB. Superior temporal gyrus volume change in schizophrenia: A review on Region of Interest volumetric studies. Brain Research Reviews. juin 2009;61(1):14-32.

161. Sommer IE, Derwort AMC, Daalman K, De Weijer AD, Liddle PF, Boks MPM. Formal thought disorder in non-clinical individuals with auditory verbal hallucinations. Schizophrenia Research. mai 2010;118(1-3):140-5.

162. Hinzen W. The linguistics of schizophrenia: thought disturbance as language pathology across positive symptoms. Front Psychol [Internet]. 2015 [cité 4 oct 2023]; Disponible sur: http://journal.frontiersin.org/Article/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00971/abstract
Rabelais; 2019.

145. Larson J, Wong D, Lynch G. Patterned stimulation at the theta frequency is optimal for the induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation. Brain Res. 19 mars 1986;368(2):347-50.

146. Klimesch W, Doppelmayr M, Russegger H, Pachinger T. Theta band power in the human scalp EEG and the encoding of new information: NeuroReport. mai 1996;7(7):1235-40.

147. Lefaucheur JP, Aleman A, Baeken C, Benninger DH, Brunelin J, Di Lazzaro V, et al. Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): An update (2014–2018). Clinical Neurophysiology. févr 2020;131(2):474-528.

148. Edwards MJ, Talelli P, Rothwell JC. Clinical applications of transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with movement disorders. The Lancet Neurology. sept 2008;7(9):827-40.

149. Shergill SS, Murray RM, McGuire PK. Auditory hallucinations: a review of psychological treatments. Schizophrenia Research. août 1998;32(3):137-50.

150. Potkin SG, Alva G, Fleming K, Anand R, Keator D, Carreon D, et al. A PET Study of the Pathophysiology of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia. AJP. févr 2002;159(2):227-37.

151. Brunelin J, Fecteau S, Suaud-Chagny MF. Abnormal Striatal Dopamine Transmission in Schizophrenia. CMC. 1 janv 2013;20(3):397-404.

152. Rossi S, Hallett M, Rossini PM, Pascual-Leone A. Safety, ethical considerations, and application guidelines for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice and research. Clinical Neurophysiology. déc 2009;120(12):2008-39.

153. Rossi S, Antal A, Bestmann S, Bikson M, Brewer C, Brockmöller J, et al. Safety and recommendations for TMS use in healthy subjects and patient populations, with updates on training, ethical and regulatory issues: Expert Guidelines. Clinical Neurophysiology. janv 2021;132(1):269-306.

154. Chou Y hui, Ton That V, Chen AYC, Sundman M, Huang YZ. TMS-induced seizure cases stratified by population, stimulation protocol, and stimulation site: A systematic literature search. Clinical Neurophysiology. mai 2020;131(5):1019-20.

155. Stultz DJ, Osburn S, Burns T, Pawlowska-Wajswol S, Walton R. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Safety with Respect to Seizures: A Literature Review. NDT. déc 2020;Volume 16:2989-3000.

156. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 29 mars 2021;n71.

157. Brown D. A Review of the PubMed PICO Tool: Using Evidence-Based Practice in Health Education. Health Promotion Practice. juill 2020;21(4):496-8.

158. Chang X, Zhao W, Kang J, Xiang S, Xie C, Corona-Hernández H, et al. Language abnormalities in schizophrenia: binding core symptoms through contemporary empirical evidence. Schizophr. 12 nov 2022;8(1):95.

159. Jehel L, Guidère M. Solutions numériques en psychotraumatologie. 10 avr 2023;[Article 37-700-A-50].

160. Sun J, Maller JJ, Guo L, Fitzgerald PB. Superior temporal gyrus volume change in schizophrenia: A review on Region of Interest volumetric studies. Brain Research Reviews. juin 2009;61(1):14-32.

161. Sommer IE, Derwort AMC, Daalman K, De Weijer AD, Liddle PF, Boks MPM. Formal thought disorder in non-clinical individuals with auditory verbal hallucinations. Schizophrenia Research. mai 2010;118(1-3):140-5.

162. Hinzen W. The linguistics of schizophrenia: thought disturbance as language pathology across positive symptoms. Front Psychol [Internet]. 2015 [cité 4 oct 2023]; Disponible sur: http://journal.frontiersin.org/Article/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00971/abstract
163. Mackinnon A, Mulligan R. Estimation de l'intelligence prémorbide chez les francophones. L'Encéphale. févr 2005;31(1):31-43.

