3.4.3 Some examples of ational incentives to support the transition to smart lighting

Due to the high energy savings, numerous government incentives, as well as, utility rebate
programs are now supporting the smart lighting technologies. We are witnessing the transition
from simple demonstrators (TRL-5-6) to large installations (TRL 8-9). The following paragraphs
give some examples worldwide.

The governments in the US, Canada, and Mexico have always been promoting a green environment, which has resulted in a large number of smart homes in North America. Over the past few years, the governments of European countries have also been taking initiatives to adopt energy-efficient measures across the region. Regulations stated by the government are in favour of home automation systems. The governments of China, India, Japan, and South Korea are also supporting digitalization and eco-friendly measures to reduce energy consumption. [MAM-22] Additionally, governments of the United Arab Emirates, India, Austria, China, Spain, and Singapore are making huge investments in smart city projects, which is also propelling the advance of the LED lighting market.

For example, the Indian government has recently announced plans to develop 100 smart cities by 2030 and granted approval to an investment of nearly USD 15 billion for this project. [MAR-22] [PSI-22]

Similarly, in September 2022, the Government of United Arab Emirates launched a smart city strategy to transform Dubai into a smart city, which includes over 100 initiatives for the development of infrastructure, transport, and communications. [PSI-22]

in January 2019, N.Y. Power Authority allocated a fund of USD 7,5 million to municipalities across
the state for installing new smart LED street lights. [GVR-21]

China since 2016, had 542 cities under Smart City development and that number is expected to
increase with rising government investment into this industry. It is estimated that the annual
amount of investment into Smart City projects will rise from CNY 375,7 billion in 2017 to 1,23
CNY trillion CNY from 2021. [BER-22b] This is a fabulous driver for smart lighting projects.
## 4 Conclusions

Artificial light sources play an indispensable role in the daily life of any human being. It is impossible to neglect it or, even more, switch it off.

Today, lighting is responsible for a worldwide emission of CO2 1,38 billion metric tons per annum. Electricity demand for lighting is estimated to be in the order of 2 900 TWh (which 13,5% of world's net electricity production) for a global light production of 134 Plmh. It is foreseen that in 2040 the needs for artificial light shall attain almost 200 Plmh corresponding to an increase of 50% in lighting service demand. Further, beyond the implication of lighting in energy, greenhouse gas emissions and depletion of abiotic resources of our planet, artificial lighting, has some additional important side-effects like the light pollution of the skies and the associated erosion of the biotopes.

The challenge for the next decade will be to harness the increase of electricity demand, limit the associated greenhouse gas emissions and avoid undesirable effects on the biotope. The only light source technology evolutions, even supported by ambitious policies, are not sufficient to stem uncontrollable growth. This report illustrates the effect of some regulations and policies to harness uncontrollable increase of lighting demand and to the promotion of innovative technologies.

In fact, since 2000's, the rise of Solid-State Lighting (SSL) has been considered as the 3rd revolution in the domain of lighting. The best commercialised non-directional LED lamps are 210 lm/W over 15 times more efficient than incandescent, 4 times more efficient than compact fluorescent lamps and 2 more efficient than fluorescent tubes. However, this is not sufficient to inhibit the well-known rebound effect. Only the transition from the conventional "analogue" lighting technologies to "digital" lighting can do it!

Smart lighting will become the 4th revolution and it will be the heart of the "Internet of Things" in smart cities and smart buildings. However, only the "Sustainable Smart Lighting" SSL² concept introduced in this report could solve the above-mentioned issues.

From the market side, the global lighting revenue reached EUR 130 billion in 2021 and it is growing steadily, at least till 2025, with a consolidated annual rate higher than 10%. Today, in lighting market LED technology share is higher that 50% of the global revenue and it expected to reach at more than 85% by 2035. LED prices are expected to strongly decrease in the medium to long term (up to 70% by 2050 in USA) and high-quality products (e.g., RGB White) which are able to provide different light temperatures and new services have been placed on the market.

Retail and wholesale distribution channels are the most popular in the LED lighting market. This distribution channel is likely to hold the largest market share during 2022-27 as it is likely to be the most preferred choice among consumers. However, eCommerce of lighting products is rapidly rising: following [EMG-23] eCommerce displays a CAGR of 11,2% for the period 2022-32. eCommerce distribution segment is used by 954,2 million users worldwide (roughly 12% of world's population). The total revenue of this distribution channel is estimated for 2023 to reach USD 25,2 billion. This is roughly 33% of the full LED Lighting market size.