164. Dondé C, Haesebaert F, Poulet E, Mondino M, Brunelin J. Validation of the French Version of the Auditory Hallucination Rating Scale in a Sample of Hallucinating Patients with Schizophrenia: Validation de la version française de l'échelle d'évaluation des hallucinations auditives dans un échantillon de patients souffrant de schizophrénie et ayant des hallucinations. Can J Psychiatry. avr 2020;65(4):237-44.

165. Shafer A, Dazzi F. Meta-analysis of the positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) factor structure. Journal of Psychiatric Research. août 2019;115:113-20.

166. Guy W. ECDEU assessment manual for psychopharmacology. Rev. 1976. Rockville, Md: U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, National Institute of Mental Health, Psychopharmacology Research Branch, Division of Extramural Research Programs; 1976. 612 p.

167. BOYER, P. EGF - Google Scholar [Internet]. L'évaluation clinique standardisée en psychiatrie [Internet]. 1996; Disponible sur: https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=EGF&publication_year=1996&author=P.%20Boyer#d=gs_cit&t=1686590411279&u=%2Fscholar%3Fq%3Dinfo%3AQiT-exOxAm4J%3Ascholar.google.com%2F%26output%3Dcite%26scirp%3D0%26hl%3Dfr

168. Hervochon C, Bourgeois V, Rotharmel M, Duboc JB, Le Goff B, Quesada P, et al. Validation de la version française de l'échelle autoévaluation des symptômes négatifs (SNS). L'Encéphale. déc 2018;44(6):512-6.

169. Dollfus S, Mach C, Morello R. Self-Evaluation of Negative Symptoms: A Novel Tool to Assess Negative Symptoms. SCHBUL. mai 2016;42(3):571-8.

170. Lançon C, Reine G, Simeoni MC, Aghababian V, Auquier P. Développement et validation d'un instrument d'auto-évaluation de la qualité de vie des patients souffrant de schizophrénie : la S-QoL. L'Encéphale. juin 2007;33(3):277-84.

171. Slotema CW, Blom JD, De Weijer AD, Diederen KM, Goekoop R, Looijestijn J, et al. Can Low-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Really Relieve Medication-Resistant Auditory Verbal Hallucinations? Negative Results from a Large Randomized Controlled Trial. Biological Psychiatry. mars 2011;69(5):450-6.

172. Hoffman RE, Wu K, Pittman B, Cahill JD, Hawkins KA, Fernandez T, et al. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Wernicke's and Right Homologous Sites to Curtail "Voices": A Randomized Trial. Biological Psychiatry. mai 2013;73(10):1008-14.

173. Montagne-Larmurier A, Etard O, Razafimandimby A, Morello R, Dollfus S. Two-day treatment of auditory hallucinations by high frequency rTMS guided by cerebral imaging: A 6 month follow-up pilot study. Schizophrenia Research. août 2009;113(1):77-83.

174. De Weijer AD, Sommer IEC, Lotte Meijering A, Bloemendaal M, Neggers SFW, Daalman K, et al. High frequency rTMS; a more effective treatment for auditory verbal hallucinations? Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging. déc 2014;224(3):204-10.

175. Palaniyappan L, Homan P, Alonso-Sanchez MF. Language Network Dysfunction and Formal Thought Disorder in Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 15 mars 2023;49(2):486-97.

176. Mota NB, Vasconcelos NAP, Lemos N, Pieretti AC, Kinouchi O, Cecchi GA, et al. Speech Graphs Provide a Quantitative Measure of Thought Disorder in Psychosis. Solé RV, éditeur. PLoS ONE. 9 avr 2012;7(4):e34928.

177. Graham SA, Fisher SE. Understanding Language from a Genomic Perspective. Annu Rev Genet. 23 nov 2015;49(1):131-60.

178. Doust C, Gordon SD, Garden N, Fisher SE, Martin NG, Bates TC, et al. The Association of Dyslexia and Developmental Speech and Language Disorder Candidate Genes with Reading and Language Abilities in Adults. Twin Res Hum Genet. févr 2020;23(1):23-32.
163. Mackinnon A, Mulligan R. Estimation de l'intelligence prémorbide chez les francophones. L'Encéphale. févr 2005;31(1):31-43.

164. Dondé C, Haesebaert F, Poulet E, Mondino M, Brunelin J. Validation of the French Version of the Auditory Hallucination Rating Scale in a Sample of Hallucinating Patients with Schizophrenia: Validation de la version française de l'échelle d'évaluation des hallucinations auditives dans un échantillon de patients souffrant de schizophrénie et ayant des hallucinations. Can J Psychiatry. avr 2020;65(4):237-44.

165. Shafer A, Dazzi F. Meta-analysis of the positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) factor structure. Journal of Psychiatric Research. août 2019;115:113-20.

166. Guy W. ECDEU assessment manual for psychopharmacology. Rev. 1976. Rockville, Md: U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, National Institute of Mental Health, Psychopharmacology Research Branch, Division of Extramural Research Programs; 1976. 612 p.

167. BOYER, P. EGF - Google Scholar [Internet]. L'évaluation clinique standardisée en psychiatrie [Internet]. 1996; Disponible sur: https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=EGF&publication_year=1996&author=P.%20Boyer#d=gs_cit&t=1686590411279&u=%2Fscholar%3Fq%3Dinfo%3AQiT-exOxAm4J%3Ascholar.google.com%2F%26output%3Dcite%26scirp%3D0%26hl%3Dfr

168. Hervochon C, Bourgeois V, Rotharmel M, Duboc JB, Le Goff B, Quesada P, et al. Validation de la version française de l'échelle autoévaluation des symptômes négatifs (SNS). L'Encéphale. déc 2018;44(6):512-6.

169. Dollfus S, Mach C, Morello R. Self-Evaluation of Negative Symptoms: A Novel Tool to Assess Negative Symptoms. SCHBUL. mai 2016;42(3):571-8.

170. Lançon C, Reine G, Simeoni MC, Aghababian V, Auquier P. Développement et validation d'un instrument d'auto-évaluation de la qualité de vie des patients souffrant de schizophrénie : la S-QoL. L'Encéphale. juin 2007;33(3):277-84.

171. Slotema CW, Blom JD, De Weijer AD, Diederen KM, Goekoop R, Looijestijn J, et al. Can Low-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Really Relieve Medication-Resistant Auditory Verbal Hallucinations? Negative Results from a Large Randomized Controlled Trial. Biological Psychiatry. mars 2011;69(5):450-6.

172. Hoffman RE, Wu K, Pittman B, Cahill JD, Hawkins KA, Fernandez T, et al. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Wernicke's and Right Homologous Sites to Curtail "Voices": A Randomized Trial. Biological Psychiatry. mai 2013;73(10):1008-14.

173. Montagne-Larmurier A, Etard O, Razafimandimby A, Morello R, Dollfus S. Two-day treatment of auditory hallucinations by high frequency rTMS guided by cerebral imaging: A 6 month follow-up pilot study. Schizophrenia Research. août 2009;113(1):77-83.

174. De Weijer AD, Sommer IEC, Lotte Meijering A, Bloemendaal M, Neggers SFW, Daalman K, et al. High frequency rTMS; a more effective treatment for auditory verbal hallucinations? Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging. déc 2014;224(3):204-10.

175. Palaniyappan L, Homan P, Alonso-Sanchez MF. Language Network Dysfunction and Formal Thought Disorder in Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 15 mars 2023;49(2):486-97.

176. Mota NB, Vasconcelos NAP, Lemos N, Pieretti AC, Kinouchi O, Cecchi GA, et al. Speech Graphs Provide a Quantitative Measure of Thought Disorder in Psychosis. Solé RV, éditeur. PLoS ONE. 9 avr 2012;7(4):e34928.