Geo-political situation has strong impact on lighting market. The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the progress of the LED lighting market, However, since the end of pandemic restrictions the market is healing rapidly. In this report we can say that (1) the foreseen COVID-19 drop (-40%) has been largely overestimated and (2) event the optimistic scenario that shows that revenue will be multiplied by 1,56 is well beyond the expected evolution of the market which suggests that 2027 revenue will be multiplied by more than 3 compared to before pandemic figures. The ongoing war in Ukraine is impacting trades and businesses worldwide by constraining traditional energy sources leading to high costs. The LED industry has an opportunity to regain traction as "motivation to replace traditional forms of lighting have been strengthened". Last but not least, as USA and China are hubs for giant manufacturers of lighting products, including lamps, luminaires, and fixtures, the recent USA-China trade conflict impacted the import and export scenarios across the world.
As has been shown by patent and lighting technology shipments evolution, Smart Lighting is on the way to take more and more shares. Smart Lighting can achieve more than 40% additional energy savings in the next decade and the market size can exceed EUR 90 billion by 2030. In Smart Lighting, the residential segment seeks customizable lighting options to create ambiance and cater to individual preferences. As architectural designs become more innovative and intricate, the demand for lighting solutions that complement and accentuate these designs continues to rise. Thus, a significant trend in the architectural lighting market is the increasing adoption of human-centric lighting solutions. In fact, the global user penetration in the comfort and lighting segment of the smart home market continuously increased between 2023 and 2027 by in total 13,2%. The dynamics such as rise in demand for intelligent street lighting systems in developing and developed nations, growth in need for energy-efficient lighting systems for sustainable development drive the street-smart lighting market. Reports and Data analysts estimated, in 2022, that the number of smart street lights that would be installed in cities across various countries would reach around 73 million by 2026. The emerging trend of light fidelity (Li-Fi) technology and the increasing adoption of smart lighting in commercial and residential sectors are expected to create promising opportunities for major vendors in the global smart lighting market. Li-Fi is a disruptive technology that will affect numerous industries is Li-Fi. The technology can unleash the IoT's potential, enabling Industry 4.0 applications and the lighting sector's impending light-as-a-service (LaaS). This VLC protocol can enable big data and other technologies, including IoTs.

The legacy lighting industry is healthy and generates benefits. However, the numerical transformation of lighting is changing dramatically the lighting industry world. New challengers coming from IT world appear (and disappear) in the industrial ecosystem. Business models for lighting are also evolving very fast from traditional trade product-oriented models to non-traditional service-oriented cases; the Light as a Service is the perfect example.
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SAN-21 Sánchez de Miguel, A.; Bennie, J.; Rosenfeld, E.; Dzurjak, S.; Gaston, K.J., First Estimation of Global Trends in Nocturnal Power Emissions Reveals Acceleration of Light Pollution. MDPI Remote Sens. (2021), 13, 3311, doi.: 10.3390/rs13163311

SAN-23 Sánchez de Miguel, A., private communication (2023)

SAS-23 Sas A., Sold production value of lighting and electrical equipment in Poland 2018-2021, published on line by Statista March 16, 2023

SCI-17 Scitech Patent Arts, Smart lighting systems for various applications, Published online 2017

SCO-22 Scholand, M.; Zissis, G., Targeting 100% LED lighting sales by 2025, in Technology and innovation pathways for zero-carbon-ready buildings by 2030, International Energy Agency, online https://www.iea.org/reports/targeting-100-led-lighting-sales-by-2025, updated September 2022

SED-18 Adam Sedziwy, A.; Basiura, A.; Wojnicki, I., Roadway Lighting Retrofit: Environmental and Economic Impact of Greenhouse Gases Footprint Reduction, Sustainability 2018, 10, 3925; doi:10.3390/su10113925

SER-19 Serrenho, T.; Bertoldi, P., Smart home and appliances: State of the art, Report n° JRC113988, Luxembourg, 2019

SHI-20 Shih, M., The Worldwide Market for LEDs, Market Review and Forecast 2020, Strategies Unlimited, 2020