177. Graham SA, Fisher SE. Understanding Language from a Genomic Perspective. Annu Rev Genet. 23 nov 2015;49(1):131-60.

178. Doust C, Gordon SD, Garden N, Fisher SE, Martin NG, Bates TC, et al. The Association of Dyslexia and Developmental Speech and Language Disorder Candidate Genes with Reading and Language Abilities in Adults. Twin Res Hum Genet. févr 2020;23(1):23-32.
# 8 ANNEXES

## 8.1 ANNEXE 1 : Critères DSM-5 de la schizophrénie

A. Deux (ou plus) parmi les symptômes suivants, chacun devant être présent dans une proportion significative de temps au cours d'une période d'un mois (ou moins en cas de traitement efficace). Au moins l'un des symptômes (1), (2) ou (3) doit être présent :

1. Idées délirantes ;

2. Hallucinations ;

3. Discours désorganisé ;

4. Comportement grossièrement désorganisé ou catatonique ;

5. Symptômes négatifs (ex. aboulie, diminution de l'expression émotionnelle).

B. Durant une proportion significative de temps depuis le début du trouble, le niveau de fonctionnement dans un domaine majeur tel que le travail, les relations interpersonnelles ou l'hygiène personnelle est passée d'une façon marquée en dessous du niveau atteint avant le début du trouble (ou, quand le trouble apparaît pendant l'enfance ou l'adolescence, le niveau prévisible de fonctionnement interpersonnel, scolaire ou professionnel n'a pas été atteint).

C. Des signes continus du trouble persistent depuis au moins 6 mois. Pendant cette période de 6 mois, les symptômes répondent au critère A (c'est-à-dire les symptômes de la phase active) doivent avoir été présent pendant au moins un mois (ou moins en cas de traitement efficace).

D. Un trouble schizo-affectif, ou dépressif, ou un trouble bipolaire avec manifestations psychotiques ont été exclus parce que 1) soit il n'y a pas eu d'épisode maniaque ou dépressif caractérisé concurremment avec la phase active des symptômes, 2) soit, si des épisodes de trouble de l'humeur ont été présents pendant la phase active des symptômes, ils étaient présents seulement pendant une courte période sur la durée totale des phases actives et résiduelles de la maladie.

E. Le trouble n'est pas imputable aux effets physiologiques d'une substance (p. exemple une drogue donnant lieu à abus, ou un médicament) ou à une autre pathologie médicale.

F. S'il existe des antécédents de trouble du spectre de l'autisme ou de trouble de la communication débutant dans l'enfance, le diagnostic surajouté de schizophrénie est posé seulement si des symptômes hallucinatoires et délirants importants, en plus des autres symptômes de schizophrénie nécessaires au diagnostic, sont aussi présents pendant au moins un mois (ou moins en cas de traitement efficace).
# 8 ANNEXES

## 8.1 ANNEXE 1 : Critères DSM-5 de la schizophrénie

A. Deux (ou plus) parmi les symptômes suivants, chacun devant être présent dans une proportion significative de temps au cours d'une période d'un mois (ou moins en cas de traitement efficace). Au moins l'un des symptômes (1), (2) ou (3) doit être présent :

1. Idées délirantes ;

2. Hallucinations ;

3. Discours désorganisé ;

4. Comportement grossièrement désorganisé ou catatonique ;

5. Symptômes négatifs (ex. aboulie, diminution de l'expression émotionnelle).

B. Durant une proportion significative de temps depuis le début du trouble, le niveau de fonctionnement dans un domaine majeur tel que le travail, les relations interpersonnelles ou l'hygiène personnelle est passée d'une façon marquée en dessous du niveau atteint avant le début du trouble (ou, quand le trouble apparaît pendant l'enfance ou l'adolescence, le niveau prévisible de fonctionnement interpersonnel, scolaire ou professionnel n'a pas été atteint).

C. Des signes continus du trouble persistent depuis au moins 6 mois. Pendant cette période de 6 mois, les symptômes répondent au critère A (c'est-à-dire les symptômes de la phase active) doivent avoir été présent pendant au moins un mois (ou moins en cas de traitement efficace).

D. Un trouble schizo-affectif, ou dépressif, ou un trouble bipolaire avec manifestations psychotiques ont été exclus parce que 1) soit il n'y a pas eu d'épisode maniaque ou dépressif caractérisé concurremment avec la phase active des symptômes, 2) soit, si des épisodes de trouble de l'humeur ont été présents pendant la phase active des symptômes, ils étaient présents seulement pendant une courte période sur la durée totale des phases actives et résiduelles de la maladie.

E. Le trouble n'est pas imputable aux effets physiologiques d'une substance (p. exemple une drogue donnant lieu à abus, ou un médicament) ou à une autre pathologie médicale.

F. S'il existe des antécédents de trouble du spectre de l'autisme ou de trouble de la communication débutant dans l'enfance, le diagnostic surajouté de schizophrénie est posé seulement si des symptômes hallucinatoires et délirants importants, en plus des autres symptômes de schizophrénie nécessaires au diagnostic, sont aussi présents pendant au moins un mois (ou moins en cas de traitement efficace).
## 8.2 ANNEXE 2 : Critères CIM-11 de la schizophrénie (6A20)

La schizophrénie se caractérise par des perturbations de multiples modalités mentales, notamment la réflexion (p. ex. idées délirantes, désorganisation dans la forme de la pensée), la perception (p. ex. hallucinations), l'expérience de soi (p. ex. l'impression que ses propres sentiments, impulsions, pensées ou comportements sont sous le contrôle d'une force externe), la cognition (p. ex. trouble de l'attention, de la mémoire verbale et de la cognition sociale), la volition (p. ex. perte de motivation), l'affect (p. ex. expression émotionnelle émoussée) et le comportement (p. ex. comportement qui semble bizarre ou inutile, réactions émotionnelles imprévisibles ou inappropriées qui perturbent l'organisation du comportement). Des troubles psychomoteurs, y compris une catatonie, peuvent être présents. Les idées délirantes persistantes, hallucinations persistantes, troubles de la pensée et expériences d'influence, de passivité ou de contrôle sont considérés comme des symptômes fondamentaux. Les symptômes doivent avoir persisté pendant au moins un mois pour qu'un diagnostic de schizophrénie soit posé. Les symptômes ne sont pas une manifestation d'une autre affection médicale (p. ex. une tumeur cérébrale) et ne sont pas dus à l'effet d'une substance ou d'un médicament sur le système nerveux central (p. ex. corticostéroïdes), y compris à un sevrage (p. ex. sevrage alcoolique).
## 8.2 ANNEXE 2 : Critères CIM-11 de la schizophrénie (6A20)

La schizophrénie se caractérise par des perturbations de multiples modalités mentales, notamment la réflexion (p. ex. idées délirantes, désorganisation dans la forme de la pensée), la perception (p. ex. hallucinations), l'expérience de soi (p. ex. l'impression que ses propres sentiments, impulsions, pensées ou comportements sont sous le contrôle d'une force externe), la cognition (p. ex. trouble de l'attention, de la mémoire verbale et de la cognition sociale), la volition (p. ex. perte de motivation), l'affect (p. ex. expression émotionnelle émoussée) et le comportement (p. ex. comportement qui semble bizarre ou inutile, réactions émotionnelles imprévisibles ou inappropriées qui perturbent l'organisation du comportement). Des troubles psychomoteurs, y compris une catatonie, peuvent être présents. Les idées délirantes persistantes, hallucinations persistantes, troubles de la pensée et expériences d'influence, de passivité ou de contrôle sont considérés comme des symptômes fondamentaux. Les symptômes doivent avoir persisté pendant au moins un mois pour qu'un diagnostic de schizophrénie soit posé. Les symptômes ne sont pas une manifestation d'une autre affection médicale (p. ex. une tumeur cérébrale) et ne sont pas dus à l'effet d'une substance ou d'un médicament sur le système nerveux central (p. ex. corticostéroïdes), y compris à un sevrage (p. ex. sevrage alcoolique).
## 8.3 ANNEXE 3 : Effets secondaires de la stimulation magnétique transcrânienne répétée (rTMS)