SOE-23 NSW State of the Environment, Energy Consumption, Published on-line: https://www.soe.epa.nsw.gov.au/all-themes/human-settlement/energy-consumption, 2023

SPE-19 Spectaris and Messe München GmbH report, Light as the key to global environment Sustainability, Berlin/Munich, June 2019

SPH-23 Spherical Insights, LED Lighting Market Growth, Share, Report to 2030, report n°SI1465, January 2023

SQM-23 Skyquest, Global Architectural Lighting Market Size, Share, Growth Analysis, By Light Type (LED, and HID), By Application area (Indoor, outdoor), By End-user (Residential, and Commercial) - Industry Forecast 2023-2030, Report n°SQMIG20D2149, published August 2023

SQM-23b Skyquest, Global Decorative Lighting Market Size, Share, Growth Analysis, By Product), By Light Source (LED, Fluorescent), By Application (Commercial, Household) - Industry Forecast 2023-2030, Report n°SQSG25F2002, published April, 2023

STA-16 Statista Research Department, Forecast of the lighting electricity consumption 2020 by sector, published on-line September 30, 2016

STA-21 Statista Research Department, Industry revenue of manufacture of electric lighting equipment 2012-2025, published on-line September 30, 2021

STA-22 Statista Research Department, Lighting appliance household expenditure in Japan 2013-2021, Published on-line December 7, 2022

STA-22b Statista Research Department, Electric lamp sales volume in Russia 2020-2021, by type, Published on-line November 4, 2022

STA-23 Statista Research Department, Philips Signify, published on line August 3, 2023

STA-23b Statista Research Department, Enterprises in the manufacture of lighting equipment 2010-2020 in Belgium, Greece, Malta, Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Ireland, Finland, North Macedonia and Turkey, published on line June 8, 2023

STA-23c Statista Research Department, Enterprises in the manufacture of lighting equipment 2010-2020 in Italy, Austria, Romania, Bulgaria, Slovenia, Czechia, Slovakia, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Hungary, Portugal, France and Switzerland, published on line August 8, 2023

STA-23d Statista Research Department, Enterprises in the manufacture of lighting equipment 2010-2020 in Norway, Spain and Croatia, published on line August 9, 2023

STA-23e Statista Research Department, Price growth rate of electric lighting fixtures in the U.S. 2005-2022, by type, Published online April 17, 2023

STA-23f Statista Research Department, Average selling value of electricity for public lighting
in the UK 2010-2022, Published on-line August 2, 2023

STA-23g Statista Research Department, Lamps & Lighting Market eCommerce, online data updated August 2023

STA-23h Statista Research Department, Sales value of manufactured electric lighting equipment in Malaysia 2019-2022, Published on-line March 2, 2023

STA-23i Statista Research Department, Smart lighting market worldwide from 2020 to 2030, Published on-line August 3, 2023

STA-23k Statista Research Department, Smart Home revenue forecast by country in the segment Comfort and lighting 2022 Published online, August 17, 2023

STR-22 Straits Research, LED Light Engine Market Size, Share and Suppliers to 2030, published 2022

STR-22b Straits Research, Smart Lighting Market, updated September 19, 2022

STR-22b Straits Research, Emergency Lighting Market Size is projected to reach USD 17.03 billion by 2031, growing at a CAGR of 10.3%, published 2022

STR-22c Straits Research, Stadium Lighting Market, published 2022

STR-23 Straits Research, Programmable Stage Lighting Market, report teaser, published online March 9, 2023

STR-23b Straits Research, Lighting as a Service (LaaS) Market, report teaser, published online March 9, 2023

STU-20 Strategies Unlimited, Global Luminaires - Lighting Market Analysis and Forecast 2020, 2020

STV-22 Starview Research, Airport Lighting Market Growth Analysis, 2023-2028, report n°SRAD126, published 2022

SUV-23 Sustainability Victoria, Save energy in the home, Updated May 12, 2023

T4E-22 4E-Energy Efficient End-use Equipment TCP, Progressing Energy Efficiency Policies for Systems, published July 2022

TCA-22 Technavio, Decorative Lighting Market by Product, Distribution Channel, and Geography - Forecast and Analysis 2023-2027, Report n°IRTNTR44900, December 2022

TCA-22b Technavio, Outdoor Landscape Lighting Market, news provided online, published August 29, 2022