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Effets indésirables</th><th>Fréquence</th><th>Prévention</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2">Possiblement<br>GRAVES</td><td>Crise convulsive</td><td>RR : 8/100.000 séances<br>HF : 1.4% chez les épileptiques<br>BF : rarissime<br>TBS : indéterminé (possible)</td><td>Bilan pré-thérapeutique à la recherche d'antécédents personnels ou familiaux d'épilepsie. Si ces antécédents sont présents - surveillance plus attentive<br>Traitement de la privation de sommeil</td></tr><tr><td>Virage de l'humeur</td><td>Rare, quelle que soit la technique<br>13 cas rapportés sur 53 RCT</td><td>Adaptation des régulateurs d'humeur<br>Surveillance de l'élation induite</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="8">Généralement<br>BENINS</td><td>Céphalées</td><td>58% dans le groupe actif<br>55% dans le groupe placébo</td><td>Eventuellement Paracétamol<br>45 minutes avant la séance</td></tr><tr><td>Douleurs sur la<br>zone de stimulation</td><td>36% dans le groupe actif<br>4% dans le groupe placébo</td><td>Eventuellement Paracétamol<br>45 minutes avant la séance<br>Eventuellement topic local<br>Eventuellement baisser l'intensité</td></tr><tr><td>Tension musculaire</td><td>Fréquente (10%) surtout nuque</td><td>Positionnement de la tête / nuque</td></tr><tr><td>Effets auditifs</td><td>Possibles</td><td>Bouchons d'oreille</td></tr><tr><td>Asthénie</td><td>Possible</td><td>Réassurance<br>Eviter la conduite de véhicule</td></tr><tr><td>Insomnie</td><td>Possible</td><td>Guide de gestion du sommeil<br>Faire la séance le matin</td></tr><tr><td>Modifications EEG</td><td>Possible</td><td>Sans objet</td></tr><tr><td>Syncopes vagales</td><td>Rare, quelle que soit la technique</td><td>Réassurance<br>Positionnement de la tête plus bas<br>Surélévation des jambes</td></tr></tbody></table>

HF : Haute fréquence ; BF : Basse fréquence ; TBS : stimulation par Theta-burst ; RR : risque relatif ; RCT : essai contrôle randomisé.
## 8.3 ANNEXE 3 : Effets secondaires de la stimulation magnétique transcrânienne répétée (rTMS)

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Effets indésirables</th><th>Fréquence</th><th>Prévention</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2">Possiblement<br>GRAVES</td><td>Crise convulsive</td><td>RR : 8/100.000 séances<br>HF : 1.4% chez les épileptiques<br>BF : rarissime<br>TBS : indéterminé (possible)</td><td>Bilan pré-thérapeutique à la recherche d'antécédents personnels ou familiaux d'épilepsie. Si ces antécédents sont présents - surveillance plus attentive<br>Traitement de la privation de sommeil</td></tr><tr><td>Virage de l'humeur</td><td>Rare, quelle que soit la technique<br>13 cas rapportés sur 53 RCT</td><td>Adaptation des régulateurs d'humeur<br>Surveillance de l'élation induite</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="7">Généralement<br>BENINS</td><td>Céphalées</td><td>58% dans le groupe actif<br>55% dans le groupe placébo</td><td>Eventuellement Paracétamol<br>45 minutes avant la séance</td></tr><tr><td>Douleurs sur la<br>zone de stimulation</td><td>36% dans le groupe actif<br>4% dans le groupe placébo</td><td>Eventuellement Paracétamol<br>45 minutes avant la séance<br>Eventuellement topic local<br>Eventuellement baisser l'intensité</td></tr><tr><td>Tension musculaire</td><td>Fréquente (10%) surtout nuque</td><td>Positionnement de la tête / nuque</td></tr><tr><td>Effets auditifs</td><td>Possibles</td><td>Bouchons d'oreille</td></tr><tr><td>Asthénie</td><td>Possible</td><td>Réassurance<br>Eviter la conduite de véhicule</td></tr><tr><td>Insomnie</td><td>Possible</td><td>Guide de gestion du sommeil<br>Faire la séance le matin</td></tr><tr><td>Modifications EEG</td><td>Possible</td><td>Sans objet</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Syncopes vagales</td><td>Rare, quelle que soit la technique</td><td>Réassurance<br>Positionnement de la tête plus bas<br>Surélévation des jambes</td></tr></tbody></table>

HF : Haute fréquence ; BF : Basse fréquence ; TBS : stimulation par Theta-burst ; RR : risque relatif ; RCT : essai contrôle randomisé.
## 8.4 ANNEXE 4 : Variants génétiques à risque de développer les troubles schizophréniques et les troubles du langage.

Les gènes associés à un risque de développer un trouble schizophrénique ont été extraits de la base de données GWAS (https://www.ebi.ac.uk/gwas/) en utilisant le mot clé « schizophrenia » (EFO ID : 0000692). Les gènes liés au langage ont été receuillis de deux revues récentes (177,178).

<figure><img src="image_9.png" /></figure>
## 8.4 ANNEXE 4 : Variants génétiques à risque de développer les troubles schizophréniques et les troubles du langage.

Les gènes associés à un risque de développer un trouble schizophrénique ont été extraits de la base de données GWAS (https://www.ebi.ac.uk/gwas/) en utilisant le mot clé « schizophrenia » (EFO ID : 0000692). Les gènes liés au langage ont été receuillis de deux revues récentes (177,178).