TCA-23 Technavio, LED lighting market 2023-2027: A descriptive analysis of five forces model, market dynamics, and segmentation, Online news published January 6, 2023

THO-22 Thormundsson, B., Smart lighting market worldwide from 2020 to 2030, Published on-line by Statista March 17, 2022

TMR-17 Transparency Market Research, Off-grid Solar Lighting market, teaser published online 2017

TMR-20 Transparency Market Research, Automotive Laser Headlight Market, teaser published online 2020

TMR-21 Transparency Market Research, LED Lighting Market - Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Trends, Growth, and Forecasts, 2021-2031, report n°, TMRGL79613teaser published online 2021

TMR-21 Transparency Market Research, Automotive Intelligent Lighting Market - Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast, 2021-2031, report n°TMRGL73773, 2021

TMR-22 Transparency Market Research, Smart Lighting Market (Offering: Hardware, Software, and Services; Connectivity Outlook: Wired and Wireless; Application: Indoor and Outdoor; and End-use: Residential, Commercial, and Industrial) - Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast, 2021-2031, report n°TMRGL2861, published March 2022

TMR-22b Transparency Market Research, Smart Lighting Market to Reach Value of US$ 83.52 Bn by 2031, Notes TMR Study, published March 25, 2022,

TRE-22 TrendForce, LED lighting market growing at 8.4% to $11.1bn in 2026, news published online April 7, 2022
<table>
   <tr>
    <td>TRI-21</td>
    <td>Tridonic, Smart lighting from the cloud, Press Release, August 3, 2021</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td>U4E-22</td>
    <td>United 4 Efficiency, Country Savings Assessments, online: https://united4efficiency.org/countries/country-assessments/ published 2022</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td>U4E-22b</td>
    <td>United 4 Efficiency, United for Efficiency Country Savings Assessments Methodology and Assumptions, published September 2022</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td>UKD-22</td>
    <td>UK Global Database, LEDVANCE LTD company key information, published online UK.GlobalDatabase.com, 2022</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td>VAI-23</td>
    <td>Vailshery, LS., Light fidelity (Li-Fi) market size by application worldwide in 2023 and 2028, Published online by Statista, March 27, 2023</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td>VHK-22</td>
    <td>VAN HOLSTEIJN EN KEMNA (VHK), Ecodesign Impact Accounting Annual Report 2021, Overview and Status Report, May 2022</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td>VMR-22</td>
    <td>Vantage Market Research, Global Smart Lighting Control Systems Market, news published online by Global Newswire April 25, 2022</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td>VMR-22</td>
    <td>Vantage Marker Research, Smart Lighting Control Systems Market - Global Industry Assessment &amp; Forecast, Report n°VMR-1469, April 2022</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td>WRB-18</td>
    <td>World Bank, Electric power transmission and distribution losses, based on IEA Statistics OECD/IEA, accessible online, 2018</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td>YAN-21</td>
    <td>Yano Research Institute, Laser Light Market, 2021</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td>YOU-23</td>
    <td>Young, R., Commercial Lighting Rebate Trends for 2023, published by EC&amp;M online March 1, 2023</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td>ZIS-09</td>
    <td>Zissis, G.; Kitsinelis S., Topical Review, State of art on the science and technology of electrical light sources: from the past to the future, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. (2009), 42, 173001 (16pp), doi: 10.1088/0022-3727/42/17/173001</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td>ZIS-21</td>
    <td>Zissis, G., Smarter Lighting for Smart Cities, IEEE Smart Cities Webinar series, online presentation, February 23, 2021</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td>ZIS-23</td>
    <td>Zissis, G.; Bertoldi P., A Review of Advances in Lighting Systems' Technology – The way towards Lighting 4.0 era, IEEE Open Access Journal of Industry Applications, (2023), 5, pp 111-120, doi: 10.1109/OJIA.2023.3263182</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td>ZUM-22</td>
    <td>Zumtobel, Annual Financial Report 2021/22 Zumtobel Group AG, June 15, 2022</td>
   </tr>
  </table>
List of abbreviations and definitions

<table><tr><td>4E</td><td>Energy Efficient End-use Equipment IAE TCP</td></tr><tr><td>ADEME</td><td>Agence de le transition écologique, France</td></tr><tr><td>AI</td><td>Artificial Intelligence</td></tr><tr><td>APAC</td><td>Asia Pacific World region</td></tr><tr><td>ARU</td><td>Average Revenue per User</td></tr><tr><td>ASP</td><td>Average Selling Price</td></tr><tr><td>BAU</td><td>Business as usual</td></tr><tr><td>BEIS</td><td>Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy, UK</td></tr><tr><td>BMS</td><td>Building Management System</td></tr><tr><td>C&I</td><td>commercial and industrial</td></tr><tr><td>CAGR</td><td>Compound Annual Growth Rate</td></tr><tr><td>CFL</td><td>Compact Fluorescent Lamp</td></tr><tr><td>COB-LED</td><td>Chip-On-Board Light Emitting Diodes</td></tr><tr><td>DALI</td><td>Digital Addressable Lighting Interface</td></tr><tr><td>DMX</td><td>Digital Multiplex</td></tr><tr><td>DOE</td><td>Department of Energy, USA</td></tr><tr><td>EBIT</td><td>Earnings Before interest, Taxes</td></tr><tr><td>EBITA</td><td>Earnings Before interest, Taxes and Amortization</td></tr><tr><td>EIA</td><td>Energy Information Administration, USA</td></tr><tr><td>EISA</td><td>Energy Independence and Security Act, USA</td></tr><tr><td>EMEA</td><td>Europe, Middle East, and Africa</td></tr><tr><td>ESCO</td><td>Energy Service Company</td></tr><tr><td>EU14</td><td>Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Republic of Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden</td></tr><tr><td>EU27</td><td>European Union - 27 countries</td></tr><tr><td>FY</td><td>Fiscal Year</td></tr><tr><td>GHG</td><td>Greenhouse Gas</td></tr><tr><td>GLS</td><td>General Service Lamps</td></tr><tr><td>HCL</td><td>Human-Centric Lighting</td></tr><tr><td>HID</td><td>High Intensity Discharge lamps (high pressure mercury)</td></tr><tr><td>HPS</td><td>High Pressure Sodium lamps</td></tr><tr><td>IEA</td><td>International Energy Agency</td></tr><tr><td>IoT</td><td>Internet of Things</td></tr><tr><td>IPO</td><td>Integrated Product Ownership</td></tr><tr><td>IT</td><td>Information Technology</td></tr><tr><td>LaaS</td><td>Lighting as a Service</td></tr><tr><td>LED</td><td>Light Emitting Diode</td></tr><tr><td>LFL</td><td>Linear Fluorescent Lamp (or tube)</td></tr><tr><td>LLE</td><td>LED Lighting Engines</td></tr><tr><td>LLLC</td><td>Luminaire-Level Lighting Controls</td></tr><tr><td>LON</td><td>Local Operating Network</td></tr><tr><td>LoRaWAN</td><td>Long Range Wide Area Network</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>LPWAN</td><td>Low Power Wide Area Network</td></tr><tr><td>MEA</td><td>Middle East, and Africa</td></tr><tr><td>MELISA</td><td>Model for European Light Sources Analysis</td></tr><tr><td>MEPS</td><td>Minimum Energy Performance Standards</td></tr><tr><td>MHL</td><td>Metal Halide Lamps</td></tr><tr><td>MLC</td><td>Manual Lighting Control</td></tr><tr><td>NLC</td><td>Networked Lighting Controls</td></tr><tr><td>NZE</td><td>Net Zero Energy scenario for buildings</td></tr><tr><td>OASEAN</td><td>Oceania and Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam</td></tr><tr><td>OEM</td><td>Original Equipment Manufacturer</td></tr><tr><td>OLED</td><td>Organic Light Emitting Diode</td></tr><tr><td>PC-WLD</td><td>Phosphor Converted White Laser Diode</td></tr><tr><td>PLC</td><td>Power Line Communication</td></tr><tr><td>PNNL</td><td>Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, USA</td></tr><tr><td>PoE</td><td>Power over Ethernet</td></tr><tr><td>PPP</td><td>Partner Public Partnership</td></tr><tr><td>R&D</td><td>Research and Development</td></tr><tr><td>RF</td><td>Radio Frequency</td></tr><tr><td>RoE</td><td>Rest of Europe</td></tr><tr><td>RoW</td><td>Rest of World</td></tr><tr><td>SLS</td><td>Smart Lighting System</td></tr><tr><td>SSL</td><td>Solid State Lighting</td></tr><tr><td>TCP</td><td>Technology Cooperation Program (IEA)</td></tr><tr><td>TRL</td><td>Technology Readiness Level</td></tr><tr><td>U4E</td><td>United for Efficiency, a UNEP program</td></tr><tr><td>UAE</td><td>United Arab Emirates</td></tr><tr><td>UK</td><td>United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><td>UNEP</td><td>United Nations Environment Programme, United Nations</td></tr><tr><td>USA</td><td>United States of America</td></tr><tr><td>VLC</td><td>Visible Light Communication</td></tr><tr><td>YoY</td><td>Year-over-Year</td></tr></table>