<figure><img src="image_10.png" /></figure>
8.5 ANNEXE 5 : Anomalies neuroanatomiques et fonctionnelles associées aux TFP et HAV

(A) Functional abnormalities loci of AVHs

<figure><img src="image_10.png" /></figure>

Structural abnormalities loci of AVHs

<figure><img src="image_11.png" /></figure>

Functional abnormalities loci of FTD

<figure><img src="image_12.png" /></figure>

(B) Functional abnormalities network of AVHs

<figure><img src="image_13.png" /></figure>

Structural abnormalities network of AVHs

<figure><img src="image_14.png" /></figure>

Zmigrod

Modinos

Palaniyappan

Wensing

Group Mask

Functional abnormalities network of FTD

overlap

0.6

1
8.5 ANNEXE 5 : Anomalies neuroanatomiques et fonctionnelles associées aux TFP et HAV

(A) Functional abnormalities loci of AVHs

<figure><img src="image_11.png" /></figure>

Structural abnormalities loci of AVHs

<figure><img src="image_12.png" /></figure>

Functional abnormalities loci of FTD

<figure><img src="image_13.png" /></figure>

(B) Functional abnormalities network of AVHs

<figure><img src="image_14.png" /></figure>

Structural abnormalities network of AVHs

<figure><img src="image_15.png" /></figure>

Zmigrod

Modinos

Palaniyappan

Wensing

Group Mask

Functional abnormalities network of FTD

overlap

0.6

1
## 8.6 ANNEXE 6 : Calendrier des visites (document de travail)

<figure><img src="image_15.png" /></figure>

Enregistrement Audio* : perspective de développement en cours de discussion
## 8.6 ANNEXE 6 : Calendrier des visites (document de travail)

<figure><img src="image_16.png" /></figure>

Enregistrement Audio* : perspective de développement en cours de discussion
**Titre** : Techniques de neurostimulation et troubles formels de la pensée dans les troubles schizophréniques : revue de la littérature et proposition d'un protocole.

**Introduction** : Les troubles formels de la pensée (TFP), notamment positifs, sont une dimension symptomatique caractéristique des troubles schizophréniques pourtant ils sont peu étudiés. De plus, en l'état actuel des connaissances, aucun traitement ne semble efficace sur cette dimension. Les techniques de neuromodulation non invasives (NIBS) sont de plus en plus utilisées dans la prise en charge des hallucinations et du syndrome négatif et aurait une efficacité possible sur ceux-ci. L'objectif de notre travail était de réaliser une revue de la littérature afin d'évaluer si les NIBS ont une efficacité sur les TFP dans les troubles schizophréniques.

**Matériel et Méthodes** : la revue incluait des articles originaux sur les techniques de neuromodulation et les TFP ou leur équivalent en utilisant les bases de données Pubmed, PsycINFO et MEDLINE. La méthodologie PRISMA a été respectée.

**Résultats** : Quatre études ont été retenues et analysées. Aucune n'évaluait les TFP spécifiquement ou en tant qu'objectif principal. Aucune étude portait sur la rTMS. Certains résultats semblent montrer une efficacité de la neuromodulation sur la désorganisation.

**Discussion/Conclusions** : Nos résultats nous ont amené à réfléchir à la création d'un protocole de recherche de rTMS ciblant les TFP chez les personnes concernées par un trouble schizophrétique en particulier en cas de résistance et d'ultra-résistance où la prévalence des TFP est importante et représentent un frein au rétablissement étant donné leur impact fonctionnel.

**Mots-Clés** : troubles schizophréniques, troubles schizophréniques résistants, troubles formels de la pensée, hallucinations acoustico-verbales, stimulation magnétique transcrânienne répétée, technique de neuromodulation corticale non-invasive.

SUMMARY

**Title:** Neurostimulation methods and formal thought disorders in patients with schizophrenic disorders: literature review and pilot study.

**Introduction:** Formal thought disorders (FTD) has been considered as a hallmark symptom in schizophrenic disorders, precisely the positive FTD.

Currently, no effective therapeutic or non-therapeutic treatment on FTD have been identified. Noninvasive brain stimulation techniques (NIBS) are increasingly applied in the management of refractory hallucinations and negative symptoms and have significant efficacy. The aim of our work was to perform a review of literature assessing the efficacy of NIBS on FTD in schizophrenic patients.