Devises and typical exchange rate to Euro<fnref n="17" />

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th></th><th>Exchange rate</th><th></th><th></th><th>Exchange rate</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>AUD</td><td>Australian dollar</td><td>0,59470</td><td>MYR</td><td>Malaysian Ringgit</td><td>0,1994</td></tr><tr><td>EUR</td><td>Euro (€)</td><td></td><td>PLN</td><td>Polish zloty</td><td>0,2248</td></tr><tr><td>GPB</td><td>UK Pound</td><td>1,158000</td><td>USD</td><td>US Dollar ($)</td><td>0,9186</td></tr><tr><td>INR</td><td>Indian Rupee (Rs)</td><td>0,011050</td><td>CNY</td><td>Chinese Renminbi</td><td>0,1264</td></tr><tr><td>JPY</td><td>Japanese yen</td><td>0,006283</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

<footnote n="17">¹⁷ Typical exchange rates to Euro as given by the French Ministry of Finances (https://www.economie.gouv.fr/dgfip/taux_chancellerie_change)</footnote>
List of figures

<table><tr><td>Figure 1: Illustrating the SSL<sup>2</sup> concept for lighting</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 2: Estimation of world's street lighting electricity use from satellite radiance measurements (dots) and linear regression tendency. Original Data are courtesy A. Sánchez de Miguel</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 3: Evolution and forecast of relative energy use for producing light by the most common technologies</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 4: CO<sub>2</sub> avoidance thanks to energy-efficient lighting. Data from [SPE-19]</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 5: 2030 Electricity demand under BAU Scenario vs country population. Energy data from [U4E-22]</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 6: 2030 Electricity demand under BAU Scenario vs country's GDP. Energy data from [U4E-22]</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 7: Targeted 2030 Electricity demand reduction (%). Data from [U4E-22]</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 8: Targeted 2030 Electricity demand reduction (%) as function of country's GDP per capita. Energy data from [U4E-22]</td><td>11</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 9: Targeted 2030 Electricity savings (GWh/year) as function of country's GDP per capita. Energy data from [U4E-22]</td><td>11</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 10: Relative variation of electricity demand for lighting in the case of Business as Usual (BAU-orange) and following the DOE goals scenario (blue). Data from [PAT-19]</td><td>11</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 11: USA Electricity annual savings predicted by MELISA model. Data from [VHK-22]</td><td>12</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 12: European Union Electricity annual savings predicted by MELISA model. Data from [VHK-22]</td><td>12</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 13: Impact of EU vs USA regulations to reach a relative saving's target value. Data from [VHK-22]</td><td>13</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 14: Annual electricity consumption (in TWh) by residential segment in 2017. Data from [BEI-20]</td><td>14</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 15: Annual energy consumption of residential lighting segment. Data from [LAN-23]</td><td>14</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 16: World (blue bars) and USA (orange bars) forecasted energy saving by the residential segment. Data from [BEI-20] and [DOE-19]</td><td>14</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 17: History of EU27 Residential segment electricity demand for lighting (forecasts from 2020)</td><td>15</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 18: World Annual electricity demand of service buildings. The red point is the fixed target in the frame of NZE ambition and the arrow indicates the COVID-19 drop. Data from [LAN-23]</td><td>16</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 19: Energy demand for the various lamp technologies present in European buildings in 2020. Data from [ISA-23]</td><td>16</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 20: EIA projections for the evolution of average luminous efficacy in the commercial building segment. Data from [EIA-23b]</td><td>17</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 21: Average number of lighting points per kilo-meter of illuminated streets (per 1 000 inhabitants) and the number of kilo-meters of illuminated streets per 1 000 inhabitants. Data from [ADE-19]</td><td>19</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 22: CO<sub>2</sub> avoidance per 1 000 lighting points in Poland as function of road class. Data from [SED-18]</td><td>20</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 23: Evolution of Polish municipal expenditure for street lighting operation. Data from [BAC-21]</td><td>20</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>Figure 24: Evolution of electricity price and governmental investments in UK for street lighting. Data from [STA-23f] [CLA-23]</td><td>21</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 25: Historic evolution of LED technology penetration in the global Lighting Market. Data from [MOR-22]</td><td>22</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 26: APAC region revenue evolution and forecast for the period 2018-29. Data from [FBI-22]</td><td>23</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 27: Rebates for retrofit to LED technology in USA. Data from [YOU-23]</td><td>23</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 28: LED production Market shares in 2019. Data from [SHI-21]</td><td>24</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 29: Market evolution of LEDs for lighting (a) revenue, (b) number of manufactured units, (c) average selling price</td><td>25</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 30: Industry revenue for companies under NACE C247 activity</td><td>26</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 31: LED bulb production in Poland</td><td>27</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 32: Luminaire market revenue (2019) distributed among world regions. Data from [STU-20]</td><td>28</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 33: Luminaire market revenue (2019) distributed among end-use sub-segments. Data from [STU-20]</td><td>28</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 34: Luminaire market revenue (2019) distributed among various fixture's forms. Data from [STU-20]</td><td>29</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 35: Evolution of High Bay luminaire shipments in number of units from 2019 to 2024 for various technologies Data from [STU-20]</td><td>29</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 36: Residential segment LED lighting revenue evolution around the world. Data from [SHI-22]</td><td>30</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 37: Evolution of LED component types integrated in light sources for residential use. Data from [CHI-21]</td><td>31</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 38: Average household expenditure for lighting equipment in Japan. Data from [STA-22]</td><td>31</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 39: Percentiles of US commercial buildings using different lighting technologies. Data from [EIA-21]</td><td>32</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 40: Geographical distribution of 320 million lighting poles around the world. Data from [CAL-19]</td><td>33</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 41: Number of lighting points for street lighting. Data from [CAL-19]</td><td>33</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 42: LED technology penetration in street lighting segment (2018). Data from [CAL-19]</td><td>34</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 43: Lamp technologies used for public lighting in France (2017). Data from [ADE-19]</td><td>34</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 44: Lamp technologies used for public lighting in France (2017) as function of city population. Data from [ADE-19]</td><td>35</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 45: Koito (Japan) revenue and net income in automotive segment. Data from [ISA-23]</td><td>41</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 46: Automotive Laser lighting sub-segment volume and value. Data from [YAN-21]</td><td>42</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 47: Number of lamps and lighting products eCommerce users vs country's population. Data from [STA-23g]</td><td>43</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 48: Correlation between GDP and eCommerce lamp and lighting product revenues in 2023 and 2027. Data from [STA-23g]</td><td>43</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 49: Lamps and Lighting market eCommerce revenue CAGR across the world (2023-27 period). Data from [STA-23g]</td><td>44</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>Figure 50: Lamps and Lighting market eCommerce revenue 2023-27 CAGR correlated to GDP/capita. Data from [STA-23g]</td><td>44</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 51: Annual Average Revenue per User (ARU) vs GDP per capita. Red line is the lower limit for acquiring LED products. Data from [DAT-23g]</td><td>45</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 52: Indian eCommerce revenue and revenue variation for the period 2023-27. Data from [STA-23g]</td><td>46</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 53: Indian eCommerce number of users and annual ARU. Data from [STA-23g]</td><td>46</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 54: Estimated Pandemic effect on LED Lighting market revenue and post-pandemic scenarios. Reference date is the pandemic start. Data from [BER-22b]</td><td>47</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 55: Ukrainian lighting products market revenue evolution (eCommerce) and Average Revenue per User (ARU). Data from [STA-23g]</td><td>47</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 56: Variation of Signify's sales revenue and net income from 2015 to 2022. Data from [STA-23]</td><td>48</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 57: Signify's revenue geographical origin. Data from [STA-23]</td><td>49</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 58: LEDVANCE's geographical origin of 2022 revenue. Data from [LED-23]</td><td>49</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 59: Zumtobel Group AG revenues and net result for the period 2017-22. Data from [ZUM-22]</td><td>50</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 60: Number of companies dealing with manufacturing of electric lighting equipment in various European countries. (a) Netherlands, (b) France. Data from [STA-23b], [STA-23c]</td><td>54</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 61: Evolution of number of patents from 2020 to 2021. Data harvested by G. Zissis in from Google Patents</td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 62: Evolution of number of published papers on Smart Lighting Systems. Data from [FLU-21]</td><td>56</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 63: Shipments of Smart Lighting units. Data from [SHI-21]</td><td>56</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 64: A smart lighting system and its parts. [ZIS-21]</td><td>57</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 65: Smart lighting impact within the full life. Data from [NAI-21]</td><td>64</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 66: Smart Lighting market size as given by different analysts. Data harvesting from literature by G. Zissis, the labels in the graph indicate the source.</td><td>66</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 67: Revenue distribution among the 3 marker sub-segments from 2020 to 2025. Data from [MYS-20]</td><td>67</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 68: USA smart lighting revenue by sub-segment. Data from [GVR-21]</td><td>67</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 69: Smart Lighting market share by country. Data from [SRT-22b]</td><td>68</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 70: Global LiFi market size as given by different analysts. Data harvesting from literature by G. Zissis, the labels in the graph indicate the source.</td><td>70</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 71: 2022 Smart lighting market split among the main end-use segments. Data from [SMR-22b]</td><td>71</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 72: Evolution of comfort and lighting segment of the smart home market from 2018 to 2027 (a) revenue, (b) penetration rate and (c) average revenue per user. Data from [STA-23k]</td><td>72</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 73: Lighting control technologies shares in C&I segment in Massachusetts in the period 2018-24. Data from [DNV-21]</td><td>74</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 74: Average selling price for fixture units imbedding controls ("Claver": LLLC; "Clever Hybrid": Includes a standalone gateway and provide additional functionality such as energy monitoring; "Smart": Includes all "clever" capabilities but can also analyse and communicate</td><td></td></tr></table>
List of tables