**Materials and methods:** A review of literature was performed using PubMed, PsycINFO and MEDLINE databases to identify the studies focusing on NIBS and FTD or disorganized speech. PRISMA guidelines were followed.

**Results:** Four studies were selected and analyzed. None of the studies evaluated the FTP as a primary outcome and used the repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Our results demonstrated an influence of neuromodulation methods in cognitive disorganization.

**Discussion/Conclusions:** Based on our results and our hypothesis, we present a pilot study assessing the efficacy of rTMS on FTD in patients with schizophrenic disorders particularly in treatment resistant schizophrenia. Treatment resistant patients have a high prevalence of FTD which affects recovery process and the quality of life.

**Keywords:** schizophrenic disorders, treatment resistant schizophrenia, formal thought disorder, auditory hallucinations, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, noninvasive brain stimulation.
**Titre** : Techniques de neurostimulation et troubles formels de la pensée dans les troubles schizophréniques : revue de la littérature et proposition d'un protocole.

**Introduction** : Les troubles formels de la pensée (TFP), notamment positifs, sont une dimension symptomatique caractéristique des troubles schizophréniques pourtant ils sont peu étudiés. De plus, en l'état actuel des connaissances, aucun traitement ne semble efficace sur cette dimension. Les techniques de neuromodulation non invasives (NIBS) sont de plus en plus utilisées dans la prise en charge des hallucinations et du syndrome négatif et aurait une efficacité possible sur ceux-ci. L'objectif de notre travail était de réaliser une revue de la littérature afin d'évaluer si les NIBS ont une efficacité sur les TFP dans les troubles schizophréniques.

**Matériel et Méthodes** : la revue incluait des articles originaux sur les techniques de neuromodulation et les TFP ou leur équivalent en utilisant les bases de données Pubmed, PsycINFO et MEDLINE. La méthodologie PRISMA a été respectée.

**Résultats** : Quatre études ont été retenues et analysées. Aucune n'évaluait les TFP spécifiquement ou en tant qu'objectif principal. Aucune étude portait sur la rTMS. Certains résultats semblent montrer une efficacité de la neuromodulation sur la désorganisation.

**Discussion/Conclusions** : Nos résultats nous ont amené à réfléchir à la création d'un protocole de recherche de rTMS ciblant les TFP chez les personnes concernées par un trouble schizophrénique en particulier en cas de résistance et d'ultra-résistance où la prévalence des TFP est importante et représentent un frein au rétablissement étant donné leur impact fonctionnel.

**Mots-Clés** : troubles schizophréniques, troubles schizophréniques résistants, troubles formels de la pensée, hallucinations acoustico-verbales, stimulation magnétique transcrânienne répétée, technique de neuromodulation corticale non-invasive.

SUMMARY

**Title:** Neurostimulation methods and formal thought disorders in patients with schizophrenic disorders: literature review and pilot study.

**Introduction:** Formal thought disorders (FTD) has been considered as a hallmark symptom in schizophrenic disorders, precisely the positive FTD.

Currently, no effective therapeutic or non-therapeutic treatment on FTD have been identified. Noninvasive brain stimulation techniques (NIBS) are increasingly applied in the management of refractory hallucinations and negative symptoms and have significant efficacy. The aim of our work was to perform a review of literature assessing the efficacy of NIBS on FTD in schizophrenic patients.

**Materials and methods:** A review of literature was performed using PubMed, PsycINFO and MEDLINE databases to identify the studies focusing on NIBS and FTD or disorganized speech. PRISMA guidelines were followed.

**Results:** Four studies were selected and analyzed. None of the studies evaluated the FTP as a primary outcome and used the repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Our results demonstrated an influence of neuromodulation methods in cognitive disorganization.

**Discussion/Conclusions:** Based on our results and our hypothesis, we present a pilot study assessing the efficacy of rTMS on FTD in patients with schizophrenic disorders particularly in treatment resistant schizophrenia. Treatment resistant patients have a high prevalence of FTD which affects recovery process and the quality of life.

**Keywords:** schizophrenic disorders, treatment resistant schizophrenia, formal thought disorder, auditory hallucinations, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, noninvasive brain stimulation.