<table><tr><td>Table 1: CO<sub>2</sub> avoidance thanks to LED lighting in CO<sub>2</sub> metric tons. Data from [SPE-19]</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Table 2: Building annual electricity demand &amp; CO<sub>2</sub> emissions for lighting in 4 Southeast Asian countries, by country. Data from [HON-21]</td><td>18</td></tr><tr><td>Table 3: Building annual electricity demand &amp; CO<sub>2</sub> emissions for lighting in 4 Southeast Asian countries, by destination. Data from [HON-21]</td><td>18</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 21: Average number of lighting points per kilo-meter of illuminated streets (per 1 000 inhabitants) and the number of kilo-meters of illuminated streets per 1 000 inhabitants. Data from [ADE-19]</td><td>19</td></tr><tr><td>Table 4: Estimated energy savings and reduction of environmental impacts in a Polish city that replaces 80 000 legacy lighting points with LED technology. Data from [SED-18]</td><td>19</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 22: CO<sub>2</sub> avoidance per 1 000 lighting points in Poland as function of road class. Data from [SED-18]</td><td>20</td></tr><tr><td>Table 5: Relative increasing of city brightness seen from space in December 2021 compared to October 2021. Data from [GAL-21]</td><td>21</td></tr><tr><td>Table 6: 2019 Ranking of worldwide LED manufacturing companies. Data from [SHI-21]</td><td>24</td></tr><tr><td>Table 7: Information about other LED lighting segments</td><td>35</td></tr><tr><td>Table 8: Top-10 of Chinese lighting industry in 2023</td><td>51</td></tr><tr><td>Table 9: Manufacturing of electric lighting equipment companies in European Union Countries</td><td>51</td></tr><tr><td>Table 10: Manufacturing of electric lighting equipment companies in non-EU Countries</td><td>53</td></tr><tr><td>Table 11: Usual Lighting Control Technologies</td><td>58</td></tr><tr><td>Table 12: Usual communication protocols for lighting systems</td><td>59</td></tr><tr><td>Table 13: Potential energy savings using sensors combined with controls in 2016. Data from [ARR-17]</td><td>63</td></tr><tr><td>Table 14: comfort and lighting segment in various countries. Data and information from [STA-23k]</td><td>73</td></tr></table>